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Charles Atlas

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<mask> (born Angelo Siciliano; October 30, 1892 – December 24, 1972) was an Italian-born American bodybuilder best remembered as the developer of a bodybuilding method and its associated exercise program which spawned a landmark advertising campaign featuring his name and likeness; it has been described as one of the longest-lasting and most memorable ad campaigns of all time. <mask> trained himself to develop his body from that of a "scrawny weakling", eventually becoming the most popular bodybuilder of his day. He took the name "<mask>" after a friend told him that he resembled the statue of <mask> on top of a hotel in Coney Island and legally changed his name in 1922. He marketed his first bodybuilding course with health and fitness writer Dr. Frederick Tilney in November 1922. The duo ran the company out of Tilney's home for the first six months. In 1929, Tilney sold his half of the business to advertising man <mask>. Roman and moved to Florida. Charles Atlas Ltd. was founded in 1929 and, as of 2020, continues to market a fitness program for the "97-pound weakling" (44 kg).The company is now owned by Jeffrey C. Hogue. History Angelo Siciliano was born in Acri, Cosenza, on October 30, 1892. Angelino, as he was also called, moved to Brooklyn, New York, in 1904, and eventually became a leather worker. He tried many forms of exercise initially, using weights, pulley-style resistance, and gymnastic-style calisthenics. Atlas claimed that they did not build his body. He was inspired by other fitness and health advocates who preceded him, including world-renowned strongman Eugen Sandow and Bernarr MacFadden (a major proponent of "physical culture"). He was too poor to join the local YMCA, so he watched how exercises were performed, then performed them at home.He attended the strongman shows at Coney Island, and would question the strongmen about their diets and exercise regimens after the show. He would read Physical Culture magazine for further information on health, strength, and physical development, and finally developed his own system of exercises that was later called "Dynamic Tension", a phrase coined by <mask>. A bully kicked sand into Siciliano's face at a beach when he was a youth, according to the story that he always told. At this time in his life, also according to the story, he weighed only . According to several stories and claims, he was at the zoo watching a lion stretch when he thought to himself, "Does this old gentleman have any barbells, any exercisers? ... And it came over me. ...He's been pitting one muscle against another!" None of the exercises in the Dynamic Tension course could be attributed to how lions use their bodies. Other exercise courses of the time contained exercises similar to Atlas's course, particularly those marketed by Bernarr McFadden and Earle E. Liederman. Bernarr MacFadden, publisher of the magazine Physical Culture, dubbed Siciliano "America's Most Handsome Man" in 1921, and "Americas Most Perfectly Developed Man" in a 1922 contest held in Madison Square Garden He soon took the role of strongman in the Coney Island Circus Side Show. <mask> never actually won a title anywhere proclaiming him to be the 'world's most perfectly developed man'. In 1922, 30-year-old Siciliano officially changed his name to <mask>, as it sounded much more American. He met Dr. Frederick Tilney, a British homeopathic physician and course writer who was employed as publisher Bernarr MacFadden's "ideas man".Atlas and Tilney met through MacFadden, who was using Atlas as a model for a short movie titled "The Road to Health". Atlas wrote a fitness course and then asked Tilney to edit it. Tilney agreed and Atlas went into business in 1922. Dynamic Tension Atlas' "Dynamic Tension" program consists of twelve lessons and one final perpetual lesson. Each lesson is supplemented with photos of Atlas demonstrating the exercises. Atlas' lesson booklets added commentary that referred to the readers as his friends and gave them an open invitation to write him letters to update him on their progress and stories. Among the people who took Atlas' course were Max Baer, heavyweight boxing champion from 1934 to 1935; Rocky Marciano, heavyweight boxing champion from 1952 to 1956; Joe Louis, heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1949; British heavyweight weightlifting champion and Darth Vader actor David Prowse; and Allan Wells, the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games 100 meter champion.Artists' model Besides photographs, <mask> posed for many statues throughout his life. These included Alexander Stirling Calder's Washington at Peace (1917–18) on the Washington Square