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Margarita Rosa de Francisco

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<mask> also known as <mask> and La Mencha (born August 8, 1965) is a Colombian telenovela movie actress, singer, and TV presenter. Biography 1980s <mask> was born in Cali, Valle Del Cauca, Colombia on August 8, 1965. She is the daughter of <mask> - a musician and actor - and fashion designer <mask>. She is also the sister of TV personality <mask>. As a child, Margarita took ballet classes in the Antonio Maria Valencia Conservatory in Cali, which she had to quickly retire from due to problems in the vertebral column. She made her film debut in 1981 starring in the movie Tacones. She then moved to New York City to study English and in 1984 was selected as model of the year.Representing the “Valle del Cauca”, she was crowned vicereine in the 1984 National Beauty Contest in Colombia, later representing Colombia in the 1985 Miss World pageant where she was not as successful. In 1986 she made her television debut in the telenovela Gallito Ramirez, directed by Julio Cesar Luna. There she met Carlos Vives, and they married on August 20, 1988. Her time on the show earned her the Simon Bolivar prize for standout actress. She was later a presenter in the news broadcast 24 Hours. In 1988 she consolidated her acting career once again in the telenovela Los Pecados de Ines de Hinojosa. 1990s The early 1990s was a busy period for Margarita, acting in the telenovela Calamar, as well as landing a role in another controversial Spanish series called Brigada Central.She later returned to Colombia to star in the series Puerta Grande and finally in Cafe con Aroma de Mujer in 1994, one of the most successful telenovelas in Colombian television history. In 1996 she starred in the movie Ilona llega con la lluvia and later got the role of Antonia in the series Hombres, which she eventually left to focus solely on a role in another telenovela, La Madre. 2000s onwards In 2000, Margarita accepted the role of La Caponera on the telenovela of the same name, produced by Caracol Television and RTI Producciones. She was also selected by Caracol to host the Colombian version of “Survivor”, Expedicion Robinson, for two seasons in 2001 and 2002. She later attained roles in the movies Fidel y Adios and Ana Elisa while hosting the Caracol reality show Desafio 2004, which she has continued to do with the exception of 2007 in which scheduling conflicts with the Mexican telenovela Mientras Haya Vida prevented her from hosting. She would later guest star in the movie Paraiso Travel playing the role of Raquel and a small role in the series Capadocia. She married for a second time with businessman Daniel Castello in 2003, when he was 46 and she was 38 years old.In 2011, she played a starring role in the RCN Television series Correo de Inocentes alongside <mask> Solar Labarthe and Roberto Urbina. She later hosted the Caracol reality show "Desafio 2014: Marruecos, las mil y uno noches" and the 2015 "Desafio 2015: India, la Reencarnacion". Musical career Margarita <mask> <mask> achieved the level of singer/songwriter having been a part of the band in the telenovela Cafe con Aroma de Mujer, which would be favoured due to the success of the show at the time. In 1997 she released an album in which the song Veneno y Savia was lauded and reached certain recognition. In 1998 she was part of the musical group in another telenovela (La Madre), and again in the telenovela (Mientras Haya Vida). In 2008 “Margarita <mask>” was released – a collection of musical works over a variety of years. She returned to the musical scene once again in 2011, this time having composed music for the series Correo de inocentes on RCN Television and in 2012 she launched Bailarina (Ballerina), a completely different album from her previous ones in which she experimented with a variety of genres.Writing career Margarita <mask> <mask> has had a great deal of success as a columnist in the Colombian magazine Cromos, where she disclosed parts of her personal life – notably the day of her marriage with Carlos Vives. She has also written for Colombian newspapers El Espectador and El Tiempo. Within her writings are human themes such as feeling feminine without necessarily being a feminist, political themes (although she has stated her lack of interest in politics), and themes of general interests in columns with titles such as “La Envidia” (Jealousy), “El Arte de Vivir en Paz” (The Art of Living in Peace), “Por Pura Fe” (By Pure Faith), and “Respeto” (Respect), among others. She published her first book in 2016 titled “El Hombre del Telefono” (The Man on the Telephone). Other notable achievements In 2000 she was named a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF by the United Nations. In 2007 she also recorded "Mientras Haya Vida" as the opening theme of the Mexican telenovela of the same name. References External links fan site 1965 births Living people People from Cali 20th-century Colombian women singers Colombian telenovela actresses Miss World 1985 delegates Colombian beauty pageant winners Colombian atheists Colombian film actresses 20th-century Colombian actresses 21st-century Colombian women singers 21st-century Colombian actresses

Andrew Wiles

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<mask> (born 11 April 1953) is an English mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, specializing in number theory. He is best known for proving Fermat's Last Theorem, for which he was awarded the 2016 Abel Prize and the 2017 Copley Medal by the Royal Society. He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2000, and in 2018, was appointed as the first Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford. <mask> is also a 1997 MacArthur Fellow. Education and early life <mask> was born on 11 April 1953 in Cambridge, England, the son of <mask> (1923–2005) and <mask> (née Mowll). From 1952-1955, his father worked as the chaplain at Ridley Hall, Cambridge, and later became the Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Oxford. <mask> attended King's College School, Cambridge, and The Leys School, Cambridge.<mask> states that he came across Fermat's Last Theorem on his way home from school when he was 10 years old. He stopped at his local library where he found a book The Last Problem, by Eric Temple Bell, about the theorem. Fascinated by the existence of a theorem that was so easy to state that he, a ten-year-old, could understand it, but that no one had proven, he decided to be the first person to prove it. However, he soon realised that his knowledge was too limited, so he abandoned his childhood dream until it was brought back to his attention at the age of 33 by Ken Ribet's 1986 proof of the epsilon conjecture, which Gerhard Frey had previously linked to Fermat's famous equation. Career and research In 1974, <mask> earned his bachelor's degree in mathematics at Merton College, Oxford. <mask>'s graduate research was guided by John Coates, beginning in the summer of 1975. Together they worked on the arithmetic of elliptic curves with complex multiplication by the methods of Iwasawa theory.He further worked with Barry Mazur on the main conjecture of Iwasawa theory over the rational numbers, and soon afterward, he generalized this result to totally real fields. In 1980, <mask> earned a PhD while at Clare College, Cambridge. After a stay at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1981, <mask> became a Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University. In 1985–86, <mask> was a Guggenheim Fellow at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques near Paris and at the École Normale Supérieure. From 1988 to 1990, <mask> was a Royal Society Research Professor at the University of Oxford, and then he returned to Princeton. From 1994 to 2009, <mask> was a Eugene Higgins Professor at Princeton. He rejoined Oxford in 2011 as Royal Society Research Professor.In May 2018, <mask> was appointed Regius Professor of Mathematics at Oxford, the first in the university's history. Proof of Fermat's Last Theorem Starting in mid-1986, based on successive progress of the previous few years of Gerhard Frey, Jean-Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet, it became clear that Fermat's Last Theorem could be proven as a corollary of a limited form of the modularity theorem (unproven at the time and then known as the "Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture"). The modularity theorem involved elliptic curves, which was also <mask>'s own specialist area. The conjecture was seen by contemporary mathematicians as important, but extraordinarily difficult or perhaps impossible to prove. For example, <mask>'s ex-supervisor John Coates stated that it seemed "impossible to actually prove", and Ken Ribet considered himself "one of the vast majority of people who believed [it] was completely inaccessible", adding that "<mask> was probably one of the few people on earth who had the audacity to dream that you can actually go and prove [it]." Despite this, <mask>, with his from-childhood fascination with Fermat's Last Theorem, decided to undertake the challenge of proving the conjecture, at least to the extent needed for Frey's curve. He dedicated all of his research time to this problem for over six years in near-total secrecy, covering up his efforts by releasing prior work in small segments as separate papers and confiding only in his wife.In June 1993, he presented his proof to the public for the first time at a conference in Cambridge. In August 1993, it was discovered that the proof contained a flaw in one area. <mask> tried and failed for over a year to repair his proof. According to <mask>, the crucial idea for circumventing, rather than closing this area came to him on 19 September 1994, when he was on the verge of giving up. Together with his former student Richard Taylor, he published a second paper which circumvented the problem and thus completed the proof. Both papers were published in May 1995 in a dedicated issue of the Annals of Mathematics. Awards and honours <mask>'s proof of Fermat's Last Theorem has stood up to the scrutiny of the world's other mathematical experts.<mask> was interviewed for an episode of the BBC documentary series Horizon about Fermat's Last Theorem. This was broadcast as an episode of the PBS science television series Nova with the title "The Proof". His work and life are also described in great detail in Simon Singh's popular book Fermat's Last Theorem. <mask> has been awarded a number of major prizes in mathematics and science: Junior Whitehead Prize of the London Mathematical Society (1988) Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1989 Elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1994) Schock Prize (1995) Fermat Prize (1995) Wolf Prize in Mathematics (1995/6) Elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (1996) NAS Award in Mathematics from the National Academy of Sciences (1996) Royal Medal (1996) Ostrowski Prize (1996) Cole Prize (1997) MacArthur Fellowship (1997) Wolfskehl Prize (1997) – see Paul Wolfskehl Elected member of the American Philosophical Society (1997) A silver plaque from the International Mathematical Union (1998) recognising his achievements, in place of the Fields Medal, which is restricted to those under 40 (<mask> was 41 when he proved the theorem in 1994) King Faisal Prize (1998) Clay Research Award (1999) Premio Pitagora (Croton, 2004) Shaw Prize (2005) The asteroid 9999 Wiles was named after <mask> in 1999. Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (2000) The building at the University of Oxford housing the Mathematical Institute is named after <mask>. Abel Prize (2016) Copley Medal (2017) <mask>'s 1987 certificate of election to the Royal Society reads: References External links Profile from Oxford Profile from Princeton 1953 births Living people 20th-century mathematicians 21st-century mathematicians Abel Prize laureates Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Alumni of Merton College, Oxford Clay Research Award recipients English mathematicians Fellows of Merton College, Oxford Fellows of the Royal Society Fermat's Last Theorem Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire MacArthur Fellows Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the French Academy of Sciences Number theorists People educated at The Leys School People from Cambridge Princeton University faculty Recipients of the Copley Medal Regius Professors of Mathematics (University of Oxford) Rolf Schock Prize laureates Royal Medal winners Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study Whitehead Prize winners Wolf Prize in Mathematics laureates

Andon Kalchev

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<mask> () (1910 – 27 August 1948) was a Bulgarian army officer, one of the leaders of the Bulgarian-backed Ohrana, a paramilitary formation of Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia during World War II Axis occupation. He was active outside the Bulgarian occupied area of Macedonia, under the tolerance of the Italian and German authorities which used him in their fights with rival Greek EAM-ELAS and Yugoslav Communist resistance groups. Because of his collaborationist activity, he was sentenced to death by Greek military tribunal, and was executed by firing squad on 27 August 1948. Early life He was born in Zhuzheltsi, Ottoman Empire, today Spilia, Kastoria regional unit in Greece in 1910. After the Balkan Wars in 1913, Greece took control of southern Macedonia and began an official policy of forced assimilation which included the settlement of Greeks from other provinces into southern Macedonia, as well as the linguistic and cultural Hellenization of the ethnic Bulgarians. The Greeks expelled Bulgarian Exarchist churchmen and teachers and closed Bulgarian schools and churches. Bulgarian language (including the Macedonian dialects) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.Within Greece, the Macedonian Bulgarians were designated "Slavophone Greeks". After the Balkan Wars and especially after the First World War up to 600,000 Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia and 400,000 from Western Thrace fled to Bulgaria as refugees. At this time the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) began sending armed combat groups (cheti) into Greek Macedonia and Thrace to assassinate officials and stir up the spirit of the oppressed population. <mask> came from a well known IMRO Bulgarian local family, which emigrated from Greek Macedonia to Balchik, Bulgaria after the Second Balkan War. <mask> graduated at a gymnasium in Sofia and then at the Leipzig University. Later he went back to Bulgaria, where he graduated from a military officer's school in Sofia. Participation by the Bulgarian occupation of Greece The 4th of August Regime in Greece (1936 to 1941) under the leadership of General Ioannis Metaxas was firmly opposed to the pro-Bulgarian factions of the Slavophones of northern Greece, some of whom underwent political persecution due to advocacy of irredentism with regard to neighboring countries.Metaxas' regime continued repression of the use of Slavic languages both in public and in private as well as expressions of Slavic cultural distinctiveness. As a consequence after the German invasion in Greece (6 April 1941) followed also a Bulgarian annexation of Eastern Macedonia and part of Western Thrace. Bulgaria joined World War II siding with the Axis in an attempt to solve its own "national question" and fulfill the aim of "Greater Bulgaria", especially in the area of Macedonia (where much territory was lost in the Second Balkan War) and Western Thrace (former Bulgarian state international recognized territory lost to Greece in the Treaty of Neuilly). Bulgaria joined the Axis on 1 March 1941, explicitly requesting German support for its territorial claims. A massive campaign of "Bulgarisation" was launched, which saw all Greek officials deported. A ban was placed on the use of the Greek language, the names of towns and places changed to the forms traditional in Bulgarian. In addition, the Bulgarian government tried to alter the ethnic composition of the region, by expropriating land and houses from Greeks in favour of Bulgarian settlers (former refugees from Macedonia and others), and by the introduction of forced labour and of economic restrictions for the Greeks in an effort to force them to migrate.A spontaneous and badly organized uprising around Drama, Greece in late September 1941 was violently crushed by the Bulgarian Army. By late 1941, more than 100,000 Greeks had been expelled from the Bulgarian occupation zone. When the Bulgarians occupied eastern Macedonia in 1941 they began also a campaign to win the loyalty of the Bulgarians of Greek Macedonia and to reinforce their Bulgarian ethnic sentiments. While some of these people did greet the Bulgarians as liberators particularly in eastern and central Macedonia (which was under Bulgarian occupation), this campaign was less successful in German-occupied western Macedonia. <mask> served as officer first into Bulgarian annexed territories, but later was sent into the German occupied Thessaloniki to found there a Bulgarian military club, when the German High Command approved it in 1941. The Bulgarians soon organized supplying of food and provisions for the Bulgarian population in Central and Western Macedonia in an attempt to gain support. Many Bulgarian political prisoners were released with the intercession of Bulgarian Club in Thessaloniki, which had made representations to the German occupation authorities.Founding of Ohrana and collaboration with the Italian and the German occupation forces In 1942, the Bulgarian club asked assistance from the German High command in organizing armed units among the Bulgarian population in northern Greece. For this purpose, the Bulgarian army, under the approval of the German forces in the Balkans sent a handful of officers to the zones occupied by the Italian and German troops to be attached to the occupying forces as "liaison officers". One of them was <mask>. These officers were given the objective to form armed Bulgarian militias. Bulgaria was interested in acquiring the zones under Italian and German occupation and hoped to sway the allegiance of the 80,000 Bulgarophones who lived there at the time. In the first half of March 1943, Bulgarian military and police carried out the deportation of the majority of non-Bulgarian Jews, 13,341 in total, from the occupied territories, beyond the borders of Bulgaria before the war, and handed them over into German custody. On the eve of the planned deportations, the Bulgarian government made inquiries regarding the destination of the deportees and asked to be reimbursed for the costs of deportation.German representatives indicated that the deportees would be used as labor in agricultural and military projects. As recorded in the German Archives, Nazi Germany paid 7,144.317 leva for the deportation of 3,545 adults and 592 children destined for the Treblinka extermination camp. 4,500 Jews from Greek Thrace and Eastern Macedonia were deported to Poland, and 7,144 from Vardar Macedonia and Pomoravlje were sent to Treblinka. None survived. On March 20, 1943, Bulgarian military police, assisted by German soldiers, took Jews from Komotini and Kavala off the passenger steamship Karageorge, massacred them, and sank the vessel. The appearance of Greek partisans in those areas persuaded the Italians to allow the formation of these detachments. The Bulgarian plan was to organize them militarily in the hope that Bulgaria would eventually assume the administration there.The appearance of Greek partisans in Western Macedonia persuaded the Italian and German authorities to allow the formation of Slav security battalions led by Bulgarian officers. The initial detachments were formed in early 1943 in the district of Kastoria by <mask> <mask> with the support of the head of the Italian occupation authorities in Kastoria lieutenant Ravalli, who armed the local villages to help combat the growing resistance activity by the ELAS. The name given to the armed militias was Ohrana ( - "Protection" in Bulgarian). The reasons of locals for taking arms varied. Some of the men were pre-war members of IMRO, and thus harbored deep Bulgarian convictions, some to assist in self-defense of Greek attacks, others due to pro-Nazi sentiments, some to avenge repressions inflicted on them by Greek authorities during the Metaxas dictatorship, and many others to defend themselves from attacks by other Greek resistance movements, which saw them as collaborationists with the Italian, Bulgarian and German forces. In the summer of 1944, Ohrana constituted some 12,000 local fighters and volunteers from Bulgaria charged with protection of the local population. During 1944, whole called by the Greeks Bulgarophone (now Slavophone) villages were armed by the occupation authorities to counterbalance the emerging power of the resistance and especially of Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS).On 5 April 1944, rebel group EAM-ELAS attacked a German convoy of lorries killing 25 soldiers. The Germans later in the afternoon, arrived gathered men, women, children and elders of the village and executed between 233 and 300 people. After the war, <mask> was accused of having participated in atrocities in the town of Kleisoura known as the Massacre of Kleisoura with Bulgarian men of the German militia. Dissolution of Ohrana and extraordinary military court death sentence However the advance of the Red Army into Bulgaria in 1944, the withdrawal of the German armed forces from Greece in October, meant that the Bulgarian Army had to withdraw from Greek Macedonia and Thrace, leaving Greece with the difficult task of post-occupation reconstruction. <mask>'s active collaboration with the Italian and German Army in fighting the resistance forces and the using of local conscripted manpower born a very unpleasant situation for this pro-Bulgarian Slavophone part of the population after the end of the war, leading to a new wave of emigration to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, the last (since World War I) members of the Bulgarian minority of Greece. After the Bulgarians and Germans withdrew, he hid in his village until April 1945. <mask> was taken POW by the Yugoslav partisans and imprisoned in Bitola.Later they sent him to the Greeks. Bulgaria's Communist Prime Minister Traycho Kostov twice sent official demands for the repatriation of <mask>, but to no avail. The Greeks prosecuted him for collaboration and sentenced him twice in 1946 to life in prison/penal servitude, and, despite being once again sentenced again in 1948, to death. He was executed on 27 August 1948 at Thessaloniki Yedi Kule prison. During the public process organized he states "Overthere, where I was born, since centuries are living only Bulgarians". His last words in front of a firing squad were: "Hurray Macedonia!" See also Collaboration with the Axis Powers Macedonian Question Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia Axis occupation of Greece during World War II Military history of Greece during World War II Military history of Bulgaria during World War II References 1910 births 1948 deaths Bulgarian military personnel Bulgarian collaborators with Nazi Germany Bulgarians from Aegean Macedonia Greek Macedonia in World War II People executed by Greece by firing squad Bulgarian educators Macedonian Bulgarians Executed Bulgarian people Bulgarian people imprisoned abroad Bulgarian occupation of Greece during World War II Bulgarian anti-communists Bulgarian nationalists Bulgarian people executed abroad People from Argos Orestiko

William Lloyd Garrison

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<mask> (December , 1805 – May 24, 1879) was a prominent American Christian, abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer. He is best known for his widely-read anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator, which he founded in 1831 and published in Boston until slavery in the United States was abolished by Constitutional amendment in 1865. <mask> promoted "no-governmentism" and rejected the inherent validity of the American government on the basis that its engagement in war, imperialism, and slavery made the government corrupt and tyrannical. He initially opposed violence as a principle and advocated for Christian nonresistance against evil; at the outbreak of the civil war, he abandoned his previous principles and embraced the armed struggle and the Lincoln administration. He was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and promoted immediate and uncompensated, as opposed to gradual and compensated, emancipation of slaves in the United States. <mask> was a typesetter and could run a printing shop; he wrote his editorials in The Liberator while setting them in type, without writing them out first on paper. This helped assure the viability of The Liberator, and also that it contained exactly what <mask> wanted, as he did not have to deal with any outsiders to produce his paper, except his partner Isaac Knapp.Like the other major abolitionist printer-publisher, the martyred Elijah Lovejoy, a price was on his head; he was burned in effigy and a gallows was erected in front of his Boston office. While he was relatively safe in Boston, at one point he had to be smuggled onto a ship to escape to England, where he remained for a year. <mask> also emerged as a leading advocate of women's rights, which prompted a split in the abolitionist community. In the 1870s, <mask> became a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement. Early life and education <mask> was born on December 10, 1805, in Newburyport, Massachusetts, the son of immigrants from the British colony of New Brunswick, in present-day Canada. Under An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen, his father Abijah <mask>, a merchant sailing pilot and master, had obtained American papers and moved his family to Newburyport in 1806. The U.S. Embargo Act of 1807, intended to injure Great Britain, caused a decline in American commercial shipping.The elder <mask> became unemployed and deserted the family in 1808. <mask>'s mother was Frances Maria <mask>, reported to have been tall, charming, and of a strong religious character. She started referring to their son <mask> as <mask>, his middle name, to preserve her family name; he later printed his name as "Wm. <mask>". She died in 1823, in the city of Baltimore, Maryland. <mask> sold homemade lemonade and candy as a youth, and also delivered wood to help support the family. In 1818, at 13, <mask> began working as an apprentice compositor for the Newburyport Herald.He soon began writing articles, often under the pseudonym Aristides. (Aristides was an Athenian statesman and general, nicknamed "the Just".) He could write as he typeset his writing, without the need for paper. After his apprenticeship ended, <mask> became the sole owner, editor, and printer of the Newburyport Free Press, acquiring the rights from his friend Isaac Knapp, who had also apprenticed at the Herald. One of their regular contributors was poet and abolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier. In this early work as a small-town newspaper writer, <mask> acquired skills he would later use as a nationally known writer, speaker, and newspaper publisher. In 1828, he was appointed editor of the National Philanthropist in Boston, Massachusetts, the first American journal to promote legally-mandated temperance.He became involved in the anti-slavery movement in the 1820s, and over time he rejected both the American Colonization Society and the gradualist views of most others involved in the movement. <mask> co-founded The Liberator to espouse his abolitionist views, and in 1832 he organized out of its readers the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. This society expanded into the American Anti-Slavery Society, which espoused the position that slavery should be immediately abolished. Career Reformer At the age of 25, <mask> joined the anti-slavery movement, later crediting the 1826 book of Presbyterian Reverend John Rankin, Letters on Slavery, for attracting him to the cause. For a brief time, he became associated with the American Colonization Society, an organization that promoted the "resettlement" of free blacks to a territory (now known as Liberia) on the west coast of Africa. Although some members of the society encouraged granting freedom to slaves, others considered relocation a means to reduce the number of already free blacks in the United States. Southern members thought reducing the threat of free blacks in society would help preserve the institution of slavery.By late 1829–1830, "<mask> rejected colonization, publicly apologized for his error, and then, as was typical of him, he censured all who were committed to it." He stated that this opinion was shaped by fellow abolitionist <mask>. Watkins, a Black educator and anti-colonizationist. Genius of Universal Emancipation In 1829, <mask> began writing for and became co-editor with Benjamin Lundy of the Quaker newspaper Genius of Universal Emancipation, published at that time in Baltimore, Maryland. With his experience as a printer and newspaper editor, <mask> changed the layout of the paper and handled other production issues. Lundy was freed to spend more time touring as an anti-slavery speaker. <mask> initially shared Lundy's gradualist views, but while working for the Genius, he became convinced of the need to demand immediate and complete emancipation. Lundy and <mask> continued to work together on the paper despite their differing views.Each signed his editorials. <mask> introduced "The Black List," a column devoted to printing short reports of "the barbarities of slavery—kidnappings, whippings, murders." For instance, <mask> reported that Francis Todd, a shipper from <mask>'s home town of Newburyport, Massachusetts, was involved in the domestic slave trade, and that he had recently had slaves shipped from Baltimore to New Orleans in the coastwise trade on his ship the Francis. (This was completely legal. An expanded domestic trade, "breeding" slaves in Maryland and Virginia for shipment south, replaced the importation of African slaves, prohibited in 1808; see Slavery in the United States#Slave trade.) Todd filed a suit for libel in Maryland against both <mask> and Lundy; he thought to gain support from pro-slavery courts. The state of Maryland also brought criminal charges against <mask>, quickly finding him guilty and ordering him to pay a fine of $50 and court costs.(Charges against Lundy were dropped because he had been traveling when the story was printed.) <mask> refused to pay the fine and was sentenced to a jail term of six months. He was released after seven weeks when the anti-slavery philanthropist Arthur Tappan paid his fine. <mask> decided to leave Maryland, and he and Lundy amicably parted ways. Against colonization From the 18th century, there had been proposals to send freed slaves to Africa, considered as if it were a single country and ethnicity, where the slaves presumably "wanted to go back to". The U. S. Congress appropriated money, and a variety of churches and philanthropic organizations contributed to the endeavor. Slaves set free in the District of Columbia in 1862 were offered $100 if they would emigrate to Haiti or Liberia.The American Colonization Society eventually succeeded in creating the "colony", then country, of Liberia. The legal status of Liberia before its independence was never clarified; it was not a colony in the sense that Rhode Island or Pennsylvania had been colonies. When Liberia declared its independence in 1847, no country recognized it at first. Recognition by the United States was impeded by the Southerners who controlled Congress. When they departed en masse for the Confederacy, recognition quickly followed (1862), just as Kansas was admitted as a free state and slavery was prohibited in the District of Columbia at almost the same time—both measures, the latter discussed for decades, that the Southern Slave Power contingent had blocked. The Liberator In 1831, <mask>, fully aware of the press as a means to bring about political change, returned to New England, where he co-founded a weekly anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator, with his friend Isaac Knapp. In the first issue, <mask> stated: Paid subscriptions to The Liberator were always fewer than its circulation.In 1834 it had two thousand subscribers, three-fourths of whom were black people. Benefactors paid to have the newspaper distributed free of charge to state legislators, governor's mansions, Congress, and the White House. Although <mask> rejected violence as a means for ending slavery, his critics saw him as a dangerous fanatic because he demanded immediate and total emancipation, without compensation to the slave owners. Nat Turner's slave rebellion in Virginia just seven months after The Liberator started publication fueled the outcry against <mask> in the South. A North Carolina grand jury indicted him for distributing incendiary material, and the Georgia Legislature offered a $5,000 reward () for his capture and conveyance to the state for trial. Knapp parted from The Liberator in 1840. Later in 1845, when <mask> published a eulogy for his former partner and friend, he revealed that Knapp "was led by adversity and business mismanagement, to put the cup of intoxication to his lips," forcing the co-authors to part.Among the anti-slavery essays and poems which <mask> published in The Liberator was an article in 1856 by a 14-year-old Anna Elizabeth Dickinson. The Liberator gradually gained a large following in the Northern states. It printed or reprinted many reports, letters, and news stories, serving as a type of community bulletin board for the abolition movement. By 1861 it had subscribers across the North, as well as in England, Scotland, and Canada. After the end of the Civil War and the abolition of slavery by the Thirteenth Amendment, <mask> published the last issue (number 1,820) on December 29, 1865, writing a "Valedictory" column. After reviewing his long career in journalism and the cause of abolitionism, he wrote: <mask> and Knapp, printers and publishers See List of publications of <mask> and Isaac Knapp. Organization and reaction In addition to publishing The Liberator, <mask> spearheaded the organization of a new movement to demand the total abolition of slavery in the United States.By January 1832, he had attracted enough followers to organize the New-England Anti-Slavery Society which, by the following summer, had dozens of affiliates and several thousand members. In December 1833, abolitionists from ten states founded the American Anti-Slavery Society (AAS). Although the New England society reorganized in 1835 as the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, enabling state societies to form in the other New England states, it remained the hub of anti-slavery agitation throughout the antebellum period. Many affiliates were organized by women who responded to <mask>'s appeals for women to take an active part in the abolition movement. The largest of these was the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society, which raised funds to support The Liberator, publish anti-slavery pamphlets, and conduct anti-slavery petition drives. The purpose of the American Anti-Slavery Society was the conversion of all Americans to the philosophy that "Slaveholding is a heinous crime in the sight of God" and that "duty, safety, and best interests of all concerned, require its immediate abandonment without expatriation." Meanwhile, on September 4, 1834, <mask> married Helen Eliza Benson (1811–1876), the daughter of a retired abolitionist merchant.The couple had five sons and two daughters, of whom a son and a daughter died as children. The threat posed by anti-slavery organizations and their activity drew violent reactions from slave interests in both the Southern and Northern states, with mobs breaking up anti-slavery meetings, assaulting lecturers, ransacking anti-slavery offices, burning postal sacks of anti-slavery pamphlets, and destroying anti-slavery presses. Healthy bounties were offered in Southern states for the capture of <mask>, "dead or alive". On October 21, 1835, "an assemblage of fifteen hundred or two thousand highly respectable gentlemen", as they were described in the Boston Commercial Gazette, surrounded the building housing Boston's anti-slavery offices, where <mask> had agreed to address a meeting of the Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society after the fiery British abolitionist George Thompson was unable to keep his engagement with them. Mayor Theodore Lyman persuaded the women to leave the building, but when the mob learned that Thompson was not within, they began yelling for <mask>. Lyman was a staunch anti-abolitionist but wanted to avoid bloodshed and suggested <mask> escape by a back window while Lyman told the crowd <mask> was gone. The mob spotted and apprehended <mask>, tied a rope around his waist, and pulled him through the streets towards Boston Common, calling for tar and feathers.The mayor intervened and <mask> was taken to the Leverett Street Jail for protection. Gallows were erected in front of his house, and he was burned in effigy. The woman question and division <mask>'s appeal for women's mass petitioning against slavery sparked controversy over women's right to a political voice. In 1837, women abolitionists from seven states convened in New York to expand their petitioning efforts and repudiate the social mores that proscribed their participation in public affairs. That summer, sisters Angelina Grimké and Sarah Grimké responded to the controversy aroused by their public speaking with treatises on woman's rights—Angelina's "Letters to Catherine E. Beecher" and Sarah's "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and Condition of Woman"—and <mask> published them first in The Liberator and then in book form. Instead of surrendering to appeals for him to retreat on the "woman question," <mask> announced in December 1837 that The Liberator would support "the rights of woman to their utmost extent." The Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society appointed women to leadership positions and hired Abby Kelley as the first of several female field agents.In 1840, <mask>'s promotion of woman's rights within the anti-slavery movement was one of the issues that caused some abolitionists, including New York brothers Arthur Tappan and Lewis Tappan, to leave the AAS and form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which did not admit women. In June of that same year, when the World Anti-Slavery Convention meeting in London refused to seat America's women delegates, <mask>, Charles Lenox Remond, Nathaniel P. Rogers, and <mask> refused to take their seat as delegates as well and joined the women in the spectator's gallery. The controversy introduced the woman's rights question not only to England but also to future woman's rights leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who attended the convention as a spectator, accompanying her delegate-husband, Henry B. Stanton. Although Henry Stanton had cooperated in the Tappan's' failed attempt to wrest leadership of the AAS from

William Lloyd Garrison

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<mask>, he was part of another group of abolitionists unhappy with <mask>'s influence — those who disagreed with <mask>'s insistence that because the U.S. Constitution was a pro-slavery document, abolitionists should not participate in politics and government. A growing number of abolitionists, including Stanton, Gerrit Smith, Charles Turner Torrey, and Amos A. Phelps, wanted to form an anti-slavery political party and seek a political solution to slavery. They withdrew from the AAS in 1840, formed the Liberty Party, and nominated James G. Birney for president. By the end of 1840, <mask> announced the formation of a third new organization, the Friends of Universal Reform, with sponsors and founding members including prominent reformers Maria Chapman, Abby Kelley Foster, Oliver Johnson, and Amos Bronson Alcott (father of Louisa May Alcott).Although some members of the Liberty Party supported woman's rights, including women's suffrage, <mask>'s Liberator continued to be the leading advocate of woman's rights throughout the 1840s, publishing editorials, speeches, legislative reports, and other developments concerning the subject. In February 1849, <mask>'s name headed the women's suffrage petition sent to the Massachusetts legislature, the first such petition sent to any American legislature, and he supported the subsequent annual suffrage petition campaigns organized by Lucy Stone and Wendell Phillips. <mask> took a leading role in the May 30, 1850, meeting that called the first National Woman's Rights Convention, saying in his address to that meeting that the new movement should make securing the ballot to women its primary goal. At the national convention held in Worcester the following October, <mask> was appointed to the National Woman's Rights Central Committee, which served as the movement's executive committee, charged with carrying out programs adopted by the conventions, raising funds, printing proceedings and tracts, and organizing annual conventions. Controversy In 1849, <mask> became involved in one of Boston's most notable trials of the time. Washington Goode, a black seaman, had been sentenced to death for the murder of a fellow black mariner, Thomas Harding. In The Liberator <mask> argued that the verdict relied on "circumstantial evidence of the most flimsy character ..." and feared that the determination of the government to uphold its decision to execute Goode was based on race.As all other death sentences since 1836 in Boston had been commuted, <mask> concluded that Goode would be the last person executed in Boston for a capital offense writing, "Let it not be said that the last man Massachusetts bore to hang was a colored man!" Despite the efforts of <mask> and many other prominent figures of the time, Goode was hanged on May 25, 1849. <mask> became famous as one of the most articulate, as well as most radical, opponents of slavery. His approach to emancipation stressed "moral suasion," non-violence, and passive resistance. While some other abolitionists of the time favored gradual emancipation, <mask> argued for the "immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves." On July 4, 1854, he publicly burned a copy of the Constitution, condemning it as "a Covenant with Death, an Agreement with Hell," referring to the compromise that had written slavery into the Constitution. In 1855, his eight-year alliance with Frederick Douglass disintegrated when Douglass converted to classical liberal legal theorist and abolitionist Lysander Spooner's view (dominant among political abolitionists) that the Constitution could be interpreted as being anti-slavery.The events in John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, followed by Brown's trial and execution, were closely followed in The Liberator. <mask> had Brown's last speech, in court, printed as a broadside, available in the Liberator office. <mask>'s outspoken anti-slavery views repeatedly put him in danger. Besides his imprisonment in Baltimore and the price placed on his head by the state of Georgia, he was the object of vituperation and frequent death threats. On the eve of the Civil War, a sermon preached in a Universalist chapel in Brooklyn, New York, denounced "the bloodthirsty sentiments of <mask> and his school; and did not wonder that the feeling of the South was exasperated, taking as they did, the insane and bloody ravings of the Garrisonian traitors for the fairly expressed opinions of the North." After abolition After the United States abolished slavery, <mask> announced in May 1865 that he would resign the presidency of the American Anti-Slavery Society and offered a resolution declaring victory in the struggle against slavery and dissolving the society. The resolution prompted a sharp debate, however, led by his long-time friend Wendell Phillips, who argued that the mission of the AAS was not fully completed until black Southerners gained full political and civil equality.<mask> maintained that while complete civil equality was vitally important, the special task of the AAS was at an end, and that the new task would best be handled by new organizations and new leadership. With his long-time allies deeply divided, however, he was unable to muster the support he needed to carry the resolution, and it was defeated 118–48. Declaring that his "vocation as an Abolitionist, thank God, has ended," <mask> resigned the presidency and declined an appeal to continue. Returning home to Boston, he withdrew completely from the AAS and ended publication of The Liberator at the end of 1865. With Wendell Phillips at its head, the AAS continued to operate for five more years, until the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granted voting rights to black men. (According to Henry Mayer, <mask> was hurt by the rejection, and remained peeved for years; "as the cycle came around, always managed to tell someone that he was not going to the next set of [AAS] meetings" [594].) After his withdrawal from AAS and ending The Liberator, <mask> continued to participate in public reform movements.He supported the causes of civil rights for blacks and woman's rights, particularly the campaign for suffrage. He contributed columns on Reconstruction and civil rights for The Independent and The Boston Journal. In 1870, he became an associate editor of the women's suffrage newspaper, the Woman's Journal, along with Mary Livermore, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Lucy Stone, and Henry B. Blackwell. He served as president of both the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) and the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. He was a major figure in New England's woman suffrage campaigns during the 1870s. In 1873, he healed his long estrangements from Frederick Douglass and Wendell Phillips, affectionately reuniting with them on the platform at an AWSA rally organized by Abby Kelly Foster and Lucy Stone on the one-hundredth anniversary of the Boston Tea Party. When Charles Sumner died in 1874, some Republicans suggested <mask> as a possible successor to his Senate seat; <mask> declined on grounds of his moral opposition to taking office.Later life and death <mask> spent more time at home with his family. He wrote weekly letters to his children and cared for his increasingly ill wife, Helen. She had suffered a small stroke on December 30, 1863, and was increasingly confined to the house. Helen died on January 25, 1876, after a severe cold worsened into pneumonia. A quiet funeral was held in the <mask> home. <mask>, overcome with grief and confined to his bedroom with a fever and severe bronchitis, was unable to join the service. Wendell Phillips gave a eulogy and many of <mask>'s old abolitionist friends joined him upstairs to offer their private condolences.<mask> recovered slowly from the loss of his wife and began to attend Spiritualist circles in the hope of communicating with Helen. <mask> last visited England in 1877, where he met with George Thompson and other longtime friends from the British abolitionist movement. Suffering from kidney disease, <mask> continued to weaken during April 1879. He moved to New York to live with his daughter Fanny's family. In late May, his condition worsened, and his five surviving children rushed to join him. Fanny asked if he would enjoy singing some hymns. Although he was unable to sing, his children sang favorite hymns while he beat time with his hands and feet.On May 24, 1879, <mask> lost consciousness and died just before midnight. <mask> was buried in the Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood on May 28, 1879. At the public memorial service, eulogies were given by Theodore Dwight Weld and Wendell Phillips. Eight abolitionist friends, both white and black, served as his pallbearers. Flags were flown at half-staff all across Boston. Frederick Douglass, then employed as a United States Marshal, spoke in memory of <mask> at a memorial service in a church in Washington, D.C., saying, "It was the glory of this man that he could stand alone with the truth, and calmly await the result." <mask>'s namesake son, <mask> <mask>, Jr. (1838–1909), was a prominent advocate of the single tax, free trade, women's suffrage, and of the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act.His second son, Wendell Phillips <mask> (1840–1907), was literary editor of The Nation from 1865 to 1906. Two other sons (George Thompson <mask> and Francis Jackson <mask>, his biographer and named after abolitionist Francis Jackson) and a daughter, Helen Frances <mask> (who married Henry Villard), survived him. Fanny's son <mask> Villard became a prominent journalist, a founding member of the NAACP, and wrote an important biography of the abolitionist John Brown. Legacy Leo Tolstoy was greatly influenced by the works of <mask> and his contemporary Adin Ballou, as their writings on Christian anarchism aligned with Tolstoy's burgeoning theo-political ideology. Along with Tolstoy publishing a short biography of <mask> in 1904, he frequently cited <mask> and his works in his non-fiction texts like The Kingdom of God Is Within You. In a recent publication, American philosopher and anarchist Crispin Sartwell wrote that the works by <mask> and his other Christian anarchist contemporaries like Ballou directly influenced Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., as well. Memorials Boston installed a memorial to <mask> on the mall of Commonwealth Avenue.In December 2005, to honor <mask>'s 200th birthday, his descendants gathered in Boston for the first family reunion in about a century. They discussed the legacy and influence of their most notable family member. <mask> is honored together with Maria Stewart by a feast day on December 17 on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church. A shared-use path along the John Greenleaf Whittier Bridge and Interstate 95 between Newburyport and Amesbury, Massachusetts, was named in honor of <mask>. The 2-mile trail opened in 2018 after the new bridge was completed. Works Book Pamphlets Broadside Newspapers Address at Park Street Church, Boston, July 4, 1829 (<mask>'s first major public statement; an extensive statement of egalitarian principle). "Address to the Colonization Society" (a slightly abridged version of the address July 4, 1829).The Liberator, January 1, 1831 – December 29, 1865 . To the Public (<mask>'s introductory column for The Liberator, – January 1, 1831). Truisms (The Liberator, January 8, 1831). The Insurrection (<mask>'s reaction to news of Nat Turner's rebellion, – The Liberator, September 3, 1831). On the Constitution and the Union (The Liberator, December 29, 1832). Abolition at the Ballot Box (The Liberator, June 28, 1839). The American Union (The Liberator, January 10, 1845).(September 24, 1855). The Tragedy at Harper's Ferry , (The Liberator, October 28, 1859). John Brown and the Principle of Nonresistance (Speech in the Tremont Temple, Boston, December 2, 1859, – the day Brown was hanged – The Liberator, December 16, 1859). The War—Its Cause and Cure (The Liberator, May 3, 1861). Valedictory: The Final Number of The Liberator (The Liberator, December 29, 1865). The Liberator Files (Horace Seldon's summary of research of <mask>'s The Liberator) Declaration of Sentiments of the Nationale Anti-Slavery Convention (December 1833, Philadelphia) An Address Delivered in Marlboro Chapel, July 4, 1838 (On the prospects for violence. From the Antislavery Literature Project).Declaration of Sentiments of The New England Non-Resistance Society (The Liberator, September 28, 1838). Sonnets and other poems (1843) Selections from the Writings and Speeches of <mask> <mask>: With an Appendix (Boston; R.F. Wallcut, 1852). <mask> <mask> works (Cornell University Library Samuel J. May Anti-Slavery Collection) <mask> <mask> works (Cornell University Digital Library Collections). <mask> <mask> on non-resistance : together with a personal sketch by his daughter <mask> Villard and a tribute by Leo Tolstoy Reading <mask>'s Letters (Horace Seldon's insight into the thought, work and life of <mask>, – based on "Letters of <mask> Garrison", Belknap Press of Harvard University, W. M. Merrill and L. Ruchames Editors). The Liberator: <mask> <mask>, A Biography (Boston; Little, Brown, 1963).See also Garrison Literary and Benevolent Association List of civil rights leaders List of women's rights activists Boston Vigilance Committee References Bibliography Abzug, Robert H. Cosmos Crumbling: American Reform and the Religious Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. . Dal Lago, Enrico. <mask> Lloyd <mask> and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. Hagedorn, Ann. Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad. Simon & Schuster, 2002. . Mayer, Henry.All on Fire: <mask> <mask> and the Abolition of Slavery. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998. McDaniel, W. Caleb. The Problem of Democracy in the Age of Slavery: Garrisonian Abolitionists and Transatlantic Reform. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press, 2013. Laurie, Bruce Beyond <mask>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. . Rodriguez, Junius P., ed.Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World. (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2007) Thomas, John L. The Liberator: <mask> <mask>, A Biography. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1963. . External links <mask> <mask> profile on Spartacus Educational The Liberator Files online Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice "<mask> <mask>" and "Who is <mask> <mask>?" – American Experience, PBS "<mask> <mask>: Words of Thunder." WGBH Forum PBS Teachers Resources: <mask> <mask> 1805–1879 1805 births 1879 deaths 19th-century American journalists 19th-century American male writers 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 19th century in Boston 19th-century Unitarians Abolitionists from Boston American libertarians American male journalists American newspaper editors American newspaper founders American people of Canadian descent American social reformers American tax resisters American Unitarians American women's rights activists Deaths from kidney disease People of Massachusetts in the American Civil War Writers from Newburyport, Massachusetts American printers American book publishers (people) American Anti-Slavery Society Underground Railroad in New York

Francesco Monico

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<mask> (born Venice, February 27, 1968) is a teacher, researcher, artist in Italy. Previous activities <mask> worked for ten years as a director, screenwriter and program chief in Italian broadcast, sperimentale and interactive TV, is both a Technoetic researcher and artist. He was director and author for Rai3, Mediaset, Rai2, France 2, and channel manager for Tele+3, SeiMilano. <mask> did research at Studium S3, at Fabrica, at the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the University of Toronto. Former member of the Scientific Committee of Milano in Digitale with Antonio Caronia, Paolo Rosa, Pier Luigi Capucci, and Franco Torrani. Former member of the Scientific Committee of the Leonardo da Vinci Science and Technology Museum in Milan, with Giulio Giorello, Emanuele Severino, and Enrico Bellone.In the past in the style of the new left media theorist Raymond Williams he was a regular media commentator for the International Herald Tribunes Italian news section. Current activities Today <mask> is Dean at Accademia di Belle Arti Unidee at the Fondazione Pistoletto in Biella and Director of the School of Media Design & Multimedia Arts at the Accademia Costume e Moda in Rome and both working on research and development in education, technology and arts.Former director of the Media Design and Multimedia Arts Department he founded at the Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano in Milan. Former professor of Theory and Method of Mass Media at the same institution, as well as founder director of the PhD program M-Node, Planetary Collegium, today known as T-node and a Senior Fellow of the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology in Toronto, Canada. He is an alumnus of Derrick de Kerckhove. As a Scholar of Marshall McLuhan <mask> became more focused on how technology shapes human communication, behaviour, and thought and is currently researching with Roy Ascott as member of the board of the international PhD program Planetary Collegium.Member of the Programme Committee of the Isea 2011. Monico writes in online and print publications, and did New Media art commentary for Wired Italian edition. As Director of the Planetary Collegium's M-Node he was part, with Roy Ascott, of the 2011 World Universities Forum Award for Best Practice in Higher Education. As Director of Research & Development project he settled up in 2013, with IOCOSE, the Transmodal Research between Art & Technology of STMICROELECTRONICS STINNOVATIONCUP 2013.In 2013, he is invited by European Commission President José Barroso to join New Narrative for Europe, a working network of European artists, creators, scientists and intellectuals to strengthen the contours of European unity. He was selected for the 2015 Italian edition of TED, as keen thinker about Higher Education, Cultural Management & Entrepreneurships at TEDxRoncade. <mask> was Professor of Social Digital Innovation at the Faculty of Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche, Multimediali of the Università of Udine, and Professor of Archetype of Imagery at Accademia Belle Arti di Milano Brera.Today is Professor of Sociology of Media at the Consorzio Universitario Pordenone ISIA Roma and Professor of Artchetype of Imaginery at the Accademia Costume e Moda in Rome. Methodology After a research stint at the McLuhan Program he changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, BioArt, and various art-science combinations. Deeply influenced by Roy Ascott, <mask> believes science and art can contribute to expanding global consciousness, but only with the help of alternative systems of knowledge. His modus operandi is based on a combination of science, art, philosophy, and esoteric knowledge in which the artist recognizes the paradoxical nature of knowledge and the contradictions inherent in formal epistemologies, and in his deep speculation his dealing with an hermeneutical approach. His methodology is a syncretic, mixing critical theory and a pragmatic art approach that he applied as founder of the School of Media design & New Media Art at NABA.Art career <mask> has changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, BioArt, and various art-science combinations. Among his artworks is The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda (Tafkav - 2007/10) and Is there Love in the Technoetic Narcissus? In 2009 he was curator for the first Italian solo show of bioartist Brandon Ballengée, Monstre Sacré . In fall 2011 <mask>tti, Milan, 6–12 July 2009. StreamFest 2009, Mostra Wet & Dry Relazioni tra arte e natura nel contemporaneo tecnologico.Galatina, Italy, 2–12 August 2009. TAFKAV. Mya Lurgo Gallery - Germinazioni curated by Martina Cavallarin: Lugano, Switzerland, 11 November 2009. TAFKAV. PAV Parco d'Arte Vivente - Diverse Forme Bellisme with Piero Gilardi, curated by Claudio Cravero: Turin, Italy, 5 February 2010 to 11 April 2010. Is There Love in The Technoetic Narcissus? and TAFKAV.Nowhere Gallery - Il Ciclo Dell'Alterità: The Artist Formerly Known As Vanda, and C'è amore nel Narciso technoetico? ("Is There Love In The Technoetic Narcissus? "), Milan, 11 June to 17 July 2010. The Merchant of Venice, - Biennale Vegetale. Doppia con Caroline Bougoreau. Venezia, Italy, 1–12 June 2011. TAFKAV, Studio Monitor.AMBER11: NEXT ECOLOGY. Istanbul, 4–13 November 2011. THE HYBRID CONSTITUTION. Art Curacy <mask>, F. (2009). Monstre Sacré - Brandon Ballengée, Nowhere Gallery, Via del Caravaggio 12, Milano, 18 September 2009, Special Start Milano. Conferences & Symposium Curacy +ETICA +MODA, 22 june 2021, Fondazione Pistoletto - Accademia Unidee Fondazione Pistoletto, curated by <mask>; Future Firm, Past Innovation, Present Labour. A Trinamic View On Contemporary Enterprise, 14 may 2021, Accademia Unidee - Fondazione Pistoletto - Polidesign Milano, curated by <mask>, Marina Parente, Michele Cerruti But; Most Post Human IV April 9, 2014, MUSE, Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3.Trento. Curated by <mask>, Massimiliano Viel, Gianna Angelini; Most Post Human II July 22, 2013, NABA, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by <mask>, Giovanni Leghissa; Most Post Human I April 30, 2013, DOMUS ACADEMY, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by <mask>, Giovanni Leghissa; New Media Art Education & Research 4: Always Already New - Deep Involvement of Education - Democratic Higher Education November 18 – 19, 2011, NABA, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by <mask>, Pier Luigi Capucci; Art as Media as Display, Biennals as Platform for Social Change: ISEA 2011 & Biennal of Art Istanbul September 17, 2011, Nederlands Consulaat General, Istiklal Caddesi 197, 34433 Beyoglu, Istanbul. Curated by <mask>, Maurizio Bortolotti, Marieke Van Hal. Speakers: Hedwig Fijen, Katarina Gregos, Nazim Dikbaş, Martha Rosler, Yongwoo Lee, Lanfranco Aceti; New Media Art Education & Research 3: Always Already New - Thinking Media, Subversing Feeling, Scaffolding Knowledge: Art and Education in the Praxis of Transformation December 16 – 18, 2010, MEDIATECA SANTA TERESA, Via della Moscova 28, Milano.Curated by <mask>, Pier Luigi Capucci; New Media Art Education & Research 2009- 2 Topics 14 April 2008 – FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA, - Sala delle Capriate, Piazza Tito Lucrezio Caro, Milan – ITALY Mercoledì, 4 marzo 2009. Curated by <mask>; New Media art Education & Research 2008 14 APRIL 2008 – FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA – ITALY, Piazza Tito Lucrezio Caro 1, 20136 Milano, curated by <mask> & Luca Galli. Researching the Future: aspects of Art and Technoetics 2007 , CENTRO PER L'ARTE CONTEMPORANEA LUIGI PECCI, PRATO December 7-8-9, 2007, curated by <mask> & Roy Ascott. Researching the Future: art and design in transmodal transition 2006 Milano, February 8–9, 2006, curated by <mask>. Bibliography <mask>, F. (2006). Il Dramma Televisivo: l'Autore e l'Estetica del Mezzo. Meltemi.edu, 58.Roma: Meltemi. . <mask>, F. (2006). Il Dramma televisivo: lexicon. m-node, Lulù, . <mask>, F. (2006). White Rabbit On The Moon in Technoetic Arts, July-06,Vol.4,Issue:2:Intellect. Print <mask>, F. (2007). TV 2.0.Il pubblico come autore. Meltemi, Le melusine, 192, . <mask>, F. (2008). La Variazione Technoetica in "Le variazioni Grandi" Quaderno di Comunicazione 8. Roma: Meltemi. <mask>, F. (2008). Is There Love in The Technoetic Narcissus?in "New Realities: Being Syncretic" Edition Angewandte, Springer-Verlag. Edited by Ascott, R.; Bast, G.; Fiel, W.,. <mask>, F. (2008). Introduzione a: Derrick De Kerckhove Dall'alfabeto a Internet. L'Homme "Litteré": Alfabetizzazione, Tecnologia, Cultura Traduzione di Antonio Caronia. Mimesis Edizioni. . <mask>, F. (2009). TAFKAV a Technoetic Installation in Technoetic Arts, December-09,Vol.7,Issue:3:Intellect.Print <mask>, F. (2010).Introduzione and Uno di Uno - esiste una New Italian (media) Epic? Da una narrazione letteraria a una narrazione mediatica in LIMINA n.1/2010, Vol.1, January 2010, edited by Amos Bianchi, M-Node per NABA LIBRI, Print <mask>, F. (2010).Learning Machine - Il Manuale, 2010, edited by Elisabetta Galasso & Marco Scotini, in collaborazione con Alessandro Guerriero, NABA LIBRI. <mask>, F. (2012).Dei Precrimini e del Pensarsi, pag 249-260, in Anja Puntari, FEAR, Percorsi di Ricerca e Pratica Artistica, Monico, F. (2012).An Experience on Higher Education in LIMINA 2 n.2/2012, Vol.2, July 2012, edited by Gabriela Galati, M-Node per NABA LIBRI, Print Monico, F. (2013). "Lexicon in Expanded Cinema, by Gene Youngblood (First italian edition), November 2013, italian edition by Pier Luigi Capucci and Simonetta Fadda, CLUEB, pp. 389, <mask>, F. (2014). Premesse per una costituzione ibrida: la macchina, la bambina automatica e il bosco in "La condizione postumana" AUT AUT 361.Milano: Saggiatore. <mask>, F. (2015).Lo que se podrìa y deberìa decir: de los "objectors narrativos no identificados" a la New Italian Epic (de los media)/"What one Could and Should Say: from Unidentified narrative Objects to New Italian (Media) Epic" in Beyond Darwin. La senda coevolutiva del arte, la tecnologìa y la consciencia./ "The Co-Evolutionary Path of Art, Technology and Consciousness", Edited by Roy Ascott y Angela Molina F. (Eds), Col-leccìo Formes Plastiques, Istituto Alfons el Magnànim, Print <mask>, F. (2016).L’eterodossia accademica come pratica controambientale della libertà dell'essere al condizionamento tecnico. Una postfazione su Antonio Caronia" in Mondi altri. Processi di soggettivazione nell'era postumana a partire dal pensiero di Antonio Caronia, Edited by Giovanni Leghissa e Amos Bianchi, Mimesis Edizioni, Collana Postumani, Print Monico, F. (2017). Cyber-sorveglianza, guerra e religione, il mondo a una dimensione" Conversazione tra <mask> e Derrick De Kerckhove in Azimuth 7/2016 Human and Digital Traces, Edited by Simone Guidi and Alberto Romele, Monico, F. (2020). Fragile - Un nuovo immaginario del progresso, foreword by Simone Guidi, Meltemi Editore, Narrative Monico, F. (2019).Le somiglianze del vero. L'erudita - Giulio Perrone Editore, Roma, Gennaio 2019. . Articles <mask>, F. (2009). La soglia tra arte ed essere. D'ARS, N.198. June 2009, page 29-31 Special 53° Biennale di Venezia, Milano, . References Further reading de Feo, Teresa.TAFKAV e un fiore di nome Vanda,article published in DIGIMAG N. 30 (2007 Dicembre - 2008 Gennaio). Martini, Alberto Mattia. 2008 Marzo.TAFKAV The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda, Un metodo eversivo article published in D'ARS N. 193 (March, 2008, 48° Years from 1960). Trivellin, Cristina. 2008 December.TAFKAV The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda article published in NOEMA Tecnologie e Società (14/12/2008). Living people BioArtists 1968 births

George Metesky

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<mask> (November 2, 1903 – May 23, 1994), better known as the Mad Bomber, was an American electrician and mechanic who terrorized New York City for 16 years in the 1940s and 1950s with explosives that he planted in theaters, terminals, libraries and offices. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers and restrooms in public buildings, including Grand Central Terminal, Pennsylvania Station, Radio City Music Hall, the New York Public Library, the Port Authority Bus Terminal and the RCA Building, and in the New York City Subway. Metesky also bombed movie theaters, where he cut into seat upholstery and slipped his explosive devices inside. Angry and resentful about events surrounding a workplace injury suffered years earlier, Metesky planted at least 33 bombs, of which 22 exploded, injuring 15 people. The hunt for the bomber enlisted an early use of offender profiling. He was apprehended in 1957 based on clues given in letters he wrote to a newspaper. He was found legally insane and committed to a state mental hospital.Industrial injury Following World War I, <mask> joined the U.S. Marines, serving as a specialist electrician at the United States Consulate in Shanghai. Returning home, he went to work as a mechanic for a subsidiary of the Consolidated Edison utility company and lived in Waterbury, Connecticut, with his two unmarried sisters. In 1931, <mask> was working as a generator wiper at the company's Hell Gate generating plant when a boiler backfire produced a blast of hot gases. The blast knocked <mask> down and the fumes filled his lungs, choking him. The accident left him disabled and, after collecting 26 weeks of sick pay, he lost his job. According to claims disputed by Consolidated Edison, the accident led to pneumonia that in turn developed into tuberculosis. A claim for workers' compensation was denied because he waited too long to file it.Three appeals of the denial were also rejected, the last in 1936. He developed a hatred for the company's attorneys and for the three co-workers whose testimony in his compensation case he believed was perjured in favor of the company. Bombs He planted his first bomb on November 16, 1940, leaving it on a window sill at the Consolidated Edison power plant at 170 West 64th Street in Manhattan. His first two bombs drew little attention, but the string of random bombings that began in 1951 frayed the city's nerves and taxed the resources of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). <mask> often placed warning calls to the buildings where he had planted bombs, but would not specify the bomb's exact location. He wrote to newspapers warning that he planned to plant more. Some bombs came with notes, but the note never revealed a motive, or a reason for choosing that particular location.Metesky's bombs were gunpowder-filled pipe bombs, ranging in size from long and from in diameter. Most used timers constructed from flashlight batteries and cheap pocket watches. Investigators at bomb sites learned to look for a wool sock – Metesky used these to transport the bombs and sometimes to hang them from a rail or projection. Between 1940 and 1956, Metesky planted at least 33 bombs, of which 22 exploded, injuring 15 people. 1940–1941 Metesky's first bomb was crude, a short length of brass pipe filled with gunpowder, with an ignition mechanism made of sugar and flashlight batteries. Enclosed in a wooden toolbox and left on a Consolidated Edison power plant window sill, it was found before it could go off. It was wrapped in a note written in distinctive block letters and signed "F.P.", stating Some investigators wondered if the bomb was an intentional dud, since if it had exploded the note would have been obliterated. In September 1941, a bomb with a similar ignition mechanism was found lying in the street about five blocks away from the Consolidated Edison headquarters building at 4 Irving Place. This one had no note, and was also a dud. Police theorized that the bomber might have spotted a police officer and dropped the bomb without setting its fuse. Shortly after the United States entered World War II in December 1941, the police received a letter in block capital letters: 1951–1956 True to his word, <mask> planted no bombs between 1941 and 1951, choosing instead to send letters and postcards to police stations, newspapers, private citizens and Con Edison. Investigators studying the penciled, block-lettered messages noted that the letters G and Y had an odd shape, possibly indicating a European education. The long hiatus since the last bomb and the improved construction techniques of the first new bomb led investigators to believe that the bomber had served in the military.For his new wave of bombings, <mask> mainly chose public buildings as targets, bombing several of them multiple times. Bombs were left in phone booths, storage lockers and restrooms in public buildings including Grand Central Terminal (five times), Pennsylvania Station (five times), Radio City Music Hall (three times), the New York Public Library (twice), the Port Authority Bus Terminal (twice) and the RCA Building, as well as in the New York City Subway. <mask> also bombed movie theaters, where he cut into seat upholstery and slipped his explosive devices inside. 1951 On March 29, the first Metesky bomb of the new wave, and also the first Metesky bomb to explode, startled commuters in Grand Central Terminal but injured no one. It had been dropped into a sand urn near the Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant on the terminal's lower level. In April, <mask>'s next bomb exploded without injury in a telephone booth in the New York Public Library. In August a phone-booth bomb exploded without injury at Grand Central.Police dismissed the event as the work of "boys or pranksters." The New York Times reported the event in the following day's issue, though only with a three-paragraph brief at the bottom of page 24. <mask> next planted a bomb that exploded without injury in a phone booth at the Consolidated Edison headquarters building at 4 Irving Place. He also mailed one bomb, which did not explode, to Consolidated Edison from White Plains, New York. On October 22, the New York Herald Tribune received a letter in penciled block letters, stating The letter directed police to the Paramount Theater in Times Square, where a bomb was discovered and disabled, and to a telephone booth at Pennsylvania Station where nothing was found. On November 28, a coin-operated locker at the IRT 14th Street subway station was bombed, without injury. Near the end of the year, the Herald Tribune received another letter, warning: 1952 On March 19, a bomb exploded in a phone booth at the Port Authority Bus Terminal without causing injury.In June and again in December bombs exploded in seats at the Lexington Avenue Loew's theater. The December bombing injured one person, and was the first Metesky bomb to cause injury. Police had asked the newspapers not to print any of the bomber's letters and to play down earlier bombings, but by now the public was becoming aware that a "Mad Bomber" was on the loose. 1953 Bombs exploded in seats at Radio City Music Hall and at the Capitol Theater, with no injuries. A bomb again exploded near the Oyster Bar in Grand Central Terminal, this time in a coin-operated rental locker, again with no injuries. Police described this bomb as the homemade product of a "publicity-seeking jerk". An unexploded bomb was found in a rental locker at Pennsylvania Station.1954 A bomb wedged behind a sink in a Grand Central Terminal men's room exploded in March, slightly injuring three men. A bomb planted in a phone booth at the Port Authority Bus Terminal exploded with no injuries. Another bomb was discovered in a phone booth that was removed from Pennsylvania Station for repair. As a capacity Radio City Music Hall audience of 6,200 watched Bing Crosby's White Christmas on November 7, a bomb stuffed into the bottom cushion of a seat in the 15th row exploded, injuring four patrons. The explosion was muffled by the heavy upholstery, and only those nearby heard it. While the film continued, the injured were escorted to the facility's first-aid room and about 50 people in the immediate area were moved to the back of the theater. After the film and the following stage show concluded an hour-and-a-half later, the police roped off 150 seats in the area of the explosion and began the search for evidence.1955 A bomb exploded without injuries on the platform at the IRT Sutter Avenue subway station in Brooklyn. A bomb hung beneath a phone booth shelf exploded on the main floor of Macy's department store, with no injuries. Two bombs exploded without injuries at Pennsylvania Station, one in a rental locker and one in a phone booth. A bomb was found at Radio City Music Hall after a warning phone call. At the Roxy Theater, a bomb dropped out of a slashed seat onto an upholsterer's workbench without exploding. A seat bomb exploded at the Paramount Theater; one patron was struck on the shoe by bomb fragments but disclaimed injury. Investigators discovered a small penknife pushed inside the seat, one of several found at theater seat bombings.They theorized that the bomber left his knives behind in case he was stopped and questioned. In December, a bomb exploded without injuries in a Grand Central men's-room stall. 1956 A 74-year-old men's-room attendant at Pennsylvania Station was seriously injured when a bomb in a toilet bowl exploded. A young man had reported an obstruction and the attendant tried to clear it using a plunger. Among the porcelain fragments, investigators found a watch frame and a wool sock. A guard at the RCA Building in Rockefeller Center discovered a piece of pipe about five inches long in a telephone booth. A second guard thought it might be useful in a plumbing project and took it home on the bus to New Jersey, where it exploded on his kitchen table early the next morning.No one was injured. A December 2 bombing at the Paramount Theater in Brooklyn left six of the theater's 1,500 occupants injured, one seriously, and drew tremendous news coverage and editorial attention. The next day, Police Commissioner Stephen P. Kennedy ordered what he called the "greatest manhunt in the history of the Police Department." On December 24, a New York Public Library clerk using a phone booth dropped a coin. Looking up after he retrieved it, he saw a maroon-colored sock held to the underside of the shelf by a magnet. The sock contained an iron pipe with a threaded cap on each end. After consulting with other employees, he threw the device out a window into Bryant Park, bringing the bomb squad and more than 60 NYPD police officers and detectives to the scene.In a letter to the New York Journal American the next month, <mask> said that the Public Library bomb, as well as one discovered later the same week inside a seat at the Times Square Paramount, had been planted months before. 1957 discovery Eight months after <mask>'s January 1957 arrest, a bomb not found in several police searches was discovered at the Lexington Avenue Loew's Theater by an upholsterer repairing a recently vandalized seat. It was the last of the three bombs <mask> said he had planted there. The first two had exploded, one in June 1952 and one in December 1952, with the December explosion resulting in one injury. As of the Loew's discovery, only two of the dozens of bombs that <mask> claimed to have planted remained unaccounted for: one at a Con Edison site on the East River, the other at the Embassy Theater at 7th Avenue and 47th Street. With the finding of the third Loew's bomb, police closed their "Mad Bomber" case, saying that their searches of the two remaining locations had been so thorough that they were satisfied that the bombs were no longer there, if indeed they ever had been. Search Throughout the investigation, the prevailing theory was that the bomber was a former Con Edison employee with a grudge against the company.Con Edison employment records were reviewed, but there were hundreds of other leads, tips and crank letters to be followed up on. Detectives ranged far and wide, checking lawsuit records, mental hospital admissions, vocational schools where bomb parts might be made. Citizens turned in neighbors who behaved oddly, and co-workers who seemed to know too much about bombs. A new group, the Bomb Investigation Unit, was formed to work on nothing but bomber leads. In April 1956, the department issued a multi-state alert for a person described as a skilled mechanic, with access to a drill press or lathe (for its ability to thread pipe), who posted mail from White Plains, was over 40, and had a "deep-seated hatred of the Consolidated Edison Company". A warning circular picturing a homemade pipe bomb similar to the bomber's was distributed. Police distributed samples of the bomber's distinctive printing and asked anyone who might recognize it to notify them.A review of drivers' license applications in White Plains, the city favored by the bomber for posting his mail, found similarities in 500 of them to the bomber's printing; the names were forwarded to the NYPD for investigation. The December 2, 1956 bombing of the Brooklyn Paramount drew tremendous news coverage and editorial attention. The following day, Police Commissioner Stephen P. Kennedy met with commanders of every NYPD division and ordered what he called the "greatest manhunt in the history of the Police Department." Calling the bomber's activities "an outrage that cannot be tolerated", he promised "an immediate good promotion" to whoever arrested the bomber, and directed commanders to alert every member of the force to the absolute necessity of a capture. On December 27, 1956, the New York City Board of Estimate and the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association posted $26,000 in rewards for the bomber's apprehension. Distractions Throughout the search, simulated bombs and false bomb reports wasted police resources and frightened an already nervous public. Around 1951 Frederick Eberhardt, 56 years old and like Metesky a former Con Edison employee with a grudge, sent a simulated pipe bomb filled with sugar to the company's personnel

George Metesky

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director at 4 Irving Place.Eberhardt was charged with sending threatening material through the mails. At his arraignment in November, an assistant district attorney told the judge, "This defendant is a particular source of annoyance to the New York City police. We are firmly convinced that he is not of sound mind. He has been sending simulated bombs around the city the past few months. Hundreds of police have been called out at all hours of the day and night to investigate because of his actions." Eberhardt was sent to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric examination. Several months later the case was dismissed after Eberhardt's lawyer argued successfully that the package contained no "written threats", as the law required.In October 1951, the main waiting room at Grand Central Terminal was emptied and 3,000 lockers were searched after a telephoned bomb warning. The search involved more than 35 NYPD personnel, and took three hours because 1,500 of the lockers were in use and only one master key was available. As each locker was opened, the head of the bomb squad palpated its contents, keeping a portable fluoroscope at the ready. On December 29, 1956, at the height of false bomb reports from theaters, department stores, schools and offices, a note left in a phone booth at Grand Central Terminal reported that a bomb had been placed at the Empire State Building, requiring a search of all 102 floors of the landmark. A 63-year-old railroad worker picked up at Grand Central as a suspect died of a heart attack while being questioned at the East 35th Street station house. Later investigation eliminated him as a suspect. Profile Fingerprint experts, handwriting experts, the bomb investigation unit and other NYPD groups worked with dedication but made little progress.With traditional police methods seemingly useless against <mask>'s erratic bombing campaign, police captain John Cronin approached his friend James A. Brussel, a criminologist, psychiatrist, and assistant commissioner of the New York State Commission for Mental Hygiene. Captain Cronin asked Brussel to meet with Inspector Howard E. Finney, head of the NYPD's Crime Laboratory. In his office with Finney and two detectives, Brussel examined the crime-scene photos and letters and discussed the bomber's metal-working and electrical skills. As he talked with the police, Brussel developed what he called a kind of "portrait" of the bomber, what would now be called an offender profile. The bomber's belief that he had been wronged by Consolidated Edison and by others acting in concert with Consolidated Edison seemed to dominate his thoughts, leading Brussel to conclude that the bomber was suffering from paranoia, a condition he describes as "a chronic disorder of insidious development, characterized by persistent, unalterable, systematized, logically constructed delusions." Based on the evidence and his own experience dealing with psychotic criminals, Brussel put forth a number of theories beyond the obvious grudge against Consolidated Edison: Brussel additionally predicted to his visitors that when the bomber was caught, he would be wearing a double-breasted suit, buttoned. Although the police policy had been to keep the bomber investigation low-key, Brussel convinced them to heavily publicize the profile, predicting that any wrong assumption made in it would prod the bomber to respond.Under the headline "16-Year Search for a Madman", the New York Times version of the profile summarized the major predictions: Newspapers published the profile on December 25, 1956, alongside the story of the so-called "Christmas Eve" bomb discovered in the Public Library. By the end of the month, bomb hoaxes and false confessions had risen to epidemic proportions. At the peak of the hysteria on December 28, police received over 50 false bomb alarms, over 20 the next day. Journal-American letters The day after the profile was published, the New York Journal-American published an open letter, prepared in cooperation with the police, urging the bomber to give himself up. The newspaper promised a "fair trial" and offered to publish his grievances. <mask> wrote back the next day, signing his letter "F.P.". He said that he would not be giving himself up, and revealed a wish to "bring the Con.Edison to justice". He listed all the locations where he had placed bombs that year, and seemed concerned that perhaps not all had been discovered. Later in the letter he said After some editing by the police, the newspaper published <mask>'s letter on January 10, along with another open letter asking him for more information about his grievances. <mask>'s second letter provided some details about the materials used in the bombs (he favored pistol powder, as "shotgun powder has very little power"), promised a bombing "truce" until at least March 1, and wrote "I was injured on job at Consolidated Edison plant – as a result I am adjudged – totally and permanently disabled", going on to say that he had to pay his own medical bills and that Consolidated Edison had blocked his workers' compensation case. He also said After police editing, the newspaper published his letter on January 15 and asked the bomber for "further details and dates" about his compensation case so that a new and fair hearing could be held. <mask>'s third letter was received by the newspaper on Saturday, January 19. The letter complained of lying unnoticed for hours on "cold concrete" after his injury without any first aid being rendered, then developing pneumonia and later tuberculosis.The letter added details about his lost compensation case and the "perjury" of his co-workers, and gave the date of his injury, September 5, 1931. The letter suggested that if he did not have a family that would be "branded" by his giving himself up, he might consider doing so to get his compensation case reopened. He thanked the Journal-American for publicizing his case and said "the bombings will never be resumed." This letter was published Tuesday, the day after <mask> was arrested. Identification Con Edison clerk Alice Kelly had for days been scouring company workers' compensation files for employees with a serious health problem. On Friday, January 18, 1957, while searching the final batch of "troublesome" worker's compensation case files – those where threats were made or implied – she found a file marked in red with the words "injustice" and "permanent disability", words that had been printed in the Journal-American. The file indicated that one <mask>, an employee from 1929 to 1931, had been injured in a plant accident on September 5, 1931.Several letters from <mask> in the file used wording similar to the letters in the Journal-American, including the phrase "dastardly deeds". The police were notified shortly before 5:00 that evening. They initially treated the notification as just "one of a number" of leads they were working on, but asked Waterbury police to do a "discreet check" on <mask> and the house at 17 Fourth Street. After <mask>'s arrest, early police statements credited the finding of his file to an NYPD detective. Later, a report developed in a reward investigation conceded that Alice Kelly had found the file, and explained the misplaced credit as due to a misunderstanding of the file being "picked up" by the detective (at the Con Edison offices on Monday morning) as meaning that the file was "picked out" (of many). Although the NYPD did officially credit Kelly with turning up the clue that led to <mask>'s arrest, she declined to claim the $26,000 in rewards, saying she had merely been doing her job. Consolidated Edison's board of directors also declined to file for the reward, prompting a group of shareholders to file as representatives of Kelly and the company.Police investigators who later reviewed the path that led them to Metesky said that Con Edison had impeded the investigation for almost two years by repeatedly telling them that the records of employees whose services were terminated prior to 1940, the group Metesky was in, had been destroyed. The investigators said that they had learned of the records' existence only on January 14, through a confidential tip, and that even in the face of police demands and formal requests Con Edison stalled, declaring that the papers were legal documents and that the company's legal department would have to be consulted before granting access. A statement by the president of Consolidated Edison said this was due to a "misunderstanding". Arrest Accompanied by Waterbury police, four NYPD detectives arrived at <mask>'s home with a search warrant shortly before midnight on Monday, January 21, 1957. They asked him for a handwriting sample, and to make a letter G. He made the G, looked up and said, "I know why you fellows are here. You think I'm the Mad Bomber." The detectives asked what "F.P."stood for, and he responded, "F.P. stands for Fair Play." He led them to the garage workshop, where they found his lathe. Back in the house they found pipes and connectors suitable for bombs hidden in the pantry, as well as three cheap pocket watches, flashlight batteries, brass terminal knobs, and unmatched wool socks of the type used to transport the bombs. <mask> had answered the door in pajamas; after he was ordered to get dressed for the trip to Waterbury Police Headquarters, he reappeared wearing a double-breasted suit, buttoned. Interrogation <mask> told the arresting officers that he had been "gassed" in the Con Edison accident, had contracted tuberculosis as a result, and started planting bombs because he "got a bum deal." Going over a police list of 32 bomb locations, but never using the word "bomb", he remembered the exact date where each "unit" had been placed, and its size.He then added to the police list the size, date and location of 15 early bombs the police had not known about – all left at Con Edison locations, and apparently never reported. When his Con Edison bombs were not mentioned in the newspapers, he started planting bombs in public places to gain publicity for what he termed the "injustices" done him. He also confirmed the reason no bombs were planted during the United States' involvement in World War II – the former Marine had abstained "for patriotic reasons". In their search, police found parts for a bomb that would have been larger than any of the others. <mask> explained that it was intended for the New York Coliseum. Indictment <mask> admitted to placing 32 bombs. After a grand jury heard testimony from 35 witnesses including police experts and those injured, he was indicted on 47 charges – of attempted murder, damaging a building by explosion, maliciously endangering life, and violation of New York State's Sullivan Law by carrying concealed weapons, the bombs.Seven counts of attempted murder were charged, based on the seven persons injured in the preceding five years, the statute of limitations in the case. <mask> was brought to the courtroom to hear the charges from Manhattan's Bellevue Hospital, where he had been undergoing psychiatric examination. Commitment to Matteawan After hearing from psychiatric experts, Judge Samuel S. Liebowitz declared the tubercular <mask> a paranoid schizophrenic, "hopeless and incurable both mentally and physically", and found him legally insane and incompetent to stand trial. On April 18, 1957, Judge Liebowitz committed <mask> to the Matteawan Hospital for the Criminally Insane at Beacon, New York. Expected to live only a few weeks due to his advanced tuberculosis, <mask> had to be carried into the hospital. After a year and a half of treatment, his health had improved, and a newspaper article written fourteen years later described the 68-year-old <mask> as "vigorous and healthy looking". While he was at Matteawan, the Journal-American hired a leading workers' compensation attorney Bartholomew James O'Rourke to appeal his disallowed claim for the 1931 injury, on the grounds that <mask> was mentally incompetent at the time and did not know his rights.The appeal was denied. <mask> was unresponsive to psychiatric therapy, but was a model inmate and caused no trouble. He was visited regularly by his sisters and occasionally by Brussel, to whom he would point out that he had deliberately built his bombs not to kill anyone. Release In 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled that a mentally ill defendant cannot be committed to a hospital operated by the New York State Department of Correctional Services unless a jury finds him dangerous. Since <mask> had been committed to Matteawan without a jury trial, he was transferred to the Creedmoor Psychiatric Center, a state hospital outside the correctional system. Doctors determined that he was harmless, and because he had already served two-thirds of the 25-year maximum sentence he would have received at trial, <mask> was released on December 13, 1973. The single condition was that he make regular visits to a Connecticut Department of Mental Hygiene clinic near his home.Interviewed by a reporter upon his release, he said that he had forsworn violence, but reaffirmed his anger and resentment toward Consolidated Edison. He also stated that before he began planting his bombs, <mask> returned to his home in Waterbury, where he died 20 years later in 1994 at the age of 90. References Further reading Cannell, Michael (2017). Incendiary: The Psychiatrist, The Mad Bomber and the Invention of Criminal Profiling. Minotaur Books. . Greenburg, Michael M. (2011). The Mad Bomber of New York: The Extraordinary True Story of the Manhunt that Paralyzed a City. Union Square Press. .External links Footage of the arrest of <mask> Newsreel 11 February 1957, Spanish Film Institute files. (video from 04:12, audio in Spanish) 1903 births 1994 deaths Bombers (people) History of New York City Improvised explosive device bombings in the United States People from Waterbury, Connecticut Terrorist incidents in the United States in the 1940s Terrorist incidents in the United States in the 1950s Place of birth missing People acquitted by reason of insanity Terrorist incidents in New York City United States Marines People with schizophrenia American

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<mask> (18 December 1922 – 26 June 2008) was an English television actor who appeared in a number of long running comedies and soap operas. He was a prolific character actor with more than 100 television roles. Early life <mask> was born in London, where his father was in the Royal Horse Guards, but was brought up in Yorkshire, where his parents ran the Station public house in Goole, West Riding of Yorkshire. It was as a singer that he initially made his mark, starting out at the pub his mother Myra ran with his father, where, as a small boy, he accompanied the pianist; later in life he went on to sing with the BBC Northern Dance Orchestra. He was raised as a devout Roman Catholic and attended Sacred Heart Church in Blackpool. During the Second World War he served in the Royal Air Force. Career Initially as a dancer, <mask> spent three years touring the Mediterranean with Ralph Reader's Gang Show, performing for British troops in various countries along with <mask> and Norrie Paramor.In 1952 he spent a season performing at the Windmill Theatre in London, among the nudes, where he featured as a comedy singer, before returning to Yorkshire, where he performed semi-professionally in local clubs while working in a factory in Leeds during the day. In 1955 he appeared on What Makes A Star? on BBC local radio. He became a regular on BBC regional radio, working in the North region of the BBC Home Service from 1958 with, among others, Jimmy Clitheroe (who he also appeared with on stage, touring the Variety theatres) and with Harry Worth. With Clitheroe, he did a regular double-act on a radio variety show called Call Boy, as well as doing much the same act together on stage in the theatres. His acting career at the BBC began in radio, appearing in the sitcom The Clitheroe Kid, another show which starred Jimmy Clitheroe, in which he appeared from 1957 as grumpy taxi driver Horatio Higginbottom, a regular role that he continued in for sixteen years, until 1972. In the 1950s he also had a regular role as compère and singer with the BBC's Northern Dance Orchestra, in the BBC radio show The Straw Hat Club.His first television role came on 6 December 1957 when he appeared in the BBC comedy Be Soon alongside comedian Hylda Baker. Between 1964 and 1968 he appeared regularly on ITV with Jimmy Clitheroe in the sitcom Just Jimmy, and featured in two episodes of ITV's Coronation Street, playing two small different roles, as a coach driver and a taxi driver. In 1968 he made his third appearance on Coronation Street, this time as Harold Eaton, a decorator working at the Rovers Return pub. In 1969 he played a postman in Parkin's Patch. By the early 1970s he was getting regular television work, with a number of minor roles (mostly in comedy parts) in programmes including the BBC sitcom Steptoe and Son (as a milkman in the 1970 episode Come Dancing, which is said to be one of the most repeated episodes of that series). Also on the BBC in the sitcom Sykes, and on ITV in Public Eye (as guest star in a humorous Christmas special), both in 1972, at which time <mask> said, "This is the first time in years I have turned down pantomime, up home in Blackpool, because I wanted to concentrate on television, to stretch myself with such roles." However, he was certainly not stretched by these roles, which were straightforward comedy supporting parts, of which he already had five years television experience as a semi-regular on the weekly sitcom Just Jimmy.As he became better known, he gradually was offered more varied TV work. His subsequent television appearances included police drama in Z-Cars (1973) and Barlow at Large, and comedy on ITV in Bless This House (1974). In 1975 he had a starring role as George Bradshaw in the short-lived comedy series Rule Britannia!. In 1979 <mask> appeared in the John Schlesinger film Yanks opposite Rachel Roberts, playing the husband of the terminally ill Roberts. The following year he appeared in Little Lord Fauntleroy as Kimsey. He also played Station Sergeant Billy Machin in the comedy series The Nesbitts Are Coming and followed that up in 1981 by appearing as Archie in the comedy series, The Incredible Mr Tanner. He was always most effective in comedy roles: from 1981-83 he was instantly forgettable as the Chief, John Nettles' boss in the first six episodes of the BBC police series, Bergerac.On Channel 4's opening night he appeared in Walter, alongside Ian McKellen in the title role. In the 1983 Special of Last of the Summer Wine - Getting Sam Home - John Comer's voice was badly affected by illness, so his lines were re-recorded by <mask>. Comer died 6 weeks after the broadcast. His first appearance in Emmerdale Farm came in 1983, when he played Nicholas Martin. In 1985 he appeared in the drama series The Winning Streak and in 1986 he played Dave Sharkey in the sitcom, Jossy's Giants. In 1990 he appeared as the husband of Patricia Routledge in Missing Persons, which was a feature-length pilot for Hetty Wainthropp Investigates. He made a second appearance in Emmerdale in 1998 this time as the farmer, Jed Outhwaite.In 2002 he made a fourth appearance on Coronation Street, this time as the MC at a ballroom dance competition in Blackpool, which the characters of Norris Cole and Vera Duckworth were entered. He appeared in the television drama film Shipman in 2002, as Len, a patient who survived the real-life homicidal doctor, who was played by James Bolam. He also appeared in the drama, A Good Thief as Alfie as well as a television advertising campaign for McDonald's. His last television appearance was in 2003 on Last of the Summer Wine. Throughout his broadcasting career he continued to work live in summer season (at Butlins and other holiday camps, and in seaside resorts such as Blackpool and Skegness), and in Pantomime. Personal life <mask>'s first marriage was dissolved; he had four children with his first wife. He met his second wife, Maggie when they were both performing in pantomime in Skegness.They made their home in Bispham, Blackpool which he claimed was her home town, where he spent the rest of his life. <mask> would say about living in Bispham, "Other actors can have London. I don't like it there, can't stand the trains, the noise, the hassle. Home is here." But the real reason they lived there was not unconnected with the fact that <mask> was in a long-term professional double act with Jimmy Clitheroe, who lived a 5-minute walk from their front door. Offscreen <mask> was a shy unassuming man, who rarely gave interviews and who shunned the "show business scene". <mask> had four children, three sons and one daughter from his first marriage.<mask> died in a nursing home from cancer after a short illness on 26 June 2008, aged 85. His funeral was held at Carleton Crematorium, Blackpool, Lancashire on 3 July. Filmography Television Film Notes References External links 1922 births 2008 deaths English male television actors English male radio actors English Roman Catholics Deaths from cancer in England Male actors from London Male actors from Lancashire Male actors from Yorkshire People from Bispham, Blackpool People from Goole Royal Air Force personnel of World War II

James E. Webb

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<mask> (October 7, 1906 – March 27, 1992) was an American government official who served as Undersecretary of State from 1949 to 1952. He was also the second appointed administrator of NASA from February 14, 1961, to October 7, 1968. <mask> oversaw NASA from the beginning of the Kennedy administration through the end of the Johnson administration, thus overseeing each of the critical first crewed missions throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs until days before the launch of the first Apollo mission. He also dealt with the Apollo 1 fire. In 2002, the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) was renamed the James <mask> Space Telescope as a tribute to <mask>. Early and personal life <mask> was born in 1906 in the hamlet of Tally Ho in Granville County, North Carolina. His father was superintendent of the Granville County public schools.He completed his college education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he received an Bachelor of Arts in Education in 1928. He was a member of the Acacia fraternity. <mask> became a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps, and he served as a Marine Corps pilot on active duty from 1930 to 1932. <mask> then studied law at The George Washington University Law School, where he received a J.D. degree in 1936. In the same year, he was admitted to the Bar of the District of Columbia. <mask> married Patsy Aiken Douglas in 1938, and they had two children.He was a Freemason. Career US House of Representatives staff <mask> began his long career in public service in Washington, D.C., by serving as secretary to US Representative <mask>. Pou of North Carolina from 1932 to 1934. Pou was chairman of the Rules Committee and Dean of the House. With <mask>'s assistance, Pou was influential in pushing through the first legislation of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal during the first hundred days of Roosevelt's term. In addition to his secretarial duties, <mask> provided physical assistance to the aging and ailing Pou. Assistant to private attorney <mask> next served as an assistant in the office of Oliver Max Gardner, an attorney, former governor of North Carolina and friend of President Roosevelt, from 1934 to 1936. Gardner supported <mask> in finishing law school.During the Air Mail scandal of 1934, the government halted the carrying of airmail by private airline companies. A group of airline executives, led by Thomas Morgan, the President of the Sperry Gyroscope Company in Brooklyn, hired Gardner's firm to represent them. The successful resolution resulted in the resumption of contracts to private airlines. Personnel director for Sperry Gyroscope As a result of their interactions, Sperry Gyroscope hired <mask> as the personnel director and assistant to Thomas Morgan, the president of Sperry. Between 1936 and 1944, <mask> became the secretary-treasurer and later the vice president of Sperry. During his tenure, Sperry expanded from 800 employees to more than 33,000 and became a major supplier of navigation equipment and airborne radar systems during World War II. Marine re-enlistment Although he wished to re-enlist in the Marines at the start of the war, <mask> was deferred because of the importance of his work at Sperry to the war effort.He reentered the Marine Corps on February 1, 1944 and soon became the commanding officer of Marine Air Warning Group One, 9th Marine Aircraft Wing, first as a captain and later as a major. <mask>'s brother, Henry Gorham <mask>, was also a Marine Corps officer who was at that time a prisoner of war in Japan having served with VMF-211 during the Battle of Wake Island and then subsequently captured. He was put in charge of a radar program for the invasion of the Japanese mainland. He had orders to leave for Japan on August 14, 1945, but his orders were delayed, and the Surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945 meant that he did not see combat. Bureau of the Budget After World War II, <mask> returned to Washington, DC and served as executive assistant to Gardner, now the Undersecretary of the Treasury, for a short while before he was named as the director of the Bureau of the Budget in the Office of the President of the United States, a position that he held until 1949. <mask> was recommended for the appointment to Truman by Gardner and Treasury Secretary John Snyder. Because of <mask>'s association with the Treasury Department, his appointment was seen as subordinating the BoB to the Treasury.His appointment surprised <mask>, who had not been told of the final decision to appoint him. (During the appointment announcement, Truman forgot <mask>'s name and had to look it up.) The Bureau of the Budget prepared the President's proposed budget each year for presentation to Congress. Truman's objective for the budget was to bring it to balance after the large expenditures of World War II. State Department President Harry S. Truman next nominated <mask> to serve as an undersecretary of state in the U.S. Department of State, which he began in January 1949. <mask>'s first assignment from Secretary Dean Acheson was to reorganize the Department, adding 12 new Presidential appointees and reducing the power of subordinate officers. <mask> also consolidated the flow of foreign policy information and intelligence through the secretariat.When the new organization became law in June 1949, the Department, which had been losing power and influence to the military, strengthened its ties to the President. A question facing the Department of State at the time was whether the Soviet Union could be contained through only diplomatic means or whether the military would be needed. Paul Nitze, as Director of Policy Planning, wrote a classified memo, NSC 68, arguing for a military build-up of NATO forces. Although Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson opposed an increase in the Defense budget, <mask> got Truman to convince him to support the recommendations of NSC68. On June 25, 1950, the North Korean Army invaded South Korea. <mask> and Secretary Acheson devised three recommendations: involve the United Nations, send the Navy Pacific Fleet into the Yellow Sea, and authorize an Air Force strike on the Korean tanks. Truman implemented the first two recommendations immediately but delayed the use of force by several days.The Defense Department was blamed for the lack of US preparedness, and Johnson tried to blame Acheson. <mask> worked with his contacts in Congress and others to convince Truman to replace Johnson, and George Marshall was called out of retirement to become the new Secretary of Defense. From 1950 to 1952, following State Department rules put in place in 1947, <mask> was in a leadership role at the time of what is now called the Lavender Scare, during which hundreds of LGBTQ personnel were fired from the department. Records show <mask> met President Truman on June 22, 1950 in order to establish how the White House, the State Department, and the Hoey Committee might "work together on the homosexual investigation" and Truman agreed to send two White House aides with <mask> to meet with the Hoey Committee to establish a modus operandi. Purges of LGBTQ state employees continued throughout <mask>'s tenure at the State Department, with <mask>'s subordinates continuing to report the dismissals of dozens of LGBTQ workers from 1950 to 1952. In 1950, <mask> established an alliance with university scientists, Project Troy, to bolster the United States' psychological warfare capabilities, in particular studying how to circumvent Soviet attempts to jam Voice of America broadcasts. With the attention of the Department focused on the Korean War, <mask>'s influence weakened.As the author of NSC68, State Department Director of Policy Planning Paul Nitze became the principal advisor to Secretary Acheson, and a misunderstanding between <mask> and Nitze led to Nitze outwardly calling for <mask>'s resignation. Although the rift blew over, <mask> started suffering from migraines and resigned in February 1952. <mask> left Washington for a position in the Kerr-McGee Oil Corp. in Oklahoma City, but he was still active in government circles, for instance in serving on the Draper Committee in 1958. NASA On February 14, 1961, <mask> accepted President John F. Kennedy's appointment as Administrator of NASA, taking the reins from interim director, Hugh L. Dryden, Deputy Administrator. <mask> directed NASA's undertaking of the goal set by Kennedy of landing an American on the Moon before the end of the 1960s through the Apollo program. For seven years after Kennedy's May 25, 1961, announcement of the goal of a manned lunar landing until October 1968, <mask> lobbied for support for NASA in Congress. As a longtime Washington insider and with the backing of President Lyndon B. Johnson, he was able to produce continued support and resources for Apollo.During his administration, NASA developed from a loose collection of research centers to a co-ordinated organization. <mask> had a key role in creating the Manned Spacecraft Center, later the Johnson Space Center, in Houston. Despite the pressures to focus on the Apollo program, <mask> ensured that NASA carried out a program of planetary exploration with the Mariner and Pioneer space programs. After the Apollo 1 accident in 1967, <mask> told the media, "We've always known that something like this was going to happen sooner or later... Who would have thought that the first tragedy would be on the ground?" <mask> went to Johnson and asked for NASA to be allowed to handle the accident investigation and to direct its recovery, according to a procedure that was established following the in-flight accident on Gemini 8. He promised to be truthful in assessing blame, even to himself and NASA management, as appropriate. The agency set out to discover the details of the tragedy, to correct problems, and to continue progress toward the Apollo 11 lunar landing.<mask> reported the investigation board's findings to various congressional committees, and he took a personal blaming at nearly every meeting. Whether by happenstance or by design, <mask> managed to deflect some of the backlash over the accident away from both NASA as an agency and from the Johnson administration. As a result, NASA's image and popular support were largely undamaged. <mask> was a Democrat tied closely to Johnson, and since Johnson chose not to run for reelection, <mask> decided to step down as administrator to allow the next president, Republican Richard Nixon, to choose his own administrator. <mask> was informed by CIA sources in 1968 that the Soviet Union was developing its own heavy N1 rocket for a manned lunar mission, and he directed NASA to prepare Apollo 8 for a possible lunar orbital mission that year. At the time, <mask>'s assertions about the Soviet Union's abilities were doubted by some people, and the N-1 was dubbed "<mask>'s Giant". However after the collapse of the Soviet Union, revelations about the Soviet Moonshot, have given support to <mask>'s conclusion.<mask> left NASA in October 1968, just before the first manned flight in the Apollo program. Drawing on his NASA experience, <mask> published Space Age Management: The Large-Scale Approach (1969), in which he presented the space program as a model of successful administration that could be broadened to address major societal problems. In 1969, <mask> was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Johnson. He is a 1976 recipient of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution. Later life and death After retiring from NASA, <mask> remained in Washington, DC, serving on several advisory boards, including serving as a regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1981, he was awarded the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy at West Point for his dedication to his country. <mask> died from a heart attack at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington on March 27, 1992, at age 85.He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. <mask> was played by Dan Lauria in the 1998 miniseries From the Earth to the Moon. <mask> was played by Ken Strunk in the 2016 film Hidden Figures. Telescope name NASA's James Webb Space Telescope, originally known as the Next Generation Space Telescope, was renamed in <mask>'s honor in 2002. This telescope, launched on December 25, 2021, is described as the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. In March 2021, a commentary in Scientific American urged NASA to rename the James Webb Space Telescope, alleging that <mask> had been complicit in the State Department's purge of LGBTQ individuals from the federal workforce. In July 2021, a related telescope renaming article appeared in the journal Nature.Scientists who opposed naming the telescope in <mask>'s honor pointed to the case of NASA budget analyst Clifford Norton, who in 1963 was accused of homosexual behavior, arrested and fired, with NASA calling his suspected conduct "immoral, indecent, and disgraceful". While critics argued that it would have been difficult for <mask> not to be aware of these proceedings, direct evidence did not come to light. Astrophysicist Hakeem Oluseyi wrote an article saying that the initial accusations that <mask> was part of the Lavender Scare were based on a quote attributed to <mask> which he never said, and there is little to no evidence <mask> took part in anti-gay discrimination. On September 30, 2021, NASA announced that it would keep the JWST name after running an investigation and finding "no evidence at this time that warrants changing the name". References Bibliography W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: <mask><mask> of NASA; Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995; Piers Bizony, The Man Who Ran the Moon: <mask> <mask>, NASA, and the Secret History of Project Apollo; New York: Thunder's mouth press, 2006; Portions of this article are based on public domain text from NASA. Encyclopædia Britannica, "<mask> <mask>" External links |- |- 1906 births 1992 deaths Administrators of NASA Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Collier Trophy recipients Directors of the Office of Management and Budget George Washington University Law School alumni <mask> Space Telescope Kennedy administration personnel Lyndon B. Johnson administration personnel Military personnel from North Carolina North Carolina Democrats People from Granville County, North Carolina Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Recipients of the NASA Distinguished Service Medal Texas Democrats Truman administration personnel United States Marine Corps colonels United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II United States Under Secretaries of State

Donald B. Marron Sr.