Arch, Manhattan; Pietro Montana's Dawn of Glory (1924) in Highland Park, Brooklyn (sometimes misreported as Prospect Park); and James Earle Frazer's Alexander Hamilton (1923) at the U.S. Treasury Building in Washington, D.C. Death <mask> began to experience chest pains after exercising during his final years, resulting in his hospitalization in December 1972. He died from a heart attack in the hospital on December 24, 1972 in Long Beach, New York at age 80. He left behind a son, <mask>., and a daughter, Diana. His wife, Margaret, had died seven years before. Nunziato Siciliano, <mask>' father, who had returned to Italy shortly after arriving in the US in 1903, lived into his 90s. <mask>' son, <mask>., died in August 2008 at the age of 89.The print advertisements The famous <mask> print advertisements became iconic mostly because they were printed in cartoon form from the 1930s on, and in many comic books from the 1940s onwards – in fact continuing long after <mask>' death. The typical scenario, usually expressed in comic strip form, presented a skinny young man (usually accompanied by a female companion) being threatened by a bully. The bully pushes down the "97-pound weakling" and the girlfriend joins in the derision. The young man goes home, gets angry (usually demonstrated by his kicking a chair), and sends away for the free Atlas book. Shortly thereafter, the newly muscled hero returns to the place of his original victimization, seeks out the bully, and beats him up. He is rewarded by the swift return of his girlfriend and the admiration of onlookers. The ad was said to be based on an experience the real <mask> had as a boy.With variations, it was a mainstay of comic books and boys' magazines for decades. The ads usually conclude with the words "As is true of all the exercises in Atlas's course, you can do these exercises almost anywhere." <mask> slogans used in advertising copyrighted in 1932 included "Battle Fought in Bed that made Fred a He-Man! ", "Insult that Made a Man out of Mac", and "Let Me Give You a Body that Men Respect and Women Admire!". Slogans copyrighted the following year included "97 pound weakling... Who became the World's Most Perfectly Developed Man", and "Just Seven Days that's All I Need". "The Insult that Made a Man out of Mac" In this, the full-length version, the protagonist, "Mac," is accosted on the beach by a sand-kicking bully while his date watches. Humiliated, the young man goes home and, after kicking a chair and gambling a three-cent stamp, subscribes to Atlas's "Dynamic-Tension" program.Later, the now muscular protagonist goes back to the beach and beats up the bully, becoming the "hero of the beach." His girl returns while other women marvel at how big his muscles are. (An earlier but otherwise almost identical version, "How Joe's Body Brought Him Fame Instead of Shame," debuted in the 1940s.) "The Insult That Turned a 'Chump' Into a Champ" In this version, which debuted in 1941, "Joe" is at a fair with his girl when the bully (who has just shown his strength with the "Ring-the-Bell" game) insults and pushes him. Joe goes home, slams his fist on the table, and orders the free Atlas book. Joe then returns to the fair, rings the bell, and pushes down the bully while his girlfriend reappears to compliment him on his new, powerful physique. "Hey, Skinny!Yer Ribs Are Showing!" The condensed, four-panel version stars "Joe," though it is otherwise identical to Mac's story. Instead of "Hero of the beach," the words floating above Joe's head are "What a man!" "How Jack the Weakling Slaughtered the Dance-Floor Hog" Another version of the ad presents a scenario in which "Jack" is dancing with his girl, Helen. They are bumped into by a bully, who comments on how puny Jack is, not even worth beating up. Jack goes home, kicks a chair, and sends away for Atlas's "free book." Later, the muscular Jack finds the bully, punches him, and wins back the admiration of Helen.This time, the words "Hit of the party" float over his head as he basks in the admiration of the other dancers. In popular culture Literature In the 1966 postmodern novel Beautiful Losers, written by Leonard Cohen, <mask> is parodied as "<mask>." The short story "Charles Atlas Also Dies" by Sergio Ramírez centers on the main character, a follower of <mask>'s exercise program, and his trip to the United States to meet <mask> himself; written from an ironic and dark-humored perspective. Among the numerous references to Atlas's program/story/advertisements, the main character describes having sand kicked in his face by "two big hefty guys" in front of his girlfriend and later being compared to the mythological god <mask> after undergoing the program. The story juxtaposes the superhuman strength and notoriety of <mask>—the symbol, with the fragile and mortal aspects of <mask>—the man. The story begins with the quote: "<mask> swears that sand story is true. – Edwin Pope, The Miami Herald".In Kurt Vonnegut's novel Cat's Cradle, <mask> is mentioned. When the narrator comes across the term "Dynamic Tension" in a book about the mysterious cult leader Bokonon, he laughs because he imagines the author does not know "that the term was one vulgarised by <mask>, a mail-order muscle-builder." However, as he reads on he finds that Bokonon is an alumnus of Atlas's training program, which has inspired his idea that "good societies could be built only by pitting good against evil, and by keeping the tension between the two high at all times." In <mask>'s short story "Bop Bop Against That Curtain", part of the 1973 volume South of No North, the main characters, a bunch of kids, tried <mask> Atlas' Dynamic Tension program to look tough, but they prefer lifting weights as it seems to them "the more rugged and obvious way". In Michael Connelly's early Harry Bosch books (The Black Echo, The Black Ice, The Concrete Blonde, The Last Coyote), Bosch's Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Harvey Pounds, is nicknamed "98" as a reference probably both to <mask>'s "97 pound weakling" and The Rocky Horror Picture Show. A Spitting Image annual parodies the <mask> Atlas advertisement as "Charles Einstein", with the two protagonists competing not on muscular physique, but with their rhetorical skills and grasp of postmodernism. Film and TV In the 1978 Vietnam war film The Boys in Company C, Marine Vinnie Fazio complains during a force march that he is carrying too much ammunition and gear for the platoon, shouting out "What am I?<mask>?". In the Futurama episode "When Aliens Attack," Fry gets sand kicked in his face by a "professional beach bully" who asks for payment for his services after Fry has won the girl, Leela. Leela hits on the bully, but the bully claims to be gay. In an episode of Johnny Bravo, Johnny explains that he achieved his muscular physique through the "Flex Bigarms" course, a parody of <mask>. The title song of the 1964 film Muscle Beach Party features the lyric "Cherry little woodies are the center of attention / Til the muscle men start the dynamic tension" In the 1985 film Pee-wee's Big Adventure, Pee-wee steps on a "Guess Your Weight and Fortune" arcade scale at home, where he weighs in at 98 lbs (and receives a fortune warning him not to leave the house). In the DVD commentary, star Paul Reubens and director Tim Burton point out during the scene that Pee-wee truly is a "98-lb. weakling."In the Ren and Stimpy episode "Ren's Pecs," Ren seeks counsel from the bodybuilder "<mask>", who inspires him to get plastic surgery. <mask> and the entire episode are obvious spoofs of the <mask> story. In the Seinfeld episode "The English Patient", the character of Izzy

Charles Atlas

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Mandelbaum is said to have worked out with <mask> in the '50s to which Jerry wryly replies, "1850s? ", poking fun at Izzy's age. The Rocky Horror Picture Show (film, 1975), makes several references to <mask>: In "Charles Atlas Song / I Can Make You a Man": The title line exploits the grammatical ambiguity of <mask>'s slogan "In just seven days, I can make you a man," between the meanings "... cause you to become a 'real' man" and "... create a man for you." Both <mask> and "Dynamic-Tension" are mentioned by name. It refers to a 98-pound weakling, a reference to <mask>' "97-pound weakling."The second line refers to the Charles Atlas advertising campaign with "Will get sand in his face when kicked to the ground." The mad-scientist character (Dr. Frank N. Furter) claims that his Frankensteinian creation "carries the Charles Atlas Seal of Approval." In an episode of That '70s Show, Eric's sister accuses him of being weak by saying he ordered a Charles Atlas video to buff up. In an episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, Terry Gilliam creates an animation which is a visual spoof of <mask>' ad campaign. In an episode of Punky Brewster, Punky asks Henry if he still has his Charles Atlas books after being bullied at school. In "Mild Mannered", an episode of Warehouse 13, a pair of <mask> Atlas's trunks imbue a character with superhuman powers, including superstrength and the ability to alter his own density. In "The Missing Page", an episode of Hancock's Half Hour, Hancock reads the fictional detective novel 'Lady, Don't Fall Backwards'.The final page has been removed, and Hancock reads the lines 'Men! Are you skinny?! Do you have sand kicked in your face?! ', a parody of Atlas' advertising in pulp novels. In an episode of the television show, What's My Line?, in 1956. <mask> was the mystery guest, calling himself