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<mask> (July 21, 1934 – December 6, 2019) was an American financier, private equity investor and entrepreneur, notable as the chairman and chief executive officer of brokerage firm Paine Webber from 1980 through the sale of the company in 2000, as well as the founder of private equity firm Lightyear Capital and of Data Resources Inc.. He was the father of the economist <mask><mask>. Career D.B. Marron & Company In 1959, <mask> founded D.B. Marron & Company. In 1965, <mask> sold his company to Mitchell Hutchins and in 1967 was named president of the company. Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. Mitchell, Hutchins & Co. was a leading equity research boutique in the U.S., ranked the number 3 firm by Institutional Investor in 1974. In 1975, a national poll of portfolio managers chose the institutional brokerage firm as the “best research house on Wall Street.” Under <mask>'s leadership, the firm grew to be known as "one of Wall Street's premier stock research firms."In 1977, Mitchell Hutchins was acquired by Paine Webber. PaineWebber continued to use the Mitchell Hutchins brand until the company's sale to UBS in 2000. In 2001, the Mitchell Hutchins name was discontinued when it was merged as a subsidiary with UBS's Brinson Partners division. Data Resources Inc. In 1969 <mask> co-founded Data Resources Inc. with Harvard University notable economist Otto Eckstein. DRI became the largest non-governmental source of economic data and, working with Eckstein's theory of core inflation, developed the largest macroecomonic model of its era. Data Resources is credited with "breaking new ground for the practical use of economics" among business executives and others.The company went public in 1976, with 52 of the nation's 100 largest industrial corporations as clients. The company was sold to McGraw-Hill in 1979 for $103 million. Paine Webber PaineWebber Group was one of the nation's leading full-service investment firms, serving its global client base through its primary businesses of banking, retail sales, capital transactions, and asset management. In 1977, PaineWebber merged with Mitchell, Hutchins & Co., and <mask> was named President of PaineWebber. In 1980, <mask> was named PaineWebber’s Chief Executive Officer, and in 1981, he was named Chairman of the Board of PaineWebber, roles he would hold for the next two decades. During his tenure, Marron transformed the business into a leading wealth management and institutional investment firm. In 2000, as CEO, <mask> engineered the sale of PaineWebber to UBS AG.The deal valued PaineWebber's outstanding share capital at $10.8 billion, representing an estimated 47 percent premium over PaineWebber's closing price the day prior to the deal's announcement, and a multiple of 18.1 times the company's estimated 2000 earnings at the time. The deal had the support of PaineWebber's major shareholders. PaineWebber's sale to UBS AG expanded UBS's presence in the U.S. wealth management market. The deal was described as one of the most successful transactions of its time, having reached a record sale price and delivering clear benefits to shareholders, clients and employees of both companies. <mask> served as Chairman of UBS America from 2000-2003. Lightyear Capital In 2000, <mask> founded Lightyear Capital, a private equity firm focused on investments in financial services companies. The firm has raised approximately $3.5 billion since inception across its four funds.In May 2002, Lightyear closed on its first fund, The Lightyear Fund, with $750 million of investor commitments, approximately $500 million of which came from UBS AG. In 2006, the firm completed fundraising for its second private equity fund, with $850 million of commitments from over 40 investors. In 2012, the firm closed its third fund valued at $954 million. In late 2017, the firm closed its fourth fund with more than $950 million. Art collector <mask> was one of America's most recognized private art collectors, having supported international artists and cultural institutions for more than 40 years. His collection of post-war works spanning both the 20th and 21st centuries is inspired by his personal response to art and his conviction that good contemporary art reflects—and great art anticipates—societal trends. Under <mask>'s five-year term as President of the Museum of Modern Art's Board of Trustees in the late 1980s, the Museum's endowment more than doubled, growing from $26 million in 1985 to $59 million in 1990.As a Trustee, <mask> oversaw the first expansion of the Museum Tower in 1984, in which MoMA more than doubled its gallery footprint, increased its curatorial department by 30 percent, and added an auditorium, two restaurants and a bookstore. MoMA's atrium is named the Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Atrium, for <mask> and his wife, in recognition of their contributions to the Museum's significant expansion efforts. While at PaineWebber, <mask> personally directed the firm's acquisition of more than 850 post-1945 works by major American and European artists—including Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Willem de Kooning, and Susan Rothenberg, among many others—to create the PaineWebber Collection. In 2002, UBS PaineWebber promised MoMA 37 works, including paintings, drawings and sculpture by Andy Warhol (including Cagney, 1962), Roy Lichtenstein, Lucian Freud, and Jasper Johns. The donation was to be made over 15 years and was completed in 2017. Non-profit and philanthropic work In 2013, <mask> provided the founding donation to launch the New York University Marron Institute of Urban Management. The Marron Institute operates on an academic venture capital model and works with cities to improve health, safety, mobility and inclusiveness.The Marron Institute is dedicated to working with residents, officials and practitioners to address pressing challenges on issues such as city planning, criminal justice and environmental health. In 2012, Marron and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center established the Donald B. and Catherine C. Marron Cancer Metabolism Center to promote intensive studies focused on tumor metabolism. A key aspect of the Center is the Cell Metabolism Laboratory, which is a state-of-the-art facility that helps investigators characterize biological systems through direct measurement of the small molecule constituents. Mrs. <mask> is currently Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Friends of the High Line, a trustee of the New York Public Library—where she was Chairman of the Board for seven years—and a contributing editor to Vogue magazine. She is the creator and editor of City Parks (2013) and City Squares (2016), both published by HarperCollins. <mask> died of a heart attack on December 6, 2019 while on his way to a work party in New York City. He was 85.References Marron Q&A: The Buzz on Lightyear Capital. Wall Street Journal, March 5, 2007 Lightyear's Marron eyeing banks, insurers. Reuters, Nov 12, 2008 The Ubiquitous and Indefatigable <mask>. New York Sun, September 21, 2005 United States: Golden start to golden years: Thank you UBS. Global Finance, September 2001 External links Lightyear Capital (company website) <mask>. Charlie Rose Interviews 1934 births 2019 deaths American art collectors American bankers American billionaires American financiers American philanthropists Baruch College alumni Businesspeople from New York City People associated with the Museum of Modern Art (New York City) People from Goshen, New York Private equity and venture capital investors The Bronx High School of Science alumni

Claus von Bülow

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<mask> (born <mask>; 11 August 1926 – 25 May 2019) was a Danish-born British lawyer, consultant and socialite. In 1982, he was initially convicted of both the attempted murder of his wife <mask> (born Martha Sharp Crawford; 1932–2008) in 1979, which had left her in a temporary coma, as well as an alleged insulin overdose in 1980 that left her in a persistent vegetative state for the rest of her life. On appeal, both convictions were reversed, and <mask> was found not guilty at his second trial. Background Beginning life as <mask>, <mask> was the son of <mask> (1900–1959) and Danish playwright Svend Borberg (1888–1947). His father was accused, though later cleared, of being a Nazi collaborator for his activities during the Second World War in the German occupation of Denmark. After graduating from university with a degree in law and becoming an apprentice in the legal profession, <mask> chose to be known by his maternal surname, Bülow, instead of his father's surname, Borberg. His mother was the daughter of <mask> af Plüskow, Danish Minister of Justice from 1910 to 1913, president of the upper chamber of the Danish Parliament from 1920 to 1922 and a member of the old Danish-German noble <mask> family, originally from Mecklenburg.<mask> graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, and practised law in London in the 1950s before working as a personal assistant to J. Paul Getty. While he had a variety of duties for Getty, <mask> became very familiar with the economics of the oil industry. Getty wrote that <mask> showed "remarkable forbearance and good nature" as his occasional whipping boy, and <mask> remained with Getty until 1968. On 6 June 1966, <mask> married Sunny, the American ex-wife of Prince <mask> Auersperg. He worked on and off as a consultant to oil companies. Sunny already had a son and a daughter from her first marriage; together, she and <mask> had a daughter, Cosima <mask>, born on 15 April 1967 in New York City. Cosima married the Italian count Riccardo <mask> in 1996.Attempted murder trials In 1982, <mask> was arrested and tried for the attempted murders of Sunny on two occasions in two consecutive years. The main medical and scientific evidence against him was that Sunny had low blood sugar, common in many conditions, but a blood test showed a high insulin level. The test was not repeated. A needle was used as evidence against <mask> in court, with the prosecution alleging that he had used it and a vial of insulin to try to kill his wife. His mistress of two years, the soap opera actress Alexandra Isles, testified "He said that they had been having a long argument, talk, about divorce that had gone on late into the night. She had drunk a great deal of egg nog. And then he said, ‘I saw her take the Seconal.’ And then he said that the next day when she was unconscious that he watched her knowing that she was in a bad way, all day, and watched her and watched her.And finally, when she was at the point of dying he said that he couldn’t go through with it and he called (the doctor) and saved her life. The discovery of these items became the focal point of <mask>'s appeal. At the trial in Newport, Rhode Island, <mask> was found guilty and sentenced to 30 years in prison; he appealed, hiring Harvard Law School professor Alan Dershowitz to represent him. Dershowitz served as a consultant to the defense team led by Thomas Puccio, a former federal prosecutor. Dershowitz's campaign to acquit <mask> was assisted by Jim Cramer and future New York attorney general and governor Eliot Spitzer, who were then Harvard Law School students. Dershowitz and his team focused on the discovery of the bag containing the syringes and insulin. Sunny's family had hired a private investigator to look into her coma.The private investigator, Edwin Lambert (an associate of the Bülows' lawyer Richard Kuh), was told by several family members and a maid that <mask> had recently been seen locking a closet in the Newport home that previously was always kept open. The family hired a locksmith to drive to the mansion, with the intention of picking the closet lock to find what the closet contained. They had lied to the locksmith and told him that one of them owned the house. When the three arrived, the locksmith insisted that they try again to find the key, and after some searching, Kuh found a key in <mask> <mask>'s desk that unlocked the closet. At this point, according to the three men in the original interviews, the locksmith was paid for the trip and left before the closet was actually opened, although the men would later recant that version and insist that the locksmith was present when they entered the closet. It was in the closet that the main evidence against <mask> <mask> was found. In 1984, the two convictions from the first trial were reversed by the Rhode Island Supreme Court.In 1985, after a second trial, <mask> was found not guilty on all charges. At the second trial, the defense called eight medical experts, all university professors, who testified that Sunny's two comas had not been caused by insulin, but by a combination of ingested (not injected) drugs, alcohol, and chronic health conditions. The experts were John Caronna (chairman of neurology, Cornell); Leo Dal Cortivo (former president, U.S. Toxicology Association); Ralph DeFronzo (medicine, Yale University); Kurt Dubowski (forensic pathology, University of Oklahoma); Daniel Foster (medicine, University of Texas at Austin); Daniel Furst (medicine, University of Iowa); Harold Lebovitz (director of clinical research, State University of New York); Vincent Marks (clinical biochemistry, Surrey, vice-president Royal College of Pathologists and president, Association of Clinical Biochemistry); and Arthur Rubinstein (medicine, University of Chicago). Cortivo testified that the hypodermic needle tainted with insulin on the outside (but not inside) would have been dipped in insulin but not injected; injecting it through flesh would have wiped it clean. Evidence also showed that Sunny's hospital admission three weeks before her final coma showed she had ingested at least 73 aspirin tablets, a quantity that could only have been self-administered, and which indicated her state of mind. Dershowitz, in his book Taking the Stand, writes about <mask> <mask>'s dinner party after he was found not guilty at his trial. Dershowitz replied to the invitation that he would not attend if it was a "victory party," and <mask> assured him that it was only a dinner for "several interesting friends."Norman Mailer also attended the dinner where Dershowitz explained why the evidence pointed to <mask> not having attempted to murder his wife. As Dershowitz recounted, Mailer grabbed the arm of his wife, Norris Church Mailer, and said: "Let's get out of here. I think this guy is innocent. I thought we were going to be having dinner with a man who actually tried to kill his wife. This is boring." Death <mask> died on 25 May 2019 at his home in London, England. In popular culture The 1990 film Reversal of Fortune depicts the case and its surrounding fallout.For his portrayal of <mask> <mask>, Jeremy Irons won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire from A Series of Unfortunate Events are named after <mask> and <mask> Bülow. References 1926 births 2019 deaths Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge English people of Danish descent English socialites Claus Danish expatriates in England Danish emigrants to the United States English people of German descent German socialites People acquitted of attempted murder People from Copenhagen People from Newport, Rhode Island Wrongful convictions Criminal trials that ended in acquittal

Christopher Fomunyoh

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<mask> (born 14 August 1956) is the Senior Associate for Africa and Regional Director at the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. Early life The first son of coffee farmers in his native village of Guzang – Batibo sub division, Fomunyoh attended Christian primary education institutions in Guzang, Ambo, and Eka-Bifang, then went on to the Cameroon Protestant College, Bali for secondary school studies, graduating in 1973. He later attended the Cameroon College of Arts, Science and Technology Bambili and obtained the General Certificate of Education Advanced levels in 1975, before proceeding to University of Yaoundé, Faculty of Law and Economics. Academia Fomunyoh holds a License en Droit from the University of Yaoundé, 1979; an LL.M. in International Law from Harvard Law School, 1989; and a Ph.D. in political science from Boston University, 1993. He also holds a professional certificate in Air Law from the Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille III. Dr. Fomunyoh is an adjunct faculty at the African Center for Strategic Studies, and a former adjunct professor of African Politics & Government at Georgetown University.He is perfectly articulate in both French and English. Career Upon graduation from University of Yaoundé, he worked for the Water Corporation, Societé Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun (SNEC) and later for Cameroon Airlines both in the coastal city of Douala where he established and managed the Legal department for more than six years before departing Cameroon to pursue further studies at Harvard University. Shortly after graduating from Harvard, Fomunyoh served on internships with the Law Offices of the Bank of Boston (USA), and Standard Chartered Bank in Douala, Cameroon. In 1993, he joined the National Democratic Institute as senior program officer. Today, as senior associate and regional director at NDI, Fomunyoh has organized and advised international election observation missions, designed and supervised country specific democracy support programs in partnership with civic organizations, political parties and legislative bodies across Africa. In the course of his work, Fomunyoh interacts regularly with heads of state and government, cabinet ministers, elected officials, political and civic leaders. He recently designed and helped launch the African Statesmen Initiative a program aimed at facilitating political transitions in Africa by encouraging former democratic Heads of State to stay engaged in humanitarian issues, conflict mediation, public health and other key sectors of political economic and human development on the continent.As an authority on democratization in Africa, Fomunyoh is highly solicited by news organizations and makes frequent guest appearances on major mainstream media including Cable News Network, British Broadcasting Corporation, National Public Radio, Voice Of America, Radio France Internationale and Radio Deustche Welle. He provides interviews for print news organizations such as the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Washington Times, Le Monde and 'International Herald Tribune. In one of his multiple media outings, Fomunyoh considered colonial rule as "...a terrible moment in African history and for the world too...", but he also places culpability for Africa’s current problems on what he unambiguously terms "...bad governance and lack of visionary leadership..." Fomunyoh upholds the supremacy of the constitution and strongly objects to distortions of the document to suit personal or sectional whims. He points to the Ghanaian example as schemata for budding democracies. <mask> recently remarked: It is extremely important to frequently renew political leadership in every country so new leaders can bring a fresh perspective to global trends and developments, and help move their countries in ways that may differ from previously long held typical and traditional approaches. Civic advocacy Through his life, work and pronouncements, <mask>h espouses respectful communication even amongst disagreeing parties – the kind of dialogue that reaches for compromise by considering the views of all parties involved through ‘yesable’ proposals. Fomunyoh remembers putting this practice to use in the mid 1970s, as one of the executive and founding members of the UNESCO Club at the University of Yaoundé; and before that, in his activist days as a student leader and president of the Moghamo Students Association from 1975 to 1979.Fomunyoh’s Foundation Radio, in Bamenda Cameroon vigorously upholds the creed of ‘Giving Voice to the Voiceless’ and strives to provide a platform for airing the concerns of the silent/impoverished majority and the establishment of the right contacts for obtaining much-needed skills for self-reliance. His family foundation TFF, partners with various traditional civic and administrative institutions within Cameroon to foster these goals. That has earned him encomiums among various Cameroonian constituencies such as: the Sawa Women of Bonendale, Douala in the Littoral region, some of whose cultural and development projects the Fomunyoh Foundation has supported; the Moghamo Women Empowerment Center in Batibo; and the chieftaincy in Dschang in the Western Region where Fomunyoh holds the honorific traditional title of ‘Suffo’. In the months leading to the 2004 presidential elections in Cameroon, Fomunyoh’s name was touted by various interest groups, parties and independent observers as a potential candidate for the race. A few years before the 2011 presidential contest, speculation is rife in the Cameroonian media of both French and English expression, the blogosphere and the Cameroonian Diaspora about the possibility of a Fomunyoh vs Biya Paul Biya show-down. While many Cameroonians ponder the possibility of holding credible, free and fair elections when the election administration body – ELECAM – is perceived as partisan, they also see 2011, as likely to be an epoch-making poll. Fomunyoh has not dropped a traceable hint about his immediate plans; yet a lot seems to be submerged in the unsaid.His more recent (early this year) comments to the media have been a blend of nostalgia for some aspects of the country of his teenage years and an unflappable optimism for better years ahead and the possibilities and potential for positive and meaningful change for Cameroon and Africa as a whole. Growing calls for Fomunyoh to jump into the political fray in Cameroon represent a variety of things to a variety of people: Cameroonian democrats need a boost to their advocacy efforts in favor of good and accountable governance given the government’s performance; while Cameroonians in the Diaspora would love to see someone at the helm of the state that could use his/her international stature to regain credibility for the country and its reputation on the world stage. Fomunyoh’s silence on the issue of his candidacy is yet to quell the speculation that seems to be growing by the day as 2011 year draws nearer, and as many Cameroonians take personal initiatives to reserve domain names, create Fomunyoh fan clubs and online discussion groups in an effort to persuade and pressure him to step forward and get into the presidential race. References 1956 births Living people Harvard Law School alumni Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni

Samuel Gorton

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<mask> (1593–1677) was an early settler and civic leader of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and President of the towns of Providence and Warwick. He had strong religious beliefs which differed from Puritan theology and was very outspoken, and he became the leader of a small sect of converts known as Gortonians, Gortonists or Gortonites. As a result, he was frequently in trouble with the civil and church authorities in the New England colonies. <mask> was baptized in 1593 in Manchester, Lancashire, England and received an education in languages and English law from tutors. In 1637, he emigrated from England, settling first in Plymouth Colony, where he was soon ousted for his religious opinions and his demeanor towards the magistrates and ministers. He settled next in Portsmouth where he met with a similar fate, being whipped for his insubordination towards the magistrates. He next went to Providence Plantation where he once again encountered adverse circumstances, until he and a group of others purchased land from the Narragansett people.They settled south of the Pawtuxet River in an area which they called Shawomet. <mask> refused to answer a summons following the complaints of two Indian sachems about being unfairly treated in a land transaction. He and several of his followers were forcefully taken away to Massachusetts, where he was tried for his beliefs and writings rather than for the alleged land transaction. He was sentenced to prison in Charlestown, though all but three of the presiding magistrates voted to give him the death sentence. After being released, <mask> and two of his associates sailed to England where they obtained an official order of protection for his colony from the Earl of Warwick. During his stay in England, he was also very active in the Puritan underground, preaching in churches and conventicles known for their extreme religious positions. Once back in New England, he changed the name of Shawomet to Warwick in gratitude to his patron in England.He became part of the very civil authority which he had previously rejected, serving as an assistant, commissioner, deputy, and president of the two towns of Providence and Warwick. He wrote a number of books, two of them while in England and several others following his return. He was a man of great learning and great intellectual breadth, and he believed passionately in God, the King, and the individual man, and he was harshly critical of the magistrates and ministers who filled positions that he considered meaningless. His beliefs and demeanor brought him admiration from his followers but condemnation from those in positions of authority, and he was reviled for more than a century after his death. In more recent times, some historians and writers have looked upon him more favorably, and some now consider him to be one of the great colonial leaders of Rhode Island. Ancestry and early life <mask> was baptized on 12 February 1592/3 in Manchester, Lancashire, England, the son of Thomas and <mask> from the chapelry of Gorton, a part of Manchester. His grandfather and great grandfather were both also likely named <mask> of the same place.They were members of an ancient family, found in Gorton as early as 1332. Gorton was educated by tutors and became an accomplished scholar, particularly in the area of languages and English law. His library contained volumes "in which the ancient statutes of his country were written." In one document, he was called a "clothier of London," though he wrote of himself that "he had not engaged in any servile employment until he settled in the colonies." His father had been a merchant in London and a guild member, and the family was well off financially. Gorton's theology Gorton's early development centered around religious themes, and he was inspired by the Puritan's challenge to the established Anglican Church in early 17th century England. However, his ideas were not in the mainstream of English Puritan thought, and most authorities who wrote about him considered his theology to be radical.Three of his religious mentors were John Saltmarsh, William Dell, and William Erbury, the first two being chaplains in Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army, and Erbury a Welsh Puritan. All three of these men were considered to be unorthodox by their fellow clergymen. <mask>'s belief was that the Holy Spirit was present in all human beings, giving each person a divinity and obscuring any distinction between a saint and sinner. Religious conversion, then, was the willingness to follow the dictates of this inner divinity, even against human authority. <mask> felt that emphasizing external ordinances, as opposed to the inner Spirit, compelled people to live under the ordinances of man rather than of Christ. This theology was embraced by the Seeker and Ranter movements, and later by the Quaker movement—though <mask> never personally identified with any of these groups. Because of his theology, <mask> viewed the ordinances promoted by governments with deep suspicion.His ideology of anti-authoritarianism was based on his belief in the equality of all men, and he felt that both civil and religious hierarchical systems "denied the true priesthood of all believers." He considered an educated, professional ministry to be a form of Anti-Christ, a view also shared by both Dell and Erbury. He wrote in New Englands Memoriall (1669): "I would have you know that I hold my call to preach... not inferior to the call of any minister in the country." Plymouth, Portsmouth, and Providence <mask> was living in London when he filed suit in a chancery case in February 1634/5. His reasons for leaving England and sailing to North America were given in his many writings. One biographer summarized these by writing, "He yearned for a country where he could be free to worship God according to what the Bible taught him, as God enabled him to understand it." Another biographer noted that "Gorton was one of the noble spirits who esteemed liberty more than life, and, counting no sacrifice too great for the maintenance of principal, could not dwell at ease in a land where the inalienable rights of humanity were not acknowledged or were mocked at."<mask> himself wrote, "I left my native country to enjoy liberty of conscience in respect to faith toward God and for no other end." In March 1637, he arrived in Boston from London, bringing his wife and several children and arriving in Boston during the height of the theological struggle known as the Antinomian Controversy. He sensed the growing hostility towards those with unorthodox theological views, such as Anne Hutchinson, and his stay there was short. He soon went to Plymouth Colony where he rented part of a house, becoming active in the community by volunteering during the Pequot War, as did his older brother Thomas. He soon had differences of opinion on religion with his landlord, and he was summoned to court in December 1638 based on the landlord's complaints. In court, <mask> "carried himself so mutinously and seditiously" towards both magistrates and ministers that he was sentenced to find sureties for his good behavior during the remainder of his tenure in Plymouth, and given 14 days to be gone from the colony. He left Plymouth shortly but, being winter, his wife and children were allowed to remain there while he proceeded to Portsmouth on Aquidneck Island (which was officially called Rhode Island), arriving in late December 1638.Here he became a resident, and on the last day of April 1639 he and 28 others signed a compact calling themselves subjects of King Charles and forming a "civil body politick." Things were no better for <mask> in Portsmouth than they had been in Plymouth. In 1640, his servant maid assaulted a woman whose cow had trespassed on his land, and this servant was ordered to court. <mask> refused to allow her to appear and went in her place. With his hostile attitude towards the judges, he was indicted on 14 counts, some of which were calling the magistrates "Just Asses" and calling a freeman in open court "saucy boy and Jack-an-Apes." Governor Coddington said, "All you that own the King take away <mask> and carry him to prison," to which <mask> replied, "All you that own the King take away Coddington and carry him to prison." Since he had previously been imprisoned, he was sentenced to be whipped, and soon left Portsmouth for Providence Plantation.Trouble continued to follow <mask> to Providence, where his democratic ideas concerning church and state led to a division of sentiment in this town. On 8 March 1641, Roger Williams wrote to Massachusetts magistrate John Winthrop, "Master <mask> having abused high and low at Aquidneck, is now bewitching and bemadding poor Providence, both with his unclean and his foul censures of all the ministers of this country (for which myself in Christ's name have withstood him) and also denying all visible and external ordinances in depth of Familism." Being a bitter partisan by nature, <mask> used his talent and energy to consolidate many discontented settlers into a destructive party in the otherwise peaceful settlement established by Williams. This group became known as the Gortonists or Gortonites. <mask> was never received as an inhabitant in Providence because of his disorderly course. At this point, he moved once again to an area called Pawtuxet along the Pawtuxet River, about five miles south of the settlement at Providence (later the dividing line between the Rhode Island towns of Cranston and Warwick). Pawtuxet and Warwick At Pawtuxet, there was immediate friction and a rift among the settlers, with a majority of them adhering to <mask>'s views.The original Pawtuxet settlers were deeply offended by <mask>'s conduct, notably William Arnold, his son Benedict Arnold, his son-in-law William Carpenter, and Robert Coles. On 17 November 1641, these men sent a letter to Massachusetts in which they complained of the "insolent and riotous carriage of <mask> and his company," and they petitioned Massachusetts to "lend us a neighborlike helping hand." With no formal government established in the area, these Pawtuxet settlers put themselves under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in an arrangement that lasted for 16 years. By doing this, they cooperated with Massachusetts in its quest to gain territories that would give them direct access to the Narragansett Bay, and they fueled a border conflict between Massachusetts and Rhode Island which continued for nearly 100 years. The Arnolds and their Pawtuxet partners assisted Massachusetts in efforts to remove <mask> and his followers from the entire region. For decades, territorial claims made by Massachusetts in the Narragansett region were an issue of contention for Roger Williams, who wanted to consolidate all of the towns around the Narragansett Bay into a unified government. In January 1643, <mask> and 11 others bought a large tract of land south of Pawtuxet from Narragansett tribal chief Miantonomi for 144 fathoms of wampum (864 feet or 263 meters), and they called the place Shawomet, using its Indian name.Here the settlers felt safe from the Massachusetts authorities and sent them at least two letters that were "filled with invective," presenting religious views that were anathema to the Puritan orthodoxy held by the Bay colony. <mask> and others of Shawomet were summoned to the Boston court to answer complaints filed by two minor Indian sachems concerning some "unjust and injurious dealing" towards them. The Shawomet men refused the summons, claiming that they were loyal subjects of the King of England and beyond the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. Soldiers were sent after them, their writings were confiscated, and the men were taken to Boston for trial. Once tried, the charges against <mask> and the others had nothing to do with the original complaints, but instead were about <mask>'s letters, conduct, and religious views. The following charge was made against him: Upon much examination and serious consideration of your writing, with your answers about them, we do charge you to be a blasphemous enemy of the true religion of our Lord Jesus Christ and his Holy Ordinances, and also of all civil authority among the people of God and particularly in this jurisdiction. It was then ordered that

Samuel Gorton

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<mask> be confined to Charlestown, to be kept at labor, and to wear bolts or irons in order to prevent his escape.He would be sentenced to death, upon a conviction by a jury trial, if he were to break confinement or to maintain any of the "blasphemies or abominable heresies wherewith he hath been charged". All but three of the ruling magistrates gave <mask> the death sentence, though a majority of the deputies refused to sanction this. The sentencing took place in November 1643, but <mask> and the others were released from prison in March 1644, being banished from both Massachusetts and from Shawomet (which was now claimed by Massachusetts). <mask> and his associates were restricted from their own lands, so they went instead to Aquidneck Island and were warmly greeted by a faction of residents who were opposed to Governor Coddington. England <mask>, Randall Holden, and John Greene boarded a ship in New Amsterdam in 1644 and sailed back to England, where Gorton spent four years seeking justice for the wrongs committed against them. In 1646, he published one of his many writings entitled Simplicity's Defence Against Seven Headed Policy, detailing the injustices against the Shawomet settlers. <mask> had gotten what he came for; the Commissioner of Plantations, responsible for overseeing the activities of the colonies, issued an order to Massachusetts to allow the residents of Shawomet and other nearby lands to "freely and quietly live and plant" without being disquieted by external pressures.<mask> remained in England while Holden returned to the American colonies in 1646 and presented the order to the Massachusetts authorities, who found it unacceptable. New England sent former Plymouth governor Edward Winslow to England as their agent to present a case against <mask>. Winslow asserted that <mask>'s unorthodox preaching and submission to an inner spirit offered one "an inconceivable political liberty." Ultimately, however, Winslow's efforts failed when the English commission ruled in favor of <mask>. This success did not end <mask>'s time in England, however; he had been called to preach and found many favorable audiences for his religious views. He was now seeing profound changes in thinking concerning toleration, unlike when he left England in 1637. Such attitudes were being embraced by parliamentary leaders who were seeking broad support in their war against the king.During his time in England, <mask> had become a prominent part of the Puritan underground, centered mostly around London, where divergent sectarian views were being shared and embraced. He became a highly sought preacher and spent most of his time at Thomas Lamb's church in London's Bell Alley. Lamb was most often termed a "General Baptist", and he entertained what were considered the most radical forms of Puritanism in his church. <mask> was described by one of his detractors as venting his "desperate opinions," while another opponent heard him "declare the irrelevance of church ordinances and officers." One of <mask>'s extreme positions was in crossing traditional gender lines, and he likely preached at the conventicle of a woman who has only been identified as Sister Stag. It was clear that he viewed women with "a spiritual and social equality unusual for that time", as did other Puritan radicals, a position that was later embraced by the Quakers. Later life <mask> returned to New England in 1648, landing in Boston that May.Massachusetts Bay authorities ordered his arrest, but he had a letter of protection from Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick which saw him safely back to his family. In honor of the Earl's intercession on his behalf, he changed the name of Shawomet to Warwick. <mask>'s views on the role of government had transformed markedly during his time in England. He became actively involved in roles that he had previously criticized, now that his settlement of Warwick was secured by royal decree. The separate settlements of Providence Plantation, Portsmouth, Newport, and now Warwick all came together under a fragile government, choosing John Coggeshall as its first President in 1647 and calling itself Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. With his success in England, <mask> was seen as a leader in the colony and he was chosen as the Warwick assistant (magistrate) in 1649 under colonial President John Smith, also from Warwick. Both <mask> and Smith declined their positions but were fined for doing so; they both ultimately served and their fines were remitted.William Coddington was in England during this time on a mission to remove the island towns of Newport and Portsmouth from the government with Providence and Warwick, hoping to set himself up as Governor for Life of Newport and Portsmouth. In 1651, <mask> was chosen as President of the colony, but Coddington had been successful in gaining his commission to put the island towns under his own authority, so <mask> presided only over the plantations of Providence and Warwick. In 1652, Smith was once again selected as president and <mask> was once again the assistant from Warwick. A remarkable statute during this administration was likely authored by <mask>, an act for the emancipation of slaves. Following his brief time as a magistrate, <mask> remained active in the civil affairs of Warwick. He was chosen as a commissioner during a majority of the years from 1651 to 1663, and his name appears on a list of Warwick freemen in 1655. He was one of several prominent citizens named in Rhode Island's Royal Charter of 1663.Also, he was the Warwick Deputy to the General Assembly for four years during the last half of the 1660s. He last served in a public capacity in 1670 when he was 78 years old. In 1675, <mask> had received word that the Indians living in the Connecticut Colony intended to invade the Narragansett country, and later in the same year King Phillips War broke out in the New England colonies. The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations took no active role in provoking the conflict, but its geographical location caused it to suffer more than any other colony. The people of Warwick were forced to flee their homes during the war and returned in the spring of 1677 to a barren wasteland and the task of rebuilding. <mask> did not leave a will, but several deeds to his heirs on 27 November 1677 distributed his properties, and in one of these instruments he called himself "professor of the mysteries of Christ." He was dead by 10 December, though the exact date of his death was not recorded.He is buried in the Samuel Gorton Cemetery, Rhode Island Historic Cemetery, Warwick #67, at 422 Samuel Gorton Avenue in Warwick, and his grave is marked with a governor's medallion and an uninscribed field stone. Beliefs, demonization, and restitution Gorton left a comfortable life in England to enjoy liberty of conscience in the English colonies of North America. According to Rhode Island historian Thomas Bicknell, he was a man of intense individualism who recognized three pillars of power: "God, the Supreme One; the King, his vicegerent; and himself, the individual man. Between these he recognized no other source of authority. The freedom of the individual was only limited by the express will of God or the King." He and his followers held that "by union with Christ, believers partook of the perfection of God, that Christ is both human and divine, and that Heaven and Hell exist only in the mind." The following are some of the activities for which he and his followers were imprisoned, whipped, put to hard labor, and banished, and had their cattle, food, and property confiscated: teaching that heaven and hell were states existing in the hearts of men and women, rather than a material place where people reside in an afterlife teaching that the baptism of infants would not save a baby's soul, since babies had no capacity to understand or accept the concepts of Christianity (a position also held by Baptists) teaching that the ministers and magistrates should not be the sole or ultimate authorities of how biblical interpretations were enforced with criminal laws teaching that God is a unity rather than a trinity objecting to the mandatory paying of tithes to a state church, and mandatory attendance, since salvation came through individual faith freely chosen, and not from conformity to denominational creeds and ritual In his day, Gorton was largely reviled by those who were not his followers, and his insolence towards colonial leaders made him the butt of most early writers of Rhode Island's colonial history.Nathaniel Morton was the keeper of the Plymouth records for years, and he published a "libellous and scandalous" book about <mask> while he was still alive. On 30 June 1669, <mask> wrote a lengthy letter of denial, refuting virtually every point made by Morton. More than a century later, however, Rhode Island Secretary of State <mask> wrote, "In the case of <mask>... no one of the first settlers has received more unmerited reproach, nor any one suffered so much injustice. His opinions on religious subjects were probably somewhat singular, though certainly not more so than in any at this day. But that was his business; his opinions were his own and he had a right to them." Later, Rhode Island historian and Lieutenant Governor <mask>. Arnold wrote of <mask>: <mask> was described as being gentle and sympathetic in private intercourse, and generous and sympathetic in nature. He gave to others the same liberty of thought and expression that he claimed for himself.One of his biographers wrote that, after Roger Williams, no man was more instrumental in establishing the foundation of equal civil rights and liberty in Rhode Island. Puritan scholar Philip Gura sees him as "not a dangerous and immoral troublemaker but rather a man who, more than any other New Englander, was in step with the religious politics of his times and whose history illuminates the complexity of the relationship of American to English Puritanism." Writings by and about <mask> <mask>'s first book was Simplicities Defence. He wrote another book while in England entitled An Incorruptible Key composed of the CX. Psalms wherewith you may open the rest of the Scriptures. This book was published in 1647 and expanded the commentary on his radical beliefs. After returning to New England, he wrote Saltmarsh returned from the Dead (1655), inspired by the new model army chaplain John Saltmarsh who had died in 1647.The sequel to this was An Antidote against the Common Plague of the World (1656) which was dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. This volume centers on Matthew 23, in which the scribes and Pharisees are condemned for degrading God's will and word. <mask>'s final published work was Antidote Against Pharisaical Teachers (1656), though he left behind an unpublished manuscript of several hundred pages entitled Exposition upon the Lord's Prayer. Two book-length biographical accounts of <mask> have been published. In 1896, Lewis G. Janes published <mask>: a forgotten Founder of our Liberties and Adelos <mask> published The Life and Times of <mask> in 1907. The latter work includes an extensive account of Rhode Island's earliest colonial records. Family and descendants <mask> was married prior to 11 January 1629/30 to Mary Mayplet, the daughter of John Mayplet who was a haberdasher.Mary was the granddaughter of the Reverend John Mayplet, Rector of Great Leighs Parish in Essex, Vicar of Northolt in Middlesex, and a writer on the topics of natural history and astrology. <mask>'s brother was Dr. John Mayplet, physician to King Charles II. See also List of colonial governors of Rhode Island List of early settlers of Rhode Island Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations References Notes a. The date is written this way in the original record. Citations Bibliography . Reprint, ed. W.R.Staples, Collections of the Rhode Island Historical Society Vol. II (Marshall, Brown & Company, Providence 1835) (Google) External links Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders Scribner's Popular History of the US, Chapter on Shawomet 1593 births 1677 deaths Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies Colonial governors of Rhode Island Politicians from Warwick, Rhode Island Burials in Rhode Island People from

Jammes Luckett

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<mask>, also formerly credited as <mask> is an American musician, writer, visual artist, and voice actor. She became known as the force behind the rock / electronic band Poperratic – as singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, music arranger, music video director and record producer. Likewise, <mask> gained notice as a film and television composer and songwriter; contributing film scores and original songs (across a wide variety of genres) for independent and major projects. <mask> first came to international attention with her work on 2002's May – which has since acquired a cult following. Art Mechanix <mask> has frequently released recordings, artwork, zines, stories and other projects via her own imprint, Art Mechanix. Art Mechanix was formerly known as Go Little Records, and was initially founded in 1998. Music In addition to her own name, <mask> has also worked under various pseudonyms.Among the most well-known of these are: Alien Tempo Experiment 13 (or ATE 13), Merkcurie and Poperratic. Poperratic (1994–2009) Jammes' one-woman music group, Poperratic, first began as Alien Tempo Experiment 13, also known as ATE 13. With Go Little Records, she self-released a number of cassette albums. In 1998, she saw her first 7" Vinyl E.P., "Live! From The Roller Derby" commercially released on the now-defunct New York-based indie label Glimmerfed Records. The E.P. was co-produced by <mask>, with A.J.Lambert, then-future film director Lucky McKee, and also Don Fleming (musician) the noted music producer who has worked with (Hole, Sonic Youth, Shonen Knife). Poperratic's music was mostly noted for its catchy melodies, elaborate harmony arrangements, crunchy guitars and unusual structures, all written and performed by <mask>, herself. Due to the unconventional structures <mask> often uses, as well as storytelling techniques, <mask>'s music tends to have a cinematic quality to it. When asked who his favorite film directors of previous generations who piqued his interest in horror were, Lucky McKee alluded to the fact that he considers <mask> a peer in this regard, by listing Poperratic as a favorite. Comic book illustrator Jordan Crane, of NON-existence Comics once described one of <mask>'s early rock releases as "hitting around PJ Harvey meets the Pixies... with some Beatles." In early 2007, Poperratic's first studio album, 'Vagus (the wandering nerve.)' was released.A review at Perrero said of the 'Vagus', "The album overall has a really bluesy old school rock feel, by way of the grrl band movement of the early 90s." <mask> <mask> In 2009, <mask> returned to primarily using <mask> <mask> as the credited name for projects, regardless of genre or medium. Merkcurie <mask> <mask> has also written and performed electronic music under the project name "Merkcurie". Merkcurie sometimes features a character called "Merk Shaneley" (voiced by <mask>). Writing <mask>' portfolio has shown a long history as a writer of screenplays, stage plays, and short stories, including some ghostwritten for others. In 2012, her newsletter stated that she was working on a science fiction novel, entitled "The Perfect Kind" and various other writing projects. Luckett has written across a variety of genres including science fiction, contemporary fantasy, paranormal, children's literature, and technical writing.Acting and Directing Starting from a young age, <mask> <mask> began acting in the theatre, in dramatic and musical productions. At times, she served as assistant director and sometimes director of small stage productions. Among other subjects, <mask> studied animation and filmmaking in college, including at the University of Southern California, where she met frequent collaborator Lucky McKee. McKee has cited <mask> <mask> and Poperratic when asked about the directors who has been most influential on him. Luckett carried her experience across multiple mediums into her film and voice acting work, often on the same film and television projects she composed and performed original music for. Some of her most extensive contributions were frequently uncredited. In 2007, she served as voice talent on an animated pilot called "The Twincesses".<mask> has also scored and acted in a number of films for writer/director Kevin Ford of Mo-Freek Filmworks. <mask> <mask> has also put her versatility to use as a music video director. The music video for her original song "Android in Love" was selected to feature on the Website for the 2012 Protoclip Festival International Du Clip Musical (Music Video Festival), in Paris, France. She directed, edited and animated the video, as well as wrote, produced and performed the track. Art and Design As a professional designer and visual artist, <mask> <mask> has done album artwork, paintings, interior and furniture design, animation, posters and other art for production companies and studios. <mask> has frequently and openly stated that she utilizes the influence of visual art, literature and music, interchangeably, in her songwriting, stories, paintings, drawings, and other work. When film director, writer and actor Lucky McKee was asked who his favorite film directors were of previous generations, who piqued his interest in horror, McKee alluded to the fact that he considers <mask> <mask> somewhat a peer in this regard, by listing Poperratic as a favorite.This observation was further cemented, when in 2008, McKee recruited <mask> <mask> to create the poster art for his film Blue Like You (2008), which was created for Xbox 360 Live's "Horror Meets Comedy" episodes which debuted on New Xbox Experience. <mask>'s poster for the film was printed and distributed at that year's San Diego ComiCon, during an appearance by Lucky McKee and cast. It was also featured as the broadcast art for the episode, which viewers watched via the Xbox 360 console. <mask> <mask> also directed music videos for several of her own original songs, which were viewed on the YouTube Website. In addition to directing them, other roles served on the project include as an editor, animator and actor. Collaborative Works Film and Television Soundtracks <mask>'s scores earned a reputation for their "haunting melodies and textured atmosphere". Both Ain't It Cool News and The Los Angeles Times cited <mask> as a "composer to watch". .Most of her early scoring work for Lucky McKee was written, performed and recorded herself; with modest equipment, lending itself to the unconventional nature of her writing. In honor of her unusual approach to horror music, <mask> was asked to appear at the first "Maestros of Horror" Composer Panel at the 2007 Weekend of Horrors. She appeared beside fellow composers Harry Manfredini, John Harrison, John Murphy, Nathan Barr, and Richard Band, on the same day that soundtrack label La-La Land Records released an early retrospective of her film scoring work. That release was entitled "May and Other Selected Works of Jaye Barnes Luckett" (LLLCD 1056). She also appeared on a Weekend of Horrors panel in 2002, with Lucky McKee, Angela Bettis, Anna Faris, and Nichole Hiltz, while promoting May. <mask>'s collaborations with screenwriter/film director McKee, stemmed from their years as students at the University of Southern California, in Los Angeles. Both also have stated that it was <mask> who originated the role of "May", in a series of short films from the USC-era.Having played in several bands together, McKee asked her years later to write the score for their first feature, May, which was an expansion of his student films. In many of <mask> and McKee's collaborative works, Angela Bettis appeared as an actor. However, for 2007's Roman, which also featured original score and songs by <mask> (as Poperratic), McKee starred in the title role, with Bettis directing. <mask>ee-related films: 'May' (2002) – her first orchestral score for a feature film. She also provided numerous original songs under the name Alien Tempo Experiment 13, and served as Music Supervisor. The Woods (2006) – original songs and additional score Masters of Horror: Sick Girl (2006) – her first television score. Also featured original Poperratic songs.This was the tenth episode of the first season of the popular Showtime TV series Masters of Horror Roman (2007) – her personal favorite of her own scores. Also features original Poperratic songs, and <mask> was co-music supervisor, along with director Angela Bettis. Blue Like You (2009) – co-wrote and performed the title theme song, for the Xbox 360 Live episode, directed by McKee. DEUXO <mask> briefly was one-half of the Electronic Pop / Dance collaboration called DEUXO with fellow musician / producer Schpilkas. The project released a digital E.P. that year called "Tres Deuxo," which shows another side of <mask>'s versatility as a synth player, vocalist and co-songwriter. In early 2007, DEUXO's song "MoreSumthin (Fais Do Do)" was featured in the third episode of the FX (TV Network) show Dirt, starring Courteney Cox.Selected awards and nominations Sitges Film Festival Nominated for Best Soundtrack: 'May' (2002) Notes External links Art Mechanix Studio Site 1974 births Living people American women writers American rock musicians Songwriters from Ohio American film score composers American film actresses American voice actresses Women film score composers American women composers Record producers from Ohio American music arrangers 21st-century American women musicians American women record producers La-La Land Records artists

Chester Barnard

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<mask> (November 7, 1886 – June 7, 1961) was an American business executive, public administrator, and the author of pioneering work in management theory and organizational studies. His landmark 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive, sets out a theory of organization and of the functions of executives in organizations. The book has been widely assigned in university courses in management theory and organizational sociology. <mask> viewed organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived. According to <mask>, organizations are generally not long-lived because they do not meet the two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency. Biography In his youth, <mask> worked on a farm, then working as a piano tuner, paid his way through high school at the Mount Hermon School. After graduation he studied economics at Harvard University on a scholarship, earning money selling pianos and operating a dance band.He did not obtain his Harvard BA because he did his four-year work in three years and could not complete a science course, but a number of universities later granted him honorary doctorates. <mask> joined the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (now AT&T) in 1909. In 1927, he became president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company. During the Great Depression, he directed the New Jersey state relief system. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1939. He was president of the United Service Organizations (USO), 1942-45. Upon retiring from business, he served as president of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1948–52, and as chairman of the National Science Foundation, 1952-54.End 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. Work <mask> viewed organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived. It is rare for a firm to last more than a century. Similarly most nations last for less than a century. The only organization that can claim a substantial age is the Roman Catholic Church. According to <mask>, organizations are not long-lived because they do not meet the two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness, is defined the usual way: as being able to accomplish stated goals.In contrast, <mask>'s meaning of organizational efficiency differed substantially from the conventional use of the word. He defined efficiency of an organization as the degree to which that organization is able to satisfy the motives of the individuals. If an organization satisfies the motives of its members while attaining its explicit goals, cooperation among its members will last. <mask> was a great admirer of Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) and he and Parsons corresponded persistently. The two scholars would send manuscripts for commentary to each other and they would write long letters where they engage in a common theoretical discussion. The first correspondence between <mask> and Parsons began in the end of the 1930s and it persisted essentially to <mask>’s death in 1961. The Functions of the Executive <mask>'s classic 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive discusses, as the title suggests, the functions of the executive, but not from a merely intuitive point of view, but instead deriving them from his conception of cooperative systems.<mask> summarized the functions of the executive as follows: Establishing and maintaining a system of communication; Securing essential services from other members; Formulating organizational purposes and objectives. To manage people and make sure they do their jobs Authority and incentives <mask> formulated two interesting theories: one of authority and the other of incentives. Both are seen in the context of a communication system grounded in seven essential rules: The channels of communication should be definite; Everyone should know of the channels of communication; Everyone should have access to the formal channels of communication; Lines of communication should be as short and as direct as possible; Competence of persons serving as communication centers should be adequate; The line of communication should not be interrupted when the organization is functioning; Every communication should be authenticated. Thus, what makes a communication authoritative, rests with the subordinate, rather than with his superior. <mask>'s perspective had affinities to that of Mary Parker Follett and was very unusual for his time, and that has remained the case down to the present day. He seemed to argue that managers should obtain authority by treating subordinates with respect and competence. As for incentives, he proposed two ways of convincing subordinates to cooperate: tangible incentives and persuasion.<mask> gives great importance to persuasion, much more than to economic incentives. He described four general, and four specific incentives. The specific incentives were: Money and other material inducements; Personal non-material opportunities for distinction; Desirable physical conditions of work; Ideal benefactions, such as pride of workmanship etc. The general incentives were: Associated attractiveness (based upon compatibility with associates) Adaptation of working conditions to habitual methods and attitudes The opportunity for the feeling of enlarged participation in the course of events The condition of communing with others (personal comfort with social relations, opportunity for comradeship etc., ) See also Organizational studies Selected publications 1938. The Functions of the Executive 1939. Dilemmas of Leadership in the Democratic Process. 1946.A Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy. 1948. Organization and Management 1956. Organization and Management: Selected Papers 1956. On the Teaching of Law in the Liberal Arts Curriculum. With Harold Joseph Berman. Harvard Law 1958.Elementary Conditions of Business Morals. 1973. Conversations With <mask><mask>. Edited by William B. Wolf. 1986. Philosophy for Managers; Selected Papers of <mask><mask>. Edited by William B. Wolf and Haruki Iino.References Further reading Anicich, Adam. (2009) , Doctoral Research Papers, University of Maryland University College, DMGT 800, (2): 1-15. Gehani, R. Ray (2002) "<mask>'s “executive” and the knowledge-based firm", Management Decision 40(10): 980 - 991. Mahoney, Joseph T. (2002) "The relevance of <mask><mask>'s teaching to contemporary management education: communicating the aesthetics of management," Int. J. Organ. Theory Behav.5 (1&2): 159-72. Mathews, Gary S. (1981) "An Examination of Cooperative Organizational Behavior and the Functions of Executives in Formal Organizations: The Theory of <mask> <mask> and Its Implications for Educational Administration. A Research Paper." Marshall, Gordon (1998) "<mask>. <mask>" in A Dictionary of Sociology. Scott, William G. (1992) <mask>. <mask> and the guardians of the management state. Wolf, William B. (1974).The basic <mask>: an introduction to <mask>. <mask> and his theories of organization and management. External links Julius Caesar, Crassus, and <mask>. Archives and records <mask><mask> papers at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School. 1886 births 1961 deaths American business theorists Public administration Medal for Merit recipients Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Presidents of the Rockefeller Foundation Public administration scholars 20th-century American writers

Simon Burgess

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<mask> (born 11 September 1967 in Franklin, Tasmania) is an Australian national champion, two-time World Champion, three-time Olympian and dual Olympic silver medal-winning lightweight rower. He represented Australia ten times at World Rowing Championships between 1990 and 2002. He won world and national championships in both sculls and in sweep-oared boat classes during an eighteen-year elite level career. Club and state rowing An accomplished sculler and sweep oarsman, <mask>' senior rowing was with the Franklin Rowing Club in the small southern Tasmanian town of Geeveston. <mask> began contesting national lightweight championship sculling titles at Australian Rowing Championships in 1987 representing the Franklin Rowing Club. He won his first national championship being the Australian lightweight single sculls title in 1990 . He rowed in the Tasmania representative men's lightweight four who contested the Penrith Cup at the Interstate Regatta on ten occasions between 1993 and 2005.He stroked that crew on seven occasions in those years and was a crew member in the seven consecutive Tasmanian wins from 1999 to 2005. He contested the heavyweight singles sculls championship - the President's Cup - representing Tasmania in 1995. International representative rowing World Championships <mask> was first selected to represent Australia in his "home" world championships at Lake Barrington 1990. The Australian quad scull contained two Tasmanian locals in <mask> and Stephen Hawkins and was coached by Tim McLaren and John Driessen, also Tasmanians. Hawkins stroked the crew (with <mask> at bow) to a bronze medal. The following year at Vienna 1991 that same crew (with Gary Lynagh and Bruce Hick at two & three) won gold and a World Championship title. They rowed through the field and won by 0.23 seconds. In 1992 Stephen Hawkins was selected in the Olympic heavyweight double scull and so the champion lightweight quad was broken up.At the 1992 lightweight World Championships Lynagh and Hick had success as a double while <mask> raced the lightweight single scull championship for a fifth place. For Roudnice 1993 and Indianapolis 1994 <mask> was back in the Australian lightweight quad scull and he stroked both those crews to a seventh place in 1993 and fifth place in 1994. <mask> did not make Australian representative sculling crews in 1995 or 1996 but by 1997 he was performing and selected at the elite level in lightweight sweep oared boats. For Aiguebelette 1997 he was picked in the six seat of the Australian lightweight eight who won gold, earning <mask> his second World Championship title. For Cologne 1998 and then at St Catharine's 1999 <mask> rowed in the Australian coxless four. The same four took bronze in 1998 and silver, with <mask> at stroke in 1999. <mask>' final World Championship appearances were in the build up to the 2004 Summer Olympics.He was again selected in the coxless four who competed at Seville 2002 (4th place) and Milan 2003 (7th place). Olympics Atlanta 1996 saw lightweight events introduced to the Olympic regatta for the first time. <mask> was selected with his longstanding sculling partner Gary Lynagh in the lightweight coxless four along with Haimish Karrasch and David Belcher. They made the Olympic final and placed sixth. For Sydney 2000 <mask> was again selected in the lightweight coxless four. The event showcased two match races between the Australians and the French crew. They met in a semi-final where the Australians (with <mask> in the bow seat) pipped the French by 3/100ths of a second.In the final the Australians led for much of the race. The French tried once to break through and failed, then a second time and failed and finally with a matter of metres to go broke through to win by less than half a second. Both races were superb and a highlight of the regatta. At Athens 2004 <mask> made his third and final Olympic appearance in the Australian lightweight coxless four, this time as stroke. Anthony Edwards in the two seat was also at his third Olympics and both were still looking for their first Olympic gold medal. The Danish crew however were favourites and they got away in the 1st 500m. <mask> brought the Australian crew back into contention in the second and third 500 metres.However the Danes still had something in reserve in the rush home extending their lead to 1.4 seconds at the finish. This would be <mask>' last international representative appearance and the end of a seventeen-year rowing career at the elite level.

Tiga (musician)

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<mask>) James Sontag (born 18 September 1974), known simply as <mask>, is a Canadian musician, DJ and record producer of electronic dance music. He has released three albums, Sexor, Ciao!, and No Fantasy Required. Sexor won the 2007 Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year. <mask> released a selection of compilations in the early 2000s, featuring mixes such as American Gigolo, DJ-Kicks: <mask> and, Mixed Emotions, which put him on the map as one of "the world's best mixers". His compilation mix, Tiga Non-Stop, was released in November 2012, and premiered Tiga's latest single "Plush". The mix also features tracks from artists such as Kindness, Duke Dumont and Blawan. <mask> has remixed songs from The xx, LCD Soundsystem, The Kills, Cabaret Voltaire, Scissor Sisters, Peaches, Moby, Depeche Mode, Justice, Friendly Fires and Mylo.Along with Zombie Nation, <mask> is half of ZZT, and has released material as The Dove, Rainer Werner Bassfinder (with Jesper Dahlbäck), and TGV (with Mateo Murphy). He has also co-produced music with Soulwax, James Murphy, Chilly Gonzales, Jesper Dahlbäck, and Matthew Dear, who he worked with on "Plush". As a solo artist, <mask> released "Sunglasses at Night" with Finnish producer Jori Hulkkonen. The single reached number 25 in the UK Dance Chart. Other successful chart singles include "Pleasure From the Bass", "You Gonna Want Me" featuring Jake Shears, and his 2009 release "Shoes", co-produced with Soulwax and Chilly Gonzales. <mask> was the host of the BBC Radio 6 Music show My Name Is Tiga, and made his acting debut in the 2010 film Ivory Tower. The film won special mention at the Locarno International Film Festival.<mask> hosts a podcast entitled Last Party On Earth, Season 1 in 2019 featured guests Annie Mac, Pete Tong, Carl Cox. Personal life <mask> was born to hippie parents and spent part of his early life in Goa, India. He also attended Selwyn House School in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Career 1990s In 1990 <mask> and a few friends started throwing small parties and street promotions in Montreal that evolved into a cult following. Having bought DNA records in 1994, the nightclub SONA was then conceived in Montreal in 1996, with <mask> having a major role to play in the creation of the dance scene at the time. 2000–2003 In 2001, <mask> entered the studio with producer Zyntherius to record a rendition of Corey Hart's solo song, "Sunglasses at Night." The track also made it to number two on the UK Dance Chart, number 23 on the UK National Singles Chart, number one on the MTV Dance Chart for over six weeks and was in the Top 20 on Germany's National Singles Chart.<mask> also performed "Sunglasses at Night" with Zyntherius on Top of the Pops. <mask> completed remixes for the likes of Martini Bros, Alpinestars, Linda Lamb, Crossover, FC Kahuna, Cabaret Voltaire, Telepopmusik, Felix da Housecat, Fischerspooner and Dannii Minogue in the years that followed the success of "Sunglasses at Night." In 2003, he commanded the attention of the scene with a mix CD for K7's legendary DJ-Kicks series. 2006– In 2006 <mask> released Sexor, Good As Gold/Flexible Skulls would go on to be featured in EA's Need For Speed Carbon, released October of that same year. 2008–2009: Ciao! The release of Tiga's second album, Ciao! took place in 2009.2010: Ivory Tower In 2010, <mask> starred in Adam Traynor's Ivory Tower, along Chilly Gonzales and Peaches. 2011–2012: Party's Over, Earth ZZT released their debut album, Party's Over, Earth on Turbo Recordings in 2011. <mask>'s 2013 song "Plush" (Jacques Lu Cont remix) and "Bugatti" is the radio station Soulwax FM and Los Santos Underground Radio featured in the best-selling video game Grand Theft Auto V. 2016: No Fantasy Required In 2017, <mask> released his third album No Fantasy Required on Ninja Tune. Turbo Recordings <mask> founded Turbo Recordings in Montreal in 1998. The label helped launch his own career, at the same time as being central in the success of acts such as Chromeo, Proxy and Azari & III. Other names on the label include Jesper Dahlbäck, Gingy & Bordello, Jori Hulkkonen, Duke Dumont, Brodinski, Zdar, D.I.M, Martini Bros, Stu Thousand VI, Boys Noize and Sei A. Awards and nominations Antville Music Video Awards The Antville Music Video Awards are online awards for the best music video and music video directors of the year.They were first awarded in 2005. |- | 2005 | "You Gonna Want Me" | Best Video | D&AD Awards Design and Art Direction (D&AD) is a British educational charity which exists to promote excellence in design and advertising. |- | 2015 | "Bugatti" | Editing | style="background:#BF8040"| Wood Pencil DanceStar USA Awards !Ref. |- | 2004 | DJ Kicks | Best Compilation | | International Dance Music Awards The Winter Music Conference (WMC) is a weeklong electronic music conference, held every March since 1985 in Miami Beach, Florida, United States. It is also known as the premiere platform for electronic dance music. The conference brings together professionals such as artists, DJs, record label representatives (A&R), producers, promoters, radio and the media for seminars and panel discussions. Thousands of attendees attend the Winter Music Conference each year.|- | 2010 | "Shoes" | Best Electro Track | |- | rowspan="3" | 2014 | rowspan="2" | "Let's Go Dancing" | Best Tech House/Techno Track | |- | Best Underground Dance Track | |- | Himself | Best Techno/Tech House DJ | |- |2015 | "Bugatti" | Best Indie Dance Track | |- | 2016 | "Dancing Again" | Best Tech House/Techno Track | Juno Awards The Juno Awards are presented annually to Canadian musical artists and bands to acknowledge their artistic and technical achievements in all aspects of music. |- |rowspan="1"| 2007 ||rowspan= "1"| Sexor || Dance Recording of the Year || Music Video Production Awards The MVPA Awards are annually presented by a Los Angeles-based music trade organization to honor the year's best music videos. |- | rowspan="2" | 2006 | "You Gonna Want Me" (ft. Jake Shears) | rowspan="2" | Best Electronic Video | |- | "Far From Home" | UK Music Video Awards The UK Music Video Awards is an annual award ceremony founded in 2008 to recognise creativity, technical excellence and innovation in music videos and moving images for music. |- |rowspan="1"| 2009 ||rowspan="1"| "Shoes" || rowspan="2" | Best Dance Video || |- | rowspan="4" | 2015 || rowspan="4" | "Bugatti" || |- | Best Art Direction & Design || |- | Best Styling || |- | Best Editing || My Name Is Tiga “My Name is Tiga" is the name of Tiga's BBC Radio 6 show that features unreleased exclusive music and classic dance tracks. Tiga's broadcasting career began with the 90s CKUT terrestrial radio show "The Tiga and Gnat Show." Last Party On Earth “Last Party On Earth" is the name of Tiga's podcast which launched in summer 2019 on Apple Music, Soundcloud and Spotify. Episode 1: Kölsch Episode 2: Gerd Janson Episode 3: Annie Mac Episode 4: Pete Tong Episode 5: Carl Cox Episode 6: Seth Troxler Episode 7: Four Tet Episode 8: Boys Noize Episode 9: Erol Alkan Episode 10: Miss Kittin Episode 11: Benji B Episode 12: Richard Russell Episode 13: 2manydjs Episode 14: Chilly Gonzales Episode 15: Trevor Jackson Episode 16: Nick Rhodes Discography Albums Sexor (2006) Ciao!(2009) No Fantasy Required (2016) DJ mix compilations Montreal Mix Sessions Vol. 1 (1998) Mixed Emotions: Montreal Mix Sessions Vol. 5 (2000) American Gigolo (2001) DJ-Kicks: Tiga (2002) INTHEMIX.05 (2005) Tiga: Non Stop (2012) Singles "Sunglasses at Night" (2001), with Jori Hulkkonen, as Tiga & Zyntherius (UK #25) "TGV EP" (2002), as TGV, with Mateo Murphy "DJ-Kicks Promo" (2002), with Mateo Murphy "Running out of Time EP" (2003), as TGV, with Mateo Murphy "Hot in Herre" (2003), with Mateo Murphy and Jake Shears, (UK #46) "Burning Down" (2003), with Richard X "Pleasure from the Bass" (2004), with Jesper Dahlbäck, (UK #57) "Louder than a Bomb" (2005), with Jesper Dahlbäck "You Gonna Want Me" (2005), with Soulwax and Jake Shears, (UK No. 64, AUS #65) "Good as Gold" (2005), with Soulwax "Far From Home" (2006), (UK No. 65, AUS #69) "3 Weeks" (2006), with remixes by Jesper Dahlbäck, Booka Shade and Troy Pierce "Move My Body" (2006) including the original Only4Erol mix and a Boys Noize remix. "Lower State of Consciousness" (2007) as ZZT with Zombie Nation, including Justice remix. "Mind Dimension" (2008) (featuring special guest Jori Hulkkonen) "The Worm" (2008), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Shoes" (2009) (featuring special guests Soulwax & Gonzales) "What You Need" (2009) "Beep Beep Beep" (2009) "Sex 'O Clock" (2010) "ZZafrika" (2010), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Hands Up" (2010), as Massimo Massivi with Jesper Dahlbäck "Girl at a Party with Siren" (2011), as The Dove with Jesper Dahlbäck "Vulkan Alarm!"(2011), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Partys Over Los Angeles" (2011), as ZZT with Zombie Nation "Plush" (2012) "Let's Go Dancing" (2013), with Audion "Fever" (2014), with Audion "Bugatti" (2014) "Bugatti" (Remix featuring Pusha T) (2014) "Don't Break My Heart" (2015) "Planet E" (2016) "Woke" (2017) 'Stay Cool" (2018) "HAL" with Kolsch (2018) "Blessed EP Part 1" with The Martinez Brothers plus "Blessed / Cleopatra Remixes" featuring remixes from Virgil Abloh and Ricardo Villalobos (2018/2019) Remixes Bran Van 3000 – "Drinking in L.A." (Tiga, Mateo and Delage's Sinking in LA Dub) Märtini Brös. – "Flash" (Tiga's Unholy Trinity Mix) Télépopmusik – "Breathe" (TGV Remix) The Neon Judgement – "TV Treated" (Tiga's Recovered Vox) / (Tiga's Dub for Ivan) Crossover – "Phostographt" (Tiga's Revenge) Märtini Brös. – "Big and Dirty" (Tiga Remix) Peaches – "Shake Yer Dix" (Tiga's Where Were You in '92 Remix) / (Tiga's Where Were You in '92 Instrumental mix) Seelenluft – "I Can See Clearly Now" (Tiga Remix) Drama Society feat. Turner – "Crying Hero" (Tiga Remix) Junior Jack feat. Rita Ora)" (Tiga Remix) Disclosure – "Magnets (feat. Lorde)" (Tiga Remix) Filmography References External links Tiga's official website Official website for Turbo Recordings Official Tiga YouTube channel Tiga Interview May 2006 Tiga on RCRD LBL Canadian DJs Canadian house musicians Canadian techno musicians Club DJs Counter Records artists Electroclash Electronic dance music DJs Living people Remixers 1974 births Musicians from Montreal Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year winners

Bill Smith (fell runner)

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<mask> (May 1936 – September 2011) was a fell runner and author on the sport. His achievements in breaking records for the number of peaks scaled within 24 hours, contributions to fell-running events, plus documenting its history, earned him the accolade of "legend" within the sport upon his accidental death in 2011. His body was discovered on 7 October in a peat bog in the Forest of Bowland, Lancashire, England, after a three-week disappearance. Career A lifelong resident of Liverpool who left school at age 15, <mask> earned his livelihood by working as a porter at a Liverpool department store for most of his adult life. <mask> took up fell running in 1971 and quickly became one of the sport's best-known competitors. Peter Booth, chairman of Clayton-le-Moors Harriers, said that <mask> "did so much for fell running ... and will be greatly missed by all." In 1969, 1970 and 1971 he put in respectable performances in the Fellsman Hike, a race that is said to be the "ultimate fell running challenge."Second place finishes were attained in 1973, 1976 and 1977 and he "quickly became a member of the prizewinning team" at the Clayton Harriers. The 1970s saw him train per week. In 1973, <mask> became the twelfth person to complete the Bob Graham Round, considered "one of the most demanding challenges in the country", and breaking its record (with Boyd Millen) by scaling 42 Lake District peaks in under 24 hours. He built on the feat by traversing 55 peaks in 24 hours, and in 1975, 63 peaks in 23 hours and 55 minutes. The latter established a new benchmark in fell running, second only to the record of 72 peaks set by Joss Naylor. His conquest of Marilyns, tors and peak bagging was renowned. He successfully competed in long distance fell races, e.g., the Lake District Mountain Trial and the Wasdale "Horseshoe" Fell Race.<mask> lived alone in Everton, and was said to enjoy "Cajun ... [and] gypsy music." He eschewed telephones and cars, often walked rather than rode, and was a devotee of public transportation. He constantly acted as a mentor at events, took photographs that he would share for free, and when not running, he acted as a marshal. In July 2011, <mask> was part of a relay that carried Fred Rogerson's ashes "around their beloved Bob Graham Round ..." Rogerson, Stan Bradshaw and <mask>, were a trio that "formed part of the bedrock of modern-day fell running." All three died within the span of 18 months. In August 2011 he was named as "Honorary of Clayton-le-Moors Harriers", to recognise his service to the club and sport. From 1972 he was member No.172. Death On 10 September 2011, <mask> travelled from Ormskirk to Preston by rail, but never made the return trip. On 25 September, race onlookers and participants became concerned when <mask> did not appear at the rendezvous point for the Thieveley Pike race near Burnley, where he was expected to serve as a marshal. His body was discovered by a walker in a remote location outside the range of mobile phone signals and from which "it took several hours of hiking ... [to] raise the alarm." The remains were recovered by the Bowland Pennine Mountain Rescue Team in a five-hour extraction that required a helicopter. There was a return ticket in <mask>'s pocket. As The Independent article commented: "The rescuers paused for a few moments to pay their respects to the man they found submerged in a peat bog on the remote Trough of Bowland last weekend.It is an honour afforded all those that perish out on the wild Lancashire fell sides." However, the recovery party was largely clueless that the "elderly man, discovered the previous day but thought to have lain undiscovered for up to three weeks, belonged to one of the legends" of British sport. He is thought to have "fallen as he ran across Saddle Fell." Peat bogs are "a potent menace to all runners and walkers." Although said to be among the most tender and threatened British habitats, in the northern uplands they are a common landscape feature. A deceptive appearance of solid ground can mask "little more than a veneer of soil floating on often ice-cold water." According to survival experts, anyone who falls into a peat bog should move slowly and swim broadly in an effort to reach safety.As with being stuck in quick sand, panic and errant movements can exacerbate a bad situation and make "it impossible to escape without help." Filing a 'flight plan,' having a buddy system, and carrying proper equipment could be possible preventatives of similar tragedies. "[M]ountain rescuers said the tragedy showed that even seasoned runners needed to let someone know their plans", know where they are and have a cell phone, and to make sure they carry a full complement of equipment. Believing when he made the statement that a "walker" was involved, Phil O'Brien of the Rescue Team stated "I urge walkers not to take any unnecessary risks and where possible, to use appropriate maps." "They should tell someone where they are going and when to expect them back. They should make sure they are wearing appropriate clothing and footwear and to check the weather forecast before setting off. Inexperienced walkers should make sure they are with someone with them who knows the area well."Blurred eyesight was suspected to be a factor in his final fall; he skipped several scheduled procedures to deal with the ongoing problem. He found his prescription eyeglasses to be ineffective. He refused to wear glasses whilst running, and considered them to be a needless nuisance. Nevertheless, he was troubled seeing persons with whom he conversed; but was said to be "fearless" as he careened madly (and perhaps blindly) down mountains. Thus, he may have misjudged distances and fallen into the bog. In any event, "Friends ... said Mr <mask>'s failing eyesight could have been the cause of his tragic accident", but whether blindness "was the problem, or ... his heart gave out, nobody knew." Commonwealth gold medal-winning long distance runner Ron Hill said <mask>'s death "will be felt by many ...He was relatively young at 75 and tremendously fit and his death is a real shock to everyone. His loss is huge – but I suppose you can say that he passed away while doing what he loved doing, running across the moors." His funeral took place on 14 October 2011, at the Church of the Good Shepherd in West Derby. Reverend Sandra Trapnell officiated, noting his "great" contribution to the sport, and the many tributes that had appeared. A future memorial event by fell running organisations is anticipated. Donations were made to Mountain Rescue in his memory. The book For over a quarter century <mask> published a "stream of immaculately researched historical articles" in Fellrunner magazine (which he helped popularise) and other publications.<mask>'s treatise, Stud Marks on the Summits started out as a fifty-page flyer, and was thereafter expanded into an "1800 page opus." In print it is 581 pages. The book was privately published after the publishing houses all turned it down; and possession is now a mark of being a fell runner aficionado. It sold out in 1986, and is available electronically on line from the Fell Runners Association It has been called "the definitive guide" on the sport. Out of print, its internet price exceeded £100 several times. Commonwealth Games gold medal winner and long distance runner Ron Hill described the book as a "bible for future generations." Despite its epic saga of fell running, <mask> is mentioned only six times in the tome.<mask> was held in high regard both for his running and for his encyclopaedic knowledge of the sport. The president of the Fell Runners Association, Graham Breeze, published a posthumous encomium and long-belated book review: "Considering the masterpiece that bears his name <mask> was a staggeringly modest and unassuming man ... I am privileged to have known him slightly and corresponded with him occasionally ... A few years ago I wrote a short piece about Stud marks on the summits and sent it to <mask> for his approval. I wrote that I knew he would hate it but I would like it to appear in The Fellrunner in homage to his masterpiece. As I partly anticipated, he wrote back and asked me not to publish because it would embarrass him. We later talked about the piece at a race and I promised that, since all writers hate to waste material, it would only appear when he could no longer be embarrassed ... Fellrunners come and go, Champions come and go, but no-one will ever be as important to the development and history of fellrunning as the man who died in September on the Bowland fells." Song Boff Whalley, lead guitarist of Chumbawamba, recorded a song inspired by a chance meeting with <mask>.Whalley took up fell running as a result. He was paraphrased as having said <mask> "encapsulated the ethos of the sport – its emphasis on self-reliance and nature and its history." Published works W.R<mask>, "Runners on the Three Peaks", The Dalesman, 37 (1975–76):966-68. - Total pages: 581 See also British orienteers James A. Corea Jim Fixx List of orienteers List of orienteering events Micah True Munro/ "Munro Bagging" Bibliography Footnotes Endnotes External links Works by <mask> 1936 births 2011 deaths Sportspeople from Liverpool British ultramarathon runners Male ultramarathon runners British orienteers Male orienteers English athletics coaches English male long-distance runners English exercise and fitness writers Foot orienteers British fell runners Orienteering coaches

Shubhendra Rao

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<mask> is a composer and sitar player who is ranked amongst the top soloists of India. The press describes him as "a musical bridge to many cultures" and "a thinking musician, constantly endeavoring to carry his instrument beyond conventional boundaries". His music is "an experience that is not aimed at titillating the senses, but to seize the soul". A protege of Ravi Shankar, he is acknowledged by critics and connoisseurs alike as a worthy successor to his teacher's tradition. He is a classical musician, as well as a collaborator, working with musicians from different genres across the world. He has performed at prestigious venues and festivals like the Kennedy Center, Carnegie Hall, Broadway, the Sydney Opera House, the National Arts Festival, the Theatre de la Ville, Dover Lane Music Conference, and St. Xavier's college Ahmedabad to name a few. Early life <mask> was born on 26 November 1964 in Mysore city in the state of Karnataka in Southern India.From a very young age, he showed great talent for music. His father, N R <mask> (who was one of the earliest and closest disciples of Ravi Shankar), initiated him into the intricacies of the sitar. His mother, Nagaratna, is a trained Saraswati Veena player. At the age of seven he took his first lesson from the master Ravi Shankar and continued to visit Shankar in different cities in India to pursue his musical education. The year 1984 was a milestone year in his life. At the insistence of his teacher, Shubhendra moved to Delhi to live with and learn from him in the true guru-shishya tradition. The years that followed were a period of introspective and creative metamorphosis.He tried to build in a discipline within himself, practicing from anything between ten and twelve hours every day. His teacher nurtured his talent, giving him deep insights into what it entailed to become a complete artist. Performing with and assisting Ravi Shankar An important part of his learning was assisting his teacher in solo concerts and orchestras. As an 18-year-old in 1983, he performed on stage for the first time with his Guru in ‘Uday Utsav’ in New Delhi. In 1988, he assisted and performed in the orchestra ‘Live in Kremlin’ in Russia that has been released as a CD. In 1989 and 1990, he toured with the production ‘Ghanashyam’ in the UK and India. His first concert assisting his Shankar in his solo concert was in February 1985 in New Delhi.Between 1985 and 1995, he performed with his Shankar at numerous concerts all over the world, continuing to assist him in all his creative productions. Career In 1987 Shubhendra gave his first solo concert in Bangalore, and since then has gone on to establish himself as one of the distinguished instrumentalists of his generation. Shubhendra has performed at some of the most prestigious venues like Carnegie Hall and on Broadway in New York, John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in Washington DC, Walker Arts Center in Minneapolis, Des Moines Arts Center, Maui Arts and Cultural Center in Hawaii, Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Edinburgh Festivals in Scotland, at the Theatre de la Ville in Paris, WOMAD festival in Guernsey England, National Arts Festival in South Africa, Fajr International Music Festival in Tehran, Esplanade in Singapore among others. In India, Shubhendra has performed at major music festivals including Dover Lane Music Conference, the ITC Music Conference in Kolkata, Baba Harballabh Sangeet Mahasabha in Jullundhar, Shankarlal Festival and Gunidas Sammelan in New Delhi, SAPTAK Festival in Ahmedabad, and Vasantahabba Festival in Bangalore. A regular performer on Radio and the National Television, he holds a ‘Grade A’ status on the All India Radio roster. He is impaneled by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) both as a performer as well as a Guru. He has also been invited as a guest teacher to give 'lecture-demonstrations' about Indian music by leading universities all over the world.Some universities include Peabody Conservatory of Music, Duke University, Yale University, University of Sacramento, Lewis and Clark College, University of Minneapolis, Winona State University, University of Nebraska. In November 2007, he was awarded the "Youth Icon for Classical Music" by India's popular Zee Television Network. <mask> <mask> & Saskia <mask> were also honoured with the "Delhi Ratna" award by the Art and Cultural Trust of India in December 2014. Collaborations An ardent and enthusiastic collaborator, <mask> has worked with musicians across genres. Some of the wonderful musicians he has composed for and collaborated with include Pipa Master, Ms. Gao Hong, Jazz Guitarist Nguyen Le from Paris, Jazz guitarist, Freddie Bryant from New York, legendary singer Ryoko Moriyama from Japan, Jazz flautist James Newton. He has also worked with Iranian musicians, Ciavash Borhani on Taar and Samer Habibi on Kamancha. The press has hailed his collaborative work with his Dutch Cellist wife, Saskia <mask> Haas as taking Indian music into a brave, new era.Compositions In August 2008, India's premier Television Network, NDTV commissioned Shubhendra and Saskia to compose and perform a musical tribute to celebrate India's 61st Independence Day. This celebration had more than 90,000 hits on MSN India in just three days. Composed for the production, "From Temple to Theatre", Minneapolis based Ragamala Dance production. Composed the music with Saskia <mask> Haas for "When Gods meet", Padma Vibhushan Dr. Sonal Mansingh's production. For the 50th anniversary of the Spanish founder Father Vicente Ferrer in 2009, Shubhendra and Saskia composed a vibrant piece in the presence of the Spanish vice-president, illustrating the connection between his land of birth and India. "Yathra" which means 'journey' is the title of a composition that they created for Ragamala Dance, Minneapolis, US in 2008 and 2011. Yathra evokes an abstract expression of the cycle of life in a day, metaphorically tracing a human being's journey from the dawn of birth to the twilight of life."The Red Flower" (2011) is a musical dialogue based on the conversation that took place between Rabindranath Tagore and Albert Einstein regarding the perception of music by different individuals. It was through a fine weave of two seemingly different paradigms of culture and music that Shubhendra and Saskia chose to present this innovative concept. "Vesaal" (2011) is the collaboration between <mask> and Saskia with the Iranian musicians Ciavash Borhani on Tar, Samir Habibi on Kemanche and Fakkhrudin Ghaffari on Tombak, Duf exploring the cross points of Indian and Persian Classical music. "Unity of Faith" is a work commissioned in 2008 in honour of the international conference by the same name. Shubhendra and Saskia composed music to prayers and spiritual texts from different religions showing the effect that music can have on any seeker of spiritual enlightenment from any background bringing together a world music ensemble. Discography Fulfilment—Solo recording of Raga Lalit and Raga Maru Bihag. Raga Marwa—Released by India Music Archives, New York Journey Together—Duet with Sarod player Partho Sarathy—Raga Patdeep and Raga Charukesi.Creating Waves—Duet with Saskia <mask> Haas released by Rhyme Records, Kansas City Ancient Weaves—Duet with Sarod player, Partho Sarathy—Raga Charukauns and Raga Manj Khamaj New Offerings of Ravi Shankar—recorded Raga Tilak Shyam with his Guru, Pandit Ravi Shankar in 1983. Flying Dragon—Composed and performed with Pipa maestro, Gao Hong. Teacher As someone who is amongst the last of his generation learning under the age-old 'Guru-Shishya parampara', Shubhendra continues to teach those who seek him out. As an impaneled Guru of the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, many students from all over the world learn from him. Some of them stay for 6–8 years at a stretch, some spend a few months every year with him and others continue to learn from him all year round. Shubhendra and Saskia Rao Foundation The Shubhendra & Saskia Rao Foundation is a nonprofit organization that stands for Music every child's birthright! The Foundation is a way to help under privileged children to realize their full potential through music.They have introduced a new approach to music education in their specially developed curriculum for India: ‘Music4All: a Glocalizedmusic education to empower youth’. The Foundation is currently working with over 150 school children from the Nizamuddin Basti to empower them through music, conducts outreach programs for adults, teacher trainings and organizes random music events and concerts throughout the city. Personal life <mask> <mask> married Saskia <mask> Haas on 3 February 2001. They are blessed with a son, Ishaan who is learning the Piano and Sitar, showing signs of the genes he has inherited. References External links Shubhendra <mask> official site Shubhendra Rao Linkedin Profile Shubhendra <mask> Facebook Shubhendra & Saskia Rao Foundation, www.music4all.org, a music education initiative for under privileged children. SPICMACAY Chapter in UK Hindustani instrumentalists Living people 1964 births Musicians from Mysore Sitar players 20th-century Indian male classical singers

Andjar Asmara

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Abisin Abbas (; 26 February 1902 – 20 October 1961), better known by his pseudonym <mask> (), was a dramatist and filmmaker active in the cinema of the Dutch East Indies. Born in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, he first worked as a reporter in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta). He became a writer for the Padangsche Opera in Padang, where he developed a new, dialogue-centric style, which later spread throughout the region. After returning to Batavia in 1929, he spent over a year as a theatre and film critic. In 1930 he joined the Dardanella touring troupe as a writer. He went to India in an unsuccessful bid to film his stage play Dr Samsi. After leaving Dardanella in 1936, <mask> established his own troupe.He also worked at a publishers, writing serials based on successful films. In 1940 he was asked to join The Teng Chun's company, Java Industrial Film, helping with marketing and working as a director for two productions. After the Japanese occupation, during which time he stayed in theatre, <mask> made a brief return to cinema. He directed three films in the late 1940s and wrote four screenplays, which were produced as films in the early 1950s. He published a novel, Noesa Penida (1950). Afterward he worked for the remainder of his life writing serials based on local films and publishing film criticism. Historians recognise him as a pioneer of theatre and one of the first native Indonesian film directors, although he had little creative control of his productions.Early life and theatre <mask> was born Abisin Abbas in Alahan Panjang, West Sumatra, on 26 February 1902. He gravitated toward traditional theatre at a young age after visits from the wandering Wayang Kassim and Juliana Opera stambul troupes; he pretended to act with his friends in stage plays which they had seen. After completing his formal education up to the Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (junior high school) level – first in Malay-language schools then Dutch ones – he moved to Batavia (modern-day Jakarta). He worked as a reporter for two daily newspapers, Bintang Timoer and Bintang Hindia; he may have also worked on a farm. Around 1925, having had little success in Batavia, <mask> moved to Padang, where he was a reporter for the daily Sinar Soematera. At the same time, he worked with the city's Padangsche Opera, writing stage plays. In contrast to the standard musical theatre of the time, bangsawan, he promoted a more natural style, using dialogue instead of song to convey the story; he referred to this as toneel, based on the Dutch word for theatre.Among the works he wrote for the Padangsche Opera were adaptations of Melati van Agam, a 1923 work by Swan Pen, and Sitti Nurbaya, a 1922 novel by Marah Roesli. These works were well received. In the late 1920s, after spending some two years in Medan with the daily Sinar Soematra, <mask> returned to Batavia and in 1929 helped establish the magazine Doenia Film, a Malay adaptation of the Dutch-language magazine Filmland; although an adaptation, Doenia Film also contained original coverage of the domestic theatre and film industry. At the time, the cinema of the Indies was becoming established: the first domestic film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng (The Lost Lutung), was released in 1926, and four additional films were released in 1927 and 1928. <mask> wrote extensively regarding local cinematic and theatrical productions; for example, the Indonesian film critic Salim Said writes <mask> inspired the marketing for 1929's Njai Dasima, which emphasised the exclusively native cast. In 1930 <mask> left Doenia Film and was replaced by Bachtiar Effendi. <mask> became a writer for the theatrical troupe Dardanella in November 1930, working under the group's founder Willy A. Piedro.<mask> believed the troupe to be dedicated to the betterment of the toneel as an art form and not only motivated by financial interests, as were the earlier stambul troupes. He wrote and published many plays with the group's backing, including Dr Samsi and Singa Minangkabau (The Lion of Minangkabau). <mask> also worked as a theatre critic, writing several pieces on the history of local theatre, sometimes using his birth name and sometimes his pseudonym. In 1936 <mask> went with Dardanella to India to record a film adaptation of his drama Dr Samsi, which followed a doctor who was blackmailed after an unscrupulous Indo discovered he had an illegitimate child. The deal fell through, however, and <mask> left India with his wife Ratna. Film career and death Upon his return to the Indies, <mask> formed another theatrical troupe, Bolero, with Effendi, but left the troupe around 1940 to work at Kolf Publishers in Surabaya. Effendi was left as the head of Bolero, which then became more politicised.At Kolf <mask> edited the publisher's magazine Poestaka Timoer. As his work entailed writing synopses and serials based on popular films for Kolf's magazine, he became increasingly involved in the film industry. He was soon asked by The Teng Chun, with whom he had maintained a business relationship, to direct a film for his company Java Industrial Film (JIF); with this <mask> became one of several noted theatrical personnel who migrated to film following Albert Balink's 1937 hit Terang Boelan (Full Moon). After handling the marketing for Rentjong Atjeh (Rencong of Aceh, 1940), <mask> made his directorial debut in 1940 with Kartinah, a war-time romance starring Ratna <mask>. Academia was critical of the film, believing it to lack educational value. In 1941 he directed Noesa Penida, a tragedy based in Bali, for JIF; the film was remade in 1988. In these films, he had little creative control, and performed as what the Indonesian entertainment journalist Eddie Karsito describes as a dialogue coach.Camera angles and locations were chosen by the cinematographer, who was generally also the producer. During the Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945, the nation's film industry nearly ceased to exist: all but one studio were closed, and all films released were propaganda pieces to assist the Japanese war effort and promote the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. <mask> was not involved in these but was excited by the artistic merits of Japanese films. Although he wrote several short stories during this time, three of which were published in the pro-Japanese newspaper Asia Raja in 1942, <mask> focused on theatre, forming the troupe Tjahaya Timoer. He often visited the Cultural Centre (Keimin Bunka Sidosho) in Jakarta, where two employees, D. Djajakusuma and Usmar Ismail, discussed filmmaking with him. Both became influential film directors during the 1950s. After Indonesia's independence, <mask> moved to Purwokerto to lead the daily Perdjoeangan Rakjat.After the paper collapsed, he returned to film, film a piece entitled Djaoeh Dimata for the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration in 1948. This was followed by two additional films, Anggrek Bulan (Moon Orchid; 1948) and Gadis Desa (Maiden from the Village; 1949), both based on plays he wrote several years earlier. In 1950, <mask> published his only novel, Noesa Penida, a critique of the Balinese caste system, which followed lovers from different levels of the social hierarchy. Meanwhile, he continued to write and publish paperback serials adapted from local films. <mask>'s screenplay Dr Samsi was finally adapted as a film in 1952 by Ratna <mask>, who had become Indonesia's first female film director with her 1950 film Sedap Malam (Sweetness of the Night). The adaptation starred Ratna and Raden Ismail. It would prove <mask>'s last screenwriting credit during his lifetime.Although no longer writing films, <mask> remained active in the country's film industry. In 1955 he headed the inaugural Indonesian Film Festival, which was criticized when it gave the Best Picture Award to two films, Usmar Ismail's Lewat Djam Malam (After the Curfew) and Lilik Sudjio's Tarmina. Critics wrote that Lewat Djam Malam was easily the stronger of the two and suggested that Djamaluddin Malik, Tarmina producer, had influenced the jury's decision. In 1958 <mask> became the head of the entertainment magazine Varia, where the fellow director Raden Ariffien served as his deputy. <mask> held the position until his death; among other roles, he wrote a series of memoires on the history of theatre in the country. He died on 20 October 1961 in Cipanas, West Java, during a trip to Bandung and was buried in Jakarta. Legacy <mask>'s toneels were generally based on day-to-day experiences, rather than the tales of princes and ancient wars which were standard at the time.Regarding <mask>'s toneels, the Indonesian literary critic Bakri Siregar writes that <mask>'s stage plays, as well as those of fellow dramatist Njoo Cheong Seng, revitalised the genre and made the works more realistic. However, he considered the conflict in these works to have been poorly developed. <mask> believed that the Padangsche Opera's performances influenced other troupes in West Sumatra to adapt the toneel format, which later spread throughout the Indies. Matthew Isaac Cohen, a scholar of Indonesian performing arts, describes <mask> as "Indonesia's foremost theater critic during the colonial period", noting that he wrote extensively on the history of theatre in the Indies. Cohen also believes that <mask> also worked to justify the toneel style and distance it from the earlier stambul. Even after entering the film industry, <mask> considered the theatre more culturally significant than cinema. However, the Indonesian journalist Soebagijo I.N.writes that <mask> remains best known for his film work. <mask> was one of the first native Indonesian film directors, with Bachtiar Effendi, Soeska, and Inoe Perbatasari. Said writes that <mask> was forced to follow the whims of the ethnic Chinese film moguls, which resulted in the films' shift toward commercial orientation, rather than the prioritisation of artistic merit. The film historian Misbach Yusa Biran writes that <mask> and his fellow journalists, upon joining JIF, brought with them new ideas that helped the company flourish until it closed after the arrival of the Japanese; the company and its subsidiaries released fifteen films in two years.

Robert McCallum Jr.

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<mask>. (born January 30, 1946) is an American lawyer and diplomat who served in the Bush administration. He was the Associate Attorney General of the United States from 2003 to 2006, also acting as the Deputy Attorney General from 2005 to 2006. He was appointed as the United States Ambassador to Australia in 2006, a capacity in which he served until the end of Bush's term in 2009. Early life <mask> was born in Memphis, Tennessee, where his father, <mask><mask>, was a businessman. He was educated at Presbyterian Day School in Memphis and then at The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, where he was a star tennis player and captain of the basketball team. He then went to Yale University, where he graduated in 1968. At Yale his roommate and fellow member of Skull and Bones was George W. Bush.In 1968, <mask> was named a Rhodes Scholar and attended Oxford University in England. While at Oxford, <mask> was a member of the Oxford University men's basketball team that reached the final of the Amateur Basketball Association (A.B.B.A) National Championship. In 1969, he married Mary Rankin Weems ("Mimi") of Memphis. They have two adult sons, one of whom was also a Rhodes Scholar. <mask> graduated from Yale Law School in 1973. Professional life After completing his Juris Doctor at Yale in 1973, <mask> joined the Atlanta law firm of Alston & Bird. Philip Alston, one of the principals of this firm, was U.S.Ambassador to Australia under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1981. <mask> remained with the firm for 28 years, before joining the U.S. Department of Justice in 2001 as Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division. In this position, he oversaw litigation involving the defense of challenges to Presidential actions and acts of Congress; national security issues; immigration; benefit programs; commercial issues including health care fraud, banking, insurance, patents, debt collection; and the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act. In July 2003 <mask> was appointed Associate Attorney General. He served as Acting Deputy Attorney General from September to December 2004 and from August 2005 until he resigned on being nominated as Ambassador to Australia. In 2005 <mask> was accused of interfering with the government's prosecution of the tobacco industry by requiring Justice Department lawyers to cut their demand for an industry-sponsored smoking cessation program from $130 billion to $10 billion. During his ambassadorial confirmation hearings before the United States Senate, Senator Dick Durbin of Illinois raised this issue and demanded an investigation of McCallum's role.The Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility found no wrongdoing on McCallum's part. In her 2006 decision in the case, Judge Gladys Kessler placed limits on tobacco companies' abilities to market cigarettes, but found that a previous appeals court ruling prevented her (in the judicial branch) from requiring the industry to pay for a smoking cessation program. Australia McCallum had never been to Australia prior to his appointment and had had no previous involvement with the country, or indeed with foreign policy at all. The position of U.S. Ambassador to Australia is traditionally held by friends or political associates of the President, rather than by career diplomats, since Australia is a close ally of the U.S. and the post is considered a highly desirable one. The previous Ambassador, Tom Schieffer, was a business associate of President Bush. In an interview with The Australian, a national daily newspaper, McCallum said that he had been attending seminars on Australian affairs since his appointment."I feel that [from the seminars] I have got a good grounding in the fundamentals of what is going on in a very, very important relationship to the U.S. with Australia, and I'm eager to learn and experience that firsthand", he said. He said that he would seek to meet and establish close relations with Australian politicians of all parties, including those critical of U.S. policies. <mask>'s arrival in Australia ended an 18-month period in which there was no U.S. Ambassador in Canberra. Following Schieffer's departure to take up the position of Ambassador to Japan in January 2005, the U.S. was represented by a Chargé d'Affaires, Bill Stanton, who also departed Australia before McCallum's appointment. The long delay was caused by the Bush Administration's apparent inability to find a candidate who was suitably close to the President but willing to undergo the scrutiny which accompanies the Senate confirmation process. <mask> announced that he would resign his position following the inauguration of President Barack Obama in 2009, to make way for the next U.S ambassador to Australia and---as he was not close with Senators McCain or Obama---iterated his view that it is important for a US-Australia ambassador have a close relationship with the President.He resigned from the position and left Australia on 20 January 2009. See also List of United States ambassadors to Australia References External links Remarks to the American Health Lawyers Association Meeting, September 30, 2002. United States Department of Justice recovers record $1.6 billion in fraud payments. Statement of Assistant Attorney General <mask> Jr. about the Third Circuit Decision issued in North Jersey Media Group v. Ashcroft, October 8, 2002. Statement of Assistant Attorney General <mask> Jr. following daily arguments in 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund Case, April 14, 2003. New envoy a smart lawyer and friend of Bush Presidential Nomination: <mask> McCallum 1946 births Living people Ambassadors of the United States to Australia American Rhodes Scholars Choate Rosemary Hall alumni People from Memphis, Tennessee People from Wallingford, Connecticut United States Associate Attorneys General United States Assistant Attorneys General for the Civil Division Yale Law School alumni Yale University alumni

Ella E. McBride

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<mask> (November 17, 1862 – September 14, 1965) was an American fine-art photographer, mountain climber, and centenarian known for her career achievements after age sixty. In addition to running her own photography studio for over thirty years, she also spent eight years running the photography studio of <mask>. Curtis. She was a member of the Seattle Camera Club and an early mentor of Japanese-American photographers Frank Kunishige and Soichi Sunami. Personal life Early years <mask><mask> was born on November 17, 1862 in Albia, Iowa to Samuel B<mask> and <mask>. In 1865, the family of five traveled via the Isthmus of Panama to Oregon. In 1882, <mask> graduated high school. Mountain climber <mask> began climbing mountains on the west coast.She began with Mount Hood and climbed more than thirty-six more major mountains over her life. She joined Mazamas, a mountaineering organization in Portland in 1896. She was the group's secretary and historian from 1896 to 1898. She met <mask>. Curtis, a photographer and Mazamas member, during a climb he led up Mount Rainier in 1897. <mask>re died during the descent after losing his footing; he had been gathering information to calculate Rainier's height. Curtis respected her independent mountain climbing ability and she assisted him on other climbs. The August 26, 1899 issue of Harper's Weekly reported on her trek with the Mazamas in the North Cascades up Sahale Mountain.Career Education In 1889, after receiving her teaching certificate, <mask> taught in Portland, Oregon schools. In 1894, she became the principal of the Ainsworth School, a position she held for 13 years. Photography <mask> moved to Seattle, Washington by 1907 to work in the Curtis Studio. She managed the office and worked in the showroom and darkroom. In 1909, she operated his booth at the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition. She opened her own studio in 1916 and the following year <mask> joined <mask> as a partner. In 1918, Wayne Albee joined the studio as chief photographer and a partner.He was assisted by Soichi Sunami and Frank Kunishige. Albee was a source of inspiration for <mask>'s photography, she was particularly interested in floral fine art works beginning in 1920. The studio's images were produced in local publications, including the Town Crier magazine. It photographed musicians and dancers at the Cornish School of the Arts. <mask>'s work was "firmly in the Pictorialist school", a "Modernist sharp-focus documentary style" that was prevalent after the 1920s, and became less popular over time. She was the only Caucasian and only woman who exhibited at the North American Times Exhibition of Pictorial Photographs in 1921. She won honorable mention for three of the floral photographs she exhibited at the Frederick & Nelson Salon.In 1922, she exhibited at a Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain competition. There were only 154 works selected out of thousands submitted. Three floral photographs of twelve accepted by American photographers were taken by <mask>. <mask> exhibited eight photographs in 1922 at the Frederick & Nelson Salon. It includes a portrait of Kunishige, other figure studies, landscapes and the floral still-life, Life & Death. She exhibited at F&N in 1923 and 1925. Her interest in Japanese art is evident in her A Shirley Poppy and Dogwood works.<mask> was an early member of the Seattle Camera Club, which stated that she was among the world's most exhibited photographers. He works included floral and figure studies of artists and dancers. Her works were published in the Royal Photographic Society, American Photography and other magazines in the United States and abroad. Full-page illustrations of her photographs were shown in the American Annual of Photography in 1927 and 1928. Her work was exhibited at the First International Photographic Salon of Japan in May 1927 and then solo exhibitions. In August, 30 of her prints were shown at the California Camera Club in San Francisco and in November at the Portage Camera Club in Akron, Ohio. Another solo exhibition was held in January 1931 at the Art Institute of Seattle.Her works were exhibited internationally in Paris, London, Stockholm, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Toronto, Turin, Vancouver, and Budapest. Within the United States, besides Seattle, her works were shown in New York, Chicago, Rochester, Syracuse, Cleveland, Akron, and Portland. Her exhibitions were concentrated over a 10-year period, during which she was the sixth most exhibited Pictorialist photographer in the world in 1926 to 1927. She stopped exhibiting at the beginning of the Depression. In 1925, <mask> cofounded the women's Seattle Metropolitan Soropotomist Club, which she was a member and officer for almost 40 years. She focused most of her effort on her studio during the Depression. Albee had moved to California about 1930 and in 1932 she took on a new partner, commercial photographer Richard H. Anderson, who particularly took images of children.From then until the 1960s, it was one of the leading studios in Seattle. They were located in the Loveless Studio building. Her eyesight began to fail and at the age of 91, she retired. Her work is documented in the book Captive Light: The Life and Photography of <mask><mask> by Margaret E. Bullock and David F. Martin. Death <mask> died at 102 years and 10 months of age on September 14, 1965, when she was still vital and clear-minded. Some of her negatives from 1917 to the 1950s are at the Seattle's Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI); others were destroyed. Fifteen photographs taken by <mask> or her studio are among the collection of the University of Washington Libraries.They include studio portraits, such as poet Don Blanding, and images of the University of Washington campus. Collections <mask>'s works are included in the collections of: Los Angeles County Museum of Art Minneapolis Institute of Arts Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI), Seattle Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art, Logan, Utah. Seattle Art Museum Tacoma Art Museum References Further reading External links <mask> History Links encyclopedia article and images Artists from Seattle American women photographers American centenarians 1862 births 1965 deaths Fine art photographers 19th-century American women artists 20th-century American women artists Women centenarians 19th-century women photographers 20th-century women photographers

Michael Nelson (footballer)

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<mask> (born 23 March 1980) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender and is assistant manager at Hartlepool United. <mask> has previously played for Scunthorpe United, Norwich City, Hartlepool United, Bury, Kilmarnock, Bradford City, Hibernian, Cambridge United, Barnet and Chesterfield. Club career Early career Born in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, <mask> started his playing career as a semi-professional, playing for non-League teams such as Spennymoor United, Leek Town and Bishop Auckland. <mask>'s performances attracted the attention of league clubs who sent scouts to watch him. <mask> was given a trial at Hartlepool but he was not offered a contract by the then Hartlepool manager Chris Turner. However <mask> was offered a contract at Bury by manager Andy Preece after Bury scout Peter Ward convinced him to give <mask> a chance. Bury Once <mask> had settled down to professional football, he gradually became a first team regular and during his first full season at Bury he managed to play 31 of the club's 46 league matches, scoring 2 goals in the process.<mask> formed a defensive partnership with Danny Swailes. However, during the season <mask> suffered what he described as the worst injury of his career after suffering a collapsed lung and several cracked ribs after a collision during Bury's match against Wigan Athletic. <mask> had to have a drain inserted into his chest for several days while he was hospitalised. The injury threatened to keep him sidelined for three months but remarkably <mask> was able to resume training less than three weeks later. Despite being dropped early on, <mask>'s second season turned out to be even more successful as he played in 40 of Bury's 46 matches, scoring 5 goals. <mask> was made club captain and his performances earned him the respect of the club's players and fans. During that season, Bury manager Andy Preece hailed <mask> as "the best centre-half in Division Three".However, Bury failed to gain promotion to League 1 as they missed out during the play-offs and <mask> was offered the chance to play in a higher division by several League 1 clubs. Hartlepool United The following season, <mask> joined Hartlepool United on the same day that Neale Cooper was appointed manager for a fee of around £70,000. <mask> was seen as natural replacement for Graeme Lee who had joined Sheffield Wednesday. <mask> started strongly for Hartlepool and scored the winner from 30 yards during his debut in Hartlepool's 4–3 win over Peterborough. This goal almost earned him another award as it was on the shortlist for Hartlepool's Goal of the Season. He was also voted September's Player of the Month on the official Hartlepool website. <mask> began to form a strong partnership with Chris Westwood and the pair played together for the majority of Hartlepool's games.<mask> went on to play in 40 of Hartlepool's league matches and played in both legs of Hartlepool's play-off semi-final match against Bristol City. <mask> was in contention for Hartlepool's Fans and Players' Player of the season but he missed out to Jim Provett on both occasions. However <mask> failed to maintain this through to the 2004–05 season and he handed in a transfer request. His agent claimed that he'd been "promised" a better deal. This triggered a feud with Hartlepool chairman Ken Hodcroft who criticised <mask> and his agent. <mask> was missing in several of Hartlepool's matches and was rumoured to be signing for Hull City for a fee of around £100,000. However <mask> withdrew his transfer request and was reinstalled into the starting line-up.His performances earned him an improved contract and he was offered a new three-year contract that would tie him to the club until 2008. <mask>'s third season of the club saw him receiving his first red card for Hartlepool after he retaliated and elbowed Jack Lester during Hartlepool's defeat to Nottingham Forest. He was the favoured central defender alongside Ben Clark during the 2006–07 campaign, playing a major part in the 18 game unbeaten run along with Dimitrios Konstantopoulos in goal. The season also saw him take the captain's armband in the absence on <mask>. <mask> was named in the PFA League Two Team of the Year for the 2006–07 season. Norwich City In June 2009, <mask> agreed to join Norwich City, who had just been relegated to League One, on a two-year deal once his contract at Hartlepool expired at the end of the month. He made his debut in the 7–1 opening-day thrashing at the hands of Colchester, and did not play for the first team again until the game against his former club Hartlepool later in August, in which he scored a magnificent overhead kick.It was his first goal for Norwich and put the Canaries on course for a 2–0 win at Victoria Park. <mask> established himself as a regular starter following an injury to teammate Jens Berthel Askou in December. He subsequently formed a strong central defensive partnership with Gary Doherty as Norwich surged up the League One table, overhauling runaway leaders Leeds United in the process. On 17 April 2010, he scored the only goal in a 1–0 victory at Charlton Athletic which secured Norwich's return to the Championship at the first attempt. <mask>'s scored his third goal for Norwich in a 2–0 win over Gillingham. In his second season, <mask> scored his fourth goal against Watford in a 3–2 loss in Norwich City's first match of the season. <mask> scored his fifth and last goal for Norwich against Sheffield United in a 4–2 win.<mask> remained in the first team for Norwich City until he suffered a foot injury. Following his return from injury, <mask> was targeting the first team but was deemed surplus to requirements by Canaries boss Paul Lambert as Lambert favoured Elliott Ward and Leon Barnett as their first choice centre back. <mask> is held in very high esteem by Norwich City fans for his performances during the successful League One campaign. He received a standing ovation from Carrow Road on his return with new club Scunthorpe United. Scunthorpe United He left the Canaries on deadline day in January 2011 for an undisclosed fee, joining Scunthorpe United, just an hour from the deadline. <mask> made his debut for Scunthorpe United in a disastrous 5–1 defeat to Hull City. At the end of the season, Scunthorpe were relegated to League One.<mask> scored his first goal for Scunthorpe in a 1–1 draw against Wycombe Wanderers. Scunthorpe's poor form continued and at the end of 2011 the club was just above the relegation zone to League Two. In January 2012, <mask> was strongly linked with move away from Scunthorpe following a restructuring programme at the club. Kilmarnock On 14 January 2012, <mask> signed for Scottish Premier League side Kilmarnock, a two-and-a-half-year contract. After the move, Manager Kenny Shiels described new signing <mask> as 'quality' and expected <mask> will be good asset in the second half of the season. Shortly joining, <mask> revealed that then Norwich City manager Paul Lambert made a recommendation of <mask> joining Kilmarnock. <mask> had to wait until on 4 February 2012 when he made his debut, playing in the central defence, in a 1–1 draw against Dunfermline Athletic.Then on 18 March, he played in the 2012 Scottish League Cup Final which Kilmarnock won after beating Celtic 1–0. A week after the Scottish League Cup Final, <mask> scored his first goal for the club in a 4–3 thriller victory over Inverness Caledonian Thistle The next season, <mask> continued to retain his first team place until he left and start his new season when he scored his first goal in the second round of Scottish League Cup, in a 2–1 loss against Stenhousemuir and he soon scored his second goal for the club in a 2–1 loss against St Johnstone on 24 November 2012. Bradford City On 15 January 2013, <mask> agreed to join Bradford City on an 18-month deal for an undisclosed fee. Thirty days later, on 15 February 2013, when asked why <mask> was sold, Shiels then explained his decision selling <mask>, that he wanted to be close with his children and described his departure as a "big loss". He made his debut on 2 February, in a 2–2 draw away to Fleetwood Town. <mask> was an unused substitute as Bradford won promotion to League One by winning the 2013 Football League Two play-off Final. Hibernian On 1 August 2013 <mask> signed a two-year deal with Scottish Premiership side Hibernian, moving from Bradford City for a nominal transfer fee.He had then left the club after agreeing mutual termination of his contract. Cambridge United On 26 August 2014 <mask> signed a one-year contract with League Two side Cambridge United shortly after agreeing mutual termination with his previous club Hibernian. At the end of the 2014–15 season the club did not offer him a new deal when his contract expired. Barnet <mask> joined Barnet on trial in 2015–16 pre-season, and signed a one-year deal on 3 August. <mask> signed a new deal at the end of the season and extended his contract into a third year in summer 2017, also taking up a role as the club's under-23 team coach. Following the appointment of Graham Westley as head coach, <mask> was appointed as his assistant for the first team, but returned to playing duties following the appointment of Martin Allen. Barnet claimed to have offered <mask> a new contract at the end of the 2017–18 season, but this was disputed by the player himself.Chesterfield Nelson signed a one-year deal with Chesterfield on 22 May 2018. Manager Martin Allen said "<mask> is very old with great experience and good knowledge. He is a leader of men and he knows how to win games. He is as fit as a butcher's dog and he is a great man to work with." Gateshead In the summer of 2019, <mask> signed for his home town club, Gateshead, as a player-coach; he made his début in a 0–0 draw at A.F.C. Telford United on 10 August. Stevenage <mask> was appointed assistant manager of Stevenage on 17 January 2020, once again assisting Graham Westley.<mask> left the club a month later after Alex Revell was appointed manager. Coaching Career Blyth Spartans <mask> returned to playing when he joined Blyth Spartans on 26 February 2020 until the end of the season. A week later <mask> was then made player-manager after the departure of Lee Clark. Hartlepool United On 1 December 2021, <mask> left Blyth Spartans to join former club Hartlepool United as assistant manager to the newly appointed Graeme Lee. Career statistics Managerial statistics As of 1 December 2021: Honours Club Hartlepool United Football League Two runners-up: 2006–07 Norwich City Football League One: 2009–10 Kilmarnock Scottish League Cup: 2011–12 Individual Bury Player of the Year: 2002–03 PFA League Two Team of the Year: 2007 References External links 1980 births Living people Footballers from Gateshead English footballers Association football defenders Leek Town F.C. players Spennymoor United F.C. players Bishop Auckland F.C.players Bury F.C. players Hartlepool United F.C. players Norwich City F.C. players Scunthorpe United F.C. players Kilmarnock F.C. players Bradford City A.F.C. players Hibernian F.C.players Cambridge United F.C. players Barnet F.C. players Barnet F.C. non-playing staff Chesterfield F.C. players Gateshead F.C. players Stevenage F.C. non-playing staff Blyth Spartans A.F.C.players Blyth Spartans A.F.C. managers Categry:Hartlepool United F.C. non-playing staff English Football League players National League (English football) players National League (English football) managers Scottish Premier League players Scottish Professional Football League players English football managers

Richard Bender

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<mask> is an architect and urban planner with extensive experience in urban, campus and community design. He also serves as dean emeritus and professor of architecture at the College of Environmental Design at the University of California at Berkeley. Bender has also taught at The Cooper Union, Columbia University, the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Swiss Federal Technical University, and the Instituto Universitario Arquitettura in Venice. Bender has served as chairman of Berkeley's Department of Architecture, as associate dean for research in the College of Environmental Design, as director of the Campus Planning Study Group and the Urban Construction Laboratory at Berkeley. He has been the Visiting “GC-5” Professor of Urban Design and Construction at Tokyo University, and an honorary professor at the Université Europeene de Maitrise D’Oeuvre Urbaine in Cergy¬Pontoise, France.<ref name=undefined In the United States, he has been a member of the Federal Construction Council of the Building Research Advisory Board, an advisor to the National Endowment for the Arts, and a technical advisor to the National ‘Douglas Commission’ in Urban Problems. According to biographer Elizabeth Douthitt Byrne, in Bender's “distinguished and wide-ranging international career in teaching and practice [he] has studied or worked with and/or been associated with some of the most influential artists, designers, builders and planners of the 20th and 21st centuries, including Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, Josep Lluis Sert, Mark Rothko, Frank Lloyd Wright, Pete Seeger, Norman Mailer, Buckminster Fuller, Renzo Piano, Daniel Libeskind, Margaret Mead, Le Corbusier, Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, Saul Steinberg, I.M. Pei, Ada Louise Huxtable, Jean Nouvel, Fumihiko Maki, Reyner Banham, and many, many more.With his teaching and practice in New York, Greenland, Switzerland, France and Japan, he relishes learning and stimulating learning, bringing people together across disciplines.” <mask> was a founding director of the nonprofit BRIDGE Housing Corporation. He continues as an emeritus director. He served The Getty Trust as advisor during the design and construction of The Getty Center in Los Angeles. He has directed master plans for the Benesse Art Site on the Island of Naoshima, Japan and Nanyang Technical University in Singapore, as well as directing plans throughout the University of California System, including at The University of California at San Diego, UC Santa Cruz as well as UC Berkeley. Commemorating his important service to the University of California system, then Chancellor Chang-lin Tien awarded <mask> the Berkeley Citation in 1990. At the ceremony, the chancellor noted that, “Dean Bender revitalized the planning process on the Berkeley Campus. He defined, instituted and led the Design Review Board.This has worked so well that he has been called upon by several other UC campuses to institute the concept there. And he has left his mark on so many building projects that it must truly be said of him, as for others like Frederick Law Olmsted and John Galen Howard, that the campus itself as a built environment is in significant part his monument.” In 2012, Bender was honored with the creation of a fellowship at the College of Environmental Designed, which was named after him. "The Fellowship, established by an anonymous donor, will be used to support a dual-degree graduate student in the Department of City and Regional Planning and the Department of Architecture who focuses on the design of affordable housing in livable communities," building off Bender's legacy of affordability in community planning. Publications Selected Master Plans: “Naoshima Master Plan”, Benesse, Okayama, (with Phillip Enquist and SOM Chicago, 1995 “Master Plan and Implementation Program” for the University of California Santa Cruz, (with EDAW & SOM) 1989 “Master Plan and Implementation Program” for the University of California San Diego (with SOM) 1989 Urban design studies for the Berkeley campus / contributors, Campus Planning Study Group, <mask>, University of California, Berkeley. Campus Planning Study Group. Berkeley : Center for Planning & Development Research, College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley, 1979–1982. “Boeing in Building – a Report on the Potential for Involvement”, (with William Meyer and Building Systems Development, San Francisco), June, 1970 “Master Plan for CERN” for the Nuclear Research Center in Geneva, Die Bauten des CERN, Organisation Europeenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire, in Gent, Verlage Buchdruckeri Winterthur.Ag, with Architekten Dr, Rudolf Steiger und Peter Steiger, Zurich, October, 1960 Books and Selected Chapters: A Crack in the Rearview Mirror: Views of the Industrialization of Building, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1973 The Form of Housing, (Housing and Urbanism) edited by Sam Davis, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977. “Berkeley Campus and Community” Univer-Cities, Strategic Implications for Asia, <mask>, Emily Marthinsen, John Parman, Editor, Anthony SC Teo, Volumes I and II, World Scientific Press, London 2015 The Future of the City - Centre for Studies and Research, Dipartimento di Architettura e Urbanistica per l’Ingegneria - Università di Roma Sapienza. Issue #03, February 2007 “San Francisco: Evolution of a City and its Region”, Proceedings of the 49th IFHP World Congress, International Federation of Housing and Planning, Rome, October 2–5, 2005 (Prof. <mask> with John Parman) “New Directions for A New Millennium - One World - Global But Local”’ Keynote Address, Proceedings of the Nagoya International Design Conference, October 6, 1997 “A University Without Walls – Fact or Fancy”, Trusteeship, The Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges, July/August 1996 “Affordable Housing, Liveable Communities,” PLACES, MIT Press, Vol. 2, No. 1, May 1985. “The Factory Without Walls: Industrialization in Residential Construction,” California Management Review, Spring 1976, Vol. XVIII, No.3, (with John Parman.) “The Industrialization of the Building Site: An Analysis of Experience in Operation Breakthrough,” Industrialization Forum, Vol. VI, No. 1, (with John Parman.) 1975 “Incremental Infrastructure,” Proceedings of the MIT Symposium on Strategies for A.I.D. Programs in Selected Areas of Science and Technology: Vol. 2: Housing, Transportation and Water Resources, ed.J.P. Ruina, April 1974. “Dust to Dust - The Ultimate System,” Progressive Architecture, December 1973. “Industrialization and Self-Help Housing,: Proceedings of the Shirtsleeve Conference on Housing at M.I.T., edited by E. Allen, M.I.T., May 1972. “Pipe Dreams: Scenarios for Change in the Public Service Industries,” Architectural Design, March 1972. “General Motors as General Contractor,” Progressive Architecture, April 1970. “Selected Technological Aspects of the American Building Industry: The Industrialization of Building”, A report to the National Commission on Urban Problems, published by The Commission and the Commerce Learning House, PB 1852110 January, 1969 “Budget Beach House”, (The ‘Bender House’ and community in East Hampton Long Island), New York Times, Sunday Magazine, May 3, 1964 References http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/collections/subjectarea/univ_hist/fac_adm_reg.html http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/search~S1/X?SEARCH=(richard%20bender)&SORT=D 20th-century American architects Living people Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni Civil engineers 1930 births 21st-century American architects

Linda Nochlin

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<mask> (née Weinberg; January 30, 1931 – October 29, 2017) was an American art historian, Lila Acheson Wallace Professor Emerita of Modern Art at New York University Institute of Fine Arts, and writer. As a prominent feminist art historian, she became well known for her pioneering 1971 article "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" published by ARTnews. Early life and education <mask> was born the daughter of Jules Weinberg and Elka Heller (Weinberg) in Brooklyn, New York and raised in the borough's Crown Heights neighborhood. She attended Brooklyn Ethical Cultural School, a progressive grammar school. She received her B.A. in Philosophy from Vassar College in 1951, her M.A.in English from Columbia University in 1952, and her Ph.D in the history of art from the Institute of Fine Arts at New York University in 1963. Academic career After working in the art history departments at Yale University, the Graduate Center of the City University of New York (with Rosalind Krauss), and Vassar College, Nochlin took a position at the Institute of Fine Arts, where she taught until retiring in 2013. In 2000, Self and History: A Tribute to <mask> was published, an anthology of essays developing themes that Nochlin worked on throughout her career. Her critical attention was drawn to investigating the ways in which gender affects the creation and apprehension of art, as evidenced by her 1994 essay "Issues of Gender in Cassatt and Eakins". Besides feminist art history, she was best known for her work on Realism, specifically on Gustave Courbet. Complementing her career as an academic, she served on the Art Advisory Council of the International Foundation for Art Research. Nochlin was the co-curator of a number of landmark exhibitions exploring the history and achievements of female artists.2007 — "Global Feminisms" at the Brooklyn Museum. 1976 — "Women Artists: 1550-1950" (with Ann Sutherland Harris) at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Global Feminisms In March 2007, Nochlin co-curated the feminist art exhibition "Global Feminisms" alongside Maura Reilly at the Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art at the Brooklyn Museum, New York City, United States. It was the first international exhibition that was exclusively dedicated to feminist art, and it featured works from approximately eighty-eight women artists from around the world. The exhibit featured art in all forms of media, such as photography, video, performance, painting and sculpture. The goal of the exhibit was to move beyond the dominating brand of Western feminism, and instead showcase different understandings of feminism and feminist art from a global perspective. Women Artists: 1550-1950 Alongside Global Feminisms, Nochlin also co-curated Women Artists: 1550-1950, the first international art exhibition created solely by female artists on December 21, 1976.It debuted eighty-three artists from 12 countries, and contained roughly 150 European American paintings. In the exhibition catalogue, Ann Sutherland Harris and <mask> stated “Our intention in assembling these works by European and American women artists active from 1550 to 1950 is to make more widely known the achievements of some fine artists whose neglect can in part be attributed to their sex and to learn more about why and how women artists first emerged as rare exceptions in the sixteenth century and gradually became more numerous until they were a largely accepted part of the cultural scene.” As a four-city exhibition, it was originally located at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in Los Angeles, California, United States. It was then moved and displayed at the Jack S. Blanton Museum of Art at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas. It then continued its journey and was displayed at the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and completed the exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, the same place Global Feminisms was displayed. Feminist art history In 1971, ArtNews published <mask>'s essay "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? ", in which she explored assumptions embedded in the title's question. She considered the very nature of art along with the reasons why the notion of artistic genius has been reserved for male geniuses, such as Michelangelo.<mask> argued that significant societal barriers have prevented women from pursuing art, including restrictions on educating women in art academies and "the entire romantic, elitist, individual-glorifying, and monograph-producing substructure upon which the profession of art history is based ". The thirty-year anniversary of <mask>'s ground-breaking inquiry informed a conference at Princeton University in 2001. The book associated with the conference, "Women artists at the Millennium", includes <mask>'s essay ""Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" Thirty Years After". In the conference and in the book, art historians addressed the innovative work of such figures as Louise Bourgeois, Eva Hesse, Francesca Woodman, Carrie Mae Weems, and Mona Hatoum, in the light of the legacies of thirty years of feminist art history. In her 1994 essay "Starting from Scratch: The Beginnings of Feminist Art History," Nochlin reflected on her awakening as a feminist and its impact on her scholarship and teaching: "In 1969, three major events occurred in my life: I had a baby, I became a feminist, and I organized the first class in Women and Art at Vassar College." Nochlin deconstructed art history by identifying and questioning methodological presuppositions.She was an advocate for "art historians who investigate the work before their eyes while focusing on its subject matter, informed by a sensitivity to its feminist spirit." Orientalism Following Edward Said's influential 1978 book, Orientalism, Nochlin was one of the first art historians to apply theories of Orientalism to the study of art history, specifically in her 1983 paper, "The Imaginary Orient." Her key assertion was that Orientalism must be seen from the point-of-view of 'the particular power structure in which these works came into being," in this case, 19th century French colonialism. Nochlin focused primarily on the 19th century French artists Jean-Leon Gérôme and Eugène Delacroix, who both depicted 'orientalist' themes in their work, including, respectively, The Snake Charmer and The Death of Sardanapalus. In Gérôme's "The Snake Charmer," from the late 1860s, <mask> described how Gérôme created a sense of verisimilitude not only in his rendering of the scene with such realistic precision one almost forgets a painter painted it, but in capturing the most minute details, such as meticulously painted tiles. As a result, the painting appears to be documentary evidence of life in the Ottoman court while, according to Nochlin, it is in fact a Westerner's vision of a mysterious world. In Delacroix's "The Death of Sardanapalus" from 1827, Nochlin argued that the artist used Orientalism to explore overt erotic and violent themes that may not necessarily reflect France's cultural hegemony but rather the chauvinism and misogyny of early 19th century French society.Representing Women In "Memoirs of an Ad Hoc Art Historian," which is the introduction to <mask>'s book of essays Representing Women, Nochlin examines the representation of women in nineteenth-century art and the ways in which the ad hoc methodology is at play, as she writes, "What I am questioning is the possibility of a single methodology—empirical, theoretical, or both, or neither—which is guaranteed to work in every case, a kind of methodological Vaseline which lubricates an entry into the problem and ensures a smooth, perfect outcome every time" and "[Although] the 'methodology' of these pieces might be described as ad hoc in the extreme, the political nature of this project is far from ad hoc because there is a pre-existing ethical issue at stake which lies at the heart of the undertaking: the issue of women and their representation in art". Here Nochlin is looking at the intersection of the self and history between the middle of the 18th century and the early decades of the 20th, as she analyzes the different ways artists portray women and how these portrayals are representatives of their gender. Lost and Found: Once More the Fallen Woman In March 1978, Nochlin looked at the sexual asymmetry of the word "fallen" and how it is used in regards of gender. For men, it depicts an act of heroism, but for women the term is applied much more negatively and is understood in terms of any sexual activity that is performed out of wedlock. The same differentiation appears in art as well, as fallen in a masculine sense inspired sculptural monuments, versus fallen in a feminine sense struck fascination of nineteenth-century artists. This fascination with the theme of fallen women can be said to have inspired some of the works by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, where he devoted a number of poems and pictorial works to the subject, which resulted in his most notable work: the painting Found. Why Have There Been No Great Women Chefs?<mask>’s essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?” not only impacted the way we view feminist art, but it has also impacted how we view women’s recognition in other careers. <mask>’s work inspired the essay “Why Have There Been No Great Women Chefs?” by Charlotte Druckman, in which the author analyzes the terms cook and chef, and how each one is attributed to an individual based on their gender. A cook is often associated with a woman whereas a chef is associated with a man. Druckman argues that "In theory, we’ve come a long way from the notion that a woman’s place is in the domestic kitchen, and that the only kitchen appropriate for a man is the professional one. But in practice, things can be pared down to the following equation: woman : man as cook : chef." By using <mask>'s argument in "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? ", Druckman follows in her footsteps by arguing "It becomes clear that we need to ask not why these semantic nuances exist but where they come from, and whether we might be complicit in perpetuating them."Personal life Nochlin married twice. First, in 1953 she married Philip H<mask>, an assistant professor of philosophy at Vassar, who died seven years later. She then married Richard Pommer, an architectural historian, in 1968. Nochlin had two daughters: Jessica, with <mask>, and Daisy, with Richard Pommer, who was depicted with Nochlin by the artist Alice Neel in 1973. <mask> died at age 86 on October 29, 2017. Awards 1967: Arthur Kingsley Porter Prize for the best article published in The Art Bulletin 1978: Frank Jewett Mather Prize for Critical Writing, The College Art Association 1977: Woman of the Year, Mademoiselle magazine 1984-1985: Guggenheim Fellowship 1985: Fellow, Institute for Advanced Study 2003: Honorary Doctorate, Harvard University 2006: Visionary Woman Award, Moore College of Art & Design Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, New York University's Institute for the Humanities Fellow, American Philosophical Society Selected publications Nochlin's published writings encompass 156 works in 280 publications in 12 languages and 20,393 library holdings. Nochlin, <mask>."'Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?' Thirty Years After." Women Artists at the Millennium,. Ed. Carol Armstrong and Catherine de Zegher. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006. ; OCLC 223446291 <mask>, <mask>. "Issues of Gender in Cassatt and Eakins."Nineteenth Century Art: A Critical History,. Ed. Thomas Crow, Brian Lukacher, <mask> and Frances K. Pohl. London: Thames & Hudson, 2007. ; ; OCLC 137221626 <mask>, <mask>. "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?" ARTnews January 1971: 22-39, 67-71. <mask>, <mask>."Realism." New York: Penguin Books, 1971. Library of Congress 71-149557. Notes References D'Souza, Aruna (2000). Self and History: A Tribute to <mask>. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000. <mask>, <mask> (1999)."Memoirs of an Ad Hoc Art Historian" in Representing Women. London: Thames & Hudson. ; OCLC 185808272. External links NYU: <mask>lin <mask>lin biography and c. v. provided by the Chinese University of Hong Kong in conjunction with the International Congress on Culture and Humanity in the New Millennium: "The Future of Human Values", 8–10 January 2000, Hong Kong 1931 births 2017 deaths American art historians Feminist historians Vassar College alumni Columbia University alumni Women's historians New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni Yale University faculty City University of New York faculty New York University Institute of Fine Arts faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences American women historians Women art historians Vassar College faculty People from Crown Heights, Brooklyn Historians from New York (state) 21st-century American women

Henrietta Vansittart

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<mask>, née Lowe (1833 - 8 February 1883) was an English engineer and inventor, awarded a patent for a screw propeller called the Lowe-Vansittart propeller. She was self-trained and she is considered to be one of the first female engineers, with her concentration being on ship propulsion. Early life <mask>, born <mask>, was born in Ewell, Surrey in 1833. She was one of eight children born to James and Marie Lowe, née Barnes. Her father James Lowe was a blacksmith-inventory working on ship propulsion and applying for related patents using his wife's money and connections. Vansittart's family lived in poor conditions with her father occupation being a machinist and smoke jack maker. On 23 March 1838, Vansittart's father James Lowe took out a patent for a new screw propeller but made no significant financial gain from his contributions due to competition in infringement battles.By the 1850, James Lowe nearly ran his family into bankruptcy, despite the adoption of his general scheme for submerged propellers. This led to Vansittart's marriage in 1855 to a Lieutenant named Frederick Vansittart (1827-1902), a lieutenant in the 14th Dragoons (later the Hussars) who were just back from the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and they set up the marital home in Clarges Street, Mayfair. Engineering work and career There is no documentation on her education: Vansittart was proclaimed a self-trained engineer. As was common for many of the women in engineering in the 19th and early 20th century, Vansittart was introduced to engineering through a family connection, which in her case was her father, James Lowe. Shortly after her marriage, Vansittart began to study her father's work on ship propulsion. She had accompanied her father on HMS Bullfinch to test out a new version of his screw propeller, which began her interest, in 1857. The Lowe propeller had been fixed to many British warships by this time, but James Lowe never saw any financial reward due to infringement battles.When Vansittart's father died in 1866, after being run over by a carriage, she began working and experimenting in earnest, perhaps looking for the recognition her father never had in his lifetime. In 1868, Vansittart was awarded a patent (British Patent no 2877), for an improvement on her father's work – what she called the Lowe-Vansittart propeller. Her argument for the propeller was that it allowed ships to move faster and smoother, while using less fuel. Her work went on to be fitted on many ships, including HMS Druid, the Scandinavian, and the SS Lusitania. In addition, she also took out an American patent (US Patent 89712 granted in 1869), which was on the construction of screw propellers. In the 1860s, <mask> improved the design with curved rather than straight blades for greater efficiency, and her home was filled with the development models she built and tested The Lowe-Vansittart Propeller was awarded a first-class diploma at the International Exhibition in Kensington in 1871, a first class diploma and medal at the 1872 Dublin, 1875 Paris, 1876 Belgian, 1879 Sydney Exhibition, 1880 Melbourne and 1881 Adelaide Exhibitions, as well as other awards at the Royal Cornwall and Naples Maritime Exhibitions. For her work on ship propulsion, Vansittart won many awards, was mentioned by name in various newspapers, such as The Times and her invention took her to several exhibitions all over the world.In 1876, Vansittart was the first female to write, read, and illustrate her own diagrams and drawings for a scientific article presented at Association of Foreman Engineers and Draughtsmen. A pamphlet written by Vansittart, based on this paper, was published in 1882, entitled The History of the Lowe Vansittart Propeller and a short extract of the life of the late Mr James Lowe, the successful inventor of screw ships from their first introduction. This pamphlet indicates her dedication to the work and legacy of her father, as well as illustrating her technical knowledge of the Lowe Vansittart propeller. Personal life In 1859, Vansittart began an affair with Edward Bulwer-Lytton, a well-known novelist and politician, which lasted for 12 years. The affair was known throughout both families, as well as the House of Commons, which Bulwer-Lytton was a part of. Bulwer-Lytton gave Vansittart financial assistance over the course of this period, and, though the affair ended in 1871, when he died in 1873, Bulwer-Lytton left £12,000 in his will for Vansittart and her husband, though her husband's sum was smaller. Letters from Vansittart to Bulwer-Lytton show that it was a tumultuous, passionate affair, which played an important role in Vansittart's life for many years.Despite its growing popularity in the second half of the nineteenth century, Vansittart was not involved in the suffrage movement. She spoke publicly on this, stating that she believed a woman's place was in the home, unless she needed to vindicate the cause of a family member, such as she felt she had to do for the legacy of her father. Death and legacy In late 1882, Vansittart visited the Tynemouth Exhibition, and she was found wandering the streets by police, confused. She exhibited signs of mania and violent tendencies. She was ordered by magistrates to St Nicholas's Hospital, Gosforth, where she was admitted on the 19 September 1882. After five months at the asylum, she died of acute mania and anthrax on 8 February 1883. In the obituary for Vansittart in the Journal of the London Association of Foreman Engineers and Draughtsmen it stated that 'she was a remarkable personage with a great knowledge of engineering matters and considerable versatility of talent', as well as 'how cheery and thoughtful for the happiness of others she was …' The obituary also claims that Vansittart was the first woman to write and read a scientific paper, illustrated with diagrams and drawings of her own, before a scientific institution.With the work that she accomplished, ships could now move faster and use less fuel, while being maneuvered better in reverse. She did this at a time in history when there were no female engineers, with no formal scientific or engineering training. Her work is considered by some to be "one of the most important nautical inventions of the 19th century." However, she never paid the fee to renew the patent. A scale model of the Lowe-Vansittart propeller is held in the Science Museum Group's collections, which she donated to the museum in 1874. Vansittart never had children, and her husband died in 1902. References 1833 births 1883 deaths British inventors British women engineers 19th-century women engineers English inventors 19th-century English businesswomen 19th-century English businesspeople People from Ewell

Alexander Girard

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<mask> (May 24, 1907 – December 31, 1993), affectionately known as Sandro, was an architect, interior designer, furniture designer, industrial designer, and a textile designer. Early life He was born in New York City to an American mother from Boston and a French-Italian father. He was raised in Florence, Italy and in 1917 he was sent as a boarder to Bedford Modern School in England leaving in 1924 to study architecture in London. After also graduating from the Royal School of Architecture in Rome, Girard refined his skills in both Florence and New York. In 1932, his studio was opened in New York and he moved it to Detroit in 1937. Career Girard is widely known for his contributions in the field of American textile design, particularly through his work for Herman Miller (1952 to 1973), where he created fabrics for the designs of George Nelson and Charles and Ray Eames. His work also includes designing the La Fonda del Sol Restaurant in New York (1960), the Herman Miller Showplace: T&O (Textiles and Objects) (1961), Braniff International Airways (1965), and the Girard Foundation (1962), which houses his extensive folk art collection.He and his wife, <mask>, amassed a remarkable collection of artifacts consisting of folk art, popular art, toys, and textiles from around the world, which is displayed through the Girard Foundation, founded 1962. One of the artists Girard supported was Cochiti Pueblo potter Helen Cordero, the creator of Storyteller pottery figurines. Girard at Herman Miller Herman Miller Textiles Division In 1952, <mask> was hired to head the fabric and textile division. Girard worked with George Nelson and Charles and Ray Eames to form a design team that has influenced the fundamentals of design throughout the United States and the rest of the world. Girard initially established a fabric collection based on his architectural training. His first fabric line consisted of plain upholsteries and geometric drapery prints—stripes, circles, and triangles. He went on to create many more patterns and designs, largely inspired by folk art.He also worked with a 19th-century textile mill he discovered in central Mexico, to create a line of handwoven 100% cotton fabrics. Because of the excellent quality and array of colors available, he developed a range of colorful "mexidots"and "mexistripes" which he used in many of his projects including installation backing, ground for environmental enrichment panels and upholstery. <mask> also developed a furniture collection for Herman Miller in 1967 building on his designs for Braniff Airlines' lounge and office furniture which featured a low sight line and interior/exterior shell separate from the seat cushion to maximize varied upholstery. Originals from this collection are rare and have become highly collectible, since they were quite expensive at the time and were in production only for one year. In 1971, he developed 40 screen printed graphics on fabrics for Robert Propst's Action Office 2 System. These Environmental Enrichment panels add a touch of warmth, color, and design to the office environment. T&O (Textiles and Objects) 1961 This Herman Miller showplace was a unique space filled with textiles and folk art pieces on Manhattan's East 53rd Street.Textiles and Objects was an innovation demonstrating textiles as an integral part of interior displays for both designers and the individual consumer. The showroom also featured folk art Girard collected from around the world. T&O closed in shortly after opening, due to insufficient marketing and a public was not quite ready to add such colorful and exotic objects to the typical 1950s palette of their homes. Independent projects Braniff Airways and "The End of The Plain Plane" In May 1965, Girard began his design work for Braniff International Airways re-branding campaign called "The End of the Plain Plane". This project gave Girard the opportunity to work with textiles, color, and graphics on a grand scale, redesigning everything from the sugar packets to the ticket counters to the color of the planes themselves. He used colors like light and dark blue, beige, ochre, orange, turquoise, and lemon yellow to make the planes recognizable from the ground. Italian couturier fashion designer Emilio Pucci designed attendant uniforms.Girard also designed a line of furniture for Braniff's ticket offices and customer lounges. This furniture was also available to the public by Herman Miller in 1967 but was available for one year only. Restaurants In 1960, Girard designed every aspect of the La Fonda del Sol restaurant located in Manhattan's Time-Life building in a Latin American and contemporary theme/style, including menus, matchbooks, tableware and the ceramic tiles on the floors and walls. Girard created over eighty different sun motifs found throughout the restaurant. As part of the commission, Charles and Ray Eames were brought in to design a fabric covered fiberglass chair and table, both with a new pedestal design. The chairs were similar to the plastic Eames chairs with a modification to the top silhouette of the fiberglass bucket. Girard was also commissioned by Brody to design the L'Etoile Restaurant (1966) in the Sherry Netherlands Hotel, New York, a French restaurant with austere decor featuring a range of silver and greys featuring glass engraved with the names of French luminaries and daisy shaped tables in the bar.The Compound Restaurant (1967), in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is in a clean modern yet traditional New Mexican style with inlaid Mexicotton ceiling tiles and nichos featuring a mix of folk art and Girard's own designs. Georg Jensen In 1956, Just Lunning, president of Georg Jensen, commissioned Girard to design seven table settings for an exhibition on 5th Avenue in New York. Each setting was created around a vignette outlining the personalities and situations of the company at the particular table. He created place mats and dishes specific to the project. John Deere <mask> was commissioned to create a mural for the John Deere Company, in the entrance to their administration building designed by Eero Saarinen near Moline, Illinois. The mural is one hundred eighty feet long and eight feet high, created entirely with three dimensional found objects. The Girard Foundation In 1962, Girard and his wife established the Girard Foundation in Santa Fe to manage their art collection that numbered over 100,000 pieces, including toys, dolls, icons, and other ethnic expressions.Girard's design work was heavily influenced by his passion for folk art. In 1978, Girard contributed his immense collection to the Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States. The museum opened to the public in 1953 and has gained national and international recognition as home to the world's largest collection of folk art. The Girard Wing houses the popular permanent exhibition, Multiple Visions: A Common Bond, which showcases folk art, popular art, toys and textiles from more than 100 nations. Opening in 1982, this unorthodox and delightful exhibition was designed and installed by Girard, and remains popular with the public. Additional projects Radio cabinets, interiors for Detrola Corporation (1943) Exhibition design, "Design for Modern Use, Made in U.S.A." Museum of Modern Art (1950) Rieveschi residence, Grosse Pointe, Michigan (1951) Miller House, Columbus, Indiana (1953) Exhibition design, "Good Design" Home Furnishings Exhibition, Museum of Modern Art (1954) Exhibition design, "Textiles and Ornamental Arts of India" Museum of Modern Art (1954) "Day of the Dead" documentary film, collaboration with Charles Eames (1956) Nativity Exhibition, sponsored by Hallmark Cards, Atkins Museum, Kansas City, Missouri Penthouse apartment for Hallmark Cards, Hallmark Building, Kansas City (1962) Gregory residence, Wayzata, Minnesota (1963, with architect I.W. Colburn) Interior design of the campus of St. John's College, Santa Fe, New Mexico (1964) Indian government commissioned Girard and Eames to design the Memorial Exhibition for Nehru, Delhi, India (1965) "El Encanto de un Pueblo (The Magic of a People): International Exhibit for Hemisfair, San Antonio, Texas (1968) Wooden Dolls Girard Designed the Wooden Dolls in 1952.The Wooden Dolls were used for his Santa Fe home. They were human and animal characters with various colors. After Girard's heirs donated it to the Vitra Design Museum, it was stuidied and imitated and produced. Font Design Girard designed his own typeface and used it in other design works through typography. The fonts he designed are practical, illustrative and readable. The essays are complemented by black and white as well as color plates of collection objects on display at the Museum. – A 96-page set of essays which describe the Girard collection and its origins.The book, which contains over 100 color plates of objects described in the essays, is currently out of print. External links Braniff Flying Colors Historical Page Girard Wing Girard at Braniff Dwell Magazine Article House Industries Girard Collection produced in conjunction with the Girard estate and Máximo House Industries Alexandar Girard's works in Columbus, Indiana 1907 births 1993 deaths Architects from New York City American textile designers Museum founders American people of French descent American people of Italian descent 20th-century American architects People educated at Bedford Modern School American expatriates in Italy 20th-century philanthropists American expatriates in the United Kingdom AIGA medalists

Polly Renton

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The Honourable <mask>, born <mask> (4 March 1970 – 28 May 2010), was an award-winning British documentary film maker and proponent of ethical journalism, who played an important part in transforming political television in East Africa and trained a generation of African television journalists through her Nairobi based NGO, MEDEVA (Media Development in Africa). Early life and education Penelope (‘<mask>’) <mask> was born in Brighton on 4 March 1970, the youngest of the five children of <mask> (later <mask> of Mount Harry), a Conservative MP and Chief Whip to Margaret Thatcher, and his wife Alice (née Fergusson), a novelist and historian. She was named, in part, after her great aunt, the novelist and explorer Rosita Forbes. Her siblings include the investigative journalist and author <mask> and the artist and cartoonist <mask>. She was educated at Windlesham House School and Roedean before going up to Magdalen College, Oxford to read Modern Languages. After university she spent time in Guatemala helping to rescue children from prostitution before threats to her life forced her to leave the country. Career In 1994 Renton abandoned an 18-month career in the pharmaceuticals industry to work as a researcher for Peter Kosminsky on his sexual abuse docu-drama, No Child of Mine (1997), at Yorkshire Television.She directed her first two documentary films, My Mate Charlie (2000), about the rise in the use of cocaine in Britain, and Waiting for Sentence (2001), which explored prison life, for Channel 4's Doing Time series. Her next film, Sex Bomb (2002), dealt with sexually transmitted diseases among British teenagers and won the Royal Television Society's award for Best Independent Programme in 2002.“<mask> was adept at getting the very best out of her interviewees, giving them the confidence to speak openly about their experiences. She was a tenacious yet compassionate director, and her humour and kindness were evident even in the bleakest filming situations.” (Obituary, The Telegraph) MEDEVA Renton moved to Kenya after holidaying there in 2000 and is credited with playing a major role in the transformation of the country’s television. Disillusioned by the poor quality of television journalism available and the restrictions on it, Renton obtained funding from the Ford Foundation to set up a non-governmental organisation, Media Development in Africa (MEDEVA), in Nairobi. MEDEVA’s objective was to train Kenyan film makers and journalists and it went on to produce five series of the current affairs magazine show Tazama! (Swahili for ‘Look’), Kenya’s most popular show after the news with four million weekly viewers, and three seasons of Agenda Kenya, a political talk show in the vein of Question Time, for which she was advised by family friend David Dimbleby.“<mask>’s idea of producing this kind of programme was much harder to do in a country like Kenya, which doesn’t have a tradition of public criticism. It was an act of huge courage and determination.I remember people were quite sceptical that she could even get it on air.” (David Dimbleby)The incendiary nature of the political discussions on Agenda Kenya meant it often had to be filmed in the presence of armed guards. On one occasion an unrelated power cut led to student demonstrations in the streets in the belief that the government had taken the programme off air.“The audience on Agenda Kenya has been spectacularly brave and articulate. In the UK politics is often about schools or taxes, but here politics is life and death. It’s about whether you have access to justice or food or get caught up in some tribal skirmish.” (<mask>, speaking about Agenda Kenya)By 2008 MEDEVA had trained more than 100 young Kenyans to become ethical television reporters, producers, editors and sound and camera technicians. In 2009 she produced a series of films for the Department for International Development with her brother, journalist <mask>, dealing with issues affecting East Africa. At the time of her death in 2010 she was slated to work with the BBC's Comic Relief on a series of films about poverty in the slums of Kibera. Personal life <mask> was a rower and a violinist at university.Her father’s life peerage in 1997 entitled her to the style ‘The Honourable’. In 2005 in Kenya she married Toby Fenwick-Wilson, a safari manager and guide who hailed, as she did, from Sussex. The couple had a daughter, Rosita, and a son, Tristan, and settled at Ulu, where they helped set up a conservation area, a ranger service and a health clinic.“<mask> was a woman of tireless enthusiasm and integrity. While she would rarely turn down the opportunity for a cocktail at sundown, or a party on a dhow off the Kenyan coast, she nevertheless experienced Kenya in a way many of the "Happy Valley" white Kenyans never aspired to, helping to change and improve the lives of black Kenyans through her work and charitable projects. At her funeral in Ulu, hundreds of people from all walks of life came to pay their respects.” (Obituary, The Guardian, by her friend and colleague Alice Keens-Soper) Death and legacy On 28 May 2010 she and her four-year-old daughter, Rosita (‘Sita’) Fenwick-Wilson, were killed in a car crash as she drove to interview nurses at a remote medical clinic in Kenya. Her one-year-old son and his nanny were also in the car but survived the crash. The Rosita Trust was set up in 2011 in memory of <mask> and her daughter, Rosita, principally to carry on the running of MEDEVA, which continued to train journalists in Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda as well as Kenya for several years.The trust’s patrons are David Dimbleby, David Frost and David Puttnam. References External links <mask> on British Film Institute 1970 births British journalists People educated at Windlesham House School People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Daughters of barons 2010 deaths Road incident deaths in Kenya

Leo Gerard

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<mask><mask> (born 1947) is a retired steelworker and Canadian and American labor leader. He was elected president of the United Steelworkers (USW) in 2001, becoming the second Canadian to head the union. He served in the role until July 2019. He also served on the Executive Council of the AFL-CIO. Early life and career <mask> was born in 1947 in Creighton Mine, Ontario, at the time an unincorporated suburb of Sudbury. His father, <mask>, was a miner at the Creighton Mine and a key organizer with the International Mine Mill and Smelter Workers' Union (which merged with the United Steelworkers in 1967). He grew up in Sudbury.Taught that unions were supposed to be engaged on social issues and not just collective bargaining, <mask> often listened in on union meetings conducted in the family home. He handed out leaflets on the eve of a strike at the age of 11, and accompanied his father on a union organizing drive at the age of 13. After graduating from Lively District Secondary School, <mask> took a job at the Inco nickel smelter in Sudbury, unclogging tuyeres with a sledgehammer. He was elected steward and then chief steward of the 7,000-member Local 6500. He enrolled at Laurentian University, studying economics and planning to be an economics professor. He quit college in 1977 when he was just a few credits short of graduation, and took a job as a staff representative for the international union. He married his high school sweetheart, Susan, and they have two daughters.<mask> rose steadily within the Steelworkers union hierarchy over the next two decades. He was elected director of USW District 6 in 1985 and re-elected in 1989, and was appointed national director of the Canadian division of the USW in August 1991. He was elected secretary-treasurer of the international union in 1993, and again in 1997. While USW secretary-treasurer, <mask> instituted a number of important administrative initiatives. He implemented cost-saving and revenue-generating initiatives, reorganized the secretary-treasurer's office, created an information technology department, developed a new union-to-member communications network, restructured member and local union servicing, and reinvigorated the union's organizing efforts. <mask> eventually returned to Laurentian University and received a bachelor's degree in economics and politics. The university awarded him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1994.USW presidency Concerned that his age hindered the USW's ability to deal effectively with the problems confronting workers, President George Becker resigned effective February 28, 2001, seven months before his term of office was to end. The Steelworkers' executive council appointed <mask> his successor on February 21. <mask> quickly assembled a slate of supporters (many of them incumbent officers in the international union), and announced he would run for the presidency in the union's regularly scheduled elections in November 2001. He was elected without opposition to four-year terms in 2001, 2005 and 2009. <mask> was the second Canadian to head the United Steelworkers, after Lynn R. Williams (1983-1994). In his first two terms in office, <mask> oversaw in a significant number of union mergers with the USW. The USW merged with the 12,000-member American Flint Glass Workers Union in 2003, the 50,000-member Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada in 2004, 3,000 former members of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees in Canada in 2004, and the 1,150-member Independent Steelworkers Union in 2007.But the most important merger was in 2005 with the 250,000-member Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE), a merger which made the USW the largest industrial union in North America. <mask> has adopted a global perspective on unionization. Beginning in 2003, he has signed strategical alliances pledging mutual support on workers' rights, organizing, and collective bargaining with the World Aluminum Conference of the International Metalworkers' Federation, Australian Workers' Union, Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union of Australia, Alliance of Canadian Cinema, Television and Radio Artists, National Union of Mine and Metal Workers of the Mexican Republic, Confederação Nacional dos Metalúrgicos of Brazil, and the Canadian Region of the Communications Workers of America. In 2005, <mask> negotiated a strategic alliance with the million-member Amicus, the United Kingdom's second-largest trade union and the largest private sector union. Two years later, this strategic alliance led to a merger between the USW and Amicus' successor, the 1.8 million-member Unite. The two unions adopted a new name, Workers Uniting, although both unions will retain their individual identities for at least a few years. He returned to Sudbury for a visit in 2008 after an arson incident burned down the historic Sudbury Steelworkers Hall, where he had gotten his start as an organizer with Local 6500, and told the city's media that seeing the burned building was one of the most traumatic events of his life.Steel's head office subsequently donated $10,000 to the city's police force as a reward for any information that led to an arrest. <mask> suffered a blood clot (thrombus) in his heart in February 2008, and successfully underwent heart surgery to remove the blockage. <mask> retired in 2019, and was replaced by Thomas M. Conway as International President. Other roles In 2002, he chaired the Second World Rubber Industries Conference in São Paulo, Brazil and served as chair of the Rubber Sector of the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions (ICEM). A member of the executive committee of the International Metalworkers' Federation, he co-chaired the federation's World Aluminum Conference in 2003. <mask> is a member of the Labor Advisory Committee to the United States Trade Representative and the Secretary of Labor and the National Commission on Energy Policy. He is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiations (ACTPN).<mask> was elected a vice president of the AFL-CIO in 2001, elected to the AFL-CIO Executive Council in 2001, and appointed to serve on the labor federation's Executive Committee in February 2003. He was instrumental in the formation of the AFL-CIO Industrial Union Council, and was named chair of the AFL-CIO's Public Policy Committee in March 2005. He also is a member of the Apollo Alliance, a group which works toward North American energy independence and cleaner and more efficient energy alternatives, and is co-chair of the board of directors of the Blue Green Alliance In popular culture News footage of <mask> is included in the 2008 documentary, Battle in Seattle by Stuart Townsend. <mask> and USW vice president Tom Conway are seen dragging two large concrete planters into an intersection near the Washington State Convention and Trade Center during the 1999 WTO protests in an attempt to help protesters block access to the WTO meetings. <mask> and Conway came under fire by Seattle police during the incident. References External links "USW Web Site" "Interview with <mask>. <mask>."Bill Moyers' Journal. January 9, 2009. People from Greater Sudbury Trade unionists from Ontario Living people Laurentian University alumni Presidents of United Steelworkers 1947 births

Ed Sullivan

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<mask> (September 28, 1901 – October 13, 1974) was an American television personality, impresario, sports and entertainment reporter, and syndicated columnist for the New York Daily News and the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate. He was the creator and host of the television variety program The Toast of the Town, which in 1955 was renamed The Ed <mask> Show. Broadcast from 1948 to 1971, it set a record as the longest-running variety show in US broadcast history. "It was, by almost any measure, the last great TV show," said television critic David Hinckley. "It's one of our fondest, dearest pop culture memories." <mask> was a broadcasting pioneer during the early years of American television. As critic David Bianculli wrote, "Before MTV, <mask> presented rock acts.Before Bravo, he presented jazz and classical music and theater. Before the Comedy Channel, even before there was The Tonight Show, <mask> discovered, anointed and popularized young comedians. Before there were 500 channels, before there was cable, <mask> was where the choice was. From the start, he was indeed 'the Toast of the Town'." In 1996, <mask> was ranked number 50 on TV Guide'''s "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time". Early life and career <mask> <mask> was born on September 28, 1901, in Harlem, New York City: the son of Elizabeth F. (née Smith) and Peter Arthur <mask>, a customs house employee. He grew up in Port Chester, New York, where the family lived in a small red brick home at 53 Washington Street.He was of Irish descent. The entire family loved music, and someone was always playing the piano or singing. A phonograph was a prized possession; the family loved playing all types of records on it. <mask> was a gifted athlete in high school, earning 12 athletic letters at Port Chester High School. He played halfback in football; he was a guard in basketball; in track he was a sprinter. With the baseball team, <mask> was catcher and team captain and he led the team to several championships. Baseball made an impression on him that would affect his career as well as the culture of America.<mask> noted that, in the state of New York, integration was taken for granted in high school sports: "When we went up into Connecticut, we ran into clubs that had Negro players. In those days this was accepted as commonplace; and so, my instinctive antagonism years later to any theory that a Negro wasn't a worthy opponent or was an inferior person. It was just as simple as that." <mask> landed his first job at The Port Chester Daily Item: a local newspaper for which he had written sports news while in high school and then joined the paper full-time after graduation. In 1919, he joined The Hartford Post. The newspaper folded in his first week there, but he landed another job on The New York Evening Mail as a sports reporter. After The Evening Mail closed in 1923, he bounced through a series of news jobs with The Associated Press, The Philadelphia Bulletin, The Morning World, The Morning Telegraph, The New York Bulletin and The Leader.Finally, in 1927, <mask> joined The Evening Graphic: first as a sports writer and then as a sports editor. In 1929, when Walter Winchell moved to The Daily Mirror, <mask> was made its Broadway columnist. He left the Graphic for the city's largest tabloid: the New York Daily News. His column, "Little Old New York", concentrated on Broadway shows and gossip, as Winchell's had; and, like Winchell, he did show-business news broadcasts on radio. Again echoing Winchell, <mask> took on yet another medium in 1933 by writing and starring in the film Mr. Broadway, which has him guiding the audience around New York nightspots to meet entertainers and celebrities. <mask> soon became a powerful starmaker in the entertainment world himself, becoming one of Winchell's main rivals, setting the El Morocco nightclub in New York as his unofficial headquarters against Winchell's seat of power at the nearby Stork Club. <mask> continued writing for The News throughout his broadcasting career, and his popularity long outlived Winchell's.In the late 60's, however, <mask> praised Winchell's legacy in a magazine interview, leading to a major reconciliation between the longtime adversaries. Throughout his career as a columnist, <mask> had dabbled in entertainment—producing vaudeville shows with which he appeared as master of ceremonies in the 1920s and 1930s, directing a radio program over the original WABC (now WCBS), and organizing benefit reviews for various causes. Radio In 1941, <mask> was host of the Summer Silver Theater, a variety program on CBS, with Will Bradley as bandleader and a guest star featured each week. Television In 1948, producer Marlo Lewis convinced the CBS network to hire <mask> to do a weekly Sunday-night TV variety show, Toast of the Town, which later became The Ed Sullivan Show. Debuting in June 1948, the show was originally broadcast from the Maxine Elliott Theatre on West 39th Street in New York City. In January 1953, it moved to CBS-TV Studio 50, at 1697 Broadway (at 53rd Street) in New York City, which in 1967 was renamed the Ed Sullivan Theater (and was later the home of the Late Show with David Letterman and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert). From 1936 to 1950, Studio 50 was a CBS Radio playhouse.Before that it was variously known as Manhattan Theatre, Billy Rose's Music Hall, and Hammerstein's Theatre (it was built in 1927 by Arthur Hammerstein). Television critics gave the new show and its host poor reviews. Harriet Van Horne alleged that "he got where he is not by having a personality, but by having no personality." (The host wrote to the critic, "Dear Miss Van Horne: You bitch. Sincerely, <mask>.") <mask> had little acting ability; in 1967, 20 years after his show's debut, Time magazine asked, "What exactly is <mask>'s talent?" His mannerisms on camera were so awkward that some viewers believed the host suffered from Bell's palsy.Time in 1955 stated that <mask> resembled "Yet," the magazine concluded, "instead of frightening children, <mask> charms the whole family." <mask> appeared to the audience as an average guy who brought the great acts of show business to their home televisions. "<mask> will last", comedian Fred Allen said, "as long as someone else has talent." Frequent guest Alan King said, "<mask> does nothing, but he does it better than anyone else in television." A typical show would feature a vaudeville act (acrobats, jugglers, magicians, etc. ), one or two popular comedians, a singing star, a hot jukebox favorite, a figure from the legitimate theater, and for the kids, a visit with puppet "Topo Gigio, the little Italian mouse", or a popular athlete. The bill was often international in scope, with many European performers augmenting the American artists.<mask> had a healthy sense of humor about himself and permitted—even encouraged—impersonators such as John Byner, Frank Gorshin, Rich Little, and especially Will Jordan, to imitate him on his show. Johnny Carson also did a fair impression, and even Joan Rivers imitated <mask>'s unique posture. The impressionists exaggerated his stiffness, raised shoulders, and nasal tenor phrasing, along with some of his commonly used introductions, such as "And now, right here on our stage...", "For all you youngsters out there...", and "a really big shew" (his pronunciation of the word "show"). The latter phrase was in fact in the exclusive domain of his impressionists, as <mask> never actually spoke the phrase "really big show" in the opening introduction of any episode in the entire history of the series. Will Jordan portrayed <mask> in the films I Wanna Hold Your Hand, The Buddy Holly Story, The Doors, Mr. Saturday Night, Down with Love, and in the 1979 TV movie Elvis. <mask> played himself parodying his mannerisms as directed by Jerry Lewis in Lewis' 1964 film The Patsy. <mask> inspired a song in the musical Bye Bye Birdie, and in 1963, appeared as himself in the film.In 1954, <mask> was a co-host on a memorable TV musical special, General Foods 25th Anniversary Show: A Salute to Rodgers and Hammerstein. Legacy <mask> was quoted as saying "In the conduct of my own show, I've never asked a performer his religion, his race or his politics. Performers are engaged on the basis of their abilities. I believe that this is another quality of our show that has helped win it a wide and loyal audience." Although he was wary of Elvis Presley's "bad boy" image, and initially said that he would never book him, Presley became too big a name to ignore; in 1956, <mask> signed him for three appearances. In August 1956, <mask> was injured in an automobile accident near his country home in Southbury, Connecticut, and missed Presley's first appearance on September 9. Charles Laughton wound up introducing Presley on the <mask> hour.When <mask> returned to the show, audiences noticed a change in his voice. After <mask> got to know Presley personally, he made amends by telling his audience, "This is a real decent, fine boy." <mask>'s failure to scoop the TV industry with Presley made him determined to get the next big sensation first. In November 1963, while in Heathrow Airport, <mask> witnessed Beatlemania firsthand as the band returned from Sweden and the terminal was overrun by screaming teens. At first <mask> was reluctant to book the Beatles because the band did not have a commercially successful single released in the US at the time, but at the behest of a friend, legendary impresario Sid Bernstein, <mask> signed the group. Their initial <mask> show appearance on February 9, 1964, was the most-watched program in TV history to that point. The Beatles appeared three more times in person, and submitted filmed performances afterwards.The Dave Clark Five, who claimed a "cleaner" image than the Beatles, made 13 appearances on the show, more than any other UK group. Unlike many shows of the time, <mask> asked that most musical acts perform their music live, rather than lip-synching to their recordings. Examination of performances shows that exceptions were made, as when a microphone could not be placed close enough to a performer for technical reasons. An example was B.J. Thomas' 1969 performance of "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head", in which actual water was sprinkled on him as a special effect. In 1969, <mask> presented the Jackson 5 with their first single "I Want You Back", which ousted the B.J. Thomas song from the top spot of Billboard's pop charts.<mask> had an appreciation for African American talent. According to biographer Gerald Nachman, "Most TV variety shows welcomed 'acceptable' black superstars like Louis Armstrong, Pearl Bailey and Sammy Davis Jr. ... but in the early 1950s, long before it was fashionable, <mask> was presenting the much more obscure black entertainers he had enjoyed in Harlem on his uptown rounds— legends like Peg Leg Bates, Pigmeat Markham and Tim Moore ... strangers to white America." He hosted pioneering TV appearances by Bo Diddley, the Platters, Brook Benton, Jackie Wilson, Fats Domino, and numerous Motown acts, including the Supremes, who appeared 17 times. As the critic John Leonard wrote, "There wasn't an important black artist who didn't appear on <mask>'s show." He defied pressure to exclude African American entertainers, and to avoid interacting with them when they did appear. "<mask> had to fend off his hard-won sponsor, Ford's Lincoln dealers, after kissing Pearl Bailey on the cheek and daring to shake Nat King Cole's hand," Nachman wrote. According to biographer Jerry Bowles, "<mask> once had a Ford executive thrown out of the theatre when he suggested that <mask> stop booking so many black acts.And a dealer in Cleveland told him 'We realize that you got to have niggers on your show. But do you have to put your arm around Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson at the end of his dance?' <mask> had to be physically restrained from beating the man to a pulp." <mask> later raised money to help pay for Robinson's funeral. "As a Catholic, it was inevitable that I would despise intolerance, because Catholics suffered more than their share of it," he told an interviewer. "As I grew up, the causes of minorities were part and parcel of me. Negroes and Jews were the minority causes closest at hand.I need no urging to take a plunge in and help." At a time when television had not yet embraced Country and Western music, <mask> featured Nashville performers on his program. This, in turn, paved the way for shows such as Hee Haw, and variety shows hosted by Johnny Cash, Glen Campbell, and other country singers. The Canadian comedy duo Wayne & Shuster made the most appearances of any act throughout the show's run, 67 appearances between 1958 and 1969. <mask> appeared as himself on other television programs, including an April 1958 episode of the Howard Duff and Ida Lupino CBS situation comedy Mr. Adams and Eve. On September 14, 1958, <mask> appeared on What's My Line? as a mystery guest, and showed his comedic side by donning a rubber mask.In 1961, <mask> was asked by CBS to fill in for an ailing Red Skelton on The Red Skelton Show. <mask> took Skelton's roles in the various comedy sketches; Skelton's hobo

Ed Sullivan

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character "Freddie the Freeloader" was renamed "<mask> the Freeloader." Personality <mask> was quick to take offense if he felt that he had been crossed, and he could hold a grudge for a long time. As he told biographer Gerald Nachman, "I'm a pop-off. I flare up, then I go around apologizing." "Armed with an Irish temper and thin skin," wrote Nachman, "<mask> brought to his feuds a hunger for combat fed by his coverage of, and devotion to, boxing." Bo Diddley, Buddy Holly, Jackie Mason, and Jim Morrison were parties to some of <mask>'s most storied conflicts.For his second <mask> appearance in 1955, Bo Diddley planned to sing his namesake hit, "Bo Diddley", but <mask> told him to perform Tennessee Ernie Ford's song "Sixteen Tons". "That would have been the end of my career right there," Diddley told his biographer, so he sang "Bo Diddley" anyway. <mask> was enraged: "You're the first black boy that ever double-crossed me on the show," Diddley quoted him as saying. "We didn't have much to do with each other after that." Later, Diddley resented that Elvis Presley, whom he accused of copying his revolutionary style and beat, received the attention and accolades on <mask>'s show that he felt were rightfully his. "I am owed," he said, "and I never got paid." "He might have," wrote Nachman, "had things gone smoother with <mask>."Buddy Holly and the Crickets first appeared on the <mask> show in 1957 to an enthusiastic response. For their second appearance in January 1958, <mask> considered the lyrics of their chosen number "Oh, Boy!" too suggestive, and ordered Holly to substitute another song. Holly responded that he had already told his hometown friends in Texas that he would be singing "Oh, Boy!" for them. <mask>, unaccustomed to having his instructions questioned, angrily repeated them, but Holly refused to back down. Later, when the band was slow to respond to a summons to the rehearsal stage, <mask> commented, "I guess the Crickets are not too excited to be on The Ed <mask> Show."Holly, still annoyed by <mask>'s attitude, replied, "I hope they're damn more excited than I am." <mask> retaliated by cutting them from two numbers to one, then mispronounced Holly's name during the introduction. He also saw to it that Holly's guitar amplifier volume was barely audible, except during his guitar solo. Nevertheless, the band was so well-received that <mask> was forced to invite them back; Holly responded that <mask> did not have enough money. Archival photographs taken during the appearance show Holly smirking and ignoring a visibly angry <mask>. During Jackie Mason's October 1964 performance on a show that had been shortened by ten minutes due to an address by President Lyndon Johnson, <mask>—on-stage but off-camera—signaled Mason that he had two minutes left by holding up two fingers. <mask>'s signal distracted the studio audience, and to television viewers unaware of the circumstances, it seemed as though Mason's jokes were falling flat.Mason, in a bid to regain the audience's attention, cried, "I'm getting fingers here!" and made his own frantic hand gesture: "Here's a finger for you!" Videotapes of the incident are inconclusive as to whether Mason's upswept hand (which was just off-camera) was intended to be an indecent gesture, but <mask> was convinced that it was, and banned Mason from future appearances on the program. Mason later insisted that he did not know what the "middle finger" meant, and that he did not make the gesture anyway. In September 1965, <mask>—who, according to Mason, was "deeply apologetic"—brought Mason on the show for a "surprise grand reunion". "He said they were old pals," Nachman wrote, "news to Mason, who never got a repeat invitation." Mason added that his earning power "...was cut right in half after that.I never really worked my way back until I opened on Broadway in 1986." When the Byrds performed on December 12, 1965, David Crosby got into a shouting match with the show's director. They were never asked to return. <mask> decided that "Girl, we couldn't get much higher", from the Doors' signature song "Light My Fire", was too overt a reference to drug use, and directed that the lyric be changed to "Girl, we couldn't get much better" for the group's September 1967 appearance. The band members "nodded their assent", according to Doors biographer Ben Fong-Torres, then sang the song as written. After the broadcast, producer Bob Precht told the group, "Mr. <mask> wanted you for six more shows, but you'll never work the <mask> Show again." Jim Morrison replied, "Hey, man, we just did the <mask> Show."The Rolling Stones famously capitulated during their fifth appearance on the show, in 1967, when Mick Jagger was told to change the titular lyric of "Let's Spend the Night Together" to "Let's spend some time together". "But Jagger prevailed," wrote Nachman, by deliberately calling attention to the censorship, rolling his eyes, mugging, and drawing out the word "t-i-i-i-me" as he sang the revised lyric. <mask> was angered by the insubordination, but the Stones did make one additional appearance on the show, in 1969. Moe Howard of the Three Stooges recalled in 1975 that <mask> had a memory problem of sorts: "<mask> was a very nice man, but for a showman, quite forgetful. On our first appearance, he introduced us as the Three Ritz Brothers. He got out of it by adding, 'who look more like the Three Stooges to me'." Joe DeRita, who worked with the Stooges after 1959, had commented that <mask> had a personality "like the bottom of a bird cage."Diana Ross, who was very fond of <mask>, later recalled <mask>'s forgetfulness during the many occasions the Supremes performed on his show. In a 1995 appearance on the Late Show with David Letterman (taped in the Ed Sullivan Theater), Ross stated, "he could never remember our names. He called us 'the girls'." In a 1990 press conference, Paul McCartney recalled meeting <mask> again in the early 1970s. <mask> apparently had no idea who McCartney was. McCartney tried to remind <mask> that he was one of the Beatles, but <mask> obviously could not remember, and nodding and smiling, simply shook McCartney's hand and left. In an interview with Howard Stern around 2012, Joan Rivers said that <mask> had been suffering from dementia toward the end of his life.Politics <mask>, like many American entertainers, was pulled into the Cold War anticommunism of the late 1940s and 1950s. Tap dancer Paul Draper's scheduled January 1950 appearance on Toast of the Town met with opposition from Hester McCullough, an activist in the hunt for "subversives". Branding Draper a Communist Party "sympathizer", she demanded that <mask>'s lead sponsor, the Ford Motor Company, cancel Draper's appearance. Draper denied the charge, and appeared on the show as scheduled. Ford received over a thousand angry letters and telegrams, and <mask> was obliged to promise Ford's advertising agency, Kenyon & Eckhardt, that he would avoid controversial guests going forward. Draper was forced to move to Europe to earn a living. After the Draper incident, <mask> began to work closely with Theodore Kirkpatrick of the anti-Communist Counterattack newsletter.He would consult Kirkpatrick if any questions came up regarding a potential guest's political leanings. <mask> wrote in his June 21, 1950, Daily News column that "Kirkpatrick has sat in my living room on several occasions and listened attentively to performers eager to secure a certification of loyalty." Cold War repercussions manifested in a different way when Bob Dylan was booked to appear in May 1963. His chosen song was "Talkin' John Birch Paranoid Blues", which poked fun at the ultraconservative John Birch Society and its tendency to see Communist conspiracies in many situations. No concern was voiced by anyone, including <mask>, during rehearsals; but on the day of the broadcast, CBS's Standards and Practices department rejected the song, fearing that lyrics equating the Society's views with those of Adolf Hitler might trigger a defamation lawsuit. Dylan was offered the opportunity to perform a different song, but he responded that if he could not sing the number of his choice, he would rather not appear at all. The story generated widespread media attention in the days that followed; <mask> denounced the network's decision in published interviews.<mask> butted heads with Standards and Practices on other occasions, as well. In 1956, Ingrid Bergman—who had been living in "exile" in Europe since 1950 in the wake of her scandalous love affair with director Roberto Rossellini while they were both married—was planning a return to Hollywood as the star of Anastasia. <mask>, confident that the American public would welcome her back, invited her to appear on his show and flew to Europe to film an interview with Bergman, Yul Brynner, and Helen Hayes on the Anastasia set. When he arrived back in New York, Standards and Practices informed <mask> that under no circumstances would Bergman be permitted to appear on the show, either live or on film. <mask>'s prediction later proved correct, as Bergman won her second Academy Award for her portrayal, as well as the forgiveness of her fans. Personal life <mask> was engaged to champion swimmer Sybil Bauer, but she died of cancer in 1927 at the age of 23. In 1926, <mask> met and began dating Sylvia Weinstein.Weinstein tried to tell her Jewish family she was dating a man named <mask>, but her brother figured out she meant <mask>. With both families strongly opposed to a Catholic–Jewish marriage, the affair was on-again-off-again for three years. They were finally married on April 28, 1930, in a City Hall ceremony, and 8 months later Sylvia gave birth to Elizabeth ("Betty"), named after <mask>'s mother, who had died that year. The <mask>s rented a suite of rooms at the Hotel Delmonico in 1944 after living at the Hotel Astor on Times Square for many years. <mask> rented a suite next door to the family suite, which he used as an office until The Ed <mask> Show was canceled in 1971. <mask> was in the habit of calling his wife after every program to get her immediate critique. The <mask>s were always "on the town", eating out five nights a week at some of the trendiest clubs and restaurants, including the Stork Club, Danny's Hide-A-Way and Jimmy Kelly's.<mask> socialized with the rich and famous, was friends with U.S. Presidents and was given audiences with several Popes. In 1952, <mask> married the <mask> Show's producer, Bob Precht. From the Prechts, <mask> had five grandchildren—<mask>, Carla Elizabeth, Vincent Henry, <mask> and Margo Elizabeth. The <mask> and Precht families were very close; Betty died on June 7, 2014, aged 83. Later years and death In the fall of 1965, CBS began televising its weekly programs in color. Although the <mask> show was seen live in the Central and Eastern time zones, it was taped for airing in the Pacific and Mountain time zones. Excerpts have been released on home video, and posted on the official Ed <mask> Show YouTube Channel.By 1971, the show's ratings had plummeted. In an effort to refresh its lineup, CBS canceled the program in March 1971, along with some of its other long running shows throughout the 1970–1971 season (later known as the rural purge). Angered, <mask> refused to host three more months of scheduled shows. They were replaced by reruns and a final program without him aired in June. He remained with the network in various other capacities and hosted a 25th anniversary special in June 1973. In early September 1974, <mask> was diagnosed with an advanced stage of esophageal cancer. Doctors gave him very little time to live, and the family chose to keep the diagnosis secret from him.<mask>, believing his ailment to be yet another complication from a long-standing battle with gastric ulcers, died five weeks later on October 13, 1974, at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital, two weeks after his 73rd birthday. His funeral was attended by 3,000 at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, on a cold, rainy day. <mask> is interred in a crypt at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Blvd. References Cited sources Further reading Leonard, John, The Ed Sullivan Age, American Heritage, May/June 1997, Volume 48, Issue 3 Nachman, Gerald, <mask>, December 18, 2006. Barthelme, Donald, "And Now Let's Hear It for the <mask> Show!" in Guilty Pleasures'', Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974 External links The Official <mask> Show Website <mask> Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research.<mask> Documentary 1901 births 1974 deaths 20th-century American journalists American male journalists 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers American gossip columnists American people of Irish descent Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from esophageal cancer Journalists from New York City New York Daily News people People from Port Chester, New York Radio personalities from New York City Television personalities from New York City Writers from

Guy Debord

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<mask> (; ; 28 December 1931 – 30 November 1994) was a French Marxist theorist, philosopher, filmmaker, critic of work, member of the Letterist International, founder of a Letterist faction, and founding member of the Situationist International. He was also briefly a member of Socialisme ou Barbarie. Biography Early life <mask> was born in Paris in 1931. Debord's father, Martial, was a pharmacist who died when Debord was young. Debord's mother, Paulette Rossi, sent <mask> to live with his grandmother in her family villa in Italy. During World War II, the Rossis left the villa and began to travel from town to town. As a result, Debord attended high school in Cannes, where he began his interest in film and vandalism.As a young man, Debord actively opposed the French war in Algeria and joined in demonstrations in Paris against it. Debord studied law at the University of Paris, but left early and did not complete his university education. After ending his stint at the University of Paris, he began his career as a writer. Involvement with the Letterists Debord joined the Letterist International when he was 18. The Letterists were led dictatorially by Isidore Isou until a widely agreed upon schism ended Isou's authority. This schism gave rise to several factions of Letterists, one of which was decidedly led by Debord upon Gil Wolman's unequivocal recommendation. In the 1960s, Debord led the Situationist International group, which influenced the Paris Uprising of 1968, during which he took part in the occupation of the Sorbonne.Some consider his book The Society of the Spectacle (1967) to be a catalyst for the uprising, although perhaps a more immediately significant text was Mustapha Khayati's "On the Poverty of Student Life", published in November 1966. Founding of the Situationist International In 1957, the Letterist International, the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus, and the London Psychogeographical Association gathered in Cosio d'Arroscia (Imperia), Italy, to found the Situationist International, with Debord having been the leading representative of the Letterist delegation. Initially made up of a number of well-known artists such as Asger Jorn and Pinot Gallizio, the early days of the SI were heavily focused on the formulation of a critique of art, which would serve as a foundation for the group's future entrance into further political critiques. The SI was known for a number of its interventions in the art world, which included one raid against an international art conference in Belgium during 1958 that included a large pamphlet drop and significant media coverage, all of which culminated in the arrest of various situationists and sympathizers associated with the scandal. In addition to this action, the SI endeavored to formulate industrial painting, or, painting prepared en masse with the intent of defaming the original value largely associated with the art of the period. In the course of these actions, Debord was heavily involved in the planning and logistical work associated with preparing these interventions, as well as the work for Internationale Situationniste associated with theoretical defense of the Situationist International's actions. Political phase of the Situationist International In the early 1960s Debord began to direct the SI toward an end of its artistic phase, eventually expelling members such as Jorn, Gallizio, Troche, and Constant—the bulk of the "artistic" wing of the SI—by 1965.Having established the situationist critique of art as a social and political critique, one not to be carried out in traditional artistic activities, the SI began, due in part to Debord's contributions, to pursue a more concise theoretical critique of capitalist society along Marxist lines. With Debord's 1967 work, The Society of the Spectacle, and excerpts from the group's journal, Internationale Situationniste, the Situationists began to formulate their theory of the spectacle, which explained the nature of late capitalism's historical decay. In Debord's terms, situationists defined the spectacle as an assemblage of social relations transmitted via the imagery of class power, and as a period of capitalist development wherein "all that was once lived has moved into representation". With this theory, Debord and the SI would go on to play an influential role in the revolts of May 1968 in France, with many of the protesters drawing their slogans from Situationist tracts penned or influenced by Debord. After the Situationist International In 1972, Debord disbanded the Situationist International after its original members, including Asger Jorn and Raoul Vaneigem, quit or were expelled. (Vaneigem wrote a biting criticism of Debord and the International.) Debord then focused on filmmaking with financial backing from the movie mogul and publisher Gérard Lebovici (éditions Champ Libre), until Lebovici's mysterious death.<mask> was suspected of Lebovici's murder. Distraught by the accusations and his friend's death, Debord took his films and writings out of production until after his death. He had agreed to have his films released posthumously at the request of the American researcher, Thomas Y. Levin. Debord's two most recognized films are Society of the Spectacle (1973) and "" (1978). After dissolving the Situationist International, Debord spent his time reading, and occasionally writing, in relative isolation in a cottage at Champot with Alice Becker-Ho, his second wife. He continued to correspond on political and other issues, notably with Lebovici and the Italian situationist Gianfranco Sanguinetti. He focused on reading material relating to war strategies, e.g.Clausewitz and Sun Tzu, and he designed a war game with Alice Becker-Ho. Debord married twice, first to Michèle Bernstein and then Alice Becker-Ho. Debord had affairs with other women, including Michèle Mochot-Bréhat. Bernstein wrote a vaguely fictional but detailed account of the open relationships Mochot and she had with Debord in her novel All The King's Horses. Death Just before Debord's death, he filmed (although did not release) a documentary, Son art et son temps (His Art and His Times), an autobiography of sorts that focused primarily on social issues in Paris in the 1990s. It has been suggested that his dark depiction of this period was a suicide note of sorts. Both Debord's depression and alcohol consumption had become problematic, resulting in a form of polyneuritis.Perhaps to end the suffering caused by these conditions, Debord died by suicide on 30 November 1994. This was not the first time he attempted to end his life. Debord's suicide is as controversial as it is unclear. Some assert it was a revolutionary act related to his career. Due to his involvement with the radical Situationist International (SI), as well as his sadness at 'the society as a spectacle' being considered a cliché in later life, many think that Debord felt hopeless about the very society he was trying to shed light on. Debord was said to be "victim of the Spectacle he fought". Among the many commentaries on Debord's demise, one scholar noted: "<mask>d did not kill himself.He was murdered by the thoughtlessness and selfishness of so-called scholars (primarily trendy lit-criters) who colonized his brilliant ideas and transformed his radical politics into an academic status symbol not worth the pulp it's printed on…" Legacy On 29 January 2009, fifteen years after his death, Christine Albanel, Minister of Culture, classified the archive of his works as a "national treasure" in response to a sale request by Yale University. The Ministry declared that "he has been one of the most important contemporary thinkers, with a capital place in history of ideas from the second half of the twentieth century." Similarly, Debord once called his book, The Society of the Spectacle, "the most important book of the twentieth century". He continues to be a canonical and controversial figure particularly among European scholars of radical politics and modern art. Written works <mask> Lebovici. He was also the author of numerous short pieces, sometimes anonymous, for the journals Potlatch, Les Lèvres Nues, Les Chats Sont Verts, and Internationale Situationniste.The Society of the spectacle was written in an "interesting prose", unlike most writings in that time or of that nature. For Debord, the Spectacle is viewed as false representations in our real lives. The Spectacle is a materialized worldview. The spectacle 'subjects human beings to itself'. Debord was deeply distressed by the hegemony of governments and media over everyday life through mass production and consumption. He criticized both the capitalism of the West and the dictatorial communism of the Eastern bloc for the lack of autonomy allowed to individuals by both types of governmental structure. Debord postulated that Alienation had gained a new relevance through the invasive forces of the 'spectacle' – "a social relation between people that is mediated by images" consisting of mass media, advertisement, and popular culture.The spectacle is a self-fulfilling control mechanism for society. <mask>'s analysis developed the notions of "reification" and "fetishism of the commodity" pioneered by Karl Marx and Georg Lukács. Semiotics was also a major influence, particularly the work of his contemporary, Roland Barthes, who was the first to envisage bourgeois society as a spectacle, and to study in detail the political function of fashion within that spectacle. <mask>'s analysis of "the spectaclist society" probed the historical, economic, and psychological roots of the media and popular culture. Central to this school of thought was the claim that alienation is more than an emotive description or an aspect of individual psychology: rather, it is a consequence of the mercantile form of social organization that has reached its climax in capitalism, as theorized by Herbert Marcuse of the Frankfurt School. The Situationist International (SI), a political/artistic movement organized by <mask> and his colleagues and represented by a journal of the same name, attempted to create a series of strategies for engaging in class struggle by reclaiming individual autonomy from the spectacle. These strategies, including "dérive" and "détournement," drew on the traditions of Lettrism.As founder of the SI, it has

Guy Debord

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been suggested that Debord felt driven to generalize and define the values, ideas, and characteristics of the entire group, which may have contributed to his hand-picking and expulsion of members. The hierarchical and dictatorial nature of the SI existed, however, in the groups that birthed it, including the Letterists and the Surrealists. Debord's first book, Mémoires, was bound with a sandpaper cover so that it would damage other books placed next to it. Debord has been the subject of numerous biographies, works of fiction, artworks, and songs, many of which are catalogued in the bibliography by Shigenobu Gonzalves, "Guy Debord ou la Beauté du Negatif." Often, it is suggested that Debord was opposed to the creation of art, however, Debord writes in the Situationist International magazine ("Contre le Cinema") that he believes that "ordinary" (quotidian) people should make "everyday" (quotidian) art; art and creation should liberate from the spectacle, from capitalism, and from the banality of everyday life in contemporary society. In "The Society of the Spectacle," Debord argues that it is the price put on art that destroys the integrity of the art object, not the material or the creation itself. It is important to note that Debord does not equate art to "the spectacle."Films Debord began an interest in film early in his life when he lived in Cannes in the late 1940s. Debord recounted that, during his youth, he was allowed to do very little other than attend films. He said that he frequently would leave in the middle of a film screening to go home because films often bored him. Debord joined the Lettrists just as Isidore Isou was producing films and the Lettrists attempted to sabotage Charlie Chaplin's trip to Paris through negative criticism. Overall, Debord challenged the conventions of filmmaking; prompting his audience to interact with the medium instead of being passive receivers of information. As a matter of fact, his film Hurlements exclusively consists of a series of black and white screens and silence with a bit of commentary dispersed throughout. Debord directed his first film, Hurlements en faveur de Sade in 1952 with the voices of Michèle Bernstein and Gil Wolman.The film has no images represented; instead, it shows bright white when there is speaking and black when there is not. Long silences separate speaking parts. The film ends with 24 minutes of black silence. People were reported to have become angry and left screenings of this film. The script is composed of quotes appropriated from various sources and made into a montage with a sort of non-linear narrative. Later, through the financial support of Michèle Bernstein and Asger Jorn, Debord produced a second film, Sur le passage de quelques personnes à travers une assez courte unité de temps, which combined scenes with his friends and scenes from mass media culture. This integration of Debord's world with mass media culture became a running motif climaxing with "The Society of the Spectacle".Debord wrote the book The Society of the Spectacle before writing the movie. When asked why he made the book into a movie, Debord said, "I don't understand why this surprised people. The book was already written like a script". Debord's last film, "Son Art et Son Temps", was not produced during his lifetime. It worked as a final statement where Debord recounted his works and a cultural documentary of "his time". Hurlements en faveur de Sade (Howls for Sade) 1952 Sur le passage de quelques personnes à travers une assez courte unité de temps (On the Passage of a Few Persons Through a Rather Brief Unity of Time) 1959 (short film, Dansk-Fransk Experimentalfilmskompagni) Critique de la séparation (Critique of Separation) 1961 (short film, Dansk-Fransk Experimentalfilmskompagni) La Société du spectacle (Society of the Spectacle) 1973 (Simar Films) Réfutation de tous les judgements, tant élogieux qu'hostiles, qui ont été jusqu'ici portés sur le film " La Société du spectacle " (Refutation of All the Judgements, Pro or Con, Thus Far Rendered on the Film "The Society of the Spectacle") 1975 (short film, Simar Films) (a Latin palindrome meaning "We Go Round and Round in the Night, Consumed by Fire") (Simar Films) 1978 – This film was meant to be Debord's last and is largely autobiographical. The script was reprinted in 2007 in No: A Journal of the Arts.<mask>d, son art, son temps (<mask>d – His Art and His Time) 1994 (a "sabotage television film" by <mask> and Brigitte Cornand, Canal Plus) Complete Cinematic Works (AK Press, 2003, translated and edited by Ken Knabb) includes the scripts for all six of <mask>'s films, along with related documents and extensive annotations. Bibliography Mémoires, 1959 (co-authored by Asger Jorn), reprinted by Allia (2004), . La société du spectacle, 1967, numerous editions; in English: The Society of the Spectacle, Zone Books 1995, . Society of the Spectacle, Rebel Press 2004, . The Society of the Spectacle: Annotated Edition, Bureau of Public Secrets, 2014, . La Véritable Scission dans L'Internationale, Champ Libre, 1972 (co-authored by Gianfranco Sanguinetti); in English: The Real Split in the International, Pluto Press 2003, . Œuvres cinématographiques complètes, Champ Libre, 1978, new edition in 1994; in English: Complete Cinematic Works: Scripts, Stills, and Documents, AK Press 2003, .Considérations sur l'assassinat de Gérard Lebovici, éditions Gérard Lebovici, 1985; in English: Considerations on the Assassination of Gérard Lebovici, TamTam 2001, . Le Jeu de la Guerre, 1987; in English A Game of War, Atlas Press 2008, Commentaires sur la société du spectacle, éditions Gérard Lebovici, 1988; in English: Comments on the Society of the Spectacle, Verso 1990, . Panégyrique volume 1, 1989; in English: Panegyric, Verso 2004, reprinted 2009, ; in Portuguese: "Panegírico" [2002], . All the <mask>d's books and films as well as unpublished texts were gathered in a volume of Œuvres, éditions Gallimard, collection Quarto, Paris, 2006. "The Proletariat as Subject and as Representation" References Further reading Mario Perniola, An Aesthetic of the Grand Style: <mask>d, in "Substance", 1999, n.90. Internationale situationniste, Paris, 1958–1969. Réédition intégrale chez Van Gennep, Amsterdam 1972, chez Champ Libre 1975, et chez Fayard 1997, ; complete translations are available in German: Situationistische Internationale, Gesammelte Ausgabe des Organs der Situationistischen Internationale, Hamburg: MaD Verlag 1976–1977, ; and in Spanish: Internacional situacionista: textos completos en castellano de la revista Internationale situationniste (1958–1969), Madrid: Literatura Gris [1999–2001], .The Situationist International by Simon Ford, Black Dog Publishing, 2004, illustrated. Debord: Le naufrageur, Jean-Marie Apostolidès, Flammarion, 2016. Lipstick Traces: A Secret History of the Twentieth Century, Greil Marcus, Harvard University Press, 1990, . Situationist International Anthology, translated and edited by Ken Knabb, Bureau of Public Secrets 1981; Revised and Expanded Edition 2006, . <mask>, Anselm Jappe, University of California Press 1999, . <mask> – Revolutionary, Len Bracken, Feral House 1997, . I situazionisti, Mario Perniola, Roma, Castelvecchi 2005, .Della critica radicale – bibliografia ragionata sull Internazionale situazionista – con documenti inediti in italiano, Gianluigi Balsebre, Bologna, Grafton 9, 1995. The Game of War: The Life and Death of <mask>d., Andrew Hussey, Cape 2001, . <mask> and the Situationist International, edited by Tom McDonough, MIT Press 2002, . "The Beautiful Language of my Century": Reinventing the Language of Contestation in Postwar France, 1945–1968, Tom McDonough, MIT Press 2007, . <mask>, Andy Merrifield, Reaktion 2005, . 50 Years of Recuperation of the Situationist International, McKenzie Wark, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, 2008 . Los Situacionistas y la Anarquía, Miguel Amorós, Bilbao, Muturreko burutazioak, 2008, .Debord ou la Diffraction du temps, Stéphane Zagdanski, Gallimard, 2008. Fabien Danesi, Le Cinéma de Guy Debord ou la Négativité à l'œuvre : 1952–1994, Paris, Paris expérimental, 2011 . Fabien Danesi, Fabrice Flahutez et <mask>, La Fabrique du cinéma de <mask>d, Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône), Actes sud, 2013 . Fabien Danesi, Fabrice Flahutez, <mask>, Undercover <mask>d, (English-French),Paris, Artvenir, 2012 . External links Situationist international online Letters 1957–1994 The Marxist Critique of Religion in the Films of <mask>d <mask>d's Howls for Sade Libcom.org/library: <mask>d archive A brief biography and several texts, including Society of the Spectacle "Comments on the society of the spectacle" (1988) <mask>d and the Situationists Audio recordings and Films by <mask>d at Ubu.web Michael Löwy on <mask>d, in Radical Philosophy The Strange Life of <mask>d(French) Films / Writings and Literature on <mask>d "On <mask>d’s Films" <mask>d and the Aesthetics of Cine-sabotage Constructing Situations: <mask>'s detournement of fiction Class Wargames Presents <mask>d's The Game of War Quote: "Anyone who has skimmed <mask>d's Wikipedia page or watched the American Music Awards could condemn our culture as a masquerade, a spectacle of virtuality." 1931 births 1994 suicides 20th-century essayists 20th-century French essayists 20th-century French male writers 20th-century French non-fiction writers 20th-century French philosophers Anti-consumerists Board game designers French Communist writers Continental philosophers Critical theorists Cultural critics Direct democracy activists French anti-capitalists French anti-war activists French communists French film directors French graphic designers French political philosophers French male essayists French male non-fiction writers French male screenwriters French Marxists French screenwriters Lettrism Marxist theorists French Marxist writers Mass media theorists Media critics Philosophers of art Philosophers of culture Philosophers of history Philosophers of war Political philosophers Psychogeographers Revolution theorists Situationists French social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Suicides by firearm in France Theorists on Western civilization Writers about activism and social change Writers from Paris 20th-century French screenwriters Critics of work and the work

Dorothy Hale

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<mask> (January 11, 1905 – October 21, 1938) was an American socialite and aspiring actress. She died after jumping off a building in New York City. Her husband's death, followed by several unsuccessful relationships, left her financially dependent on her wealthy friends. The artist Frida Kahlo, commissioned by Clare Boothe Luce, created a famous painting based on her death, titled The Suicide of <mask>. Early life <mask> was born <mask>, the daughter of a real estate agent, in Pittsburgh. In 1919, after attending a convent and a drama school, <mask> left home to pursue a career. Her family hired detectives to find her, but she eventually returned when her funds ran out.With the assistance of friends, she eventually landed a job in the chorus of a Broadway production of Lady, Be Good. While she was studying sculpture in Paris, she married millionaire stockbroker Gaillard Thomas, son of the wealthy gynecologist T. Gaillard Thomas; the brief marriage ended in divorce. She married <mask> (1894–1931) in 1927. <mask> was a fresco, mural, and society portrait artist, and the married <mask> continued moving in creative and expensive social circles. During this West Coast period, she socialized with artists Miquel and Rosa Corvarrubias, Frida Kahlo, and photographer Nickolas Muray. Career <mask>'s stage work was limited to several seasons in stock companies and some work as a dancer and Ziegfeld girl. In the summer of 1935, <mask> and her friend Rosamond Pinchot, another New York socialite and aspiring actress, opened in Abide with Me, a psychological drama written by their friend Clare Boothe Luce.Though the three friends enjoyed the experience tremendously, the play was panned and it died quietly. Pinchot went on to take her life by carbon monoxide poisoning in January 1938. Personal life When her husband's car went over a Santa Maria cliff in December 1931, she was left in severe financial difficulties. No longer able to maintain her high-society lifestyle, <mask> began to accept the largesse of rich lovers and generous friends, such as Luce, with whom she was close. "We all believed that a girl of such extraordinary beauty could not be long in either developing a career or finding another husband. <mask> had very little talent and no luck." <mask> repeatedly yet unsuccessfully tried to find work as an actress.In 1932, an acquaintance with Samuel Goldwyn led to an uncredited role in Cynara, as well as a minor role in Catherine the Great (1934). Her screen tests were dubbed a failure. Affairs Numbering among <mask>'s ill-fated lovers were Constantin Alajalov, a well-known New York cover artist; the still-married Russell Davenport, a writer for Time; and Isamu Noguchi, an up-and-coming sculptor, artist, and designer. Early in 1933, Noguchi and <mask> took a Caribbean cruise, where he was introduced to many of her wealthy and influential friends from New York; many of them commissioned portraits, including Luce for a sculpture bust. Noguchi traveled to London and Paris with <mask>, hoping to find more patrons. Noguchi had begun a portrait sculpture of <mask>, but it was never finished, and its present location is unknown. In 1934, <mask> and Luce accompanied Noguchi on a road trip through Connecticut in a car Noguchi had designed with Buckminster Fuller, the Dymaxion car.The threesome stopped to see Thornton Wilder in Hamden, Connecticut, before going on to Hartford to join Fuller for the out-of-town opening of Gertrude Stein and Virgil Thomson's Four Saints in Three Acts. By 1937, <mask> was involved in a serious romance with Harry Hopkins, WPA administrator and Franklin D. Roosevelt's top adviser. Anticipating a "White House wedding" <mask> moved into Hampshire House, a 27-story apartment building at 150 Central Park South, and began putting together a trousseau, but Hopkins abruptly broke off the affair. Luce said in later years that the White House was not happy about the <mask> engagement rumors, and that may have been the cause of the break. The gossip columnists who had been reporting the engagement rumors played up the cruel jilting, causing <mask> great embarrassment. Hopkins eventually married Lou Macy, a close Roosevelt associate. In 1938, another benefactor and abandoned suitor, Bernard Baruch, advised <mask> that, at 33, she was too old for a professional career and that she should look for a wealthy husband.Baruch even gave her $1,000 with the instructions, "... to buy a dress glamorous enough to capture a husband." <mask> became despondent over her stalled career, constant debt, and unhappy love life. Death Farewell party The evening of her death, <mask> informally entertained some friends; she had told them that she was planning a long trip and invited them to a farewell party. Among the guests at this informal "last party" were Mrs. Brock Pemberton; Prince del Drago of Italy; painter <mask>, who was married to Admiral Luke McNamee (President of the McKay Radio and Telegraph company); and Margaret Case (later Harriman, daughter of Frank Case), an editor at Vogue who would go on to write The Vicious Circle. After the party <mask> went on to the theater with Mr. and Mrs. J. P. Morgan to see the Stokes' play, Oscar Wilde. After attending the theater, <mask> returned to her home—a one-room studio apartment with a kitchenette on the 16th floor of Hampshire House—at about 1:15 am, leaving a large number of friends partying at the 21 Club. She apparently spent the next four hours at the typewriter composing farewell notes to friends: one to Baruch expressing regret at not taking his advice; and one to her attorney, instructing how her estate and burial were to be handled.At 5:15 am on October 21, 1938, <mask> threw herself out of the window of her apartment. She was found still wearing her favorite Madame X femme-fatale black velvet dress with a corsage of small yellow roses, given to her by Noguchi. Though The New York Times covered her death, accordingly, Hopkins believed that Baruch had used his influence to mute the reporting of <mask>'s suicide and diffuse his involvement in the affair. In his interview for the Herrera book on Frida Kahlo, Noguchi would say of <mask>: She was very beautiful girl, all my girls are beautiful. I went to London with her in 1933. Bucky (Buckminster Fuller) and I were there the night before she did it. I remember very well she said, 'Well that's the end of the vodka.There isn't any more.' Just like that you know. I wouldn't have thought of it much, except afterward I realized that that's what she was talking about. <mask> was very pretty, and she traveled in this false world. She didn't want to be second to anybody, and she must have thought she was slipping. Frida Kahlo painting <mask>'s friend Clare Boothe Luce, an ardent admirer of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo, almost immediately commissioned Kahlo to paint a recuerdo (remembrance) portrait of their deceased mutual friend, so that in Kahlo's words: "her life must not be forgotten". Luce understood a recuerdo to be an idealized memorial portrait and was doubtless expecting a conventional over-the-fireplace portrait for her $400.After being shown in March in Paris, the completed painting arrived in August 1939: Luce claims she was so shocked by the unwrapped painting that she "almost passed out". What Kahlo created was a graphic, narrative retablo, detailing every step of <mask>'s suicide. It depicts <mask> standing on the balcony, falling to her death while also lying on the bloody pavement below. Luce was so offended that she seriously considered destroying it, but instead, she had the sculptor Isamu Noguchi paint out the part of the legend that bore Luce's name. Luce simply left the work crated up in the care of Frank Crowninshield, only to be presented with it again decades later, when Crowninshield's heirs discovered it in storage. She donated it anonymously to the Phoenix Art Museum, where it was eventually outed as a Luce donation. The museum retains ownership, although the painting is frequently on tour in exhibitions of Kahlo's works.In 2010, the painting was included in a "sweeping view" of Noguchi's career in the “On Becoming an Artist: Isamu Noguchi and His Contemporaries, 1922-1960” show at the Noguchi Museum in Long Island City, Queens, New York City. Portrayals and dramatizations Stage play The Rise of Dorothy <mask>, written by Myra Bairstow, premiered off-Broadway at the St. Luke's Theater on September 30, 2007. The play explores the life and death of <mask> through the creative process of Frida Kahlo. The play has been compared to Otto Preminger’s 1944 film Laura. Questions are raised as to whether <mask>'s death was a suicide or a murder. The original cast members were Emmy Award winner Michael Badalucco, Patrick Boll, Sarita Choudhury, Laura Koffman, Sarah Wynter, and Mark LaMura. The cast and playwright of The Rise of Dorothy Hale were featured guests of NASDAQ on October 18, 2007, to ring the closing bell.Fictional biography Lady Be Good: The Life and Times of <mask>, written by former NBC News producer Pamela Hamilton, was published on March 31, 2021. Drawing on original research, the novel portrays <mask> as a smart, talented, determined woman, upending the widely held belief that <mask> was hapless. At the heart of the novel is <mask>’s friendship with Clare Boothe Luce and the life they led in café society. Pulitzer Prize winner and New York Times bestselling author Bill Dedman said: “Meticulously researched and well told, Lady be Good is a magnificent debut novel that takes readers on an enthralling and heartbreaking journey. Hamilton beautifully captures the themes of love and betrayal, class and culture, and the price of fame.” References External links Hampshire House website Frida Kahlo's The Suicide of Dorothy Hale The Phoenix Art Museum website The New York Times review of The Rise of Dorothy Hale 1905 births 1938 suicides 20th-century American actresses American film actresses American socialites American stage actresses Actresses from New York (state) Actresses from Pennsylvania Suicides by jumping in New York City 1938 deaths Female suicides

Emin Pasha

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<mask> (born Isaak Eduard Schnitzer, baptized Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer; March 28, 1840 – October 23, 1892) was an Ottoman physician of German Jewish origin, naturalist, and governor of the Egyptian province of Equatoria on the upper Nile. The Ottoman Empire conferred the title "<mask>" on him in 1886, and thereafter he was referred to as "<mask>". Life and career <mask> was born in Oppeln (in present day Poland), Silesia, into a middle-class German Jewish family, which moved to Neisse when he was two years old. After the death of his father in 1845, his mother married a Christian; she and her offspring were baptized Lutherans. He was a student at Carolinum in Nysa, at the universities at Breslau, Königsberg, and Berlin, qualifying as a physician in 1864. However, he was disqualified from practice, and left Germany for Constantinople, with the intention of entering Ottoman service. Travelling via Vienna and Trieste, he stopped at Antivari in Montenegro, found himself welcomed by the local community, and was soon in medical practice.He put his linguistic talent to good use, as well, adding Turkish, Albanian, and Greek to his repertoire of languages. He became the quarantine officer of the port, leaving only in 1870 to join the staff of Ismail Hakki <mask>, governor of northern Albania; in the service, he travelled throughout the Ottoman Empire, although the details are little-known. When Hakki <mask> died in 1873, <mask> went back to Neisse with the pasha's widow and children, where he passed them off as his own family, but left suddenly in September 1875, reappearing in Cairo and then departing for Khartoum, where he arrived in December. At this point he took the name "Mehemet <mask>" (Arabic Muhammad al-Amin), started a medical practice, and began collecting plants, animals, and birds, many of which he sent to museums in Europe. Although some regarded him as a Muslim, it is not clear if he ever actually converted. Charles George Gordon, then governor of Equatoria, heard of Emin's presence and invited him to be the chief medical officer of the province; Emin assented and arrived there in May 1876. Gordon immediately sent Emin on diplomatic missions to Bunyoro and to Muteesa I of Buganda to the south, where Emin's modest style and fluency in Luganda were quite popular.After 1876, <mask> made Lado his base for collecting expeditions throughout the region. In 1878, the Khedive of Egypt appointed <mask> as Gordon's successor to govern the province, giving him the title of Bey. Despite the grand title, there was little for <mask> to do; his military force consisted of a few thousand soldiers who controlled no more than a mile's radius around each of their outposts, and the government in Khartoum was indifferent to his proposals for development. He showed himself a bitter foe of slavery. In 1879 General Gordon gave Frank Lupton command of a flotilla of river steamers to relieve Emin. When Lupton reached Lado almost two years later he found that <mask> did not want to be relieved. He became <mask>'s deputy, in charge of the Latuka district based at Tarangole.The revolt of Muhammad Ahmad that began in 1881 had cut Equatoria off from the outside world by 1883, and the following year, Karam Allah marched south to capture Equatoria and Emin. In 1885, <mask> and most of his forces withdrew further south, to Wadelai near Lake Albert. Cut off from communications to the north, he was still able to exchange mail with Zanzibar through Buganda. Determined to remain in Equatoria, his communiques, carried by his friend Wilhelm Junker, aroused considerable sentiment in Europe in 1886, particularly acute after the death of Gordon the previous year. The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, led by Henry Morton Stanley, undertook to rescue <mask> by going up the Congo River and then through the Ituri Forest, an extraordinarily difficult route that resulted in the loss of two-thirds of the expedition. Precise details of this trek are recorded in the published diaries of the expedition's non-African "officers" (e.g., Major Edmund Musgrave Barttelot, Captain William Grant Stairs, Mr. Arthur Jephson, and Thomas Heazle Parke, surgeon of the expedition). Stanley met <mask> in April 1888, and after a year spent in argument and indecision, during which <mask> and Jephson were imprisoned at Dufile by troops who mutinied from August to November 1888, <mask> was convinced to leave for the coast.The bulk of his forces remained near Lake Albert until 1890, when Frederick Lugard took them with him to Kampala Hill, where they participated in the Battle of Kampala Hill. Stanley and <mask> arrived in Bagamoyo in 1890. During celebrations, <mask> was injured when he stepped through a window he mistook for an opening to a balcony. <mask> spent two months in a hospital recovering, while Stanley left without being able to bring him back in triumph. The introduction of sleeping sickness in Uganda was attributed to the movement of <mask> and his followers. Prior to the 1890s, sleeping sickness was unknown in Uganda, but the tsetse fly was probably brought by Emin from the Congo territory. <mask> then entered the service of the German East Africa Company and accompanied Dr. Stuhlmann on an expedition to the lakes in the interior, but was killed by two Arab slave traders at Kinena Station in the Congo Free State, near Nyangwe, on the 23rd or 24 October 1892.He added greatly to the anthropological knowledge of central Africa and published valuable geographical papers. In 1890 he was awarded the Founder's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society. <mask> <mask> is commemorated in the scientific name of an East African species of leptotyphlopid snake, <mask> <mask>'s worm snake Leptotyphlops emini, and an East African species of Passer sparrow, the chestnut sparrow Passer eminibey. See also <mask> <mask> Relief Expedition Notes References External links A.J. Mounteney Jephson, Diary, Edited by Dorothy Middleton, Hakluyt Society 1969 <mask> <mask>'s family genealogy 1840 births 1892 deaths 19th-century people of the Ottoman Empire 19th-century explorers Pashas Explorers of Africa German explorers German explorers of Africa Zoological collectors Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism German Lutherans Silesian Jews Colonial people of German East Africa People murdered in the Democratic Republic of the Congo German people murdered abroad People of the Ottoman Empire murdered abroad German emigrants to the Ottoman Empire Kolegium Carolinum Neisse alumni People from the Province of Silesia People from Opole 19th-century Lutherans

Shō Shin

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was a king of the Ryukyu Kingdom, the third ruler the second Shō Dynasty. <mask>'s long reign has been described as "the Great Days of Chūzan", a period of great peace and relative prosperity. He was the son of Shō En, the founder of the dynasty, by Yosoidon, Shō En's second wife, often referred to as the queen mother. He succeeded his uncle, Shō Sen'i, who was forced to abdicate in his favor. Reign Much of the foundational organization of the kingdom's administration and economy is traced back to developments which occurred during Shō <mask>'s reign. As government became more institutionalized and organized, the aji (按司, local lords) gradually lost power and independence, becoming more closely tied to the central government at Shuri. In order to strengthen central control over the kingdom, and to prevent insurrection on the part of the aji, Shō <mask> gathered weapons from all the aji to be put to use for the defense of the kingdom, and ordered aji to make their residences in Shuri; lords separated from their lands and from their people were far less able to act independently or to organize rebellion, and, over time, their emotional connections to Shuri grew, those with their territory weakening.The residences at Shuri of the aji were divided into three districts – one each for those coming from the northern, central, and southern areas of Okinawa Island which had formerly been the independent kingdoms of Hokuzan, Chūzan, and Nanzan respectively. These regions were now renamed Kunigami, Nakagami, and Shimajiri, respectively, place names which remain in use today. Through intermarriage, residence in Shuri, and other factors, the aji came to be more integrated as a class, more closely associated with life and customs and politics at Shuri, and less attached to their ancestral territorial identities. The aji left deputies, called aji okite (按司掟), to administer their lands on their behalf, and some years later a system of jito dai (地頭代), agents sent by the central government to oversee the outlying territories, was established. Some aji of the northern regions were allowed to remain there, not moving to Shuri, as they were too powerful for the king to force their obedience in this matter; the king's third son was made Warden of the North, however, and granted authority to maintain peace and order in the region. The Shuri dialect of the Okinawan language used by administrators and bureaucrats became standardized at this time, and a golden age of poetry and literature blossomed. The first volumes of the Omoro Sōshi, a collection of poems, songs, and chants reflecting centuries-old oral tradition as well as contemporary events, were completed in 1532.Along with later volumes, the Omoro Sōshi would become one of the chief primary sources for modern-day historians studying the kingdom's history. The process of moving the aji to Shuri also brought about major changes to the city, including the construction of a great many grand gates, pavilions, lakes, bridges, monuments, and gardens. There came to be a great demand for masons, carpenters, and others, as well as for a wide variety of goods and materials, imported by each aji from his own territories. Okinawa Island quickly became more economically integrated, with goods and labor traveling to and from Shuri and the neighboring port city of Naha. Economic integration allowed territories to become more specialized, and the production of luxury goods expanded significantly. Various kinds of hairpins and other ornaments became standard elements of the fashions of courtiers and bureaucrats, new techniques in producing and weaving silk were imported, and the use of gold, silver, lacquer, and silk became more common among townspeople. Urbanization led to increased prosperity for merchants, traders, courtiers, townsmen and others, though historian George H. Kerr points out that farmers and fishermen, who made up the vast majority of the Okinawan population, remained quite poor.Many monuments, temples, and other structures were also erected during the prosperous reign of <mask> <mask>. A new palace building was constructed, in Chinese style, and court rituals and ceremonies were dramatically altered and expanded, in emulation of Chinese modes. A pair of tall stone "Dragon Pillars" were placed at the entrance to the palace, patterned not after Chinese, Korean or Japanese models, but after those of Thailand and Cambodia, reflecting, as Kerr points out, the reach and extent of Okinawan trade and the cosmopolitan nature of the capital at this time. The Buddhist temple Enkaku-ji was built in 1492, Sōgen-ji was expanded in 1496, and in 1501, Tamaudun, the royal mausoleum complex, was completed. <mask> <mask> successfully petitioned the Korean royal court, several times, to send volumes of Buddhist texts; In the thirtieth year of his reign, a stele was erected in the grounds of Shuri Castle, listing Eleven Distinctions of the Age enumerated by court officials. A reproduction of this stele, destroyed in the 1945 Battle of Okinawa along with the castle, stands in the castle grounds today. The reign of Shō <mask> also saw the expansion of the kingdom's control over several of the outlying Ryukyu Islands.Okinawan ships began in the late 15th century to frequent Miyakojima and the Yaeyama Islands; following a series of disputes among the local lords in the Yaeyama Islands which broke out in 1486, <mask> <mask> in 1500 sent military forces to quell the disputes and establish control over the islands. Kumejima was brought under firm control of Shuri, and liaison offices were established in Miyako and Yaeyama, in 1500 and 1524 respectively. <mask> <mask> also effected significant changes to the organization of the native noro (巫女, village priestesses) cult and its relationship to the government. He owed his uncle's abdication, and his own succession to his sister, the noro of the royal family, a special position known as the kikoe-ōgimi. He established a new residence for the kikoe-ōgimi (聞得大君) just outside the gates to the castle, and erected high walls in 1519 around the Sonohyan Utaki, the sacred space and accompanying sacred hearth which she tended. A system by which the king and kikoe-ōgimi appointed local noro across the kingdom was established, tying this element of the native Ryukyuan religion into formal systems of authority under the government. After a fifty-year reign, Shō <mask> died in 1526, and was succeeded by his son Shō Sei.It is said that after such a long reign, officials encountered difficulties in determining the proper way to conduct the royal funeral, succession rituals, and other important related ceremonies. Historian George Kerr writes that "Okinawa was never again to know the halcyon days of Sho <mask>'s reign." See also Imperial Chinese missions to Ryukyu Kingdom Notes References Kerr, George H. (1965). Okinawa, the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle Co. OCLC 39242121 "Shō <mask>." Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten (沖縄歴史人名事典, "Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History").Naha: Okinawa Bunka-sha, 1996. p41. Second Shō dynasty Kings of Ryūkyū 1465 births 1526 deaths

Jimmy Collins

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<mask> (January 16, 1870 – March 6, 1943) was an American professional baseball player. He played 14 seasons in Major League Baseball. <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1945. <mask> was especially regarded for his defense. He was best known for his ability to field a bunt—prior to his debut, it was the shortstop who fielded bunts down the third base line—and is regarded as a pioneer of the modern defensive play of a third baseman. As of 2012, he is second all-time in putouts by a third baseman behind Brooks Robinson. At the plate, <mask> finished his career with 65 home runs, 1055 runs scored, 983 RBI and a .294 batting average.<mask> was also the first manager of the Boston Red Sox franchise, then known as the Boston Americans. He was the winning manager in the first-ever World Series, as Boston defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1903 World Series, five games to three. Early life <mask> was born in Niagara Falls, New York. After graduating from St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute, he went to work for the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and played baseball in the Buffalo City League. Playing career Minor leagues <mask> began his professional baseball career with the minor league Buffalo Bisons of the Eastern League, the forerunner of the current International League, in 1893. That season, he was used primarily as a shortstop, batting .286 in 76 games. In 1894, <mask> was moved to the outfield by the Bisons.He batted .352 with nine home runs in 125 games, and after the season his contract was purchased by the Boston Beaneaters for $500. Major league debut <mask> began his major league career as a right fielder, playing ten games at the position with the Beaneaters in 1895. On May 19, he was loaned to the Louisville Colonels, again for $500. He was soon made the team's starting third baseman, batting .279 over the remainder of the season. However, his larger impact was on defense, where he played in on the grass rather than back to cut down on the number of bunt hits. National League star <mask> was returned to the Beaneaters after the 1895 season. Joe Harrington was the club's starting third baseman at the beginning of the season, but <mask> soon asserted himself as the starter, and Harrington was released in July.<mask> asserted himself as a skilled player in 1897 when he held a .346 batting average and knocked in 132 runs. He led the league in both putouts and assists as well, a feat he would duplicate in 1900. He followed with an equally impressive 1898 season, in which he hit .328—seventh in the league—drove in 111 runs and belted a league-high 15 home runs. Jumping to the American League Following the 1900 season, <mask>, who was by now regarded as the best third baseman in the game, was offered the manager's job with the Boston Americans of the new American League. He accepted the job, which came with a salary of $5,500, a $3,500 signing bonus, and a cut of the team's profits, despite efforts by Beaneaters owner Arthur Soden to keep him. The two traded accusations in the press, and <mask> went further, accusing National League owners of conspiring to hold down salaries, stating "I would not go back now if they offered me the whole outfit." <mask> recruited other National League stars for the Americans' roster, including Cy Young, and in his first season as player-manager guided the team to a second-place finish, four games behind the Chicago White Sox.First World Series In 1902, <mask> was limited to 108 games by injury, and the Americans finished third. He did hit the team's first ever inside-the-park grand slam however. The next season, <mask> led the Americans to their first American League pennant, winning the league by games over the Philadelphia Athletics. With an agreement in place for the champions of the American and National Leagues to meet in a best-of-nine "World Series", Boston represented the Junior Circuit. After losing two out of three at home to start the series, then losing the first game in Pittsburgh, the Americans won the next three in Pittsburgh, then returned home to win Game Eight in Boston to become the first-ever World Series Champions. <mask> himself batted .250 in the Series, with a pair of triples and five runs scored. Remaining career The Americans won the pennant again in 1904, with <mask> batting .271 and leading the league in putouts for the fifth time in eight seasons.However, the Americans would not get the opportunity to defend their title, as John McGraw and the New York Giants refused to play them in the postseason. In 1905, the Americans slipped to fourth place, and <mask> clashed with team president John I. Taylor, reportedly quitting on the team during the season. As a player, <mask> batted .276, but again missed time due to injury. In 1906, <mask> found himself in hot water, as not only were the Americans in last, but he himself was suspended twice, and was eventually was replaced as manager by Chick Stahl. He also missed the end of the season with a knee injury. <mask> began the 1907 season with Boston, but it was only a matter of time before he departed. For reasons that have never become clear, Stahl had committed suicide during spring training; instead of <mask>, the Americans turned to Cy Young as manager, following by George Huff, and then Bob Unglaub, all within the first three months of the season.After playing 41 games with the Americans, <mask> was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics in June for infielder John Knight. While he batted .278, he had a career-low (to that point) .330 slugging percentage, and failed to hit a home run for the first time in his career. In 1908, he slumped even further, batting just .217, and was let go. After his major league career ended, <mask> continued to play and manage in the minor leagues. He spent 1909 with the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association, then spent two seasons with the Providence Grays in the Eastern League before retiring. Honors When <mask> was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1945, he was the first to be chosen primarily as a third baseman. In 1981, Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included him in their book The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time.<mask> became a charter member of the Buffalo Baseball Hall of Fame in 1985. In a 1976 Esquire magazine article, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter", consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. Because of space limitations the Irish team, including <mask> as third baseman, was omitted. Managerial record * Remained as a player only Personal life <mask> married Sarah Murphy in 1907, and the couple had two daughters. After his retirement from baseball, they moved back to Buffalo, where <mask> worked for the Buffalo Parks Department. <mask> died of pneumonia on March 6, 1943 at the age of 73. In popular culture Boston-based Celtic punk band Dropkick Murphys recorded the song "<mask> Collins' Wake" on their 2013 album Signed and Sealed in Blood.The song, originally written by Richard Johnson, recounts <mask>' wake in Buffalo, New York, at what is currently K.O. Bar and Grill on Delaware Ave. See also Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers References External links <mask> Third Base Stylist; Couldn't Hit Ball Past Him, by Harry Grayson, June 2, 1943 1870 births 1943 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball third basemen Boston Beaneaters players Louisville Colonels players Boston Americans players Philadelphia Athletics players National League home run champions Boston Red Sox managers Major League Baseball player-managers Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players Providence Grays (minor league) players Minor league baseball managers Minneapolis Millers (baseball) managers Baseball players from Buffalo, New York 19th-century baseball players St. Joseph's Collegiate Institute alumni World Series-winning managers

Tyrese Rice

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<mask> (born May 15, 1987) is an American-Montenegrin professional basketball player who last played for AEK Athens of the Greek Basket League and the Basketball Champions League. He also represents the senior men's National Team of Montenegro. <mask> played college basketball with the Boston College Eagles. Early life and high school <mask> was born in Salisbury, North Carolina, to <mask> and Wayne Jefferson. His parents ended their relationship soon afterward. <mask> attended L. C. Bird High School in Chesterfield, Virginia, and played on the school's basketball team. In his junior and senior seasons, he earned AAA All-State honors from the Virginia High School Coaches Association.In the 2004–05 season, he led his team to a school-record 29 wins and a Central Region title, their first ever. <mask> averaged 27.0 points, 6.2 assists and 5.0 rebounds per game that season. He earned 2004–05 Associated Press (Virginia) Co-Player of the Year honors and was named (Richmond) Times-Dispatch Player of the Year. Collegiate career <mask> signed his letter of intent to play basketball at and attend Boston College on April 28, 2005. As a freshman (2005–06), <mask> played in all 36 games, averaging 9.3 points, 1.4 rebounds and 2.5 assists per game. He earned two ACC rookie honors: ACC Rookie of the Week on November 28, 2005 and was named to the ACC All-Freshman team. In his sophomore season (2006–07), <mask> started all 33 games, averaging 36.6 minutes a game.He finished the season with stats of 17.6 points, 3.4 rebounds and 5.4 assists per game. <mask> was named to the All-ACC second team, and garnered All-Tournament honors for that season's ACC tournament. In two NCAA tournament games, <mask> averaged 24 points. A highlight of <mask>'s junior season (2007–08) was a career-high 46-point performance in a 90–80 home loss to North Carolina on March 1, 2008. He scored 34 points by halftime. <mask> averaged 21.0 points, 3.3 rebounds and 5.0 assists per game. He again earned All-ACC honors, this time on the first team.In a scintillating senior year (2008–09), <mask> experienced a dip in his scoring, averaging 16.9 points a game but improved in other statistical categories, averaging 3.8 rebounds and 5.4 assists a game. He scored 9 points in BC's only appearance of the 2009 NCAA tournament. Professional career <mask> went undrafted in the 2009 NBA draft; he had been projected to be selected in the second round or go undrafted. He then joined the Greek League club Panionios for the 2009–10 season. <mask> played for the Utah Jazz in the Orlando Pro Summer League and later with Sacramento Kings in the NBA Summer League in 2010. He was signed by the Artland Dragons for the 2010–11 season, a team in Germany's Basketball Bundesliga, the top league in the country. In the 2011–12 season <mask> played for Lietuvos rytas of the Lithuanian Basketball League.In 2012–13 season he returned to Germany to play for Bayern Munich. On July 11, 2013, <mask> signed a two-year contract with the Israeli club Maccabi Tel Aviv. In his first season with Maccabi, he won the EuroLeague, with him averaging 9.5 points, 3.2 assists and 2.1 rebounds over 30 games. After beating favored Pallacanestro Olimpia Milano in a dramatic playoff series, Maccabi advanced to the EuroLeague Final Four. In the semifinal game, he was responsible for the 68–67 victory over CSKA Moscow by scoring the game-winner with 5.5 seconds left on the clock. In the championship final game against Real Madrid, he scored 26 points, leading his team to a sixth European title, after an overtime 98-86 victory. For such a performance, he was named the EuroLeague Final Four MVP.On June 30, 2014, <mask> signed a three-year deal with the Russian club Khimki. In the 2014–15 EuroCup season, he was named to the All-EuroCup First Team and selected the EuroCup season MVP. Khimki eventually won the EuroCup, and <mask> was named the EuroCup Finals MVP. On July 26, 2016, <mask> signed a two-year contract with FC Barcelona. On January 15, 2018, <mask> parted ways with Barcelona and signed with the Chinese team Shenzhen Leopards for the rest of the season, as a replacement for Keith Langford. On August 5, 2018, <mask> returned to Germany for a third stint, signing a one-year deal with Brose Bamberg. With Bamberg, <mask> played in the Basketball Champions League in which he was named the Most Valuable Player of the competition.He led Bamberg to the Final Four, where the team was defeated twice and thus ended in fourth place. On July 1, 2019, <mask> signed with Greek powerhouse Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League. On December 6, 2019, <mask> recorded a career-high 41 points, while shooting 13-of-23 from the field, leading Panathinaikos to a 99–93 overtime win over Olympiacos. In the middle of the year he announced that in the end of season he will end his career despite his age (33). Being a member of Panathinaikos he won the Greek Championship. With the Greens he had 10.1 points, 4.6 assists and 2.3 rebounds per game in A1 League and in Euroleague he had 10.0 points, 2.8 assists and 1.8 rebound per game. On August 17, 2020, <mask> signed with AEK Athens.The Basketball Tournament <mask> led Boeheim's Army to The Basketball Tournament 2021 Championship. He was named MVP of the Tournament. National team career In July 2013, <mask> received a Montenegrin passport that allowed him to play for the senior men's Montenegrin national team at the EuroBasket 2013. He also played at the EuroBasket 2017. players Montenegrin people of African-American descent Panathinaikos B.C. players Panionios B.C. players Point guards Shenzhen Leopards players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people

Estelle Parsons

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<mask> (born November 20, 1927) is an American actress, singer and stage director. After studying law, <mask> became a singer before deciding to pursue a career in acting. She worked for the television program Today and made her stage debut in 1961. During the 1960s, <mask> established her career on Broadway before progressing to film. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and was also nominated for her work in Rachel, Rachel (1968). She worked extensively in film and theatre during the 1970s and later directed several Broadway productions. More recently her television work included her most well-known role, playing Beverly Harris, mother of the title character, on the sitcom Roseanne, and its spinoff The Conners.She has been nominated five times for the Tony Award (four times for Lead Actress of a Play and once for Featured Actress). In 2004, <mask> was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Early life <mask> was born in Lynn Hospital, Lynn, Massachusetts. Her mother, Elinor Ingeborg (née Mattsson), was a native of Sweden, and her father, Eben <mask>, was of English descent. She attended Oak Grove School for Girls in Maine. After graduating from Connecticut College in 1949, <mask> initially studied law at Boston University, and then worked as a singer with a band before settling on an acting career in the early 1950s. In 1983, when co-starring with fellow Academy Award-winning actor Jack Lemmon in a new Ernest Thompson stage play in Los Angeles, <mask> appeared on the November 1 episode of The Tonight Show, telling Johnny Carson that Lemmon had been her first boyfriend, when they were both teenagers in the 1940s.Career Moving to New York City, <mask> worked as a writer, producer and commentator for The Today Show. She made her Broadway debut in 1956 in the ensemble of the Ethel Merman musical Happy Hunting. She began performing Off-Broadway in 1961, and received a Theatre World Award in 1963 for her performance in Whisper into My Good Ear/Mrs. Dally Has a Lover (1962). In 1964, <mask> won an Obie Award for Best Actress for her performance in two Off-Broadway plays, Next Time I'll Sing to You and In the Summer House. In 1967, she starred with Stacy Keach in the premiere of Joseph Heller's play We Bombed in New Haven at the Yale Repertory Theater. <mask> has received Tony Award nominations for her work in The Seven Descents of Myrtle (1968), And Miss Reardon Drinks a Little (1971), Miss Margarida's Way (1978), Morning's at Seven (2002), and The Velocity of Autumn (2014).She played Leokadia Begbick in the American premiere of the Weill–Brecht opera, Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny (1970), and performed as Mrs. Peachum to Lotte Lenya's Jenny in Threepenny Opera on tour and in New York City. In 1978 she played Lady Macbeth in the Kauai Community Players production. She also played Ruth in Gilbert & Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance on Broadway in 1981. From June 17, 2008, through May 17, 2009, she played the role of Violet Weston in August: Osage County. She continued playing the role during the show's national tour beginning July 24, 2009, in Denver. As a director, <mask> has a number of Broadway credits, including a production of Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and As You Like It in 1986. Off-Broadway, she directed Dario Fo's Orgasmo Adulto Escapes from the Zoo (1983).She served as the Artistic Director of the Actors Studio for five years, ending in 2003. In 2016, she starred in Israel Horovitz's new play Out Of The Mouths Of Babes along with Judith Ivey directed by Barnet Kellman at The Cherry Lane Theater in New York City. In 2004, <mask> was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Her film career includes an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and a nomination for Rachel, Rachel (1968). She received a BAFTA Award nomination for her role in Watermelon Man (1970), and appeared in I Never Sang for My Father (1970), Two People (1973), A Memory of Two Mondays (1974), For Pete's Sake (1974), Dick Tracy (1990) and Boys on the Side (1995). On television, <mask> played the recurring role of Beverly Harris, the mother of the title character on Roseanne; her Beverly character is the daughter of character Nana Mary, played by fellow Academy Award winner Shelley Winters. Other television credits include appearances in The Patty Duke Show, Love, American Style, All In The Family, Archie Bunker's Place, Open Admissions, Frasier, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and The Good Wife, as well as The UFO Incident: The Story of Betty and Barney Hill and the PBS production of June Moon.She played the part of Babe in three episodes of the second and fifth seasons of Grace and Frankie. She was honored with a Woman of Achievement Award from the Women's Project Theater in 2009. In 2010, she appeared in London, playing psychic Helga ten Dorp in Deathtrap at the Noël Coward Theatre in the West End. <mask>' most recent Broadway appearances include Good People (2011) and Nice Work If You Can Get It (2012). In April 2018, <mask> returned to television reprising her role as Beverly Harris, mother of Roseanne Barr's title character, in season 10, episode 5 of Roseanne. Personal life <mask> married author Richard Gehman in 1953. They had twin daughters, reporter Abbie and actress Martha Gehman, before divorcing in 1958.Her grandson, Abbie's son, is former Chicago Bears and Jacksonville Jaguars guard/tackle, Eben Britton, named for his great-grandfather, <mask>'s father. In January 1983 she married her partner of 10 years, Peter Zimroth, who has served as Assistant U.S. Attorney, Assistant District Attorney and court-appointed monitor of the NYPD's policies and practices regarding stop-and-frisk. They adopted a son, Abraham, born in February 1983. Zimroth died on November 8, 2021. Filmography Film Television References External links <mask> <mask> at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 1927 births Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from Boston American film actresses American television actresses American Shakespearean actresses American people of English descent American people of Swedish descent Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners Connecticut College alumni Drama Desk Award winners Obie Award recipients Singers from Massachusetts 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers

Jay Silva

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<mask> (born May 25, 1981) is an Angolan-born American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Heavyweight division. A professional competitor since 2008, <mask> has also formerly competed for the UFC, Bellator, the MFC, KSW, and Tachi Palace Fights. Mixed martial arts career Early career Raised on the East Coast, <mask>'s interest in mixed martial arts developed after seeing the first season of The Ultimate Fighter, and he subsequently trained under Renzo Gracie in Brazilian jiu-jitsu, having obtained the level of purple belt, and began a professional career in mixed martial arts. <mask> was a Grapplers Quest Champion for both the Heavyweight and Absolute weight divisions. Ultimate Fighting Championship Competing primarily in smaller organizations, <mask> received a call from the UFC to fill in as a last minute replacement for Dan Miller and made his debut against CB Dollaway at UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs. Guillard losing a unanimous decision. <mask>'s next fight was against Chris Leben on January 11, 2010, at UFC Fight Night 20, losing via unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27). <mask> was released from the UFC along with Kyle Bradley after his loss at UFC Fight Night 20.Bellator Silva stepped in for Paulo Filho, who was set to fight the Bellator Middleweight Champion Hector Lombard in a Super Fight at Bellator 18. <mask> was defeated via Knockout in just six seconds of the first round. On May 14, 2011, <mask> defeated Gemiyale Adkins at Bellator 44 via unanimous decision. Independent promotions <mask> scored a first round KO over MMA veteran Jaime Jara at Tachi Palace Fights 7, ending the bout in 33 seconds. On November 4, 2011, <mask> lost a five round unanimous decision to Bristol Marunde in a bout for the Superior Cage Combat Middleweight Championship. <mask> next faced fellow UFC veteran Kendall Grove on February 16 in Las Vegas, Nevada under the Superior Cage Combat organization. He won the fight via technical submission due to an arm triangle choke in the second round.<mask> next fought on May 12, 2012 against Michał Materla at KSW 19 for the vacant Middleweight Championship. <mask> lost the fight via majority decision. <mask> faced Michał Materla on September 28, 2013 at KSW 24 in a non-title rematch from KSW 19. <mask> won via knockout due to punches in the second round. Maximum Fighting Championship On November 30, 2012 it was announced that <mask> signed a multi-fight contract with Maximum Fighting Championship he was set to debut at MFC 36 “Reality Check” against Jacen Flynn on February 15, 2013 in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On February 11, 2013, MFC Announced Wes Swofford as Flynn's Replacement. <mask> was defeated by Swofford via TKO due to an elbow and punches in 41 seconds of round one.<mask> faced Ultimate Fighter alumni Sam Alvey on May 10, 2013 at MFC 37 “True Grit”. <mask> was defeated by Alvey via TKO due to punches in round three. Other promotions <mask> faced Oscar Cota in a heavyweight bout at Golden Boy Promotions inaugural MMA event on November 24, 2018. He won the fight via technical submission in the third round.