Mr. X. In an episode of the television show, Red Dwarf, season 3, episode 4, called "Bodyswap", Rimmer claims Lister was no <mask> to begin with.They had previously swapped bodies so that Rimmer could make Listers body fit. Instead, he abused the trust. Robot Chicken has a sketch wherein a weakling gets sand kicked in his face by a bully. He then gets a shot of "Barry McGwire's Super Happy Fun Time Anger Go Go Juice" which turns him into a huge muscleman and he tears the bully in two. In the closing segment of Creepshow, after noticing that the voodoo doll ad from the discarded comic book has already been clipped out, one of the garbage collectors starts reading the next ad aloud: "Tired of getting sand kicked in your face..." The Triangle, a season two episode of The Waltons which first aired in 1973, features Jim Bob secretly purchasing and later reading and practicing the exercises in a <mask>' exercise manual in order to win the heart of a female classmate who favors a bigger and stronger boy. In the movie Dead Poets Society, Professor Keating (played by Robin Williams) describes his less-than-intellectual youth by saying "I was the intellectual equivalent of a 98-pound weakling. I would go to the beach and people would kick copies of Byron in my face".In the movie Motherless Brooklyn the Ed Norton character and Ethan Suplee are sitting in the front seat of a car reading a wrestling magazine. A <mask> Atlas ad is shown on the back cover. In the 2020 Netflix mini-series Hollywood season 1, episode 2, <mask> is referenced as an aspirational figure for Rock Hudson by his agent Henry Willson. In episode 11, series 5 of the drama series, Billions, <mask> Senior uses <mask> to make a point about strength during a discussion with his son, Chuck. Music The song "Sand in My Face" by 10cc, on their debut album, is a detailed description of <mask>'s legendary ads. The band AFI have a song called "Charles Atlas" on their album Very Proud of Ya. The Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band song "Mr Apollo" is a parody that includes the lines "Five years ago I was a four-stone apology ... Today I am two separate gorillas!"The Darling Pet Munkee song "Charles Atlas (Hey Skinny...Yer Ribs Are Showing!)" is specifically about the Atlas ads. The Bob Dylan unreleased song "She's Your Lover Now" from 1965 contains the lyric: "Why must I fall into this sadness? / Do I look like <mask>? / Do you think I still got what you still got, baby?" The Faces song "On the Beach" contains the line "though I may not be no <mask>, / Gonna take my shirt off anyway." The Australian band The Fauves had a minor local hit with their song "The Charles Atlas Way."The Josef K song "Sorry For Laughing" (made popular in the U.S. by Propaganda) contains the line "when we grooved on into town / <mask> stopped to frown / cause he's not made like me and you" "We Are The Champions" by Queen includes the line, "I've had my share of sand kicked in my face..." The Who song "I Can't Reach You", on the album The Who Sell Out, is preceded by a "commercial" for the Charles Atlas Course. ("The Charles Atlas course with "Dynamic Tension" can turn you into a beast of a man.") John Entwistle poses on the cover as a panther skin-clad <mask> Atlas alumnus, as the more muscular Roger Daltrey was otherwise occupied in a bathtub filled with baked beans. (After this photo session Daltrey caught pneumonia through the beans being ice cold at the end of the shoot.) Roger Waters' song "Sunset Strip" from his album Radio K.A.O.S., contains the line "I like riding in my Uncle's car / Down to the beach where the pretty girls all parade / And movie stars and paparazzi play the Charles Atlas kicking-sand-in-the-face game." In the song "I Will Not Fall" by Wiretrain/Wire, these lyrics appear: "And <mask> Stands, upon the beach, upon his head and says ... I will not fall."The Statler Brothers song "Do You Remember These" contains the line "<mask> course, Roy Rogers' horse, and 'only the Shadow knows'..." The Rocky Horror Picture Show song "I Can Make You a Man" references both "Charles Atlas" and "dynamic tension." Gama Bomb CD titled "Tales From The Grave in Space" features a booklet in which several graphics with song lyrics were designed to resemble <mask>'ads'..." Art The artist David Hockney, included a print entitled 'The Seven Stone Weakling' in his 1961-3 series, The Rake's Progress. Magazine and newspapers A Canberra Times cartoon features the athletic Tony Abbott having his comeuppance against policy heavyweight Kevin Rudd. An issue of Nickelodeon Magazine features a fake advertisement that parodies the Atlas body ads; the difference is that the product promises to make a person extremely smart. In this parody, a genius man picks on an incredibly strong yet slow-witted