Lanny Poffo

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<mask> (born December 28, 1954), better known by his ring names "Leaping" <mask> and The Genius, is a Canadian-American professional wrestler, motivational speaker, poet, and actor. <mask> was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, to <mask>, an Italian American Catholic, and <mask>, a Jewish-American. He is also the real-life younger brother of "Macho Man" Randy Savage. <mask> grew up in Downers Grove, Illinois. Professional wrestling career All-South Wrestling Alliance (1974) <mask> made his debut in 1974, losing to Wayne Cowan in the opening match of an All-South Wrestling Alliance card held in Atlanta, GA on April 16. Poffo remained in the promotion for several months, defeating Cowan in a rematch and also gaining a win over The Great Fuji. At a card on July 9, 1974 in Atlanta he teamed with his father <mask> for the first time, defeating the veteran team The Royal Kangaroos.National Wrestling Alliance (1974–1978) Still in his rookie year, <mask> and his father then headed to Big Time Wrestling, one of the varied promotions affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance at that time. In their initial match with BTW, <mask> and Angelo lost by disqualification to Lou Thesz and Mighty Igor on November 30, 1974 at a house show in Detroit, MI. They quickly began a house show series against the team of Bobo Brazil and Fred Curry. The two wrestled as heels, with <mask> wearing a graduation gown and cap that was similar to the attire that <mask> would one day adopt in the WWF. That year they won the NWA World Tag-Team Championship, and the father/son duo held it until 1975 with successful defenses over The Mongols and Brazil & Curry. While still tag-team champions, the Poffos moved on to NWA St. Louis and continued to defend their championship. In 1975 they lost the titles and then returned to Big Time Wrestling.1976 found <mask> wrestling primarily in singles matches, both in BTW, NWA Western States, and NWA St Louis. On May 29, 1976 <mask> received his first shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Title, losing a televised match to Terry Funk on NWA St Louis Wrestling at the Chase. He would go on to defeat wrestlers such as Don Red Cloud, Raoul Guzman, and Gary Fulton. <mask> moved to Jim Crockett's Mid Atlantic Championship Wrestling in July 1976, and for the first time began teaming with his brother <mask> (Randy Savage). The <mask> Brothers immediately began touring on the MACW house show circuit, defeating such teams as Johnny Eagle & Manuel Soto and Danny Miller & Johnny Weaver and continued to wrestle together for the remainder of the year. With his brother Randy having departed MACW after February, <mask> proceeded into 1977 as a singles wrestler once more. After gaining victories over George Rossi, Herb Gallant, and Leroy Rochester, Poffo gained another shot at the NWA World Heavyweight Championship when he faced off against Harley Race at an event in Chattanooga, TN on February 4, 1978.This time <mask> was able to wrestle the champion to a draw. Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling (1978) In April 1978 he moved on to Emile Duprée's "Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling" which had a weekly television spot on ATV and toured the Maritimes doing shows seven days per week with some days hosting two shows in two different towns. That year became the first ever AGPW International Heavyweight Champion. On May 23, 1978 he wrestled his brother (now known as Randy Savage) for the very first time, defeating him by disqualification at an event held in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. Savage would later defeat his brother for the title, and the two would trade the championship in 1978 and 1979. On July 18, 1978 <mask> challenged his brother for the AGPW International Championship for a final time, wrestling him to a draw at a show in Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada. National Wrestling Alliance (1978–1979) <mask> <mask> next moved to NWA affiliate Portland Championship Wrestling and made his debut on November 16, 1979 when he wrestled Kurt von Steiger to a draw at an event in Portland, OR.Poffo faced a variety of opponents in PNW, including Adrian Adonis, Hiro Ota, and Tully Blanchard. On February 22, 1979 he unsuccessfully challenged PNW Heavyweight Champion Roddy Piper. Following a defeat to Gene Kiniski the next month, he departed the promotion. International Championship Wrestling (1979–1984) In 1978 <mask>'s father Angelo founded International Championship Wrestling (ICW), an "outlaw" rival to NWA affiliates Southeastern Championship Wrestling and NWA Mid America. Eventually Angelo would further expand and began signing talent away from the World Wrestling Association and Jerry Jarrett's Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), forming a strong rivalry with the other territories. It was into the maelstrom that <mask> <mask> entered in the summer of 1979 as he jumped to his father's promotion. He became a star in ICW and eventually became the promotion's champion, where he wrestled with and against Randy Savage.The two brothers dominated the ICW Heavyweight Championship, and over the next six years the only other wrestler to hold it was Paul Christy. <mask> would remain a mainstay of the promotion until it folded in 1984. Mid-South Wrestling (1984) Shortly before the dissolution of ICW, <mask> began making appearances in Bill Watts' Mid South Wrestling. His first matches came on October 12, 1983 when he defeated Art Crews and Doug Vines at a MSW television taping in Shreveport, LA. In December he formed a team with Rick Rude and began a house show series with The Midnight Express that carried through January 1984. <mask> then moved back into singles competition and wrestled Buddy Landell in numerous matches. Continental Wrestling Association (1984–1985) On June 18, 1984 <mask> joined his brother Randy Savage who had jumped to the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA), defeating Bart Batten & Johnny Wilhoit at an event in Memphis, TN.They almost immediately entered into a feud with The Rock 'n' Roll Express, a series that lasted throughout the summer. On October 1, 1984 he unsuccessfully challenged CWA International Heavyweight Champion Eddie Gilbert. That winter Poffo and Savage moved on to a house show series against Gilbert and Tommy Rich. In January 1985 they entered a tournament to crown the AWA Southern Tag-Team Champions, but were defeated by The Interns in the semi-finals. In the spring they began a feud with AWA Southern Champions The Fabulous Ones, but were unable to capture the titles. In June 1984 his brother departed for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and <mask> was soon signed to a contract there as well. World Wrestling Federation (1985–1992) "Leaping Lanny" Poffo jumped to the burgeoning World Wrestling Federation and made his debut on July 13 episode of WWF Championship Wrestling.Teaming with Pedro Morales, the duo defeated JA Rizzo and Barry O in a match taped in Poughkeepsie, NY. Although both brothers made appearances at the same point, the brother angle was never worked in the WWF and the relationship was never mentioned on-air. While <mask> was not a headlining WWF star like his brother, he initially built a niche for himself wrestling as a babyface. In his first role as Leaping <mask> <mask>, he would bring frisbees to the ring, read a short poem written on one of them that he himself had penned, and then throw the frisbees into the crowd. Each poem typically ridiculed the heel who he was about to wrestle, or built heat in favor of the face with whom the heel was feuding at the time. <mask> was initially undefeated in WWF competition, rolling off victories against Mr. X, Rene Goulet, Terry Gibbs, Barry O, and Moondog Spot. However he suffered his first defeat on July 27 edition of Championship Wrestling, teaming with Keith Diamond in a loss to The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff.This presages a series of losses to Jesse Ventura, Big John Studd, and The Missing Link. During his early career in the WWF, he was not a main-eventer and wrestled primarily as enhancement talent on television shows. However, rather than being squashed like most jobbers at the time, he displayed a greater amount of offense in his matches. He found great success on house shows, where he continued to defeat other undercard wrestlers. <mask> performed an agile, athletic, high-flying style at a time when big, heavy power wrestlers still dominated the promotion. He was one of the first wrestlers in North America to use moves like the Senton Bomb and the moonsault, though the announcers of the time referred to the latter as a "leaping backflip". He made his first Saturday Night's Main Event appearance on October 5, 1985 when he recited a poem at the wedding of Uncle Elmer.Entering 1986 he continued to be highly competitive against lower-level opposition, reeling off considerable house show or televised victories against Terry Gibbs, Barry O, Rene Goulet, Tiger Chung Lee and SD Jones. However he remained less successful against the upper tier of the roster and sustained losses to Hercules, and Jim Neidhart. <mask> attained some infamy in late 1986 and early 1987 by competing in a series of Bunkhouse Battle Royals in full knight's armor. He also is noted for competing in a Battle Royal on Saturday Night's Main Event X at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit in 1987, where he was headbutted and eliminated by André the Giant, causing him to bleed heavily all over the floor and have to be carried out on a stretcher. André, in his first televised match as a heel, had accidentally caught <mask> on the bridge of the nose with his headbutt and stitches were required to close the resulting wound. In February 1987 he helped to participate in another famous angle, teaming with The Can-Am Connection in a match against Adorable Adrian Adonis & The Dream Team. During the match, Adonis accidentally cut the hair of Brutus Beefcake - an angle that would ultimately lead to the latter's face turn and assumption of "The Barber" gimmick.<mask> and the Can-Ams won this WWF Superstars of Wrestling match by disqualification. In January 1988 <mask> defeated Sika the Savage Samoan on a series of upsets, and during the following month he began a lengthy house show series with the newly heel-turned Dan Spivey. Poffo continued to receive a strong push against lower-level competition like Barry Horowitz, but was unable to break through as a top tier member of the roster. He entered a house show series with Jim Neidhart following the temporary dissolution of The Hart Foundation, but was unsuccessful in these contests. His fortunes changed somewhat later in the summer when he feuded with "Dangerous" Danny Davis on the house show circuit, pinning David on multiple occasions. Entering the fall of 1988 he faced numerous preliminary opponents and embarked on a lengthy winning streak, defeating Barry Horowitz, Sandy Beach, and George Skaaland. He continued to compete against opening card talent for the remainder of the year and was largely successful.However, as he entered 1989 his fortunes began to wane. <mask> began the year with a loss to Iron Mike Sharpe at a house show on January 1 in West Palm Beach, FL, and this was followed by a televised defeat on January 13 in Boston, MA to The Brooklyn Brawler. After a smattering of wins, he then lost to Conquistador No.1 on February 20, 1989 in Worcester, MA. These were followed by a pair of defeats to Tim Horner in March 1989. Now approaching his fourth anniversary of his WWF tenure, <mask> <mask> found himself at a career crossroads. "The Genius" On March 18, 1989, still known as "Leaping Lanny", Poffo turned heel. He berated the local Boston sports teams, insulting them in his poetry, and instantly drew heat from the Boston crowd.<mask> was subsequently re-introduced as The Genius, a highly intelligent, arrogant heel who

Lanny Poffo

original

wore an academic cap and gown to the ring. After weeks of giving poetry as The Genius, he had his debut against Sonny Rodgers and defeated him. His poems now ridiculed the face wrestlers, and he adopted an exaggerated effeminate, showboating manner, similar to that employed by Gorgeous George, to draw heat from the crowd. During his matches, the Genius would often write a mathematical equation on a clipboard that would "tilt the balance of the match in his favor". <mask> began a house show series against Jim Powers that spring and embarked on a lengthy winning streak. That summer he moved on to feud with Powers' former The Young Stallions partner Paul Roma and was also victorious. His first pinfall loss under his new heel persona finally came on August 12, when he was defeated by Koko B. Ware at a house show in Richfield, OH.Aside from the one untelevised loss, <mask> remained undefeated. He was featured on WWF Superstars during the coronation of Randy Savage as the new "King of the WWF"; <mask> read the proclamation for his real-life brother. He continued to win in his house show series with Koko B Ware and at the same time began to serve as "executive consultant" (and occasional tag team partner) for Mr. Perfect. On the November 25, 1989 Saturday Night's Main Event XXIV, The Genius faced WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan and spent much of the match taunting Hogan and drawing heat from the crowd with his absurd antics. Several minutes into the match, Mr. Perfect appeared at ringside where he goaded Hogan and defaced the championship belt by sticking chewing gum on it.<mask> then tricked Hogan into following him outside the ring, resulting in Mr. Perfect striking Hogan with the championship belt and <mask> climbing back into the ring to win the match by countout. Later in the show, Mr. Perfect and <mask> destroyed the stolen belt with a hammer. This marked the first time in 21 months (since a loss to André the Giant at The Main Event) that Hogan had sustained any form of defeat on WWF television. <mask> entered 1990 firmly entrenched as a main roster player. He suffered his first televised defeat when he teamed with Mr.Perfect in a losing effort against WWF World Champion Hulk Hogan and Intercontinental Champion The Ultimate Warrior on the January 29 episode of Prime Time Wrestling. That winter he entered a house show series against Jim Neidhart and was generally victorious here as well. <mask> made his first PPV appearance at the 1990 Royal Rumble and wrestled Brutus Beefcake to a double disqualification after "The Barber" began cutting his hair and Hennig interfered. In March his momentum began to cool as <mask> began suffering house show defeats to Jim Neidhart. He also teamed with Hennig in losing efforts against Hulk Hogan and various partners. At WrestleMania VI he had his hair cut by Brutus Beefcake after Mr. Perfect was pinned; backstage Randy Savage was legitimately irate over not being informed of the angle.Shortly after WrestleMania VI, Bobby Heenan became Mr. Perfect's manager. In the meantime <mask> was programmed into a feud with Brutus Beefcake and took to wearing wigs and amateur wrestling headgear to cover the haircut that "The Barber" had given him. By the summer of 1990 Poffo had lost his feud with Beefcake and started to move back down the card. In June he renewed his house show series with Koko B. Ware; this time "The Birdman" dominated on shows around the country. The feud continued through the summer and achieved national visibility on the August 27, 1990 edition of Prime Time, where Ware defeated The Genius on television. Poffo made a guest appearance on the October 13, 1990 episode of Saturday Night's Main Event XXVIII, participating in Oktoberfest activities along with The Hart Foundation, Jim Duggan, Mr. Fuji, and The Orient Express.That winter he engaged in opening match contests with Dustin Rhodes, Shane Douglas and Jim Brunzell. After being on sabbatical for several months, Poffo returned with a flurry in April 1991, wrestling Greg Valentine, Jim Duggan, and Bret Hart. He also participated in the joint WWF/SWS tour and faced Jim Powers on each show. On June 26, 1991 he scored a major upset victory in his comeback when he defeated Jim Duggan at a house show in Lansing, MI. On the September 7, 1991 edition of WWF Superstars he became the manager of The Beverly Brothers (Mike Enos and Wayne Bloom). Unlike during his time as manager of Hennig, <mask> generally remained on the sidelines for much of the remainder of 1991 and wrestled very sporadically. In December 1991 Poffo teamed with The Beverly Brothers in six-man matches against The Bushwhackers and Jim Neidhart.In the 1992 Royal Rumble the Genius managed The Beverly Brothers to a win over The Bushwhackers. He also continued to occasionally wrestle, and picked up a televised win over Brian Costello on the July 6 episode of Prime Time Wrestling and wrestled house show matches against Jim Brunzell, Virgil, and Bob Bradley. On the August 28 edition of Prime Time, he teamed with the Beverly Brothers in an unsuccessful effort against The Legion of Doom and Paul Ellering. At SummerSlam 92 Poffo's charges were thwarted in their challenge of The Natural Disasters for the WWF Tag Team Championship; he continued to manage them until making his final appearance at the 1992 Survivor Series. Independent circuit (1993–1994) After a six-month break, Poffo returned to action in June 1993 and joined World Wrestling Superstars on a tour of Germany where he was matched against Demolition Ax. He would work later that year for the International Championship Wrestling Alliance and wrestled Manny Fernandez, Jeff Bradley, and Brutus Beefcake. In December 1993 he appeared for Anvil Promotions and Johnny West, B. Brian Blair, and Al Hardimon.On March 12, 1994 he traveled to Brantford, CT to face The Warlord. World Wrestling Federation (1994) After a nineteen-month absence, <mask> returned in May 1994 and defeated Koko B. Ware on two house shows in Florida. His final WWF match was a loss to Mabel on June 11 at an event in Richmond, Virginia. World Championship Wrestling (1995–1999) Poffo signed a WCW contract in 1995, but may have wrestled only once during his time there (two sites record him as having defeated a preliminary wrestler in a dark match at a WCW Saturday Night taping on October 14, 1997 in Fort Myers, Florida). In a later shoot interview, Poffo explained that he was contacted by his brother (Randy Savage), who was wrestling in WCW at the time, with the guarantee of a contract. Savage, who had purchased the Gorgeous George gimmick, offered the character to Poffo, feeling that his brother would generate heat as a heel. Poffo signed the contract with WCW, began an intense training regimen, and bleached his hair blonde in preparation for his return to the ring.However, as he recalled, despite being under contract for five years and receiving regular paychecks, he was never contacted with any bookings. His own repeated calls to the office went unreturned, and he was simply never used by WCW. Ultimately, Savage gave the Gorgeous George moniker to his then-girlfriend and valet Stephanie Bellars. Late career (2005–present) After a five-year sabbatical from professional wrestling, Poffo returned to be a part of Wrestle Reunion in Tampa, Florida on January 28–30, 2005, and defeated "The Royal Stud" Adam Windsor at that event. He also wrestled in Canada as part of the Supershow in Pembroke and Hawkesbury, Ontario. Poffo has toured the East Coast of Canada with UCW, wrestling in Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. After that tour, Poffo also wrestled in Poland and Florida, as well as a show in England.On May 6, 2012 in Reading, PA, <mask> teamed with JD Smooth in a disqualification loss to "Pretty Ugly" in Regional Championship Wrestling's event Rumblemania 8. On September 1, 2018, Poffo appeared at All In in Hoffman Estates, IL, accompanying "Black Machismo" Jay Lethal as Lethal successfully defended the ROH World Championship against Flip Gordon. Currently <mask> appears on ROH telecasts announcing the action, doing commentary from ringside using his extended vocabulary that he made famous during his Leaping Lanny days of the past. On March 28, 2015, Poffo returned to WWE at the 2015 Hall of Fame induction ceremony to induct his deceased brother, Randy Savage. Poffo read poems and shared memories about his brother's past. The following day, Poffo shared the stage with other 2015 Hall of Fame inductees at WrestleMania 31, representing his brother. Outside wrestling Outside wrestling, Poffo has published two books.One is a collection of poems and limericks, most of which were related to drug and alcohol awareness, directed toward young children. Poffo is a vocal opponent of tobacco smoking and also published an anti-smoking book of limericks entitled Limericks from the Heart and Lungs!. He appeared in infomercials as an endorser of Tony Little's Gazelle Freestyle exercise machine, and is a certified credit counselor and motivational speaker. In March 2013, Poffo played a K9 police officer in the Discovery Investigation network's "I (Almost) Got Away With It". In 2018, Poffo released a biographical comic through Squared Circle Comics, titled The Genius Lanny Poffo. On September 3, 2018, Poffo, alongside JP Zarka of ProWrestlingStories.com, launched a weekly podcast entitled The Genius Cast with <mask> <mask>. The podcast featured 20 episodes including interviews with Hacksaw Jim Duggan, Terry Funk, B Brian Blair, Fred Ottman, Sean Waltman, Jeff Jarrett, Molly Holly, "Eugene" Nick Dinsmore, "Hustler" Rip Rogers, Kevin Kelly, Bill Apter, Outback Jack, Keith Elliot Greenberg, Sean Oliver, Evan Ginzburg, Alicia Atout, and more.The show ended its run on January 21, 2019. Championships and accomplishments Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling AGPW International Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling NWA Gulf Coast Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Randy Savage Great North Wrestling GNW Heavyweight Championship (1 time) International Championship Wrestling ICW Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (1 time) ICW United States Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with George Weingeroff (3) and Mike Doggendorf (1)1 ICW Heavyweight Championship (3 times) NWA Detroit NWA World Tag Team Championship (Detroit version) (2 times) – with <mask> (1) and Chris Colt (1) NWA Mid-America NWA Mid-America Heavyweight Championship (1 time) NWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Bobby Eaton Pro Wrestling Lachine PWL International Championship (1 time) Pro Wrestling Illustrated PWI ranked him #229 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" 1991 PWI ranked him #426 of the top 500 singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003 1The ICW United States Tag Team Championship is referred to as the ICW World Tag Team Championship in some publications. See also List of Jewish professional wrestlers References External links 1954 births American expatriate sportspeople in Canada American male poets American male professional wrestlers American men podcasters American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent American poets of Italian descent American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent American podcasters American professional wrestlers of Italian descent Articles containing video clips Canadian male professional wrestlers Jewish American sportspeople Jewish professional wrestlers Living people People from Downers Grove, Illinois Professional wrestlers from Alberta Professional wrestling jobbers Professional wrestling managers and valets Professional wrestling podcasters Sportspeople from Calgary Stampede Wrestling alumni The First Family (professional wrestling) members Writers from Calgary 21st-century American

Kurt Johnson (entomologist)

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<mask> (born 1946) is an American entomologist who is also a recognized figure in comparative religion and consciousness studies. His scientific career began while he was a Christian monk, during which time he completed his doctoral studies in evolution and ecology. He is known in science for his writing on taxonomy, evolution and ecology (especially about butterflies) and in particular for his published research and popular writing on the scientific career of famous Russian–American novelist and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov. His book Nabokov's Blues (co-authored with journalist S. Coates) was named a "top 10 book in science" in 2000 at the Washington Post, Library Journal, Booklist and HMS Beagle. However, <mask> also became a significant figure, and writer and lecturer in comparative religion, spirituality, consciousness and integral studies, having continued as a Christian monastic for a number of years during his active scientific career and thereafter continuing as a seminary professor, writer and guest lecturer. These aspects of <mask>'s life and work are reviewed separately below. Science <mask> was associated with the American Museum of Natural History from 1976 until 1998 and subsequently with the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (McGuire Center, University of Florida, Gainesville).During this time he published some two hundred scientific articles (and several books) on aspects of butterfly taxonomy, evolution and ecology (especially regarding tropical rainforest and high mountain habitats). These publications are listed in numerous bibliographies and catalogues of the scientific literature in this discipline. <mask>'s publications, and hundreds of species and generic names created by him and a number of co-authors during that period, involved mostly "hairstreak" and "blue" butterflies. The latter is the common name for the same butterflies studied by Vladimir Nabokov during his scientific career (first at the American Museum of Natural History and later at Harvard University) before his fame as a novelist. Accordingly, after completing scientific studies on the butterfly groups pioneered by Nabokov, and the publication with Coates of Nabokov's Blues, <mask> was a significant figure in Nabokov centennial programs and events in 1999–2000. <mask> continues to work, with a number of colleagues, on DNA studies of Nabokov's butterfly groups as followup to the work he accomplished from 1976–1998 with anatomists Zsolt Balint (of the Hungarian Museum of Natural History, Budapest) and Dubi Benyamini (an Israeli scientist). In addition to taxonomic work, <mask>, Balint and Benyamini published significantly on the evolutionary and biogeographic origins of the high mountain butterflies of South America, an ongoing biogeographic mystery originally explored by Nabokov This work, and <mask>'s many popular articles on science in world periodicals (including Natural History and The New York Times Science Times) also involved him in significant conservation work, as an advisor, especially in association with The Nature Conservancy (regarding American plains-prairie habitats), The World Wildlife Fund (regarding the monarch butterfly overwintering grounds in Mexico) and several endangered species, one of which "The Karner Blue" had been discovered by Nabokov himself.Spirituality and religion <mask> was a Christian monastic (initially with the Anglican Order of the Holy Cross in New York state) and began his association with the American Museum of Natural History in New York City during that time (from 1972), and after completion of his doctoral studies in 1980. Shortly before, but mainly after, his retirement from fully active scientific work in 2000, <mask> concentrated more on activities with a monastic colleague, Brother Wayne Teasdale, a Roman Catholic monk who had become an influential pioneer in interfaith and interspiritual dialogue after publication of his books The Mystic Heart: Discovering a Universal Spirituality in the World's Religions and A Monk in the World. <mask> and Teasdale shared a background in Christian contemplation and the Hindu spirituality known as "Advaita". <mask> was ordained in both traditions and Teasdale was a well-known writer in both, with a PhD in Christian theology from Fordham University (Teasdale's last book, on the commonalities of Christian and Hindu contemplative experience was his doctoral dissertation in Theology at New York's Fordham University ). This collaboration led to them, and others, founding InterSpiritual Dialogue in Action (ISDnA) in 2002, an international association for the discussion of contemplative and mystical experience across traditions ISDnA was active with the Parliament of the World's Religions and other inter-religious discussions. After Teasdale's death in 2004, <mask> and other colleagues of Teasdale continued and expanded ISDnA, first to include an education program based on the work and writings of Teasdale, at the One Spirit Interfaith Seminary in New York City (where <mask> joined as a faculty member in 2005). Given his academic background, <mask> also maintained ties with the humanist community, serving on the faculty of the Humanist Institute and also with American Ethical Union's United Nations representative agency The National Service Conference, and publishing on religious issues in humanist publications.<mask> also involved himself with integral philosopher Ken Wilber and the integral community in establishing an array of programs on integral spirituality at One Spirit Interfaith Seminary in New York City and <mask> and another colleague of Teasdale, Gorakh Hayashi, published additional articles on Teadale's thought In 2009 ISDnA created the website resource "The InterSpiritual Multiplex: A Guide and Directory to InterSpirituality Worldwide" and, partnering with the Universal Order of Interfaith and the World Council of Interfaith Congregations founded "The Universal Order of Sannyasa" which Bro. Wayne Teasdale had envisioned and described in his books of 1999–2003. Soon after its founding in January 2010, the Universal Order of Sannyasa grew rapidly and modified its name to become "Community of The Mystic Heart (CMH), a Circle of Interspiritual Mystics and Contemplatives originally envisioned as The Universal Order of Sannyasa by Bro. Wayne Teasdale". As Teasdale envisioned, this association (organized as a religious order) serves to encourage spiritual life practice, sacred activism and advancement of the interspiritual message pioneered by Teasdale and others. ISDnA and CMH work closely, among others, with The Aspen Grove associates of Fr. Thomas Keating and the Christian "Centering prayer" movement and Eckhart Tolle, Michael Brown and others' publishers Namaste Publishing and their Namaste Global Community.<mask> was born <mask> <mask>, on July 21, 1946 in Iowa Falls, Iowa. He grew up primarily in Nebraska pursuing his BA and MA degrees at universities in Wisconsin and Iowa before entering the religious life in New York in 1969 and completing his PhD in the Graduate Center of the City of New York's program with the American Museum of Natural History in 1980. He continues to live in New York City. References Living people 1946 births People associated with the American Museum of Natural History People from Iowa Falls, Iowa American lepidopterists American Christian monks

Emil Fackenheim

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<mask> (22 June 1916 – 18 September 2003) was a Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi. Born in Halle, Germany, he was arrested by Nazis on the night of 9 November 1938, known as Kristallnacht. Briefly interned at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp (1938–1939), he escaped with his younger brother Wolfgang to Great Britain, where his parents later joined him. <mask>'s older brother Ernst-Alexander, who refused to leave Germany, was killed in the Holocaust. Held by the British as an enemy alien after the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was sent to Canada in 1940, where he was interned at a remote internment camp near Sherbrooke, Quebec. He was freed afterward and served as the Interim Rabbi at Temple Anshe Shalom in Hamilton, Ontario, from 1943 to 1948. After this he enrolled in the graduate philosophy department of the University of Toronto and received a PhD from the University of Toronto with a dissertation on medieval Arabic philosophy (1945) and became Professor of Philosophy (1948–1984).He was among the original Editorial Advisors of the scholarly journal Dionysius. In 1971, he received an honorary doctorate from Sir George Williams University, which later became Concordia University. <mask> researched the relationship of the Jews with God, believing that the Holocaust must be understood as an imperative requiring Jews to carry on Jewish existence and the survival of the State of Israel. He emigrated to Israel in 1984. "He was always saying that continuing Jewish life and denying Hitler a posthumous victory was the 614th law," referring to the 613 mitzvot given to the Jews in the Torah. Background <mask> created this concept of the "614th commandment" (or "614th mitzvah.") The "614th Commandment" can be interpreted as a moral imperative that Jews not use the facts of the Holocaust to give up on God, Judaism or—in the case of secular Jews as well—on the continuing survival of the Jewish people, thereby giving Hitler a "posthumous victory".The meaning of this imperative has been the subject of serious dialogue both within and beyond the Jewish community. Opposition to the goals of Hitler is a moral touchstone that has implications for several sensitive issues. A new moral imperative Traditional Jewish law contains 613 mitzvot (commandments) as compiled by Maimonides. These laws—365 of which are negative (e.g. "Thou shalt not...") and 248 of which are positive—cover all aspects of life. Fackenheim asserted that tradition could not anticipate the Holocaust, so one more law, a 614th Commandment, became necessary. "Thou shalt not hand Hitler posthumous victories.To despair of the God of Israel is to continue Hitler's work for him." This proposes that people of Jewish heritage have a moral obligation to observe their faith and thus frustrate Hitler's goal of eliminating Judaism from the earth. <mask> came to this conclusion slowly. A professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto and a Reform rabbi, he did not become a Zionist until 1967, when his reaction to the Holocaust and its implications for Jewish law crystallized: It was at a meeting, just before the Six-Day War. It was a meeting in New York, and I had to make a speech. Before that, the Holocaust had never been essential to my ideology. However, when the chairman said, 'You've got to face it,' I had to face it.I said the most important thing I ever said. Terminology In dialogue about this subject, choice of words is a sensitive matter. Within the Jewish community, many reject Fackenheim's assertion that this could be called a commandment. The Torah already forbids adding additional commandments. Wording that expresses this concept in the form of a commandment may also give offense. This becomes a contentious point because references to a "614th commandment" are not unique to Fackenheim. This concise term has other shortcomings besides the theological objection.To count this as an addition to Jewish law is an implicit statement that it applies only to Jews. Opposition to the goals of Hitler is a universal concept. Gentiles can respect it by studying the Holocaust and opposing antisemitism. In Christian contexts this ideal sometimes appears as the "11th commandment." Christians generally recognize 10 commandments of the Old Testament. This may give unintentional offense to Jews who recognize a different 11th commandment and may lead to confusion with other unrelated ideas that Christians have called an 11th commandment. Although there is no single formulation that expresses this concept in terms that avoid controversy, posthumous victories and Hitler appear in most descriptions.Implications Zionism Fackenheim applied this reasoning to the state of Israel and its Law of Return as a necessity to prevent a second Holocaust. Had a Jewish state existed in the 1930s, it could have accepted Jewish refugees and rescued large numbers of people. This opinion carries clout with most Jewish people although the specifics of how to apply it in contemporary politics is a subject of debate. Boris Shusteff invokes it in a conservative opposition to Israeli withdrawal from settlements. Despite the explicit connection to Zionism, few sources mention Hitler and posthumous victories in reference to Islam. Christian Palestinian Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh of the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law in Lausanne paraphrases it ironically in a defense of Palestinian interests. Where a form of it appears in the Asia Times as part of a quote from Robert Novak, the cultural resonance appears to go unnoticed.Holocaust remembrance The concept encounters broad acceptance in connection with Holocaust remembrance. In the late twentieth century, efforts to document the memories of remaining Holocaust survivors echoed the notion that preserving these facts for future generations was a way to keep Hitler and his ideas in the grave. A guide for British primary school teachers gives the concept in a guide for informing children about the Holocaust. Richard A. Cohen of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte cites it in an essay, "The Holocaust is a Christian Issue." Caution against antisemitism The phrase finds resonance within Christian communities as a rebuke against antisemitism. Methodist minister Rev. Robert A. Hill quotes Fackenheim in a sermon with this context: ...the fact is that Christianity has been pervasively guilty of latent and patent anti-Semitism and the Gospel of John has been one of its sources.We have and can learn from this failure, by carefully monitoring our use of religious language...and our Jewish brothers and sisters can teach us to continue, with Jacob, to wrestle with God. Conversion to other religions Within the broader context of religious tolerance, this concept applies to the sensitive subjects of conversion and intermarriage. Gregory Baum, a German-born Catholic theologian and Professor Emeritus in Religious Studies at McGill University in Montreal, expresses the effect of this concept on Christian views toward conversion. From the perspective of most Christian faiths, whose doctrines normally advocate conversion of nonbelievers, this represents a deep respect for Fackenheim's concept: After Auschwitz the Christian churches no longer wish to convert the Jews. While they may not be sure of the theological grounds that dispense them from this mission, the churches have become aware that asking the Jews to become Christians is a spiritual way of blotting them out of existence and thus only reinforces the effects of the Holocaust. Fackenheim's affirmation of his Jewish heritage, although embraced by many other Holocaust survivors, was by no means universal. Physicist Lise Meitner had been born and brought up Jewish.She rejected newspaper attempts to characterize her as a Jew following the bombing of Hiroshima when the press learned that she had been the first scientist to recognize nuclear fission. Decades before Hitler rose to power she had become a Lutheran. Although the Nazis stole her savings and ruined her career she refused to work on the bomb or let Hitler define her identity. Intermarriage Intermarriages between Jews and non-Jews are relatively common in the United States and Canada. Several circumstances complicate these unions from the perspective of the Jewish community. Different movements within Judaism recognize different standards for conversion to Judaism and transmission of their heritage. Social pressure generally falls upon men to marry Jewish women because all movements recognize a Jewish woman's offspring as Jews.(Note: Starting in the late 1960s and lasting until the 90s–00s, several movements in Judaism ceased recognizing Jewish women's offspring as Jews if the women intermarried. The Reconstructionist movement of the United States, followed by the Reform movement of the U.S. in 1983, declared that they would accept the children of either an intermarried Jewish father or an intermarried Jewish mother as Jews only if the children had been raised as Jews. If the children were not raised as Jews, and later wished to join the Reform or Reconstructionist movements in the U.S., they had to convert. The Society for Humanistic Judaism in the U.S. will accept the children based on their own self-identification. The Orthodox and Conservative movements in the U.S. still require the conversion of patrilineal [Jewish fathers] children, but accept the children of Jewish mothers, regardless of how they are raised. Jewish Renewal rabbis do not have denominational guidelines, and go on a case-by-case basis.) A puzzling twist to this controversy is the fact, apparently not well known, that Prof. <mask> himself was intermarried, and the Jewishness of one of his children was rejected by an Israeli Orthodox court, even though that son was converted via Orthodox ritual as a child, and is a citizen of Israel.(See, "Rabbinical Court casts doubt on conversion of son of famed Jewish theologian" in the Jerusalem Post, January 19, 2009). According to this news article, his wife converted to Judaism some time after the marriage. Jews using Fackenheim's admonition not to give posthumous victories to Hitler as a reason to dissuade people from intermarrying are apparently not aware that <mask> was himself intermarried. Criticism Rabbi Toba Spitzer finds this idea compelling yet incomplete. In a Passover essay for SocialAction.com she addresses it sympathetically before embracing the Passover tradition and its Seder ritual as a more meaningful story: ...of a people born in slavery, freed by their God, and taken on a transformational journey. It is the story of the steps taken towards becoming a community bound by a holy covenant, where social relationships are defined by the Godly principles of tzedek and chesed, justice and love. Rabbi Marc Gellman rejects it outright in a 2005 Newsweek column: I am Jewish because my mother is Jewish, and, more importantly, because I believe Judaism is loving, just, joyous, hopeful and true.I am not Jewish, and I did not teach my children or my students to be Jewish, just to spite Hitler. The same criticism was formulated by Jewish philosopher Michael Wyschogrod in his 1971 review of God's Presence in History. Wyschogrod questioned the value of a definition of Judaism that merely inverts antisemitism into a bigoted "semitism." The uniqueness of Auschwitz as a historical event, moreover, is a dubious distinction. "It is necessary to recognize that, from any universally humanistic framework, the destruction of European Jewry is one notable chapter in the long record of man's inhumanity against man." Not satisfied with criticism, however, Wyschogrod offered a traditional explanation of the Jewish claim to uniqueness and chosenness formulated in positive terms. The fate of Israel is of central concern because Israel is the elect people of God through whom God's redemptive work is done in the world.However tragic human suffering is on the human plane, what happens to Israel is directly tied to its role as that nation to which God attaches His name and through which He will redeem man. He who strikes Israel, therefore, engages himself in battle with God and it is for this reason that the history of Israel is the fulcrum of human history. The suffering of others must, therefore, be seen in the light of Israel's suffering. The travail of man is not abandoned, precisely because Israel suffers and, thereby, God's presence is drawn into human history and redemption enters the horizon of human existence. Focusing not on <mask>'s conception of Jewish identity but on Zionism, renowned scholar Daniel Shoag presents a critique of this view from within the Jewish community in The Harvard Israel Review: While Fackenheim's sentiments about the need for Jewish self-reliance in the form of a Jewish state are immensely popular, Fackenheim fails to locate a religious or divine source for his moral imperative. For Fackenheim, self-defense, and its manifestation in Zionism, are not religious values but rather things that precede religious value or stand outside of it. Thus Fackenheim locates the significance of the Jewish State in the Holocaust rather than in traditional Judaism... Perhaps the strongest rejection of <mask>'s idea of the 614th commandment comes from Rabbi Harold M. Schulweiss: We abuse the Holocaust when it becomes a cudgel against others who have their claims of suffering.The Shoah must not be misused in the contest of one-downsmanship with other victims of brutality. ... The Shoah has become our instant raison d'etre, the short-cut answer to the penetrating questions of our children: 'Why should I not marry out of the faith? Why should I join a synagogue? Why should I support Israel? Why should I be Jewish?' We have relied on a singular imperative: 'Thou shalt not give Hitler a posthumous victory.'That answer will not work. To live in spite, to say 'no' to Hitler is a far cry from living 'yes' to Judaism. Rabbi Michael Goldberg has developed this sort of criticism in his book Why Should the Jews Survive? : Looking Past the Holocaust Toward a Jewish Future. Conclusion During Fackenheim's last interview in 2000 he confronted the question, "Do you think Israel can ever come to the point where it doesn't have to be in a state of resistance?" I think it will be a very long time. But I would say this.Will the time ever come when we can say Hitler's shadow is gone? I think, yes, it will come when Israel is accepted in peace with its neighbor states. But it doesn't look like it will happen soon. Bibliography Paths To Jewish Belief: A Systematic Introduction (1960) Metaphysics and Historicity (1961) The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought (1967) Quest for Past and Future; Essays in Jewish Theology (1968) God's Presence in History: Jewish Affirmations and Philosophical Reflections (1970) The Human Condition After Auschwitz: a Jewish Testimony a Generation After (1971) Encounters Between Judaism and Modern Philosophy: a Preface to Future Jewish Thought (1973) From Bergen-Belsen to Jerusalem : contemporary implications of the holocaust (1975) The Jewish return into history: reflections in the age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem (1978) To Mend the World: Foundations of Future Jewish Thought (1982) The Jewish Thought of <mask>: A Reader (1987) What is Judaism? An Interpretation for the Present Age (1988) The Jewish Bible After the Holocaust (1991) To Mend the World: Foundations of Post-Holocaust Jewish Thought (Second Edition, added preface, and lecture) (1994) Jewish Philosophers and Jewish Philosophy (1996) The God Within: Kant, Schelling and Historicity (1996) An Epitaph for German Judaism: From Halle to Jerusalem (Fackenheim's Autobiography) (2007, University of Wisconsin Press) Awards 1969: National Jewish Book Award in the Jewish Thought category for Quest for Past and Future See also Conversion to Judaism Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Who is a Jew? Notes References Ed. Gregory Baum, The Twentieth Century.A Theological Overview, (Orbis Books Maryknoll, New York - G.Chapman, London 1999). J. A. Doull (1968). Review of <mask><mask> "The Religious Dimension in Hegel's Thought" Dialogue, 7, pp 483–491 <mask>, To Mend the World: Foundations of Future Jewish Thought (New York: Schocken Books, 1994). <mask>, The Jewish Return into History: Reflections in the Age of Auschwitz and a New Jerusalem (New York: Schocken Books, 1978). Eva Fleischer, ed., Auschwitz: Beginning of a New Era? (New York: KTAV Publishing, 1977).Ruth Lewin Sime, Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). Ephraim Chamiel, Between Religion and Reason - The Dialectic Position in Contemporary Jewish Thought, Academic Studies Press, Boston 2020, part I, pp. 108-118. External links <mask> Fackenheim archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services Jewish existentialists 1916 births 2003 deaths People from Halle (Saale) German Jewish theologians Jewish philosophers Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom Israeli philosophers Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Canada German emigrants to Israel Philosophers of Judaism Canadian Reform rabbis University of Toronto alumni University of Toronto faculty Historians of the Holocaust Canadian Zionists Holocaust theology Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors German male non-fiction writers 20th-century Canadian philosophers Prisoners and detainees of Canada Reform Zionists 20th-century German rabbis

Gregori J. Martin

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<mask><mask> (born <mask>. on May 6, 1978) is a television producer, director, and the founder, CEO, and chairman of LANY Entertainment (formerly known as LANYfilms Productions) an independent bi-coastal entertainment company. <mask> is best known for his digital drama series The Bay, for which he won the 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series and the 2016, 2017, and 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series. <mask> is also known for the theatrically released independent vampire thriller Raven, a feature film produced by GruntWorks Entertainment where he originally served as a producer, director and as president for approximately four years. <mask> is currently in development on a six-hour miniseries titled The Disciples that was sold to Sony Entertainment and serves as co-executive producer and head writer of the made-for-TV miniseries. <mask> also serves as co-executive producer and director of the Daytime Emmy-nominated situation comedy This Just In for Associated Television International (ATI). <mask> was awarded the 2011 Indie Series Award for Outstanding Directing for his work on The Bay and was again nominated in 2016, 2017, and 2018. Career Around 2000, <mask> wrote and produced several experimental projects and TV pilots including Waterfront, directed by Richard J. Lewis.In the Spring of 2005 he made his directorial debut for the stage with Crucify!, a self-written original play following the crucifixion and resurrection of <mask> of Nazareth. It was at that time he turned to directing films. In 2006, <mask> directed, wrote and produced two feature motion pictures, His first film MARy, an indie horror film based on the urban legend Bloody Mary, shot on location in Los Angeles County. Relocating to the East Coast, he began production as a producer, director, and co-writer of Manhattanites, a feature dramedy starring several Emmy-nominated stars from the ABC and CBS daytime soap operas. In 2007, <mask> moved back to Los Angeles, where he wrote, produced, and directed a passion project called Skeletons in the Desert, It was this project that brought <mask> to collaborate with GruntWorks Entertainment where he helped manage and control all aspects of production for four years. With GruntWorks, <mask> directed and co-produced the film <mask>, screened at the Terror Film Festival in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Additional Gruntworks collaborations include The Intruders and Sebastian.<mask> completed his tenth feature film, The Southside, based on the true story and tragic death of his cousin, Robert Areizaga <mask>. Currently in post-production, <mask>'s eleventh feature film, A Place Called Hollywood, is a satire that tells the cutting-edge story of a young man who pursues his dream in becoming a famous actor and gives a glimpse of the harsher side of Hollywood. In 2013, <mask> served as a story consultant and behind the scenes producer for the TV Guide Network (TVGN) documentary Who Shot the Daytime Soap? <mask> has also appeared as an actor, performing in various television and film roles including an appearance as a police officer on ABC's General Hospital, as a terrorist on PAX-TV in The Heroes of Flight 93, in the supporting role of "<mask>" in the indie feature motion picture comedy Amber Sunrise, and multiple supporting and cameo roles in his films. Lights Out, a screenplay of <mask>'s, is in production by the independent film company Mystery Inc. Entertainment. Digital Drama Series <mask> is the creator, writer, director and executive producer of the digital drama series The Bay, which premiered in September 2010. Recognized by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (NATAS), <mask> has since won a 2016 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series for The Bay, a 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approaches Drama Series, and the 2016, 2017, and 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Digital Daytime Drama Series for the series.In 2018, <mask> won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing in a Digital Drama Series for his work on The Bay, <mask> was previously nominated in 2012 for Outstanding Special Class Short Format Daytime for The Bay. The Bay was featured in the September 20–26, 2010 issue of TV Guide as Top Shows Worth Watching in 2010–2011. In December 2010, <mask> was named by We Love Soaps as one of the 15 Most Fascinating People of 2010 for the creation of the series. Personal life <mask> resides in Hollywood, California. He is a native New Yorker and father of two children, Dante Aleksander (born 2001) and Isabella Rain (born 2008). Filmography Producer / Director / Screenwriter Manhattanites (2008) <mask> (2008) MARy (2008) Skeletons in the Desert (2008) The Intruders (2009) Raven (2009) Lights Out (2010) Sebastian (2011) The Southside (2015) Place Called Hollywood (2015) The Last Whistle (2018) FraXtur (2018) Class Act (2019) The Bay (98 episodes, 2010–2017) (TV) Film actor Better Living (1998) as Teen Neighbor The Hole (2000) as Green Big Apple (2002) as Gigilo G The Guru (2002) as Devout Follower Amber Sunrise (2006) as <mask> Spiritual Warriors (2007) as Resident of Atlantis Manhattanites (2008) as Charlie Dean <mask> (2008) as Dante Abrams MARy (2008) as Priest Skeletons in the Desert (2008) as David Grey The Intruders (2009) as Bartender Raven (2009) as Dr. Ahn Lights Out (2010) as Soap Actor Sebastian (2011) as Officer Castillo The Southside (2015) as Detective Velez Television actor Get a Life (1 episode, 1997) The $treet (1 episode, 2000) as Carlos Law & Order (1 episode, 2001) as Det. Vic Perez Oz (1 episode, 2002) as Inmate Grey's Anatomy (1 episode, 2005) as Orderly The Heroes of Flight 93 (2006) as Ahmed Al Nami General Hospital (6 episodes, 2005–2006) as Police Officer The Bay (2 episodes, 2012–2014) (TV) as P.I.Clark References External links 1978 births Male actors from New York (state) American male film actors American male soap opera actors Living people People from Yonkers, New York Film producers from New York (state) American male screenwriters Film directors from New York (state) Screenwriters from New York (state) American writers of Italian descent American people of Puerto Rican descent American film directors of Italian descent

Geof Darrow

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<mask> "<mask><mask> (born October 21, 1955) is an American comic book artist, best known for his work on comic series Shaolin Cowboy, Hard Boiled and The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, which was adapted into an animated television series of the same name, as well as his contributions to The Matrix series of films. <mask>'s approach to comics and art has been cited as an influence by a multitude of artists including Peter Chung, Frank Quitely, Seth Fisher, Eric Powell, Frank Cho, Juan José Ryp, James Stokoe, Chris Burnham, Aaron Kuder, Nick Pitarra, and others. Early life <mask> was born on October 21, 1955, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. He attended a Catholic school for thirteen years. <mask> read comics, mostly DC, from an early age, but he only decided to pursue a career in illustration after first seeing Jack Kirby's work in Fantastic Four Annual #3. As a teenager, he encountered Maurice Horn's The World Encyclopedia of Comics, which contained excerpts from Lieutenant Blueberry illustrated by Jean Giraud, whose art further affected his outlook on comics. <mask> sought out all available Blueberry volumes, gradually moving to other European works, such as Jean-Claude Mézières' Valérian and Greg and Hermann's Bernard Prince.Career After graduating from Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, <mask> worked as a freelance illustrator for various advertising agencies. In the late 1970s, he moved to Los Angeles and joined Hanna-Barbera, where he worked as a character designer on a number of cartoon series, most notably Super Friends in its various incarnations. During his time in animation, <mask> became acquainted with such comic and animation industry figures as Jack Kirby, Alex Toth, Tex Avery and Dave Stevens. In 1982, <mask> met French comic book creator and his artistic idol Mœbius, who was staying in Los Angeles while working on Tron for Disney. Upon learning that <mask> is an artist interested in creating comics, Mœbius arranged a meeting for him with Les Humanoïdes Associés, the publisher of French science fiction anthology Métal Hurlant, and offered to collaborate on some sort of project. Eventually, <mask> moved to France to be able to work with Giraud more closely as the two were planning to produce a comic strip written by Mœbius and drawn by <mask>, but Giraud had left France for Tahiti two weeks after <mask>'s arrival. Despite that, they were able to produce an art portfolio titled La Cité Feu, penciled by <mask>, inked and colored by Mœbius, published in 1984 by Éditions Ædena.The meeting with Les Humanoïdes Associés resulted in <mask>'s first published comics work which was also the debut of his character Bourbon Thret. The following year, the story was reprinted in Geof Darrow Comics and Stories along with a new one, also starring Bourbon Thret, and several pin-ups colored by Mœbius, Tanino Liberatore and François Boucq. The volume was also released as a limited edition accompanied by Darrow Magazine, which mostly consisted of illustrated private jokes from various French comic artists. Mistaking the Magazine for an actual periodical publication, a number of artists contacted <mask> and sent him their portfolios in hopes of doing artwork for the magazine. During one of their stays in Los Angeles, Mœbius introduced <mask> to Frank Miller, which led to a friendship and a number of comics collaborations. <mask>, Miller and Steve Gerber started developing a Superman series as part of the Metropolis proposal, then after the idea fell through, Miller offered <mask> to work on a Daredevil story he was writing that would delve into the character's origin. Eventually, Miller realized he didn't want to be the person to bring <mask> into the world of Big Two work-for-hire, and the two focused on developing their own story.As <mask> has never worked with a writer before, he often strayed from the script, prompting Miller to make a number of significant changes to the story.<ref name="vice">{{cite web|url=http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/comics-legend-geof-darrow-talks-ibig-guyis-20th-anniversary |last=Furino |first=Giaco |title=Comics Legend Geof <mask> Talks Big Guys 20th Anniversary |publisher=Vice |date=November 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911230812/http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/comics-legend-geof-darrow-talks-ibig-guyis-20th-anniversary |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Between 1990 and 1992, Dark Horse published the three-issue mini-series titled Hard Boiled, which earned Miller and <mask> the 1991 Eisner Award in the "Best Writer/Artist Team" category. After Hard Boiled, Darrow wanted to do a superhero story, specifically, an Iron Man story, although Marvel wasn't interested. Miller and <mask> started developing the concept into their next project, The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot. This time, they worked in the so-called "Marvel style": Miller wrote a few paragraphs describing the general plot, from which <mask> drew the eighty-page story, which Miller then wrote the dialogue over. Between 1993 and the series' first issue, released in 1995, the characters of Big Guy and Rusty appeared in a number of Darrow-illustrated posters and pin-ups, occasionally crossing over with other creator-owned characters such as Spawn and Ash. In 1994, Dark Horse started a new imprint titled Legend, spear-headed by Frank Miller and John Byrne and encompassing works by various creators including Art Adams, Mike Mignola and Darrow. The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot was published in two issues in 1995 and 1996 under the Legend imprint.Between the release of the first and the second issues, the characters also appeared in two issues of Mike Allred's Madman, which was also published under the Legend imprint at the time. The comic book was later adapted into a 26-episode animated series of the same name, produced by Columbia TriStar Television and Dark Horse Entertainment, airing for two seasons from 1999 to 2001. After finishing Big Guy and Rusty, <mask> decided to return to his Bourbon Thret character but felt he needed to "adapt" him for the American audience. Meanwhile, relative unknowns the Wachowskis (having only directed the 1996 film Bound, as a low budget "audition piece"), impressed by <mask>'s art for Hard Boiled, wanted to work with him on their production for The Matrix. Warner Bros. contacted <mask>, and after reading the script he agreed to work on the film. Wachowskis also brought comic book artist Steve Skroce from their short stint on Epic Comics' Ectokid, and the two proceeded to work on the concepts and storyboards which, when finished, played a pivotal role in getting the movie greenlit and financed. The Wachowskis later brought in <mask> as the conceptual designer on Speed Racer, although his contributions were significantly smaller compared to The Matrix trilogy.In 1999, shortly after the release of the first Matrix film, the Wachowskis announced they'll be working on an animated adaptation of Hard Boiled but the project was cancelled due to Miller not wanting to see his creation as an animated film. In 2019, Warner Bros. announced that <mask> and Skorce will be returning as storyboard artists and concept designers for the production of the fourth installment of The Matrix. After finishing work on The Matrix trilogy, the Wachowskis set up a publishing house, Burlyman Entertainment, for which <mask> provided the logo illustration. Burlyman's output consisted of two paperbacks of The Matrix Comics collecting the short comic stories from The Matrix website, as well as seven issues of <mask>'s Shaolin Cowboy, published between 2005 and 2007, and six issues of Doc Frankenstein, a Wachowskis-written and Skroce-drawn series originating from a concept developed by <mask>, which he described as "Doc Savage meets Citizen Kane". In 2009, it was announced that the Wachowskis and Circle of Confusion were producing an animated feature of Shaolin Cowboy, subtitled Tomb of Doom, written and co-directed by <mask>, and animated by Madhouse. <mask> spent a year living in Japan and working on the production which was halted after the American financiers, The Weinstein Company, backed out. Around half of the footage was finished, and some of the completed scenes and pencil tests were shown at San Diego Comic Con in 2012 and Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo in 2015.The film was supposed to feature a sequence animated by Masaaki Yuasa. In 2012, Shaolin Cowboy resumed publication at Dark Horse with a 96-page book stylized as a pulp magazine containing a Shaolin Cowboy prose story written by Andrew Vachss (with whom <mask> has had a working relationship dating back to the early 90s) with spot illustrations by <mask>, a prose story by Michael A. Black with spot illustrations by Gary Gianni and one-page strips written and drawn by <mask>. The book was followed by The Shaolin Cowboy, a four-issue mini-series subtitled Shemp Buffet for the collected edition, and The Shaolin Cowboy: Who Will Stop the Reign?, another four-issue mini-series, which incorporated some the visual ideas from the unfinished animated feature. In 2015, DC Comics announced <mask> as the artist for the supplemental mini-comic to the third issue of Frank Miller and Brian Azzarello's The Dark Knight III: The Master Race, as well as the variant covers for issues 3 and 4, though none of his contributions were ultimately realized. Meanwhile, Dark Horse issued a press release announcing the first English-language collection of the Bourbon Thret strips, to be partially re-colored by Dave Stewart. Since then, Dark Horse has re-released Hard Boiled and The Big Guy and Risty the Boy Robot with new coloring by Stewart as well as the entirety of Shaolin Cowboy in a uniform format.As of 2019, the Bourbon Thret collection still hasn't been released. Over the course of his career, <mask> has contributed storyboards and conceptual designs for a number film productions, many of which ended up cancelled, including J. J. Abrams' Superman: Flyby, an animated feature by Ridley Scott, one of Hollywood's attempts at adapting Akira and Alex Proyas' adaptation of Paradise Lost. Outside of comics and film, <mask> has contributed artwork to a number of trading card series, including Magic: The Gathering, Star Wars Galaxy, Witchblade, The Shadow and Madman, as well as promotional posters,Acclaimed Artists Create a Quartet of Original Rise of the Tomb Raider Posters CD covers and role-playing games. <mask> also serves on the national advisory board of PROTECT: The National Association to Protect Children. Awards 1991: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest Artist (for Hard Boiled - Dark Horse) 1991: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinnerBest Writer/Artist or Writer/Artist Team (with Frank Miller, for Hard Boiled - Dark Horse) 1996: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinnerBest Penciller/Inker (for The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot - Dark Horse/Legend) 2005: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest Best Penciller/Inker or Penciller/Inker Team (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment) 2005: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsNomineeBest New Series (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment) 2006: Will Eisner Comic Industry AwardsWinner'''Best Writer/Artist (for Shaolin Cowboy - Burlyman Entertainment) 2012: PROTECT Messenger Award 2012: Inkpot Award Influences Darrow has stated in interviews that he considers Jack Kirby, Hergé, Mœbius (to whom he dedicated The Shaolin Cowboy: Who Will Stop the Reign? ), Jean-Claude Mézières, Hermann, François Boucq, Osamu Tezuka, Katsuhiro Otomo, Sanpei Shirato, Vaughn Bode, Jack Davis, Richard Corben, as well as the films of Anthony Mann as his artistic influences. Shaolin Cowboy in particular was inspired by the television series Kung Fu, Akira Kurosawa’s Yojimbo and Shintaro Katsu's portrayal of Zatoichi.Filmography Film Television <mask> contributed character designs to a number of Hanna-Barbera cartoon shows: Super Friends (1981–1983) Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show (1984) The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians (1985) Richie Rich (1982) Pac-Man (1983) The Biskitts (1983) Pink Panther and Sons (1984) He's also credited as "model designer" for CBS' Garbage Pail Kids (1987) and "monster designer" for the adaptation of The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999–2001). Bibliography Early work La Cité Feu (eight-plate full-color portfolio created in collaboration with Mœbius, Ædena, 1984) Métal Hurlant #101: "Bourbon Thret: Terreur Paroissiale" (w/a, anthology, Les Humanoïdes Associés, 1984) A colorized version of the story with rearranged layouts was reprinted in English as "Bourbon Thret: Parochial Terror" in Heavy Metal vol. 8 #12 (1985) A recolored version of the story with the Heavy Metal layouts was reprinted in French as "La Paroisse Infernale" in Geof Darrow Comics and Stories (1986) L'Univers de Gir: "Hommage à Gir" (black-and-white illustration for an interview with Mœbius conducted by Darrow, 94 pages, Dargaud, 1986, ) La bande à Renaud: "Au pays des Gavroches" (two-page full-color illustration, anthology graphic novel, 44 pages, Dargaud, 1986, ) Airboy vol. 2 #12: "I Don't Need My Grave, Part Two" (inks on Bill Jaaska, written by Chuck Dixon, co-feature, Eclipse, 1986) East Meets West (ten-plate full-color portfolio story about the adventures of Bourbon Thret and Clint Eastwood, Ædena, 1986) Geof Darrow Comics and Stories (w/a, full-color, 55 pages, Ædena, 1986, ) Contains a new Bourbon Thret story, "Les Requins aussi aiment le Cola-Cola", and several pin-ups. Reprinted by Dargaud under the Neopolis imprint as Bourbon Thret (45 pages, 1995, ) Les Magiciens d'eau: "Sead" (w/a, anthology graphic novel, 44 pages, Bandes Originales, 1987, ) A black-and-white version of the story with rearranged layouts was reprinted in Dark Horse Presents #19 (Dark Horse, 1988) Original version of the story was reprinted in black and white in Crisis Presents #3: Second Xpresso Special (Fleetway, 1991) Strip AIDS U.S.A.: "Untitled" (w/a, one-page story, anthology graphic novel, 140 pages, Last Gasp, 1988, ) Pilote et Charlie #27: "Un Américain à Paris" (two-page full-color illustration for an article, anthology, Dargaud, 1988) The Rocketeer Adventure Magazine #2–3 (uncredited art assist to Dave Stevens, Comico, 1988; Dark Horse, 1995) Dark Horse Comics Cheval Noir (black-and-white anthology, 1989–1991): Title page illustrations in #1–2, 4, 6, 9–10, 12 and 14. Back cover illustrations in #1–6, 8–9, 11, 13–15, 17 and 18. Table of Contents illustrations in #1–2, 4–5, 7–8, 11, 13, 16–17 and 19.Humorous one-page stories about <mask>'s career (written and illustrated by <mask>) in #3 and 4. 2 #1–15, 17–36 and vol. 3 #1–33) Black-and-white and full-color illustrations for Andrew Vachss-penned prose stories (in vol. 2 #10–11 and 13) "A Conversation with <mask> <mask>" (interview conducted by Mike Richardson; in vol. 2 #22 and on Dark Horse's blog) "Terror Comes Forth on the Fourth!!!!!!" (w/a, Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot short story + a pin-up gallery, in vol. 3 #1) Shaolin Cowboy (w/a): The Adventure Magazine (with Andrew Vachss, Michael A.Black and Gary Gianni, 96 pages, 2012, ) The Shaolin Cowboy #1–4 (2013–2014) collected as Shaolin Cowboy: Shemp Buffet (hc, 136 pages, 2015, ) Who'll Stop the Reign? #1–4 (2017) collected as Shaolin Cowboy: Who'll Stop the Reign?

Stephan Huber

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<mask> (born 1952 in Lindenberg im Allgäu) is a German sculptor and object artist. Life After his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (1971–1978), <mask> received a grant for the P.S.1 studio programme in New York (now MoMA PS1). He has since exhibited internationally, including Documenta VIII in 1987 and the Venice Biennale in 1999 as well as numerous one person shows (Kunstverein Hannover, Museum der bildenden Künste Leipzig, Kunsthalle Mannheim, Von-der-Heydt-Museum, Wuppertal, Third Eye Centre, Glasgow, Villa Romana, Florence, Bonner Kunstverein, Westfälischer Kunstverein, Münster, Lenbachhaus, Munich and others). Since 2004, he has been a professor at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts and a member of the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts. <mask> lives in Munich and in eastern Allgäu. Work <mask>'s oeuvre is characterized by a narrative language which distills the conceptional and experiential world of the artist into striking images with immediate emotional impact. <mask> often makes himself the protagonist of his works, thematizing his homeland and childhood as well as giving artistic expression to what he sees, reads, and remembers, and thus delineates the social, geographical, and intellectual horizon within which he moves.The autobiographical references—for example, models of radiantly white mountains, upper middle-class interiors, and his parental home—not only are to be understood as aesthetic psychograms of the artist, but also combine with fictional elements and art-historical, political, or literary references so as to give rise to personally colored but simultaneously universal, archetypal symbols of social or emotional states. One fundamental aspect of <mask>'s oeuvre is a deliberate play with disturbing estrangement. "In the tradition of Munich Dadaism", his sculptures and installations work with a transposition of the customary context of objects as well as with unusual perspectives, altered sizes, logical paradoxes, and unexpected occurrences. Reciprocally related individual works are often joined into spatial passages which are meant to be explored in succession, for example in the exhibition "8,5 Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J." ("8½-Room Apt. for Artist, 49 Years Old") at the Lenbachhaus Gallery in Munich.The sometimes emotionally overwhelming aesthetic through which <mask> situates himself in the tradition of the Bavarian-Baroque world theater becomes broken and humanized through a humorous revelation of its mechanisms, an ironic distancing, or an unexpected turn of events. In addition to space-encompassing installations and works in public spaces, <mask>'s oeuvre also includes graphic works, films, plays for puppet theater, and performative projects. Jahrhundert, Main Tower, Frankfurt am Main 1998 Grünes Dach, HUK-Coburg-Versicherung, Coburg 1998 Dächer, Hamburg-Mannheimer Versicherung, Hamburg 1997 Gran Paradiso, New Munich Trade Fair Center 1994 Hauptbahnhof Nord, installation in the subway station Hauptbahnhof Nord, Hamburg (with Raimund Kummer) 1992 Die Alpen, fountain, Munich Airport 1989 Meinwärts (Else Lasker-Schüler memorial), Wuppertal 1987 Rote Sonnen, four mosaics, Kokerei Zollverein, Essen Exhibitions (Selection) 2011 Graz, Kunsthaus: Die Vermessung der Welt. Heterotopien und Wissensräume in der Kunst 2010 Ulm, Kunstverein: from the bergs 2 (solo exhibition) 2010 Århus, ARoS: I LOVE YOU 2010 Potsdam, Villa Schöningen: 1989 2010 Essen, Emscherkunst.2010 2009 Bonn, Kunstmuseum: Reloaded 2009 Vienna, Kunsthalle: 1989. Ende der Geschichte oder Beginn der Zukunft 2009 Hamburg, Kunsthalle: MAN SON 1969. Vom Schrecken der Situation 2008 Saragossa, Expo 2008: El mundo del hielo 2006 Karlsruhe, ZKM: Lichtkunst aus Kunstlicht 2006 Vienna, Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien (MUMOK): Why pictures now 2006 Bolzano, Messner Mountain Museum: In die Berge schreien 2006 Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste: Ballkünstler 2005 Munich, Kubus im Petuelpark: Kalte Kammer (solo exhibition) 2005 Metz, FRAC Lorraine: Quand les latitudes deviennent suisses 2005 Berlin, Palast der Republik: Fraktale 04 2003 Essen, Museum Folkwang: Klopfzeichen – Wahnzimmer 2003 Bremen, Städtische Galerie: NO CITY – NO ART 2003 Hanover, Kunstverein: Die Lust des Kartographen 2002 Munich, Lenbachhaus: 8,5 Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J.(solo exhibition) 2002 Heidelberg, Kunstverein: Der Berg 2002 Bolzano, Museion: Stanze II 2001 Hanover, Kunstverein: 7,5 Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J. (solo exhibition) 2001 Leipzig, Museum der bildenden Künste: 8-Zi.-Whg. f. Künstler, 49 J. cat. Westfälischer Kunstverein Münster 1982, with text by Thomas Deecke <mask>, Lager im Kopf, 1983, Verlag Hubert Kretschmer, Munich <mask>, exhib. cat.Bonner Kunstverein, 1984, with texts by Margarethe Jochimsen, Helmut Friedel, <mask>, Michael Schwarz, Thomas Deecke, Hermann Pitz Das Engadinprojekt, 1987, Künstlerhaus Bethanien, Berlin, with an interview between <mask> and Uwe M. Schneede <mask>, 1989, Künstler, Kritisches Lexikon der Gegenwartskunst, text by <mask>-Wulffen <mask>, Raimund Kummer, 1991, exhib. cat. Hamburger Kunsthalle, with texts by Monika Steinhausen, Uwe M. Schneede, Armin Zweite, Thomas Deecke, Margarethe Jochimsen, Helmut Friedel et al. <mask>, Nordwand Südkreuz, 1993, exhib. cat. Von der Heydt-Museum Wuppertal, with texts by Ludger Derenthal and <mask> <mask>, Raimund Kummer, Hauptbahnhof Nord, 1994, Hamburg Culture Office, with texts by Uwe M. Schneede, Achim Könneke, Ludger Derenthal <mask>, Bauplatz, 1994, exhib. cat.Kunsthalle Mannheim, with an interview between Jochen Kronjäger and <mask> Vier Texte zu <mask> Huber, 2001, exhib. cat. Kunstverein Hannover, Museum der bildenden Künste in Leipzig, Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus in Munich, four volumes in slipcase ...auf einer unsichtbaren strasse auf der höhe ihrer fenster...., 2006, catalogue for the Art Project Petuelpark, Prestel Verlag, Munich / New York, with texts by Uwe M. Schneede and <mask> Montags bei Petula Park. 12 performative evenings in Café Petuelpark, 2008, edited by <mask> and the Lenbachhaus in Munich Hans-Jürgen Hafner: <mask>ber. Leibniz, Larifari und der Teufel, 2008, Kunstforum 191 Evelyn Schels: Vor den Bergen: Der Bildhauer <mask>ber, film documentation, first broadcast on 21 November 2010, Bayerisches Fernsehen References External links Website <mask>ber Website of <mask>'s class at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich Pathos, Poesie & Subversion: Der Bildhauer <mask> Huber. radio portrait by Judith Schnaubelt, Zündfunk, 14 November 2010 mp3 podcast Explanatory statements by juries upon awarding the Kunstpreis München 2008 and the Rolandpreis Bremen 2006 to <mask> 1952 births People from Lindenberg im Allgäu Living people German sculptors German male sculptors

Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau

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<mask>, born on 24 December 1851 in Saint-Affrique (Aveyron) and died on 19 March 1944 in Montastruc-la-Conseillère (Haute-Garonne) at the Château de Lasserre, was a French army general, army group commander and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces during the First World War. Elected deputy in 1919, president of the Commission of the army during the legislature, he then took the head of a confessional political movement, the Fédération Nationale Catholique. During the Second World War, opposed to Marshal Pétain and the Vichy regime, he supported the French Resistance. For a long time controversial because of a Catholicism considered outrageous by his opponents, historians have moderated this portrait by emphasising his great loyalty to republican institutions, disputing in particular that he could have been reactionary or anti-semitic. Biography Before the Great War The son of <mask>u, mayor of Saint-Affrique, <mask> was born in Saint-Affrique, into an aristocratic family of the Rouergue. He is the third of five children. His elder brother, Léonce, was a politician of national importance, president of the parliamentary group of the Action Libérale in the National Assembly.His other brother, Clément, was director of the École des mines de Saint-Étienne. Ruined by the Revolution, his family had to share a house in Saint-Affrique with his mother's three uncles, the Abbés Barthe. They would have liked him to be a notary but he wanted to be a naval officer. For reasons of age, he had to reorient himself towards the Army and was part of the 54th promotion of Saint-Cyr, Promotion du Rhin (1869 - 1871), from which he graduated as second lieutenant on 14 August 1870. He was appointed to the 31st Infantry Regiment and took part in the Franco-German war of 1870 in the Loire Army. After this war, he served as a lieutenant and then captain in various regiments before joining the École de Guerre in 1879. Assigned to the Army Staff in Paris in 1893, he headed the 1er bureau in 1897.His career was delayed for the first time when the polemicist Urbain Gohier, in an article in L'Aurore, revealed that he was the descendant of an emigrant who had fought in the army of the Prince of Condé during the Revolution. In 1900, he was the target of the new Minister of War, General André, who wanted to dismiss him from the army because of his aristocratic origins and his Catholicism. According to André, Castelnau did not have the republican profile that he wanted to impose on the army. The Chief of Staff, General Delanne, opposed this decision. He appointed Castelnau to command the 37th Infantry Regiment in Nancy and then resigned, which led to the government being questioned in the Chamber and the Senate. The minister took his revenge by keeping Castelnau in this post for five years, twice the usual length of time in this type of command. He also ensured that he was not promoted to general despite his record of service, but the affair of the files would revive his career.General André was forced to resign and a few months later, on 25 March 1906, at the request of Paul Doumer, Castelnau was promoted to Brigadier. He successively commanded a Brigade at Sedan, then at Soissons. On the 21st December 1909, he became a Major General, which put him under the command of General Joffre for the first time. Joffre commanded the army corps on which the 13th Division of Chaumont depended, which Castelnau inherited. The two men got to know each other. So when Joffre was appointed head of the French Army on the 28th July 1911, he insisted on having Castelnau at his side. Castelnau took the title of First Deputy Chief of Staff.His main task was to devise a new plan for mobilising and concentrating the French armies in the event of war: the XVII plan. In 1912, he was confirmed in his position as Chief of Staff, replacing General Dubail. By decree of 30 October 1913, he was then appointed to the Conseil supérieur de la guerre, which meant that he would take command of II French Army in the event of conflict. During 1913, Castelnau found himself largely exposed to the violent debate that accompanied the Three Years' Law. Indeed, when the XVII plan was drawn up, it quickly became clear that military manpower had to be increased in peacetime. The only way to achieve this was to extend military service by an additional year, but almost two-thirds of the radical and socialist deputies were fiercely opposed to the prospect of a three-year service. Led by Jean Jaurès, opposition to this bill quickly took a passionate turn.Castelnau, considered to have inspired the text, became the bête noire of the opponents, especially as the text was finally voted on 19 July 1913. Resentment towards Castelnau on the part of the radical-socialist movement continued until the end of his life. Georges Clemenceau, although in favour of the three-year law, immortalised this antagonism by giving Castelnau nicknames such as the 'fighting friar' which have become legendary. The Great War At the declaration of war, he joined his army being mobilised in Nancy. On 15 August 1914, the five French armies went on the offensive against the Germans, who were in the process of making a large overrun through Belgium. Castelnau faced the army of Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, which was waiting for him on positions prepared in advance at Morhange. While the Grand Quartier Général (GQG) claimed that the Germans were in retreat and that there were only rearguards in front of him, Castelnau suddenly came up against considerable forces strongly supported by heavy artillery.II French army, composed in particular of XV, XVI and XX Corps and 2nd Reserve Division Group (2nd GDR commanded by General Léon Durand), suffered heavy losses and had to withdraw to Nancy. Fortunately, Castelnau succeeded in reforming his army, which he was then able to launch into a flanking manoeuvre that inflicted a heavy defeat on the pursuing Germans. This was Battle of the Trouée de Charmes (24-27 August). It prevented the French armies retreating towards Paris from being turned to the right and made the Battle of Marne possible. Just as the other armies won the victory of the Marne, Castelnau blocked a new German offensive aimed at Nancy: this was the battle of Grand-Couronné (4-13 September). This earned him the nickname ‘the saviour of Nancy’. On 18 September 1914, Édouard <mask> was promoted to Grand Officer de la Legion d'Honneur.Joffre then withdrew him from the Lorraine front and entrusted him with the mission of extending the left flank of the French armies to the north of the Oise, by trying to outflank the German right wing. This was the beginning of the race to the sea, which Castelnau initiated and led to Arras. This manoeuvre was then pursued until it reached the North Sea coast by the British Expeditionary Corps, the Belgian Army and several French army corps under the command of General Foch. In Picardy, Castelnau distinguished himself by resisting a German offensive commanded by General von Kluck in the Roye region. After the war, this earned him this appreciation from his former adversary: 'The French adversary towards whom our sympathies instinctively went, because of his great military talent and his chivalry, is General <mask>u. And I would like him to know that.' From November 1914 onwards, the fighting in Belgium and France took the form of trench warfare.Implementing new tactical principles, notably by launching his Infantry under the protection of a rolling artillery barrage, Castelnau won a victory at Le Quesnoy-en Santerre. From the beginning of 1915, he advocated adopting a defensive attitude on the French front until he had enough heavy artillery to break through the German defences and, in the meantime, to launch a major offensive in the Balkans. His idea was supported by President Poincaré and <mask> Briand, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, but opposed by Joffre and the GQG. In June 1915, he was placed at the head of the Center Army Group (GAC) and led the Champagne offensive of 25 September 1915: in a few days he took 25,000 prisoners and 125 guns but, disrupted by continuous rain, this offensive did not lead to a strategic victory. Following this feat of arms, he was made a Grand Croix de la Legion d'Honneur on 8 October 1915 and, two months later, on 11 December 1915, he was appointed Chief of the General Staff of the French Armies, a position he held throughout 1916. In this position, he assisted Generalissimo Joffre. He made a decisive contribution to the Battle of Verdun.Contrary to the majority of officers in the GQG who did not believe in a German offensive there, he feared it. He therefore intervened to reinforce the town's defences and had XX army corps in Bar-le-Duc put on alert so that it could be used as reinforcements in the event of a German attack. The attack began on 21 February 1916. After three days of fighting, the French defences were in the process of giving way, and Castelnau went to Verdun and took the crucial decisions that would allow the resistance to take hold. He appointed General Pétain and reorganised the local command. Throughout the nine months of the battle, he intervened during the most critical episodes. After six weeks of fighting, he decided to appoint General Nivelle, with General Pétain taking command of the Central Army Group (GAC).In November 1916, against the advice of the officers around Joffre, he ordered the last offensive, turning this long battle into a French victory. In December 1916, Joffre was replaced as commander-in-chief of the armies. General Robert Nivelle was chosen to succeed him, with Joffre being elevated to the dignity of Marshal of France. The post of Chief of Staff of the Armies was abolished and <mask> was appointed to command the Eastern Army Group. However, this sector of the front where his units operated was the least active. On 25 June 1917, he received the military medal. In the spring of 1918, taking advantage of the Russian withdrawal from the conflict after the Bolshevik revolution, the Germans brought all their forces back to France and Belgium and then launched a series of major offensives that were on the way to making them victorious.The armies under Castelnau's command did not play a leading role during this period. On the other hand, as the Franco-British troops, reinforced by the American contingent, regained the initiative during the summer, he was appointed to prepare a decisive manoeuvre in Lorraine. In this sector, the weakness of the German position suggested a major success that could hasten the end of the war. Castelnau did not experience a new victory until two days later. The armistice of 11 November suspended his attack, which would probably have taken him deep into Germany. Despite the additional losses this would have caused - 'I know only too well the bitterness of the tears shed on the graves,' he wrote to his family, thinking of his three sons, Gerald, Xavier and Hugues, who had been killed in the war - Castelnau believed that the Allies should not have signed the armistice prematurely. After the Great War He made a solemn entry into Colmar on 22 November 1918 during the celebrations for the liberation of the town.On this

Noël Édouard, vicomte de Curières de Castelnau

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occasion, the press around the world announced his elevation to the dignity of a marshal but the government refused. However, public opinion demanded it, as shown by the ovation he received on 14 July 1919 when he marched on the Champs Élysées. As he passed, the crowd began to chant 'Maréchal! Maréchal!' demanding that he be elevated to the marshalate as Joffre, Foch and Pétain had been. Like the other great military leaders of the Great War, he was the object of many honours. In Lyon, the mayor of the city, Edouard Herriot, although very anti-clerical, welcomed him with a speech of rare emphasis; he stated: 'Your victory, your unique victory at the Grand Couronne will become classic like that of Thermopylae in the past.I compare you to that great leader, Turenne, whose figure shines in our History as one of the noblest, simplest and purest of our race and our time.' He entered Parliament in 1919 as a deputy for Aveyron with the Bleu Horizon wave, within the majority Republican party, Fédération Républicaine, which was classified on the right. He was elected president of the Army Committee. In this capacity, he left his mark on the legislature by having an eighteen-month military service adopted on 23 April 1923. It was undoubtedly his active participation in political life that prompted the government of <mask> Briand and the Minister of War, Louis Barthou, to remove him from the new list of Marshals announced on 19 February 1921. Indeed, in the eyes of many parliamentarians, including Léon Blum, Castelnau was becoming more and more of a national leader. This eviction triggered a questioning of the government in the Assembly.Despite a strong movement of public opinion, as shown by the poll carried out by the daily newspaper Le Journal in favour of his nomination, Castelnau was never made Marshal. Clemenceau himself was surprised: 'I would have been neither surprised nor upset to see the name of General <mask>u among the six Marshals of France. It is regrettable that he has been forgotten and it is to us and not to him that this oversight does the greatest harm'. In the 1924 elections, which saw the victory of the Cartel des gauches, he was defeated by the mathematician Émile Borel. He then wanted to withdraw from public life. However, faced with the resurgence of an anti-clerical policy implemented by the new President of the Council, Edouard Herriot, he launched the idea of a vast national federation of various Catholic movements. The Fédération Nationale Catholique (FNC) was born.It had up to two million members. At its head, he forced the government to abandon its entire anti-clerical programme in the face of the large demonstrations that Castelnau organised throughout France. This earned him the detestation of part of the radical-socialist movement and made him be caricatured as a reactionary and royalist character. His detractors went so far as to accuse him of being anti-Dreyfus when he never spoke publicly or privately about Dreyfus. As for the accusation of anti-Semitism, it is all the more unfounded as Castelnau was one of the right-wing men most respected by the French Jewish community. As well, Castelnau never expressed any preference in terms of political regime. As a deputy, he didn't belong to a royalist party but to a Republican one.It was not until the dawn of XXI century that contemporary historians such as René Rémond corrected this image and described him as a moderate right-wing Republican with social ideas ahead of his time. During Second World War In June 1940, as soon as the Armistice was announced, he distanced himself from all those who rallied to the Vichy regime. He resigned from his position as president of the FNC and was very critical of the Catholic hierarchy, which in his opinion was too close to Pétain. We have all of his private correspondence from the period, which makes it possible to follow and date his thoughts with precision. He encouraged his two grandsons of fighting age, Urbain <mask> Croix and Gérald <mask>, to join the Free French. The former was killed on 31 March 1945 when crossing the Rhine, the latter was seriously wounded on 16 October 1944 during the French Campaign. Although very old, he actively supported the Resistance and did not hesitate to hide weapons for Colonel Pélissier's Secret Army (AS).He died at the Château de Lasserre in Montastruc-la-Conseillère on 18 March 1944 and was buried on 21 March in the family vault in Montastruc. During the burial ceremony, the Bishop of Toulouse, Mgr Saliège, although very handicapped, had himself carried into the church to honour the memory of Castelnau, to whom he was very close. These were his last words at the end of the ceremony: 'General <mask>nau was for us a support, a pride, a flag.' Judgements made on Castelnau Like all the great military leaders of the Great War, Castelnau has had his supporters and detractors. The judgement of current historians who describe him as one of the most brilliant and accomplished (if not the most accomplished) general officers of his generation is the same as that of many of his peers. General Pellé, Major General at the GQG, wrote in July 1915: 'General <mask>u has seen a lot in his career and worked a lot; he knows war. He sees quickly and accurately.His battle preparations are admirable: they are thorough in their detail and leave as little as possible to chance. 'The opinion of Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner, member of the War Cabinet, is interesting. Comparing Castelnau to the other great French and British military leaders, he had said: ' Marshal Haig saw nothing, prepared nothing, General Pétain was only concerned with preserving the situation, while General Foch is a sick man, an impulsive man who treats the Divisions like a football ball. The only general to emerge was General <mask>, who told me what the Germans were going to do, where they would attack, what parade to take, and all this three months before it happened and that it was happening point by point.' Marshal Haig was very admiring of Castelnau's victory at the Trouée de Charmes, which he described as an 'enormous victory'. In his memoirs, Major General Harbord of the American Expeditionary Force says: 'It was General <mask>u, whom many considered the best French general, but a royalist and a Catholic, and therefore suspect. The Americans were very fond of Castelnau, partly because of his aversion to long speeches.Good old Castelnau limited his remarks to raising his glass and wishing that we could soon water our horses together in the Rhine.' Castelnau quotes Many of the quotes attributed to Castelnau are apocryphal. On the other hand, there are some that are attested to by irrefutable documents. For example, Castelnau was quoted as saying 'Forward, everywhere, all the way' on 25 August 1914 at the Battle of the Charmes. Colonel Charles Repington, a war correspondent, reported in The Times after his visit to Verdun the words of General <mask>u: 'Rather than submit to German slavery, the whole French race will perish on the battlefield.In his tribute to the Army for the newspaper L'Echo de Paris on 14 July 1919, Castelnau wrote: 'The French infantry triumphed over this infernal outburst of fury and horror that surpassed anything the human imagination could ever conceive.' His opinion on Pétain and Vichy during the summer of 1940: 'More than ever, the armistice seems to me to be ignominious; I can only explain this act by the profound intellectual and moral failure of Pétain, Weygand and Co [? In him, senile pride when "he gives his person to France", defeatism, intellectual weakness compete with cowardice [...] The Marshal's government is awful in its mentality.The path it leads us down will be that of catastrophe.' In 1942, to a priest who had come to bring him a message from Cardinal Gerlier asking him to moderate his criticism of the Marshal, Castelnau replied: 'So your cardinal has a tongue? I thought he had worn it out licking Pétain's arse.' Military career 25/03/1906 : Brigadier 21/12/1909 : Major General 12/07/1912 : Lieutenant General 19/12/1916 : General 1921 General retained in activity without limit of time. School year n° 198 of the Ecole Speciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr (2011-2014) called Castelnau's school year" honours the general Castelnau. References Further reading « Édouard <mask> Jolly, PUF, 1960. Victor Giraud, Le Général de Castelnau, Éd.Spes, 1928. Yves Gras, Castelnau, ou l'art de commander : 1851-1944 , Paris, Denoël, 1990, 466 p. (ISBN 978-2-207-23673-4, OCLC 243447717). Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, « Le général de Castelnau au service de la patrie et de la foi », dans Olivier Forcade (dir. ), Militaires en république, 1870-1962, les officiers, le pouvoir et la vie publique en France : actes du colloque international tenu au Palais du Luxembourg et à la Sorbonne les 4, 5 et 6 avril 1996, Paris, Publ. de la Sorbonne, coll. « Histoire de la France aux XIXe et XXe siècles », 1999, 734 p. (ISBN 978-2-859-44362-7, OCLC 890165236, lire en ligne [archive]). Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, À la droite de Dieu : la Fédération nationale catholique, 1924-1944, Paris, Fayard, coll.« Nouvelles études contemporaines », 2004, 658 p. (ISBN 978-2-213-61888-3, OCLC 255403274). François Cochet (dir.) et Rémy Porte (dir. ), Dictionnaire de la Grande Guerre 1914-1918, Paris, Robert Laffont, coll. « Inedit ; Bouquins », 2008, 1120 p. (ISBN 978-2-221-10722-5, OCLC 265644254), « Castelnau, général Noël, Joseph, Édouard <mask>urières de (1851-1944) ». Corinne Bonafoux-Verrax, « Un conservatisme modéré ? Le cas de la Fédération nationale catholique », dans Jacques Prévotat (dir.)et Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers (dir.) et al., Villeneuve d'Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, coll. « Histoire et civilisations », 2013, 485 p. (ISBN 978-2-757-40445-4, OCLC 955345140). Jean-Paul Huet, Édouard <mask>elnau, 1851-1944 : l'artisan de la victoire, Turquant, Anovi, 2013, 118 p. (ISBN 978-2-914818-63-6, OCLC 869875280). <mask> Gmeline, Le Général de Castelnau (1851-1944). L'homme, le soldat, le chrétien, Janzé, Charles Hérissey Éditions, 2013, 244 p.(ISBN 978-2-914417-48-8, OCLC 881255614). Benoît Chenu, Castelnau : « le quatrième maréchal » 1914-1948, Paris, Bernard Giovanangeli éditeur, 2017, 446 p. (ISBN 978-2-7587-0204-7, OCLC 1022926635).Léon Zeller, Louis Zeller et <mask> (préf. Jean-Louis Georgelin), Souvenirs du maréchal Joffre et du général de Castelnau, Paris, Economica, 2020, 272 p. (ISBN 978-2-7178-7102-9). Benoît Chenu, La bataille des cinq empires, Paris, éditions L’Artilleur, 2021, 528 p. ( (ISBN 978-2810010240) , OCLC 2810010242). External links Extract from the military record book of General <mask> Castelnau Channel dedicated to General <mask>u on Youtube [archive] 1851 births 1944 deaths People from Aveyron Politicians from Occitania (administrative region) French Roman Catholics Republican Federation politicians Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the Ligue des Patriotes Anti-Masonry French generals École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War French military personnel of World War I Grand Croix of the Légion

T. Sachithanandan

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Dato<mask> (born 2 August 1931), better known as T<mask>, was a Malaysian anaesthesiologist. Background Born in Kuala Lumpur to parents of Sri Lankan Tamil ancestry, he attended Victoria Institution and graduated from the University of Calcutta (MBBS 1957) where he was the Founder President of the International Students Association. During his postgraduate specialist training in anaesthesia in the United Kingdom (1961–64), Sachithanandan trained with post-war British anaesthesiologists that included John Alfred Lee (Southend-on-Sea Hospital), John Francis Nunn (Royal College of Surgeons of England research unit) and Professor <mask> (Liverpool). He was conferred the F.F.A.R.C.S.I. a Fellowship in Anaesthesia by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (Dublin 1963) in addition to the D.A (Royal College of Surgeons, England). In 1964, <mask> and JF Nunn et al. were the first investigators to demonstrate age-dependent airway closure in humans whilst breathing at residual volume.They observed the resulting desaturation was due to perfusion of unventilated alveoli. Their research findings still remains a highly cited British Journal of Anaesthesia publication with important implications for mechanical ventilatory support of the critically ill patient to correct the resulting hypoxaemia and atelectasis from the reduced lung volumes. Upon returning to Malaysia, <mask> was appointed consultant anaesthesiologist to the Johor Baru General Hospital (since renamed Hospital Sultanah Aminah) where he practised for two periods (1964–71 and 1977–81). His most notable contribution as Johore State Anaesthetist was to establish the first public sector intensive care unit (ICU) in Malaysia in 1968 at the Johor Baru General Hospital (JBGH). This ICU inspired the establishment of similar units in several other state general hospitals nationwide over the next decade. In 2010, Malaysia reported availability of over four hundred operational critical care ICU beds across 36 different government hospitals with a 90% bed occupancy rate. Sachithanandan and two colleagues (pioneer physician Dr Lim Kee Jin and paediatrician Dr Samuel C.E.Abraham) also established Malaysia’s first postgraduate medical centre at JBGH in 1969. In 1972, Sachithanandan was elected President of the Malaysian Medical Association (the 14th MMA President), the first anaesthetist to hold such office. He served as Chief of Anaesthesiology in Ipoh General Hospital (1972–77) establishing the state’s first postgraduate medical centre in 1976. As the Vice Dean of the inaugural Faculty board (1975–77) and subsequently as Dean of the Faculty of Anaesthesiologists, College of Surgeons of Malaysia (1977–79), he was highly influential in developing local specialist training and accreditation criteria which helped lay the foundation for a future local Masters certification in anaesthesia. Over 450 Malaysian doctors have since successfully completed a masters-certified local postgraduate training programme in anaesthesiology (up till 2008). Training aside, T.Sachithanandan also pioneered and popularised the technique of regional anaesthesia nerve blockade here in Malaysia. <mask> was one of Malaysia's five pioneer consultant anaesthetists (with FR Bhupalan, AS Manavalan, Law Gim <mask>ik and MC Poopathy) who founded the Malaysian Society of Anaesthesiologists (MSA) in 1963 and subsequently became a distinguished past President of the MSA (1968–69).He was one of the early Members of the Academy of Medicine, Malaysia (1969). In 1980, as one of the original group of eight pioneer doctor-business partners, Sachithanandan was highly instrumental in the clinical design of the Johor Specialist Hospital (JSH), the first private hospital in the state of Johor and the country’s first Kumpulan Perubatan Johor (KPJ) hospital. He never commenced practice at the JSH which opened in early May 1981. From the humble origins of this first hospital, KPJ has emerged to become Malaysia’s leading premier private healthcare provider with an annual turnover in excess of a billion ringgit from a network of 21 private hospitals employing over 800 medical specialists and is listed on the main board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. Sachithanandan was awarded a state knighthood, the highly coveted Dato Paduka Mahkota Johor (DPMJ) (Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Johor) by HRH Sultan Ismail of Johor in 1980 for services to medicine and anaesthesia in particular. He died unexpectedly on 28 May 1981, aged forty-nine following a coronary artery bypass operation at London’s Harley Street Clinic. T.<mask>’s legacy extends far beyond setting up that first ICU.He was an exceptionally competent anaesthesiologist who actively trained and inspired innumerous young specialists and was responsible for much of the early development of clinical anaesthesia and intensive care services nationally and particularly in the two large Malaysian states of Johor and Perak.His leadership in elevating the role and status of the anaesthesiologist in the care of the patients in the early days of anaesthesiology as an evolving discipline was a very significant contribution indeed. In 2018 the inaugural T.Sachithanandan Best Oral Presentation Award was presented by the Malaysian Society of Intensive Care (MSIC) in recognition of his pioneering work. The award will be presented henceforth at the annual ASMIC scientific meeting. T.<mask> served as President of the Johor Cricket Council (1969–71), Vice President of the Malaysian Cricket Association (1969–70) and President of the Johor Baru Junior Chamber International (JCI-Jaycees) in 1969/70. He was actively involved with the Johor Red Crescent Society (as Chief Medical Officer), Area Surgeon of St. Johns Ambulance Brigade of Johor (1965–71) and Chairman of the Johor Blood Bank & Transfusion Service (1966–71). Sachithanandan married Punithavathy Sinnathuray (sister of Singapore Supreme Court judge T. S. Sinnathuray and renowned Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology T. A. Sinnathuray) in 1965. He is survived by her and their two children both Dublin-trained physicians; an interventional gastroenterologist (daughter Sharmila) and a cardiothoracic surgeon (son Anand).References 1931 births Malaysian anaesthetists Malaysian people of Tamil descent Malaysian people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent People from Johor Malaysian cricket administrators Malaysian people of Indian descent Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor Living people

Harry Carson

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<mask> (born November 26, 1953) is a former American football inside linebacker who played his entire professional career for the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). <mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2002 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006. Early life Born in Florence, South Carolina, <mask> played at Wilson High School and later at McClenaghan High School, from which he graduated. College career Attended and graduated with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Education in 1976 from South Carolina State University. Before his NFL career, <mask> played college football for Willie Jeffries at South Carolina State University from 1972–1975, not missing a single game in four years. He became the first Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference player to win consecutive defensive player of the year honors, and assisted the Bulldogs to consecutive conference championships. In 1975, he was a first-team selection on the AFCA College-Division All-America team and set school records with 117 tackles and 17 sacks.With <mask> as their captain, the Bulldogs defense recorded six shutouts in 1975, and held their opponents to just 29 points, an NCAA record for a ten-game season. <mask>'s Bulldog teammates included future Pittsburgh Steelers and College Football Hall of Fame safety Donnie Shell and future Kansas City Royals first baseman Willie Mays Aikens. In 2002, <mask> was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, and he was inducted into the Black College Football Hall of Fame in 2012. Professional Football career After his college career, <mask> was drafted in the fourth round of the 1976 NFL Draft by the Giants. He spent all of his 13 seasons with them, leading the team in tackles for five seasons, and more impressively, served as their captain for ten. <mask> was a member of the Crunch Bunch, a team of fierce linebackers composed of <mask>, Brad Van Pelt, Brian Kelley, and Lawrence Taylor. The group is widely considered one of the best defensive combos in NFL history.He was a member of the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense and also made nine Pro Bowl appearances (1978–1979, 1981–1987) in his career. In the 1980s he was joined by Lawrence Taylor, another Pro Football Hall of Fame linebacker. In his 13 seasons, <mask> intercepted 11 passes and returned them for a total of 212 yards. He also recovered 14 fumbles, returning them for 36 yards and one touchdown. Officially, he recorded eight quarterback sacks (sacks did not become an official NFL statistic until 1982) but his total is 19 sacks when the 1976–81 seasons are included. He retired at the end of the 1988 season, two years after helping the team win Super Bowl XXI, the Giants' first, and <mask> had seven tackles for the victors. <mask> was one of the first practitioners of the "Gatorade shower" which is when the coach of the winning team is doused with a cooler of Gatorade by some of the players following a win.The practice was started by his teammate Jim Burt in 1985 as <mask> recounted in his 1987 book Point of Attack: The Defense Strikes Back. When Bill Parcells had <mask> as a player with the Giants, he would have him at his side during the singing of the national anthem for good luck. Bill Belichick, an assistant coach for the Giants for 12 years, who as head coach, led the New England Patriots to six 21st century Super Bowl victories, considered <mask> the best all-around linebacker he ever coached. Professional Football Hall of Fame <mask> was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2006. His selection came after years of outspoken criticism of the Hall of Fame selection process, where his principal criticism was that the vote is done by the media, not players and coaches. In 2004, <mask> asked to have his name taken off the ballot. Despite previously stating that due to his frustration at not being elected he wanted his name removed from the ballot, when elected to the Hall of Fame in 2006 <mask> appeared and gave an induction speech.<mask> later commented on the selection, saying he was humbled by the selection but noting: The Hall of Fame will never validate me. I know my name will be in there, but I take greater pride in the fact that my teammates looked at me as someone they could count on. I still remember, and I will remember this for the rest of my life, the Super Bowl against Denver. We had three captains—me, Phil Simms and George Martin. But when it came time for the coin toss before the game, I started to go out and looked around for those guys. Bill Parcells said to me: 'No. You go.Just you.' And that was about the coolest feeling I've ever had in the world—going out to midfield for the Super Bowl, as the lone captain. There were nine Denver Broncos out there, and me. Just me. An awesome responsibility. The greatest respect. During his Hall of Fame speech in 2006 <mask> does not directly mention CTE, but he does mention that he does not think the NFL is doing the best job they can to help out ex-NFL players.When he states "I would hope that the leaders of the NFL, the future commissioner, and the player association do a much better job of looking out for those individuals. You got to look out for 'em. If we made the league what it is, you have to take better care of your own" (<mask>). <mask> takes an aggressive stand when it comes to CTE and how the NFL handles their own ex-players that are struggling with head trauma later in their lives. Although <mask> was an excellent football player he does suggest that kids not start playing football because of the consequences that could come to them later in life. The NFL reached a concussion settlement of 765 million dollars for the former NFL players that sustained head injuries on the field. When <mask> was asked about the settlement in a Frontline interview he says, "And so I think everyone now has a better sense of what damage you can get from playing football.And I think the NFL has given everybody 765 million reasons why you don't want to play football" (<mask>). <mask> thinks the huge settlement is good for the former players, but it also scares people away from playing football because of the chances of head trauma players could experience later in life. After football <mask> remains in close involvement with the Giants. He has also had a successful career in sports broadcasting and has his own company, Harry Carson Inc., which deals mainly in sports consulting and promotions. <mask> was also part-owner of the Arena Football League's New Jersey Red Dogs, alongside ex-Giants Carl Banks and Joe Morris. He currently co-hosts Giants 1st & 10 on Madison Square Garden Network with Bob Papa, Carl Banks and Howard Cross. On May 17, 2015, <mask> served as the commencement speaker for New York University School of Professional Studies.Two days later <mask> served as the commencement speaker and was presented with an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from Fairleigh Dickinson University at MetLife Stadium in New Jersey. The honor was bestowed upon <mask> for his advocacy not only for his football brethren but for anyone who lives with the effects of a traumatic brain injury. <mask> simply says "I have to speak up for all people who really don't have a voice". <mask> is a long-time resident of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey. Health Issues Since his retirement, <mask> has lived with various physical maladies brought on by injuries incurred during his playing days. He was diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome in 1990, and estimates that he had 15 concussions during his long high school, college and professional football career. In 1992, he stated: "I don't think as clearly as I used to.Nor is my speech, diction, selection of vocabulary is as good as it used to be, and I don't know why." In 2001 while he was a broadcaster with the MSG Network he said, "I would mispronounce words and lose my train of thought. Things would happen, and at times I'd think I was going crazy." <mask> authored his second book "Captain for Life" published by St. Martin's Press in 2011. In his book he documents his experiences with Post Concussion Syndrome. He was one of the first former professional athletes to share his own personal first hand experiences years before the long-term effects of concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), long before the subject became a "hot button" topic. While <mask> has acknowledged he has "managed" the long term effects of concussions he does not know if he has been affected by chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).When asked, <mask> is increasingly critical of the NFL and questions whether football should be played, as he believes the hazards of concussions and subconcussive hits are not an understood risk such as physical ailments are. He is quoted in this interview as saying of the NFL's $765 million settlement with former players that "the NFL has given everybody 765 million reasons why you don't want to play football." In March 2018, <mask> joined with former NFL stars Nick Buoniconti and Phil Villapiano to support a parent initiative called Flag Football Under 14, which recommends no tackle football below that age out of a concern for the brain health of the young players. He said, "I did not play tackle football until high school, I will not allow my grandson to play until 14, as I believe it is not an appropriate sport for young children." Politics In 2012, <mask> was said to be strongly considering a run for Congress against Republican Scott Garrett in the newly redrawn 5th congressional district of New Jersey. His campaign never came to pass. References External links Macmillan Speakers Bureau Profile 1953 births Living people African-American players of American football American football defensive ends American football linebackers Arena Football League executives College Football Hall of Fame inductees National Conference Pro Bowl players New York Giants players People from Franklin Lakes, New Jersey Players of American football from South Carolina Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees South Carolina State Bulldogs football players Sportspeople from Florence, South Carolina 21st-century African-American people 20th-century African-American sportspeople

Joep Franssens

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<mask> (born 13 January 1955) is a Dutch composer. Work <mask>s studied piano in Groningen and composition in the Hague and Rotterdam with composer Louis Andriessen and Klaas de Vries respectively. Franssens is a representative of the post-serial generation of Dutch composers who use tonal means and an accessible idiom without neo-Romantic features, even if the pathos-laden, highly emotional nature of his music appears to contradict this endeavour. In his works, which consist of chamber music, choral and orchestral works, Franssens aims at a synthesis of monumentality and euphony and is initially guided by J.S. Bach and the work of György Ligeti such as Lontano and Atmosphères. Later a trend towards radical austerity become apparent under the influence of American minimalist music, East European mysticism (e.g. Pärt) and the symphonic pop music of the 1970s such as Yes and Genesis, culminating in the static diatonicism of the ensemble work ‘Dwaallicht’ (1989) and the serene counterpoint of ‘Sanctus’ for orchestra (1996, rev.1999). The instrumentation increasingly shows a preference for warm, luxuriant colours. Although Franssens' multifaceted musical style does not make it easy to classify him, he is often regarded as a representative of the so-called New Spirituality in the Netherlands. NTR (Dutch public Television) made the documentary 'The Third Ear' on this international movement, with composers such as Arvo Pärt and Giya Kancheli. In his music Franssens aims to express the Universal; his sources of inspiration are to be found amongst writers and philosophers like Fernando Pessoa and Baruch de Spinoza. In a rich tonal language his music evokes strong emotions by the public, both unacquainted with contemporary classical music as well as experienced listeners. Franssens' choral work Harmony of the Spheres has been performed globally.He worked with choirs such as the Swedish Radio Choir, BBC Singers, Latvian National State Choir, Finnish Radio Chamber Choir and Netherlands Chamber Choir. The latter took Franssens’ music on tour through Europe and the USA in 2000 and 2001, led by the Estonian conductor Tõnu Kaljuste. Multi-laureate pianist Ralph van Raat has his music on his repertoire since 2000. His orchestral music is performed by many Dutch orchestras. Well-known conductors like Yakov Kreizberg, Tõnu Kaljuste, Lucas Foss, Gerd Albrecht, Vasily Petrenko, and Daniel Raiskin performed his works with the Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, The Hague Philharmonic Orchestra, Lodz Philharmonic Orchestra, Latvian National State Orchestra, Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra and Tallinn Chamber Orchestra. Franssens received commissions from, amongst others, Rotterdam Art Foundation, Eduard van Beinum Foundation, De Doelen, NTR ZaterdagMatinee, Fund for the Creation of the Arts, SNS Reaal Fund and Netherlands Symphony Orchestra. The latter performed the world premiere of Bridge of Dawn (Second Movement) in Spring 2013.On the occasion of the 80th birthday of Arvo Pärt in November 2015, the first performance of his Piano Concerto took place with soloist Ralph Van Raat accompanied by the Noord Nederlands Orkest conducted by Tõnu Kaljuste. Just prior to the premiere, Franssens was awarded ‘Het Gouden Viooltje’ (The Golden Violin). An award earmarked for outstanding musical talent, born in the northern Dutch provinces, with an international career. Since 2008 his music is published by Deuss Music (managed by Albersen Verhuur) in The Hague. Compact discs Echo's, Phasing, Sanctus. Performed by the Netherlands Ballet Orchestra, conductor Thierry Fischer. Label: Composers’ Voice (CV 65) Dwaallicht, Taking the Waters and Winter Child.Performed by Gerrie de Vries, Reina Boelens, Delta Ensemble, Netherlands Radio Philhar- monic Orch. Lukas Foss, Ivo Janssen. Label: Composers’ Voice (CV 84) Harmony of the Spheres, complete cycle Performed by The Chamber Choir of the Netherlands with Tallinn Chamber Orchestra conducted by Tõnu Kaljuste. Label: Composers Voice (CV 133) Harmony of the Spheres, complete cycle version 2010. Performed by VU Chamber Choir and Ensemble Waterloo, conductor Boudewijn Jansen, published bij Franssens 2011, The Straight Line. Performed by the Amstel Saxophone Quartet. Label: Erasmus Music & Media WVH 269 Roaring Rotterdam, Harmony of the Spheres (first movement) and Magnificat.Performed by the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra, Netherlands Radio Choir and Netherlands Chamber Choir. Label: Etcetera (ktc 1321) Entrata, Old Songs New Songs, Between The Beats. Minimal Piano Collection, Vol. XI-XX Performed by pianist Jeroen van Veen and others. Label: Brilliant Classics (9171) Piano Works: The Gift of Song, Winter Child. Ralph van Raat (piano) Label: :nl:Etcetera Records, KTC 1533 References 1997 Sound, Johan Kolsteeg PhD, 'Key Notes' XXXI/I-1997, p 20-23; 1999 Affirmation and restraint: Relationships between concepts of spirituality and music in the works of <mask> Franssens and Daan Manneke, Prof.dr. R. de Groot ( University Amsterdam) in BRIEF(Privacies), ASCA Yearbook 1999 (2000), p. 107-129.2009 The Third Ear, documentary on <mask> <mask>, a.o. Produced by Viewpoint Productions and NPO (Dutch Public Television); 2010 <mask> Franssens Harmony of the Spheres, A Conductor's Analysis, Dr. David Andrew Hobson, Louisiana State University, USA December 2010; 2015 Musical Religiosity, (Tilburg University), 'Temenos'(Nordic Journal of Comparative Religion) , Vol. 51, no 1, 2015, p.123 - 136; 2015 Piano Concerto by Ralph van Raat, interview - mini- documentary on with English subtitle YouTube; 2015 Gouden Viooltje voor componist <mask> <mask>, Dagblad van het Noorden, Groningen 30 October 2015; 2016 <mask> <mask>, catalogue, DEUSS Music (managed by Albersen Verhuur), The Hague, July 2016; External links Website <mask> Franssens This website shows under 'media' a complete list of all sources/references/books and published interviews. Dutch composers 1955 births People from Groningen (city) Living people

Julie Chu

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<mask> (born March 13, 1982) is an American Olympic ice hockey player who plays the position of forward on the United States women's ice hockey team and the position of defense on Les Canadiennes. She won the Patty Kazmaier Award in 2007 for best female collegiate hockey player while at Harvard University. She finished her collegiate career as the all-time assists leader and points scorer in NCAA history with 284 points until the record was snapped in 2011. She is tied as the second-most decorated U.S. female in Olympic Winter Games history. She was selected by fellow Team USA members to be the flag bearer at the Closing Ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi. <mask> was an assistant coach for University of Minnesota Duluth and helped the Bulldogs women's ice hockey team win their fourth NCAA Division I national championship in 2008 and served as coach at Union College in 2010–2013. Early life <mask> was born in Fairfield, Connecticut in 1982.Her father Wah was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Wah and his mother moved to Hong Kong when he was one year old. In 1967, when Wah was 16, they emigrated to New York City. Shortly after arriving, he met his future wife, Miriam, at a youth group meeting at a neighborhood church. <mask> has a sister, Christina, and a brother, Richard. Miriam's father is Chinese and her mother is Puerto Rican. <mask> grew up with her family in Fairfield, Connecticut.As a child, <mask> participated in soccer and figure skating before transitioning into youth hockey. She attended Choate Rosemary Hall but graduated from Northwood School (Lake Placid, New York) in 2001. She deferred her acceptance into Harvard University until after the 2002 Winter Olympics. She graduated in 2007 with a concentration in psychology. Playing career <mask> is the first Asian American woman to play for the U.S. Olympic ice hockey team; she competed in the 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014 Winter Olympics. She is tied as the second-most decorated U.S. female in Olympic Winter Games history. The four-time Olympian was chosen through a vote of each winter sport's team captain to carry the American flag during the Closing Ceremony of the 2014 Sochi Olympics.<mask> is the second ice hockey player to serve as flag bearer for Team USA. During her time at Harvard, <mask> became the all-time leading scorer in NCAA history and was elected as team captain. In her four years at Harvard University, she was the all-time assists leader and obtained 284 points, the most in NCAA history. She won the Patty Kazmaier Award in 2007 for best female collegiate hockey player in the United States. International hockey As a key member and assistant captain of Team USA, <mask> won silver medals at the Olympic Games in 2002, 2010, and 2014, and a bronze in 2006. She has recorded 40 goals and 83 assists in 150 games with Team USA. 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, & 2013 World Champion 2001, 2004, 2007, 2012 Silver Medalist <mask> was the leading scorer at the 2009 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships tournament with ten points (five goals, five assists).As of May 8, 2015, <mask> had not decided on whether or not she will return to international competition. Professional hockey From 2007 to 2010, <mask> played forward for the professional hockey Minnesota Whitecaps of the WWHL and won the 2010 Clarkson Cup. In 2010–11, she joined the Montreal Stars in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) and claimed her second consecutive Clarkson Cup title, becoming the first player to win the Clarkson Cup with two different teams. In 2010–11 season, <mask> was one of the top-5 leading scorers, racking up 35 points, 5 goals and 30 assists in only 19 games. <mask> has also participated in both the inaugural (2014) and second (2015–16) annual CWHL All-Star Games. <mask> and forward Natalie Spooner, from the Toronto Furies, were voted captains by the public for the second annual CWHL All-Star Game, taking place January 23, 2016 at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. More than 33,000 votes were cast during the public voting period, with <mask> leading the polls, receiving 34% of the votes and Spooner coming in second with 23% in the public poll, which ran Dec. 15-Jan. 15 at www.CWHL.ca.The event makes <mask> the first non-Canadian CWHL All-Star Captain and the first visible-minority player to be named captain at an All-Star Game. <mask>'s Team Black went on to defeat Spooner's Team White by a score of 5–1. Coaching career In 2007–08 <mask> was an assistant coach for the University of Minnesota-Duluth and helped the Bulldogs women's ice hockey team win their fourth NCAA Division I national championship. In the 2010–2011 hockey season, she joined the Union College women's hockey coaching staff, serving as assistant coach. She stepped down after the 2012–2013 season to focus full-time for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. <mask> currently coaches the Concordia Stingers' women's ice hockey team. Personal life <mask> is married to Canadian hockey player and Olympic gold medalist Caroline Ouellette.<mask> and Ouellette were both teammates for Les Canadiennes de Montréal and served together as assistant coaches of the University of Minnesota-Duluth and the Concordia Stingers. They previously captained their respective national women's hockey teams which have a huge rivalry, and skated against each other in three Olympic gold medal finals (2002, 2010, 2014) and over half a dozen world championships. They have two daughters, Liv (born November 2017) and Tessa (born May 2021). <mask> became a permanent resident of Canada. Accomplishments and notes 2016-17 RSEQ COACH OF THE YEAR: <mask>: Concordia Stingers 2014 US Olympic Team Flag Bearer – Closing Ceremonies 2014 Competed in her 4th Olympic Games for the United States (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014) 2011 Clarkson Cup 2010 Clarkson Cup Tournament Most Valuable Player 2007–08 Assistant coach of the University of Minnesota-Duluth women's ice hockey team, which won its fourth NCAA national championship that season. At the end of the 2007–08 season, <mask> stepped down to prepare for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

John Sully

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Sir <mask> (born c.1283 - died c.1388), KG, of Ruxford and Iddesleigh in Devonshire, was an English knight. He was one of the many deponents who gave evidence in Scrope v Grosvenor (decided in 1389), one of the earliest heraldic law cases brought in England, at which time he stated his age as 105. In about 1362, he was appointed by King Edward III as the 39th Knight of the Garter. Origins According to Nicolas (1832), he descended from a younger branch of the family of <mask>, lords of the manor of Iddesleigh in Devonshire, and appears to have succeeded to that property as heir male. According to Pole, he possessed Iddesleigh in 1356. According to Nicholas: "Nothing can with certainty be said of his parents, nor is it positively known whether he left descendants". He may have been a descendant of Reymode <mask>, the son of <mask>, who in 1291 held a fifth moiety of the feudal barony of Great Torrington in Devon, on which he paid feudal relief of £20 to the king, presumably having just then inherited it from his father.The moiety had been first acquired by his ancestor <mask> who had married one of the five sisters and co-heiresses of Matthew de Torrington, feudal baron of Great Torrington. On failure of the male line, this <mask> moiety passed to the de Brian family, by the marriage during the reign of King Henry III (1216-1272) of Guy de Brian to the heiress Sibil <mask> (sister of Raymond de <mask> and daughter of Walter de <mask>). The eventual co-heir to Guy de Brian was Sir <mask> (d.1395) of Cockington, Devon. He may also have been descended from the 11th century knight Sir Reginald (or Raymond) <mask>, one of the Twelve Knights of Glamorgan, the legendary followers of Robert FitzHamon (d.1107), the Norman conqueror of Glamorgan. He was given as his share of the conquered lands the lordship of Sully, where he built his castle. Risdon apparently confused him with "<mask> Sudeley", who in 1301 sealed the Barons' Letter to the Pope with a seal inscribed S(igillum) Johannis de Suleye ("seal of <mask> Suleye") and bearing arms of two bendlets, and who in the document is called Joh(ann)es D(omi)n(u)s de Sullee ("<mask>, lord of Sullee"), which place Lord Howard de Walden (1903) identified as Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire. Armorials His Garter stall plate does not survive but was recorded by the antiquarian Ashmole (d.1692) as showing arms of Ermine, four barrulets gules with crest Two bull's horns.His family's arms are however given differently by the Devon historian Sir William Pole (d.1635) as Ermine, three chevrons gules Career It appears that he passed the greater part of his life in the field, and that he was the "hero of a hundred battles." He was at the Battle of Halidon Hill in Scotland, and at the taking of Berwick in July 1333. On 12 July 1338, he was in France, in the retinue of the Earl of Salisbury and was present at the Battle of Crécy in August 1346. On 29 August 1350, he was at the naval battle under King Edward III in person, when a complete victory was gained over the Spanish fleet, thence called the Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer (modern: Battle of Winchelsea). <mask> was in Gascony with the Black Prince in 1355 and 1356, and a payment was made to him at Bordeaux on 1 October 1355 by the hands of Richard Baker his esquire.' On 17 September 1356, he shared in the honours of the Battle of Poitiers and letters of protection were granted to him in 1359, when he was in the army in Gascony. In 1361, he obtained the following singular grant from the King: "That he might once in every year during his life, in any of the royal forests, parks, or chases in the realm, have one shot with his bow, one course with his hounds, and one chase for his dog called Bercelette".The merits of Sir <mask> were about this time rewarded in the most striking manner. On the feast of St. George 1362 he was elected into the Order of the Garter, in the ninth stall on the Prince's side, in lieu of Sir Reginald Cobham; and the Garter stall plate of his arms was still remaining in the reign of Charles II. In 1362, he was a mainpernor for <mask> Saint Low the son, and Matthew de Goumay, then prisoners in the Tower of London. Sully again accompanied the Black Prince to Gascony in 1365, and in April 1367 was at the Battle of Nájera. Three years afterwards, in 1370, he again received letters of protection, being about to serve in Acquitaine and as he was then nearly ninety years old, it is not surprising that his name does not afterwards occur in public records until his appearance as a witness in favour of Sir Richard Scrope. He seems to have then retired from public life, attended by Richard Baker his faithful esquire, who, having partaken of his master's toils and dangers, became the companion of his latter years. Crusader The following anecdote of a Sir <mask> is related by Pole: "Sir <mask>, renowned for his exploits in the Holy Land against the Saracens, in which he was weakened by many wounds, returned home after many years' discontinuance, whereupon his officers bringing in the accounts of his rent, which amounted to a great mass of money, he caused his cloak, being of cloth of gold, to be spread on the ground, and commanding the money to be put therein, cast himself thereinto, that it might be said for once he tumbled in gold and silver; whereof he afterwards gave one part to his wife, a second to his officers and tenants, a third part to the poor".His action was deemed by the Duchess of Cleveland (1889) "a childish excursion into Tom Tidler's Ground." Deponent at Scrope v Grosvenor Due to his very old age of 105, and his inability to travel to the court of the Earl Marshal, an officer of the court was sent to his house at Iddesleigh to record his deposition, which he gave in favour of Sir Richard Scrope in the famous case of Scrope v Grosvenor, decided in 1389, in which he stated he saw Scrope bear the arms which formed the subject of the case. Sir <mask>, of the age of one hundred and five year, and armed eighty years, deposed that he had seen and known the arms of Sir Richard Scrope, borne by Sir Henry Scrope, at the battle of Halidon Hill, blazoned: "the field azure, a bend or, with a label argent". He afterwards saw the said Sir Henry armed in the same arms at the Siege of Berwick; Sir William Scrope at the battle of Cressy so armed with a difference; the said Sir Richard armed in the same arms at the Battle of Espagnols-sur-mere; and afterwards saw the said Sir William Scrope armed in the same arms with the Black Prince at the battle of Poictiers, and the said Sir Richard so armed at the battle of Spain, [Najara.] Sully said he had also seen and known others of the name and lineage armed in the same arms in journeys and expeditions, with differences; and in his time he had always heard that the said arms belonged to Sir Richard Scrope by descent, who, with others of his lineage, had peaceably enjoyed them from beyond the time of memory. As to Sir Robert Grosvenor, he never saw or heard of him or of his ancestors, until the time of his examination. Landholdings Ruxford.Sir <mask>'s chief residence appears to have been Ruxford, in the parish of Sandford, about 1/2 mile north-west of Crediton in Devon, which he held from the de Raleigh family of Raleigh, Pilton in North Devon, ancestor of the Chichester baronets. Effigies of Sir <mask> and his wife Isobel exist in Crediton Parish Church. <mask> was said by the Devon historian Westcote (d.circa 1637) to have had his seat at "Rookesford, lately the land of Chichester and alienated to Davye". He held Rokysforde from <mask> Raleigh as overlord as is evidenced in the latter's deed of 1362 now held in the North Devon Record Office. Iddesleigh. Presumably <mask> also resided at the manor house of Iddesleigh, his family's ancient principal seat. He is said by the Duchess of Cleveland (1889) to have given Iddesleigh to his cousin Lord Martyn, whose family were feudal barons of Barnstaple in North Devon.Death and succession <mask> probably died in about 1388 as he is not mentioned in the records of the Order of the Garter after that year, at above the age of 105. The Devon historian Risdon (d.1640) states that he was buried in Crediton Church, a large and important collegiate church near his seat of Ruxford, having "died of the wounds received in the Holy War", which wounds however apparently allowed him to live on to a great age. Regarding any progeny, Nicholas (1832) stated: "Nothing can with certainty be said of his parents, nor is it positively known whether he left descendants". The Westcountry historian Polwhele (d.1838) states however that the last male of the <mask> family left an only daughter who married Vowel, a Somersetshire knight, from whom the Smith family inherited a moiety of the manor of Iddesleigh. Chantry A chantry in Crediton Church was established by nine men resident near Crediton which provided an endowment to the Canons of Crediton to find a priest to sing daily mass for Sully’s soul. One of these contributors was recorded in 1408 as Richard Dowrich of Dowrich, near Ruxford. Monuments Two effigies believed to represent Sir <mask> survive in Devon.One in the parish church of Iddesleigh in the form of a crossed-legged knight, traditionally the appropriate form for a crusader, situated in a low arched recess in the north chancel chapel. The other, next to the effigy of his wife, is in Crediton Parish Church on a chest tomb , in the east chapel of the south aisle. Sources Nicolas, Sir Nicholas Harris The Controversy between Sir Richard Scrope and Sir Robert Grosvenor in the Court of Chivalry AD MCCCLXXXV - MCCCXC, Volume 2, London, 1832, pp. 240–3, biography of Sir <mask> Cleveland, Duchess of ((Catherine Lucy) Wilhelmina Powlett), The Battle Abbey Roll with some Account of the Norman Lineages, 3 vols., London, 1889, vol.3, Sauley References People from Crediton 1388 deaths Knights of the Garter Year of birth uncertain Military personnel from Devon 1283 births

Dominick Guinn

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<mask> (born April 20, 1975) is an American professional boxer. He is self-managed and he is trained by Ronnie Shields and Alexander Gutierrez. He stands at 6'3" tall. Known as the "Southern Disaster", he currently resides in Houston, Texas. Amateur career Born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, Guinn began boxing at age nine and lost in the quarterfinals in the Michigan Junior Olympic Tournament at 139 pounds. Fighting in the 147-pound class at 15 years of age, Guinn lost in the finals. Guinn won the 19-and-under Junior World title in 1993.Guinn had an amateur career record of 290-26, twice winning the National Golden Gloves Super Heavyweight Championship in 1997 and 1999 but losing in the Olympic qualification to Calvin Brock. In 1998, Guinn won the U.S. National Championships and won a Bronze Medal at the Goodwill Games in New York City. Professional career He began his career winning his first 24 fights, including a seventh-round knockout win over Michael Grant and a victory over Duncan Dokiwari. In 2004 he lost his first fight, a lackluster, but controversial decision to Monte Barrett. He knocked out veteran Phil Jackson but then lost his second fight to Sergei Liakhovich, who went on to win the WBO heavyweight title. In 2005 he drew with Friday Ahunanya and lost to James Toney. In 2006, he defeated once-beaten British southpaw and Olympic Gold medalist Audley Harrison at the Agua Caliente casino, but lost his next fight against another southpaw Tony Thompson.In 2007 he continued his slide with losses against unbeaten Eddie Chambers in May and Robert Hawkins in December. In October 2008, Guinn knocked out heavyweight prospect Jean François Bergeron in the second round. In 2009, Guinn knocked out unbeaten Johnnie White (21-0) in a first-round knockout to move back into contendership status and recently defeated Charles Davis by decision. He has never been beaten inside the distance in his professional career.

Chikashi Toyoshima

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is a Japanese biophysicist. His research interest only focus on two proteins: the Ca2+-ATPase of muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the Na+, K+-ATPase expressed in all animal cells. He is a professor of University of Tokyo and the Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. His research about the Ca2+-ATPase started in 1989. In the next few years, he and his colleagues obtained a series of images of Ca2+-ATPase at the revolution of Atomic-level in the world for the first time. By the x-ray crystallography, cryo-EM and other methods, he has determined the crystal structures of ten intermediates of Ca2+-ATPase. On September 10, 2015, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded him and Poul Nissen the Gregori Aminoff Prize of 2016 for their fundamental contributions to understanding the structural basis for ATP-driven translocation of ions across membrane.Early life and education <mask> was born in a small town of Honjo, in the prefecture of Akita, Japan. The elementary-school education in Honjo is enthusiastic in developing children's ability in science, writing, sports, and arts. He and his old brother worked on science experiments with his mother, a high school economic home teacher. They did quite well in science research contests throughout Akita. He also showed an early flair for crafty innovation. He spent his free time on constructing plastic and wooden models of planes and ships. And when he was older, toy electronics became his pastime.The experience and success in science during his youth help him a lot when he stepped into a highly technical field, he recalled after a few decades. But the immediate effect at that time was that he considered being a doctor when he first feared the career decision. At last, he quit. Since his old brother had pursued medicine in college, he thought it was not necessary to have two medical doctors in the family. So he decided to choose another branch of science instead of literature even though he performed well in modern Japanese that his high school teacher suggested he study literature and writing in college. He finally chose Physics, a fashionable choice at that time and an easier choice than literature for him. In 1973, he was admitted by University of Tokyo on his first trial.He soon considered diligently the possibility to survive in that rigorous environment. In the first two-year, he studied standard physics but also took classes in the biochemistry and botany departments. In the middle of the third year, a visit to Setsuro Ebashi's laboratory appealed him by the description of the Electron microscope work. He decided to carry out a small project in Ebashi's laboratory, where he continued to work on microscopy of muscle thin filaments and myosin heads for his master's and doctoral research when finished his undergraduate degree in 1978. He completed his PhD in 1983. Career In 1984, <mask> became a research associate in University of Tokyo after he got PhD degree. Two years later, he took a postdoctoral position at the Laboratory of biophysicist Nigel Unwin in Stanford University.In Unwin's group, <mask> worked to develop mathematical methods for disentangling the superimposed information from a projection image, or electron micrograph, of the tubular structure. In 1988, he followed Unwin went to the Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, where he met another biophysicist David Stokes, who was studying Ca2+-ATPase. He also worked with Stokes. After moving back to Japan in 1989, he joined in the Frontier Research Program at RIKEN as a research scientist. One year later, he moved to the Tokyo Institute of Technology as an associate professor in 1990. In 1994, <mask> was offered a faculty position at University of Tokyo, where he is currently professor of Center for Structural Biology of Challenging Proteins, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences. Research During the early research life of Toyoshima, he worked on "3D image analysis of muscle thin filaments decorated by myosin heads" as an electron microscopist in the Department of Physics, University of Tokyo.Then he turned to the acetylcholine receptor research after he went to Unwin's laboratory to study the cryo-EM in 1986. By developing a new mathematics algorithm to untangle the superimposed images obtained from the cryo-EM, he managed to reconstruct the 3D structure of ion channel at 17 Å resolution. This is the first one 3D structure of the ion channel. It was greeted with great excitement. Soon afterwards, the same way was applied to reconstruct the 3D structure of Ca2+-ATPase with the cooperation from David Stokes. They published their analysis of the structure of this protein in Nature in 1993. After backing to Japan, <mask>'s later research continued to focus on the structure of Ca2+-ATPase.Through combining the x-ray crystallography and the crystallization method for EM, Toyoshima obtained large enough crystals of Ca2+-ATPase in the first state, the E1·2Ca2+. Then he published it in 2000, which caused a lot of excitement at that time because it was world-first for the crystal structure of P-type ATPases at such a high revolution(2.6 Å). Over the years that followed, he published a series of crystal structure of Ca2+-ATPase in succession. Until now, he has determined crystal structures of this ATPase in ten different states by x-ray crystallography, covering roughly the entire reaction cycle. He also extended his research to Na+, K+-ATPase and developed a methodology for electron crystallography of ultrathin 3D protein crystals. Nowadays, he still aims at the calcium ion pump just as the direction of the footprints which he stepped on this road of adventure in the past 27 years. Award Asahi Prize, Asahi Shimbun (2009) Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize (2011) Medal with Purple Ribbon (2015) Uehara Prize，The Uehara Memorial Foundation (2015) Gregori Aminoff Prize, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (2016) References External links Toyoshima Lab research map of Prof Toyoshima 1954 births Living people Japanese biophysicists University of Tokyo alumni University of Tokyo faculty People from Akita Prefecture Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

Alicia Koplowitz, 7th Marchioness of Bellavista

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<mask>, 7th Marchioness of Bellavista, GE (born 12 September 1954) is a Spanish business magnate and noblewoman. When her father died, she and her sister inherited Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas, S.A. (CYCSA), a company founded by her father. She then sold her part of the company to her sister and created one of the largest family offices in Europe, called Omega Capital. Early life and education Koplowitz was born in Madrid in 1954, the second and youngest daughter (after Esther, born in 1953) of Ernesto Koplowitz Sternberg, a Jewish businessman from Upper Silesia who settled down in Spain to escape the increasing German Nazi persecution in the early-1930s, and Esther Romero de Juseu y Armenteros, a Spanish aristocrat. (<mask> and Esther inherited their titles from their mother. <mask> is Marquesa de Bellavista and Marquesa del Real Socorro while Esther was Marquesa de Casa Peñalver, a title now inherited by one of her daughters.) Her parents married in 1950 in a Catholic ceremony.Her father first worked for the German electronics company AEG and then in 1952, borrowing funds from a German friend, purchased the construction company Construcciones y Reparaciones S.A. which he renamed Construcciones y Contratas S.A. (CYCSA). When Spain experienced a construction boom in the early 1960s, the company flourished. Koplowitz attended the Lycée Français and University Complutense of Madrid. Career In 1962, her father died in a horse-riding accident and her mother enlisted Ramón Areces, a close friend of her father and the president of El Corte Inglés S.A., the largest department store chain in Europe, to run CYCSA for her and her daughters' benefit. In 1968, <mask>'s mother died of cancer. In 1969, Koplowitz's sister Esther married Alberto Alcocer and six months later, Koplowitz married Alberto Alcocer's cousin Alberto Cortina, the son of Pedro Cortina Mauri, foreign minister during the Franco period. The sisters gave up their board seats to their husbands and the "Albertos", as they were known, made the firm grow spectacularly from 1973 onwards and diversified acquiring real estate, Banco Zaragozano, and 47 percent of Catalonia construction firm Fomento de Obras y Construcciones SA (FOCSA).In 1990, Koplowitz divorced Alberto Cortina after he was photographed by paparazzi in 1989 with another woman (Marta Chávarri, then wife of Fernando Falcó, marqués de Cubas, who Esther would later marry in 2003). At the same time, Esther also found that her husband was having an affair and divorced six months later. In 1990, the sisters returned to the board of CYCSA, filling the seats vacated by their husbands. Their husbands received ownership of the Banco Zaragozano as part of the divorce settlement. In 1992, CYCSA merged with 'Fomento de Obras y Construcciones, S.A. (FOCSA) forming the largest construction company in Spain. The company was renamed Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas S.A. (FCC). In 1998, Koplowitz sold her 28.26% stake in FCC to her sister Esther for 871 million euro.When <mask> left FCC in 1998, FCC was the largest construction and services company in Spain with nearly the sales of the next largest. In 2012, FCC had dropped to fifth largest in Spain while its competitor Grupo ACS (with the sisters' ex-husbands Alberto Cortina & Alberto Alcocer among its largest shareholders) is now the largest construction and services company in the world. Since then, Kolpowitz has diversified her investments, mainly through Private Equity, blue chip companies in the stock exchange, oil and real estate (such as the Ritz in Madrid, the Park Hyatt in Milan and commercial and office buildings all over the United States), advised by Oscar Fanjul (a former ex-chairman of Repsol). She has an estimated fortune of 3,000 million euro. In 1998, Koplowitz created Omega Capital, a venture capital firm specializing in growth. Omega Capital is an investment company 100% owned by her. The first investment in funds of hedge funds was made in 1999.Philanthropy and awards She has created two foundations: Fundación Vida y Esperanza (in 1994), that helps children, adolescents and young adults with social, family and financial problems with housing, education and work. The foundation now has approximately 100 people receiving full-time aid in Spain. Through a different branch of Vida y Esperanza she also gives housing and support to the elderly, helps people with special needs and works with other foundations. Through her charitable foundation Fundación Alicia Koplowitz she sends Spanish fellows to research in child psychiatry in England and the U.S. at places like King's College, Columbia University's Medical Center or Stanford University. These fellowships cover the full research, housing and salary for 2 to 4 years and then help the fellow seek employment at a top institution when they return to Spain. The Foundation also organizes every year the largest convention for psychiatry in Spain where top scientist from all over the world come during one week to give lectures and make round tables and debates. In 2009 she was named an honorary member of the Spanish Society of Psychiatrists for her efforts to promote the study and development of child and adolescent psychiatry.Thanks to her efforts, the Spanish State recognized child and adolescent psychiatry as different specialization within general psychiatry in Spain. Koplowitz also promoted, built and donated to Spain the largest hospital in Europe specialized in multiple sclerosis in 2004 (Alicia Koplowitz Multiple Sclerosis Hospital). Among her distinctions and awards, she was awarded the Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil (May 2003), Chevalier de La Légion d'honneur of France (Knight of the Legion of Honour, of France), the prize for the recognition of her career from the State of Madrid in 2007 (Premio Persona Singular de la Comunidad de Madrid), the Gold Medal from the Spanish State in 2009 and the Gold Medal from the Red Cross in 2013. She is a member of several organizations, universities and foundations such as Member of the Board of the following organizations: L’Union Centrale des Arts Décoratifs "UCAD" de France, Christie's Auction House, The Shimon Peres Center for Peace, Guggenheim Museum, Prado Museum and The Prince of Asturias Foundation and Prize. She is also a member of the Board of trustees of University Charles III of Spain. She is known by people who have met her to have one of the most important art collections in Europe and the largest one in Spain; her favourite pieces are by Goya, Picasso, Modigliani, Van Gogh, Rotko and de Kooning among others. Personal life Koplowitz has three sons with Alberto Cortina: Alberto Cortina (born 1971).Alberto studied law in Madrid and started his career at Banco Zaragozano. He has worked at Omega Capital. He holds the title Marquess de Real Socorro which his mother relinquished to him in 2000. He is married to Inés Balmaseda, the daughter of the Count of Cumbres Altas. Pedro Cortina (b. 1972). Pedro started his career working at NH Hoteles.He is married to Bárbara Chapártegui, an interior decorator, with whom he has three children. Pedro then founded and runs the hotel company Hospes with hotels in France and Spain. Pelayo Cortina (b. 1985). He holds the title Count of San Fernando de Peñalver, gained in court to Fernando Fernández-Cavada y París, Count of La Vega del Pozo. Pelayo studied Industrial Engineering and Management at Northwestern University. After having worked for Lehman Brothers Private Equity, Arcelor Mittal Strategy and Societe Generale Natural Resources, he has worked in Ecofin Global L/S Fund.He is on the board of directors of several companies such as Northern Gold Mining and Engel & Volkers, among others. He is married to Jane Coppée Vaxelaire, a Belgian Sotheby's art expert and granddaughter of the Baron Raymond de Vaxelaire, member of one of Belgium's most important industrial families. Koplowitz is known to have a very low-key way of life and an extremely discreet social life. It is rare to see her at any social event besides the ones organized by her foundation and she always uses commercial airlines when traveling. Between 2004 and 2006 Koplowitz was in a relationship with a Spanish aristocrat Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 19th Duke of Alba. Since 2012 she has been in a relationship with a Portuguese businessman and aristocrat Miguel Pais do Amaral, Count of Alferrarede. Klopowitz was brought up Catholic by her mother and was for some years associated with the Legionnaires of Christ.Her Cuban-born mother, Esther Romero de Juseu y Armenteros (died 1968), started a legal battle to obtain the Marquessate of El Real Socorro, which ended in 1971 with Koplowitz gaining the nobiliary title; her sister Esther obtained in court in 1988 the County of Peñalver. In March 2017, the court ruled that a distant relative, María Elena de Cárdenas y González (born in 1919), has better rights to the title of Marchioness of Bellavista than Koplowitz. However, until all legal options are exhausted, the decision is not yet final. The Spanish Ministry of Justice has not yet issued the Royal Letter of Succession for the Marquessate of Bellavista in favor of de Cárdenas or the corresponding revocation of the title, therefore, the title remains legally in Koplowitz's possession. The same month de Cárdenas also won in the Spanish courts the Marquessate of Almendares from another Cuban man, meanwhile in the previous month (February 2017), she gained the Marquessate of Campo Florido from Koplowitz's niece, <mask>-Koplowitz. References External links Periodista Digital Clarin El Mundo Fundación <mask>itz Omega Gestión, la gestora española que más apuesta por la inversión libre Cerrado Fund, un éxito de la gestión española en hedge funds Northern Gold 1952 births Living people Female billionaires Spanish billionaires Spanish people of German-Jewish descent Spanish people of Cuban descent Spanish Roman Catholics Spanish women in business 20th-century Spanish businesspeople 21st-century Spanish businesspeople 20th-century businesswomen 21st-century businesswomen 20th-century Spanish women

Peter Paltchik

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<mask> (, ; born 4 January 1992) is a Ukrainian-born Israeli judoka, competing in the under 100 kg weight category, of which he is the current number 1 ranked Judoka in the world. In September 2019 he won the Israeli championship in the 100+ Kg category. Paltchik won the gold medal at the 2020 European Judo Championships in Prague on November 21, 2020, beating Russian judoka Arman Adamian in the final, Adding to his bronze medal from the 2018 European Judo Championships in Tel Aviv. <mask> also won a bronze medal in the mixed team judo competition in the 2021 Olympics. Early and personal life <mask> was born in 1992 in Yalta, Crimea (Ukraine). As a 9 months old baby, he immigrated to Israel with his mother Larisa and resided in the city of Rishon LeZion. About a year later, his maternal grandparents immigrated to Israel as well.By the time he was seven years old, <mask>'s mother had lived in the United States for work purposes, and <mask> grew up in Israel with his grandparents. He attended the Yigal Alon High School. He served as a logistic soldier at the Tzrifin base of the Israeli Air Force. He was born at a high weight of with crooked bones and various health problems, and the doctor recommended his family let <mask> practice sports. His grandfather sent him to practice Judo when he was four years old at the “Samurai Club” in Rishon Letzion under the guidance of Pavel Musin. At the age of 16, he joined the Israeli Judo Cadet Team. At the age of 17, he won the Israel cadet championship, Junior championship, and the U23 championship that season.At the age of 18 he joined the national senior judo team under the Israel national coach Oren Samadja. Paltchik married his Israeli girlfriend Daniel Youlzary in April 2016. Career 2011-2014 In September 2011, Paltchik competed in the European Championship U20 in Lumel, Belgium, and  won a silver medal in the -90 kg weight category. In June 2012, Paltchik underwent a complicated surgery in the right knee following a rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament during routine training. Because of the surgery and the rehabilitation, the shift to the senior level was interrupted until 2014. In January 2014, <mask> returned to practice as part of the senior Israeli judo team. In February 2014 he won a bronze medal in the European Open in Oberwart.In September, he again won a bronze medal at the European Open in Tallinn. He competed in the U100 kg category in the Israeli championship that year, and won the gold medal. 2015-2017 In 2015, Paltchik decided, together with the national team coach, to raise the weight category U100 kg in order to improve his performance on the mat. In June 2015, he participated in the European Games held in Baku, and was eliminated in the second round. In November 2015, in the midst of the race to the Olympic games in Rio de Janeiro, <mask> took part in the Qingdao Grand Prix in China, and ripped the ligaments in his shoulder during a fight against the Mongolian Olympic champion, Naidan. He had to undergo a long rehabilitation of 9 months. In February 2017, he won a bronze medal at the European Cup competition in Rome.In March, he participated in the Baku Grand Slam and reached fifth place. At the 2017 European Championship held in Warsaw in April, Paltchik reached seventh place. On June, a competition was held at the European Tour in Bucharest, Romania, where Paltchik won a bronze medal. Later that month, he won a gold medal in the Cancún Grand Prix, after winning in the semifinals the Brazilian former world champion, Luciano Correra, and beating Irish Benjamin Fletcher in the waza-ari. In the 2017 World Championships held in September in Budapest, Paltchik lost in the round-of-16 to Michael Korrel from Netherlands,World Championships who was ranked first in the world. In October, Paltchik won a bronze medal at the Abu Dhabi Grand Slam, after defeating Miklós Cirjenics from Hungary. 2018-present In April 2018, Paltchik won the gold medal in the Tbilisi Grand Prix in Georgia, when he defeated Merab Margiev of Russia in the final, after two minutes and a half.In the 2018 European Championship held in April in Tel Aviv, Paltchik won a bronze medal in the category U100 kg. In the first round, he met Latvias Jevgenijs Borodavko. Two minutes from the start of the fight, <mask> won a wazari, that eventually make him pass the first round. In the top-16, he met the Serbian Bojan Dosen, and after four minutes without scoring, the battle went into a golden score, in which the Serbian took the third penalty and Paltchik went up to the quarterfinal. At that stage, <mask> overcame Zelym Kotsoiev from Azerbaijan, when a minute and 13 seconds to the end of the fight, he managed to get a wazari. In the semifinal, Paltchik competed against French Cyrille Maret. After 2 minutes and 16 seconds from the start of the fight, Maret entered a choking exercise, and <mask> fainted.Afterwards, <mask> competed for the bronze medal, facing the Russian Niiaz Bilalov, and won the fight after 39 seconds, after scoring an ippon. In August 2018, <mask> competed in the Budapest Grand Prix and won a bronze medal, after defeating Martin Pacek of Sweden with an Ippon. In October 2018, he won the gold medal in the Abu Dhabi Grand Slam, after defeating German Karl-Richard Frey in the semifinal, and the Olympic silver medalist Elmar Gasimov in the final. That time in Abu Dhabi was the first time that Israelis were allowed to wear formal Israeli judo suits, and the Israeli national anthem, 'HaTikva', was played while <mask> was standing on the podium. In November, he won the gold medal in The Hague Grand Prix when he defeated the Belarussian Mikita Sviryd in the final after the fight entered the golden score time. In February 2019, he won a bronze medal at the prestigious Paris Grand Slam. He reached the semifinals in which he faced Aaron Wolf from Japan.Ten seconds after the opening of the match, <mask> scored a wazari, but lost in ippon a minute and 9 seconds before the end of the fight, after the Japanese managed to win. <mask> went down to fight for the bronze medal, which he won by beating Croatia's Zlatko Kumeric by ippon. On March 17, he took part in the Ekaterinburg Grand Slam, and began the second round where he met Mikhail Minchin from Armenia, and won by ippon, obtained 58 seconds from the opening and went up to the quarterfinals. In the next stage, he defeated Jevgenijs Borodavko from Latvia. In the semifinals he lost by ippon to Arman Admanin of Russia. In the fight for the bronze medal, Paltchik defeated Dutchman Michael Korrel with a wazari in the golden score, and won the medal. In July 2019 <mask> won the bronze medal in Zagreb Grand Prix by defeating Miklós Cirjenics (Hungary).In January 2020 <mask> won the gold medal in Tel Aviv Grand Prix by defeating the Brazilian Goncalves Leonardo. In February 2020 <mask> won the gold medal in Paris Grand Slam by defeating the Georgian Varlam Liparteliani. During the 2020 European Judo Championships in November 2020, Paltchik became the European Champion, taking the Gold medal by defeating the Russian Arman Adamian in the final. In 2021, he won one of the bronze medals in his event at the 2021 Judo World Masters held in Doha, Qatar. <mask> represents Israel at the 2020 Summer Olympics, competing at the men's 100 kg weight category.In his first match, Paltchik beat the 2019 Asian-Pacific champion, Mongolian Lkhagvasürengiin Otgonbaatar, to qualify for the quarter finals. There he met the 2017 world champion, Japanese Aaron Wolf, to whom he lost and turned to face Canadian two-time Pan American Champion Shady El Nahas in the repechage. Wolf went on to win the gold medal, while <mask> , losing to El Nahas, ended the individual competition in 7th place.He won one of the bronze medals in his event at the 2022 Judo Grand Slam Tel Aviv held in Tel Aviv, Israel. Medals Source: Israeli Championships Partial list: +100 kg Category (2019) References External links <mask> at the European Judo Union A podcast with <mask> by Wharton University of Pennsylvania <mask>k: From night security guard to European judo champion on Olympics.com 1992 births Living people People from Yalta Israeli male judoka European Games competitors for Israel Judoka at the 2015 European Games Ukrainian emigrants to Israel Israeli sportspeople Judoka at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic judoka of Israel Israeli people of Soviet descent Israeli people of Ukrainian descent Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in judo Olympic bronze medalists for Israel

Anna of Tyrol

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<mask> of Tyrol (4 October 1585 – 14 December 1618), was by birth Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolean branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Queen of Hungary. The first crowned Holy Roman Empress since the mid-15th century, she was responsible for the moving of the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna, which became one of the centers of European culture. A proponent of the Counter-Reformation, she held a great influence over her husband Matthias, with whom she founded the Imperial Crypt, which later became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty. Biography Early years <mask> was born in Innsbruck on 4 October 1585 as the third and last daughter of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria, and Count of Tyrol, and his second wife, <mask>. She had two older sisters, Archduchesses <mask> (26 June 1583 – 15 January 1584) and Maria (16 June 1584 – 2 March 1649), later a nun. All them suffered from poor health from birth. Her baptism was conducted with special solemnity, being organized by her uncles Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria, and Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria.The godfather of the princess was Emperor Maximilian II (another uncle), for whom his son Archduke Ernest of Austria stood as proxy, while the rite was celebrated by the Bishop of Brixen. <mask> spent her childhood at the Innsbruck court, which thanks to her parents became in the center of Renaissance culture. She lived in Ambras Castle, Hofburg and Ruelyust Palaces. In order to protect the health of her daughter, after 1590 Archduchess-Countess <mask> had a personal cookbook. In January 1595, the princess lost her father. Her widowed mother made every effort to give her daughters a good education. <mask> then discovered an unusual musical talent, she was given a clavichord (a rare and expensive instrument), and a teacher was hired.The love for music remained in the princess throughout her life. <mask> was raised in a strict Catholic environment. Even as Holy Roman Empress, when she believed that she had committed a sin, she engaged in self-flagellation to torment the flesh. <mask> made frequent pilgrimages, but didn't take her daughters with her due to their poor health. In 1606, she decided to found a convent there in Innsbruck for the Servants of Mary, Religious Sisters of the Servite Third Order, of which she was a member, and after arranging the marriage of her youngest daughter, she took her monastic vows, taking a new name – <mask>. Maria, <mask>'s older sister, followed their mother's example and also took the veil in the same convent under their mother's former name. Marriage and coronation Upon reaching adulthood, <mask> began to receive offers of marriage.The first proposal was made in 1603 by King Sigismund III of Poland (then a widower), but Emperor Rudolf II didn't give his consent. Then the Emperor expressed his intention to marry the princess and sent his court painter to Innsbruck, to make a portrait of his intended bride. Once the Emperor showed his interest in <mask>, her mother stopped taking other marriage proposals for her, but soon Rudolf II retracted his proposal. The Emperor's younger brother Archduke Matthias also began to woo her, and some time later, Rudolf II allowed the marriage of his brother to his former fiancée. <mask> and Matthias (at that point already King of Hungary and Bohemia) married on 4 December 1611 in Vienna at the Augustinian Church; bride and groom were first cousins –Matthias' father Emperor Maximilian II was an elder brother of <mask>'s father, Archduke Ferdinand II. Matthias, although he was already in his fifties, hoped to sire an heir with his 26-year-old wife. Four years later, when <mask> became slightly stout, rumors began at the imperial court that she had finally become pregnant.But soon courtiers began to joke that her corpulence was not related to a pregnancy but because she had a very good appetite. Ultimately, the union was childless. On 21 May 1612 Matthias was elected King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor. <mask> was crowned Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Germany in Frankfurt on 15 June 1612, two days after her husband, re-assuming the tradition of the coronation of emperors' wives. She was the first crowned Empress since Eleanor of Portugal. <mask> was also crowned Queen of Hungary on 25 March 1613 in Pressburg and Queen of Bohemia on 10 January 1616 in Prague. Called the "Good-natured and loving Empress", she had a great influence over her husband, jointly with Matthias' mistress Susana Wachter.Contemporaries called both spouses the "Working Couple" (de: Arbeitspaar). Upon his wife's request Matthias transferred the Imperial court from Prague to Vienna, and soon, thanks to their joint efforts, the new court was one of the centers of European culture. The Empress was also noted for the special protection she provided to her Tyroleans subjects, arranging different positions for them at court. As a devout Catholic, she refused to talk to or interact with Protestant courtiers. Like her mother, <mask> collected relics, especially from the holy ascetics. She also patronized the Capuchins, and later played an important role in the Austrian Counter-Reformation. For her devotion to the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Paul V awarded the Empress with the Golden Rose.Last years and death In 1617 <mask> and her husband founded the Capuchin Church, Vienna. On 10 November 1618 construction began on their tomb. <mask> died a month after construction started, on 14 December 1618 aged 33; her husband died only three months later, on 20 March 1619. Both spouses were temporarily buried in the royal Poor Clare monastery in Vienna. Only after the completion of construction of the built, which was continued by their cousin and successor, Emperor Ferdinand II, in 1633 the coffins with the remains of Matthians and <mask> were transferred into the tomb, known as the Imperial Crypt. Their coffins were placed side by side. It was only during the reign of Emperor Ferdinand III that the Imperial crypt finally became the burial place of the Habsburg dynasty.Ancestors Notes References Bibliography , pp. 152–4248 p. online |- |- Holy Roman Empresses Italian queens consort 17th-century House of Habsburg German queens consort Hungarian queens consort Bohemian queens consort Austrian princesses Austrian royal consorts 1585 births 1618 deaths People from Innsbruck 17th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire 17th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire Burials at the Imperial Crypt

Joseph Fowles

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<mask> (24 December 1809 – 25 June 1878) was an Australian artist and educator, perhaps best remembered for his publication "Sydney in 1848", a series of etchings depicting Sydney’s streets and buildings in that year. Early life and arrival Voyage <mask> was an artist but not much is known of his early life apart from what can be gleaned from the journal of his voyage to New South Wales held in the Mitchell Library, Sydney. During the voyage he painted on deck and his illustrated journal includes islands and ports of call en route. He arrived in Sydney on 31 August 1838 via Hobart as an unassisted cabin passenger aboard the "Fortune" with his wife Sarah and partner Emily Collyer. Life in Sydney His journal states that leased a property at Hunters Hill owned by Mary Reiby known as Figtree Farm. Here on the farm he produced fruit and vegetables and obtained timber sold at market in Sydney. The <mask> family lived at Hunters Hill into the 1840s during which time his wife Sarah returned to England and <mask> took up with his companion Emily Lambrigg Collyer.They were to have seven children. Career as an artist Marine painter <mask> opened a studio in Harrington Street in Sydney’s Rocks in the 1840s and gained a reputation as a marine painter. At the first public exhibition of art in the colony in 1847 presented by the Society for the Promotion of Fine Arts in Australia he exhibited 7 works featuring maritime subjects: five were of ships and one “Kangaroos” his first documented animal painting. The Sydney Morning Herald described him as a marine painter successful in capturing the likeness of ships in his work. <mask> exhibited three further maritime paintings in the same exhibition in 1849. Etchings and drawings of Sydney Sydney in 1848 The major artistic work of <mask>les career was a series of etchings depicting the town of Sydney in 1848. Sydney had been transformed in the years following Fowles arrival and he set himself the task of conveying the bustling new city in a series of streetscape etchings identifying administrative, commercial, religious and residential buildings of the city.“Sydney in 1848” appeared in 20 fortnightly parts between 1848 and 1850. The collection of etchings proved popular, being published in full in 1878 and subsequently in 1882, 1962 and 1973. <mask> believed Sydney’s stature as a city had not been recognised in Britain. The purpose of this project was to change any such perceptions to the contrary as he outlined in the serial installments appearing in the press and in the print publication: “The principal object of this Work is to remove the erroneous and discreditable notions current in England concerning this City, in common with everything else connected with the Colony. We shall endeavour to represent Sydney as it really is – to exhibit its spacious Gas-lit Streets, crowded by an active thriving Population – its Public Edifices, and its sumptuous Shops, which boldly claim a comparison with those of London itself” The work remains an important source for Sydney’s early history. Sydney Views “Sydney in 1848” marked a move away from marine subjects toward landscapes, in particular views of Sydney. These included scenes of Sydney around Millers Point, Sydney residences including Bungarrabee (Eastern Creek) and Emu Hall (Penrith).Street scenes included a portrait of publican Stephen Butts on a white horse, outside his fashionable terrace house in Macquarie Street. The latter work signalled Fowles’ other artistic phase as an animal portraitist, especially horses. Equine and Animal subjects Fowles penchant for painting horses was related to his love of horse racing. He painted commissioned works as well as contributing to exhibitions in the 1850s and 1860s. He established a successful business selling portraits of champion racehorses. He established stables near Randwick racecourse, named The Newmarket training stables. The Sydney Morning Herald reported these stables built by ‘Mr <mask> the well-known animal painter of Sydney’ to be ‘the most complete establishment of the kind in the colony’ Despite a financial setback in which the stables sent him into insolvency he remained well connected in the racing industry affiliated with Homebush Jockey Club and the Tattersall’s Club.Career as a teacher The success of Fowles major artistic work: “Sydney in 1848” acted as a springboard for a career as a drawing teacher that was to last for the rest of his life. From his first appointment at a private boarding school in Liverpool Street, Sydney, in 1851–1852 to a succession of city public schools in the late 1870s he had a long and distinguished career in education. His major appointments included Sydney Mechanics School of Art (1854–1861), Sydney Grammar School (1867–74) and Kings School (1871–73) He became drawing master for the Board of National Education forerunner of the New South Wales Department of Education. Fowles published instructional manuals for drawing for students and teachers such as the “Sydney Drawing Book” that underpinned the curriculum in NSW government schools into the 1880s. It was said that through Fowles efforts drawing was being taught at every government school in New South Wales at the comparatively early date of 1869. Later life <mask> suffered seizures later in life and his obituary records that a third recorded instance was to prove fatal on the evening of 25 June 1878. The notice in the Sydney Morning Herald remembers him for his artistic talent, referring to him as “father of drawing in the city.” A reference is made to “Sydney in 1848” and as a painter of animals in which “Mr Fowles especially excelled”.His service to education is acknowledged and his many years as drawing master to the National Board of Education. Gallery See also Australian art References Further reading 1809 births 1878 deaths 19th-century Australian artists 19th-century Australian painters 19th-century male artists English emigrants to Australia Australian male painters

Max Brödel

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<mask> (June 8, 1870 – October 26, 1941) was a medical illustrator. Born in Leipzig, Germany, he began his artistic career after graduating from the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts, working for Dr. Carl Ludwig. Under Ludwig's instruction, Brödel gained a basic knowledge of medicine and became recognized for his detailed medical illustrations. In the late 1890s, he was brought to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore to illustrate for Harvey Cushing, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and other notable clinicians. In addition to being a prolific medical illustrator, he developed new artistic techniques such as the carbon dust technique that helped the advancement of the quality and accuracy of medical illustrations for physicians. In 1911, he presided over the creation of the first Department of Art as Applied to Medicine; located at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, it continues to train medical illustrators to this day. His graduates spread out across the world, and have founded a number of other academic programs.Biography Early life and education <mask> was born on June 8, 1870 in Leipzig, Germany, to Louis Brödel and Henrietta Frenzel Brödel. From the early age of 6, he took piano lessons and by 12, he was playing Beethoven. Not only was he musically inclined, he was also artistically inclined. At age 15, Brödel began to develop his artistic abilities at the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts in a program for painting and drawing, where he learned artistic techniques reflecting the 19th-century arts education with an emphasis on the development of fine, precise drawings This meticulous attention to detail and accuracy was one of the skills that Brödel was later praised for in his medical illustrations. Over the summers, he put his artistic skills to use with part-time jobs drawing landscapes and figures. When Brödel was 18, Carl Ludwig, a famous physiologist of the 19th century, hired Brödel to draw a 150x magnified cortex of the brain. This was his first experience with medical illustrations, which he would make his lifelong career.Personal life Marriage and family Brödel was introduced to fellow artist, medical illustrator, and future wife, Ruth Huntington, by Dr. Howard Kelly. A graduate of zoology and botany from Smith College, Ruth also received Franklin P. Malls' invitation and had begun illustrating for Dr. Charles Bardeen as part of the Hopkins Anatomy Department in 1900. The pair realized their similar musical and artistic interests and married shortly afterwards on December 31, 1902. They had four children together: Elizabeth (born October 9, 1903), Ruth (born April 23, 1905), Carl (born June 7, 1908), and Elsa (born February 8, 1911). Ruth suffered from scarlet fever as a child and died on June 1, 1908. Elizabeth later followed her father's footsteps and became a medical illustrator for New York Hospital, and Carl became a geology professor at Johns Hopkins University. Known for his jovial, fun-loving personality, Brödel became close friends with H. L. Mencken, an American journalist and satirist.In 1913, he was invited to join the Saturday Night Club, a group of musicians and intellectuals that played music together, to share drinks. In his free time, he enjoyed hunting trips in the forests of Canada, fishing, and playing the piano. Outside of his profession, he also occasionally made drawings from nature. Early career Despite his minimal scientific background and lack of medical knowledge, <mask> and his artistic potential were well received by esteemed German physician and physiologist, Carl Ludwig. Under Ludwig's mentorship and guidance at the Anatomical Institute at the Institute of Physiology at the University of Leipzig, Brödel was employed with drawing detailed gross anatomical and histological diagrams. Honing his observational skills with detailed notes of the numerous surgeries and autopsies he observed, Brödel's work was credited for topographical accuracy, tissue realism, and attention to the cross-sectional anatomy. Another noticeable feature of his illustrations was the aerial perspective that showed the anatomy as seen through a surgeon's eyes.Some of his early illustrations were also for physicians Spalteholz, His and Braune. His network of medical professionals increased when he met Dr. Franklin P. Mall of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1888. <mask>'s artistic career was briefly suspended when he was drafted to serve two years on November 8, 1890. Through the auspices of Geheimrat Carl Ludwig, Prince George of Saxony, Brödel served his first year with arms, and the second year with artistic pursuits for the regiment. Upon return to Leipzig after his service, Brödel continued his work as a free-lance artist, specializing in anatomical and scientific illustrations. During this time, Brödel accepted Mall's invitation to illustrate at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Career at Johns Hopkins University Brödel arrived at Johns Hopkins in the winter of January 18, 1894.From here, Brödel had received internal acclaim through his employment by Howard Kelly as the illustrator for Operative Genecology. Highly sought after by anatomist Franklin P. Mall and other physicians for his meticulous attention to detail and realism in his medical illustrations, Brödel's skills were a valuable asset to the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Shortly after his employment, Brödel was joined by fellow medical illustrators, Hermann Becker and August Horn, both of whom had also attended the Leipzig Academy of Fine Arts. Working in conjunction with these two artists, Brödel created an extensive catalog of gross and histological diagrams for the medical staff, including Dr. Howard A. Kelly, Dr. William S. Halstead, and Dr. Thomas S. Cullen, who had proposed Brödel's training of students in medical illustration. Work with Dr. Howard Kelly The majority of Brödel's illustrations were for Dr. Howard A. Kelly, the Chief of Gynecology, during his employment at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Brödel illustrated for Kelly's two-volume textbook, Operative Gynecology, which was published in 1898. Its release garnered widespread praise and recognition, cemented Kelly's preeminent status in the field of gynecology, and established Brödel's role as a pioneering medical illustrator.Brödel then went on to work on other books authored or co-authored by Kelly, including those on diseases of the kidneys, ureters and bladder, as well as Kelly's journal articles and monographs. Throughout the illustrative process, Brödel worked closely with Kelly, conferring with each other before the first sketch was drawn. After debriefing, with Kelly, Brödel painstakingly conducted independent medical research and experimented to find the best method to communicate information about complex structures to medical professionals. For example, when Kelly asked for some anatomical data about the blood supply of the kidney, Brödel went to the Pathological Laboratories, got a kidney from the autopsies and washed it out by attaching it by a tube to the tap. Then, he filled the arteries with red paint, the veins with blue, and the ureter with yellow. Using the digesting method he had observed Frank Mall use in Carl Ludwig's laboratory in Germany, he could see various sections of the kidney that resembled a tree branch with small apples lining them, which were the glomeruli of the kidney. Brödel also noticed an avascular area and suggested cutting along this line when looking for kidney stones.He developed what is referred today as Brödel's suture, which can be used to repair a prolapsed kidney. <mask>'s underlying artistic philosophy is best described in his own words: “The artist must first fully comprehend the subject matter from every standpoint: anatomical, topographical, histological, pathological, medical, and surgical. From this accumulated knowledge grows a mental picture from which again crystallizes the plan for the future drawing. A clear and vivid mental picture must always precede the actual picture on paper. The planning of the picture, therefore, is the all important thing, not the execution.” He developed a technique where he examined every medical sample under a microscope at low, medium, and high (magnification of x40, 100, 400) power to form a complete picture of it in his mind. Just two months prior to his death, he wrote in a journal article that “the artist must know his subject so thoroughly that he can even shut his eyes and coax into existence a mental picture of great clarity.” His emphasis on anatomically accurate visualization prior to artistic actualization was manifested in his incredibly lifelike renderings. The seamless translation of medical knowledge into his illustrations is credited with his strong investigative drive.Brödel understood the essential role medical illustrations played in teaching medical students the complexities and functions of anatomical structures, and was therefore keen on educating himself by poring over medical texts, attending lectures, and dissecting cadavers. In a bulletin to Johns Hopkins, Brödel wrote "No drawing was made by me without original study through injection, dissection, frozen section, or reconstruction. Other medical fields he worked extensively in are Otolaryngology, Urology, and Neurosurgery. Setbacks On March 24, 1899, Brödel was diagnosed with a streptococcus infection on his hand and arm, caused by improper practice of handling anatomical dissections without gloves. He required several operations on his left arm, including one to separate nerve fibers from the scar tissue. These operations were performed by Dr. William S. Halsted, Chief of Surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Capitalizing on this experience, Brödel illustrated and detailed his medical condition and the resulting numbness of his nondominant left hand.Despite encouragement by Halsted, these drawings remained unpublished. In December 1904, <mask> sustained severe injuries to the middle finger of his right hand. Another Johns Hopkins physician, Dr. John Miller Turpin Finney, was able to help recover normal functioning, allowing Brödel to continue his artistic and musical pursuits. War years With the onset of World War I, Brödel experienced alienation and disillusion living amongst anti-German sentiment in the United States along with his mother's declining health back in Germany. Henriette <mask> would end up dying November 2, 1915 and <mask> would become more introverted as the years went on, realizing he had overestimated the amount of importance and growth his medical illustration training program was to receive, expecting it to grow in stature in ways it never did. Brödel's program was to be plagued by low student enrollment during the war years and the persistent troubles of meager compensation in the profession of medical illustration, with two of his pupils turning down offers to work with Brödel's former colleague Harvey Cushing, now at Harvard Medical School, over the issue of salary. Death Brödel died on October 26, 1941 of pancreatic cancer in Baltimore, Maryland.Approximately two months before he died, he had published a paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association titled "Medical Illustration." This provided a first-hand account and insight into his long illustrative career. A few months after his death, an intensive study of the human ear was published, in which two of the series of three drawings had been completed by <mask> and the third, being preliminary sketches at the time of his death, was later completed by P. D. Malone. Legacy Carbon dust technique <mask> is credited with the development of the carbon dust technique for medical and scientific illustrations. He had been looking for an acceptable medium able to show the vividness and detail characteristic of living tissue, and made the breakthrough using clay-surfaced lithographic transfer paper. Using a wide variety of media, realistic multi-dimensional representations of complex anatomical structures are able to be constructed. The dust is made by shaving carbon pencils against abrasive surfaces, and then applying this fine dust onto textured, calcium-coated paper with dry brushes.Increasing the depth and dimension of the image, the carbon dust technique was able to add highlights, shadows, and texture to <mask>'s work. Due to the limitations of the black and white printing era, the relative ease of reprinting artwork created with carbon dust made this a highly suitable technique for a wide variety of scientific illustrations. Popularized in the 1900s, this method is applied with various different materials and techniques, but the same principles are still used today. This is because of its ability to capture a remarkable amount of fine visual detail, as well as a bridge allowing for close collaboration with physicians. Department of Art as Applied to Medicine In 1910, Brödel received an inviting offer for a position at the Mayo Clinic. Gynecologist and close friend of Brödel, Dr. Thomas S. Cullen, began raising funds for a department where Brödel could remain content at Johns Hopkins and train the next generation of medical illustrators with the necessary skills and background. Henry Walters, a Baltimore financier, philanthropist and art collector, agreed to fund the creation of this endeavor.In 1911, <mask> became the inaugural director for the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine at Johns Hopkins. His goal was to train medical illustrators to work in conjunction with physicians to increase understanding of how the body works. The program was the first medical illustration program, and attracted both medical and art students from all around the world. In an article published in the September 1911 edition of The Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin, Brödel laid out his case for the creation of the department. “Its purpose,” he wrote, “is to bridge over the gap existing between art and medicine, and to train a new generation of artists to illustrate medical journals and books in the future and to spare them the years of trial and disappointment of their self-taught predecessors.” The Department of Art as Applied to Medicine is still recognized for their excellence in visual communication in science and medicine. Many former students at the Department of Art as Applied to Medicine would later make up a large percentage of the founding members of the Association of Medical Illustrators, which began in 1945. Several notable artists who were heavily influenced by Brödel include the following: Annette Smith Burgess – Taught by Brödel at the Maryland Institute College of Art, she became the first medical illustrator at the Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins.<mask> - She was one of <mask>'s daughters who worked at the Woman's Clinic in the New York Hospital and later became the first elected Treasurer for the Association of Medical Illustrators. James F. Didusch - He was the first student under <mask> from 1911-1913 and worked as the illustrator for the Carnegie Institute of Embryology at Johns Hopkins University until his death in 1955. Dorcas Hager Padget - She was a self-taught artist who received training from <mask> before working for neurosurgeon Walter Dandy and eventually became a scientific researcher at the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and later at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Muriel McLatchie - She was another student of <mask>del at Johns Hopkins University. In the early 1930s she went to Boston and later established a department of Medical Art at the Massachusetts General Hospital. McLatchie was also one of the founding members of the Association of Medical Illustrators. Leon Schlossberg - After graduating from City College and studying <mask>'s work at the Maryland Institute College of Art, he sought out mentorship from <mask>.From 1942 to 1946, he worked at the Bethesda Naval Hospital and then became a professor at the Johns Hopkins University teaching anatomical sketching for more than fifty years until his death in 1999. Institutions that have been influenced by Brödel's work in medical illustrations include the Wilmer, Brady, Mayo and Lahey clinics, the American Museum of Natural History, and Yale, Minnesota, Rochester, Toronto and Tulane Universities. Notable textbooks Operative Gynecology (Vols. I&II), (New York: D. Appleton and company, 1898), Howard A. Kelly Gynecology, (New York, London: D. Appleton and Company, 1928), Howard A. Kelly Medical Gynecology, (New York: Appleton, 1908), Howard A. Kelly "The Vermiform Appendix and Its Diseases" The Indian Medical Gazette 41, no. 2 (February 1906): 70–71. Kelly, and Elizabeth Herndon. Gynecology and Abdominal Surgery (Vols.I&II) (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders company, 1907), Howard A. Kelly and Charles P. Noble Myomata of the Uterus, (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1909), Howard A. Kelly and Thomas Stephen Cullen Diseases of the Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder (Vols. I&II), Howard A. Kelly and Charles Burnham Johns Hopkins Hospital In 1938, a portrait of Brödel by artist Thomas C. Corner, was presented and displayed in the halls of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine alongside portraits of medical pioneers, William Osler, Wiliam Stewart Halsted, Howard Atwood Kelly, and William H. Welch. This display of recognition was initiated by the vice president of the W.B. Saunders medical publishing company, Mr. R.W. Greene. Brödel Archives The majority of Brödel's illustrations and his uncompleted manuscript are housed in the Brödel archives located at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Visitors and researchers are allowed to reproduce a selection of his works with special permission.All of <mask>'s work for Dr. Kelly and Thomas S. Cullen are numbered from 1 to 989. See also Medical Illustration Association of Medical Illustrators Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Johns Hopkins Hospital References Further reading External links Department of Art as Applied to Medicine Association of Medical Illustrators Medical illustrators German illustrators 1870 births 1941 deaths

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<mask> (born Joseph Levitch; March 16, 1926 – August 20, 2017) was an American comedian, director, actor, screenwriter, singer, humanitarian and producer. Nicknamed "The King of Comedy", <mask> is regarded as one of the most significant American cultural figures of the 20th century, was widely known for his "kid" and "idiot" persona and his contributions to comedy and charity, along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in pop culture over an eight-decade career. He professionally debuted in 1946 as part of the famous Martin and <mask> with singer Dean Martin and performed together until 1956. That same year, his solo career started after the split. By becoming a solo star and innovative filmmaker, he helped to develop and popularize "video assist", the closed-circuit apparatus enabling film directors to see what had been shot without waiting for developed film footage. <mask> appeared and starred in 60 films with 13 directed by him. He was also national chairman of the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) and host of The Jerry Lewis Telethon each Labor Day weekend for many years.Early life <mask> was born Joseph Levitch on March 16, 1926, in Newark, New Jersey, to a Jewish family. His parents were Daniel "Danny" Levitch (1902–1980), a master of ceremonies and vaudevillian who performed under the stage name <mask>, whose parents immigrated to the United States from the Russian Empire to New York, and Rachael "Rae" Levitch (née Brodsky; 1903–1983), a WOR radio pianist and Danny's music director, from Warsaw. Reports as to his birth name are conflicting; in <mask>'s 1982 autobiography, he claimed his birth name was Joseph, after his maternal grandfather, but his birth certificate, the 1930 U. S. Census, and the 1940 U. S. Census all named him as Jerome. <mask> said that he ceased using the names Joseph and Joey as an adult to avoid being confused with Joe E. <mask> and Joe Louis. Reports as to the hospital in which he was born conflict as well, with biographer Shawn Levy claiming he was born at Clinton Private Hospital and others claiming Newark Beth Israel Hospital. Other claims of his early life also conflict with accounts made by family members, burial records, and vital records. He was a "character" even in his teenage years, pulling pranks in his neighborhood including sneaking into kitchens to steal fried chicken and pies.He dropped out of Irvington High School in the tenth grade. Early career By age 15, he had developed his "Record Act" miming lyrics to songs while a phonograph played offstage. He landed a gig at a burlesque house in Buffalo, but his performance fell flat and was unable to book any more shows. To make ends meet, <mask> worked as a soda jerk and a theater usher for Suzanne Pleshette's father Gene at the Paramount Theatre as well as at Loew's Capitol Theatre, both in New York City,. A veteran burlesque comedian, Max Coleman, who had worked with <mask>'s father years before, persuaded him to try again. Irving Kaye, a Borscht Belt comedian, saw <mask>'s mime act at Brown's Hotel in Loch Sheldrake, New York, the following summer, and the audience was so enthusiastic that Kaye became <mask>'s manager and guardian for Borscht Belt appearances. During World War II, he was rejected for military service because of a heart murmur.Career Teaming with Dean Martin In 1945, <mask> was 19 when he met 27-year-old singer Dean Martin at the Glass Hat Club in New York City, where the two performed until they debuted at Atlantic City's 500 Club as Martin and <mask> on July 25, 1946. The duo gained attention as a double act with Martin serving as the straight man to <mask>'s zany antics. Along with being physically attractive, they played to each other and had ad-libbed improvisational segments within their planned routines, which added a unique quality to their act and separated them from previous comedy duos. Martin and <mask> quickly rose to national prominence, first with their popular nightclub act, then as stars of their radio program The Martin and Lewis Show. The two made their television debut on CBS' Toast of the Town (later renamed as The Ed Sullivan Show) June 20, 1948. This was followed by an appearance on Welcome Aboard on October 3, 1948, and by a guest stint on Texaco Star Theater in 1949. In 1950, the boys signed with NBC to be one of a series of weekly rotating hosts of The Colgate Comedy Hour, a live Sunday evening broadcast.<mask>, writer for the team's nightclub act, hired Norman Lear and Ed Simmons as regular writers for their Comedy Hour material. Their Comedy Hour shows consisted of stand-up dialogue, song and dance from their nightclub act and movies, backed by Dick Stabile's big band, slapstick and satirical sketch comedy, Martin's solo songs, and <mask>'s solo pantomimes or physical numbers. They often broke character, ad-libbing and breaking the fourth wall. While not completely capturing the orchestrated mayhem of their nightclub act, the Comedy Hour displayed charismatic energy between the team and established their popularity nationwide. By 1951, with an appearance at the Paramount Theatre in New York, they were a cultural phenomenon. The duo began their film careers at Paramount Pictures as ensemble players, in My Friend Irma (1949) and its sequel My Friend Irma Goes West (1950). They then starred in their own series of 14 new films, At War with the Army (1950), That's My Boy (1951), Sailor Beware (1952), Jumping Jacks (1952), The Stooge (1952), Scared Stiff (1953), The Caddy (1953), Money from Home (1953), Living It Up (1954), 3 Ring Circus (1954), You're Never Too Young (1955), Artists and Models (1955), Pardners (1956) and Hollywood or Bust (1956), all produced by Hal B. Wallis and appeared on Bing Crosby and Bob Hope's Olympic Fund Telethon.Martin and <mask> cameoed in their film Road to Bali (1952), then Hope and Crosby would do the same in Scared Stiff a year later. Attesting to the duo's popularity, DC Comics published The Adventures of Dean Martin and <mask> from 1952 to 1957. The team appeared on What's My Line? in 1954, the 27th annual Academy Awards in 1955, The Steve Allen Show and The Today Show in 1956. Their films were popular with audiences, and were financial successes for Paramount. In later years, both <mask> and Martin admitted frustration with Wallis for his formulaic and trite film choices, restricting them to narrow, repetitive roles. As Martin's roles in their films became less important over time and <mask> received the majority of critical acclaim, the partnership came under strain.Martin's participation became an embarrassment in 1954 when Look magazine published a publicity photo of the team for the magazine cover but cropped Martin out. After their partnership ended with their final nightclub act on July 24, 1956, both <mask> and Martin went on to have successful solo careers and neither would comment on the split nor consider a reunion. They were occasionally seen at the same public events, though never together. On two occasions, in 1958 and 1961, Martin invited <mask> on stage, but the split was too serious for them to reconcile. Twenty years after their breakup Sinatra surprised <mask> by bringing Martin on live stage during the Jerry Lewis Telethon in September 1976. In 1989, <mask> returned the gesture, attending Martin's 72nd birthday. Solo period After ending his partnership with Martin in 1956, <mask> and his wife Patty took a vacation in Las Vegas to consider the direction of his career.He felt his life was in a crisis state: "I was unable to put one foot in front of the other with any confidence. I was completely unnerved to be alone". While there, he received an urgent request from his friend Sid Luft, who was Judy Garland's husband and manager, saying that she couldn't perform that night in Las Vegas because of strep throat, and asking <mask> to fill in. <mask> had not sung alone on stage since he was five years old, twenty-five years before, but he appeared before the audience of a thousand, nonetheless, delivering jokes and clowning with the audience, while Garland sat off-stage, watching. He then sang a rendition of a song he'd learned as a child, "Rock-a-Bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody" along with "Come Rain or Come Shine". <mask> recalled, "When I was done, the place exploded. I walked off the stage knowing I could make it on my own".At his wife's pleading, <mask> used his own money to record the songs on a single. Decca Records heard it, liked it and insisted he record an album for them. The single of Rock-a-Bye Your Baby went to No. 10 and the album <mask> Just Sings went to No. 3 on the Billboard charts, staying near the top for four months and selling a million and a half copies. With the success of that album, he recorded the additional albums More <mask> (an EP of songs from this release was released as Somebody Loves Me), and <mask> Sings Big Songs for Little People (later reissued with fewer tracks as <mask> Sings for Children). Non-album singles were released, and It All Depends On You hit the charts in April and May 1957, but peaked at only No.68. Further singles were recorded and released by <mask> into the mid-1960s. But these were not <mask>'s first forays into recording, nor his first appearance on the hit charts. During his partnership with Martin, they made several recordings together, charting at No. 22 in 1948 with the 1920s chestnut That Certain Party and later mostly re-recording songs highlighted in their films. Also during the time of their partnership, but without Martin, he recorded numerous novelty-comedy numbers for adults as well as records specifically intended for the children's market. Having proven he could sing and do live shows, he began performing regularly at the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, beginning in late 1956, which marked a turning point in his life and career.The Sands signed him for five years, to perform six weeks each year and paid him the same amount they had paid Martin and <mask> as a team. The critics gave him positive reviews: "<mask> was wonderful. He has proved that he can be a success by himself," wrote one. He continued with club performances in Miami, New York, Chicago and Washington. Such live performances became a staple of his career and over the years he performed at casinos, theaters and state fairs coast-to-coast. In February 1957, he followed Garland at the Palace Theater in New York and Martin called on the phone during this period to wish him the best of luck. "I've never been happier," said <mask>."I have peace of mind for the first time." <mask> established himself as a solo act on TV starting with the first of six appearances on What's My Line? from 1956 to 1966 and then guest starred on The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show. He appeared on both Tonight Starring Jack Paar and The Ed Sullivan Show and beginning in January 1957, in a number of solo TV specials for NBC. He starred in his adaptation of "The Jazz Singer" for Startime. <mask> hosted the Academy Awards three times, in 1956, 1957 and the 31st Academy Awards in 1959, which ran twenty minutes short, forcing <mask> to improvise to fill time. DC Comics, switching from Martin and Lewis, published a new comic book series titled The Adventures of <mask> Lewis, running from 1957 to 1971.<mask> remained at Paramount and started off with his first solo effort The Delicate Delinquent (1957) then starred in his next film The Sad Sack (1957). Frank Tashlin, whose background as a Looney Tunes cartoon director suited <mask>'s brand of humor, came on board. <mask> did new films with him, first with Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958) and then The Geisha Boy (1958). Billy Wilder asked <mask> to play the lead role of an uptight jazz musician named <mask>, who winds up on the run from the mob, in Some Like It Hot but turned it down. He then appeared in Don't Give Up The Ship (1959) and cameoed in Li'l Abner (1959). After his contract with Wallis ended, <mask> had several movies under his belt, eagering to flex his creative muscle and was free to deepen his comedy with pathos, believing, "Funny without pathos is a pie in the face. And a pie in the face is funny, but I wanted more."In 1959, a contract between Paramount and Jerry Lewis Productions was signed specifying a payment of $10 million plus 60% of the profits for 14 films over seven years. This contract made <mask> the highest paid individual Hollywood talent to date and was unprecedented in that he had unlimited creative control, including final cut and the return of film rights after 30 years. <mask>'s clout and box office were so strong (his films had already earned Paramount $100 million in rentals) that Barney Balaban, head of production at Paramount at that time, told the press, "If <mask> wants to burn down the studio I'll give him the match!" He had finished his film contract with Wallis with Visit to a Small Planet (1960) and wrapped up production on his own film Cinderfella (1960), directed by Tashlin and was postponed for a Christmas 1960 release. Paramount Pictures, needing a quickie movie for its summer 1960 schedule, held <mask> to his contract to produce one. As a result, he made his debut as film director of The Bellboy (1960), which he also starred in. Using the Fontainebleau Hotel in Miami as his setting — on a small budget, with a very tight shooting schedule — <mask> shot the film during the day and performed at the hotel in the evenings.Bill Richmond collaborated with him on many of the sight gags. <mask> later revealed that Paramount was not happy about financing a "silent movie" and withdrew backing. <mask> used his own funds to cover the movie's $950,000 budget. Meanwhile, he directed an unsold pilot for Permanent Waves. <mask> continued to direct more films that he had co-written with Richmond, including The Ladies Man (1961), where <mask> constructed a three-story dollhouse-like set spanning two sound stages, with the set equipped with state of the art lighting and sound, eliminating the need for boom mics in each room and his next movie The Errand Boy (1961), was one of the earliest films about movie-making, using all of the Paramount backlot and offices. <mask> appeared in The Wacky World of Jerry Lewis, Celebrity Golf, The Garry Moore Show and Tashlin's It's Only Money (1962), then guest hosted The Tonight Show during the transition from Jack Paar to Johnny Carson in 1962 and his appearance on the show scored the highest ratings thus far in late night, surpassing other guest hosts and Paar. The three major networks began a bidding war, wooing <mask> for his own talk show, which debuted the following year.<mask> then directed, co-wrote and starred in the smash hit The Nutty Professor (1963). A parody of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, it featured him as Professor Kelp, a socially inept scientist who invents a serum that turns him into a handsome but obnoxious ladies man. It is often considered to be <mask>'s best film. It was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2004. The film inspired a franchise, which has included a 1996 remake starring Eddie Murphy in the title role and a stage musical adaptation. He then appeared in a cameo role in It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), then in Tashlin's Who's Minding the Store? (1963) and hosted The Jerry <mask> Show, a lavish 13-week, big-budget show which aired on ABC from September to December in 1963, but suffered in the ratings and was beleaguered by technical and other difficulties, including the assassination of then U.S. president John F. Kennedy, which left the country in a somber mood.<mask> next starred in The Patsy (1964), his satire about the Hollywood star-making industry, The Disorderly Orderly (1964), his final collaboration with Tashlin, appeared in a cameo on The Joey Bishop Show and The Family Jewels (1965) about a young heiress who must choose among six uncles, one of whom is up to no good and out to harm the girl's beloved bodyguard who practically raised her. All six uncles and the bodyguard were played by <mask>. In 1965, <mask> was interviewed on The David Susskind Show, then starred in Boeing Boeing (1965), his last film

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for Paramount, based on the French stage play, in which he received a Golden Globe nomination; an episode of Ben Casey, an early dramatic role; The Andy Williams Show; and Hullabaloo with his son <mask>. In 1966, after 17 years, and with no explanation, <mask> Griffin Show, Way...Way Out (1966), The Sammy Davis Jr. Show, Batman, Laugh In, Password, a pilot for Sheriff Who, a new version of The Jerry <mask> Show, this time as a one-hour variety show for NBC, which ran from 1967 to 1969, The Big Mouth (1967), Run for Your Life and The Danny Thomas Hour. <mask> appeared in Don't Raise the Bridge, Lower the River (1968), Playboy After Dark (surprising friend Sammy Davis Jr.), Hook, Line & Sinker (1969), Jimmy Durante's The Lennon Sisters Hour, The Red Skelton Show and The Jack Benny Birthday Special and contributed to some scripts for Filmation's animated series Will the Real <mask> Lewis Please Sit Down, appeared on The Mike Douglas Show and directed an episode of The Bold Ones. Lewis guested on The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, The Hollywood Palace, The Engelbert Humperdinck Show, The Irv Kupcinet Show, The Linkletter Show, The Real Tom Kennedy Show and A Christmas Night with the Stars, directed One More Time (1970), in which he played his first (and only) off-screen voice as a bandleader, starred in Which Way to the Front?(1970) and appeared on The Carol Burnett Show, The Rolf Harris Show and The Kraft Music Hall. <mask> directed and appeared in the partly unreleased The Day the Clown Cried (1972), a drama set in a Nazi concentration camp. The film was rarely discussed by <mask>, but he said that litigation over post-production finances and copyright prevented its completion and theatrical release. During his book tour for Dean and Me, he also said a factor for the film's burial was that he was not proud of the effort. <mask> explained his reason for choosing the project and the emotional difficulty of the subject matter in an interview with an Australian documentary film crew. A 31-minute version was shown on the German television station ARD, in the documentary Der Clown. It was later put on DVD and shown at Deutsches Filminstitute.The film was the earliest attempt by an American film director to address the subject of The Holocaust. Significant speculation continues to surround the film. Following this, <mask> took a break from the movie business for several years. <mask> appeared as guest on Good Morning America, The Dick Cavett Show, NBC Follies, Celebrity Sportsman, Cher, Dinah! and Tony Orlando and Dawn. <mask> surprised Sinatra and Martin after walking onto the Aladdin stage in Las Vegas during their show and exchanged jokes for several minutes. He then starred in a revival of Hellzapoppin with Lynn Redgrave, but closed on the road before reaching Broadway.In 1979, he guest hosted as ringmaster of Circus of the Stars. <mask> guest starred on Pink Lady in 1980, then made a comeback to the big screen in Hardly Working (1981), after an 11-year absence from film. Despite being panned by critics, it eventually earned $50 million. In 1982 and 1983, <mask> appeared on Late Night with David Letterman and in The King of Comedy, as a late-night TV host, plagued by two obsessive fans, in which he received wide critical acclaim and a BAFTA nomination for this serious dramatic role. <mask> then starred in Saturday Night Live, Star Search, Cracking Up (1983), Slapstick (Of Another Kind) (1984), To Catch a Cop (1984) and How Did You Get In? We Didn't See You Leave (1984), the latter two films from France which had their distribution under <mask>'s control and stated that they would never be released in American movie theaters and on home media. He then was a guest on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.He then hosted a new syndicated version of The Jerry <mask> Show, this time as a talk show for Metromedia, which was not continued beyond the scheduled five shows. In 1985, <mask> directed an episode of Brothers, appeared at the first Comic Relief in 1986, where he was the only performer to receive a standing ovation, was interviewed on Classic Treasures and starred in the ABC television movie Fight for Life (1987). In 1987, <mask> performed a second double act with Davis Jr. at Bally's in Las Vegas, then after learning of the death of Martin's son Dean Paul Martin, he attended his funeral, which led to a more substantial reconciliation with Martin. In 1988, <mask> hosted America's All-Time Favorite Movies, then was interviewed by Howard Cosell on Speaking of Everything. He then starred in five episodes of Wiseguy. The filming schedule of the show forced <mask> to miss the Museum of the Moving Image's opening with a retrospective of his work. In 1989, <mask> joined Martin on stage, for what would be Martin's final live performance, at Bally's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.<mask> wheeled out a cake on Martin's 72nd birthday, sang "Happy Birthday" to him and joked, "Why we broke up, I'll never know". Again, their appearance together made headlines. He next appeared in Cookie (1989). <mask> handled two years directing episodes of Super Force and Good Grief in 1990 and 1991, then star in Mr. Saturday Night (1992), The Arsenio Hall Show, The Whoopi Goldberg Show and Inside The Comedy Mind. A three-part retrospective Martin & Lewis: Their Golden Age of Comedy, aired on The Disney Channel in 1992, using previously unseen kinescopes from <mask>' personal archive, highlighted his years as part of a team with Martin and as a soloist. After guest spots on Mad About You and Larry King Live and film appearances in Arizona Dream (1993) and Funny Bones (1995), <mask> made his Broadway debut, as a replacement cast member playing the devil, in a revival of Damn Yankees and was reportedly paid the highest sum in Broadway history at the time for performing in both the national and London runs of the musical. He missed only three shows in more than four years, one of those occasions being the funeral of Martin, his comedy partner of ten years.<mask> appeared on Inside the Actors Studio in 1996, the 12th annual American Comedy Awards in 1998 and in the 2000s, The Martin Short Show, Russell Gilbert Live, Your World with Neil Cavuto, The Simpsons, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, Live with Kelly, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, the song "Time After Time" with Deana Martin on her album Memories Are Made of This and Curious George 2 (2009). He made his last few appearances for the 81st Academy Awards, 50 Years of Movies & Music (a Michel Legrand special), Till Luck Do Us Part 2 (2013), The Talk, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, The World Over with Raymond Arroyo, The Trust (2016), his final film Max Rose (2016), WTF with Marc Maron and Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. Video assist and film class During the 1960 production of The Bellboy, <mask> pioneered the technique of using video cameras and multiple closed circuit monitors, which allowed him to review his performance instantly. This was necessary since he was acting as well as directing. His techniques and methods of filmmaking, documented in his book and his USC class, enabled him to complete most of his films on time and under budget since reshoots could take place immediately instead of waiting for the dailies. Man in Motion, a featurette for Three on a Couch, features the video system, named "Jerry's Noisy Toy" and shows <mask> receiving the Golden Light Technical Achievement award for its development. <mask> stated he worked with the head of Sony to produce the prototype.While he initiated its practice and use, and was instrumental in its development, he did not hold a patent. This practice is now commonplace in filmmaking. Starting in 1967, <mask> taught a film directing class at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles for a number of years. His students included George Lucas, whose friend Steven Spielberg sometimes sat in on classes. <mask> screened Spielberg's early film Amblin' and told his students, "That's what filmmaking is all about." The class covered all topics related to filmmaking, including pre and post production, marketing and distribution and filming comedy with rhythm and timing. His 1971 book The Total Film Maker, was based on 480 hours of his class lectures.Also, <mask> traveled to medical schools for seminars on laughter and healing with Dr. Clifford Kuhn and also did corporate and college lectures, motivational speaking and promoted the pain-treatment company Medtronic. Acclaim and exposure in France While <mask> was popular in France for his duo films with Dean Martin and his solo comedy films, his reputation and stature increased after the Paramount contract, when he began to exert total control over all aspects of his films. His involvement in directing, writing, editing and art direction coincided with the rise of auteur theory in French intellectual film criticism and the French New Wave movement. He earned consistent praise from French critics in the influential magazines Cahiers du Cinéma and Positif, where he was hailed as an ingenious auteur. His singular mise-en-scène, and skill behind the camera, were aligned with Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock and Satyajit Ray. Appreciated too, was the complexity of his also being in front of the camera. The new French criticism viewed cinema as an art form unto itself, and comedy as part of this art.<mask> is then fitted into a historical context and seen as not only worthy of critique, but as an innovator and satirist of his time. Jean-Pierre Coursodon states in a 1975 Film Comment article, "The merit of the French critics, auteurist excesses notwithstanding, was their willingness to look at what <mask> was doing as a filmmaker for what it was, rather than with some preconception of what film comedy should be." Not yet curricula at universities or art schools, film studies and film theory were avant-garde in early 1960s America. Mainstream movie reviewers such as Pauline Kael, were dismissive of auteur theory, and others, seeing only absurdist comedy, criticized <mask> for his ambition and "castigated him for his self-indulgence" and egotism. Despite this criticism often being held by American film critics, admiration for <mask> and his comedy continued to grow in France. Appreciation of <mask> became a misunderstood stereotype about "the French", and it was often the object of jokes in American pop culture. "That Americans can't see <mask>' genius is bewildering," says N. T. Binh, a French film magazine critic.Such bewilderment was the basis of the book Why the French Love Jerry Lewis. In response to the lingering perception that French audiences adored him, <mask> stated in interviews he was more popular in Germany, Japan and Australia. Muscular dystrophy cause and criticism As a humanitarian, philanthropist and "number one volunteer", <mask> supported fundraising for research into muscular dystrophy. In 1951, he and Martin made their first appeal for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (simply known as MDA and formerly as the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America and MDAA) in early December on the finale of The Colgate Comedy Hour. In 1952, after another appeal, <mask> hosted New York area telethons until 1959 and in 1954, fought Rocky Marciano in a boxing bout for MDA's fund drive. After being named national chairman in 1956, <mask> began hosting and emceeing The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon in 1966 and aired every Labor Day weekend for six decades. Ed McMahon, announcer of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and host of Star Search, began his involvement in the telethon in 1968, before co-anchoring with <mask> from 1973 to 2008.The show originated from different locations including New York, Las Vegas and Hollywood, becoming the most successful fundraising event in the history of television. It was the first to: raise over $1 million, in 1966; be shown entirely in color, in 1967; become a networked telethon, in 1968; go coast-to-coast, in 1970; be seen outside the continental U.S., in 1972. It: raised the largest sum ever in a single event for humanitarian purposes, in 1974; had the greatest amount ever pledged to a televised charitable event, in 1980 (from the Guinness Book of World Records); was the first to be seen by 100 million people, in 1985; celebrated its 25th anniversary, in 1990; saw its highest pledge in history, in 1992; and was the first seen worldwide via internet simulcast, in 1998. By 1990, pop culture had shifted its view of disabled individuals and the telethon format. <mask> and the telethon's methods were criticized by disabled-rights activists who believed the show was "designed to evoke pity rather than empower the disabled". The activists said the telethon perpetuated prejudices and stereotypes, that <mask> treated those he claimed to be helping with little respect, and that he used offensive language when describing them. The songs "Smile" (by Charlie Chaplin), "What the World Needs Now Is Love" (by Jackie DeShannon) and "You'll Never Walk Alone" (by Rodgers and Hammerstein) have been long associated with the telethon.In December 1996, <mask> and MDA were recognized by the American Medical Association with Lifetime Achievement Awards for significant and lasting contributions to the health and welfare of humanity. His motto summed up the philosophy behind his years of devotion to MDA: "I shall pass through this world but once. Any good, therefore, that I can do or any kindness that I can show to any human being, let me do it now. Let me not defer nor neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again". <mask> rebutted the criticism and defended his methods saying, "If you don't tug at their heartstrings, then you're on the air for nothing." The activist protests represented a very small minority of countless MDA patients and clients who had directly benefitted from <mask>'s MDA fundraising. He received a Nobel Peace Prize nomination in 1977, a Governors Award in 2005 and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 2009, in recognition of his fight and efforts with the Muscular Dystrophy Association.On August 3, 2011, it was announced that <mask> would no longer host the MDA telethons and that he was no longer associated with the Muscular Dystrophy Association. A tribute to <mask> was held during the 2011 telethon (which originally was to be his final show bearing his name with MDA). On May 1, 2015, it was announced that in view of "the new realities of television viewing and philanthropic giving", the telethon was being discontinued. In early 2016, at MDA's brand re-launch event at Carnegie Hall in New York City, <mask> broke a five-year silence during a special taped message for the organization on its website, marking his first (and as it turned out, his final) appearance in support of MDA since his final telethon in 2010 and the end of his tenure as national chairman in 2011. <mask> raised an estimated $2.6 billion in donations for the cause. MDA's website states, "<mask>'s love, passion and brilliance are woven throughout this organization, which he helped build from the ground up, courted sponsors for MDA, appeared at openings of MDA care and research centers, addressed meetings of civic organizations, volunteers and the MDA Board of Directors, successfully lobbied Congress for federal neuromuscular disease research funds, made countless phone calls and visits to families served by MDA. During <mask>'s lifetime, MDA-funded scientists discovered the causes of most of the diseases in the Muscular Dystrophy Association's program, developing treatments, therapies and standards of care that have allowed many people living with these diseases to live longer and grow stronger.Over 200 research and treatment facilities were built with donations raised by the Jerry Lewis Telethons. Non-career activities <mask> opened a camera shop in 1950. In 1969 he agreed to lend his name to "Jerry Lewis Cinemas", offered by National Cinema Corporation as a franchise business opportunity for those interested in theatrical movie exhibition. Jerry Lewis Cinemas stated that their theaters could be operated by a staff of as few as two

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with the aid of automation and support provided by the franchiser in booking film and other aspects of film exhibition. A forerunner of the smaller rooms typical of later multi-screen complexes, a Jerry Lewis Cinema was billed in franchising ads as a "mini-theatre" with a seating capacity of between 200 and 350. In addition to <mask>'s name, each Jerry Lewis Cinemas bore a sign with a cartoon logo of <mask> in profile. Initially 158 territories were franchised, with a buy-in fee of $10,000 or $15,000 depending on the territory, for what was called an "individual exhibitor".For $50,000, Jerry Lewis Cinemas offered an opportunity known as an "area directorship", in which investors controlled franchising opportunities in a territory as well as their own cinemas. The success of the chain was hampered by a policy of only booking second-run, family-friendly films.Eventually the policy was changed, and the Jerry Lewis Cinemas were allowed to show more competitive movies. But after a decade the chain failed and both Lewis and National Cinema Corporation declared bankruptcy in 1980. In 1973, <mask> appeared on the 1st annual 20-hour Highway Safety Foundation telethon, hosted by Davis Jr. and Monty Hall. In 1990, <mask> wrote and directed a short film for UNICEF's How Are The Children? anthology exploring the rights of children worldwide. The eight-minute segment, titled Boy, was about a young white child in a black world and being subjected to quiet, insidious racism, and outright racist bullying.In 2010, <mask> met with seven-year-old Lochie Graham, who shared his idea for "Jerry's House", a place for vulnerable and traumatized children. <mask> and Graham entered into a joint partnership for an Australian and a U.S.-based charity and began raising funds to build the facility in Melbourne. On September 12, 2016, <mask> lent his name and star power to Criss Angel's HELP (Heal Every Life Possible) charity event. Political views <mask> kept a low political profile for many years, having taken advice reportedly given to him by President John F. Kennedy, who told him, "Don't get into anything political. Don't do that because they will usurp your energy." Nevertheless, he campaigned and performed on behalf of both JFK and Robert F. Kennedy. <mask> was a supporter of the Civil Rights Movement.For his 1957 NBC special, <mask> held his ground when southern affiliates objected to his stated friendship with Sammy Davis Jr. In a 1971 Movie Mirror magazine article, <mask> spoke out against the Vietnam War when his son Gary returned from service traumatized. He vowed to leave the country rather than send another of his sons. <mask> once stated political speeches should not be at the Oscars. He stated, "I think we are the most dedicated industry in the world. And I think that we have to present ourselves that night as hard-working, caring and important people to the industry. We need to get more self-respect as an industry".In a 2004 interview with The Guardian, <mask> was asked what he was least proud of, to which he answered, "Politics". Not his politics, but the world's politics – the madness, the destruction, the general lack of respect. He lamented citizens' lack of pride in their country, stating, "President Bush is my president. I will not say anything negative about the president of the United States. I don't do that. And I don't allow my children to do that. Likewise when I come to England don't you do any jokes about 'Mum' to me.That is the Queen of England, you moron. Do you know how tough a job it is to be the Queen of England?" In a December 2015 interview on EWTN's World Over with Raymond Arroyo, <mask> expressed opposition to the United States letting in Syrian refugees, saying, "No one has worked harder for the human condition than I have, but they're not part of the human condition if 11 guys in that group of 10,000 are ISIS. How can I take that chance?" In the same interview, he criticized President Barack Obama for not being prepared for ISIS, while expressing support for Donald Trump, saying he would make a good president because he was a good "showman". He also added that he admired Ronald Reagan's presidency. Controversies In 1998, at the Aspen U.S.Comedy Arts Festival, when asked which women comics he admired, <mask> answered, "I don't like any female comedians. A woman doing comedy doesn't offend me but sets me back a bit. I, as a viewer, have trouble with it. I think of her as a producing machine that brings babies in the world." He later clarified his statements saying, "Seeing a woman project the kind of aggression that you have to project as a comic just rubs me wrong. I cannot sit and watch a lady diminish her qualities to the lowest common denominator." <mask> explained his attitude as that of an older generation and said women are funny, but not when performing "broad" or "crude" humor.He went on to praise Lucille Ball as "brilliant" and said Carol Burnett is "the greatest female entrepreneur of comedy". On other occasions <mask> expressed admiration for female comedians Totie Fields, Phyllis Diller, Kathleen Freeman, Elayne Boosler, Whoopi Goldberg and Tina Fey. During the 2007 MDA Telethon, <mask> used the word "fag" in a joke, for which he apologized. <mask> used the same word the following year on Australian television. Personal life Relationships and children <mask> wed Patti Palmer (later <mask>, née Esther Grace Calonico; 1921–2021), an Italian American singer with Ted Fio Rito, on October 3, 1944, and the two had six children together—five biological: Gary Levitch (later <mask>) (born 1945); Scott (born 1956); Christopher (born 1957); Anthony (born 1959); and Joseph (1964–2009) – and one adopted, Ronald (born 1949). It was an interfaith marriage; <mask> was Jewish and Palmer was Catholic. While married to Palmer, <mask> openly pursued relationships with other women and gave unapologetic interviews about his infidelity, revealing his affairs with Marilyn Monroe and Marlene Dietrich to People in 2011.Palmer filed for divorce from <mask> in 1980, after 35 years of marriage, citing <mask>'s extravagant spending and infidelity on his part, and it was finalized in 1983. All of <mask>'s children and grandchildren from his marriage to Palmer were excluded from inheriting any part of his estate. His eldest son, Gary, publicly called his father a "mean and evil person" and said that <mask> never showed him or his siblings any love or care. <mask>'s second wife was Sandra "SanDee" Pitnick, a UNCSA professionally trained ballerina and stewardess, who met <mask> after winning a bit part in a dancing scene on his film Hardly Working. They were wed on February 13, 1983, in Key Biscayne, Florida, and had one child together, an adopted daughter named Danielle (born 1992). They were married for 34 years until his death. <mask> died on January 15, 2021, at age 99.Stalking incident In February 1994, a man named Gary Benson was revealed to have been stalking <mask> and his family. Benson subsequently served four years in prison. Sexual assault allegations In February 2022, Vanity Fair published a special issue detailing several women who accused <mask> of various acts ranging from sexual harassment, sexual assault and rape. The claims come from seven actresses who worked with him in the 1960s. These actresses were identified as Karen Sharpe, Renée Taylor, Hope Holiday, Jill St. John, Connie Stevens, Anna Maria Alberghetti, and Lainie Kazan. Illness and death <mask> suffered from a number of chronic health problems, illnesses and addictions related both to aging and a back injury sustained in a comedic pratfall. The fall has been stated as being either from a piano while performing at the Sands Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip on March 20, 1965, or during an appearance on The Andy Williams Show.In its aftermath, <mask> became addicted to the painkiller Percodan for thirteen years. He said he had been off the drug since 1978. In April 2002, <mask> had a Medtronic "Synergy" neurostimulator implanted in his back, which helped reduce the discomfort. He was one of the company's leading spokesmen. <mask> suffered numerous heart problems throughout his life; he revealed in the 2011 documentary Method to the Madness of <mask> that he suffered his first heart attack at age 34 while filming Cinderfella in 1960. In December 1982, he had another heart attack. Two months later, in February 1983, <mask> underwent open-heart double-bypass surgery.En route to San Diego from New York City on a cross-country commercial airline flight on June 11, 2006, <mask> suffered his third heart attack. It was discovered that he had pneumonia, as well as a severely damaged heart. He underwent a cardiac catheterization days after the heart attack, and two stents were inserted into one of his coronary arteries, which was 90 percent blocked. The surgery resulted in increased blood flow to his heart and allowed him to continue his rebound from earlier lung problems. Having the cardiac catheterization required him to cancel several major events from his schedule, but <mask> fully recuperated in a matter of weeks. In 1999, <mask>'s Australian tour was cut short when he had to be hospitalized in Darwin with viral meningitis. He was ill for more than five months.It was reported in the Australian press that he had failed to pay his medical bills. However, <mask> maintained that the payment confusion was the fault of his health insurer. The resulting negative publicity caused him to sue his insurer for US$100 million. In addition to his decades-long heart problems, <mask> had prostate cancer, type 1 diabetes, and pulmonary fibrosis. In the late 1990s, <mask> was treated with prednisone for pulmonary fibrosis, which caused considerable weight gain and a startling change in his appearance. In September 2001, <mask> was unable to perform at a planned London charity event at the London Palladium. He was the headlining act, and was introduced, but did not appear onstage.He had suddenly become unwell, apparently with cardiac problems. He was subsequently taken to hospital. Some months thereafter, <mask> began an arduous, months-long therapy that weaned him off prednisone, and he lost much of the weight gained while on the drug. The treatment enabled him to return to work. On June 12, 2012, he was treated and released from a hospital after collapsing from hypoglycemia at a New York Friars Club event. This forced him to cancel a show in Sydney. In an October 2016 interview with Inside Edition, <mask> acknowledged that he might not star in any more films, given his advanced age, while admitting, through tears, that he was afraid of dying, as it would leave his wife and daughter alone.In June 2017, <mask> was hospitalized at a Las Vegas hospital for a urinary tract infection. <mask> died at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada, on August 20, 2017, at the age of 91. The cause was end-stage cardiac disease and peripheral artery disease. <mask> was cremated. In his will, <mask> left his estate to his second wife of 34 years, SanDee Pitnick, and their daughter, and explicitly disinherited his children from his first marriage and their children. Comedic style <mask> "single-handedly created a style of humor that was half anarchy, half excruciation. Even comics who never took a pratfall in their careers owe something to the self-deprecation <mask> introduced into American show business."His self-deprecating style can be found in comics such as Larry David and David Letterman. <mask>'s comedy style was physically uninhibited, expressive, and potentially volatile. He was known especially for his distinctive voice, facial expressions, pratfalls, and physical stunts. His improvisations and ad-libbing, especially in nightclubs and early television were revolutionary among performers. It was "marked by a raw, edgy energy that would distinguish him within the comedy landscape". Will Sloan, of Flavorwire wrote, "In the late '40s and early '50s, nobody had ever seen a comedian as wild as <mask>." Placed in the context of the conservative era, his antics were radical and liberating, paving the way for future comedians Steve Martin, Richard Pryor, Andy Kaufman, Paul Reubens, and Jim Carrey.Carrey wrote: "Through his comedy, <mask> would stretch the boundaries of reality so far that it was an act of anarchy ... I learned from <mask>", and "I am because he was". Acting the bumbling 'everyman', <mask> used tightly choreographed, sophisticated sight gags, physical routines, verbal double-talk and malapropisms. "You cannot help but notice <mask>' incredible sense of control in regards to performing—they may have looked at times like the ravings of a madman but his best work had a genuine grace and finesse behind it that would put most comedic performers of any era to shame." They are "choreographed as exactly as any ballet, each movement and gesture coming on natural beats and conforming to the overall rhythmic form which is headed to a spectacular finale: absolute catastrophe." Drawing from his childhood traumas, <mask> crafted a complex comedic persona that involved four social aspects: sexuality, gender, race/ethnicity, and disability. Through these social aspects, he challenged norms, was misrepresented, and was heavily criticized.During his Martin and <mask> years, he challenged what it meant to be a heterosexual male. Not afraid to display sensitivity and a childlike innocence, he pushed aside heterosexual normality and embraced distorted conventions. This did not sit well with some critics who thought his actions were appalling and what were then considered effeminate. <mask>'s feminine movement suggested a common gay stereotype of the era, though the intention was to represent the girl-crazy sexual panic of an inexperienced young man. In the Martin and <mask> duo, <mask>'s comedic persona was viewed as effeminate, weak, and inexperienced, which in turn made the Martin persona look masculine, strong, and worldly. The <mask> character was unconventional, in regards to gender, and that challenged what masculinity was. There are a few Martin and <mask> films that present the <mask> character in gender-swapped roles, but it was <mask>'s solo films that posed questions about gender and gender roles.Apart from Cinderfella (1960) that cast him in the Cinderella role, films such as Rock-A-Bye Baby (1958) and The Geisha Boy (1958) showed his interactions with children that put him less in the authoritative father role and placed him more in the nurturing mother role. In the 1965 film The Family Jewels, <mask> takes on the dual role as protector, the father role, and nurturer, the mother role. Through his comedic persona and films, he showed that a man can take on what are considered feminine traits without that being a threat to his masculinity. Although <mask> made it no secret that he was Jewish, he was criticized for hiding his Jewish heritage. In several of his films — both with Martin and solo — <mask>' Jewish identity is hinted at in passing, and was never made a defining characteristic of his onscreen persona. Aside from the 1959 television movie The Jazz Singer and the unreleased 1972 film The Day the Clown Cried, <mask> never appeared in a film or film role that had any ties to his Jewish heritage. When asked about this lack of Jewish portrayal in a 1984 interview, <mask> stated, "I never hid it, but I wouldn't announce it and I wouldn't exploit it.Plus the fact it had no room in the visual direction I was taking in my work." <mask>' physical movements in films received some criticism because he was perceived as imitating or mocking those with a physical disability. Through the years, the disability that has been attached to his comedic persona has not been physical, but mental. Neuroticism and schizophrenia have been a part of <mask>'s persona since his partnership with Dean Martin; however, it was in his solo career that these disabilities became important to the plots of his films and the characters. In films such as The Ladies Man (1961), The Disorderly Orderly (1964), The Patsy (1964) and Cracking Up (1983), there is either neuroticism,

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schizophrenia, or both that drive the plot. <mask> was able to explore and dissect the psychological side of his persona, which provided a depth to the character and the films that was not present in his previous efforts. Tributes and legacy From the late 1940s to the mid-1960s, "<mask> was a major force in American popular culture."Widely acknowledged as a comic genius, <mask> influenced successive generations of comedians, comedy writers, performers and filmmakers. As <mask> was often referred to as the bridge from Vaudeville to modern comedy, Carl Reiner wrote after <mask>'s death, "All comedians watch other comedians, and every generation of comedians going back to those who watched <mask> on the Colgate Comedy Hour were influenced by <mask>. They say that mankind goes back to the first guy ... which everyone tries to copy. In comedy that guy was <mask>." <mask>'s films, especially his self-directed films, have warranted steady reappraisal. Richard Brody in The New Yorker said, <mask> was "one of the most original, inventive, ... profound directors of the time". and "one of the most skilled and original comic performers, verbal and physical, ever to appear on screen".Film critic and film curator for the Museum of Modern Art, Dave Kehr, wrote in The New York Times of <mask>' "fierce creativity", "the extreme formal sophistication of his direction" and, <mask> was "one of the great American filmmakers". "<mask> was an explosive experimenter with a dazzling skill, and an audacious, innovatory flair for the technique of the cinema. He knew how to frame and present his own adrenaline-fuelled, instinctive physical comedy for the camera." <mask> was at the forefront in the transition to independent filmmaking, which came to be known as New Hollywood in the late 1960s. Writing for the Los Angeles Times in 2005, screenwriter David Weddle lauded <mask>'s audacity in 1959 "daring to declare his independence from the studio system". <mask> came along to a studio system in which the industry was regularly stratified between players and coaches. The studios tightly controlled the process and they wanted their people directing.Yet <mask> regularly led, often flouting the power structure to do so. Steven Zeitchik of the LA Times wrote of <mask>, "Control over material was smart business, and it was also good art. Neither the entrepreneur nor the auteur were common types among actors in mid-20th century Hollywood. But there <mask> was, at a time of strict studio control, doing both." No other comedic star, with the exceptions of Chaplin and Keaton in the silent era, dared to direct himself. "Not only would <mask>' efforts as a director pave the way for the likes of Mel Brooks and Woody Allen, but it would reveal him to be uncommonly skilled in that area as well." "Most screen comedies until that time were not especially cinematic—they tended to plop down the camera where it could best capture the action and that was it.<mask>, on the other hand, was interested in exploring the possibilities of the medium by utilizing the tools he had at his disposal in formally innovative and oftentimes hilarious ways." "In <mask>' work the way the scene is photographed is an integral part of the joke. His purposeful selection of lenses, for example, expands and contracts space to generate laughs that aren't necessarily inherent in the material, and he often achieves his biggest effects via what he leaves off screen, not just visually but structurally." As a director, <mask> advanced the genre of film comedy with innovations in the areas of fragmented narrative, experimental use of music and sound technology, and near surrealist use of color and art direction. This prompted his peer, filmmaker Jean Luc Godard to proclaim, "<mask> ... is the only one in Hollywood doing something different, the only one who isn't falling in with the established categories, the norms, the principles. ... <mask> is the only one today who's making courageous films. He's been able to do it because of his personal genius".Jim Hemphill for American Cinematheque wrote, "They are films of ambitious visual and narrative experimentation, provocative and sometimes conflicted commentaries on masculinity in post-war America, and unsettling self-critiques and analyses of the performer's neuroses." Intensely personal and original, <mask>'s films were groundbreaking in their use of dark humor for psychological exploration. Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times said, "The idea of comedians getting under the skin and tapping into their deepest, darkest selves is no longer especially novel, but it was far from a universally accepted notion when <mask> first took the spotlight. Few comedians before him had so brazenly turned arrested development into art, or held up such a warped fun house mirror to American identity in its loudest, ugliest, vulgarest excesses. Fewer still had advanced the still-radical notion that comedy doesn't always have to be funny, just fearless, in order to strike a nerve". Before 1960, Hollywood comedies were screwball or farce. <mask>, from his earliest 'home movies, such as How to Smuggle a Hernia Across the Border, made in his playhouse in the early 1950s, was one of the first to introduce satire as a full-length film.This "sharp-eyed" satire continued in his mature work, commenting on the cult of celebrity, the machinery of 'fame', and "the dilemma of being true to oneself while also fitting into polite society". Stephen Dalton in The Hollywood Reporter wrote, <mask> had "an agreeably bitter streak, offering self-lacerating insights into celebrity culture which now look strikingly modern. Even post-modern in places." Speaking of The King of Comedy, "More contemporary satirists like Garry Shandling, Steve Coogan and Ricky Gervais owe at least some of their self-deconstructing chops to <mask>' generously unappetizing turn in Scorsese's cult classic." <mask> was an early master of deconstruction to enhance comedy. From the first Comedy Hours he exposed the artifice of on-stage performance by acknowledging the lens, sets, malfunctioning props, failed jokes, and tricks of production. As Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote: <mask> had "the impulse to deconstruct and even demolish the fictional "givens" of any particular sketch, including those that he might have dreamed up himself, a kind of perpetual auto-destruction that becomes an essential part of his filmmaking as he steadily gains more control over the writing and direction of his features."His self directed films abound in behind-the-scene reveals, demystifying movie-making. Daniel Fairfax writes in Deconstructing Jerry: <mask> as a Director, "<mask> deconstructs the very functioning of the joke itself". ... quoting Chris Fujiwara, "The Patsy is a film so radical that it makes comedy out of the situation of a comedian who isn't funny." The final scene of The Patsy is famous for revealing to the audience the movie as a movie, and <mask> as actor/director. <mask> wrote in The Total Filmmaker, his belief in breaking the fourth wall, actors looking directly into the camera, despite industry norms. More contemporary comedies such as The Larry Sanders Show, Curb Your Enthusiasm, and The Office continue this method. Robert DeNiro and Sandra Bernhard, both of whom starred with <mask> in The King of Comedy, reflected on his death.Bernhard said: "It was one of the great experiences of my career, he was tough but one of a kind". De Niro said: "<mask> was a pioneer in comedy and film. And he was a friend. I was fortunate to have seen him a few times over the past couple of years. Even at 91, he didn't miss a beat ... or a punchline. You'll be missed." There was also a New York Friars Club roast in honor of <mask> with Sarah Silverman and Amy Schumer.Martin Scorsese recalls working with him on The King of Comedy, "It was like watching a virtuoso pianist at the keyboard". <mask> was the subject of a documentary <mask>: Method to the Madness. Peter Chelsom, director of Funny Bones wrote, "Working with him was a masterclass in comic acting – and in charm. From the outset he was generous." "There's a very thin line between a talent for being funny and being a great actor. <mask> epitomized that. <mask> embodied the term "funny bones": a way of differentiating between comedians who tell funny and those who are funny."Director Daniel Noah recalling his relationship with <mask> during production of Max Rose wrote, "He was kind and loving and patient and limitlessly generous with his genius. He was unbelievably complicated and shockingly self-aware." Actor and comedian Jeffrey Tambor wrote after <mask>'s death, "You invented the whole thing. Thank you doesn't even get close." There have been numerous retrospectives of <mask>'s films in the U.S. and abroad, most notably <mask>: A Film and Television Retrospective at Museum of the Moving Image, the 2013 Viennale, the 2016 Melbourne International Film Festival, The Innovator: <mask> at Paramount, at American Cinematheque in Los Angeles, and Happy Birthday Mr. Lewis: The Kid Turns 90, at MOMA. <mask> is one of the few performers to have touched every aspect of 20th Century American entertainment, appearing in vaudeville, burlesque, the 'borsht belt', nightclubs, radio, Classical Hollywood Cinema (The 'Golden Age'), Las Vegas, television: variety, drama, sit-coms and talk shows, Broadway and independent films. On August 21, 2017, multiple hotel marquees on the Las Vegas Strip honored <mask> with a coordinated video display of images of his career as a Las Vegas performer and resident.From 1949, as part of Martin and <mask>, and from 1956 as a solo, <mask> was a casino showroom headliner, playing numerous dates over the decades. Las Vegas was also the home of his annual Labor Day MDA telethon. <mask> was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. In popular culture Between 1952 and 1971, DC Comics published a 124-issue comic book series with <mask> as one (later, the only) main protagonist, titled The Adventures of Dean Martin and <mask>. In The Simpsons, the character of Professor Frink is based on <mask>'s Julius Kelp from The Nutty Professor. <mask> himself would later voice the character's father in the episode "Treehouse of Horror XIV". In Family Guy, Peter recreates <mask>'s 'chairman of the board' scene from The Errand Boy.Comedian, actor and friend of <mask>, Martin Short, satirized him on the series SCTV in the sketches "The Nutty Lab Assistant", "Martin Scorsese presents <mask> Lewis Live on the Champs Elysees! ", "The Tender Fella", and "Scenes From an Idiots Marriage", as well as on Saturday Night Lives "Celebrity Jeopardy!". Also on SNL, the Martin and <mask> reunion on the 1976 MDA Telethon is reported by Chevy Chase on Weekend Update. Comedians Eddie Murphy and Joe Piscopo both parodied <mask> when he hosted SNL in 1983. Piscopo also channeled <mask> while performing as a 20th-century stand-up comedian in Star Trek: The Next Generation; in the second-season episode "The Outrageous Okona", Piscopo's Holodeck character, The Comic, tutors android Lieutenant Commander Data on humor and comedy. Comedian and actor Jim Carrey satirized <mask> on In Living Color in the sketch "Jheri's Kids Telethon". Carrey had an uncredited cameo playing <mask> in the series Buffalo Bill on the episode "Jerry Lewis Week".He also played <mask>, with impersonator Rich Little as Dean Martin, on stage. Actor Sean Hayes portrayed <mask> in the made-for-TV movie Martin and Lewis, with Jeremy Northam as Dean Martin. Actor Kevin Bacon plays the <mask> character in the 2005 film Where The Truth Lies, based on a fictionalized version of Martin and <mask>. In the satiric novel, Funny Men, about singer/wild comic double act, the character Sigmund "Ziggy" Blissman, is based on <mask>. John Saleeby, writer for National Lampoon has a humor piece "Ten Things You Should Know About <mask>". In the animated cartoon Popeye's 20th Anniversary, Martin and <mask> are portrayed on the dais. The animated series Animaniacs satirized <mask> in several episodes.The voice and boyish, naive cartoon character SpongeBob SquarePants is partially based on <mask>, with particular inspiration from his film The Bellboy. In 1998, The MTV animated show Celebrity Deathmatch had a clay-animated fight to the death between Dean Martin and <mask>. In a 1975 re-issue of MAD Magazine the contents of <mask>'s wallet is satirized in their on-going feature "Celebrities' Wallets". <mask>, and Martin & Lewis, as himself or his films, have been referenced by directors and performers of differing genres spanning decades, including Andy Warhol's Soap Opera (1964), John Frankenheimer's I Walk the Line (1970), Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather (1972), Randal Kleiser's Grease (1978), Rainer Werner Fassbinder's In a Year of 13 Moons (1978), Robert Zemeckis's Back to the Future (1985), Quentin Tarantino's Four Rooms (1995), Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York (2002), Hitchcock (2012), Ben Stiller's The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (2013), Jay Roach's Trumbo (2015), The Comedians (2015), Baskets (2016) and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (2017, 2018). Similarly, varied musicians have mentioned <mask> in song lyrics including, Ice Cube, The Dead Milkmen, Queen Latifah, and Frank Zappa. The hip hop music band Beastie Boys have an unreleased single "The Jerry Lewis", which they mention, and danced to, on stage in Asheville, North Carolina in 2009. In their film Paul's Boutique — A Visual Companion, clips from The Nutty Professor play to "The Sounds of Science".In 1986, the comedy radio show Dr. Demento aired a parody of "Rock Me Amadeus", "Rock Me Jerry Lewis". Apple iOS 10 includes an auto-text emoji for 'professor' with a <mask> lookalike portrayal from The Nutty Professor. The word "flaaaven! ", with its many variations and rhymes, is a Lewis-ism often used as a misspoken word or a person's mis-pronounced name. In a 2016 episode of the podcast West Wing Weekly, Joshua Malina is heard saying "flaven" when trying to remember a character's correct last name. <mask>'s signature catchphrase "Hey, Laaady!" is ubiquitously used by comedians and laypersons alike.Sammy Petrillo bore a coincidental resemblance to <mask>, so much so that <mask> at first tried to catch and kill Petrillo's career by signing him to a talent contract and then not giving him any work. When that failed (as Petrillo was under 18 at the time), <mask> tried to blackball Petrillo by pressuring television outlets and then nightclubs, also threatening legal action after Petrillo used his <mask> impersonation in the film Bela Lugosi Meets a Brooklyn Gorilla. 2010 – Chapman University Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters during the 2010 MDA Telethon 2011 – Ellis Island Medal of Honor 2013 – Homage from the Cannes Film Festival, with the screening of <mask>'s latest film Max Rose 2013 – Honorary Member of the Order of Australia (AM), for service to the Muscular Dystrophy Foundation of Australia and those affected by the disorder 2014 – "Forecourt to the Stars" imprints at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood 2014 – New York Friars Club renames clubhouse building The Jerry Lewis Monastery 2014 – Publicists Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award 2015 – National Association of Broadcasters Distinguished Service Award 2015 – Casino Entertainment Legend Award Filmography Bibliography (ISBN is for the 2004 Mass Market Edition) Documentaries Annett Wolf (Director) (1972) The World of Jerry Lewis (unreleased) Robert Benayoun (Director) (1982) Bonjour Monsieur Lewis (Hello Mr. Lewis) Burt Kearns (Director) (1989) Telethon (Released in US, 2014) Carole Langer (Director) (1996) <mask>: The Last American Clown Eckhart Schmidt (Director) (2006) König der Komödianten (King of Comedy)* Gregg Barson (Director) (2011). Method to the Madness of <mask> Notes References Further reading Also, Film Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 12–26 University of California Press Vol.23 Issue 1 Lamarca, Manuel (2017).<mask>. El día en el que el cómico filmó. Barcelona, Spain. Ediciones

Herman Makarenko

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<mask> (born 29 June 1961, Ukraine) is the conductor of the National Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre of Ukraine named after Taras Shevchenko, the chief conductor and artistic director of the Kyiv Classic Orchestra, People's Artist of Ukraine, PhD, Doctor of Arts, Professor, Ambassador of the Ukrainian culture, became the first Ukrainian musician to be awarded the title of UNESCO Artist for Peace, author and initiator of international projects, including those under the auspices of the UN and UNESCO, Head of the Viennese Balls Organizing Committee in Ukraine. The author of the annual exclusive projects – «Concert Premiere», «New Year Strauss Concert», «Declaration of Love», concerts dedicated to the 60th, 65th, 70th anniversaries of the UN, «Ukraine to China», an international project that brought together UNESCO Artists for Peace «Art Against a Pandemic», «Message of peace», and many others. He has toured all over the world - United States, Canada, France, Italy, Iran, Russia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovakia, Macedonia, Norway, Belgium, Serbia, China, Egypt, Kuwait, and others. Performed in prestigious concert halls of the world: UNESCO Headquarters Hall, the Madeleine Church Hall in Paris, Bedřich Smetana Hall in Prague, Cercle Royal Gaulois in Brussels, Cairo Opera House, Abdul Hussain Abdul Ridha Salmiya Theater, Guangzhou Opera House, Xiamen Opera House, etc. Has recorded more than 15 CDs with works of Western European, Russian, Ukrainian composers (including full music for Tchaikovsky's ballets Swan Lake, Nutcracker , V. Gubarenko opera «Tenderness», and others). Author of monographs – Music and Philosophy: Schopenhauer, Wagner, Nietzsche, The Conductor's Creative Work: the Dimensions of Aesthetics and Art History and a manual for students in higher education. Biography <mask> Makarenko was born on 29 June 1961 in the city of Lviv in the family of opera soloists - mother was a ballet soloist and father was an opera soloist (tenor).«I was born behind the scenes of the opera, even the name was given to me in honor of the hero of "The Queen of Spades", my father’s favorite opera», says <mask>. <mask> studied at the Kiev music specialized school named after Mykola Lysenko, and graduated from the piano faculty and later - opera and symphony conducting of the National Music Academy of Ukraine of P.I. Tchaikovsky Kiev State Conservatory. Upon completion, he was already a prize-winner of competitions for young performers. Since 1982, he began his career as a conductor, although he considers his work more a mission than a profession. Among the mentors who had a great influence on the formation and fate of a young musician were People's artists of Ukraine Roman Kofman and Oleg Ryabov, and principal conductor of the National Opera of Ukraine - Stephen Turchak. It was he who in 1987 invited, then a young intern at the Opera House, where <mask>, as well as all new conductors, went through all the stages of formation - from assistant-trainee to the lead conductor.He has toured with various symphony orchestras and opera theaters around the world, including United States, Canada, France, Italy, Belgium, Serbia, Czech Republic, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovakia, Iran, Cyprus, Russia, Egypt, Norway, Kuwait and others. <mask> is an adherent of charitable projects, he is convinced that music can heal human soul: “If you feel good, you need to share your happiness with those who need it,” he says. Therefore, he and the Kyiv Classic Orchestra take part in charity Viennese balls around the world, organizes interactive concerts for children for the New Year and St. Nicholas Day. The orchestra under his direction can be seen not only on opera stages, but also in social centers, children's hospitals and even in art projects in the subway. His son and daughter, twins, who study at school, attend all of his concerts, learn to play the violin and even perform on international tours with his father. “I would really like them to love something as much as I love and adore conducting”, says the conductor. History of the Kyiv Classic Orchestra creation is also unusual: the project, which <mask> devoted to many years of his life since 2004, was born in Paris.One of the first concerts musicians performed at the La Madeleine Cathedral in Paris, and the next was at the prestigious UNESCO Hall. Ukrainian musicians “passed this exam successfully” and have been touring around the world for many years. The orchestra widely spreads European and Ukrainian classics around the world. Headed by <mask> Kyiv Classic Symphony Orchestra has been widely recognized in Ukraine as well as abroad. High professional status of the collective in many aspects supported by his exclusive music projects, including "Concert Premiere", "New Year’s Strauss Concert", "Declaration of love", Viennese balls in Ukraine, Cyprus, Norway, as well as exclusive projects: "Polish-Lithuanian-Ukrainian" dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the European Constitution, the "Millennium of Ukrainian violin", performed on the instruments of the string master Florian Yuriev. Maestro collaborates with UNESCO Artists, as well as with well-known composers, musicians and sculptors all over the world - from New York to Cairo, from Paris to Beijing as part of the Global Harmony Art Foundation mission. Awards Honored Artist of Ukraine (23 Мау 2002) - for a significant personal contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of the capital of Ukraine Order of Merit of the Third Degree (28 November 2006) - for significant personal contribution to the socio-economic and cultural development of Ukraine Ambassador of Ukrainian Culture (22 December 2006) The People's Artist of Ukraine (27 June 2015) - for a significant personal contribution to state construction, socio-economic, scientific, technical, cultural and educational development of Ukraine, significant labor achievements and high professionalism UNESCO Artist for Peace (29 November 2016) - in recognition of the commitment to promote music as a vehicle for dialogue and mutual understanding among people References External links <mask> biography at Kyiv Classic Orchestra official site 100 World-famous Ukrainians (in Ukrainian) Article on <mask> Makarenko (in Russian) Ukrainian orchestra in Qatar Charity Viennese Ball at the Kyiv City Hall (in Russian) Ukrainian "Shchedryk" was performed in French, Arabic and English (in Ukrainian) 1961 births Living people Ukrainian conductors (music) Male conductors (music) 21st-century conductors (music) 21st-century male musicians

Ricky Gervais

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<mask> ( ; born 25 June 1961) is an English comedian, actor, director and writer. He is best known for co-creating, co-writing and acting in the British television mockumentary sitcom The Office (2001–2003). He has won seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, two Emmy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and the Rose d'Or twice (2006 and 2019), and has been nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award. In 2007, he was placed at No. 11 on Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Ups, and at No. 3 in their 2010 list. In 2010, he was named in the Time 100 list of World's Most Influential People.<mask> initially worked in the music industry. He attempted a career as a pop star in the 1980s as the singer of the new-wave act Seona Dancing, and managed the then-unknown band Suede before turning to comedy. He appeared on The 11 O'Clock Show on Channel 4 between 1998 and 2000, garnering a reputation as an outspoken and sharp-witted social provocateur. In 2000, he was given a Channel 4 spoof talk show, Meet <mask>. He achieved greater mainstream fame the following year with his BBC television mock documentary series The Office, followed by Extras in 2005, both of which he co-wrote and co-directed with Stephen Merchant, and in which he played the lead roles of David Brent (The Office) and Andy Millman (Extras). He starred in the 2016 comedy film David Brent: Life on the Road, which he also wrote and directed. <mask> began his stand-up career in the late 1990s.He has performed five multi-national stand-up comedy tours, and he wrote the Flanimals book series. <mask>, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington created the podcast The <mask> Show, which has spawned various spin-offs starring Pilkington and produced by Gervais and Merchant. <mask> has also starred in the Hollywood films Ghost Town, the Night at the Museum trilogy, For Your Consideration, and Muppets Most Wanted. He wrote, directed, and starred in The Invention of Lying and the Netflix-released Special Correspondents. He hosted the Golden Globe Awards in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, and again in 2020. <mask> also appeared on the game show Child Support. He is also the creator, executive producer, director, and writer of the Netflix comedy series After Life, where he plays the lead role of Tony Johnson.Family background <mask>'s father, Lawrence Raymond "Jerry" <mask> (1919–2002) a Franco-Ontarian of French Canadian and Iroquois descent from Pain Court, Ontario, emigrated to the UK whilst on foreign duty during the Second World War. He worked as a labourer and hod carrier before he met Gervais' English mother, Eva Sophia (née House; 1925–2000). They met during a blackout and settled in Whitley in Reading, having four children over a sixteen-year period. Eva died at age 74 of lung cancer. <mask>, the youngest child, has three older siblings – schoolteacher Larry (1945–2019), Marsha, a pedagogue for special needs children (1948–), and painter-decorator Bob (1950–). Gervais has spoken of his appreciation and love for Bob in particular, to whom he credits his dry and controversial sense of humour. Their shared comedic tastes were both influenced by their mother, <mask>.<mask> has made an example of this by reminiscing in various interviews about when, as an 11-year-old, he asked why his siblings were so much older than he was, she bluntly told him he was a mistake. Early life <mask> was born on 25 June 1961 at Battle Hospital in Reading, Berkshire. He was brought up in the Whitley suburb of Reading, with a sister, Marsha, and brothers Larry and Robert. Prompted by Robert, Gervais began to question the existence of God from about age 8. <mask> attended Whitley Park Infants and Junior Schools and received his secondary education at Ashmead Comprehensive School. After a gap year which he spent working as a gardener at the University of Reading, he attended University College London (UCL) in 1980. He intended to study biology but changed to philosophy after two weeks, and was awarded an upper second-class honours degree in the subject from University of London in 1983.During his time there, he met Jane Fallon, with whom he has been in a relationship since 1982. Career Music In 1983, during his final year as a student at University College London, <mask> and his best friend Bill Macrae formed the new wave pop duo Seona Dancing. They were signed by London Records, which released two of their singles—"More to Lose" and "Bitter Heart". The songs failed to make the UK Singles Chart. Despite not being successful in the UK, Seona Dancing did manage to score a hit in the Philippines with "More to Lose". <mask> also worked as the manager for Suede before they became successful in the 1990s. In 2013, <mask> performed a live tour as David Brent along with his band Foregone Conclusion, Brent's fictional band in The Office.He and the band performed songs written under the Brent character, including "Equality Street" and "Free Love Freeway". <mask> also produced a series of YouTube videos, 'Learn Guitar with David Brent', featuring acoustic guitar versions of nine songs. In 2016, as part of the Life on the Road film promotion, <mask> published the David Brent Songbook of 15 songs, which he also recorded for the album Life on the Road as David Brent and Foregone Conclusion. Radio Gervais worked as an assistant events manager for the University of London Union (ULU), then was head of speech at the alternative radio station Xfm. Needing an assistant, he interviewed the first person whose curriculum vitae he read: Stephen Merchant. In 1998 <mask>' position was made redundant when the station was taken over by the Capital Radio group. Around this time he was also a regular contributor to Mary Anne Hobbs's Radio 1 show, performing vox pop interviews in unlikely locations.After the first series of The Office, Gervais and Merchant returned to Xfm in November 2001 for a Saturday radio show, where they began working with Karl Pilkington, who produced the shows and later collaborated with them on their series of podcasts. In October 2017, <mask> began hosting the weekly radio show <mask>is Is Deadly Sirius on Sirius XM. Podcast On 5 December 2005, Guardian Unlimited began offering free weekly podcasts, including The <mask> Show featuring <mask>, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington. Throughout January and February 2006 the podcast was consistently ranked the #1 podcast in the world. It appeared in the 2007 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's most-downloaded podcast, with an average 261,670 downloads per episode during its first month. Two more series, each with six podcasts, were released between February and September 2006. In late 2006, three more free podcasts were released.Together called "The Podfather Trilogy", they debuted individually at Halloween, Thanksgiving and Christmas. These three were known by Gervais and Merchant as "The Fourth Season". In October 2007 another free full-length podcast was released through iTunes, after being originally given out for free during a performance of Gervais's Fame stand-up tour in London. On 25 November 2007 Gervais, Merchant and Pilkington released another free podcast of just over one hour. In August 2008, Gervais, Merchant and Pilkington recorded their fifth series of audiobooks, totalling four chapters, which were released on 16 September 2008, and described as the 'Guide To...' series. As of May 2011, there are 12 'Guides' to Medicine, Natural History, Arts, Philosophy, The English, Society, Law & Order, The Future, The Human Body, The Earth, The World Cup 2010, and Comic Relief. The conversations typically begin on topic and go out on tangents about other subjects.In 2021, <mask> launched a paid-for audio series, Absolutely Mental, of his conversations with philosopher Sam Harris. There have been two series so far. Television Early television appearances <mask> has contributed to the BAFTA-winning The Sketch Show (ITV), penning several sketches. His mainstream-TV on-screen debut came in September 1998 as part of Channel 4's Comedy Lab series of pilots. His one-off show Golden Years focused on a David Bowie-obsessed character called Clive Meadows. <mask> then came to much wider national attention with an obnoxious, cutting persona featured in a topical slot that replaced Ali G's segments on the satirical Channel 4 comedy programme The 11 O'Clock Show in early 1999, in which his character used as many expletives as was possible and produced an inordinate number of politically incorrect statements. Among the other regular featured comedians on the show was Mackenzie Crook, later a co-star of The Office.Two years later, <mask> went on to present his own comedy chat show for Channel 4 called Meet Ricky Gervais. It was poorly received and has since been mocked by <mask> himself. Throughout this time, <mask> also wrote for the BBC sketch show Bruiser and The Jim Tavare Show. The Office The Office started when Stephen Merchant had to make his own short film while on a BBC production course. In August 1999 he made a docu-soap parody, set in an office, with help from Ash Atalla who was shown a 7-minute video called 'The Seedy Boss'. Thus the character of David Brent was created. Merchant passed this tape on to the BBC's Head of Entertainment Paul Jackson at the Edinburgh Fringe, who then passed it on to Head of Comedy Jon Plowman, who eventually commissioned a full-pilot script from Merchant and Gervais.The first six-episode series of The Office aired in the UK in July and August 2001 to little fanfare or attention. Word-of-mouth, repeats, and DVDs helped spread the word, building up momentum and anticipation for the second series, also comprising six episodes. Following the success of The Office second series, <mask> was named the most powerful person in TV comedy by Radio Times. In 2004, The Office won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy as well as Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy for Gervais, who said in a 2015 BBC interview that the award was the gateway to America for him. The Office brand has since been remade for audiences in Sweden, France, Germany, Quebec, Brazil, Chile, The Czech Republic, Finland, India, Israel, Poland and the United States. <mask> and Merchant are producers of the American version, and they also co-wrote the episode "The Convict" for the show's third season. <mask> has said that the episode "Training" is his favourite, where Brent plays his guitar and sings.In 2021, on the show's 20th anniversary, he suggested the show would not have been produced in 2021 due to cancel culture: "I mean, now it would be cancelled. I'm looking forward to when they pick out one thing and try to cancel it. Someone said they might try to cancel it one day, and I say, 'Good let them cancel it—I've been paid!'" Extras Extras had its debut on the BBC on 21 July 2005; directed by <mask> and Stephen Merchant, the sitcom ran for twelve episodes and starred <mask> as Andy Millman, a background artist. Millman is more self-aware and intentionally humorous than <mask>'s The Office character David Brent. Guest stars on the first series of Extras include Ross Kemp, Les Dennis, Patrick Stewart, Vinnie Jones, Samuel L. Jackson, Ben Stiller, Kate Winslet and Francesca Martinez. A second series began on 14 September 2006 in the UK and featured appearances by Daniel Radcliffe, Dame Diana Rigg, Orlando Bloom, Sir Ian McKellen, Chris Martin, Keith Chegwin, Robert Lindsay, Warwick Davis, Ronnie Corbett, Stephen Fry, Richard Briers, Patricia Potter, Sophia Myles, Moira Stuart, David Bowie, Robert De Niro and Jonathan Ross.A Christmas special of Extras aired on 27 December 2007 in the UK and on 16 December 2007 in the US, featuring guest appearances by George Michael, Clive Owen, Gordon Ramsay, Jonathan Ross, and David Tennant. A Rolling Stone article remarks that in making Extras, Gervais was influenced by Larry David's Curb Your Enthusiasm, particularly in the format of celebrities making fools of themselves or subverting their public personas. In 2007, <mask> won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for his portrayal of Andy Millman in the second series of Extras. As Gervais was not present at the awards ceremony, the trophy was accepted on his behalf by Steve Carell, the actor who starred as regional manager Michael Scott—the counterpart to Gervais's David Brent—on the American adaptation of The Office. The Guardians Chris Tryhorn explained the "few gripes" he had with Extras, "particularly in the second series". "You can forgive Gervais a certain arrogance after the success of The Office, but...." He remarks on the confused tone of the series, taking in the clash between the broad comedy of characters Barry (Shaun Williamson) and Darren (Stephen Merchant), and the apparent parody of this style with When The Whistle Blows, and "given their total indulgence of Gervais, the BBC is portrayed as interfering, its comedy department run by a rather crudely stereotyped gay couple". The <mask> Show The <mask> Show is an animated TV show that debuted on US cable network HBO on 19 February 2010.In the UK, the first series began airing on 23 April 2010 on Channel 4. The show was developed using original podcast recordings from The Ricky Gervais Show starring <mask>, Stephen Merchant, and Karl Pilkington. After receiving an enthusiastic following in the US, HBO recommissioned the show for a second series, which aired in 2011, and a third series which started airing in April 2012. Life's Too Short Life's Too Short began airing on BBC Two on 10 November 2011. <mask> and Stephen Merchant wrote this sitcom from an idea by Warwick Davis. It is described by <mask> as being about "the life of a showbiz dwarf" and as "a cross between Extras and The Office". The show stars actor Davis playing a fictionalised version of himself, as well as <mask> and Merchant.Premium cable channel HBO, which co-produced the series with the BBC, had the US rights and began airing the series on 19 February 2012. An Idiot Abroad An Idiot Abroad is a travel documentary produced by Gervais and Stephen Merchant where a reluctant Karl Pilkington travels around the world, with his reactions to people and places recorded. Occasionally, Gervais and Merchant call to surprise him with a new place to visit or task to do. Pilkington reports back mostly complaining about the situation. Gervais says there is no planning; a camera crew follows his friend around filming for many hours, which Gervais edits down to an hour each episode. Two series and a Christmas special have aired; series one involves Pilkington visiting the Seven Wonders of the World. In the second show he chooses to complete tasks from a bucket list provided by Gervais and in the special Warwick Davis joins Pilkington on a journey following Marco Polo's route from Italy to China.Derek In November 2011, <mask> filmed in London a 35-minute pilot episode for a potential comedy-drama series called Derek, which aired on Channel 4 on 12 April 2012. The pilot is solely written and directed by Gervais and features him in the title role of Derek Noakes, a 49-year-old retirement home worker, who "loves animals, Rolf Harris, Jesus, Deal or No Deal, Million Pound Drop, and Britain's Got Talent." The character first appeared in a 2001 Edinburgh Festival Fringe sketch as an aspiring comedian who loves animals and still lives with his mother. <mask>'s co-host Karl Pilkington makes his acting debut as Derek's friend and facilities-caretaker Dougie who also works in the retirement home. British comedian Kerry Godliman plays Derek's best friend Hannah and David Earl plays Kev. <mask> said that the series is about "kindness [being] more important than anything else". He added "It's about the forgotten—everyone's forgotten.It's all these arbitrary people who didn't know each other, and they're in there now because they're in the last years of their life. And it's about the people who help them, who themselves are losers and have their own problems. It's about a bunch of people with nothing, but making the most of it, and they're together." He chose to set the sitcom in a retirement home after he watched Secret Millionaire—"It was always these people with huge problems who were helping other people. I thought about having Derek help old people because no one cares about old people in this country ... I think it's perfect for now." Channel 4 commissioned a full series of Derek that aired in early 2013.Derek was recommissioned for a second series which premiered on 23 April 2014. Derek ended with a one-off final special, broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK on 22 December 2014. After Life On 9 May 2018, it was announced that Netflix had given a production order for the first season of the comedy-drama After Life. It was created and directed by <mask>, who also starred in it and executive-produced it with Charlie Hanson. On 14 January 2019, it was announced that the series would premiere on 8 March 2019, that Duncan Hayes would be an additional executive producer, and that Hanson would actually serve as a producer. On 3 April 2019, Netflix renewed the series for a second season. In May 2020 it was announced that <mask> had signed a new deal with Netflix, including a third season of After Life.Before the announcement <mask> said, "For the first time ever, I would do a series three, because the world’s so rich. I love the characters, I love all the actors in it, I love my character, I love the town, I love the themes… I love the dog!" Stand-up comedy <mask> began his stand-up career in the late 1990s. His first successful show was at the Cafe Royal as part of the 2001 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Titled Rubbernecker, it also featured Jimmy Carr, Robin Ince and Stephen Merchant. <mask> toured the UK in 2003 with his stand-up show Animals. The Politics tour followed a year later.Both shows were recorded for release on DVD and television broadcast. The third part of the themed live trilogy, Fame, took place in 2007. It started in Glasgow in January and ended in Sheffield in April. Blackpool reported selling out of tickets within 45 minutes of them going on sale. Newsnight Review's panel saw Animals during its Bloomsbury run and covered it in January 2003. They were not favourable, with Private Eye editor Ian Hislop saying it was "cobbled together ... banal ... a bit flat". After this, <mask> closed each show by calling Hislop an "ugly little pug-faced cunt".Fame was the subject of some controversy in January 2007 when <mask> included a routine, ostensibly about how people will do anything to become famous, referring to the murder of prostitutes in Ipswich. <mask>'s fourth show

Ricky Gervais

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was entitled Science, and commenced with an eleven-date tour in August 2009 at the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre in Glasgow. The DVD was released on 15 November 2010. In November 2009, he headlined the sixth annual New York Comedy Festival at Carnegie Hall. In 2013, <mask> announced that his next stand-up show would be called Humanity. In December 2014, he said he was too busy to do the tour due to producing two films. In May 2016, <mask> performed stand-up in London, starting with some low key warm-ups with cast members from Derek.He said, "Finally, I'm going to do some stand-up. The first in about six years if you don't count hosting the Golden Globes". He continued his Humanity show throughout 2017 and into 2018. He appeared at SF Sketchfest as part of the tour, which devoted a night in honour of him, alongside comedic legend and mentor Christopher Guest. His next tour and Netflix special SuperNature was announced in late 2018, where Gervais warned people not to travel to see "work in progress" as it would be a "shambles". SuperNature shows continued through 2019 and 2020. Following significant cancellations and postponements as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the SuperNature tours resumed in August 2021.Animation One of the first animations <mask> voiced was the character of Penguin in Robbie the Reindeer's Legend of the Lost Tribe. He had a starring role in Disney's Valiant, with Ewan McGregor, John Cleese and Jim Broadbent, as pigeon Bugsy. <mask> guest-starred in an episode of The Simpsons entitled "Homer Simpson, This Is Your Wife". He is the only British comic to write and star in a Simpsons episode. The episode was the highest rated in Sky One's history; it revolved around the angle that <mask> was the episode's sole writer (and the first guest star on the show to also receive a writing credit for the episode of his appearance). <mask> clarified the extent of his input in a joint interview (with Christopher Guest) for Dazed and Confused magazine (January 2006): "No, all I did was put down a load of observations on an email and they made it look like a Simpsons script. I'm going to get the credit, but I think everyone in the industry knows it was a joint effort".Asked in a separate interview about how his idea for the episode (in which Homer swaps Marge on a game show) came about, <mask> replied: "I've always been fascinated with reality game shows but I think it was my girlfriend's idea. We watch Celebrity Big Brother at the moment, we watch I'm a Celebrity, Get Me out of Here... we watch all those reality TV shows—The Office came out of those docu-soaps". <mask>, a longstanding Simpsons fan, presented a segment to mark the show's 20th anniversary on BBC Two's The Culture Show on 16 June 2007. In 2012, <mask> made a guest appearance on Family Guy in the episode titled "Be Careful What You Fish For". In the episode, <mask> plays a dolphin named Billy Finn who gives Peter Griffin a Mercedes-Benz hood ornament, and Peter half-heartedly promises a favour to him. Soon, Billy moves to Quahog but outstays his welcome at Peter's. Peter tries to reunite Billy with his ex-wife in hopes that he will return to the ocean.The episode also featured Lucy Davis, with whom <mask> starred in The Office. Guest star on television series <mask> had a cameo role in Simon Pegg's and Jessica Hynes's sitcom Spaced as Dave, an estate agent who mistakenly places the advertisement for a property for a couple that turns out to be the premise of the show. <mask> has also guest-starred on Alias (in the third-season episode "Façade") as Daniel Ryan, a former Royal Navy bomb-disposal specialist turned rogue Irish Republican Army bomb-maker. He has also made guest appearances on Sesame Street. Louis C.K. had <mask> play Dr. Ben, his doctor, on two episodes of his series Louie. <mask> broke into his trademark hysterical laugh every time his character made Louie the butt of a joke.In early 2015, <mask> guest-starred in Galavant, a four-week comedy mini-series, as Xanax the magician. It aired on ABC and <mask> got to show off his singing skills. <mask> made a cameo appearance on Saturday Night Live in a Digital Short during which he joked that The Office was adapted from a Japanese programme of the same name (with Steve Carell reprising his role as Michael Scott). The sketch re-creates scenes from the American and British pilot episode with Japanese elements (although in an exaggerated way). "It's funny", Gervais laughs at the end, "because it's racist". <mask> hosted the 67th, 68th, 69th, 73rd and 77th Golden Globe Awards. His appearance in 2010 made him the first master of ceremonies since 1995.He stated: "I have resisted many other offers like this, but there are just some things you don't turn down." His performance as host received a mixed response with positive reviews from the New York Daily News and the Associated Press, but also some negative comments from The Hollywood Reporter. His 2011 hosting of the awards was controversial for his jokes that were at the expense of many of the nominees, similar to the New York Friars Club roast-style jokes. His jibes were described as setting "a corrosive tone" by one critic, though some celebrities were seen crying from laughter, leaving the overall reaction to be 'mixed'. <mask> responded, "They are my friends, but I had to play the outsider." His 2020 hosting performance, particularly the opening monologue, garnered both praise and criticism from the public and press. He later responded to the negative media coverage by tweeting, "I always knew that there were morons in the world that took jokes seriously, but I'm surprised that some journalists do."He also stated several times during the opening monologue that it would be his final appearance as host, though he made a similar declaration during his first hosting performance in 2010. <mask> was a guest judge on Jerry Seinfeld's NBC show The Marriage Ref alongside Larry David and Madonna. He has also been a regular guest on Seinfeld's Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. Talking Funny, which first aired on 28 April 2011, starred <mask> and fellow standup comedians Louis C.K., Chris Rock and Jerry Seinfeld having an informal round-table discussion on stand-up comedy. This one off HBO special was well received by critics & audience alike. In 2013, <mask> guest starred in David Blaine: Real or Magic, a television special where Blaine proceeded to run a large needle through his forearm in front of Gervais. Talk shows In January 2006, Gervais interviewed Larry David in a one-off special, <mask> Meets... Larry David.On 25 and 26 December 2006 he interviewed Christopher Guest and Garry Shandling which aired on Channel 4. There are no plans for further episodes of Meets..., although editions with Monty Python co-founder John Cleese and The Simpsons creator Matt Groening were recorded in 2006 for broadcast in 2007. A source claimed, "The Shandling experience put him off for good". In January 2009, <mask> was a guest on BravoTV Inside the Actors Studio season 15 with James Lipton, where at one point of the interview he answered Lipton's question as David Brent, his character from The Office. Brent obliged the audience by singing his song "Freelove Freeway" with a guitar supplied to him by Lipton. <mask> has been on The Late Show with David Letterman 26 times. In 2008, he helped Letterman read out the Late Show Top Ten List, Top Ten Stupid Things Americans Say To Brits.In mid-2014, upon hearing that Letterman was up for retirement, Gervais jokingly tried to discourage him by suggesting they go on a road trip where they would spend all their money. <mask> has appeared on the BBC's The Graham Norton Show many times over the years. He has been on Graham Norton's couch with Stephen Merchant, co-creator and co-writer of The Office, to promote Cemetery Junction. Another appearance saw him talk about his series Life's Too Short and Johnny Depp who was there to promote his own film was also present. Video games <mask> is one of two featured comedians (the other being Katt Williams) in the video game Grand Theft Auto IV who performs at the Split Sides comedy club on the virtual stand-up stage and as an interviewee on the in game radio station We Know The Truth. For the stand-up bit a special 3-minute act was written, recorded and fully motion-captured. Books Flanimals Gervais released a children's book in 2004, Flanimals (illustrated by Rob Steen), which depicted nonsense animals.After the success of this book, he released its sequel More Flanimals in 2005, with Flanimals of the Deep coming the next year. A new Flanimals book, Flanimals: The Day of the Bletchling, was released in October 2007. Flanimals: Pop Up was also published in 2009. There is a wide range of Flanimals merchandise available, including dolls and gift cards. Published television scripts The Office scripts have been released in book form, with Series 1 issued in 2002, and the remaining episodes following in 2003. Extras: The Illustrated Scripts: Series 1 & 2 has been released, as well. Other books The World of Karl Pilkington was presented by Gervais and Merchant.These were essentially transcripts of Xfm shows podcasts and featured illustrations by Pilkington. <mask>'s film career has included small roles as the voice of a pigeon, Bugsy, in 2005's Valiant, as a studio executive in 2006's For Your Consideration, as museum director Dr. McPhee in 2006's Night at the Museum and its sequels Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, and as "Ferdy the Fence" in the 2007 film Stardust. <mask> starred in Ghost Town (2008) as a dentist who sees spirits, and was in Lowell, Massachusetts during May 2008 filming his next project, The Invention of Lying (2009), in which he starred alongside Jennifer Garner, Rob Lowe and Louis C.K.. The social comedy, was co-written and co-directed by <mask> and Matt Robinson. <mask> and collaborator Stephen Merchant made a film called Cemetery Junction, set in 1970s Britain, about class, love and fulfilment. The film was released in April 2010. <mask> starred in Muppets Most Wanted (2014) as Dominic Badguy, the partner of the movie's villain, Constantine.<mask> directed and starred in, Special Correspondents, which began filming in May 2015. The comedy stars Eric Bana as a journalist and Gervais as his assistant. They pretend to report news from a war torn country but in actuality they are safe in New York. The film was released on Netflix. <mask> directed and starred in the 2016 film David Brent: Life on the Road, a mockumentary following David Brent, a character first seen in The Office series, as he lives his dream of being a rockstar. On 5 November 2015 <mask> signed up to play Ika Chu, a villainous cat, in an animated film Blazing Samurai. The movie is about a dog (Hank) played by Michael Cera, who wants to be a warrior and fights with Ika Chu for the town of Kakamucho.Other appearances On 2 July 2005, <mask> appeared at the Live 8 event held in London's Hyde Park, where he performed his famous dance from The Office. Concert for Diana and Live Earth On 1 July 2007, <mask> performed at the Concert for Diana in Wembley Stadium, a music event celebrating the life of Princess Diana 10 years after her death. Towards the end of the event—after a pre-recorded introduction from Ben Stiller—<mask> appeared along with fellow Office star Mackenzie Crook. They performed "Free Love Freeway", a song previously heard in the fourth episode of series one of The Office. Due to a technical problem, <mask> then had to fill time until he was able to re-introduce Elton John to close the show, so he did the David Brent dance again, as well as singing the "Little Fat Man" song as performed by David Bowie in episode two of the second series of Extras. In July 2007, following <mask>'s appearance at the memorial concert for the Princess of Wales, The Guardian ran a column by Daily Mirror television critic Jim Shelley entitled "Call Me Crazy... But Has <mask>is Lost It?", where he described <mask> as a "tiresome embarrassment". The following week, The Guardian noted that <mask> had responded with "an exhilaratingly foul-mouthed tirade" on his website, concluding with the sentence "yes I am resting on my fucking laurels you cunt!" In this video, <mask> mocked Jim Shelley typing the words "resting on his laurels" as <mask> jokingly lashed out by stating that he was resting on his laurels and that he was not going to make another show for television, quipping: "What's the point? What is there to beat?" Personal life <mask> has homes in Hampstead, London, and Marlow, Buckinghamshire. He also has an apartment in the Barbizon 63 building in New York City. He has been in a relationship with producer and author Jane Fallon since 1982, and says they chose not to marry because "there's no point in us having an actual ceremony before the eyes of God because there is no God" or have children because they "didn't fancy dedicating 16 years of [their] lives ... and there are too many children, of course".He is a vegan, an atheist and a humanist, and states that he abandoned religion at the age of eight. In December 2010, he wrote an op-ed for The Wall Street Journal defending his atheism. He is an honorary associate of the UK's National Secular Society and a patron of Humanists UK, a British charity that promotes the humanist worldview and campaigns for a secular state and on human rights issues. On 3 September 2019, he received the 2019 Richard Dawkins Award, which recognises people who proclaim "the values of secularism and rationalism, upholding scientific truths wherever it may lead." <mask> received the award during a Centre for Inquiry-sponsored ceremony at London's Troxy Theatre. Dawkins praised Gervais as a "witty hero of atheism and reason." <mask> is a fan of the UFC and Reading F.C.He is a music fan and has stated that his hero is David Bowie, with his favourite song being "Letter to Hermione". He has also stated that his first experience of a live music gig was watching Iggy Pop. In 2013, he wrote that Lou Reed was "one of the greatest artists of our time" following Reed's death. <mask> is one of the 100 contributors to the book, Dear NHS: 100 Stories to Say Thank You, of which all proceeds go to NHS Charities Together and The Lullaby Trust. Political activism Gervais is a fervent supporter of gay rights and has praised the introduction of same-sex marriage in England and Wales as "a victory for all of us", saying "anything that promotes equality, promotes progress ... You can't take equality 'too far'." In June 2017, Gervais endorsed Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 general election. He tweeted, "OK.I'm not telling you how to vote, but this is a fact. The only vote that will keep Theresa May out is a vote for Jeremy Corbyn. Cheers." Social media <mask> joined Twitter in December 2009 when he first hosted the 66th Golden Globes. After a two-year hiatus, he returned in September 2011. In 2012, <mask> won a Shorty Award for Lifetime Achievement for his popular presence on social media. As of January 2021 he was followed by 14.5 million fans whom he calls 'Twonks'.<mask> uses social media to promote his work to his fans. After ten years he brought back his character Brent on his YouTube channel in a web series Learn Guitar with David Brent. He uses many ways to promote his new series, for example for Derek, he posts contests or questions for his fans. <mask> uses social media to raise awareness of animal welfare. He tweets links to petitions to rescue animals from captivity, he highlights the plight of animals being used for testing, and he encourages people to adopt dogs instead of buying them from breeders. He won the Genesis Award from the Humane Society in March 2015 for his contribution to raising awareness for animal welfare on social media. In 2014, he was named most influential London Twitter user.Influences <mask> has cited Laurel & Hardy, Groucho Marx, Peter Cook, and Christopher Guest as significant influences. The decision of John Cleese to stop making his acclaimed 1970s comedy sitcom Fawlty Towers after 12 episodes—when it was at its creative height—inspired Gervais in keeping his own sitcoms (The Office, Extras and Derek) to 12 episodes each. Charity work Boxing In 2002, <mask> took part in a charity boxing match against Grant Bovey, for the UK charity telethon Comic Relief. He was trained for the three-round contest by boxing trainer brothers Frank and Eugene Maloney, at their Fight Factory gymnasium. It was the second televised charity boxing match, the first being Bob Mortimer against Les Dennis. The fight was televised by the BBC, and <mask> came out on top by a split decision verdict. He donated his £5,000 prize money to the training of a Macmillan nurse who specialised in cancer support.Animal rights <mask> is a supporter of animal rights and has stated that he will leave his fortune to animal charities. <mask> named an Asian black bear, also known as a moonbear, Derek after the protagonist from his series Derek. In December 2013, Gervais bought a $1000 cake shaped like a moonbear to raise funds for Animal Asia. <mask> is active in the prevention of illegal wildlife trade; he supported the handing over of ivory trinkets to the Metropolitan police in London. In 2015, <mask> donated a signed acoustic guitar to help raise funds for Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary in Ontario, Canada, with a special call-out to Pockets Warhol. The guitar which was signed by Gervais was purchased by Danny Young from the United Kingdom who has since had the guitar signed by several celebrities in order to raise further funds for the Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary. Celebrities who signed the guitar include: Brian May, Will Ferrell, Bryan Cranston, Dhani Harrison, Peter Frampton, <mask>, and Steve Cutts.In 2017, <mask> was awarded the Lord Houghton Award for Service to Animal Welfare from Animal Defenders International. <mask> was also awarded the Humane Society International Cecil Award in 2018 for his frequent social media efforts to end trophy hunting. Filmography Films Television Video games Stand-up specials Recurring collaborators Awards and nominations Over his career, <mask> has won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on The Office and Extras. He has also received seven BAFTA Awards, five British Comedy Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards. Bibliography References Further reading Interviews Time Magazine (2008). Renaissance Man: <mask>is by Joel Stein The Independent, et al. (2005).<mask>: My life as a pure superstar The Guardian Newspaper, et al.

Demas T. Craw

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<mask> "Nick<mask> (April 9, 1900 – November 8, 1942) was a United States Army Air Forces officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II. <mask> and Maj. Pierpont M. Hamilton were the first Army Air Forces recipients of the Medal in the European-Mediterranean theater of World War II and the only AAF members to be awarded that decoration for valor not involving air combat. Biography <mask> was born in Long Lake Township, Michigan (near Traverse City), to <mask>, a game warden, and his wife Clara. He was twin brother to <mask>, who died in a hunting accident in 1927. A younger sister, Jane, became a registered nurse and served in the Army Nurse Corps during World War II. The twins attended Traverse City public schools, but dropped out of Traverse City High School during World War I to enlist in the United States Army on April 18, 1918, at Columbus Barracks, Ohio. <mask> was sent to Camp Stanley, Texas, for training with the 12th Cavalry, then transferred to Columbus, New Mexico, on the border with Mexico.He was promoted to private first class in November 1918 and sent to Machine Gun School at Camp Hancock, Georgia. There he applied for and was selected to attend the Central Officer's Training School at Camp Gordon, Georgia. In the demobilization of the Army following the Armistice, <mask> was discharged on February 15, 1919, but re-enlisted three months later in the infantry at Grand Rapids, Michigan. Assigned as a recruiter, he was promoted to corporal, but continued to pursue a commission. At Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky, where he was attached to the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, <mask> undertook a two-month preparatory course in February 1920 for entry into the United States Military Academy. Returning to Grand Rapids afterward, <mask> was discharged on May 14 and entered West Point on July 1, 1920. While attending the Military Academy he received his lifelong nickname of "Nick", shortened from "Nicodemus" (a word play on his given name), and developed an ambition to fly.However an eye injury incurred while playing polo nearly ended his aviation career. <mask> graduated on June 12, 1924, ranked 371 in general order of merit in his class of 405 members, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant, Coast Artillery Corps. Air Corps service After his eye injury healed, he applied for pilot training with the Air Service on March 13, 1926. In August, he began Primary and Basic flight training at Brooks Field, Texas, went on to Advanced at Kelly Field on February 28, 1927, where he received a rating of Airplane Pilot on August 12, 1927. <mask> joined the 1st Pursuit Group at Selfridge Field, Michigan, transferred his commission to the Air Corps on March 21, 1928, and was promoted to first lieutenant on January 3, 1930. <mask> returned to the Air Corps Training Center at San Antonio, Texas, as an instructor of Basic Flight training at Duncan Field, and was reassigned in January 1929, to instruct Advanced Flight Training. In June 1930, <mask> was briefly assigned to Mitchel Field, New York, to await a four-year tour with the 19th Pursuit Squadron at Wheeler Field, Territory of Hawaii.There he met Mary Victoria ("Vicki") Wesson, daughter of the president of the Smith & Wesson Firearms Company. They married in 1931, and had one son, Nicholas. <mask> commanded the 19th PS from August 4, 1932, to the end of his tour and returned to Mitchel Field on September 15, 1934. He was promoted to captain on April 20, 1935. In September 1937, <mask> was assigned as a student to the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, graduating June 20, 1938. His next billet was as Inspector General and Assistant Intelligence Officer, General Headquarters Air Force, at Langley Field, Virginia. On March 11, 1940, <mask> was promoted to major.His tour at Langley included temporary duty as an air observer for the War Department in the Netherlands East Indies, China, Romania, and India. In October 1940, <mask> traveled to Cairo, Egypt, as an observer to the Royal Air Force. During combat against Italy in Libya, he was slightly wounded, and with the onset of the Greco-Italian War, went to Athens as assistant military attaché. He reportedly came under fire 136 times and participated in twenty-one RAF bombing sorties during the assignments. When the German army invaded Greece in April 1941, <mask> was captured and interned for six weeks, until exchanged at Sofia, Bulgaria, and was awarded the Order of George I (Officer class) by the King of Greece. He returned to Egypt and observed the campaign against the Afrika Korps in June 1941, then was assigned as deputy executive officer of the II Bomber Command at Fort George Wright, Washington. On November 15, 1941, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and on March 1, 1942, after the United States entered the war, to colonel.In October, <mask> was named air officer for Maj. General Lucian K<mask>, commanding one of the sub-task forces, Force Goalpost, of Operation Torch, an amphibious invasion of North Africa. He sailed with the invasion force from Virginia and while en route, volunteered to assist another Army Air Forces officer, Maj. Pierpont M. Hamilton, Truscott's intelligence officer, in delivering a message to the local French commander near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, to broker a cease fire, should French forces resist. Medal of Honor action On November 8, 1942, French forces resisted Allied landing operations and <mask> undertook the mission with Hamilton. The officers intended to land at a jetty on the Sebou River near French headquarters, but the alerted French defenders began shelling the landing force, and they instead came ashore with the first wave of Goalpost landing craft carrying troops of the 2nd Battalion, 60th Regimental Combat Team. After disembarking on Green Beach before dawn, and still under hostile fire from shore batteries, the officers commandeered a small truck. They were strafed by French aircraft when it became stuck in a muddy marsh. After the truck was extricated by a detachment of combat engineers, they attempted to continue their mission but were forced to return to the beach when caught in the exchanges of French artillery and naval gunfire from Task Group 34.8 of the United States Navy.When <mask> expressed misgivings about the mission, <mask> convinced him to allow them to continue. They located a jeep and enlisted its driver, Pfc. Orris V. Correy, to cross through the French lines. <mask> carried unfurled American and French flags, and Hamilton a white flag, in an attempt to safeguard their passage. At dawn the officers reached the jetty that was to have been their original starting point. After several contacts with French troops to obtain directions, and requesting a guide (which was refused), the jeep proceeded cautiously approximately six miles into Port Lyautey. As they came over a rise on the outskirts near the French headquarters, a hidden machine gun position took them under sustained fire and killed <mask> instantly with a burst to the chest.Hamilton and Correy were both captured, but Hamilton eventually completed the mission and arranged the surrender of French forces. <mask> was awarded the Medal of Honor four months later, on March 4, 1943, for his part in the mission. Hamilton was also awarded the Medal of Honor in January, 1943. Legacy The military airfield at Port Lyautey was named Craw Field in 1943. Other entities named in commemoration were: Col. <mask> T. <mask>, U.S. Army Auxiliary Aircraft Repair Ship FS-207 (January 1945); Demas T. Craw Army Reserve Center, Traverse City, Michigan; Demas T. Craw Squadron, Arnold Air Society, University of Virginia. Demas T Craw Marker Mehdia Beach Morocco 1952 / Current location or existence unknown. This is the only photo believed to exist of the marker.Awards and decorations   Senior pilot   World War II Victory Medal   Royal Order of George I (Greece)   Observer Badge Citation Colonel <mask>'s official Medal of Honor citation reads: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action above and beyond the call of duty. On November 8, 1942, near Port Lyautey, French Morocco, Col. <mask> volunteered to accompany the leading wave of assault boats to the shore and pass through the enemy lines to locate the French commander with a view to suspending hostilities. This request was first refused as being too dangerous but upon the officer's insistence that he was qualified to undertake and accomplish the mission he was allowed to go. Encountering heavy fire while in the landing boat and unable to dock in the river because of shell fire from shore batteries, Col. <mask>, accompanied by 1 officer and 1 soldier, succeeded in landing on the beach at Mehdia Plage under constant low-level strafing from 3 enemy planes. Riding in a bantam truck toward French headquarters, progress of the party was hindered by fire from our own naval guns. Nearing Port Lyautey, Col. <mask> was instantly killed by a sustained burst of machinegun fire at pointblank range from a concealed position near the road. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links 1900 births 1942 deaths Air Corps Tactical School alumni United States Army personnel of World War I Gold crosses of the Order of George I People from Traverse City, Michigan United States Army Air Forces colonels United States Army Air Forces personnel killed in World War II United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II United States Army Air Forces Medal of Honor recipients United States Military Academy alumni World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor Deaths by firearm in Morocco Military personnel from Michigan

Bill Richardson

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<mask> III (born November 15, 1947) is an American politician, author, and diplomat who served as the 30th governor of New Mexico from 2003 to 2011. He was also the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and Energy Secretary in the Clinton administration, a U.S. Congressman, chairman of the 2004 Democratic National Convention, and chairman of the Democratic Governors Association. In December 2008, he was nominated for the cabinet-level position of Secretary of Commerce in the first Obama administration but withdrew a month later as he was being investigated for possible improper business dealings in New Mexico. Although the investigation was later dropped, it was seen to have damaged <mask>'s career as his second and final term as New Mexico governor concluded. <mask> has occasionally provided advice on diplomatic issues pertaining to North Korea and has visited the nation on several occasions.He has also completed a number of private humanitarian missions, one of which secured the release of U.S. journalist Danny Fenster from a Myanmar prison in November 2021. Early life and education <mask> was born in Pasadena, California. He grew up in the borough of Coyoacán in Mexico City. His father, William Blaine <mask>, Jr. (1891–1972), who was of Anglo-American and Mexican descent, was an American bank executive from Boston who worked in Mexico for what is now Citibank. His mother, María Luisa López-Collada Márquez (1914–2011), had been his father's secretary — she was the Mexican-born daughter of a Mexican mother and a Spanish father from Villaviciosa, Asturias. <mask>'s father was born on a ship heading towards Nicaragua. Just before <mask> was born, his father sent his mother to California to give birth because, as <mask> explained, "My father had a complex about not having been born in the United States."<mask>, a United States citizen by birth, spent his childhood in a lavish hacienda in Coyoacán's barrio of San Francisco where he was raised as a Roman Catholic. When <mask> was 13, his parents sent him to the U.S. to attend Middlesex School, a preparatory school in Concord, Massachusetts, where he played baseball as a pitcher. He entered Tufts University in 1966, where he continued to play baseball. In 1967, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League, pitching for the Cotuit Kettleers; he returned to the league in 1968 with the Harwich Mariners. A Kettleers program included the words "Drafted by K.C." <mask> said: <mask>'s original biographies stated he had been drafted by the Kansas City Athletics and the Chicago Cubs to play professional baseball, but a 2005 Albuquerque Journal investigation discovered he never was on any official draft. <mask> acknowledged the error, which he claimed was unintentional, saying he had been scouted by several teams and told that he "would or could" be drafted, but he was mistaken in saying that he actually had been drafted.He earned a Bachelor's degree at Tufts University in 1970, majoring in French and political science, and was a member and president of Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He earned a master's degree in international affairs from the Tufts University Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1971. He had met his future wife Barbara (née Flavin) when they were in high school in Concord, Massachusetts, and they married in 1972 following her graduation from Wheaton College. <mask> is a descendant of William Brewster, a passenger on the Mayflower. Early political career After college, <mask> worked for Republican Congressman F. Bradford Morse from Massachusetts. He was later a staff member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. <mask> worked on congressional relations for the Henry Kissinger State Department during the Nixon administration.U.S. Representative In 1978, <mask> moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico and ran for the House of Representatives in 1980 as a Democrat, losing narrowly to longtime 1st District representative and future United States Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan (R). Two years later, <mask> was elected to New Mexico's newly created third district, taking in most of the northern part of the state. <mask> spent 14 years in Congress, representing the country's most diverse district and holding 2,000 town meetings. <mask> served as Chairman of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus in the 98th Congress (1983–1985) and as Chairman of the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Native American Affairs in the 103rd Congress (1993–1994). <mask> sponsored a number of bills, including the American Indian Religious Freedom Act Amendments, the Indian Dams Safety Act, the Tribal Self-Governance Act, and the Jicarilla Apache Tribe Water Rights Settlement Act. He became a member of the Democratic leadership as a deputy majority whip, where he became friends with <mask> after they worked closely on several issues, including when he served as the ranking House Democrat in favor of NAFTA's passage in 1993. For his work as a back channel to Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Mexico's president at the time of the negotiations, he was awarded the Aztec Eagle Award, Mexico's highest award for a foreigner.Clinton in turn sent <mask> on various foreign policy missions, including a trip in 1996 in which <mask> traveled to Baghdad with Peter Bourne and engaged in lengthy one-on-one negotiations with Saddam Hussein to secure the release of two American aerospace workers who had been captured by the Iraqis after wandering over the Kuwaiti border. <mask> also visited Nicaragua, Guatemala, Cuba, Peru, India, North Korea, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Sudan to represent U.S. interests and met with Slobodan Milošević. In 1996, he played a major role in securing the release of American Evan Hunziker from North Korean custody and for securing a pardon for Eliadah McCord, an American convicted and imprisoned in Bangladesh. Due to these missions, <mask> was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize three times. Ambassador to the United Nations As U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations between 1997 and 1998, <mask> flew to Afghanistan to meet with the Taliban and Abdul Rachid Dostum, an Uzbek warlord. The ceasefire he believed he had negotiated with the help of Bruce Riedel of the National Security Council failed to hold.U.S. Secretary of Energy The Senate confirmed <mask> to be Clinton's Secretary of Energy on July 31, 1998. His tenure at the Department of Energy was marred by the Wen Ho Lee nuclear controversy. As told by The New York Times in a special report, a scientist later named as Lee at the Los Alamos National Laboratory was reported as a suspect who might have given nuclear secrets to the Chinese government. The article mentioned <mask> several times, although he denied in sworn testimony that he was the source or that he made improper disclosures. After being fired and spending nine months in solitary confinement as an alleged security risk, Lee was later cleared of espionage charges and released with an apology from the judge. Eventually, Lee won a $1.6 million settlement against the federal government and several news outlets, including the Times and The Washington Post, for the accusation. <mask> was also criticized by the Senate for his handling of the espionage inquiry, which involved missing computer hard drives containing sensitive data, and for not testifying in front of Congress sooner.<mask> justified his response by saying that he was waiting to uncover more information before speaking to Congress. Republican Senators called for <mask>'s resignation, while both parties criticized his role in the incident, and the scandal ended <mask>'s hope of being named as Al Gore's running mate for the 2000 presidential election. <mask> tightened security following the scandal, leading to the creation of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA, not to be confused with the NSA and the NSC). This foreshadowed the creation of the Department of Homeland Security in reaction to the 9/11 attacks. <mask> also became the first Energy Secretary to implement a plan to dispose of nuclear waste. He created the Director for Native American Affairs position in the department in 1998, and in January 2000, oversaw the largest return of federal lands, 84,000 acres (340 km2), to an Indian Tribe (the Northern Ute Tribe of Utah) in more than 100 years. <mask> also directed the overhaul of the department's consultation policy with Native American tribes and established the Tribal Energy Program.Educational and corporate positions With the end of the Clinton administration in January 2001, <mask> took on a number of different positions. He was an adjunct professor at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government and a lecturer at the Armand Hammer United World College of the American West. In 2000, <mask> was awarded a United States Institute of Peace Senior Fellowship. He spent the next year researching and writing on the negotiations with North Korea and the energy dimensions of U.S. relations. In 2011, <mask> was named a senior fellow at the Baker Institute of Rice University. <mask> also joined Kissinger McLarty Associates, a "strategic advisory firm" headed by former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and former Clinton White House chief of staff Mack McLarty, as Senior Managing Director. From February 2001 to June 2002, he served on the board of directors of Peregrine Systems, Inc.He also served on the corporate boards of several energy companies, including Valero Energy Corporation and Diamond Offshore Drilling. He withdrew from these boards after being nominated by the Democratic Party for governor of New Mexico, but retained considerable stock holdings in Valero and Diamond Offshore. He would later sell these stocks during his campaign for president in 2007, saying he was "getting questions" about the propriety of these holdings, especially given his past as energy secretary, and that it had become a distraction. <mask> is on the board of directors of the National Institute for Civil Discourse (NICD), which was created after the 2011 Tucson shooting that left six dead and 13 wounded, including Congresswoman Gabby Giffords. Governor of New Mexico First term <mask> was elected governor of New Mexico in November 2002, having defeated the Republican nominee, John Sanchez, 56–39%. During the campaign, he set a Guinness World Record for most handshakes in eight hours by a politician, breaking Theodore Roosevelt's record. He succeeded a two-term Republican governor, Gary Johnson.He took office in January 2003 as the only Hispanic Governor in the United States. In his first year, <mask> proposed "tax cuts to promote growth and investment" and passed a broad personal income tax cut and won a statewide special election to transfer money from the state's Permanent Fund to meet current expenses and projects. In early 2005, <mask> helped make New Mexico the first state in the nation to provide $400,000 in life insurance coverage for New Mexico National Guard members who serve on active duty. Thirty-five states have since followed suit. Working with the legislature, he formed Richardson's Investment Partnership (GRIP) in 2003. The partnership has been used to fund large-scale public infrastructure projects throughout New Mexico, including the use of highway funds to construct a brand new commuter rail line (the Rail Runner) that runs between Belen, Albuquerque, and Bernalillo. He supported a variety of LGBT rights in his career as governor; he added sexual orientation and gender identity to New Mexico's list of civil rights categories.However, he was opposed to same-sex marriage, and faced criticism for his use of the anti-gay slur "maricón" on the Don Imus Show. During the summer of 2003, he met with a delegation from North Korea at its request to discuss concerns over that country's nuclear weapons. At the request of the White House, he also flew to North Korea in 2005 and met with another North Korean delegation in 2006. On December 7, 2006, <mask> was named as the Special Envoy for Hemispheric Affairs for the Secretary General of the Organization of American States with the mandate to "promote dialogue on issues of importance to the region, such as immigration and free trade". In 2003, <mask> backed and signed legislation creating a permit system for New Mexicans to carry concealed handguns. He applied for and received a concealed weapons permit, though by his own admission he seldom carries a gun. As <mask> discussed frequently during his 2008 run for president, he supported a controversial New Mexico law allowing undocumented immigrants to obtain driver's licenses for reasons of public safety.He said that because of the program, traffic fatalities had gone down, and the percentage of uninsured drivers decreased from 33% to 11%. He was named Chairman of the Democratic Governors Association in 2004 and announced a desire to increase the role of Democratic governors in

Bill Richardson

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deciding the future of their party. In December 2005, <mask> announced the intention of New Mexico to collaborate with billionaire Richard Branson to bring space tourism to the proposed Spaceport America located near Las Cruces, New Mexico. In 2006, Forbes credited <mask>'s reforms in naming Albuquerque, New Mexico, the best city in the United States for business and careers. The Cato Institute, meanwhile, has consistently rated <mask> as one of the most fiscally responsible Democratic governors in the nation. In March 2006, <mask> vetoed legislation that would ban the use of eminent domain to transfer property to private developers, as allowed by the Supreme Court's 2005 decision in Kelo v. City of New London. He promised to work with the legislature to draft new legislation addressing the issue in the 2007 legislative session.On September 7, 2006, <mask> flew to Sudan to meet Sudanese President Omar Al-Bashir and successfully negotiated the release of imprisoned journalist Paul Salopek. The Sudanese had charged Salopek with espionage on August 26, 2006, while on a National Geographic assignment. In January 2007, at the request of the Save Darfur Coalition, he brokered a 60-day cease-fire between al-Bashir and leaders of several rebel factions in Darfur, the western Sudanese region. The cease-fire never became effective, however, with allegations of breaches on all sides. Second term <mask> won his second term as Governor of New Mexico on November 7, 2006, 68–32% against former New Mexico Republican Party Chairman John Dendahl. <mask> received the highest percentage of votes in any gubernatorial election in the state's history. In December 2006, <mask> announced that he would support a ban on cockfighting in New Mexico.On March 12, 2007, <mask> signed into law a bill that banned cockfighting in New Mexico. Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands are now the only parts of the United States where cockfighting is legal. During New Mexico's 2007 legislative session, <mask> signed a bill into law that made New Mexico the 12th state to legalize cannabis for medical reasons. When asked if this would hurt him in a Presidential election, he stated that it did not matter, as it was "the right thing to do". During 2008 and 2009, <mask> faced "possible legal issues" while a federal grand jury investigated pay-to-play allegations in the awarding of a lucrative state contract to a company that gave campaign contributions to <mask>'s political action committee, Moving America Forward. The company in question, CDR, was alleged to have funneled more than $100,000 in donations to <mask>'s PAC in exchange for state construction projects. <mask> said when he withdrew his Commerce Secretary nomination that he was innocent; his popularity then slipped below 50% in his home state.In August 2009, federal prosecutors dropped the pending investigation against the governor, and there was speculation in the media about <mask>'s career after his second term as New Mexico governor concluded. On March 18, 2009, he signed a bill repealing the death penalty, making New Mexico the second U.S. state, after New Jersey, to repeal the death penalty by legislative means since the 1960s. <mask> was subsequently honored with the 2009 Human Rights Award by Death Penalty Focus. In its April 2010 report, ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named <mask> one of the 11 worst governors in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout <mask>'s term as governor. The group accused <mask> of allowing political allies to benefit from firms connected to state investments, rewarding close associates with state positions or benefits (including providing a longtime friend and political supporter with a costly state contract), and allowing pay-to-play activity in his administration. They also opined that he fell short on efforts to make state government more transparent. In December 2010, while still serving as governor, <mask> returned to North Korea in an unofficial capacity at the invitation of the North's chief nuclear negotiator Kim Kye Gwan.Upon arriving in Pyongyang on December 16, <mask> told reporters that his "objective is to see if we can reduce the tension on the Korean peninsula, that is my objective. I am going to have a whole series of talks with North Korean officials here and I look forward to my discussions", he said. On December 19, <mask> said his talks with North Korean officials made "some progress" in trying to resolve what he calls a "very tense" situation. Speaking from Pyongyang, <mask> told U.S. television network CNN that a North Korean general he met was receptive to his proposal for setting up a hotline between North and South Korean forces, and also was open to his idea for a military commission to monitor disputes in and around the Yellow Sea. After his return from North Korea, <mask> dealt with the issue of a pardon for William H. Bonney, aka <mask> Kid, for killing Sheriff William J. Brady of Lincoln County, New Mexico, some 130 years before. Following up on the promise of a pardon at the time by then-territorial governor Lew Wallace, <mask> said he could not pardon Bonney posthumously because he did not want to second-guess his predecessor's decision. "It was a very close call", <mask> said."The romanticism appealed to me to issue a pardon, but the facts and the evidence did not support it." <mask>'s second term in office ended in 2011 and he was term-limited from further terms as governor. 2008 presidential campaign <mask> was a candidate for the Democratic nomination for the 2008 presidential election but dropped out on January 10, 2008, after lackluster showings in the first primary and caucus contests. Despite his long history and friendship with the Clinton family, <mask> endorsed Barack Obama for the Democratic nomination on March 21, 2008, instead of Hillary Clinton. Commentator and Clinton ally James Carville compared <mask> to Judas Iscariot for the move. <mask> responded in a Washington Post article, feeling "compelled to defend [himself] against character assassination and baseless allegations." <mask> was a rumored Vice Presidential candidate for Senator and Democratic presumptive nominee Barack Obama, and was fully vetted by the Obama campaign, before Obama chose Joe Biden on August 23, 2008.Secretary of Commerce nomination Following Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election, <mask>'s name was frequently mentioned as a possible Cabinet appointment in the incoming Obama administration. Most of this speculation surrounded the position of Secretary of State, given <mask>'s background as a diplomat. <mask> did not publicly comment on the speculation. Hillary Clinton was Obama's nominee for Secretary of State. <mask> was also being considered for the position of Commerce Secretary. On December 3, 2008, Obama tapped <mask> for the post. On January 4, 2009, <mask> withdrew his name as Commerce Secretary nominee because of the federal grand jury investigation into pay-to-play allegations.The New York Times had reported in late December that the grand jury investigation issue would be raised at <mask>'s confirmation hearings. Later, in August 2009, Justice Department officials decided not to seek indictments. Allegations of corruption According to his autobiography, then-United Nations Ambassador <mask> was asked by the White House in 1997 to interview Monica Lewinsky for a job on his staff at the United Nations. <mask> did so, and later offered her a position which she declined. The American Spectator alleged that <mask> knew more about the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal than he declared to the grand jury. In 2011, <mask> was under investigation for his role in alleged campaign finance violations. A former member of <mask>'s campaign claimed that during <mask>'s 2008 presidential campaign, <mask> and members of his campaign paid an unknown woman $250,000 to keep her from exposing an alleged affair they had in 2004.During the 2012 trial United States of America v. Carollo, Goldberg and Grimm, the former CDR employee Doug Goldberg testified that he was involved in giving <mask> campaign contributions amounting to $100,000 in exchange for his company CDR being hired to handle a $400 million swap deal for the New Mexico state government. During his testimony, Doug Goldberg stated that he had been given an envelope containing a check for $25,000 payable to Moving America Forward, <mask>'s political action committee, by his boss Stewart Wolmark and told to deliver it to <mask> at a fund raiser. When Goldberg handed the envelope to <mask>, he allegedly told Goldberg to "Tell the big guy [Stewart Wolmark] I'm going to hire you guys". Goldberg went on to testify that CDR was hired but that he later learned that another firm was hired by <mask> to perform the actual work required and that Stewart Wolmark had given <mask> a further $75,000 in contributions. In 2019 it was revealed that <mask> was among those named in court documents from a civil suit between Virginia Roberts Giuffre and Jeffrey Epstein associate Ghislaine Maxwell. The documents were unsealed on August 9, 2019, a day before Epstein's suicide. Giuffre alleges that she was sexually trafficked by Epstein and Maxwell to several high-profile individuals, including <mask>, while she was underage in the early 2000s.A spokesperson for <mask> denied the claims, stating that he did not know Giuffre and had never seen Epstein in the presence of young or underage girls. <mask> released a statement in August 2019, saying he had offered his assistance in the investigation of Epstein to the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. <mask>'s attorney, Jeff Brown of Dechert LLP, later said that he was informed by the Assistant US Attorney that <mask> is neither a target, subject, nor witness in the case and that there is no allegation against <mask> that the government is actively investigating. Post-gubernatorial career In 2011, <mask> joined the boards of APCO Worldwide company Global Political Strategies as chairman, the World Resources Institute, the National Council for Science and the Environment, and Abengoa (international advisory board). He was also appointed as a special envoy for the Organization of American States. In 2012, <mask> joined the advisory board of Grow Energy and Refugees International. He is also a member of Washington, D.C.-based Western Hemisphere think tank, the Inter-American Dialogue.In 2021, <mask> played a key role in securing the release of journalist Danny Fenster, who had been sentenced to 11 years in prison in Myanmar. North Korea <mask> has long had an interest in North Korea. He visited a number of times, and has been involved in negotiations with the leadership there since the early 1990s. In 1996, he accompanied U.S. State Department officials and successfully negotiated the release of Evan Hunziker, the first American civilian to be arrested by North Korea on espionage charges since the end of the Korean War. <mask> formed a foundation, the Richardson Center, to help negotiate the release of political prisoners globally. In January 2013, he led a delegation of business leaders, including Google chairman Eric Schmidt, shortly after the state had launched an orbital rocket. <mask> called the trip a "private, humanitarian" mission by U.S. citizens and told the Associated Press he would speak to North Korean officials about the detention of Kenneth Bae, a U.S. citizen accused of committing "hostile" acts against the state, and seek to visit the American.In March 2016, at the request of Ohio Governor John Kasich, <mask> attempted to negotiate for the release of Cincinnati college student Otto Warmbier, who had been detained on a visit to North Korea. Myanmar In November 2021 while on a private humanitarian mission in Myanmar, <mask> secured the release from an 11-year prison sentence of U.S. journalist Danny Fenster, saying he negotiated directly with Min Aung Hlaing, head of military junta. Fenster's family expressed special gratitude to <mask> for his role in the release. Electric vehicle charging stations In December 2012, <mask> became chairman of the Board of Directors of Car Charging Group, the largest independent owner and operator of public electric vehicle charging stations in the United States. In 2013 <mask> joined the Board of Advisors for the Fuel Freedom Foundation, a nonprofit campaign that advocates for the end of the oil monopoly. Publications Between Worlds: The Making of an American Life, an autobiography, published March 2005 by G.P. Putnam's Sons, written with Michael Ruby Leading by Example: How We Can Inspire an Energy and Security Revolution, released October 2007 How to Sweet-Talk a Shark: Strategies and Stories from a Master Negotiator, published October 15, 2013 by Rodale Books, written with Kevin

Robert Oskar Julius von Görschen

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<mask> (born 22 November 1829 in Aachen; died 10 January 1914 in Aachen) was one of the Aachen region’s most successful business lawyers, and an initiator of many social and cultural institutions. In the service of Aachen and Munich insurance company After his law studies, <mask> planned to pursue a career as a judge. He was already an assistant lawyer in the regional court when he decided, in 1861 to enter in the Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance Company, a predecessor organization of today's Aachen Münchener Versicherungs-AG (a subsidiary company of the AMB Generali). First, he took over for two years as head of the Subdirektion Berlin before he finally (in 1863) was appointed as a legal officer in the Aachen headquarters. He held this post for seventeen years and was already a consultative member of the Board of directors. On 9 April 1881, he was appointed as a full member and from 1887 until his death he served as Chairman of the Board of Directors. He was the representative of the insurance company both internally and externally, and under his leadership, the company developed a towering reputation.During this time, <mask> <mask> (thanks to his extraordinary gift of giving speeches, and numerous contacts) was instrumental in instigating a spate of tremendous achievements in the German and international businesses, this insurance company acquired. He was playing a key role in building until 1900, with over 56 new foreign representatives of his company, but also in the planning and implementation of projects for funding of social and cultural institutions in the region. In these early years of the industrial age, he worked vigorously for the social component of support from the Insurance Company. He ensured that each half of the annual profit should be reserved for social and cultural purposes, as the founder of the company, David Hansemann (1790-1864), had decreed in 1824. Due to <mask> <mask>'s co-operation with General Director Friedrich Adolph Brüggemann, it was also possible that the Friedrich-Wilhelm Foundation of the University of Aachen (today RWTH Aachen), could be founded (in 1866) and that a secure financial footing was guaranteed. The Friedrich-Wilhelm Foundation continues until the present day, awarding scholarships and prizes for research. In 1870, the university also received a guarantee fund in the amount of 1.3 million Mark (Prussian vereinsthaler) and a construction fund of a further one million Mark annually, and 10,000 Mark as earmarked grants.This enabled <mask> and Friedrich Adolph Brüggemann (on 10 October 1870) to found the organization "Association for the advancement of capacity of work", a kind of labour office of that time. In addition, both also supported the fire insurance companies in many towns and cities throughout the Rhineland in 1870, in the acquisition of one free fire syringe engine for each (of the company Josef Beduwe, Feuerspritzen, Gelb- und Glockengießerei (fire engine, brass and bell foundry) from Aachen, which resulted in a sell of this equipment for over 5000 Marks. <mask> Gorschen and the subsequent directors of the insurance company, Richard Trostorff and Adolf Brüggemann, were significantly responsible for ensuring that the Aachen Einhard-Gymnasium (on 1 May 1886) and the Aachen David Hansemann Monument, together with the area surrounding the monument (on 29 August 1888) and the Aachen Bismarck Tower (on 22 August) could all be inaugurated. The services of the Eschweiler Coal Mining Company (EBV) <mask> Görschen, at the recommendation of his father (privy councillor Karl Heinrich <mask>, (1784-1860)), became the chairman of the supervisory board of Eschweiler coal mining company (EBV), and he also became a member of the Executive Council of the EBV. On 26 October 1897 he was chosen to be a member of the Supervisory Board, and from 1907 to 1909 he became deputy chairman, and until his death in 1914 he filled the position of chairman of this body. At that time the various mines around Aachen and in neighbouring countries were individual companies and no longer competitive in the growing market. Due to <mask> Görschen, in 1907 a merger between the Associations for Mineral Coal Company (Vereinigungsgesellschaft für Steinkohlenbau im Wurmrevier), further individual mines and the Eschweiler Coal Mining Company (EBV) the EBV became one of the biggest mine companies of Western Germany.He was also honoured in 1903 by the City Würselen, by having the main shaft of the mine Gouley and according to Council Decision of 21 November 1953 an adjacent street named after him. Further activities and honours <mask> <mask> was, between 1884 and 1909 Municipal city councillor of Aachen. In addition, from 31 January 1864 he joined the Aachener Casino association and was (initially in 1886 and most recently from 1902 to 1909) its president. For his achievements, he was decorated as follows: Order of the Red Eagle 3rd class with swords Order of the Crown of Prussia, 2nd class Merit Order of the St Michael of Bavaria, 2nd class House Order of Henry the Lion of Brunswick, 2nd class House Order of Vigilance or the White Falcon, 2nd, class Family <mask>skar <mask> Görschen was born to the old German noble family Von Görschen. He originated from the estate Gut Klau in Aachen, and was married to Elise Helene Friederike Brüggemann (1833-1917) and had with her four sons and two daughters. His son <mask> Richard Ernst <mask> became Vice-President in Aachen and another son, Bruno Hans Otto Friedrich <mask> (1865-1939) became a Judicial and Legal councillor of justice, in 1914 a legal advisor in the “Aachen and Munich Insurance Company”, and in 1924 chairman of the Supervisory Board of Aachen Reinsurance Company. Sources and literature Arens/Jansen: „Geschichte des Clubs Aachener Casino“ (History of the Club Casino of Aachen); Nr.486, page 170; 2nd Edition 1964 Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance – Memorial about the 75-year-festivity of the corporate 1825-1900; Edition by Georgi, Aachen, 1900 Aachen and Munich Fire Insurance – Memorial about the 100-year-festivity of the corporate 1825-1925; Print corporate Aachen, 1925 <mask> Stegemann: “100 year coal mining company of Eschweiler and his prehistory”; Edition 1938, Eschweiler External links Meine Heimatstadt Alsdorf at www.alsdorf-online.de 1829 births 1914 deaths People from Aachen German untitled nobility Jurists from North Rhine-Westphalia

Roger Lloyd-Pack

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<mask>-Pack (8 February 1944 – 15 January 2014) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Trigger in Only Fools and Horses from 1981 to 2003, and Owen Newitt in The Vicar of Dibley from 1994 to 2007. He later starred as Tom in The Old Guys with Clive Swift. He is also well known for the role of Barty Crouch, Sr. in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and for his appearances in Doctor Who as John Lumic in the episodes "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel". He was sometimes credited without the hyphen in his surname. He died in 2014 from pancreatic cancer. Early life Lloyd-Pack was born in Islington, London, the son of actor Charles Lloyd-Pack (1902–1983) and Ulrike Elisabeth (née Pulay, 1921–2000), an Austrian Jewish refugee who worked as a travel agent.He attended Bedales School near Petersfield in Hampshire, where he achieved A Level passes in English, French and Latin. He subsequently trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), where he worked with actors including Kenneth Cranham and Richard Wilson. Career <mask>-Pack began his acting career at Northampton's Royal Theatre, which he revisited when he appeared in the tour of Blue/Orange. On British television, he was best known for portraying "Trigger" in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses. He was also known for his role in The Vicar of Dibley as Owen Newitt, and to international audiences his greatest fame was as Barty Crouch, Sr. in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In addition, he had a semi-regular role during the 1990s as the plumber Jake "The Klingon" Klinger, Ben Porter's arch-rival, in the sitcom 2 point 4 children. In 2005, he appeared in the second series of ITV's Doc Martin as a farmer who held a grudge against Doctor Ellingham for what he believed was the malpractice-related death of his wife.In 2006, he played John Lumic and provided the voice of the Cyber-Controller in two episodes of Doctor Who, "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel", opposite David Tennant, who had played his son in the same Harry Potter film. Lloyd-Pack's final TV appearance was in Law & Order: UK as Alex Greene. Personal life Lloyd-Pack was married twice: first to Sheila Ball, from whom he was divorced in 1972, and secondly to the poet and dramatist Jehane Markham (the daughter of David Markham), whom he married in 2000. He had a daughter, actress Emily Lloyd, and three sons. He latterly lived in Kentish Town, north London, but also had a home near Fakenham in Norfolk. Lloyd-Pack supported Tottenham Hotspur. He voiced the pre-match build-up montage video shown ahead of all Tottenham Hotspur's home matches which is still played today.In June 2008, he appeared as a guest on the BBC's The Politics Show, arguing the case for better-integrated public transport (specifically railways). He was an honorary patron of the London children's charity Scene & Heard. Lloyd-Pack supported the Labour Party and campaigned for Ken Livingstone in the 2012 London mayoral election. However, in 2013, he signed a letter in The Guardian stating he had withdrawn his support from the Labour Party, in favour of a new party of the left. In a 2008 interview, when asked what profession he would have chosen aside from acting, Lloyd-Pack said: "Psychiatrist or a psychoanalyst or something in the psycho world because I've always been interested in that... or I might have been a photographer... I also would have loved to have been a musician." In that same interview, he listed his favourite directors as Peter Gill, Harold Pinter, Richard Eyre, Thea Sharrock, and Tina Packer, and also listed actor Paul Scofield as both a favourite and influence.In January 2012, he and fellow actor Sarah Parish supported a campaign to raise £1million for The Bridge School in Islington. Death Lloyd-Pack died of pancreatic cancer at his home in Kentish Town aged 69 on 15 January 2014. His funeral was held at the church of St. Paul's, Covent Garden. It was attended by Sir David Jason, Nicholas Lyndhurst, John Challis and Sue Holderness. Nigel Havers, Stephen Rea, Miranda Richardson, Alison Steadman, Kathy Burke and Joely Richardson paid tribute to him. His body was buried at Highgate Cemetery East. In March that year, the Sport Relief special of Only Fools and Horses was dedicated to the memory of both Lloyd-Pack and John Sullivan.Similarly, the final episode of the lockdown edition of The Vicar of Dibley ended with a tribute just before the closing credits reading, "In loving memory of Liz, John, Emma and <mask>", paying tribute to him and three other late Dibley cast members (Liz Smith, John Bluthal and Emma Chambers). Filmography Film Television Stage Wild Honey (1984) by Anton Chekhov, playing the part of Osip Kafka's Dick by Alan Bennett – He played Kafka Blue/Orange by Joe Penhall 'Art' Dick Whittington – a family pantomime by Mark Ravenhill at the Barbican Centre One for the Road Dealer's Choice by Patrick Marber – He played Ash, alongside Malcolm Sinclair and Stephen Wight. The Last Laugh – by Kōki Mitani (English version of Warai no Daigaku). He played The Censor, Japan, 2007. The Trojan Women (2012) - Caroline Bird's adaptation of the tragedy by Euripides at the Gate Theatre, Notting Hill, London – He played Poseidon. Richard III (2012) by William Shakespeare at the Globe Theatre, South Bank, London – He played Duke of Buckingham. Twelfth Night (2013) by William Shakespeare – He played Sir Andrew Aguecheek.References External links BBC biography BBC interview about appearing in Doctor Who Roger Lloyd Pack Archive at V&A 1944 births 2014 deaths 20th-century English male actors 21st-century English male actors Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Burials at Highgate Cemetery Deaths from pancreatic cancer English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors English people of Austrian-Jewish descent Male actors from London People educated at Bedales School People from Islington (district) Deaths from cancer in England British male comedy actors

Joseph W. Goodman

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<mask><mask> is an engineer and physicist. He received an A.B. degree in Engineering and Applied Physics from Harvard University in 1958 and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1960 and 1963, respectively. He has held a number of positions in the field of optics, including the presidency of the Optical Society of America in 1992. Early career From 1958 through 1962, he was a Research Assistant in the Stanford Electronics Laboratories. During 1962 and 1963, he was a post-doctoral Fellow at the Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, under the auspices of the Royal Norwegian Society for Scientific and Industrial Research.He returned to Stanford in 1963 as a Research Associate, a position he held until 1967. In 1967, he was appointed Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1969 and to Professor in 1972. In 1988, he was appointed Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering and named the <mask>. Ayer Professor of Electrical Engineering. In 1996, he stepped down as Chairman and assumed the position Senior Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Affairs in the School of Engineering. For the duration of the Summer of 1999, he was the Acting Dean of Engineering. Prof. <mask> assumed Emeritus status on January 1, 2000.During the academic year 1973–1974, he was a Visiting Professor at the Institut d'Optique, Orsay, France. In the summer of 1984, he was the <mask> <mask> Traveling Scholar at Sydney University, Sydney, Australia. Academic and professional positions Dr. <mask> has held several positions of responsibility in the optics community. For the Optical Society of America, he has served as a Traveling Lecturer, as Vice Chairman and Chairman of the Technical Group on Information Processing, as a member of the Technical Council, as a member and Chairman of the Fellows Committee, and as a member of the Ives Award Committee. He was elected a Director-at-Large of the OSA for the years 1972–1974; he also served on the Board of Directors ex officio while he was Chairman of the Publications Committee, and while he was Editor of the Journal of the Optical Society of America (1978–1983). He was elected Vice President of the OSA for 1990, served as President-Elect in 1991, President in 1992, and Past-President in 1993. For the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, he was elected to the Board of Governors for the years 1980–1982 and has served as a member and Chairman of the Awards Committee, as a member of the Nominating Committee, and as a member of the Technical Council.He also served a second term as a Governor of the society for the years 1988–1990. For the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, he chaired an ad hoc Committee on Optical and Electro-Optical Systems in 1969, has served on the Editorial Board of the Proceedings of the I.E.E.E. for the years 1979 and 1980, has been a member of the Education Medal Committee for 1987–1989, and a member of the Simon Ramo Medal Committee for the years 2003–2006. His international activities include membership on the program committees of several international optics meetings. He was a member of the U.S. delegations to the first and second U.S.-Japan Seminars on optical data processing and holography, and a member of the U.S. delegation to the first U.S.-U.S.S.R seminar on optical data processing. In 1979 he chaired the U.S delegation to the first U.S.-Argentina seminar on Fourier Optics. In 1984, he was elected to a three-year term as Vice President of the International Commission for Optics (ICO), a Commission affiliated with the International Union for Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP).He served as President of the ICO for a term 1988–1990, and Past President for 1991–1993. Dr. <mask> is a Fellow of the OSA, the IEEE, and the SPIE. In 1971, he was chosen the recipient of the Frederick Emmons Terman Award of the American Society for Engineering Education. He received the 1983 Max Born Award of the Optical Society of America for his contributions to physical optics, and in particular to holography, synthetic aperture optics, image processing, and speckle theory. He received the 1987 IEEE Education Medal for his contributions to Electrical Engineering education, the 1987 Dennis Gabor Award of the International Optical Engineering Society (SPIE) for his contributions to holography, optical processing and optical computing, the 1995 Esther Hoffman Beller Medal of the OSA, and the 1990 Frederick Ives Medal, the highest award of the Optical Society of America. In 2018 he was elected one of 16 Honorary Members of the OSA. In 2007, he received the SPIE Gold Medal, the highest award of that society, and in 2009 he was named the winner of the Emmett Leith Medal of the OSA.He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1987, and a Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996. Also in 1996, he received an honorary D.Sc. degree from the University of Alabama, and in 2012 he received an honorary D.Sc. degree from the St. Petersburg (Russia) the National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. He is the author of approximately 220 technical publications, including the textbooks Introduction to Fourier Optics (1968, Second Edition 1996, Third Edition 2005, Fourth Edition 2017), Statistical Optics (1985, Second Edition 2015), Speckle Phenomena in Optics (2006, Second Edition 2020) and (with R.M. Gray) Fourier Transforms: An Introduction for Engineers (1995). His first full-length publication (Proc.I.E.E.E., Vol. 53, 1688 (1965)) was named a "Citation Classic" by the Institute for Scientific Information. Business roles He has served as a Director of several corporations, including Optivision, Inc. (of which he was a co-founder), ONI Systems (for which he was the founding Chairman of the Board), and E-TEK Dynamics. He served on the Board of Directors for Ondax, Inc. from its founding until December 2004, and as the Chairman of the Board of Nanoprecision Products, Inc., a company he co-founded, until September 2006. See also Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA References External links Articles Published by early OSA Presidents Journal of the Optical Society of America 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American physicists American electrical engineers Electrical engineering academics Harvard University alumni Living people Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Optical engineers Optical physicists Presidents of the Optical Society Stanford University Department of Electrical Engineering faculty Stanford University School of Engineering alumni Year of birth missing (living people)

John Dalli

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<mask> (born 5 October 1948) is a former Maltese politician who served as Cabinet Minister in various Maltese governments between 1987 and 2010. He was European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy between 2010 and 2012. Maltese politics <mask> was first elected to the House of Representatives of Malta in 1987 on behalf of the Nationalist Party, and since then, he has been re-elected in five successive elections: in 1992, 1996, 1998, 2003, and 2008. He has served as Parliamentary Secretary for Industry (1987–1990), Minister of Economic Affairs (1990–92), Minister of Finance (1992–1996, 1998–2004), and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Investment Promotion (2004). During his tenure at the Ministry of Finance (the longest in Maltese political history), <mask> is best remembered for his modernization of the taxation system through the introduction of VAT in 1994 and again in 1998. He is credited with the creation of the financial services centre. In February 2004, <mask> contested the election for the leadership of the Nationalist Party but lost to Lawrence Gonzi, who was appointed prime minister.In the new cabinet, <mask> was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and Investment Promotion. However, he resigned after serving for three months from April to July 2004 following allegations of corruption in the awarding of contracts for medical equipment and airline ticketing. All allegations against him were proven false, by the auditor general and by the police. <mask> remained a backbench MP and was outspoken about what was going on within the party. In 2007 the Prime Minister appointed <mask> as a personal consultant. <mask> was re-elected to the House of Representatives in the March 2008 general election and returned to the cabinet as Minister for Social Policy. His portfolio included health, the elderly, employment and training, housing, and industrial relations.Joe Cassar and Mario Galea were appointed Parliamentary Secretaries for Health and for the Elderly and Community Care respectively to assist him. In this ministry, <mask> started a reform of the health sector which was interrupted when he resigned as minister and as Member of Parliament on 10 February 2010 on his appointment as European Commissioner. European Commissioner <mask> was appointed to the European Commission on 9 February 2010 as Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy. On 15 October 2012, the European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF) delivered its report to the Commission President on accusations an associate of <mask> had asked for €60 million from Swedish Match, the main producer of Swedish snus, in return for <mask>'s help in changing European tobacco regulations. On 16 October 2012, <mask> was forced to resign by Commission President José Manuel Barroso. <mask> has maintained that he did not resign, but in an interview given on the morning of 17 October, 2012 with New Europe confirmed Barroso asked him for his resignation, and alleged that the Tobacco lobby was involved in the case. <mask> has subsequently denied any knowledge of the alleged bribery.The OLAF report claimed that the decision-making process of the commission services was not jeopardized, that no money changed hands, and that <mask> was not involved in the execution of this action. However, they put forward the conclusion that he knew what was going on. This was stated in the statement issued by the Commission to announce <mask>'s dismissal. <mask> had insisted from the outset that the report by OLAF should be published, but the commission always refused. Finally, this report was leaked by Malta Today on 28 April 2013. Upon its publication, there was a chorus of criticism of this report, which was described by some as amateurish and biased. On 24 December 2012, <mask> instituted a case in the European Court of Justice against the Commission to annul the decision by Barroso to force his resignation (Case T-562/12).On 7 and 8 July 2014, the ECJ held a public session to hear witnesses in the case, Jose Manuel Barroso, President of the Commission, was called as a witness in the proceedings. On 12 May 2015, the action was dismissed, and <mask> was ordered to pay the costs. <mask> also instituted a case in the Belgian Criminal Court against Swedish Match for defamation on 13 December 2012. In December 2014, <mask> extended the case to include OLAF as he insists that OLAF abused its powers in the investigation. This case seems to be stalled as the police officer on the case has been changed by the Belgian Authorities. The OLAF announced on 26 September 2013, that it had begun a new investigation into <mask>. Back in Malta Peter Paul Zammit, the police commissioner, appointed on 13 April 2013, reinvestigated the case and <mask> was called again to be interviewed on 21 May 2013.On 8 June 2013, Zammit stated that there was no evidence to arraign Dalli, but that the investigations were continuing. This position was reiterated by Zammit on 27 September 2013. In the summer of 2016, Giovanni Kessler's European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF) delivered a report on Dalli to Maltese authorities. Former Malta Police Chief <mask> has said there was enough evidence against Dalli, and he cannot explain why criminal charges were not brought. In May 2017, the Maltese police said investigations into Dalli were ongoing. The New York Times has reported that Dalli defrauded investors in South Carolina out of at least $1.5 million. Supervisory Committee Opinion 2/2012 On 4 July 2014, the Supervisory Committee set up to supervise the actions of OLAF during its investigations published its report on the case involving Dalli.They sent the report to Corporate Europe Observatory in answer to a request that the latter NGO had made months before. CEO immediately published the report on its website. This report was sent to the Director General OLAF in December 2012. However, OLAF had been refusing to publish this report. After harsh insistence, the European Parliament was only given a censored copy of the report. Even after its publication, the Director General OLAF refused to publish the document on OLAF's website, as is the usual practice. The report can be read on http://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/2012-02-opinion-supervisory_committee.pdf.It can be seen that it is highly critical of the way that OLAF conducted this investigation and of the way that Kessler conducted himself. In the ECJ hearing referred to above, <mask>'s lawyers claimed that this opinion shows that <mask>'s human rights were breached by OLAF and asked for the document to be included in the proceedings. The Court accepted this request over the protests of the lawyers of the Commission. Kessler refuses to give evidence In the case that the Maltese Local authorities instituted against Mr. Silvio Zammit, the prosecution has called Kessler on different occasions to give evidence. Kessler has not presented himself to give witness. The same applies to employees of Swedish Match and ESTOC who are refusing calls by the Maltese courts to give evidence in the case. Secret Documents from Philip Morris On 7 October 2014, France 2, a French public television station, aired a two-hour report entitled "Tobacco Industry, the Grand Manipulation".In this report, the journalists uncovered documents they acquired from Philip Morris showing that the tobacco lobby had planned a strategy to target <mask>, the European commissioner who was steadfast in his drive to have a harsh tobacco products directive. References External links <mask> Official media gallery |- |- 1948 births Living people Members of the House of Representatives of Malta Maltese European Commissioners Nationalist Party (Malta) politicians Government ministers of Malta Finance Ministers of Malta Foreign ministers of Malta 20th-century Maltese politicians 21st-century Maltese politicians People named in the Pandora Papers

Nick Shalosky

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<mask> (born 1987) is a native South Carolina attorney and politician. While still in college, he won a seat as a write-in candidate for the Charleston County Constituent District No. 20 School Board using only campaigning on the Internet through Facebook; he did not spend any funds. He won with 22 votes. He represented the 20th District, downtown Charleston, for a four-year term, which ended in 2012. Shalosky is the first openly gay elected official in South Carolina history. When elected, Shalosky was the youngest openly gay elected official in the United States.He is an attorney in Charleston, SC. In October 2013 <mask> was selected as a Diversity Fellow at the Charleston School of Law. Personal life and education <mask> grew up in Conway, South Carolina. He "came out" about his sexuality during his sophomore year of high school. His parents still live there. His mother is Vanessa Viles <mask>. She spoke of her experiences raising a gay child at Charleston School of Law's "My Gay Child" forum.<mask> has been a public figure about his sexuality; he spoke at Myrtle Beach and South Carolina Pride gatherings; in 2009 he attended the National Equality March in Washington, D.C. He attended the College of Charleston where he was a political science major. In his undergraduate years, he was a member of the South Carolina Student Legislature, and the Charleston 40. He graduated in 2010 with a degree in Political Science and Geography. He went to Charleston School of Law, where he also served as a research assistant, and was a member of the Moot Court Board. He was a MUSC Presidential Scholar and served as the President of the Alliance for Equality. In March 2013 during his last semester of the Charleston School of Law, <mask> traveled to Washington, DC to hear oral argument related to same-sex marriage cases at the US Supreme Court.California's Proposition 8 was assessed in terms of the constitutionality of marriage equality (or inequality) at the state level, while the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) case challenged federal law. He graduated in 2013 with a juris doctorate. Shalosky incorporated his experiences into a 2014 class offering at the Charleston School of Law, "Gender Issues and the Law," which he developed as a Diversity Fellow. Marriage and family He and his partner Naylor Brownell, a medical resident, became engaged New Year's Eve in 2012 but could not legally marry in the state of South Carolina until November 2014. Political career <mask> was involved in politics in the late 2000s and became the secretary of the SC Stonewall Democrats chapter; he was also one of the founding board members of the group. He learned about the Stonewall Democrats through Tom Chorlton, a professor and former executive director of the National Gay & Lesbian Democratic Club, a forerunner organization of the Stonewall Democrats. Shalosky participated in the 2008 presidential campaigns volunteering for Joe Biden, Hillary Clinton, and the successful candidate Barack Obama.At local events he questioned Republican candidates on their positions on gay rights. He also ran his own campaign as a write-in candidate for the Charleston County School Board. This resulted from his findings during an independent research project at the College of Charleston on the impacts of new technology and the Internet on local elections. Learning of a school board seat that had not attracted candidates 2 weeks before the election, Shalosky he established a moderate online presence using the social networking site Facebook to promote his candidacy. "I thought it would be interesting to see how students could use social networking sites to get one of their own elected." He did not spend any money to campaign. At the time, Obama's campaign was being praised for its use of social media to engage younger voters.According to The Digitel, <mask> said he was conducting a "social experiment" to see how use of Facebook could affect a local campaign. He wrote on Facebook: "I am doing sort of an experiment to see how Facebook can really effect {sic} a local campaign. Write in my name <mask> and see if we can get any attention. If you think I'm being too egotistical I wouldn't mind deciding on a name to vote for, but I think it would be interesting to see what happens on election day!" Preliminary election results showed different winners, who were sworn in and attended meetings, than were ultimately certified by the election board following the count of votes for write-in candidates. Shalosky won a seat on the 7-member school board based on the 22 votes cast for him. He had no opponent for the seat.He represented downtown Charleston's 20th District for a four-year term, starting in November 2008. He said, "Such rapid mobilization might not have been possible only two years ago. But with a Facebook page and a knowledge of online organizing, I secured my winning margin without spending a penny." He was the only school board member elected who was under 40 years old. His professor Bill Moore said Shalosky would start an "independent study of Internet use in politics as part of his curriculum." Post and Courier columnist Ken burger noted that while more traditional advertising of radio and television had also changed the way politicians get votes, those mediums were "top-to-bottom communication," but the Internet allowed "grass-roots groups to dictate outcomes." Burger believed that Shalosky's campaign was the beginning of what will likely be major change to local politics due to use of the Internet.During his term, in 2010 <mask> was elected by the board members as vice-chairman of the District 20 Constituent Board. He later was elected by them as the board's chairperson, a rotating position. Honors In March 2009 the local Charleston City Paper critics' awards honored Shalosky in their "Best of Charleston" issue with "Best Display of Gumption by a 20-something." In June 2009 Shalosky and six other openly LGBT politicos were named in The Advocate's annual 'Forty people under 40 years old to watch' list along with "out U.S. Rep. Jared Polis, D-Colo.; Obama administration staffer Jamie Citron; New York City mayoral aide James Anderson; fundraiser Aisha C. Mills; and DNC member Jason Rae." Shalosky was selected as a Diversity Fellow starting January 2014 at the Charleston School of Law. References Gay politicians Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina School board members in South Carolina Living people LGBT politicians from the United States LGBT people from South Carolina Lawyers from Charleston, South Carolina 1987 births

Richard Worth

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<mask> (born 3 July 1948) is a former New Zealand politician of the New Zealand National Party. He was the Member of Parliament for Epsom from 1999 to 2005 and a list MP from 2005 to 2009. <mask>'s prior career was as a lawyer and naval officer. He served as New Zealand's Minister of Internal Affairs for six months from 2008 to 2009, until he resigned while under police investigation. Since leaving Parliament he has been honorary consul to Monaco. Early life and career Born in Auckland, <mask> obtained an LLB (Hons) and Master of Jurisprudence (First Class) from the University of Auckland and a Master of Business Administration (Distinction) from Massey University. He obtained a Ph.D. from Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) with a thesis entitled The Closer Economic Relationship Between Australia and New Zealand: choices other than quiescence or withdrawal in the face of conflict?, which he completed in 2004.<mask> has had a career in law and management, including being the executive chairperson of Simpson Grierson, one of New Zealand's larger law firms, from 1986 to 1999. He was the consul for Colombia, and later, the honorary consul for Monaco. <mask> joined the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserves in 1968, rising to captain, and had the role of Chief of Naval Reserves from July 1990 to July 1994. <mask> was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (military division) in the 1994 New Year Honours for his work in the Naval Volunteer Reserves. <mask> has also been involved in the Order of St. John who, in 2008, made him a Knight of the Order of St John. , he is married and has one daughter. Member of Parliament Electoral history and roles <mask> entered Parliament when he successfully stood as the National Party's candidate for the Auckland electorate of Epsom in the 1999 election, winning with a majority of 1,908.National did not win the election overall and so <mask> became an Opposition MP. He was re-elected in the 2002 election with an increased majority of 5,619. In his first six years in Parliament, <mask> served on the Regulations Review committee and Law and Order committee, and had appointments as the National Party spokesperson for defence, veterans' affairs and justice. <mask> lost his electorate seat in the 2005 election to the ACT New Zealand leader Rodney Hide. Hide had put out a tactical voting message calling on National voters to support him in order to elect a coalition partner for National; without winning Epsom, ACT was unlikely to win another electorate seat or to get five percent of the party vote, so would not enter Parliament. National and <mask> continued to fight for the seat, but <mask> lost by more than 3,000 votes. <mask> was however elected as a list MP, and National's party vote in Epsom was the highest of any electorate in the country in that election.When John Key became National Party leader in November 2006, <mask> was reassigned to the economic development portfolio. At the 2008 election, <mask> lost Epsom again, this time by nearly 13,000 votes, but was re-elected on the party list. National's highest party vote was again in Epsom. National also won the election overall. <mask> became Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister for Land Information, Minister Responsible for Archives New Zealand, Minister Responsible for the National Library and Associate Minister of Justice. <mask> was reportedly a contender for Speaker of the House, with the support of the previous speaker Jonathan Hunt, but Lockwood Smith was selected instead. Policies and actions <mask>'s maiden speech in February 2000 focused on trade, economics and Asia.In 2002 he faced questions from his part for sightseeing in Cairo instead of attending a Maori Battalion service during an official trip to Egypt. In 2005 he proposed the creation of a National Day to replace Waitangi Day. He proposed 24 May, the day that the New Zealand colony was granted a representative constitution by the British Parliament. <mask> was a member of the Select Committee hearing submissions about the Civil Union Bill. He was a strong opponent of the bill, which allowed legal recognition of same-sex couples though a second class of relationships besides marriage. <mask> was concerned that civil unions were in effect marriages, and he described the government as "anti-family" and said that "marriage is a valuable institution in civil society and it is important that its value is not degraded or diminished by Act of Parliament." <mask> said that civil unions would discriminate against non-sexual relationships, and proposed an amendment to the bill which would allow any two people, including family members and friends, to register a civil relationship that established certain rights such as right to visit in hospital or make medical decisions.<mask> reported that this amendment had about one-third of the votes in the Committee stage and was not included into the bill. Ultimately the bill was passed and became the Civil Union Act 2004. In 2007 <mask> proposed a private members bill to address miscarriages of justice. However, the Ministry of Justice recommended to the Labour Government that they not adopt it. The Deputy Prime Minister of the time, Michael Cullen, wrote to <mask> about his bill saying it was too broad and might have unwarranted constitutional and fiscal consequences, that the Government would not support it. As Minister for Land Information, <mask> introduced the Reserves and Other Lands Disposal Bill in 2008. This bill sought to correct historic oversights, errors or omissions relating to land status.It consisted of a number of specific reclassifications of land. The bill was ultimately enacted in 2015, after <mask> had left Parliament. In March 2009 he was reprimanded by his leader John Key for failing to mention that he was connected to a company that stood to gain from official visit to India. During the trip <mask> both spoke on behalf of the Government and also arranged personal business deals. <mask> did not consider there to be any conflict of interest. He later disengaged from his Indian business interests and stepped down as chair of the New Zealand India Trade Group. Resignation On 3 June 2009 Prime Minister John Key issued a press release announcing <mask> had resigned as a Minister.The press release stated that <mask> had "advised me of some private matters in respect of which he felt it appropriate that he should resign as a Minister", and that Key would make no further comment about these matters. The same day, the New Zealand Police issued a statement saying an allegation had been made against a sitting MP and that they were beginning a preliminary investigation. Key confirmed that <mask> was the subject of a police investigation. Key would not say if the matter reported to police was the reason for the resignation, saying instead that <mask>'s conduct "[did] not befit a minister and I will not have him in my Cabinet,'' and had <mask> not resigned he would have been sacked. The woman who laid the police complaint was never identified, with it only being revealed that she was a Korean businesswoman. Key also stated that some weeks prior he had received a separate allegation that <mask> had "[made] a nuisance of himself towards women", which Key investigated and had received assurances that those allegations were not correct. This other accusation was presented to Key by then-leader of the Opposition, Phil Goff.The woman behind this allegation was revealed to be Neelam Choudary, an active member of the New Zealand Labour Party. According to Choudary, <mask> first contacted her on 26 November 2008, and altogether, forty texts and sixty telephone calls ensued, continuing until 23 February 2009. Choudary, an ethnic Indian, alleged that she was offered a job as an ethnic affairs advisor or board member in return for romantic favours. She also alleged that inappropriate and vulgar telephone calls included asking her to buy transparent garments, and that his conduct was unacceptable and unwanted. Neelam Choudary herself faced scrutiny when it was later revealed that her husband, Kumar Akkineni Choudary, had been convicted the year before for his role in an immigration scam. <mask> declared that he was innocent of any crime. Prime Minister Key reiterated that there was no future for <mask> within his Cabinet, and warned that suspension or expulsion from the National caucus was still a prospect.<mask> resigned from Parliament on 12 June 2009 (effective 16 June 2009), citing that his role as a Member of Parliament was compromised due to "the avalanche of rumour and innuendo," and he wished to seek a new direction in international trade. After <mask>'s parliamentary resignation, Cam Calder took his place as the next eligible person on the current New Zealand National Party list. In early July 2009 it was reported that the woman who made the original allegation to police had withdrawn her complaint and police dropped the matter. In November 2009, police announced that <mask> would not face charges. As of July 2009, Choudary had made the text exchanges public, though she sent copies of 34 texts from Dr <mask>, and her phone logs, to Key. Labour did not pursue the matter further. It was never publicly announced what caused Mr Key to lose confidence in <mask> and require his resignation.Post-parliamentary career In October 2010, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade announced that <mask> had been reappointed as honorary consul to Monaco, a role he had held before entering Parliament. Monaco had appointed him to the role at least a year prior, but Foreign Minister Murray McCully sought legal advice on whether he could refuse the application and held up the appointment until approving it in October 2010. As of April 2020, <mask> still holds the role which has seen him attend the wedding of Prince Albert II to Charlene Wittstock. Notes References External links Navy Biography Official page on the New Zealand Parliament website The closer economic relationship between Australia and New Zealand: choices other than quiescence or withdrawal in the face of conflict 2004, Ph.D. thesis, <mask>. <mask>.5 1948 births Living people Massey University alumni New Zealand National Party MPs New Zealand Officers of the Order of the British Empire People from Auckland University of Auckland alumni Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand New Zealand list MPs New Zealand MPs for Auckland electorates Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives New Zealand sailors 21st-century New Zealand politicians

Lojze Grozde

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<mask> (27 May 1923 – 1 January 1943) was a Slovenian student who was murdered by Partisans during World War II. His death is recognised as martyrdom by the Catholic Church. He was beatified on 13 June 2010. Early life <mask> was born on 27 May 1923 in the village of Zgornje Vodale near Mokronog in Lower Carniola, Slovenia. He was an illegitimate child. When he was four years old, his mother married France Kovač. His stepfather chased Grozde away whenever he wanted to see his mother.Later, because Grozde was a good pupil, the stepfather became friendlier towards him, and so he remained at the house and his aunt took care of him. She saw to his schooling and sent him to a school in Ljubljana, where she was working as a servant. Some benefactors helped her support her nephew. He stayed at the Marijanišče boarding school and attended the Classical Secondary School (Klasična gimnazija) in Ljubljana. There he was a good student, and he also found time to write poetry and prose. He was a member of the Catholic Action religious movement and a member of the Marian Congregation. The end of his high school years coincided with the early years of World War II.Under these strained circumstances, Grozde became increasingly religious and oriented himself toward the study of theology. Death During his summer vacation of 1942 he did not go home because there was a lot of violence and it was not easy to travel. It was only for New Year 1943 that he decided to visit his relatives. He asked for a permit to travel home. First he visited a friend of his at the village of Struge. On January 1, 1943, the first Friday, he attended mass at the monastery at Stična, where he received the last communion of his life; then he travelled by train from Ivančna Gorica to Trebnje, where he found he could not travel further because the rails had been destroyed. He decided to continue towards Mirna on foot, and on the way he rode in a cart.By the time the cart had reached Mirna, it was pulled over by the Slovenian partisans and he was seized and interrogated. On him they found a devotional book, The Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis and a booklet on Our Lady of Fatima. He was taken to a nearby inn and interrogated, tortured, and killed in a forest near Mirna. Three hours earlier the seminarian Janez Hočevar, who wanted to visit his relatives in nearby Šentrupert, had been also shot. The communists suspected <mask> <mask> of being an informant. Soon, rumors spread about Grozde's grisly death. The Tone Tomšič Partisan Brigade, which had occupied Mirna, carried out the murder.However, others claimed that Grozde was not tortured. Partisan General Lado Kocijan stated that: "for the partisan tribunal, Grozde was a White Guard courier, and so he was condemned to death. It is not true that they tortured him, that they cut the skin from the soles of his feet, cut out his tongue and cut off his fingers. Because the Partisans buried his body in a shallow grave, these injuries were caused by the animals in the woods, which gnawed on the body. There was no torture ...", this veteran of the Gubec Brigade stated. Other sources state that he was tortured: During the Christmas holidays of 1942 Grozde was traveling in Lower Carniola to visit his mother and relatives, but did not come home. In the village of Mirna he was seized by the communists, fearfully tortured for two hours, and then killed.It is said that he patiently endured this torment. On February 23, 1943 the fate of <mask> <mask> was partly revealed, indicating that he had been tortured. Schoolchildren picking snowdrops found his corpse. Although there were traces of torture on his body, the corpse itself was uncorrupted. His body was taken to nearby Šentrupert, where a committee made a report. The body of <mask> <mask> was buried at the cemetery in Šentrupert because it was impossible to take it to his home parish of Tržišče under the difficult circumstances of those days. The news of the violent torture and death of this innocent student struck fear among people and shocked the students in Ljubljana.More than 60 years later, a document was found in the archives, written shortly after the death of Grozde by Dušan Majcen - Nedeljko, the politcommisar of the Tone Tomšič Partisan Brigade, stating that there was no proof of Grozde being an informant. Majcen regretted he had not been involved in the interrogation of <mask> as he would have otherwise prevented his killing. Beatification On the 50th anniversary of Grozde's death, the Archdiocese of Ljubljana started a process to recognize his martyrdom and also his beatification and canonization. When Pope John Paul II visited Slovenia for the first time in 1996, he mentioned Grozde twice. He said, "The servant of <mask> Grozde is just one of innumerable innocent victims of Communism that raise the palm of martyrdom as an indelible memory and admonition. He was a disciple of Christ." On 27 March 2010 it was announced from Rome that Pope Benedict XVI had affirmed the martyrdom of <mask> Grozde.Beatification took place at the First Slovenian Eucharistic congress in Celje on 13 June 2010, celebrated by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone in the presence of about 40,000 pilgrims. Grozde's remains were translated in 2011 to the sanctuary at Zaplaz, where a special side altar was created on the right side of the church, decorated with a mosaic by Marko Ivan Rupnik. Relics of <mask> Grozde have been placed in the altar at St. Joseph's Church in Celje and in the Chapel of the Good Shepherd at Alojzij Šuštar Elementary School in Ljubljana. Legacy In his introduction to the biography of <mask> Grozde by Anton Strle, who is also a candidate for sainthood, Taras Kermauner wrote: "Grozde combines the ardour and apostolate of Friderik Baraga, the asceticism and suffering of Janez Frančišek Gnidovec, a gift for organization, and the Slovenian national consciousness of Blessed Anton Martin Slomšek ... He symbolizes the entire martyrdom suffered by Christians and Catholic Slovenians during World War II and afterwards for their affiliation to their faith ... His personality should be returned to the common Slovenian consciousness of heroes that have been praised and elevated to the first plane as the only models. Today a man like <mask> is needed as our model – a martyr, a saint. Not a man of aggressive military action thinking he will put forward God with arms and the blood of other or foreign people ...I do not fear to write that <mask> belongs among the greatest young Slovenians; that his attitude is fitting and most precious." Film and TV Srce se ne boji (My Heart is not Afraid) A documentary film about a boy whose life became a legend by Studio Siposh (2019), Slovenian with subtitles in English, Spanish and Italian, also available on a DVD. This documentary film presents the short but remarkable life of <mask> <mask>, from his childhood during the interwar period in the poor Slovenian countryside to his life as a student in Ljubljana and finally his tragic death. The film features interviews as well as dramatized reenactments that try to portray this young and fervent Catholic in a more personal way. The interviewees are experts, historians, and ordinary people who have come into contact with him or his story. The role of Alojzij <mask> is played by three young actors, who present him in different periods of his life: Lovro Berkopec (5 years old), Jaka Piščanc (10 years old), and Alex Centa (15–19 years old). The documentary was mostly filmed in the Lower Carniola region.It was produced by a team of more than 70, led by producer and director David Sipoš. Slovesna maša ob prenosu relikvij bl. Alojzija Grozdeta v Marijino cerkev na Zaplazu (Solemn Mass and Translation of Grozde's Relics to Zaplaz) Transmitted by RTV Slovenija (2011). Moj glas zliva se v prošnjo (My Voice Melts Together in Supplication – Slovenian) Documental Emission – Film on RTV Slovenia-1, Programm One with Archbishop and Metropolite from Belgrade Stanislav Hočevar, Jesuit Miha Žužek and others (2010). References Literature Duhovni koledarček 1944, Sestavil župnik Gregor Mali, Ljubljana, Knjižice Nr. 239/240 from December 1, 1943. Narte Velikonja, Malikovanje zločina, in: Wikivir.Anton Strle: Un martyr des temps modernes. Aloïs Grozdé, 1923–1943, Paris 1957 Anton Strle, Slovenski mučenec Lojze Grozde, Založba Knjižice, Ljubljana 1991, . Anton Pust, Zdravko Reven, Božidar Slapšak, Palme mučeništva: Ubiti in pomorjeni slovenski duhovniki, redovniki in bogoslovci in nekateri verni laiki, Celje 1995. 447 sites. – Papež Janez Pavel II. v Sloveniji, Bog blagoslovi predrago Slovenijo, Edition Družina, 160 pages, Ljubljana 1996, Miroslav Slana:Slovenski sij svetosti. Mladi mučenec Lojze Grozde, Maribor 2001 .Milanka Dragar Zvest Križanemu, Knjiga o Grozdetu, Ljubljana 2010, Založba Dragar, 518 pages, . <mask> Grozde Pesmi in proza, Luč sveta, Ljubljana 2011, Založba Družina, 280 pages, . Aloysius Hribšek Blessed Aloysius Grozde, A Teenage Witness for Christ the King, Ljubljana 2012, Založba Družina, 119 pages, . France M. Dolinar <mask> Grozde (1923-1943), Sveti na Slovenskem, Ljubljana 2018, Založba Družina, 40 pages, . External links Saints-SQPN-com: Blessed Lojze Grozde Novo Mesto Diocese Dnevnik, Internet, liberal daily newspaper Internet of Christian youth Moj glas zliva se v prošnjo – Documentary broadcast, RTV Slovenija 1943 – <mask> Grozde – beatified Slovenian Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon:Alois <mask> (German) See also Miroslav Bulešić István Sándor Szilárd Bogdánffy József Mindszenty János Scheffler Francesco Bonifacio List of saints The Black Book of Communism 1923 births 1943 deaths Slovenian Catholic poets 20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs Murdered students Slovenian beatified people Slovenian Roman Catholics Slovenian civilians killed in World War II 20th-century poets Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI People from the Municipality of Sevnica Slovenian murder victims Yugoslav Catholics People killed by Yugoslav Partisans

Tarcisio Burgnich

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<mask> (; 25 April 1939 – 26 May 2021) was an Italian football manager and player, who played as a defender. Throughout his career, Burgnich played for Udinese, Juventus, Palermo, Internazionale, and Napoli; although he won titles with both Juventus and Napoli, he is best known for his time with Inter Milan, where he was a member of manager Helenio Herrera's Grande Inter side. He partnered with fellow full-back Giacinto Facchetti in the squad's back-line and played a key role in the team's successes in Herrera's defensive catenaccio system, due to his pace, stamina, offensive capabilities, and defensive work-rate, winning four Serie A titles, two European Cups, and two Intercontinental Cups. At international level, <mask> represented the Italy national football team at the 1960 Summer Olympics, where they finished in fourth place, and at three FIFA World Cups, winning a runners-up medal at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He was also a member of the national team that won Italy's first ever UEFA European Football Championship on home soil, in 1968. A versatile player, he was capable of playing in any defensive position, being adept as a right-back, as a centre-back, and also as a sweeper. Due to his imposing physique, as well as his tenacious style of play, Inter teammate Armando Picchi (who was the captain and sweeper of the side) gave him the nickname "La Roccia" (The Rock).Club career Burgnich began his career with local side Udinese, making his Serie A debut with the club on 2 June 1959, in a 7–0 away defeat to Milan. After short spells at the Friulian side, and subsequently Juventus (where he won the 1960–61 Serie A title), and Palermo, it was with Internazionale that he found his spiritual home in the 1960s, after being acquired in 1962. A strong, quick, energetic and versatile defender, he was effective both offensively and defensively, and formed a formidable full-back partnership with Giacinto Facchetti, both with Inter and with the Italian national side. He played 467 times for the Nerazzurri, scoring 6 goals, where his physical and tenacious playing style was ideally suited to the catenaccio system operated by Helenio Herrera throughout Inter's glory years, which relied on a strong defence and fast counter-attacks. With Inter, Burgnich enjoyed a highly successful period of domestic, European, and international dominance, winning five Italian championships, two European Cups and two Intercontinental Cups. He was notably part of the legendary Inter lineup of the 1960s still known today as the Grande Inter. Following his 12 seasons with Inter, he was controversially transferred to Napoli in 1974, as Inter's new president, Fraizzoli, was trying to rejuvenate the squad.Burgnich spent the final three seasons of his career with Napoli, operating as a sweeper in Luís Vinício's side, and finally won the Coppa Italia, as well as the Anglo-Italian League Cup, in 1976, before retiring in 1977. In total, he made 494 appearances in Serie A throughout his career. International career <mask> was also a pillar of the Italian national team for more than a decade. He represented Italy at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, where they finished in fourth place. He made his senior debut on 10 November 1963, in a 1–1 home draw against the Soviet Union, and subsequently became a permanent fixture in the team's line-up, wearing the number 2 shirt, and later helping the national side win their first ever and currently only European Football Championship title in 1968, on home soil. He was also on Italy's roster for the 1966 World Cup, as well at the 1970 World Cup, where they reached the final, only to lose 4–1 to Brazil. In the memorable semi-final match against West Germany, often colloquially known as the "Game of the Century", Burgnich even managed to score a goal, helping his team to overcome the Germans 4–3 following extra time.He also took part in the 1974 FIFA World Cup with Italy. In total, he represented the Azzurri 66 times between 1963 and 1974, scoring twice. He may best be remembered for his quote about Brazilian star Pelé's headed goal against him, following Italy's 4–1 defeat to Brazil in the 1970 World Cup Final (Burgnich had been assigned to man-mark the Brazilian during the final, but was beaten by him in the air): After retirement After his retirement, Burgnich worked as a manager on and off for nearly twenty years, with little success. During this time he managed Catanzaro, Bologna, Como, Livorno, Foggia, Lucchese, Cremonese, Genoa, Ternana and Vicenza. Burgnich died on 26 May 2021 at the age of 82. He died at the San Camillo hospital in Forte dei Marmi, where he had been taken following a stroke. Style of play A strong, large, quick, and energetic player, Burgnich is regarded as one of the greatest Italian defenders of his time; his ability in the air, imposing physique, consistency, and his aggressive, efficient playing style earned him the nickname "La Roccia" (The Rock), despite not being particularly tall.A former offensive, central midfielder, he was a tactically versatile, intelligent, and hard-working footballer who was adept at aiding his team both offensively and defensively; he was capable of playing in several defensive positions, and throughout his career, he was deployed as a man-marking centre-back (or "stopper"), as a sweeper (in particular in his later career), and in particular as a right-sided full-back or wing-back, where he particularly excelled in Herrera's catenaccio system, due to his pace, stamina, physicality, and tenacity. He formed an important partnership with the more offensive minded left-back Facchetti during his career, which is regarded as one of the greatest full-back pairings in football history; although he was less adept at starting attacking plays from the back-line than Facchetti, and less likely to push forward, the more defensive minded Burgnich was an "old-fashioned defender", being an excellent man-marker and a hard tackler, who was difficult to beat in one on one situations. He was also known for his anticipation and reactions, as well as his concentration and discipline both on and off the pitch. However, he was also known for his experience and organisational abilities as a defender, as well as his ability to play the offside trap, and excelled as an offensive sweeper or central defender at Napoli during his later career in manager Luís Vinício's zonal marking system, where he was also tasked with advancing into midfield to start offensive plays, and to push forward and contribute to his team's attacks. Career statistics Club International goals Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Burgnich goal. Honours Club Inter Serie A: 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1970–71 European Cup: 1964, 1965 Intercontinental Cup: 1964, 1965 Napoli Anglo-Italian Cup: 1976 Coppa Italia: 1975–76 Juventus Serie A: 1960–61 International Italy UEFA European Championship: 1968 FIFA World Cup Runner-up: 1970 References 1939 births 2021 deaths People from Ruda, Friuli Italian people of Austrian descent Italian footballers Italy international footballers Udinese Calcio players Juventus F.C. players Palermo F.C.players Inter Milan players S.S.C. Napoli players Serie A players L.R. Vicenza managers Genoa C.F.C. managers Serie A managers 1966 FIFA World Cup players 1970 FIFA World Cup players 1974 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 1960 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Italy UEFA Euro 1968 players UEFA European Championship-winning players Italian football managers Association football defenders Sportspeople from Friuli-Venezia Giulia UEFA Champions League winning players U.S. Catanzaro 1929 managers

Edith Marion Patch

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<mask> (27 July 1876 – 28 September 1954) was an American entomologist and writer. Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, she received a degree from the University of Minnesota in 1901 and originally embarked on a career as an English teacher before receiving the opportunity to organize the entomology department at the University of Maine. She became the head of the entomology department in 1904, and, despite misgivings from several male colleagues about having a female department head, she remained in this post until her retirement in 1937. <mask> is recognized as the first truly successful professional woman entomologist in the United States. <mask> earned her master's degree from the university of Maine in 1910 and a Ph.D. from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York in 1911. During her career, she was recognized as an expert on aphids and published Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids in 1938. She was elected president of the American Nature Study Society and in 1930 became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America.<mask>'s residence in Old Town, Maine, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. Early life <mask> <mask> was the youngest of six children of William Whipple <mask>. and Salome Jenks. After the American civil war, the family moved to New Vinton, Iowa but returned to Worcester in 1872. Her interest in natural history became evident at an early age and she used to ramble near her home, studying the animals, flowers and plants she saw there. The family moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1881, when she was eight and then out into the countryside again two years later, when she was able to resume her interests in natural history. She was sufficiently knowledgeable while still at school to write an essay on the monarch butterfly which won her a prize in a competition. She invested her $25 reward in a copy of John Henry Comstock's "Manual for the Study of Insects" with illustrations by Anna Botsford Comstock.After graduating from Minneapolis's South High School in 1896, <mask> went to the University of Minnesota, graduating with a BSc in 1901. At first she was unable to find suitable employment as an entomologist and spent two years teaching English at a high school, but she got her chance when Dr. Charles D. Woods offered her an unpaid post. The job was at the University of Maine in the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station to start up an entomology department. Woods decision to appoint based on merit and not gender was vindicated when she was granted a full-time job the following year. Career <mask> was always concerned with the practical applications of entomology and wrote bulletins about the pests of agricultural and horticultural crops of Maine and forest trees. Her specialism was the aphid family with their complex life histories, their capacity to transmit viruses and their alternating host plants. She may have been influenced in this choice by the fact that she had worked with Professor Oestlund, an expert on aphids, in Minnesota before going to University.She remained at the University of Maine throughout her career, obtaining her master's degree in 1911 and her doctorate from Cornell University a year later. While at Cornell, she became friends with the Comstock family. She published about eighty scientific papers on aphids, their identification, their biology and the role they played in the environment. She made the important discovery that the eggs of the melon aphid overwintered on a weed, (Sedum purpureum), and that removing this weed from the vicinity reduced infestation of crops the following year. In 1938, she published an important book, the "Food Plant Catalogue of the Aphids", which listed her discoveries on the host plants used by different species of aphids. She also published articles in the "Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin" and wrote others for the general public in horticultural magazines and the Atlantic Monthly Magazine, the Maine naturalist and the Scientific Monthly Magazine. She realised how useful beneficial insects could be in controlling pests and disapproved of the indiscriminate application of pesticides.In this, her ideas pre-dated Rachel Carson and her "Silent Spring" by forty years. <mask> made an extensive collection of Aphididae which is maintained as part of the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa. It contained both winged and wingless forms of each species and has been widely used by researchers. She was considered a world authority on aphids and had two genera, five species and one sub-species named in her honor. She herself was the author of a number of newly described species. In 1924, <mask> became the first woman to head the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. In 1926, she was named to the Committee of Nomenclature for the American Association of Economic Entomologists, later to become the Entomological Society of America.<mask> was elected president of the American Nature Study Society in 1930. The same year, she also became the first female president of the Entomological Society of America at a time when this male-dominated society admitted few women. Toward the end of her career, the University of Maine awarded her an honorary doctorate in 1937, and in 1940 she was inducted into the honorary scientific fraternity Sigma Delta Epsilon. Writing career After acquiring her PhD, <mask> embarked on writing books and magazine articles on natural history for children, designed to stimulate their interest and enthusiasm for the natural world. They were published at first by the Pine Cone Publishing Company in Orono, which seems to have been her own enterprise. In 1913, <mask> published Dame Bug and her Babies, a collection of 18 stories about insect mothers and their young. This invoked a passion in <mask> to continue to educate young minds about nature through her writings.An additional publishing, Little Gateways to Science, told the story of 12 birds and the unpropitious effects human activity can have on the natural world. Later, after her reputation as a natural history writer for children was established, she was taken on by the better known Macmillan Publishers. With them she produced the "Holiday Series", on the wildlife and plants found in various habitats, the "Neighbor Series", with information on wild animals in their natural settings, and the "Science Readers" for schools, covering scientific topics for children up to eighth grade. Patch House In 1913, <mask> purchased an old farmhouse with fifty acres of land at Old Town, Maine and lived there for the rest of her life. She called the house "Braeside" but it later became known as "Patch House". Built in the 1840s, "Braeside" is a derivative of the Scottish word brae meaning bank, which refers to its location alongside the Stillwater River. The property consists of 50 acres of wild garden, home to bustling societies of insects where <mask> spent most of her free time studying and writing about the natural world.It passed into the possession of the University of Maine after her death and was used for student accommodation. By the 1990s it was deemed to be in violation of various codes of safety and was destined for demolition, and an arrangement was made to allow it to be burned down as a training exercise for firefighters. In 1997, a few days before it was due to go up in flames, activists managed to get it added to Maine's list of most endangered properties and it was saved for posterity. In 2001 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. See also Timeline of women in science References External links Collection guide to the Patch, (Edith M.) papers (1900-1991) held by the Raymond H. Folger Library Special Collections of the University of Maine 1876 births 1954 deaths Writers from Worcester, Massachusetts American entomologists University of Minnesota alumni University of Maine alumni University of Maine faculty People from Old Town, Maine Women entomologists Cornell University alumni South High School (Minnesota) alumni

Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama

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Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen (born Gönbo Cêdän; 19 February 1938 – 28 January 1989) was the tenth Panchen Lama, officially the 10th Panchen Erdeni (), of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. According to Tibetan Buddhism, Panchen Lamas are living emanations of the buddha Amitabha. He was often referred to simply as <mask>. Recognition The Paṇchen <mask> incarnation line began in the seventeenth century after the 5th <mask> gave Chokyi Gyeltsen the title, and declared him to be an emanation of Buddha Amitaba. Officially, he became the first Panchen Lama in the lineage, while he had also been the sixteenth abbot of Tashilhunpo Monastery. The 10th Panchen <mask> was born as Gonpo Tseten on 19 February 1938, in Bido, today's Xunhua Salar Autonomous County of Qinghai, known as Amdo. His father was also called Gonpo Tseten and his mother was Sonam Drolma.After the <mask> <mask> died in 1937, two simultaneous searches for the tenth Panchen <mask> produced different boys, with the government in Lhasa preferring a boy from Xikang, and the Ninth Panchen <mask>'s khenpos and associates choosing Gonpo Tseten. On 3 June 1949, the Republic of China (ROC) government declared its support for Gonpo Tseten. On 11 June 1949, at twelve years of age in Tibetan counts, Gonpo Tseten was enthroned at the major Gelugpa monastery in Amdo, Kumbum Jampa Ling monastery as the 10th Panchen <mask> and given the name Lobsang Trinley Lhündrub Chökyi Gyaltsen. Attending were also Guan Jiyu, the head of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission, and ROC Kuomintang Governor of Qinghai, Ma Bufang. Still in Lhasa, the Dalai <mask> recognized the Panchen <mask> Gyaltsen a few years later, after they met. The ROC wanted to use Choekyi Gyaltsen to create a broad anti-Communist base in Southwest China. The ROC's Kuomintang formulated a plan where three Tibetan Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen <mask> to oppose the Communists.When Lhasa denied <mask> Gyaltsen the territory the <mask> <mask> traditionally controlled, he asked Ma Bufang to help him lead an army against Tibet in September 1949. Ma tried to persuade the Panchen <mask> to come with the Kuomintang government to Taiwan when the Communist victory approached, but the <mask> <mask> declared his support for the Communist People's Republic of China instead. In addition, the Dalai <mask> regime was shaky, and the Kuomintang used this to their advantage to expand into the Lhasa regime of the Dalai <mask>. Early life The Panchen <mask> reportedly supported China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet, and supported China's reform policies for Tibet. Radio Beijing broadcast the religious leader's call for Tibet to be "liberated" into China, which created pressure on the Lhasa government to negotiate with the People's Republic. At Kumbum Monastery, the <mask> <mask> gave a Kalacakra initiation in 1951. That year, the <mask> <mask> was invited to Beijing as the Tibetan delegation was signing the 17-Point Agreement and telegramming the Dalai <mask> to implement the Agreement.He was recognized by the 14th Dalai <mask> when they met in 1952. In September 1954, the Dalai <mask> and the <mask> <mask> went to Beijing to attend the first session of the first National People's Congress, meeting Mao Zedong and other leaders. The <mask> <mask> was soon elected a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and in December 1954 he became the deputy chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. In 1956, the <mask> <mask> went to India on a pilgrimage together with the Dalai <mask>. When the Dalai <mask> fled to India in 1959, the <mask> <mask> publicly supported the Chinese government, and the Chinese brought him to Lhasa and made him chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region. Petition and arrest 70,000 Character Petition After a tour through Tibet in 1962, the <mask> <mask> wrote a document addressed to Prime Minister Zhou Enlai denouncing the abusive policies and actions of the People's Republic of China in Tibet. This became known as the 70,000 Character Petition.According to Isabel Hilton, it remains the "most detailed and informed attack on China's policies in Tibet that would ever be written." The Panchen <mask> met with Zhou Enlai to discuss the petition he had written. The initial reaction was positive, but in October 1962, the PRC authorities dealing with the population criticized the petition. Chairman Mao called the petition "... a poisoned arrow shot at the Party by reactionary feudal overlords." For decades, the content of this report remained hidden from all but the very highest levels of the Chinese leadership, until one copy surfaced in 1996. In January 1998, upon the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the birth of the Tenth Panchen Lama, an English translation by Tibet expert Robert Barnett entitled A Poisoned Arrow: The Secret Report of the 10th Panchen Lama, was published. Arrest In 1964, he was publicly humiliated at Politburo meetings, dismissed from all posts of authority, declared 'an enemy of the Tibetan people', had his dream journal confiscated and used against him, and was then imprisoned.He was 26 years old at the time. The Panchen's situation worsened when the Cultural Revolution began. The Chinese dissident and former Red Guard Wei Jingsheng published in March 1979 a letter under his name but written by another anonymous author denouncing the conditions at Qincheng Prison, where the 10th <mask> <mask> was imprisoned. In October 1977 he was released, but held under house arrest in Beijing until 1982. After his release, he was considered by the PRC authorities to be politically rehabilitated and he then rose to important positions. He served as Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress. Later life In 1978, after giving up his vows of an ordained monk, he travelled around China, looking for a wife to start a family.He began courting Li Jie, daughter of Dong Qiwu, a general in PLA who had commanded an Army in the Korean War. She was a medical student at Fourth Military Medical University in Xi'an. At the time, the <mask> had no money and was still blacklisted by the party, but the wife of Deng Xiaoping and widow of Zhou Enlai saw the symbolic value of a marriage between a Tibetan Lama and a Han woman. They personally intervened to wed the couple in a large ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in 1979. One year later, the Panchen <mask> was given the Vice Chairmanship of the National People's Congress and other political posts, and he was fully politically rehabilitated by 1982. Daughter Li Jie bore a daughter in 1983, named Yabshi Pan Rinzinwangmo (). Popularly known as the "Princess of Tibet", she is considered important in Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan-Chinese politics, as she is the only known offspring in the over 620-year history of either the Panchen <mask> or Dalai <mask> reincarnation lineages.Of her father's death, Rinzinwangmo reportedly refused to comment, allegedly attributing his early death to his generally poor health, extreme weight gain, and chronic sleep deprivation. The 10th Panchen <mask>'s death sparked a six-year dispute over his assets amounting to $US20 million between his wife and daughter and Tashilhunpo Monastery. Return to Tibet The <mask> <mask> made several journeys to Tibet from Beijing, during 1980 and afterwards. While touring eastern Tibet in 1980, the Panchen <mask> also visited the famous Nyingma school master Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok at Larung Gar. In 1987, the Panchen <mask> met Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok again in Beijing, bestowed the teaching of the Thirty-Seven Practices of a Bodhisattva, and blessed as well as endorsed Larung Gar and conferred its name as Serta Larung Ngarik Nangten Lobling (gser rta bla rung lnga rig nang bstan blob gling), commonly translated as Serta Larung Five Science Buddhist Academy. With the Panchen <mask>'s invitation, Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok joined him in 1988 on a consecration ritual in central Tibet, which became a monumental pilgrimage of sacred Buddhist sites in Tibet, among them the Potala Palace, the Norbulinka, the Nechung Monastery, then to Sakya Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery, and also to Samye Monastery. Also in 1987, the <mask> <mask> established a business called the Tibet Gang-gyen Development Corporation, envisioned for the future of Tibet whereby Tibetans could take the initiative to develop and join in their own modernization.Plans to rebuild sacred Buddhist sites destroyed in Tibet during 1959 and after were included. Gyara Tsering Samdrup worked with the business, but was arrested in May 1995 after the 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun <mask> Nyima was recognized. Early in 1989, the 10th Panchen Lama returned again to Tibet to rebury recovered bones from the graves of the previous Panchen Lamas, graves that had been destroyed at Tashilhunpo Monastery in 1959 by the Red Guards, and consecrated in a chorten built as the receptacle. On 23 January 1989, the Panchen <mask> delivered a speech in Tibet in which he said: "Since liberation, there has certainly been development, but the price paid for this development has been greater than the gains." He criticized the excesses of the Cultural Revolution in Tibet and praised the reform and opening up of the 1980s. Five days later on 28 January, the Panchen <mask> died in Shigatse at the age of 50. Although the official cause of death was said to have been from a heart attack, some Tibetans suspect foul play.Many theories spread among Tibetans about the <mask> <mask>'s death. According to one story, he foresaw his own death in a message to his wife on their last meeting. In another, a rainbow appeared in the sky before his death. Other people, including the Dalai <mask>, believe that he was poisoned by his own medical staff. Supporters of this theory cite remarks the <mask> <mask> made on 23 January to high-ranking officials and that were published in the People's Daily and the China Daily. In 2011, the Chinese dissident Yuan Hongbing declared that Hu Jintao, then the Communist Party Secretary of Tibet and the Political Commissar of the PLA's Tibet units, had masterminded the death of the <mask> <mask>. According to the state-run Peoples Daily, the Dalai <mask> was invited by the Buddhist Association of China to attend the <mask> <mask>'s funeral and to take the opportunity to contact Tibet's religious communities.The Dalai <mask> was unable to attend the funeral. See also Panchen Lama History of Tibet (1950–present) Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950 14th Dalai <mask> References Citations Sources Feigon, Lee. Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows (1996) Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. . Goldstein, Melvyn C. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai <mask> (1997) University of California Press. . Hilton, Elizabeth. The Search for the Panchen Lama (2000) W. W. Norton & Company. . Kapstein, Matthew T. The Tibetans (2006) Blackwell Publishing. . Laird, Thomas. (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai <mask>. Grove Press, New York. . McKay, Alex (ed.).Tibet and Her Neighbours: A History (2003) Walther Konig. . External links The Panchen <mask>'s Last Speech: Full Text (Columbia.edu) 1938 births 1989 deaths Panchen <mask> 10 Tibetan people Tibetan Buddhists from China 20th-century lamas People from Haidong People's Republic of China politicians from Qinghai Political office-holders in Tibet Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

Edward L. Feightner

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Rear Admiral <mask> (October 14, 1919 – April 1, 2020) was a United States Navy officer who fought in a number of significant battles in the World War II Pacific Theater of Operations. During two combat tours, he shot down nine enemy aircraft to become a flying ace. He was an early member of the Blue Angels flight demonstration squadron and flew the lead "solo" position. His work as a test pilot included aircraft, electronic systems, and operational tactics such as developing techniques for delivering nuclear weapons from small fighter aircraft. He commanded increasingly larger air units including VF-11 and Carrier Air Group Ten as well as training organizations that helped the Navy transition from propeller to jet aircraft. He commanded two Navy ships, served as the head of Navy Fighter Design, and was a key contributor to fighter studies that resulted in the development of jet aircraft that are still in active service. Feightner was the only pilot to land the dash-1 variant of the Vought F7U Cutlass aboard a carrier.He led VF-11 to become the first Atlantic fleet unit in which every pilot received the coveted "E" award (excellent) in a single exercise. After retiring from the Navy, Feightner promoted aviation and shared his experiences with others. Early life <mask> was born on October 14, 1919 in Lima, Ohio, a small town in the northwest part of the state, to Amos Evan and Mary Story (Roths) <mask>. He attended the University of Findlay in Findlay, Ohio and learned to fly in the Civilian Pilot Training Program (CPTP). The CPTP was a flight training program sponsored by the United States government to increase the number of civilian pilots and thereby create a pool of trained aviators from which the military could draw. By 1940, Feightner received his private pilot license. He graduated from Findlay College in 1941.World War II service With war approaching and because of his strong desire to fly, Feightner attempted to sign up with the United States Army Air Corps. But he faced an eight-month delay before acceptance since the Army flight program could not cope with the large influx of people. When Feightner found that the Navy would accept him immediately, he made up his mind to pursue naval aviation. On June 16, 1941, Feightner enlisted in the United States Navy Reserve and entered the Naval Aviation Cadet Training Program. He completed flight training at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas on April 3, 1942 thereby earning his commission as an ensign and designation as a naval aviator. He finished advanced carrier training at Naval Air Station Norfolk and received orders to VF-5 aboard . Yorktown, however, was sunk by the Japanese at the Battle of Midway before Feightner could arrive.Feightner was reassigned to VF-3 at Naval Air Station Pu'unene on Maui, Hawaii. VF-3's commanding officer was <mask>Butch" O'Hare who had recently returned from a combat tour in the Pacific as the Navy's first fighter ace. O'Hare gave Feightner the nickname "Whitey" for his inability to tan despite hours in the sun during the squadron's many spearfishing trips. VF-10 Grim Reapers In October 1942, Feightner was assigned to VF-10, the Grim Reapers, aboard flying the Grumman F4F Wildcat. The commanding officer of VF-10 was James H. Flatley whom Feightner described as "a true leader [who] epitomizes what you think of as a squadron commander." Enterprise left Pearl Harbor on October 16, 1942 for the South Pacific as part of Task Force King. Less than ten days later, Feightner performed his first night carrier landing after the search and attack group for which he provided cover became lost and did not return to the carrier until after dark.On October 26, 1942, during the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, Feightner shot down his first enemy aircraft—an Aichi D3A dive bomber that was attacking Enterprise. He was also credited with a probable kill of another aircraft. Feightner was awarded an Air Medal and gold award star for his actions that day. After several weeks of repair, Enterprise sortied to oppose an Imperial Japanese battle fleet that was threatening the Solomon Islands. The Japanese convoy included eleven transports with over seven thousand soldiers headed down the "Slot" to Guadalcanal to retake Henderson Field. On November 14, 1942, Feightner protected U.S. dive bombers and strafed enemy vessels during the strikes that destroyed seven of the troop carriers—a significant event in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. After the attacks, VF-10 remained at Henderson Field on Guadalcanal to reinforce the 1st Marine Division and deal with the Japanese ships and troops from the remaining transports that had intentionally beached themselves.Conditions on the island were primitive and dangerous for pilots of the Cactus Air Force. Many of the servicemen came down with malaria. Japanese soldiers hid in trees and waited to ambush the Americans. Sleep was disrupted by night bombardment. Fortunately, Feightner had to endure the hazardous conditions on Guadalcanal less than a week, as VF-10 left their old aircraft at Henderson Field and returned to Enterprise on November 25, 1942, where they received new F4Fs. On January 30, 1943, the second day of the Battle of Rennell Island, Feightner shot down three Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" torpedo bombers in a single engagement. In this engagement, a force of twelve Bettys approaching Enterprise were intercepted by VF-10 aircraft.The Bettys turned away from Enterprise and went after , a heavy cruiser that had been disabled the night before. VF-10 destroyed six of the Bettys before they could reach the cruiser, but the remaining aircraft released their torpedoes with devastating effect—Chicago sank within minutes. Two more of the Bettys were dispatched by the pursuing VF-10 Wildcats as they passed the ring of destroyers that had been protecting the cruiser. Flatley shot down another and the remaining three fell to his wingman, <mask>, who had been delayed due to a balky engine but arrived at just the right time. Feightner was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and an air medal for downing three aircraft on that day and ended his first combat tour with four confirmed kills. VF-8 In May 1943, Feightner received orders to VF-8 flying the Grumman F6F Hellcat at Naval Auxiliary Air Station Pungo—a satellite airfield near Naval Station Norfolk. This second squadron to be designated VF-8 was established on June 1, 1943 and led by Lt Cdr William M. Collins Jr. who would himself become a nine-victory ace.Fighting Eight was initially assigned to the new carrier that had been launched just weeks prior. During Intrepids sea trials in the fall of 1943, Feightner performed initial takeoffs, landings, and catapult shots flying the F6F. In March 1944, Carrier Air Wing Eight began operations from . Part of the Fast Carrier Task Force TF 58 commanded by Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Bunker Hill participated in a series of attacks against Japanese positions in the Pacific Theater of Operations. VF-8 saw their first combat during a two-day strike on Palau. On the first day of the raid, March 30, 1944, Feightner became an ace when he shot down a Mitsubishi A6M "Zeke" over the island of Peleliu. The Palau battle also marked the first combat use of the 'Berger' Gradient Pressure Suit—an air inflatable G-suit that allowed a pilot to maneuver his aircraft more aggressively without blacking out.The "Z-suit" proved so successful that all but three of the VF-8 pilots chose to wear the equipment. As TF 58 followed the U.S. strategy of leapfrogging toward Japan, Feightner participated in strikes at the Yap coral atoll of Woleai helping to isolate the Japanese garrison there. At the end of April, the task force returned to Truk in the Caroline Islands. Once a major Japanese stronghold, Truk had been badly damaged during Operation Hailstone earlier that year, but the Japanese had since reinforced the island with aircraft from Rabaul. On April 29, 1944, Feightner shot down a Zeke over Truk, raising his total to six aircraft destroyed. In June 1944, the U.S. initiated the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. Feightner flew during the Battle of the Philippine Sea that was better known to American pilots as the 'Great Marianas Turkey Shoot' due to the overwhelming losses inflicted upon the naval air forces of Japan.He fought in a series of actions over the next few months including the Battle of Saipan, the Battle of Guam, strikes on Okinawa, and the Battle of Tinian. As U.S. forces pushed toward the Philippines, the fast carriers of Task Force 38 (TF 38) moved to subdue Japanese air power on the island of Formosa—known today as Taiwan. During the Aerial Battle of Taiwan–Okinawa, VF-8 destroyed thirty aircraft near Taien Airfield. Flying in this battle on October 12, 1944, Feightner shot down three Zekes (although at least one source states the aircraft were "Oscars") bringing his total to nine aircraft destroyed. Feightner continued to fly missions with VF-8 until Bunker Hill returned to the United States for an overhaul in November 1944. Fighter Instructor Upon returning to the United States in November 1944, Feightner was assigned as a fighter instructor with VF-98 at NAS Los Alamitos in Orange County, California, and later at Naval Air Facility (NAF) Thermal in Thermal, California. Near the end of World War II in 1945, Feightner was assigned as gunnery officer to VF-21 at NAS San Diego in California.Victory credits The following table summarizes Feightner's aerial victories and provides the date, number of aircraft destroyed, types of aircraft destroyed, and the battle at which the victory occurred. In total, he was assessed with 9 destroyed and 4 probables. However, another source claims two probable kills for Feightner. Post-war service Flight test After serving for several years in staff assignments, Feightner received orders to attend the U.S. Navy Test Pilot School at NAS Patuxent River in Maryland. He graduated in July 1949 with the school's second class and served with the Flight Test Division at the Naval Air Test Center where he flew a variety of aircraft including helicopters and the Navy's largest transport, the Lockheed R6V Constitution. Feightner also tested the Grumman F8F Bearcat, the Vought F4U Corsair, and the Grumman F7F Tigercat. When Colonel <mask> came to evaluate the Tigercat, Feightner, as F7F project pilot, provided the pre-flight instruction.Feightner was assigned as the Navy's project pilot for the Vought F7U Cutlass, a carrier-based jet fighter-bomber with swept wings and an unusual tailless design. From July 23 to August 14, 1951, he performed carrier suitability tests of the Cutlass on board the . Feightner survived a number of near-fatal incidents in the Cutlass. During a test using the NAS Patuxent River air field catapult, an engine exploded and caught fire on takeoff. Unable to eject at such a low altitude, Feightner made use of a low spot in the river bank to turn the aircraft and return safely to the field where firefighters extinguished the burning engine. On July 23, 1951, he performed the first (and only) carrier takeoff and landing of the dash-1 variant on the aircraft carrier USS Midway. Landing the Cutlass was hazardous due to the extreme nose-up attitude that restricted visibility forward and below.Feightner was unable to see the flight deck and relied on the Landing Signal Officer (LSO) to provide the indication to reduce engine power. Despite assistance from the LSO, Feightner landed short of the desired position and nearly struck the ramp. Although the fleet received the improved F7U-3, the Cutlass did not live up to its potential and remained in service less than four years. Blue Angels In January 1952, Feightner received orders to the U.S. Navy's flight demonstration squadron—the Blue Angels. The squadron had been directed to add the Cutlass to their performance although neither Feightner nor Blue Angels commander "Butch" Voris believed the aircraft was ready for formation flying. The F7U was the Navy's first operational aircraft fitted with a hydraulic flight control system and reliability was still poor. In the event of failure, the mechanical backup system required eleven seconds before control was restored.The solution was to fly the F7Us separately from the rest of the team thereby creating the diamond and solo roles that

Edward L. Feightner

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remain to the present day. Feightner recruited former Blue Angel Lt. Harding C. "Mac" Macknight to fly the second Cutlass. At the start of the 1952 show season, fuel control problems grounded the team's Grumman F9F Panthers leaving the Cutlasses to put on the primary demonstration between March and June. During a show at Saufley Field in Florida, Feightner experienced a total loss of hydraulics on a full afterburner takeoff and steep climb. While trying to gain enough altitude for ejection he was able to stay with the aircraft until the back up control system engaged. He clipped trees on the end of the runway, causing the left engine to flame out. With hydraulic fluid streaming back in a bright flame, he made a hard turn and got the plane back on the runway, much to the excitement of the crowd.<mask> and Macknight performed maneuvers that showed off the best attributes of the F7U. The two solos would approach each other from opposite ends of the runway and, after passing each other, would roll the aircraft, deploy speed brakes, and light afterburners. In Feightner's opinion, "There just is not an airplane like it anywhere." Maintenance issues and additional near-fatal accidents put an end to Blue Angel Cutlass performances. While traveling to an airshow at Naval Air Station Glenview in Chicago, Illinois, both F7Us experienced in-flight emergencies. One of Feightner's engines failed shortly after takeoff, but before he could land, Macknight's right engine caught fire and the left engine quit soon after. Although Feightner called for him to eject, Macknight stayed with the burning aircraft and landed at Glenview.With the runway closed, Feightner was redirected to make his landing at Chicago's former Orchard Airpark, which had been expanded and renamed O'Hare Airport after Feightner's former VF-3 commander. The runway had just been completed and was covered with peach baskets to prevent aircraft from landing until it was opened. Feightner was told to ignore the baskets and land on the new runway. As a result, Feightner's F7U became the first aircraft to land on the new runway for Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. After yet another in-flight emergency resulted in a forced landing at Naval Air Station Memphis, the F7Us were given to the station's training center. Return to testing In September 1952, Feightner returned to flight test as the development officer for Air Development Squadron Three (VX-3). VX-3 was located at NAS Atlantic City, New Jersey, and was responsible for testing fighter aircraft, systems, and munitions.In this new role, he tested aircraft systems (rather than the airplanes themselves) and determined what tactics would most effectively utilize those systems. On December 3, 1953, Feightner participated in the first public demonstration of the steam catapult chosen to launch heavy jet aircraft from the short decks of aircraft carriers. Flying a propeller-driven AD Skyraider at the Naval Air Material Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Feightner described the steam-powered launch as "much better for the pilot" due to the relatively gentle start that eliminated the shock of other catapult techniques. Feightner contributed to the development of weapon delivery tactics for the McDonnell F2H Banshee. The F2H-2B was modified for the attack role and had strengthened wings and pylons to accommodate a heavy weapon such as the Mark 7 or Mark 8 nuclear bomb. The F2H-2B testing on which Feightner worked included the longest non-stop, round trip flight from a carrier—more than 2,800 miles. He also participated in an 18-hour, low-level, non-stop, round-trip flight from a carrier with weapon delivery in a Douglas AD-3 Skyraider.Aviation commands VF-11 Red Rippers In January 1955, <mask> assumed command of VF-11 also known as The Red Rippers. Flying the McDonnell F2H-4 Banshee, he led VF-11 to top honors in toss bombing during the annual fleet competition in 1956. All fourteen VF-11 pilots received the Navy's Battle Effectiveness Award for precision accuracy with this unusual and difficult technique used to deliver nuclear weapons. With this award, VF-11 became the first Atlantic fleet unit to have all of its pilots receive an "E" in the same exercise. In August 1956, VF-11 embarked as part of Carrier Air Group Ten on the and deployed to the Mediterranean. Just two months into the cruise, the Suez Crisis provided tense moments for all personnel as the carrier prepared for battle and to evacuate American citizens that might be caught in the conflict. In March 1957, Feightner was assigned as officer in charge of the Jet Transitional Training Unit (JTTU) at Naval Air Station Olathe in Gardner, Kansas.Established on April 4, 1955, the mission of the JTTU was to train pilots of propeller-driven aircraft to operate jets and to provide refresher training for aviators transferring from shore to sea duty. Carrier Air Group Ten Feightner received orders in February 1959 to relieve the air wing commander of Carrier Air Group Ten (CVG-10) on the that was deployed in the Mediterranean. He continued to serve as CAG-10 when the air wing embarked on the the following month and returned to the "Med" for another tour. From February to July 1960, Feightner served on the staff of Carrier Air Group Four (CVG-4) where he helped write some of the first Naval Air Training and Operating Procedures Standardization (NATOPS) manuals with the goal of reducing the Navy's aircraft accident rate. In July 1960, he reported to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island to study areas such as military tactics and wargaming. Feightner graduated in 1961. Fighter Design In July 1961, Feightner was assigned as the project officer for the F4H-1 Phantom II and later the Tactical Fighter Experimental (TFX) that evolved into the F-111 Aardvark at the Bureau of Naval Weapons in Washington, D.C. A year later, he was selected as the head of Navy Fighter Design where he participated in the development of the F-8 Crusader, FJ-4 Fury, and the E-2 Hawkeye.The Hawkeye, , remains in active service with the U.S. Navy. From August 1963 to November 1964, Feightner served as operations officer to the Commander of Carrier Division Two aboard the USS Enterprise. Senior leader From 1964 to 1967, Feightner served as captain of two U.S. Navy ships—the fleet oiler and the amphibious assault ship . Chikaskia deployed to the Mediterranean to provide underway replenishment to the fleet and in the process set a refueling record for the shortest time to begin pumping fuel—74 seconds. After learning the techniques of amphibious operations at the Naval Amphibious Warfare School at Little Creek, Virginia, Feightner commanded Okinawa during a tour of the Caribbean in 1966. During Feightner's tour as captain, Okinawa received the Flatley Award for Aviation Safety. At the conclusion of this deployment in 1967, he brought Okinawa to Naval Base San Diego, where she became part of the U.S. Pacific Fleet.in 1967, Feightner was assigned to the office of the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) for Air in the Pentagon under Noel Gayler. In this role, Feightner was responsible for supervising and coordinating the efforts of CNO air warfare program officers. Between 1969 and 1970, he also served as the director of Naval Aviation Weapons Systems Analysis Group. In June 1970, Feightner was promoted from captain to the two-star rank of rear admiral. In September 1970, Feightner served his final tour with the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) where he participated in several fighter studies that resulted in the development of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. He also served as assistant commander for Logistics/Fleet Support responsible for incorporating test program modifications into production aircraft, ensuring the fleet obtained maximum effectiveness of air assets, and supporting the aircraft throughout their operational life. On May 20, 1972, former VF-11 skipper Feightner delivered introductory remarks at the Red Rippers change of command ceremony commemorating 45 years as the Navy's oldest continuous fighter squadron.After 33 years of service, Feightner retired from active duty on June 30, 1974. Later years Feightner remained active in aviation after his retirement from the Navy. He shared his flight experiences at many events including: A Conversation with Whitey <mask>—A speech at the National Air and Space Museum where Feightner shared the experiences of his Navy career. The event was held on November 16, 2007 and was one of the Donald D. Engen Lecture and Flight Jacket Night lectures held that year at the museum. Memoirs from an Aviator's Logbook—A speech at the National Air and Space Museum where Feightner recounted his experiences as a fighter pilot, an early Blue Angel, and a Navy test pilot. The event was held on May 24, 2011 and was the Charles A<mask> Memorial lecture held that year at the museum. 100 years of U.S.Naval Aviation—A discussion where Feightner and fellow panelists RADM George M. "Skip" Furlong, Jr., Mr. Hill Goodspeed, Capt. Robert "Hoot" Gibson, Capt. Kenneth Wallace, and RADM Patrick McGrath discussed the past, present, and future of naval aviation. The panel was part of the National Aviation Hall of Fame's presentation of the 2011 Milton Caniff "Spirit of Flight" Award to the Blue Angels on July 15, 2011. The Milton Caniff "Spirit of Flight" award recognizes exceptional contributions to the advancement of flight. 70th anniversary of Victory in Europe (V-E) Day—Feightner participated in the United States Capitol flyover on May 8, 2015 celebrating the 70th anniversary of the Allies of World War II Victory in Europe Day flying as a passenger in one of the vintage aircraft. In addition to attending seminars, Feightner helped lead groups including the American Fighter Aces Association and the Golden Eagles.The Golden Eagles are also known as the Early and Pioneer Naval Aviators Association—a group founded in 1956 to provide a living memorial to early naval aviators. in 2017, Feightner was one of five veterans presented with a handmade quilt created by volunteers of the North Idaho chapter of the Quilts of Valor organization. The quilts were presented in honor of each veteran's service to their country. Feightner died on April 1, 2020, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, where he had lived since 2016 with his nephew and family at age 100. He will be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Awards and decorations Feightner was awarded the following decorations for his military service. Distinguished Flying Cross (first of four) While in a combat patrol over the USS Chicago 30 January 1943 east of Rennell Island they intercepted a force of twelve Japanese torpedo bombers which were preparing to raid the cruiser.In the ensuing engagement ... Lieutenant (jg) Feightner downed three. Other honors On October 7, 1998, Feightner was inducted into the Carrier Aviation Test Pilot Hall of Fame. He is also an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. For his work on the International Midway Memorial Foundation, Feightner was made an honorary member of the United States Naval Academy (USNA) class of 1942. The class of '42 had approximately 75 members at the Battle of Midway and remains involved in commemorating the action. In 2013, Feightner was honored as a distinguished alumnus of the University of Findlay.On May 20, 2015, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner presented the Congressional Gold Medal to Feightner and 37 other fighter aces. See also Awards and decorations of the United States military List of inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons List of United States Navy aircraft wings List of World War II aces from the United States World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft Notes References External links 1919 births 2020 deaths American centenarians American test pilots Aviators from Ohio Congressional Gold Medal recipients Military personnel from Ohio Men centenarians People from Lima, Ohio Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Recipients of the Air Medal United States Naval Test Pilot School alumni United States Navy rear admirals (upper half) United States Navy pilots of World War II University of Findlay alumni American World War II flying

Joe Franklin

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<mask> (March 9, 1926 – January 24, 2015), born Joseph Fortgang, was an American radio and television host personality, author and actor from New York City. His television series debuted in January 1951 on WJZ-TV (later WABC-TV), moving to WOR-TV (later WWOR-TV) in 1962, remaining there until 1993, one of the longest running uninterrupted careers in broadcasting history. Early life <mask> was born Joseph Fortgang on March 9, 1926, in The Bronx, New York, the elder of two children, to Austrian Jewish parents, Anna (Heller) and Martin Fortgang. He acknowledged in his memoirs, Up Late With <mask>, (which was written with R. J. Marx), that his press materials had long said, purposely, that he had been born in 1928, but he planned to come clean about his real birth date. As a teenager, <mask> "followed around" Al Jolson and Eddie Cantor, the latter of whom eventually began buying jokes from the young <mask> and whose Carnegie Hall show he later produced. At age 18, <mask> was drafted into the United States Army, serving in World War II. Career At 14, <mask> began writing skits for The Kate Smith Hour; and at 16, <mask> officially began his entertainment career as a record picker on radio sensation Martin Block's Make Believe Ballroom where he became known as "The Young Wreck with the Old Records".By the time he was 21, he embarked on a radio career. He was also considered to be an authority on popular culture of the first half of the 20th century, including silent films. He was called "The King of Nostalgia" and "The Wizard of Was" for focusing on old-time show-business personalities. <mask> was also a pioneer in promoting products such as Hoffman Beverages and Canada Dry ginger ale on the air. A&E's documentary It's Only Talk, The Real Story Of America's Talk Shows credits <mask> as the creator of the television talk show. <mask> was listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, <mask> partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open <mask>'s Memory Lane Restaurant on West 45th Street in Broadway's theater district.After the restaurant closed in 2003 it reopened the following year as "<mask>'s Comedy Club" on West 50th Street. Many name comedians came to the club and performed on stage to break in their new material, and many aspiring comics got their first stage time there. It closed in 2005. After retiring from his television show, <mask> concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands of aspiring entertainers who for decades sought an audience with him at his notoriously cluttered Times Square office. <mask>'s celebrity interviews, known as "Nostalgia Moments", appeared daily on the Bloomberg Radio Network until mid-January 2015, shortly before his death. Famous guests <mask>'s guests included an eclectic mix of actual celebrities and low level performers, sometimes on the same panel. He claimed to have had Charlie Chaplin on his program, a dubious statement since Chaplin left the United States in 1952, shortly after <mask>'s TV debut.<mask> took credit for discovering or giving early exposure to Al Pacino, Bette Midler, Barbra Streisand, Michael Jackson, Garth Brooks and Woody Allen. He interviewed Andy Warhol and Howard Stern, William F. Buckley and Abbie Hoffman, Jack LaLanne and Muhammad Ali, Fred Astaire and John Wayne. Other guest claims include Judy Garland, Marilyn Monroe (with whom <mask> co-authored "The Marilyn Monroe Story" in 1953), Jayne Mansfield, The Beastie Boys, Cary Grant, Sam Levene, Lena Horne, Tony Bennett, Salvador Dalí, Rudy Vallee, Jimmy Durante, Madonna, John Lennon and Yoko Ono, Bing Crosby, Jerry Lewis, Roger Williams, The Belmonts, Elvis Presley, The Ramones, Lou Albano and five US presidents (including John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon). As with the Chaplin claim, some of these appearances were unable to be independently confirmed based on a lack of evidence, since still pictures taken on the set do not exist for several of the people listed, and little video from before the 1970s survives. Bette Midler was the show's in-house singer for a time, and Barry Manilow her accompanist. Elizabeth Joyce was his in-house psychic/astrologer. <mask> never employed a co-host, but his producer, Richie Ornstein, was a standard feature on the <mask> Show who interacted with guests and discussed trivia.Woody Allen, Andy Kaufman, Liza Minnelli, Barbra Streisand, Julia Roberts, Bruce Springsteen, Robin Williams, John Belushi and Richard Pryor got their first television exposure on The <mask> Show. Frank Sinatra reportedly appeared four times. <mask> frequently appeared at his restaurant, where he conducted live, in-person interviews with entertainers such as Carol Channing, Anita O'Day and Billy Crystal, who impersonated <mask> on Saturday Night Live. In media <mask> appeared as himself in such New York-based films as Ghostbusters, Broadway Danny Rose, and 29th Street. <mask> appeared on the first episode of This American Life giving host Ira Glass advice on how to have a successful show. He was also a guest on an early episode of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. He also made appearances in various works by New York low-budget film company Troma Entertainment, making a cameo as himself in their 1999 meta-fictional slasher film Terror Firmer, as well as the 1993 infomercial The Troma System as the result of the commercial's host transforming into "the ultimate talk show host".<mask> appeared as himself in comedian Tracey Ullman’s 1993 HBO comedy special Tracey Ullman Takes on New York, interviewing character Linda Granger on his talk show. <mask>'s show was first parodied by Billy Crystal during the 1984–1985 season of Saturday Night Live. On the locally produced program The Uncle Floyd Show, host Floyd Vivino parodied <mask> as "<mask>". In 1997, <mask> was profiled in the documentary film 50,000,000 Joe Franklin Fans Can't Be Wrong (1997), directed by Joshua Brown. Also in 1997, <mask> was satirized by Drew Friedman in * Any Similarity to Persons Living or Dead is Purely Coincidental (with Josh Alan Friedman) (Fantagraphics Books, 1997) <mask> appears in the 2005 documentary The Aristocrats, an anthology of absurdly crude humor. In 2014, <mask> starred in Owen Kline and Andrew Lampert's comedic short film Jazzy for Joe, which featured <mask> raising an abandoned baby discovered on his doorstep. The film was programmed by Robert Downey Sr. and run as the finale of a 2014 retrospective of his own filmography at the late West Hollywood theater Cinefamily."It's a 13-minute film that's just great and the right spirit of those years, way back, when we were all helping each other. This film is great." Personal life <mask> married Lois Meriden, a onetime performer with Sally Rand's burlesque-style "fan dancers". They had a son, Bradley. Later, <mask>'s longtime companion was Jodi Fritz. <mask> died of prostate cancer at a Manhattan hospice on January 24, 2015, aged 88. Selected books 1953 The Marilyn Monroe Story, R. Field Company; Greenberg.1959 Classics of the Silent Screen: A Pictorial Treasury, The Citadel press (reprinted in 2013 by Literary Licensing, LLC); attributed to <mask> but actually written by noted film historian William K. Everson 1974 <mask>'s Memory Lane Cookbook, Lion Books, 1978 A Gift for People , M. Evans Company, 1980 <mask>'s Awfully Corny Joke Book, Chelsea House Publishers, 1981 Seventy Years of Great Film Comedians: A <mask> Memory Lane Scrapbook, Global Communications, 1985 <mask>'s Encyclopedia of Comedians, Bell Pub. Co., 1992 <mask>'s Movie Trivia, Hastings House, 2001 Up Late with <mask>, Scribner, 2012 The Marilyn Monroe Story: The Intimate Inside Story of Hollywood's Hottest Glamour Girl., Campfire Network, . References External links Theatre Museum Award Radio interview (7 mins, 2015) on NPR's Fresh Air <mask> Interview NAMM Oral History Library (1995) 1926 births 2015 deaths American television talk show hosts Jewish American male actors Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Deaths from prostate cancer Radio personalities from New York City Writers from the Bronx United States Army personnel of World War II 21st-century American Jews

Harry J. Cargas

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<mask> (June 18, 1932 – August 18, 1998) was an American scholar and author best known for his writing and research on the Holocaust, Jewish–Catholic relations, and American literature. He was a professor at Webster University for nearly three decades, and his circle of friends and collaborators included the American novelist Kurt Vonnegut, Nobel Laureate and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel and sportscaster and humanitarian Bob Costas. Life and education <mask> was the son of <mask> and <mask> of Hamtramck, Michigan. His father was a Greek immigrant and his mother was of Polish descent, and they raised their son in a working-class area near Detroit. As a young man, <mask> struggled to find a career. He quit university education four times before finishing his first degree, and he spent several years working odd jobs in factories, bars, restaurants, and trucking in both Michigan and Indiana. He also spent time in the copper mines of Montana and as an athletic director for a boys' school in New York and wrestling coach in New Jersey before finding his calling as a scholar.<mask> served in the Korean War and was a decorated combat veteran. After the war, however, he became a lifelong pacifist. His philosophy of nonviolence was influenced by the writings of Catholic mystic Thomas Merton, and <mask> published the introduction to the Japanese edition of Merton's autobiography The Seven Storey Mountain in The Queen's Work magazine while he was its editor. <mask> committed himself fully to academic life in 1963. He earned a BA and MA from the University of Michigan, and received a PhD in literature from Saint Louis University. In 1970, he joined the faculty of Webster University, where he taught until his death in 1998. He was the chair of the English department there and also taught courses in the history, art, and religion departments.Some of his course topics included the novels of Kurt Vonnegut, protest literature, Latin American literature, prison literature, and Native American literature. A lifelong proponent of good sportsmanship, <mask> also served as the athletic director for the university between 1988–1989. <mask> was a prolific writer and authored more than 2,500 articles and 32 books. He was also a frequent public speaker who lectured worldwide, as well as appearing as a regular commentator on St. Louis Public Radio for 25 years. His recognitions and awards included the Human Rights Award from the United Nations Association, the Eternal Flame Award from the Anne Frank Institute, and the Tree of Life from the Jewish National Fund. Holocaust studies and Catholic–Jewish relations <mask> was first introduced to the subject of the Holocaust when he read an excerpt from Elie Wiesel's biographical work Night in a magazine one evening. For the rest of his life after that initial intellectual encounter, much of his scholarly work revolved around the Holocaust and the relations between Jews and Catholics.His mission was to bring "historic truth to his Church" and to provoke Catholic leadership to acknowledge both its role in allowing the Holocaust to happen, as well as its inaction and silence during the war. In particular, he was horrified by the idea that almost "every Jew killed in the Holocaust was murdered by a baptized Christian." In 1979, he developed a list of 16 proposals that would lay the foundation of proper relations between Jews and Christians. These proposals included excommunicating Adolf Hitler, adding Jewish memorials to the Christian liturgical calendar, reexamining Christian theology and history in light of the Holocaust, moving Christian Sabbath to Saturday, and repenting for Christian sins against the Jewish people. <mask> labeled himself a "post-Auschwitz Catholic" and cultivated a deep friendship and intellectual partnership with the writer and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel. The two collaborated on several works, including Conversations with Elie Wiesel, Telling the Tale, Voices from the Holocaust, and A Christian Response to the Holocaust. In 1980, President <mask> appointed <mask> as one of the original members of the U.S.Holocaust Memorial Council, which laid the groundwork for the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. He was also an executive councilman for the U.S. Holocaust Council and the only Catholic ever appointed to the Advisory Committee for Yad Vashem, Israel's official memorial to Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Shortly before his death in 1998, <mask> showed his continued dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church's response to its role in the Holocaust by rejecting Vatican statements on Jewish–Catholic reconciliation as simply camouflage. In an essay in honor of <mask> after his death, Kurt Vonnegut wrote that <mask>, whom he referred to as "my buddy, <mask>," was "a person of historical importance for having taken into his very bones, as a Christian, the horrifying mystery of how persons could profess love of <mask>, as did most Nazis, ... yet commit a crime as merciless as the extermination of Europe's Jews. Every word he writes or speaks is somehow atonement." Death <mask> <mask> died of a brain hemorrhage while being treated at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis.He is buried in Saint Peter Cemetery in Kirkwood, Missouri. Selected writings A Christian Response to the Holocaust (1981) When God and Man Failed (1981) Reflections of a Post-Auschwitz Christian (1989) Conversations with Elie Wiesel (1992) Voices from the Holocaust (1993) Telling the Tale: A Tribute to Elie Wiesel (1993) The Unnecessary Problem of Edith Stein (1997) Holocaust Scholars Write to the Vatican (1998) References External links . <mask> interview with Walter J. Ong from the Saint Louis University Libraries' Digital Collections. <mask> interview with Kurt Vonnegut from The Christian Century. <mask> <mask> Papers at Webster University Reflections on the life of <mask> by Webster University faculty member Deborah Stiles. Announcement of <mask> J. Cargas Endowed Scholarship. 1932 births 1998 deaths American people of Greek descent American people of Polish descent Webster University faculty People from Wayne County, Michigan People from Hamtramck, Michigan People from St. Louis County, Missouri University of Michigan alumni Saint Louis University alumni American military personnel of the Korean War American academics of English literature 20th-century American non-fiction writers

Howard Richards (academic)

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<mask> (born June 10, 1938) is a philosopher of Social Science who works with the concepts of basic cultural structures and constitutive rules. He holds the title of Research Professor of Philosophy at Earlham College, a liberal arts college in Richmond, Indiana, the United States, the Quaker School where he taught for thirty years. He retired from Earlham College, together with his wife Caroline Higgins in 2007, and became a Research Professor of Philosophy. He has a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of California, Santa Barbara, a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the Stanford Law School, an Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) from Oxford University (the UK) and a Ph.D. in Educational Planning from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE), University of Toronto, Canada. He now teaches at the University of Santiago, Chile, and has ongoing roles at the University of South Africa (UNISA) and the University of Cape Town's Graduate School of Business program. He is founder of the Peace and Global Studies Program and co-founder of the Business and Nonprofit Management Program at Earlham.Early life <mask> was born in Pasadena. California, the United States, the eldest child of Kenneth F<mask>, a truck mechanic, originally from Connecticut, and his wife Donna. It was his mother's intellectual interest in philosophers such as Henri Bergson which prompted the family to break its ties with mormonism. His paternal grandparents fell into unemployment in Connecticut during the Great Depression and moved to Pasadena in 1932. It was his uncle Jack from his mother's side, who died during World War II, and especially his mother who fostered his early intellectual interest. Academic background After graduating from Redlands High School, CA, in June 1956, <mask> enrolled in the same year as a Philosophy undergraduate at Yale. Being a top student, he was allowed to skip one year of the normal three-year Major in Philosophy course.Afterward, he was admitted to Stanford Law School in 1958, graduating with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree in 1961. Later in that year, he enrolled in graduate school at the University of California Santa Barbara, earning an M.A. in Philosophy there in 1964 with a thesis on Jean-Paul Sartre. Simultaneously he worked at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions think tank where he contributed several articles to the in-house Center Magazine. In 1965 he left for Chile, where they ultimately would settle in the town of Limache. Soon after their arrival, <mask> took up the post of Dean of Studies at the Santiago College, (a college in Chile is a secondary school).While in Santiago, <mask> joined the Chilean Ministry of Education as an advisor to President Eduardo Frei's Educational Reform, working on a Secondary Curriculum influenced by the ideas of the Brazilian Educator Paulo Freire In late 1970 <mask> and his family left for the UK where <mask> enrolled for an Advanced Certificate in Education (ACE) at Oxford University, simultaneously doing one on one tutorials and attending seminars by the philosophers Rom Harré and A. J. Ayer. He graduated with an honors thesis on Piaget. Back in Chile in 1972, now under president Salvador Allende, he continued to work with Freire's ideas at CIDE (Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de la Educación - Educational Research and Development Center) where he founded the Parents and Children Program (Programa Padres e Hijos - PHH), a Community Development combined with a Parent Education program. <mask> and his family left Chile in 1974, after Pinochet's 1973 coup d'état, but not before having helped friends and colleagues escape Pinochet's DINA police. The philosophy curriculum <mask> had helped develop was repealed shortly after the coup but was adopted in several other Latin American countries. In September 1974 <mask> and his family returned to the USA where he started work at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana. Later that year he successfully defended his doctoral thesis in Philosophy at the University of California Santa Barbara, having done the preparatory work when still in Chile.While based in Richmond, he attended the Lawrence Kohlberg Summer School on Moral Education at Harvard University. <mask> became a professor at Earlham College and was the founding director of its Peace and Global Studies program until 1989 and part-time Director until 2004. Between 1981 and 1985, <mask> combined commitments in Richmond with those at OISE, Toronto, with the occasional stay in Quebec where their daughters were studying at a French-speaking school, he enrolled in another Ph.D. program in Education, with the first field in curriculum planning and a second field in applied psychology and moral education, at the University of Toronto's Institute for Studies in Education (UT/OISE), which he successfully completed with a doctoral thesis based on the Chilean PPH program. He also became an active contributor to the OISE-based active think-tank about the new economic paradigm known as The Transformative Learning Centre (TLC). Social engagement, research and teaching At Stanford Law School (1958–61) he co-founded the Stanford Political Union's Socialist Caucus, became involved in the Peace Movement and began volunteer work for farm labor causes. He co-founded, with Stanford radical books seller Roy Kepler, Ira Sandperl and others, the Peninsula Peace Center, effectively running it for a while. He was also editor and author of a modest journal called Utopian Papers.After graduation from law school (1961), he joined the Santa Barbara, California Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions headed by Robert Hutchins to whom he became a personal assistant, and became the first volunteer attorney for Cesar Chavez' Farm Workers Association when he started organizing the FWA in Delano, California. He worked as evaluator of cultural change projects in Costa Rica, Ecuador, Bolivia and Chile He also did evaluative work on economic institutions (Economía Solidaria) in Argentina. Economic theory and Community Development together with Public Employment Programs are his more recent research areas. He is on the Advisory Board of Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (HumanDHS), a global transdisciplinary fellowship of concerned academics and practitioners who wish to promote dignity and transcend humiliation. <mask>' principal teaching experience stretches from 1974 to 2007 as Professor of Philosophy and Education on the Peace and Global Studies Program (PAGS) at Earlham College. When no longer at Earlham, he taught short courses in different international locations. Starting in 2009 he became a distinguished fellow of the South African Research Chairs Initiative in Development Education (SARChI) based at the University of South Africa (UNISA) Pretoria, and then a collaborator at the Johannesburg-based Seriti Institute with Dr. Gavin Andersson.In South Africa, too, he teaches in the Executive MBA Program at the University of Cape Town. He is also co-chair of the Chilean group Repensar Ia Economía (Re-thinking the Economy). Law practice <mask> was the first volunteer attorney for Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, when they started to organize farm workers in Delano, in California's Central Valley. <mask> specialized in Bankruptcy as a partner in the firm of Crane, Richards, and Flores after joining the Legal Aid Foundation in 1989. In 1990 he also was a voluntary attorney at the Los Angeles Free Clinic, a practice he wound up in 2004, when he moved back to Limache, Chile. Major works and ideas In his first major work, The Evaluation of Cultural Action (1984), <mask> "unveils throughout the text the rationale for using an 'illuminative' approach (Parlett and Hamilton, 1974) rather than a conventional 'systems' assessment". The long dialogue with a "reasonable social scientist" gravitates around how to evaluate education and community development efforts inspired by the Brazilian adult educationist Paulo Freire's philosophy, combined with an empirical study of one such effort, namely PPH (Parents and Children Program) that flourished among peasants in the south of Chile in the 1970s and 1980s.<mask>' two-volume Letters from Quebec: a Philosophy for Peace and Justice (1994) aspires to be both literary entertainment and the history of rationality in western culture and philosophy, illuminating the possibilities for transformative and humanistic action. The subtitle of volume Two of Letters from Quebec is 'Methods for Transforming the Structures of the Modern World'. Taking leads from Paulo Freire and Antonio Gramsci, the philosopher is seen - borrowing a phrase from Paulo Freire - as a 'cultural activist' who invents rationalities. Building on the premise that standards of rationality are historically constructed social norms, he went on, in Understanding the Global Economy (2004), to argue that causal explanations in economics invariably rely, as premises, on cultural norms, and particularly on constitutive rules <mask> proposes to understand institutions by following out the consequences of the rules that organize them. Understanding the Global Economy reviews the principal schools of economic thought with respect to the causal explanations they offer of the phenomena of today's global economy. The Dilemmas of Social Democracies: Overcoming Obstacles to a More Just World (2008) co-authored with Joanna Swanger, applies the philosophical ideas of <mask>' earlier works, particularly a concept of basic cultural structure, - where 'basic' identifies those cultural structures that govern the satisfaction of the basic needs of life - to historical case studies of Spain, Sweden, Austria, South Africa, Indonesia, Venezuela, and the World Bank. The upshot is that social democracy is not feasible with the framework provided by the constitutive rules of modernity.Social democracy can only become feasible by adopting an approach <mask> and another co-author, Gavin Andersson, will later call unbounded organization. Gandhi and the Future of Economics (2011) "makes a case for incorporating Gandhi's insights into mainstream economics. Gandhi and the Future of Economics is not meant to be a research study of Gandhian economics. It is rather that kind of felicitous publication that breathes new life into a known theme, and, in doing so, brings out its implications for praxis. It does all this in dialogue with a set of contemporary thinkers and actors from the Indian sub-continent: Jawaharlal Nehru, Jayaprakash Narayan, Tariq Ali, Vandana Shiva, Amartya Sen, Arundhati Roy, Manmohan Singh." (Ivo Coelho). The Nurturing of Time Future (2012) defines itself as "a short book about everything", addressed to educated people of goodwill who see the need for paradigmatic change.It proposes a philosophy in the old-fashioned sense of articulating a synthesis of the social and natural sciences that provides an overall framework for deciding what to do. It is a 'belles lettres' exercise written in the style of Marcel Proust. Rethinking Thinking: Modernity's "Other" and the transformation of the University (2012) co-authored with Catherine Hoppers, further develops a theme found in early works – that modernity has much to learn from pre-modernity. It includes an account of how the constitutive rules of markets presupposed by economics developed in Roman Law. They are contrasted with indigenous African cultural norms. Rethinking also argues that bringing modernity's "other" into the curriculum of the university will transform the curriculum, transform research and transform community engagement. <mask>' most recent book Unbounded Organizing in Community (2015), co-authored with Gavin Andersson of South Africa's Seriti Institute, offers a combination of a down to earth, practical guide to doing community organizing inspired by the Organization Workshops of Clodomir Santos de Morais, with an elementary introduction to Andersson's theory of unbounded organization.Emphasis is on practical examples and guidelines for organizers and participants. Other books and articles <mask> has also published fourteen other books some in English and some in Spanish, among the latter, <mask>, 1987, Ética y Economía (Ethics and Economics), and González Meyer & Richards (2012) Hacia otras Economias. Critica al paradigma dominante (Towards other Economies - Critique of the Dominant Paradigm). A list of <mask>' other books, articles, conferences and speeches (e.g. <mask>, 1995 Nehru Lectures) can be found on HR Professor of Peace and Global Studies (up to 2010), HR Bibliography, HR website and the more recent Unbounded Organization webpage. Personal life <mask> married Caroline Higgins in July 1965. They have two daughters.See also Evelin Lindner Betty Reardon Publications Notes References External links Against Foucault: Toward an Epistemology of Hope (12 Conversations). Economía Solidaria Economy of Solidarity <mask> Professor of Peace and Global Studies. Peace and Global Studies Program (PAGS) Earlham College Professor <mask>' Video Conversations Repensar. (Rethinking the Economy - Chile). Seriti Institute Seriti Institute South Africa. The Theory of Growth Points. (see PDF for transcript).Human Dignity and Humiliation Studies (scroll down to 'R'). Twelve Things We Can Do Every Day for World Peace and Justice. Unbounded Organization (with Gavin Andersson) (3 Conversations). Unbounded Organization Website. A Vision of a World without Poverty or Economic Insecurity. 1938 births Living people Writers from Pasadena, California People from Valparaíso Province American philosophers Philosophers of social science American lawyers 20th-century American non-fiction writers Writers about activism and social change Peace and conflict scholars Community development Community organizing Normative ethics Earlham College faculty Educational administration Stanford Law School faculty 21st-century American non-fiction writers American male non-fiction writers 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers

S. Wajid Ali

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S<mask> or Sheikh <mask> (; 4 September 1890 – 10 June 1951) was a Bengali writer, nationalist and barrister-at-law. Early life <mask> was born on 4 September 1890 in the village of Baratajpur, a village near Janai and Begampur, of Hooghly district. S<mask>'s maternal grandmother hailed from the Nawabpur village in Janai of Hooghly district. Her father, who came from Mungaer, had settled in Nawabpur with a 'Jaigir' and married into the local Bengali community. <mask>'s three maternal uncles were 'Hafiz' in Koran and his grandfather's home atmosphere was one of religious conservatism. However, the natural beauty of Nawabpur touched him deeply as expressed in his memoirs. <mask>'s education began in the village 'Madrasa' or school.At this stage, in 1897 he had his first marriage, at the early age of seven, with his six-month-old cousin Ayesha (the daughter of his paternal uncle Sheikh Golam Rahman). In 1898, at the age of eight, Wajed <mask> came to Shillong and started education under the tutelage of his father, S. Belayet <mask>. Later, he was admitted to the English medium Mokhar School in Shillong, from where he graduated in his 'Entrance Exams' with a gold medal. This phase of his life in Shillong, Meghalaya had a lasting impression upon him. He went to Aligarh MAYO college, where he was recognised as a meritorious student. He subsequently passed his I.A. and B.A.exams from Allahabad University in 1908 and 1910 respectively. After his graduation from Allahabad, he returned to his village of Baratajpur and spent a happy family life amidst the rural idyllic surroundings. His first child, Lutfunnissa, was born at this time. He was trying hard to convince his family to allow him to go to England for further education. Finally, with the enthusiasm and recommendations of his second uncle, he succeeded in getting their permission and left for London just a couple of years before the start of World War I. Wajed <mask> joined the Law school of the University of Cambridge, from where he attained his B.A. and Barrister-at-Law degrees. Career The beginnings While in Cambridge, he had fallen seriously ill and Miss <mask> of Bristol had come forward to take care of him, and enable his subsequent recovery.From this episode started a relationship between them which culminated in his second marriage and divorce from Ayesha Begum, at the obvious displeasure of his family members back home. The year was 1915 – World War I was raging in Europe. It was at this time that S. Wajed <mask> started the practice of Law in Calcutta High Court and continued till 1922. All this while, he lived with Eleanor in Mott Lane, Ripon Lane, Ripon Street etc. in Calcutta. Ill fortune struck when various factors of the failure of the family business, failing health, extravagant lifestyle – all combined to drive him to bankruptcy. He immersed himself in deep studies about the contemporary society and involved himself in the elite literary world of the time.At the advice of his friend, Pramatha Chowdhury (editor of weekly Shobuj Potro), he started writing in Bengali and began an extraordinary literary career. 1923 – 1928 In 1923, he was appointed the third presidency magistrate of Calcutta and a few days later he started living with his family in No. 1 Canal Road in Calcutta. At this period he devoted himself to his literary pursuits. He expressed himself with supreme creative excellence in the fields of prose, symbolism, story-writing, translation, travelogues, etc. His troubled marriage with Mrs. <mask> (Nellie) came to an end in 1928, when the mother of his two sons, Ahmed and Abdullah and daughter Zeb-un-Nissa separated from him and married his younger brother S. <mask> <mask>. This turn of events drove him into a family crisis and utter loneliness.The dramatic family complications made him hurt susceptible and psychologically isolated. In the face of all these adversities, he maintained his literary stability and creativity in matters of philosophical and nationalistic pursuits. He always maintained his clarity of vision and focus in all these matters, which were close to his heart. 1929 – 1944 Having been cast into loneliness and isolation in his family life, S. Wajed <mask>, amidst his otherwise busy life with the duties of his job, literary pursuits, chairmanships of various societies and organisations etc., was like a prisoner of pain on a lonely island. At this time he met a learned Burmese lady, who subsequently became his wife and life-partner, Mrs. Badrunnessa <mask>. Descended from the line of Chengiz Khan, her father was the head of a Burmese royal family. When the British forces attacked Burma, most of the royal family men folk were killed in the anti-British struggle.Along with her mother and aunt, the Burmese princess Badrunnessa was brought to Calcutta as a royal war-prisoner. Unfortunately, a grave tragedy befell Mr. S. Wajed <mask>'s life only two years after his marriage, when on 26 October 1931, Mrs. Badrunnessa <mask> died a day after the birth of her only child. Her body was buried in the 'Gobra graveyard'. An English nurse was appointed to take care of his new-born child, Sheikh Badruddin <mask> (Zaib-un-Nissa was also quite young at the time). The founding of the magazine 'Gulistan' in December 1932 was an active and busy chapter of S. Wajed <mask>'s life. He built up around this magazine a cultural and literary circle embracing the cream of contemporary Bengali society. Its cover bore the vision behind its creation 'the pioneer of Hindu-Muslim unity'.The writer's list of 'Gulistan' bears evidence of the nobility, width of scope and seriousness of the magazine: Kazi Nazrul Islam, Dr. <mask>, Kazi Abdul Wadud, Kedārnāth Chattopādhyāy, Tārāśankar Bandyopādhyāy, Pramathanāth Bishi, Buddhadeb Basu, <mask> Dās (of Śanibārer Chithi fame), Kaviśekhar Kālidās Rāy, Bārindranāth Ghosh, Pabitra Gangopādhyāy, Poet Kader Nawaz, Poet Nirmal Dās, Anurupā Devī, Prabhābatī Devī <mask>ī, Indirā Devīcaudhurāni, Manilāl Bannerjee, A. K. Jainal Abedin (Navayug), Humayun Kabir, Comrade Abdul Aziz, Phanindranāth Mukhopādhyāy, Dhīrāj Bhattacārya, <mask> Mukhopadhyāy, Abbasuddin Ahmed etc. At these heady times, S. Wajed <mask>'s residence at 48, Jhowtalla Road, was the usual venue for the Gulistan-centred literary evening gatherings. The contemporary elite of the intellectual, literary and art world of Calcutta were often present in those sessions. Besides being the founder of the 'Gulistan' magazine, S. Wajed <mask> was also the publisher and editor of the English language magazine: 'Bulletin of the Indian Rationalistic Society'. Retirement On 31 October 1945, S. Wajed <mask> retired from the position of third presidency magistrate and restarted his independent legal profession. At this time he still resided at his residence at 48, Jhowtolla Road. S. Wajed <mask> was a soft-spoken person with a reserved and contemplative nature.He was a unique and distinctive personality of his time with his aristocratic bearing, wide grasp of knowledge and intellectual pursuits. Regarding his personality <mask> Ahsan has justifiably commented: "S. Wajed <mask> possessed an exceptionally generous nature. With such a magnanimous, righteous, broad-minded and pleasing personality, he was well loved by all he came into contact with...' 'He had an extraordinary depth of perception'. While never loud nor offensive, he was amusing and extremely well informed in his discussions. He loved talking to children and often listened to their stories, keeping them amused with his special simple magical simplicity and charm. He had some unique pursuits: he loved to walk the streets and parks in Calcutta so much so that he is quoted as having said that ' I am ready to deny myself many things in my life, but I am not ready to give up my pleasure of walking..... I usually like to walk in the Maidan.'.Towards the middle of 1949, S. Wajed <mask> was affected with 'cerebral thrombosis', which rendered one side of his body paralysed. He was treated by the German doctor Mr. Troy and cared for by nurses. In these difficult days, his sons looked after him regularly. His younger brother Mr. S. <mask> <mask> visited him every day. His first wife Ayesha Khatun often visited him. Finally, at 9 o' clock of Sunday, 10 June 1951, he died at his 48, Jhowtolla residence.He was buried beside the grave of his last wife Mrs. Badrunnessa <mask> at Gobra graveyard in Calcutta, where he had bought the place for himself when she died in 1931, 20 years earlier. Bounded by marble railings, his tombstone bears dates of his birth and death. He is honoured every year in a festival at his birthplace of Baratajpur. Bibliography His first Bangla essay 'Otiter Bojha' was published in Shobuj-potro −1919 His short story 'Raja' was published in 'Islam Dorshon' – 1925 He was elected chairman of the 'Bongio Musholman Shahitya Shamity' −1925 He performed the presidential role in the 'Bongio Musholman Shahitya Shamity' and gave the presidential address at the fifth annual conference. -1925 31 July- Attended 'Bongiyo Musholman Shahitya Samity' general meeting and read the paper 'Toruner Kaj'. -1926 December. Re-elected president of the 'Bongiyo Musholman Shahitya Samity'.– 1926 'Gul-dasta '-1927 December- As chairman of the Nazrul Islam National Reception Committee, he presented the address of welcome at the Albert Hall in Calcutta. -1929 'Dorbesher Doa'- 1931 December- S. Wajed <mask> founded 'pioneer illustrated magazine of Hindu-Muslim unity' – 'Gulistan' published. -1932 February – Attended as chairman the Sirajgonj held conference of the 'All-Bengal Primary Teacher's Association'. – 1935 July. Attended as president, the first annual festival of the 'Tajpur Institute' and presented the presidential address. -1935 May – Attended as president the 6th Literary Conference of the 'Bongiyo Musholman Shahitya Samity' and presented the theme address. Vice-chairman.Also elected member of the 'Library Committee'. -1939 'Granada'r <mask>bir' – 1941 'Jiboner Shilpo'- 1941 'Prachya o Pratichya'- 1943 'Vobiswater bangalee'-1943 Attended as president the 'All Assam Bangla Language and Literature Conference' and presented the theme address. – 1943 'Badshahi Golpo'-1944 'Golper Mojlis'-1944 `Amar Masjid`_1944 in Weekly Bangali edited by M<mask>(1912_72) Noted descendants Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah, his daughter. Nafisa <mask>, his granddaughter. 1890 births 1951 deaths Bengali writers Bengali-language writers Bengali novelists Aligarh Muslim University alumni Novelists from West Bengal People from Hooghly district 20th-century Indian novelists 20th-century Bengalis

Semyon Furman

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<mask> (December 1, 1920 – March 17, 1978) was a Soviet chess player and trainer. He was awarded the title of Grandmaster by FIDE in 1966. <mask> is best known for developing Anatoly Karpov into a World Chess Champion, but was a formidable player himself, as well as a successful coach for several other world-class players. His name is sometimes written as Semen or <mask>. Early life Born in Pinsk, <mask> was a factory worker in Leningrad, who developed his chess skills in his spare time, and was a late bloomer by chess standards, not reaching even National Master strength until he was well into adulthood. For example, he made only an even score of 6½/13 in the All-Union Candidates-to-Masters tournament, Group 1, at Rostov-on-Don 1939. In the same event at Kalinin 1940, group 3, he was only able to score 5/11, and in the Leningrad Championship of 1940, he scored just 6½/16.His chess development was on hold during the next few years of World War II, as Leningrad was placed under siege by the Nazis, beginning in 1941. Organized chess started up again as the Second World War ended. In an All-Union Tournament of First Category players at Gorky 1945, <mask> posted his first noteworthy result when he tied for first with Konstantin Klaman, at 11/15. At Tula 1945, <mask> placed second with 10½/14, behind only V. Lyublinsky. In the Leningrad Championship of 1946, <mask> tied for 8th-9th places, with 8½/17. In the USSR Championship semi-final (URS-ch15 sf), Leningrad 1946, <mask> was unsuccessful in advancing, but made a highly respectable score of 9/18, to tie for 9th-10th places. He was moving up slowly through the incredibly deep Soviet vanguard.The year 1947 brought some rewards for <mask>. He tied for first place in the All-Union Championship of the Spartak Club, with Vladimir Simagin, at 15/19, but lost the playoff match. Then, in the Leningrad Championship, he tied for 3rd-4th places, with 11/17. At the Saratov 1947 National Tournament, he scored 7/11 for a tied 2nd-3rd place. Qualifies for Soviet Championships <mask> qualified from the semi-final at Sverdlovsk 1947, for his first Soviet Chess Championship at age 27. In the final, he performed exceptionally well, placing third, only half a point behind joint winners David Bronstein and Alexander Kotov, with a fine score of 11/18 (URS-ch16, Moscow 1948). In the Leningrad Championship of 1948, he tied for 7th-10th places, with 9½/17.He tied for first-third places at Vilnius 1949, the semi-final for URS-ch17, with 11½/17, qualifying again for the Soviet final. In the Leningrad Championship of 1949, he was off form with 8½/18 to tie for 11th-13th places. Then, in the Soviet final later in 1949, again in Moscow (URS-ch17), he tied for 5th-7th places with 11½/19. In the 1950 Championship of the Spartak Club, he tied for 4th-5th places, with 6/11. Then at Gorky 1950, he was unsuccessful in qualifying for the next Soviet Championship final, as he could only score 9½/15, for fourth place. In the URS-ch21 at Kiev 1954, <mask> scored 10/19 to tie for 7th-9th places. He earned his first international tournament opportunity for Bucharest 1954, where he tied for 6th-7th places with a fine 10/17.He was in the middle of the field in URS-ch22 at Moscow 1955, with 10/19, in a tie for 10th-11th places. It was a similar story for URS-ch24, Moscow 1957, where he scored 10/21 for 12th place. He had a good tournament at Kiev 1957, scoring 11½/19 to tie for 2nd-5th places, behind only Tigran Petrosian. His form dropped for URS-ch25, Riga 1958, as he could only make 6/18 for 17th place. At URS-ch26, Tbilisi 1959, he was again below 50 per cent with 8/19 for 15th place. <mask> gradually proved he belonged in the upper echelon of the extraordinarily deep Soviet chess elite, with many victories over top players. He placed equal fourth in the 1965 Soviet Championship.<mask> was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1954. He won the Leningrad Championship in 1953, 1954, and 1957 (jointly). Grandmaster, and coach to the stars <mask> did not become a Grandmaster until 1966, at age 46, after his fine first-place result at Harrachov. It was difficult in those years for all but the very top Soviet players to travel abroad to international tournaments, where titles could be earned, and <mask> had few opportunities. He did play for the USSR in the 1961 European Team Championship at Oberhausen on board ten, scoring 4/7, and contributing to the overall gold medal team victory. Bronstein faced <mask> in the 1948 Soviet Championship, won the game, but was impressed with <mask>'s skill. Bronstein wrote, in his acclaimed book The Sorcerer's Apprentice (page 102): "Later, when I recognised the logical play of <mask>, I invited him to be my assistant during preparation for the match [against World Champion Mikhail Botvinnik] in 1951.Also, I took him abroad as my second to the Interzonal Tournament in Gothenburg in 1955 and the Candidates' Tournament in Amsterdam 1956." <mask> had been one of the assistants to Botvinnik in his 1963 world title match against Tigran Petrosian, according to Anatoly Karpov, writing in his autobiography Karpov on Karpov. Botvinnik played many training games with <mask>, to prepare for Botvinnik's 1960 and 1961 World Championship matches; these matches only became public many years afterwards, when Botvinnik published the games, which are now available on various databases. <mask> and Botvinnik at that time were both members of the Trud (Trade Unions) Club. Later <mask> switched to the Army Sports Club. Furman also assisted world-class players such as Viktor Korchnoi (according to both Bronstein and Karpov) and Efim Geller (according to Karpov). The site Chessmetrics.com, which endeavors to provide historical ratings for players while correcting for different methods of calculation, puts <mask>'s peak rating at 2708 in April, 1948, #11 in the world at that time.That is certain Grandmaster level, but, because of lack of international opportunities, <mask> did not formally receive the title until eighteen years later. According to chessmetrics, his best tournament from a performance rating standpoint was Gorky 1954 (5½/6, for a 2755 performance). Trains the world champion It was in a training role that <mask> first met the young Anatoly Karpov, who at age seventeen was representing the Army Sports club on the junior board at the 1968 Soviet Team Championships, held in Riga. In training, the two got along well, and Karpov made the outstanding score of 10/11. <mask> was assigned to prepare Karpov (who gave his whole-hearted approval) for further competitions, such as the Soviet Junior qualifying match-tournament, Leningrad 1969, which Karpov won. This win earned Karpov the Soviet berth in the 1969 World Junior Chess Championship, held in Stockholm. Karpov also won this tournament with a dominating performance; it was the first Soviet win at that level since Boris Spassky in 1955.From this stage on, <mask> worked ever more closely with Karpov, who moved from Moscow to Leningrad, switching universities as well, from Moscow State University to Leningrad State University, to be nearer to <mask>. The two also became close friends, with Karpov actually assisting <mask>, upon his request, for the 1969 Soviet Chess Championship, held in Moscow; Karpov had not qualified to play in it. Karpov earned the Grandmaster title at Caracas 1970. He qualified for the Soviet Championship for the first time in 1970, scoring well. Karpov drew a 1971 secret training match with Korchnoi, a world title Candidate. His rise continued, with wins at the very strong Moscow 1971, Hastings 1971-72, and San Antonio 1972 tournaments. Karpov made the Soviet national team for the 1972 Skopje Chess Olympiad as first reserve, and scored 13½/16, winning gold on his board, and helping the USSR to win the team gold.Because <mask> had earlier worked with Korchnoi, Karpov was able to utilize this situation to good effect to win his vital 1974 World Chess Championship Candidates final match against Korchnoi, who had earlier fallen out with <mask> over a dispute around a 1971 match against Geller. Korchnoi had wanted <mask> to assist him against Geller, but <mask> and Geller were teammates at the Army Club, so <mask> withdrew his training services on principle, as <mask> had also helped to train Geller. This made Korchnoi bitter towards <mask>, and their connection ended, even though Korchnoi went on to defeat Geller. So, a full-time training spot opened up with <mask>, which Karpov took. Karpov wrote that Korchnoi did not realize at the time the strength of Karpov's potential challenge to him. As Karpov built further successes, and was earning favour in the Soviet sports bureaucracy, he was able to arrange for <mask> to compete with him sometimes in the same international tournaments, such as Madrid 1973, Ljubljana/Portorož 1975, and Bad Lauterberg 1977, all of which Karpov won. <mask> also performed well, taking or tying for third place at all three of Madrid, Ljubljana / Portoroz, and Bad Lauterberg.<mask> was awarded the Honoured Trainer of the USSR in 1973 for his work with young players. He served as trainer to the combined Soviet teams to the 1974 Nice Olympiad and the 1977 European Team Championship in Moscow. In his autobiographical book, Karpov on Karpov, published in 1991, Karpov credits <mask> very extensively and deservedly with helping him scale the heights of grandmaster chess, culminating in his World Championship in 1975 and superb play for the next decade, as he dominated the game. This fine book is perhaps the most detailed work ever published on the relationship between a top chess player and his coach. The two also played a great deal of bridge together; this game became for a time something of an obsession with <mask>. Bronstein, who had worked with <mask> earlier, wrote "When Furman started to work with Anatoly Karpov, I was not surprised by the young grandmaster's success, showing a brilliant understanding of grandmaster strategy. It was obvious that <mask> had passed on to him a lot of the knowledge acquired during his earlier years.It should also be said that <mask> had very good analytical powers and was able to look deeply into the games of other grandmasters, disclosing the secrets of their success." <mask>'s health had not been good since the mid-1960s, however. He had survived one operation for stomach cancer, but the cancer returned, and he died at Leningrad in 1978, just before Karpov's match with Korchnoi for the World Championship. Karpov wrote that he missed <mask>'s help greatly during that match, which he won only narrowly (+6−5=21). Success as coach <mask> may have been the most successful coach in the history of chess, although some would give that title to Mark Dvoretsky. Chess culture has traditionally and typically credited the player for chess success, with the coach recognized in a much lesser fashion, or not at all. Chess coaches were not commonly seen for top players until the post-World War II period, when competition became much stiffer.They were first developed in the Soviet Union and in other Eastern European countries; it is no coincidence that top players from these nations have dominated chess for the past sixty years. <mask>, with a very significant role in Karpov's development from his late teens, building upon earlier roles with World Champion Botvinnik and world-class players such as Bronstein, Korchnoi, and Geller, may have done more than any other coach, from the early 1950s until the late 1970s, to help ensure Soviet dominance. Legacy <mask> was an exceptional openings specialist, and was respected as being of virtually world-class strength with the White pieces, with which he scored most of his wins over the top players, as the game selection shows. He was sometimes referred to as "the world champion when playing White." He could not score anywhere near as well as Black, and this held back his success. While best remembered today as Karpov's trainer, <mask> also made many important contributions to the success of other top players, such as Bronstein, Botvinnik, Korchnoi, and Geller. He developed several significant improvements to opening theory.He favoured the closed openings (1.d4, 1.c4, 1.Nf3) as White, and in many of his wins over top-class rivals, his opponents were simply unable to generate counterplay, and were slowly strangled by <mask>'s precise, yet amorphous strategy. Karpov noted that a book on <mask>'s career and best games would be well received and valuable; but no one has yet taken up this challenge. Notable chess games <mask> <mask> vs Efim Geller, Leningrad 1947, Queen's Gambit, Semi-Slav Defence (D46), 1-0 Furman shows the rising star Geller a few things about precise positional play, and catches him in a nifty tactic to win a piece. <mask> <mask> vs Paul Keres, USSR Championship, Moscow 1948, Queen's Indian Defence (E15), 1-0 Keres was one of the world's top three players, and for <mask>, the humble factory worker, wins like these meant that he had arrived near the top. <mask> <mask> vs Vasily Smyslov, USSR Championship, Moscow 1949, Grunfeld Defence, Exchange Variation (D88), 1-0 Smyslov had finished second in the World Championship the year before, and would become the joint Soviet champion for 1949. <mask> <mask> vs Tigran Petrosian, USSR Championship, Moscow 1949, King's Indian Defence, Fianchetto Variation (E68), 1-0 Petrosian was just making his debut at top level; he would go on to become world champion. <mask> <mask> vs Viktor Korchnoi, Leningrad 1953, English Opening (A16), 1-0 <mask> would later become a coach for Korchnoi.<mask> <mask> vs Ratmir Kholmov, USSR Championship, Kiev 1954, Queen's Gambit, Tarrasch Defence (D30), 1-0 Rising star Kholmov became almost unbeatable a few years later. <mask> <mask> vs Boris Spassky, USSR Championship, Moscow 1955, Nimzo-Indian Defence, Rubinstein Variation (E59), 1-0 Another future World Champion learns to respect Furman's talent. Duncan Suttles vs <mask> <mask>, Polanica Zdroj 1967, Van Geet Opening (A00), 0-1 Suttles was known for his unconventional opening play, but he can't disorient the veteran Furman. <mask> <mask> vs David Bronstein, Leningrad vs Moscow match 1967, Queen's Gambit Declined (D50), 1-0 Furman takes care of business against one of his former charges. <mask> <mask> vs Mikhail Tal, USSR Championship, Moscow 1969, Queen's Pawn Game (A40), 1-0 Former World Champion Tal sacrifices the exchange, but doesn't get enough for it. <mask> <mask> vs Lev Polugaevsky, Moscow 1969, Queen's Indian Defence (E14), 1-0 The reigning Soviet champion takes one on the chin. <mask> <mask> vs Leonid Stein, USSR 1971, English Opening, Symmetrical (A39), 1-0 Stein was a three-time Soviet champion, but couldn't handle <mask> in this game.Ulf Andersson vs <mask> <mask>, Madrid 1973, English Opening (A15), 0-1 One of the new generation of young stars gets taken care of quite expeditiously. <mask> <mask> vs Svetozar Gligoric, Bad Lauterberg 1977, King's Indian Defence, Saemisch Variation (E88), 1-0 Gligoric is a world authority on the King's Indian, but his learning process is extended a bit further by Furman. Anthony Miles vs <mask> <mask>, Bad Lauterberg 1977, English Opening (A16), 0-1 Furman was ill and spotting Miles 35 years, but wins anyway as Miles gets simply outclassed. Notes Further reading The Complete Games of World Champion Anatoly Karpov, by K.J. O'Connell, D.N.L. Levy, and J.B. Adams, London, Batsford 1976, Chess is My Life, by Anatoly Karpov (translated from the Russian by Ken Neat), London, Pergamon 1980 Karpov on Karpov: Memoirs of a Chess World Champion, by Anatoly Karpov (translated from the Russian by Todd Bludeau), New York, Atheneum (McMillan) 1991, The Sorcerer's Apprentice, by David Bronstein and Tom Furstenberg, London, Cadogan 1995, ''Russian Silhouettes: Portraits of the Heroes of a Vanished Age (Paperback) by Genna Sosonko, Interchess BV, (Has an excellent chapter devoted to biography of <mask> Furman). External links Semen Abramovich Furman games at 365Chess.com 1920 births 1978 deaths People from Pinsk Belarusian Jews Chess grandmasters Chess coaches Soviet chess players Jewish chess players Deaths from stomach cancer 20th-century chess players

Erich Walter Sternberg

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<mask> (, May 31, 1891, Berlin – December 15, 1974, Tel Aviv) was a German-born Israeli composer. He was one of the founders of the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. Biography After graduating with a law degree from Kiel University in 1918, <mask> began studying composition with Hugo Leichtentritt and piano with H. Praetorius in Berlin. From 1925 <mask> visited Palestine annually and moved there in 1932, along with other Jewish musicians who fled Germany prior to World War II. His life was devoted to composition and teaching of composition. In 1936 he helped Bronisław Huberman found the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra and promoted the Palestine chapter of the International Society for Contemporary Music. <mask> married Frieda Pinner (Berlin, 1918), Ilse Tanja Wellhöner (Tel Aviv, 1936), Ella Thal (Tel-Aviv, 1949).Music career <mask>'s works in the 1920s and 1930s were expressionistic in style and reflect the influences of Hindemith and Schoenberg. He also incorporated traditional Jewish musical idioms into his use of dense polyphonic textures. Examples of this can be seen in his salient use of the augmented 2nd and cantilation motifs in the piano cycle Visions from the East, a programmatic work concerning the Jews of Eastern Europe, and in his String Quartet no.1, where he quotes both a Yiddish song, Bei a teich (‘The River’), and the formula for the prayer Shema Yisrael. In Berlin, <mask> received praise for his compositions and many of his pieces were performed by leading ensembles and performers in that city. His String Quartet no.2 was performed by the Amar Quartet and Yishtabakh (‘Praise Ye’) by the Berlin Philharmonic. In 1929 he composed Yishtabakh, a work for Baritone soloist, SATB chorus, and chamber orchestra. The work was awarded the Engel Prize in 1946; an award <mask> earned again in 1960.<mask> found it difficult to overcome the trauma of displacement from his German heritage and never felt entirely comfortable in Israel. He was never offered a permanent position at the Palestine Conservatory or the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, although he occasionally taught there as a guest lecturer. In Palestine, <mask>'s compositional expression returned to nostalgic Romanticism in his large-scale orchestral works while simultaneously preserving a more modern harmonic vocabulary in his piano and chamber music compositions. For example, his symphonic variations Shneim-Asar Shivtei Yisrael (‘The Twelve Tribes of Israel’, 1938), reflects the powerful rhetoric of late Romanticism with obvious influences from Brahms, Max Reger and Richard Strauss. The work was the first large-scale orchestral composition written in Palestine. His Capriccio for piano, a concise illustration of his style, displays a contrapuntal elaboration of two brief motifs in sonata-rondo form, with the movement's harmonic orientation stated by the two opening chords. However, even in his more radical chamber and piano works <mask> never abandoned tonal orientation.<mask> was critical of music critics and composers like Marc Lavry who believed that music should be communicative and thus relatively simple and comprehensible; musical compositions, he argued, should be dominated by melodies however complex. In an article published in Musica hebraica in 1938, <mask> wrote that the composer should "go his own way and speak his own language from within, with high professional standards as his only goal". As a result, <mask>'s works do not reflect the simplicity of musical compositions in Palestine in the 1930s and 1940s. For example, his large-scale set of symphonic variations Yosef ve′Ehav (‘Joseph and his Brethren’, 1939) are dominated by strict contrapuntal devices which include complex fugues. After 1940, <mask> frequently turned back to earlier scores, revising many and using material from others for new compositions. Memorable works from the 1940s and 1950s are his vocal music works. Although he composed and arranged many Israeli folk songs, his treatment of the folk idiom reveals the strong influence of Fritz Jöde's choral project and of the Gebrauchsmusik of Hindemith rather than that of the predominating folk ideology of searching for inspiration in Arabic and Mediterranean songs.For example, <mask>'s arrangement of Hora kuma (‘Rise up, Brother’) by Shalom Postolsky is a set of six variations for seven-part chorus displaying contrapuntal and canonic textures, while his choral song Ima Adama (‘Mother Earth’) features richly chromatic and modal harmony. <mask>'s compositional output includes 2 string quartets, 6 orchestral works, several works for piano, works for chorus and orchestra, works for solo singer and orchestra, and numerous songs and folksong arrangements. He also wrote incidental music for the play Amcha (Your People) by S. Aleichem in 1936 and two operas, Dr. Doolittle (1939 Jerusalem) and Pacificia, the Friendly Island (1974). Most of his compositions are part of the collection at the Archives of Israeli Music at Tel Aviv University. Awards and recognition In 1971 <mask> received the high order of merit from the President of the German Federal Republic. See also Music of Israel References Bibliography Philip V. Bohlman: The World Centre for Jewish Music in Palestine 1936–40 (Oxford, 1992), Peter Gradenwitz: The Music of Israel (Portland, OR, 1996), esp. 370 Jehoash Hirshberg: Music in the Jewish Community of Palestine 1880–1948: a Social History (Oxford, 1995) Jehoash Hirshberg: "<mask> Sternberg", Grove Music Online ed.L. Macy (Accessed September 18, 2008), (subscription access) E.W<mask>: Shneim-Asar Shivtei Yisrael [The Twelve Tribes of Israel], Musica hebraica (1938), 1–2 E.W<mask>: ‘Autobiography’, Tatzlil, vii (1967), 77–8 External links Online Biography US Premiere of <mask>'s The Twelve Tribes of Israel (1938) 1891 births 1974 deaths Israeli composers Israeli opera composers Musicians from Berlin Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine University of Kiel alumni 20th-century classical composers Male classical composers Male opera composers 20th-century male musicians

Seema Verma

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<mask> (born September 26, 1970) is a health policy consultant and former administrator of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services in the Trump administration.She is the founder and previous CEO of SVC, Inc., a health policy consulting firm. Education Verma received a bachelor's degree in life sciences from the University of Maryland, College Park, in 1993. She earned a Master of Public Health, with a concentration in health policy and management, from the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in 1996. Career Early career Verma served as vice president of the Health & Hospital Corporation of Marion County, and worked at the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials in Washington, D.C. SVC, Inc. Verma founded health policy consulting firm SVC, Inc., in June 2001. She was president and CEO of the company, which has worked with state insurance agencies and public health agencies in preparation for the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, and assisted Indiana and Kentucky, as well as other states, in the design of Medicaid expansion programs under the ACA. In her work with Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky, she developed Medicaid reform programs under the Section 1115 waiver process. Ethics controversy In 2014, significant ethics concerns were raised over a conflict of interest arising from Verma's dual roles as both a health care consultant for the State of Indiana and as an employee of a Hewlett-Packard division that is among Indiana's largest Medicaid vendors.As of 2011, SVC, Inc. had been awarded over $6.6 million in contracts from the State of Indiana, while <mask> was concurrently employed with Hewlett-Packard, earning her over $1 million during a period when the company had secured $500 million in State of Indiana contracts. In 2016, her firm collected an additional $316,000 for work done for the State of Kentucky as a subcontractor for Hewlett-Packard, according to documents obtained by the AP through public records requests. Debra Minott, former Secretary of the Indiana Family and Social Service Administration, said it was "shocking to me that she could play both sides" in reference to <mask> lobbying on behalf of HP over a billing dispute with the State of Indiana. <mask>, when later asked about this controversy during her Senate confirmation hearing to become CMS Administrator, responded to these allegations sourced from Secretary Minott by calling Minott a "disgruntled former employee." Richard Painter, former President George W. Bush’s chief ethics lawyer, called <mask>’s arrangement a “conflict of interest” that “clearly should not happen and is definitely improper.” Ethics experts noted this conflicted with her public duties. Trump administration On November 29, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump announced plans to nominate <mask> to serve as administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the agency that oversees Medicare, Medicaid, and the insurance markets. On March 13, 2017, the United States Senate confirmed her nomination in a 55–43 vote.She was sworn into office on the Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is, a translation and commentary of the Bhagavad Gita by A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), commonly known as the Hare Krishna movement. One of her first actions was to send a letter to the nation's governors, urging them to impose insurance premiums for Medicaid, charge Medicaid recipients for emergency room visits, and encourage recipients to obtain employment or job training as a requirement for Medicaid coverage. Verma is a harsh critic of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) calling it a "failure". Throughout her tenure at CMS, she led President Trump's charge to repeal and replace Obamacare. Verma made substantial cuts to the ACA Navigator program, making it more difficult for individuals to obtain coverage during open enrollment. On July 25, 2018, Verma gave a speech in San Francisco in which she criticized proposals for "Medicare for all". She stated that single-payer health care would destroy Medicare, which provides insurance for elderly people, and lead to "Medicare for None."Politico reported that <mask> clashed with HHS Secretary Alex Azar over which plans will replace Obamacare, who will get credit for those efforts, and <mask>'s attempts to accompany the President on Air Force One instead of Azar. <mask> in turn accused Azar of "sex discrimination;" these allegations were debunked after an extensive independent investigation. Reportedly, this was not the first clash Verma had with her superiors, as Verma hired a lawyer to file a claim of a "hostile work environment" against then-HHS Secretary Tom Price. The clashes extended to co-workers at CMS, as Verma was cited by her first Chief of Staff in an HHS investigative report as being "insecure" and someone who "lashes out" at subordinates. <mask> quickly assigned her next Chief of Staff to Baltimore, "shutting him out" of her inner circle in Washington. <mask> ultimately cycled through 5 Chiefs of Staff and 5 Medicaid directors during her term. Modern Healthcare reported that <mask>'s subordinate and former Medicaid director abruptly quit the agency after a disagreement "erupted" between them.This led <mask> to ban the Modern Healthcare reporter from future media calls with CMS. The president of the Association of Health Care Journalists condemned this action as "bullying" and commented that "<mask> seems to think she can bury inconvenient facts by threatening reporters with blacklisting." On March 2, 2020, the office of Vice President Mike Pence announced <mask>'s addition to the White House Coronavirus Task Force. In the weeks leading up to the 2020 election, she pushed Medicare career civil servant officials to finalize a plan to issue $200 cards before the November 3 election, branded with Trump's name, for Medicare recipients to use on drugs. The taxpayer-funded plan was estimated to cost $7.9 billion and draw from Medicare's trust fund. One of the priorities during her tenure as CMS administrator was to make it possible for states to implement work requirements for Medicaid. The Biden administration sought to reverse those moves.She submitted her resignation from the Trump Administration 7 days after the 2021 United States Capitol insurrection. <mask> was the 3rd longest serving head of CMS, following Carolyne Davis and Bruce Vladeck. Ethics and legal investigations On August 20, 2018, <mask> filed a claim requesting that taxpayers reimburse her for jewelry she alleged was stolen on a work-related trip to San Francisco. Although she requested $47,000, including a $325 claim for moisturizer, $349 for noise-cancelling headphones, and a $5,900 Ivanka Trump-brand gold and diamond pendant worn during meetings with President Trump, she ultimately received $2,852.40 in reimbursement. Democratic Representative Joe Kennedy III called on <mask> to resign immediately, calling her actions a taxpayer "bailout for stolen goods she chose not to insure". In March 2019, Politico reported that in her role as CMS administrator, Verma approved communications subcontracts worth more than $2 million of taxpayer funds to Republican-connected communications consultants and other expenses to boost her visibility and public image, leading to federal ethics and criminal investigations. Included in the consultants' work were proposals to have <mask> featured in magazines like Glamour and have her invited to prestigious events to increase her public persona.<mask> made an effort to purchase awards and honors for herself using taxpayer dollars. In July 2020, the HHS Inspector General reported that <mask> spent more than $5 million in taxpayer funds to do communications work, and to help raise her profile. The report, a result of a 15-month investigation, concluded that <mask> violated federal contracting rules: "CMS improperly administered the contracts and created improper employer-employee relationships between CMS and the contractors". In September 2020, Democrats on four congressional committees concluded that "Congress did not intend for taxpayer dollars to be spent on handpicked communications consultants used to promote Administrator <mask>'s public profile and personal brand. Administrator <mask> has shown reckless disregard for the public's trust. We believe she should personally reimburse the taxpayers for these inappropriate expenditures." The panel concluded that she "may have violated federal law," leading Congress to request a formal legal opinion from the Government Accountability Office.<mask> spent more than $3.5 million on Republican Party-aligned consultants to promote her. These consultants were paid to help her write tweets and speeches, polish her profile, and broker meetings with companies and high-profile individual, including other members of government. <mask> spent nearly $3,000 in taxpayer dollars on consulting fees for organizing a "Girl's Night" party thrown in her honor, hundreds of dollars for makeup artists, as well as $13,000 to promote herself to win awards and appear on panels. <mask>'s consultants aimed to place her on profile-enhancing lists, such as the Washingtonian's "Most Powerful Women in Washington" list, targeted media outlets for <mask> with no clear connection to CMS initiatives (such as "Badass Women of DC"), and generated ideas for potential social events for Verma to attend, such as the Ford's Theatre Gala, Kennedy Center Honors, and Motion Picture Association events. The consultants provided her with talking points on repealing the Affordable Care Act in 2017, and helped her write a 2018 opinion column under her name in the Washington Post arguing for Medicaid work requirements. <mask> was often accompanied by consultants as part of her travel entourage, billing CMS up to $380 per hour. She also used consultants as drivers at a rate up to $203 per hour and hotel rooms for official travel that cost more than $500 per night, hundreds of dollars above the government per diem rate.These consultants, including one who was awaiting sentencing on a felony conviction for lying to Congress about misuse of taxpayer funds, led communications efforts on major policy initiatives and rollouts. CMS leadership provided them with access to sensitive information on proposed rule-makings, internal plans for anticipated policy roll-outs, and other potentially non-public, market-sensitive information. One of the outside consultants that Verma paid was Marcus Barlow, who had been her spokesperson at her former consulting firm SVC. He worked on three separate contracts for CMS, earning between $209–$230 an hour. According to the New York Times, this worked out to more than double the salary he would have received as a federal employee. As late as December 2020 during Verma's tenure, Barlow accompanied Verma and other CMS officials to an official function at the White House. An HHS spokesperson referred to the Congressional report as “just another reckless, politically timed, drive-by hit job on a reform-driven Trump Administration official and, by extension, on President Trump himself.” In 2021, Verma said she lost her CMS-issued cell phone two days before President Biden's inauguration, resulting in the elimination of all of its stored records.<mask> then failed to complete the standard form explaining how she lost her phone, the court records state. <mask> was issued a new iPhone on January 18, which she returned nine days later. Records from that phone can not be accessed because the phone was locked and <mask> said she had forgotten her passcode. Post-Trump administration career <mask> told reporters she had "no regrets" about her actions or tenure. <mask> joined the board of directors of three healthcare firms, LifeStance Health, Lumeris and Monogram Health. She is currently offering speeches via an exclusive arrangement with Worldwide Speakers Group, discussing topics such as "Women in Leadership" and the Trump Administration "COVID Response: Lessons Learned." Advancing American Freedom Verma is on the Advisory Board for Advancing American Freedom, former Vice President Mike Pence's conservative advocacy group.The group champions policy positions such as preventing "taxpayer dollars from funding abortions domestically and globally" and "complete construction of the Trump-Pence border wall." Personal life Born in Virginia, <mask> moved several times across the United States with her family, and once lived in Taiwan for five years, before settling in the greater Indianapolis area. Verma and her family live in Carmel, Indiana. References External links Biography at CMS.gov 1970 births Living people American businesswomen of Indian descent American health care chief executives American politicians of Indian descent American public health doctors American women chief executives Indiana Republicans Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health alumni People from Indiana Trump administration personnel United States Department of Health and Human Services officials University of Maryland, College Park alumni 21st-century American women

D. Woods

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<mask> (born July 6, 1985), better known as by her nickname D<mask>, is an American singer, dancer, and actress. <mask> is the founder and CEO of Woodgrane Entertainment, but best known for her efforts on MTV's "Making The Band 3" as a finalist on season two. Career Before joining <mask>, <mask> toured with several major recording artists such as Bow Wow, Lloyd, Avant, <mask> and Letoya Luckett as a background dancer, performed in theater festivals such as the National Black Theater Festival and Windybrow Festival in Johannesburg, South Africa off-Broadway theater productions, and interned with Spike Lee's 40 Acres and a Mule Production Company. She was hand-picked by director Chris Robinson to appear in the video "Change Clothes" by Jay-Z, where she was one of the models. D<mask> auditioned in 2005 on the second season of the MTV reality television program Making the Band 3 by Sean "<mask>" Combs. <mask>'s first album debuted August 22, 2006, at No. 1.<mask> Kane, along with the Pussycat Dolls, toured as the opening act for Christina Aguilera. In December 2006, <mask> was the lead girl in Lloyd's video "You". In 2007, she made an appearance in Gorilla Zoe's album Welcome to the Zoo, on the track "You Don't Know Me". She was also featured in the film Stomp the Yard that same year. Her writing credits include multiple tracks on the platinum-selling <mask> Kane album Welcome to the Dollhouse. On October 14, 2008, Combs declared <mask> no longer a member of <mask> Kane, as well as bandmate and then-best friend Aubrey O'<mask>, following a heated discussion with Combs. MTV News gauged fan reactions to the dismissals of <mask> and O'<mask>.Fans left impassioned, long and detailed comments on the MTV News site about their discontent at the group's breakup. They cited what they felt was a lack of individuality and excitement left within the group. New members were expected to be chosen for <mask> Kane as "replacements" for <mask> and <mask>, but the group broke up completely early 2009 when it was reported <mask> and <mask>, along with group member Shannon Bex, declined the offer to return to the series and the group. O'<mask> stated that she was unsure if <mask> was asked back, but that she herself was not asked to return. Although <mask> was fired in 2008, she was "officially" released from her Bad Boy Records contract by Combs February 26, 2009 before the final episode of Making the Band the following April. Despite this, in the April 23, 2009, finale of the series, Combs stated that all five original members would be returning if he ever decided to reunite the group. <mask> said she was going to release a full-length album later in the year, in addition to a single that will be released early summer 2009.In an interview conducted after the finale show, <mask> spoke with BE Entertained Magazine journalist Phonz L. Thomas. <mask> was asked about an alleged rivalry between her and ex-<mask> Kane member <mask>. <mask> replied, "I don't know if she has a problem with me . I don't know why she would have a problem. I was very disappointed by a lot of the things that she did say in the media and her different interviews. People are kind of aware of her comments and then also of course on the show, those comments were definitely going to get back to me. I was really disappointed and I don't know why she would go that route.And if it was to depict her as the victim and everybody else is the bad guy… I don't really know where all that stems from, but to me it's like she has her situation. And as you guys saw, I congratulated her as I was walking out the door! So it was like I don't have a problem and I don't know why she would have a problem… but she might, I'm not sure." <mask> went on during this interview to comment, "I don't have any animosity towards any of the girls. Like things happen for a reason, it's time to move on you know, chapter ends. People are in each other's lives for a reason and a season, as they say! So there's no reason to hold any grudges.Um, however – the way that you present yourself, the actions you take, the comments that you make can lend themselves to having a 'beef' or having animosity." <mask> has had two photo spreads with King Magazine. She is currently recording songs for a possible solo album that can be heard via her MySpace, and appeared in Ludacris's music video "One More Drink". She has recently appeared in Lil Wayne's new video "Prom Queen" and Young Money video "Every Girl". She also is working on film/television projects. She is currently filming a music video for her upcoming single "Legalize Me." It was later revealed that "On My Side" is the lead single with her filming the video in Los Angeles in June.However, "Legalize Me" is released as a digital single, along with a music video, under <mask>' own label Woodgrane Entertainment on iTunes. <mask> was a featuring artist for Canadian rapper <mask> (<mask> Young) for his second single "That's My Spot", which a music video was filmed right before Dy disappeared in Mexico in early September 2010, and has now been confirmed as missing as of November 18, 2010. On November 20, 2010, <mask> took to her Twitter account after learning about the disappearance of Schab: "I'm so hurt and worried learning about DY. This news effects me no matter how long I knew him. I'm praying for DY." She went on to say...,"Last time I saw DY we were joking on set of his video (That's My Spot). The director said it's a wrap and we said our 'see ya later' to each other."In 2011, D<mask> was featured on Ray Garrison's single "Forever Gone", alongside Kyle Lucas. Later that year, she also released a "part 2" version of her song "Lady in the Street" on iTunes. The Gray Area EP that was supposed to come out in 2009 is now coming out on July 12, 2011, digitally on iTunes. In April 2012, D<mask> released a new single called "2 The Bottom". She also released the My Favorite Color EP, Volume 1, that she's been hyping up for years, in December 2012. A new single, "Gold Mine", will be released to iTunes on August 13, 2013, with the release of My Favorite Color EP, Volume 2 following sometime in the fall. Discography Mixtapes: Independence Day, Volume 1 (2009) Independence Day, Volume 2 (2010) Lady In The Street (2011) EPs: The Gray Area (2011) My Favorite Color (2012) See also Bad Boy Records References External links Official MySpace profile <mask> Official website That Grape Juice Interviews D. <mask> 1983 births Living people African-American women singer-songwriters American hip hop singers American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters <mask> Kane members Musicians from Atlanta Musicians from Los Angeles Singer-songwriters from Massachusetts Participants in American reality television series People from Anaheim, California Musicians from Springfield, Massachusetts Singing talent show winners Tisch School of the Arts alumni Actors from Springfield, Massachusetts 21st-century African-American women singers Singer-songwriters from California

May Harrison

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<mask> (23 August 1890- 8 June 1959) was an English violinist and the oldest of four sisters who were classical musicians in Great Britain during the early 20th century. Each had started out as child prodigies. Information Her sisters, Beatrice (1892-1965), Monica (1897-1983) and Margaret (1899-1995) became, respectively, a cellist, mezzo-soprano, and violinist. All four were reportedly also talented pianists. <mask> became known for her interpretations of the violin works of Bach, Brahms, Elgar, Glazunov, Grieg, Handel, and Mendelssohn while her sister, Beatrice, was praised by King George V for her outdoor recordings at the <mask>’s home at Foyle Riding in Oxted, Surrey of cello works mingled with nightingale songs. The monarch reportedly thanked her for bringing “the Empire closer together through the song of the nightingale and your cello.” According to Katherine Fountain who wrote a biographical sketch of the <mask> sisters: However much we admire the soloists of today, things will never be the same as during the lifetime of the <mask> family. They dedicated their lives to the cause of music, paving the way for a generation of women musicians.They gained the respect of the leading composers and performers of their day and set a musical precedent in the history of English music. Formative years Born in India in 1890, <mask> was a daughter of Colonel <mask>, an amateur flautist who was the principal at St. Thomas College of Sappers and Miners. Her sister, Beatrice, was born in 1892 in Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India “in a picturesque valley of the Himalayas,” where her father worked, according to David Candlin. Their mother, a singer, had studied with Henschel and Garcia at London’s Royal College of Music. That same year, the family returned to England, where <mask>'s father was given command of The Royal Engineers Band at Chatham. <mask> also began her violin studies in 1892 when she was just two years old. Sisters Monica and Margaret were born, respectively, at Redcliffe Square, London in 1897 and Chatham in 1899.From 1901 to 1920, <mask> and her sisters were reared at Cornwall Gardens (with the exception of a brief interruption in 1908). Musical training and career In 1900, <mask> vied against 3,000 male and female musicians of all ages in the Associated Board's Senior Department, taking home the Gold Medal when she was just ten years old. The next year, she was awarded a scholarship to The Royal College of Music. Her sisters, Beatrice and Margaret, were also accepted to the college, respectively in 1903 and 1904. (At the time of her enrollment, <mask> was reportedly the youngest student the college had ever accepted.) From 1902 to 1907, <mask> trained under Madrid Symphony conductor Fernandez Arbos. In 1903, she made her formal debut at St. James Hall.The program, conducted by Henry Wood, included: Bach's Chaconne and E Major Concerto, Mendelssohn’s Violin Concerto, and Saint-Saens' Introduction and Rondo Cappriccioso. In the audience was violinist Fritz Kreisler. According to Katrina Fountain, "<mask>'s genius, even at the age of fifteen, became apparent to Arbos who invited her in 1906 to make her European debut with the Madrid Symphony Orchestra. This was a great success and, with her mother as chaperone, she went to meet the Spanish Royal family and was presented with a gift of jewels". In 1908, the bulk of the <mask> family relocated to Berlin, Germany for two years, where <mask> began studies at the Hochschule für Musik. Meanwhile, <mask> left England in 1908 to pursue her own studies in Saint Petersburg, Russia with Leopold Auer. She then made her European debut in 1909 in Berlin, Germany.That same year, she replaced Fritz Kreisler at the Mendelssohn Festival in Helsingfors, Finland". Over the next decade, <mask> and <mask> increased their fame through performances of Johannes Brahms’ Double-Concerto for Violin and Cello. Following their initial performance of the piece under the baton of Alexander Glazunov in St. Petersburg, they then performed it nearly 60 more times for European audiences, including a concert under the baton of Sir Thomas Beecham at Hallé (Manchester) on 3 December 1914. Inspired by their performance that night, Frederick Delius returned home to pen a Double Concerto, which he then dedicated to the <mask> sisters and which they, in turn, performed in 1920. According to <mask>'s sister, Beatrice: It was a great thrill the first time I met Delius. My sister <mask> (who is a very fine violinist) and I were playing the Double Brahms Concerto with Sir Thomas Beecham at Manchester, and after the performance a very charming looking man came forward, and when Sir Thomas introduced him we were enchanted to hear that it was Delius in the flesh. I wish I could describe our delight when he said that he thought our performance was superb, so much so that he himself was inspired to write a double concerto and dedicate it to my sister and me.And he did it! Of course we had that marvellous conductor and a splendid orchestra that evening, and we feel we can never thank them enough for helping us to inspire Delius to write his glorious Double. Many critics consider it one of the finest orchestral works". According to <mask>'s sister, Margaret: We were all very fond of Delius. We knew him from the early war years, and that was the real Delius. Our friendship really started when he wrote the Double Concerto, but <mask> was playing Sonata No. 1 with Hamilton Harty [Aeolian Hall, London, 16 June 1915] even before we knew Delius well….Both <mask> and I love Sonata No. 1. I played it a lot. I played both the First and Second Sonatas to Delius who seemed to enjoy it. He always praised when one played, he was very good in that. <mask> and Beatrice went to Grez [where Delius resided] before I did. When we went over we would always play to Delius….<mask> went to Grez a lot, especially later when they were doing the Third Sonata which Delius wrote for her". <mask> also later described Delius (an a 1945 lecture for the Royal Music Association): To those who love Delius's music it holds a magic so irresistible and a beauty so individual that the sound at times can bring actual pain. The playing of Delius's music, I consider, an instinct, an improvisation on the spur of the moment, and because of this elusive quality, this intangible something, I maintain that it is practically impossible to teach that music. No composer, I think, to such an extent on his interpreters, who can make or mar to such a degree as to change the whole colour and meaning of his work; and no composer suffered more from indifferent playing than he did. Exact intonation is one of the greatest difficulties. I have seen him shudder with agony at bad intonation or insensitive phrasing; and now when I see his works so often set for examinations I feel I must offer up a prayer that Delius may be comforted for the performances that are bound to come forth!" In 1922, <mask> relocated with her family to Foyle Riding in Oxted and Limpsfield, Surrey.According to Candlin, “Their garden was the scene of many social charity garden parties, and received visitors from all over the world to see ‘The Garden of the Nightingales'” (the location where <mask>'s sister, Beatrice, made her famed recordings of cello music with nightingale accompaniments).” In 1930, Delius dedicated his Violin Sonata, No. 3 to <mask>. Four years later, the <mask> sisters suffered multiple losses with the 1934 deaths of their mother and, in June, Delius. Their father, who had also been in declining health then also passed away a short time later. Among the friends and colleagues made by the sisters in the musical community, in addition to Beecham, Delius, Elgar, Kreisler, and Glazunov were: Eugen d’Albert, Sir Arnold Bax, Pablo Casals, John Ireland, Zoltán Kodály, Dame Nellie Melba, Ernest John Moeran, Oskar Nedbal, Arthur Nikisch, Roger Quilter, Sergei Rachmaninoff, and Felix Weingartner. Delius and others dedicated several of their compositions to various <mask> sisters over time. Their circle of friends also included the politically well connected, including Eleanor Roosevelt and Princess Victoria, the daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra, as well as George Bernard Shaw and other artists and writers.Prior to the outbreak of World War II, <mask>’s performances were frequently heard live in Promenade Concerts and via the BBC Radio. From 1935 to 1947, she was also a member of the faculty at The Royal College of Music. Three of the sisters, -- <mask>, Beatrice and Margaret – performed in the Delius Memorial Concert at Wigmore Hall on 29 May 1946, which helped raise funds to ease the war-related suffering of European children. Death and interment <mask> and her sisters remained single until their deaths. Following <mask>’s death in England on 8 June 1959, and her subsequent burial at St. Peter Churchyard cemetery in Limpsfield, Surrey, the three surviving sisters – Beatrice, Margaret and Monica – lived together in Limpsfield. Beatrice was the next to die, in Limpsfield on 10 March 1965, followed by Monica, died there on 8 December 1983 and Margaret, who died there on Christmas Eve in 1995. All three sisters were laid to rest at the same cemetery where their elder sister, <mask>, had been interred.According to Fountain, their mother had also been laid to rest at the same cemetery in 1934. Delius also rests nearby. "On his death in June 1934 Delius was buried at Grez-sur-Loing, but he had once told Mrs. <mask> that he would like to be buried in an English churchyard. Mrs. <mask> herself died earlier that same year (and their father, already ill, died soon after), but the sisters, after consulting Jelka Delius, saw that this wish was carried out, and in May 1935 his [Delius'] body was exhumed and brought over to England to be laid to rest in Limpsfield churchyard, near to the <mask>s’ own mother's grave". References External links Candlin, David. "<mask> and her duets with Nightingales." Limpsfield, United Kingdom: St. Peter's Limpsfield Parish News, Autumn 2015, p. 16.Delius, Frederick. Violin Sonata, No. 1 (recording of performance by <mask>, violin). Provided to YouTube by NAXOS of America, retrieved online June 12, 2018. "<mask>" (memorial). Find A Grave: Retrieved online June 12, 2018. The Delius Society Journal (The Harrison Sisters Issue), Autumn 1985, No.87. London, United Kingdom: The Delius Society, retrieved online June 12, 2018. The <mask> Sisters, in famous musician burials, in "St. Peter's Churchyard." Limpsfield, United Kingdom: The Limpsfield Net, retrieved online June 12, 2018. Women violinists 20th-century English women musicians 20th-century English musicians 20th-century violinists 1890 births 1959 deaths

Richard Hughes (jockey)

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|} |} <mask> (born 11 January 1973) is a retired Irish jockey and current racehorse trainer who is based at Lambourn in Berkshire, England. Born in Dublin, he is the son of successful National Hunt trainer, <mask>. <mask> became British flat racing Champion Jockey in 2012 and retained that title in 2013, when he rode more than 200 winners in the season, and again in 2014. Riding career <mask> started pony racing aged seven, having his first win aboard Chestnut Lady in a six furlong race at Wexford. His first ride in the senior ranks was in a six furlong maiden at Naas on 19 March 1988, on a debutant called Scath Na Greine. He finished tenth. Since the end of 2013, <mask>' main provider of rides has been trainer <mask>., who is also his brother in law.For many years before that he rode for Hannon's father, <mask> Sr. and from 2001-07 he was also retained by the owner Prince Khalid Abdullah. <mask> is 5'10" in height, very tall for a flat jockey, similar to Tony McCoy; both men have to maintain his weight significantly below natural levels, even for a jockey. His larger natural size means he cannot ride horses carrying light weights, reducing his winning opportunities. <mask> is respected for his riding style of 'nursing' horses along, getting horses to respond and run into the race without appearing to physically ride them hard. In October 2011, <mask> received a five day ban for hitting Swift Blade six times in the final furlong and a few days later got a ten day ban for hitting More Than Words too many times with the whip inside the final furlong in a race at Kempton. The ban was the first of its kind to be implemented after a change in the rules regarding horse welfare. On 13 October 2011, it was announced that <mask> was giving up his racing licence and quitting the sport out of protest at the ban.<mask> did not follow up on this threat and on 15 October 2012 he equaled Frankie Dettori's record of winning seven races in a single meeting by winning seven out of eight races at Windsor Racecourse. The following month, he claimed his first British flat racing Champion Jockey title with 172 winners over the season. In May 2013, after a long wait, he won his first British Classic on Sky Lantern in the 1,000 Guineas. He then won his second a month later on Talent in the Oaks. On 21 June 2013, he won the Coronation Stakes at Royal Ascot on 1000 guineas winner Sky Lantern. At the end of the 2013 British flat racing <mask> was crowned Champion Jockey for the second consecutive season. His total of 208 winners made him the first jockey to ride more than 200 winners in a British flat season since Kieren Fallon in 2003.He retained the title again in 2014, before retiring and taking up training. Personal life <mask> is married to wife Lizzie and the couple have two son's and a daughter. Outside of racing he enjoys playing a lot of golf.

Suphi Ezgi

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<mask> (1869 – 12 April 1962) was an Ottoman-born Turkish military physician who specialized in neurology, and a musician, musicologist and composer. He is best known for his studies of Ottoman classical music. Early life and education <mask> was born to İsmail Zühdü and his spouse Emine in Açıktürbe quarter of Üsküdar, Istanbul, then Ottoman Empire, in 1869. His family name "<mask>", he took after the adoption of the Surname Law in 1934, means ""melody".His father was an accounting controller at the Ministry of Post and Telegraphs of the Ottoman Government. Following the secondary education, he attended the Imperial Military Medicine School. He graduated in 1892 in the rank of Captain. Already at the age of five, he stood out while chanting in the neighborhood school.His father was an amateur singer and music instrument player, who arranged weekly musical meetings at home with music lover associates. Notable musicians of the era like Medeni Aziz Efendi, Hacı Arif Bey (1831-1885) and Kemani Tahsin joined the meetings. Mehmet <mask> attended the meetings in the beginning by singing. At the age of eleven, he received his first music lessons in violin from Kemani Tahsin, adjutant major of the Imperial Military Music Band. During his education of medicine at the boarding school, he visited Medeni Aziz Efendi on weekends for musical tuition. Military career He was appointed military physician of neurology at the 1st Battalion of the 58th Regiment in Benghazi, Libya during the 1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War. He returned home in 1913.During World War I, he served in the rank of Colonel as Chief physician of the Hospital for Infectious Diseases () in Serviburnu, Beykoz, Istanbul. With the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence, he moved to Anatolia, and was appointed Chief physician of the Central Hospital of Ankara. He also served at many places as a physician. He retired from his military duty following the proclamation of Republic in 1923. He then worked for nine years as a public physician for the government and municipalities before he resigned. Music and musicology studies <mask> played the tanbur, as well as the violin and the viola d'amore, and blew the ney. By singing, he had a special own style.He learned Western European musical notation from Hacı Arif Bey, who was his father's music teacher for qanun and the Hamparsum notation of Ottoman classical music from Rauf Yekta (1871–1935). Later, he was able to dechipher the form called the "Mute Hamparsum notation". He received music lessons for about three years from Zekai Dede (1816–1885). He took lessons for viola d'amore and then for tanbur playing from Halim Efendi, Sheikh of the Rifa`i Order lodge in Kozyatağı. Among his music teachers are also Medeni Aziz Efendi (?–1895), with him he performed fasıl during his time at the Military Medicine School, Hüseyin Fahreddin Dede (1854–1911), Sheikh of the Mevlevi Order lodge in Bahariye, Kadıköy, from him he obtained a rich repertoire of religious music, and Edgar Manas Efendi (1875–1964), from him he took lessons in western music and harmony after 1911. He composed more than 700 works in a great number of Turkish makams, however, he deemed only 165 of them worthy of publishing. His song Vatan Şarkısı ("Song of Homeland"), of which lyrics are written by poet Tevfik Fikret (1867–1915), was harmonized by Albert Lavignac (1846–1916), academic at the Conservatoire de Paris.28 of his songs, which are compositions based on Ottoman poet Nedîm's (c. 1681–1730) odes, were included in the operetta Lale Devri ("Tulip period") by Musahibzade Celal in 1916. He also made some modifications in the Turkish music makams, and was music teacher, teaching the likes of Kemal Batanay (1893–1981), Ercüment Berker (1920–2009), Fahri Kopuz (1882–1968), Laika Karabey (1909 -1989), Mesut Cemil, Yılmaz Öztuna (1930-2012), Ahmet Çağan and Arif Sami Toker (1926-1997). In 1932, he was appointed member of the Board for the Determination and Classification of Historical Turkish Music Works. () at Istanbul City Conservatory. It began a period in which the research and study of Turkish music gained significance importance in his life. His board mission lasted 15 years. His research works, some of the in collaboration with others, were published by the Conservatory of Istanbul between 1933 and 1953.His works of Tanbur Metodu (The Method of Tanbur") and Türk Musikisi Solfej Metodu ("Solfège Method of Turkish Music") were partly published in the Turkish Music Journal. In 1956, he published an article on the tempo in the Turkish Music in the Istanbul Institute Journal. Later years and death In his last years, he lived as an anchorite in Beykoz, Istanbul. <mask> died on 12 April 1962, and was buried at Zincirlikuyu Cemetery.

Mengistu Neway

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<mask> (1919 – 30 March 1961) was an Ethiopian commander of the Imperial Guard during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie. He is noted for being one of the early dissidents of the Emperor's regime and for organizing the 1960 coup attempt with his younger brother <mask>, for which he was sentenced to death. <mask> and his brother were members of a well-established noble lineage called Moja, an Shewan family clan which had supplied the Ethiopian government a number of soldiers and governors for a century, but at the time of the 1960 coup had fallen out of favor. Ethiopian observers, noting that the Moja had a tradition for favoring reforms, later speculated that their coup could be explained in terms of Ethiopian lineage politics. Christopher Clapham rejects this interpretation, noting "this is at best an oversimplification, in that some Mojas remained loyal to the Emperor, while several non-Mojas were actively involved; and there has been no evidence that Mengestu and Germame took the lead because of their Moja ancestry." Clapham's opinion as on outside however reflect a peripheral and nondefinitive insight. Members of the Ethiopian nobility and even royal houses have been known to choose and to switch between feuding sides in power struggles.The Moja had been instrumental as Kingmakers in Menelik II's, Zauditu I's and Eyasu V's ascent. Eyasu's offensive and insulting attitude towards Fit. Habtegiorgis Dinegde, Minister of War, Justice, and above all husband to Woiz. Altayework Habte, one of the Moja's three principal heads was the last straw in not only Habtegiorgis but many Moja allies such as Dedj's Wordofa Chengere, Dedj. Abebe Tufa leaving the Eyasu camp. Early life <mask> was of ethnic Amhara descent. He received his earliest education at the St. George school in Addis Ababa, a Swiss-run school which accepted its first students in September 1929.He then became a cadet in the first class of the Oletta Military Academy, which opened January 1935; this first class of cadets could not complete their education due to the advent of the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. With his classmates, under the leadership of the Swedish Captain Viking Tamm, headmaster of Olette, they attempted to hold the Pass of Tarmaber against the advancing Italians after the decisive Battle of Maychew (31 March 1936), but were forced to retreat to Addis Ababa. The Oletta cadets then split up into two groups: one joined Ras Imru Haile Selassie at Gore; the other, which included <mask>, had joined Aberra Kassa and took part in the Battle of Addis Ababa, where a bold attempt to recapture the capital failed. When Aberra appeared ready to submit to the Italians, the 20 or 30 surviving cadets left him to join the Arbegnoch led by Haile Mariam Mammo in Mulu. After Haile Mariam had been killed fighting the Italians at Gorfo, near Addis Ababa (November 1938), he made his way to Khartoum where he trained with his fellow cadets Asrate Medhin Kassa, Mered Mangesha, Aman Michael Andom and Mulugeta Bulli. After Emperor Haile Selassie returned to Ethiopia, <mask> became a colonel in the Ethiopian army, and in April 1956 he was made commander of the Imperial Bodyguard, replacing General Mulugeta Bulli. Considering his later role in the attempted 1960 coup, a number of writers have pointed out the irony that he served as executioner of at least one group of the participants in the 1943 Gojjame rebellion led by former Arbegna Belay Zelleke, and was entrusted with apprehending the conspirators in the 1951 attempt to assassinate Emperor Haile Selassie which was led by another former Arbegna Nagash Bazabeh.1960 coup With the support of the Police Commissioner Brigadier General Tsige Dibu and the Chief of Security Colonel Werqneh Gebeyehu, on the evening of 13 December 1960, the plotters managed to take hostage several ministers and other important figures present at Guenet Leul palace in Addis Ababa while the Emperor was out of the country. The next day, units of the Imperial Bodyguard surrounded the principal military bases in the capital and took control of the radio station. The Emperor was proclaimed deposed and his son Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen was appointed in his place. However, the rest of the military and the Ethiopian Church rallied to support the Emperor, and by 19 December the coup was crushed, although 15 of the 21 notables taken hostage were killed, including Mulugeta Buli. The hostages were machine gunned in the Green Salon just before the coup leaders retreated from the Palace compound. Among the important personages executed by the Mengistu's forces were Ras Abebe Aregai, the leading anti-fascist resistance leader against the Italian occupation; Ras Seyoum Mangasha Prince of Tigray, Abba Hanna Jimma, the Emperor's confessor, almoner, and administrator of his personal household; Dejazmatch Letyibelu, a prominent resistance leader during the Italian occupation and nobleman with close ties to the Emperor; and several others. General Tsege was killed in the fighting; Colonel Werqneh committed suicide.<mask> and Germame evaded capture until 24 December 1960 when they were surrounded by the army near Mojo. Rather than face capture, Germame committed suicide; <mask> surrendered. He was put on trial which cause a sensation as he appeared in open court completely unrepentant. Accused of slaughtering the Emperor's loyal servants, General <mask> is said to have replied "I did not kill His Majesty's friends, I only wiped the dirt from his eyes". It is said the Emperor was inclined to commute his death sentence to life in prison, but the powerful families of the victims of the Green Salon massacre were outraged at the idea, and the Emperor allowed the death penalty to be carried out. General <mask> was hanged a few months later, on 30 March 1961. His second wife and widow, Woizero (Mrs.) Kefey Taffere, died in April 1999 having subsequently remarried.Woizero Kefey as a descendant of the Zagwe dynasty, was a member of the Wagshum family, which by the Imperial decree of Yikuno Amlak I are only second to the restored Solomonic Dynasty in their claims to the Imperial Throne of Ethiopia. She was a member of the upper levels of the Ethiopian aristocracy. General <mask> is survived by his two sons, <mask> <mask> and Germame <mask>. Notes External links 1919 births 1961 deaths Executed revolutionaries Ethiopian activists Executed Ethiopian people People executed by Ethiopia by hanging Ethiopian military personnel

Moctezuma II

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<mask>zin ( – 29 June 1520) [moteːkʷˈsoːma ʃoːkoˈjoːtsin] ), variant spellings include Motecuhzomatzin, Montezuma, Moteuczoma, Motecuhzoma, Motēuczōmah, Muteczuma, and referred to retroactively in European sources as <mask> II, was the ninth Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan and the sixth Huey Tlatoani or Emperor of the Aztec Empire (also known as Mexica Empire), reigning from 1502 or 1503 to 1520. Through his marriage with queen Tlapalizquixochtzin of Ecatepec, one of his two wives, he was also king consort of that altepetl, though few people in Mexico knew of this political role, even in his own court. The first contact between the indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, when conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to take over the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. During his reign, the Aztec Empire reached its greatest size. Through warfare, Moctezuma expanded the territory as far south as Xoconosco in Chiapas and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and incorporated the Zapotec and Yopi people into the empire. He changed the previous meritocratic system of social hierarchy and widened the divide between pipiltin (nobles) and macehualtin (commoners) by prohibiting commoners from working in the royal palaces. Though two other Aztec rulers succeeded Moctezuma after his death, their reigns were short-lived and the empire quickly collapsed under them.Historical portrayals of Moctezuma have mostly been colored by his role as ruler of a defeated nation, and many sources have described him as weak-willed, superstitious, and indecisive. Depictions of his person among his contemporaries however are divided; some depict him as one of the greatest leaders Mexico had, a great conqueror who tried his best to maintain his nation together at times of crisis, while others depict him as a tyrant who wanted to take absolute control over the whole empire. His story remains one of the most well-known conquest narratives from the history of European contact with Native Americans, and he has been mentioned or portrayed in numerous works of historical fiction and popular culture. Name The Nahuatl pronunciation of his name is . It is a compound of a noun meaning "lord" and a verb meaning "to frown in anger", and so is interpreted as "he is one who frowns like a lord" or "he who is angry in a noble manner." His name glyph, shown in the upper left corner of the image from the Codex Mendoza below, was composed of a diadem (xiuhuitzolli) on straight hair with an attached earspool, a separate nosepiece, and a speech scroll. Regnal number The Aztecs did not use regnal numbers; they were given retroactively by historians to more easily distinguish him from the first Moctezuma, referred to as Moctezuma I.The Aztec chronicles called him Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, while the first was called Motecuhzoma Ilhuicamina or Huehuemotecuhzoma ("Old Moctezuma"). Xocoyotzin () means "honored young one" (from "xocoyotl" [younger son] + suffix "-tzin" added to nouns or personal names when speaking about them with deference). Biography Early life Montezuma Xocoyotzin, son of Axayácatl and Izelcoatzin, daughter of Nezahualcóyotl, was the ruler of the Mexica city of Tenochtitlan whose dominions extended to the cities of Texcoco and Tlatelolco from 1502 or 1503 to 1520, upon the arrival of the Spanish. He was elected after the death of Ahuizotl, who died during the flood of 1502. He was elected military chief during Ahuízotl military campaigns. Once elected, he maintained an energetic policy even internally and implemented mechanisms to center power in his person. In order to structure his dominions, Moctezuma organized the empire in various provinces, created a solid central administration, and regulated the tax system.At the time of receiving power, the altepetl (lordships) numerically submitted were many and paid high economic burdens, but they were scattered in geographical areas that contained enemy regions such as Tlaxcala, some lordships of Xoconochco and the Purépechas, for which it focused its military apparatus on the submission of said powerful altépetl, which it did not ultimately achieve. <mask> was an already famous warrior by the time he became the tlatoani of Mexico, holding the high rank of tlacatecuhtli (lord of men) and/or tlacochcalcatl (person from the house of darts) in the Mexica military, and thus his election was largely influenced by his military career and religious influence as a priest. One example of a celebrated campaign in which he participated before ascending to the throne was during the last stages of the conquest of Ayotlan, during Ahuizotl's reign in the late 15th century. During this campaign, which lasted 4 years, a group of Mexica pochteca merchants were put under siege by the enemy forces. This was important because the merchants were closely related to Ahuizotl and served as military commanders and soldiers themselves when needed. To rescue the merchants, Ahuizotl sent then-prince Moctezuma with many soldiers to fight against the enemies, though the fight didn't last long, as the people of Ayotlan surrendered to the Mexica shortly after he arrived. The year in which Moctezuma was crowned is uncertain.Most historians suggest the year of 1502 to be most likely, though some have argued in favor of the year 1503. A work currently held at the Art Institute of Chicago known as the Stone of the Five Suns is an inscription written in stone representing the Five Suns and a date in the Aztec calendar, 1 crocodile 11 reed, which is the equivalent to 15 July 1503 in the Gregorian calendar. Some historians believe this to be the exact date in which the coronation took place, as it is also included in some primary sources. Other dates have been given from the same year; Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl states that the coronation took place in 24 May 1503. However, most documents say <mask>'s coronation happened in the year 1502, and therefore most historians believe this to have been the actual date. Reign After his coronation he set up thirty-eight more provincial divisions, largely to centralize the empire. He sent out bureaucrats, accompanied by military garrisons.They made sure tax was being paid, national laws were being upheld, and served as local judges in case of disagreement. Internal policy and various events Natural disasters Moctezuma's reign began with difficulties. In the year of 1505, there was a drought that resulted in crop failure, and thus a large portion of the population of central Mexico began to starve. One of the few places in the empire that wasn't affected by this drought was Totonacapan, and many people from Tenochtitlan and Tlatelolco sought refuge in this area to avoid starvation. <mask> and the lords of Texcoco and Tlacopan, Nezahualpilli and Totoquihuatzin, attempted their best to aid the population during the disaster, including using all available food supplies to feed the population and raising tributes for 1 year. This drought lasted 3 years. At some point the famine became so impactful that some noblemen reportedly sold their children as slaves in exchange for food to avoid starvation.Moctezuma ordered the tlacxitlan, the criminal court of Tenochtitlan (which aside from judging criminals also had the job to free "unjustified" slaves), to get those children to free them and offer food to those noblemen. Another natural disaster, though of lower intensity, occurred in the winter of 1514, when a series of dangerous snowstorms resulted in the destruction of various crops and property across Mexico. Rebellions During his reign, multiple rebellions were suppressed by use of force, and often ended with violent results. In fact, the first campaign during his reign, which was done in honor of his coronation, was the suppression of a rebellion in Nopallan (today known as Santos Reyes Nopala) and Icpatepec (a Mixtec town that no longer exists which was near Silacayoapam), both in modern-day Oaxaca. The prisoners taken during this campaign were later used as slaves or for human sacrifice. Another notable rebellion occurred in Atlixco (in modern-day Puebla), a city neighboring Tlaxcala which had previously been conquered by Ahuizotl. This rebellion would occur in 1508 in this region, which was repressed by a prince named Macuilmalinatzin.This wasn't the first conflict which occurred in this region, as its proximity with Tlaxcala and Huejotzingo would cause multiple conflicts to erupt in this area during Moctezuma's reign. Some revolts occurred as far south as Xoconochco (today known as Soconusco) and Huiztlan (today, Huixtla), far down where the Mexican-Guatemalan border is today. These territories were highly important to the empire and had been previously conquered by Ahuizotl as well, and Moctezuma had to maintain them under his control. Policies and other events during his reign During his government, he applied multiple policies that centered the government of the empire on his person, though it is difficult to tell exactly to which extent those policies were actually applied, as the records written about such policies tend to be affected by propaganda in favor of or against his person. According to Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, among Moctezuma's policies were the replacement of a large portion of his court (including most of his advisors) with people he deemed preferable, and increasing the division between the commoner and noble classes, which included the refusal to offer certain honors to various politicians and warriors for being commoners. He also prohibited any commoners or illegitimate children of the nobility from serving in his palace or in high positions of government. This was contrary to the policies of his predecessors, who did allow commoners to serve in such positions.Moctezuma's elitism can be attributed to a long conflict of interests between the nobility, merchants and warrior class. The struggle occurred as the result of the conflicting interests between the merchants and the nobility and the rivalry between the warrior class and the nobility for positions of power in the government. Moctezuma likely thought about solving this conflict by installing despotist policies that would settle it. However, it is also true that many of these elitist policies were put in place since Moctezuma did not want to "work with inferior people," and instead wanted to be served by and work with people he deemed more prestigious, both to avoid giving himself and the government a bad reputation and to work with people he trusted better. However, some of his policies also affected the nobility, as he had the intentions of reforming it into not imposing a potential threat to the government, among them the obligation to reside permanently in Tenochtitlan and abandon their homes if they lived elsewhere. Regarding his economic policies, Moctezuma's rule was largely affected by the natural disasters at the beginning of it. As mentioned before, the famine during his first years as tlatoani resulted in a temporary increase in tribute in some provinces to aid the population.Some provinces however ended up paying more tribute permanently, most likely as the result of his primary military focus shifting from territorial expansion to stabilization of the empire through the suppression of rebellions. Most of the provinces affected by this new tributary policies were in the Valley of Mexico. For example, provinces like Chalco were given an additional tribute of stone and wood twice or thrice a year for Tenochtitlan's building projects. This tributary policy eventually backfired as some of the empire's subjects grew disgruntled at <mask>'s government and launched rebellions against him, which eventually resulted in many of these provinces, like Totonacapan (under the leadership of Chicomacatl) and Chalco and Mixquic (which were near Tenochtitlan), to form an alliance with Spain to rebel against him. The famine at the beginning of his rule also resulted in the abolishment of the huehuetlatlacolli (old serfdom) system, which was a system of serfdom in which a family agreed to maintain a tlacohtli (slave or serf) perpetually. This agreement also turned the descendants of the ones who agreed into serfs. Many of these policies were planned together with his uncle Tlilpotonqui at the beginning of his reign, while others, such as his tributary policies, were created as the result of various events, like the famine which occurred at the beginning of his rule.His policies, in general, had the purpose of centralizing the government in his person through the means of implementing policies to settle the divide between the nobily and commoners and abolishing some of the more feudal policies of his predecessors, while also making his tributary policies more severe to aid the population during natural disasters and to compensate for a less expansionist focus. Most of the policies implemented during his rule would not last long after his death, as the empire fell into Spanish control on 13 August 1521 as a result of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, one year after he died. The new Spanish authorities implemented their own laws and removed many of the political establishments done during the pre-Hispanic era, leaving just a few in place. Among the few policies that lasted were the divide between the nobility and the commoners, as members of the pre-Hispanic nobility continued to enjoy various privileges under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, such as land ownership through a system known as cacicazgo. Construction projects <mask>, like many of his predecessors, built a tecpan (palace) of his own. This was a particularly large palace, which was a somewhat larger than the National Palace that exists today which was built over it, being about 200 meters long and 200 meters wide. However, little archaeological evidence exists to understand what his palace looked like, but the various descriptions of it and the space it covered have helped reconstruct various features of its layout.Even so, these descriptions tend to be limited, as many writers were unable to describe it in detail. The Spanish captain Hernán Cortés, the main commander of the Spanish troops that entered Mexico in the year 1519, himself stated in his letters to the king of Spain that he would not bother describing it, claiming that it "was so marvelous that it seems to me impossible to describe its excellence." The palace had a large courtyard which opened into the central plaza of the city to the north, where Templo Mayor was. This courtyard was a place where hundreds of courtiers would hold multiple sorts of activites, including feasts and waiting for royal business to be conducted. This courtyard had around it suites of rooms which surrounded smaller courtyards and gardens. His residence had

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many rooms for various purposes. Aside from his own room, at the central part of the upper floor, there were two rooms beside it which were known as coacalli (guest house).One of these rooms was built for the lords of Tlacopan and Texcoco, the other two members of the Triple Alliance, who came to visit. The other room was for the lords of Colhuacan, Tenayohcan (today known as Tenayuca) and Chicuhnautlan (today, ). The exact reason why this room had this purpose remains uncertain, though a few records like Codex Mendoza say the reason was that these lords were personal friends of Moctezuma. There was also another room which became known as Casa Denegrida de Moctezuma (in Spanish, Moctezuma's Black House), a room with no windows and fully painted black which was used by Moctezuma to meditate. The upper floor had a large courtyard which was likely used as a cuicacalli, for public shows during religious rituals. The bottom floor had two rooms which were used by the government. One of them was used for Moctezuma's advisors and judges who dealt with situations of the commoners, (likely the Tlacxitlan).The other room was for the war council (likely the Tequihuacalli), where high ranking warriors planned and commanded their battles. As part of the construction of Moctezuma's palace, various projects were made which made it more prestigious by providing entertainment to the public. One of the most famous among these projects was the (House of Birds), a zoo which had multiple sorts of animals, mainly avian species, but also contained several predatory animals as well in their own section. These animals were taken care of by servants who cleaned their environments, fed them and offered them care according to their species. The species of birds held within the zoo was widely varied, holding animals like quetzals, eagles, true parrots and others, and also included water species like roseate spoonbills and various others which had their own pond. The section with animals other than birds, which was decorated with figures of gods associated with the wild, was also considerably varied, having jaguars, wolves, snakes and other smaller predatory animals. These animals were fed on hunted animals like deer, turkeys and other smaller animals.Allegedly, the dead bodies of sacrificial victims were also used to feed these animals, and after the battle known as La Noche Triste, which occurred during the early stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico in June 1520 (during which <mask> died), the bodies of dead Spaniards may have been used to feed them. This place was highly prestigious, and all sorts of important people are said to had used to visit this place, including artists, craftsmen, government officials and blacksmiths. The Totocalli however was burnt and destroyed, along with many other constructions, in the year 1521 soon after the Spanish and their allies conquered Mexico, as the Spanish captain Hernán Cortés ordered for many of the buildings that formed part of the royal palaces to be burnt to demoralize the many rebellious groups that formed against them. Though Cortés himself admitted that he enjoyed the zoo, he stated that he saw it as a necessary measure in his third letter to the king of Spain Carlos I (also known as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor). Territorial expansion during his rule, military actions and foreign policy The first military campaign during his rule (as mentioned in the previous subsection), which was done in honor of his coronation, was the violent suppression of a rebellion in Nopala and Icpatepec. For this war, a force of over 60,000 soldiers from Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tepanec lands, Chalco and Xochimilco participated, and <mask> himself went to the frontlines. Aproximately 5100 prisoners were taken after the campaign, many of whom were given to inhabitants of Tenochtitlan and Chalco as slaves, while the rest were sacrificed in his honor in the fourth day of his coronation.After the campaign, celebrations for his coronation continued in Tenochtitlan. <mask>'s territorial expansion however wouldn't truly begin until another rebellion was suppressed in Tlachquiauhco, where its ruler, Malinalli, was killed after trying to start the rebellion. A characteristic fact about Moctezuma's wars was that a large portion of them had the purpose of suppressing rebellions rather than conquering new territory, contrary to his predecessors, whose main focus was territorial expansion. Foreign policy At the beginning of his rule, he attempted to build diplomatic ties with Tlaxcala, Huexotzinco (today, Huejotzingo), Chollolan (Cholula), Michoacan and Metztitlán, through secretly inviting the lords of these countries to attend the celebrations for his coronation before the continuation of the flower wars, which were wars of religious nature arranged voluntarily by the parties involved with no territorial purposes, but instead to capture and sacrifice as many soldiers as possible. During this period, Mexico and Tlaxcala still weren't at war, but the tension between these nations was high, and the embassy sent for this purpose was put in a highly risky situation, for which he only chose experts in diplomacy, espionage and languages for it. Fortunately, his invitation was accepted, and Moctezuma used this opportunity to show his greatness to the lords who attended. However, due to the fact that the invitation was secret to avoid a scandal for inviting his rivals to this ceremony, Moctezuma ordered that no one should know that the lords were present, not even the rulers of Tlacopan (today known as Tacuba) and Texcoco, and the lords saw themselves often forced to pretend to be organizers to avoid confusion.Though Moctezuma would continue to hold meetings with these people, where various religious rituals were held, it didn't take long for large-scale conflicts to erupt between these nations. An important thing to note is that, contrary to popular belief, Tlaxcala wasn't Mexico's most powerful rival in the central Mexican region in this period, and it wouldn't be until the final years of pre-Hispanic Mexico in 1518—19. In the opening years of the 16th century, Huejotzingo was Mexico's actual military focus, and it proved itself to be one of the most powerful political entities until these final years, as a series of devastating wars weakened the state into being conquered by Tlaxcala. Territorial expansion The empire's expansion during Moctezuma's rule was mainly focused on the southwestern territories of Oaxaca and modern-day Guerrero. The earliest conquests in this territory were held by Moctezuma I. The first important conquest during Moctezuma's rule occurred in the year of 1504, when the city of Achiotlan (today known as San Juan Achiutla) was conquered. This war, according to some sources, was supposedly mainly caused by "a small tree which belonged to a lord of the place which grew such beautiful flowers Moctezuma's envy couldn't resist it," and when Moctezuma asked for it, the lord of the city refused to offer it, thus starting the war.After the conquest, this tree was supposedly taken to Tenochtitlan. The second conquest occurred in Zozollan, a place neighboring east of Achiutla, in 28 May 1506. This conquest had a particularly violent result, as a special sacrifice was held after the campaign where the prisoners captured in Zozollan were the victims. "The Mexicans killed many of the people from Zozola which they captured in war," according to ancient sources. In the year of 1507, the year of the New Fire Ceremony, abundant military action occurred. Among the towns which are listed to have been conquered in this year are: Tecuhtepec (from which multiple prisoners were sacrificed for the ceremony), Iztitlan, Nocheztlan (an important town northeast of Achiutla) and Tototepec. An important campaign was the conquest of Xaltepec (today known as Jaltepec) and Cuatzontlan and the suppression of the last revolt in Icpatepec, all in Oaxaca.This war started as the result of provocations given by Jaltepec against Moctezuma through killing as many Mexicas as they could find in their area, as some sort of way to challenge him, and the beginning of the revolt by Icpatepec as the result. The Xaltepeca had done this before with previous tlatoanis and other nations. Moctezuma and the recently elected ruler of Tlacopan themselves went to the fight, along with Tlacaelel's son Cihuacoatl. A large portion of the weapons and food was brought by Tlatelolco, though they were initially hesitant to do so, but were ordered by Moctezuma to offer it as a tribute to Tenochtitlan, and they received multiple rewards as the result, including the permission to rebuild their main temple (which had been partially destroyed during the Battle of Tlatelolco which occurred during Axayacatl's reign). This campaign had a highly violent result; Moctezuma ordered for all adults in the city above the age of 50 to be killed to prevent a rebellion once the cities were conquered. The conquest was done through dividing the army that was brought in 3 divisions; one from Tlacopan, one from Texcoco and one from Tenochtitlan, so that each one attacked a different city. The Tenochtitlan company attacked Jaltepec.Moctezuma came out victorious and then returned to Mexico through Chalco, where he received many honors for his victory. This war likely happened in 1511, as a war against Icpatepec is recorded to have happened again in that year. Moctezuma also conquered some of the last few Tlapanec territories of modern-day Guerrero, an area which had already been in decline since <mask> I began his first campaigns in the region and probably turned the Kingdom of Tlachinollan (modern-day Tlapa) into a tributary province during the rule of lord Tlaloc between 1461 and 1467 (though the kingdom wouldn't be invaded and fully conquered until the reign of Ahuizotl in 1486, along with Caltitlan, a city neighboring west of Tlapa). In between the years of 1503 and 1509, a campaign was launched against Xipetepec, and another was launched (as mentioned previously) in 1507 against Tototepec, which had previously been a territory conquered by Tlachinollan in the mid 14th century. The campaign in Xipetepec however appears to have been relatively peaceful, though the campaign against Tototepec occurred as the result of a large group of Mexica messengers sent by Moctezuma being killed after they demanded for some of the resources of the area on his behalf. During the conquest of Tototepec, two important Mexica noblemen, Ixtlilcuechahuac and Huitzilihuitzin (not to be confused with the tlatoani of this name), were killed. Another campaign was launched in 1515 to conquer Acocozpan and Tetenanco and reconquer Atlitepec, which had been previously conquered by Ahuizotl in 1493.The approximate number of military engagements during his rule before European contact was 73, achieving victory in approximately 43 sites (including territories already within the empire), making him one of the most active monarchs in pre-Hispanic Mexican history in terms of military actions. However his rule and policies suffered a very sudden interruption upon the news of the arrival of Spanish ships at the east in 1519. Texcoco crisis One of the most controversial events during his reign was the supposed overthrowal of the legitimate government of Nezahualpilli in Texcoco. Historians like Alva Ixtlilxóchitl even went as far as referring to this action as "diabolical," though while also making claims that are not seen in other chronicles and are generally not trusted by modern historians. Nezahualpilli's death The circumstances of Nezahualpilli's death are not clear, and many sources offer highly conflicting stories about the events that resulted in it. According to Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, the issue began when <mask> sent an embassy to Nezahualpilli reprimanding him for not sacrificing any Tlaxcalan prisoners since the last 4 years, during the war with Tlaxcala (see below), threatening him saying that he was angering the gods. Nezahualpilli replied to this embassy stating that the reason he hadn't sacrificed them is because he simply didn't want to wage war because he and his population wanted to live peacefully for the time being, as the ceremonies that would be held in the following year, 1 reed, would make war inevitable, and that soon his wishes would be granted.Eventually Nezahualpilli launched a campaign against Tlaxcala, though he did not go himself, instead sending two of his sons, Acatlemacoctzin and Tecuanehuatzin, as commanders. <mask> then decided to betray Nezahualpilli by sending a secret embassy to Tlaxcala telling them about the incoming army. The Tlaxcalans then began to take action against the Texcoca while they were unaware of this betrayal. The Texcoco armies were ambushed in the middle of the night. Almost none of the Texcoca survived the fight. Upon receiving the news of Moctezuma's betrayal, understanding that nothing could be done about it and fearing for the future of his people, Nezahualpilli committed suicide in his palace. This story however, as mentioned before, is not generally trusted by modern historians, and much of the information given contradicts other sources.Sources do agree however on that Nezahualpilli's last years as ruler were mainly characterized by his attempts to live a peaceful live, likely as the result of his old age. He spent his last months mostly inactive in his rule and his advisors, on his own request, took most of the government's decisions during this period. He personally assigned two men (of whom details are mostly unknown) to take control on almost all government decisions. These sources also agree that he was found dead in his palace, but the cause of his death remains uncertain. His death is recorded to have been mourned in Texcoco, Tenochtitlan, Tlacopan and even Chalco and Xochimilco, as all of these altepeme gave precious offerings, like jewelry and clothes, and sacrifices in his honor. <mask> himself was reported to have broken in tears upon receiving the news of his death. His death was mourned for 80 days.This was recorded as one of the largest funeral ceremonies in pre-Hispanic Mexican history. Succession crisis Elections Since Nezahualipilli died abruptly in the year 1516, he left no indication as to who his successor would be. He had six legitimate sons: Cacamatzin, Coanacochtli (later baptized as Don Pedro), Tecocoltzin (baptized as Don Hernando), Ixtlilxochitl II (baptized as Don Hernando), Yoyontzin (baptized as Don Jorge) and Tetlahuehuetzquititzin (baptized as Don Pedro), all of whom would eventually take the throne, though most of them after the Spanish conquest of Mexico. His most likely heir was Tetlahuehuetzquititzin, as he was the wealthiest among Nezahualpilli's sons, but he was considered inapt for the job. His other most likely heirs were Ixtlilxochitl,

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Coanacochtli and Cacamatzin, though not everyone supported them as they were considerably younger than Tetlahuehuetzquititzin, as Ixtlilxochitl was 19 years old and Cacamatzin was about 21. Moctezuma supported Cacamatzin since he was his nephew. In the end, the Texcoco council voted in favor of <mask>'s decision, and Cacamatzin was declared tlatoani, being that he was the son of <mask>'s sister Xocotzin and was older than his two other brothers.Though Coanacochtli felt like the decision was fair, Ixtlilxochitl disagreed with the results and protested against the council. Ixtlilxochitl argued that the reason why <mask> supported Cacamatzin was because he wanted to manipulate him so that he could take over Texcoco, being that he was his uncle. Coanacochtli responded that the decision was legitimate, and that even if Cacamatzin wasn't elected Ixtlilxochitl wouldn't have been elected either, as he was younger than the two. Cacamatzin stayed quiet during the whole debate. Eventually the members of the council shut down the debate to prevent a violent escalation. Though Cacamatzin was officially declared tlatoani, the coronation ceremony didn't occur that day, and Ixtlilxochitl used this as an opportunity to plan his rebellion against him. Conflicts Shortly after the election, Ixtlilxochitl began to prepare his revolt by going to Metztitlán to raise an army, threatening civil war.Cacama went to Tenochtitlan to ask Moctezuma for help. <mask>, understanding Ixtlilxochitl's war-like nature, decided to support Cacamatzin with his military forces should a conflict begin and to try to talk to Ixtlilxochitl into stopping the conflict, and also suggested to take Nezahualpilli's treasure to Tenochtitlan to prevent a sacking. According to Alva Ixtlilxóchitl, Cacamatzin asked Moctezuma for help after Ixtlilxochitl went to Metztitlán, while other sources claim that Ixtlilxochitl went to Metztitlán because of Cacamatzin's visit to Moctezuma. Ixtlilxochitl first went to Tulancingo with 100,000 men, where he was received with many honors and recognized as the real king of Texcoco. He then accelerated his pace, possibly because he received worrying news from Texcoco, and advanced to the city of Tepeapulco, where he was also welcomed. He soon advanced to Otompan (today known as Otumba, State of Mexico), where he sent a message before his entrance in hopes of being received as a king there as well. However, the people of Otumba supported Cacamatzin and informed Ixtlilxochitl that such a demand would not be fulfilled.Ixtlilxochitl therefore sent his troops to invade the city, and after a long fight the troops began to gradually retreat and its ruler was killed. When the news of this fight were heard in Texcoco, all events, religious or not, were cancelled, soldiers were recruited, troops were sent from Tenochtitlan to the city and Cacamatzin and Coanacochtli fortified the city to avoid an invasion. He eventually reached Texcoco and placed the city under siege, while also occupying the cities of Papalotlan, Acolman, Chicuhnautlan (today known as ), Tecacman, Tzonpanco (Zumpango) and Huehuetocan in order to take every possible entrance Moctezuma could use to send his troops to Texcoco. Moctezuma however used his influence to enter the city of Texcoco and obtain access to the Acolhua cities not yet occupied by Ixtlilxochitl. Cacamatzin used this opportunity to send a commander from Iztapalapa named Xochitl to arrest Ixtlilxochitl as peacefully as possible. Moctezuma approved this decision and Xochitl was sent along with some troops. Ixtlilxochitl was quickly informed about this and, as per custom of war, informed Xochitl that he was going to fight him.A short battle occurred some time after in which Xochitl was captured and later publicly executed by burning. Once the news of this defeat were heard by Moctezuma, he ordered that no more military engagements shall be done for the moment to prevent further escalation, and that he wanted to rightfully punish Ixtlilxochitl for what he did in a more appropriate moment. In the mean time, the brothers agreed to try to reach a consensus through a peaceful debate, as Ixtlilxochitl did not want to fight either, as he claimed that he only sent the troops as a means of protest and not to actually wage war. However, this would only be done under the condition that Moctezuma wouldn't get involved by any means. The three brothers then agreed to divide the province of Acolhuacan (where Texcoco was the de facto capital) in three parts, one for each brother, and that Cacamatzin would continue to rule over Texcoco. At some point however, Ixtlilxochitl sought refuge outside of Texcoco to avoid facing a conflict with Cacamatzin. Spanish involvement This crisis would later become relevant again after the Spanish arrived at Tenochtitlan, when Cacamatzin, who initially welcomed the Spaniards when they first entered in November 1519, attempted to raise an army against them for imprisoning Moctezuma (see below) by calling for the people of Coyoacan, Tlacopan, Iztapalapa and the Matlatzinca people to enter the city, kill the Spaniards and free Moctezuma in early 1520. the Spanish captain Hernán Cortés, who was the main commander the Spanish troops who entered Mexico, decided to act and ordered Moctezuma to send someone to arrest Cacamatzin before the attack.Moctezuma suggested for Ixtlilxochitl to be sent due to the crisis, as then he could take the throne and prevent another succession crisis. He still tried to establish negotiations between the Texcoco leadership and the Spaniards, but was unable to change Cacamatzin's mind. Eventually, Moctezuma sent troops to secretly arrest Cacamatzin in his palace and send him to Mexico after he ordered for three of his commanders to be arrested for suggesting requesting Mocetzuma's permission for the attack and telling him that there was no chance of entering into negotiations with the Spaniards. Ixtlilxochitl became the likely de facto leader of Texcoco afterwards, though according to Bernardino de Sahagún it was Tecocoltzin who officially took the title of tlatoani after Cacamatzin's arrest and Ixtlilxochitl wouldn't officially become the tlatoani until a year later. Ixtlilxochitl continued fighting for the Spaniards afterwards, became a personal friend of Cortés, converted to Christianity and participated in the Spanish conquest of Honduras in 1525. His figure has remained controversial in the historical record, as some have seen him as a man who betrayed his people for his own ambition, while others have seen him as a brave warrior who fought against the tyrannical rule of Moctezuma II and liberated the peoples he subjugated with the help of Hernán Cortés. War with Tlaxcala, Huejotzingo and their allies Though the first conflicts between Mexico and Tlaxcala, Huejotzingo and their allies began during the rule of <mask> I in the 1450's, it was during the reign of <mask> II when major conflicts broke through.Battle of Atlixco Planning and preparations Aproximately in the year of 1503 (or 1507, after the conquest of Tototepec, according to historian Diego Durán), a massive battle occurred in Atlixco which was fought mainly against Huejotzingo, a kingdom which used to be one of the most powerful ones in the Valley of Mexico. The war was provoked by <mask> himself, who wanted to go to war against Huejotzingo because it had been many months since the last war. The local rulers of the region accepted Moctezuma's proposal to wage this war. It was declared as a flower war, and the invitation to go to war was accepted by the people of Huejotzingo, Tlaxcala, Cholula and Tliliuhquitepec, a city-state nearby. The war was arranged to occur in the plains of Atlixco. <mask> went to the fight along with four or five of his brothers and a two of his nephews. He named one of his brothers (or children, according to some sources), Tlacahuepan, as the main commander of the troops against the troops of Huejotzingo.He was assigned 100,000 troops to fight. Tlacahuepan decided to begin the fight by dividing the troops in three groups which would attack one after the other, the first being the troops from Texcoco, then from Tlacopan and lastly from Tenochtitlan. Battle He began by sending 200 troops to launch skirmishes against the Huexotzinca, but despite the large numbers and skirmishes, he was unable to break the enemy lines. The group of Texcoco suffered huge losses and once they were unable to fight they were put to take rest while the group from Tlacopan was sent. However, they weren't able to break the lines either. The Tenochca group then advanced and pushed to aid the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, causing multiple casualties against the Huexotzinca, but the lines were still not broken as more reinforcements arrived. Eventually, Tlacahuepan saw himself surrounded, and though he initially resisted, he finally surrendered.Though the Huexotzinca wanted to take him alive, he asked to be sacrificed there on the battlefield, and so he was killed, and then the rest of the Mexica troops retreated. The result of this battle was considered humiliating for the empire. According to primary records, about 40,000 people were killed on both sides (possibly meaning that about 20,000 died on each side). Some important Mexica noblemen were also killed during the engagement, including Huitzilihuitzin (not to be confused with the tlatoani of this name), Xalmich and Cuatacihuatl. Aftermath Regardless, multiple prisoners were taken after the fight, who were later sacrificed in Moctezuma's honor. Tlacahuepan was remembered as a hero despite the loss, and many songs were dedicated to him to be remembered through poetry. In one song called Ycuic neçahualpilli yc tlamato huexotzinco.Cuextecayotl, Quitlali cuicani Tececepouhqui (The song of Nezahualpilli when he took captives in Huexotzinco. [It tells of] the Huastec themes, it was written down by the singer Tececepouhqui), he's referred as "the golden one, the Huastec lord, the owner of the sapota skirt," in reference to the god Xipe Totec, and also states "With the flowery liquor of war, he is drunk, my nobleman, the golden one, the Huastec Lord," in reference to his Huastec heritage, using the stereotype that the Huastecs were drunkards. Anyway, the defeat was a humiliating one, and <mask> is said to had cried in anguish upon hearing of the death of Tlacahuepan and the massive loss of soldiers. Moctezuma himself welcomed the soldiers who survived back into Mexico, while the population that welcomed them mourned. The fact that the Huexotzinca also suffered massive casualties caused their military power to be highly weakened by this battle and various others, and so this could be seen as the beginning of the fall of Huejotzingo, as multiple military losses against Tlaxcala and Mexico in the following years eventually led to its fall, despite the victory in the fight. Other battles against Huejotzingo and its allies Various other battles ocurred in the following years between Mexico and Huejotzingo, and though none of them were as big as the Battle of Atlixco, they still caused significant losses on both sides; high losses for Mexico and significant losses for Huejotzingo. An engagement which occurred likely in the year of 1506.This fight was another flower war which was proposed by Cholula, with support from Huejotzingo, to be fought in Cuauhquechollan (today known as Huaquechula, in modern-day Puebla), near Atlixco. Though Moctezuma apparently did not want to fight as the result of the previous defeat in Atlixco, he saw no other option and prepared for the fight. In this fight, warriors from Texcoco, Tlacopan, Chalco, Xochimilco and mondern-day Tierra Caliente participated. This battle reportedly ended with 8200 Mexicas killed or captured. However, the Mexica are said to have dealt a similar number of casualties in this one-day battle. The result of this battle was indecisive, as some reported it as a victory, but it seems <mask> II took it as a defeat and was highly upset about it, to the point that he complained against the gods. Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc however reports that 10,000 Mexicas died in this fight, and that the Mexica were so angry about the fight that they called for reinforcements who committed a "cruel slaughter" and captured 800 more enemies.He lists the number of Huexotzinco-Cholula casualties as 5600 killed and 400 captured in one other engagement afterwards, which resulted in 8200 Mexicas killed or captured. Invasion of Tlaxcala Initial stages It was approximately in the year of 1504 or 1505 when the first large-scale conflicts between Mexico and Tlaxcala began. In this period, Moctezuma thought about placing the entire country under siege, understanding that most of it was surrounded by territories belonging to the empire. The ruler of Huejotzingo, Tecayahuatzin, sympathized with Moctezuma despite their connections with Tlaxcala and conflicts in the past, and through bribes and propaganda attempted to form an alliance with Cholula and local Otomi populations to attack Tlaxcala, though with little success. The Tlaxcalans became greatly worried about this, and began to grow suspicious of all allies they had fearing a betrayal, as Huejotzingo was one of Tlaxcala's closest states, as proven by its support at the battle of Atlixco. Moctezuma however had the disadvantage that many of his dominions surrounding Tlaxcala did not want to fight them, as many of them used to be their allies in the past even with all the promises Moctezuma made, and therefore his support was actually quite limited. One of the first battles occurred in Xiloxochitlan (today known as ), where multiple atrocities were commited.Despite this, the Tlaxcalan resistance managed to hold out, and after a great struggle the Huexotzinca armies were repelled, though during the fight the Ocotelolca commander Tizatlacatzin was killed. Many other smaller battles took place in other parts of the border, though none of them were successful. In response, Tlaxcala launched a counter-invasion against Huejotzingo, knowing that the Huexotzinca had been severely weakened by their fights with the Mexica Empire; their towns were sacked repeatedly and the entire nation was put essentially under siege, and the remains of the nation were now cornered in the region around the Popocatépetl. The Huexotzinca became greatly worried and knew they couldn't win the war alone, therefore a prince named Teayehuatl decided to send an embassy to Mexico to request for aid against the Tlaxcalans. According to historians like Durán, this embassy was sent in the year of 1507, just after the New Fire Ceremony, while others date this embassy to the year 1512. The embassy informed Moctezuma about the Tlaxcalan counter-invasion, which had been happening for over a year by this point, requesting Moctezuma to do something about the situation to expel