man for his lack of intelligence. The man gets his revenge by scientifically proving that the genius bully does not exist, making him disappear. An article in The Onion spinoff Our Dumb Century portrays a feud between Adlai Stevenson and General William Westmoreland being carried out in the same vein as illustrated in the Charles Atlas advertisement.A 1993 Entertainment Weekly video review of the films Hard Target and Last Action Hero depicted Jean-Claude Van Damme as the bully on the beach and Arnold Schwarzenegger as the weakling. In the illustration, Van Damme harasses a scrawny Schwarzenegger, claiming that Hard Target, unlike Schwarzenegger's movie, was well-received by both audiences and critics. Instead of ordering Atlas's program, Schwarzenegger calls his agent and orders Last Action Hero to be released on video immediately. Schwarzenegger, now with a film doing well as a video rental (despite its theatrical failure), returns to the beach and punches Van Damme out. Comics In an issue of the DC Comics title Mystery in Space, the main character, Comet, referring to an army of super-powered clones, says, "Physically those clones may make me look like a 98-pound-weakling, but psychically I'm the <mask> of this beach." The January 1974 issue of the satiric magazine National Lampoon was dedicated to animals: Pets, circus, wild beasts, evolution, law, etc. A fake advertisement in the article 'Popular Evolution', a parody of the magazine Popular Mechanics, presents in the three-stage comic strip manner a Charles Atlas-style commercial.A little skinny mouse suffers the humiliation of being kicked at the beach by a bully, some sort or medium-size carnivore. Little mouse, goes home, kicks a chair, fills the form and sends it to Mr. <mask>, Galapagos Islands. "After a few millions years of evolutionary exercise" little mouse has developed fangs, and ugly scary face, wings, amongst other attributes; goes back to the beach, bites the bully predator in the neck, Count Dracula style and is declared the "heroe of the habitat" by the admiring females. Unfortunately the issue is out of print and cannot be seen online anywhere. The "kicking sand in the face" image has been used many times in Archie comics. Flex Mentallo is a comic book character created by writer Grant Morrison and artist Richard Case in 1990, during their run on Doom Patrol. Flex is in part a parody of <mask>' long-running "The Insult that made a Man out of Mac" advertisements seen in American comics from the past.2000AD featured The insult that made a robot of 'Walt''', featuring Droid Atlas and Walter the Wobot Marvel Comics' humor series What The--?! used Atlas parodies regularly, as in "The Insult that Made Mac a Blood-Sucking Freak!" (What The--?! #23, November 1992). Minicomics pioneer Matt Feazell uses the sand-kicking bully to represent the Etruscan attack on Rome in Not Available Comics #25, 1993. "The Hold-Up that Made a Hero Out of Mac", from Radioactive Man #1 (Bongo Comics, 1993), blends Mac's story with Batman's origin. Cartoonist Chris Ware appropriated Mac's "chair-kicking resolve" in a Jimmy Corrigan story from Acme Novelty Library #1 (Fantagraphics, Winter 1993).Cartoonist Josh Neufeld used the ad to spoof business writer David A. Vise in a piece done for Fortune Small Business magazine in 2002. In the June 4, 2007, edition of "This Modern World," Tom Tomorrow uses the ad to make a point about how President George W. Bush pushes around Congressional Democrats. New Orleans cartoonist Caesar Meadows spoofed the ad—substituting zine-making for bodybuilding—while advertising the 2008 Alternative Media Expo.The Strange Talent of Luther Strode by Justin Jordan and Tradd Moore features a dark parody of Atlas's Dynamic Tension regimen, one which bestows superhuman strength, durability and reflexes, but at the cost of gaining an aggressive nature and seeing people as their musculature. One chapter of manga Ranma ½ has minor antagonist Hikaru Gosunkugi buy a suit of powered armor from a parody of the "Beach Bully" advertisements. While it does make him stronger, it comes with a couple of drawbacks: it renders him immobile if he is not chained to a person he hates, and it self-destructs if he is unable to knock out the person he is chained to. Video games In early versions of the game, The Secret of Monkey Island, there was a statue in a voodoo shop that when inspected would make the character say "Looks like an emaciated <mask>."The reference has since been removed due to Lucasfilm Games receiving a cease and desist letter. Video game developer Valve released an update to their popular game, Team Fortress 2 that gave the sniper class a jar of urine called "Jarate". The comic strip that Valve used to advertise the update is a parody of the strip "The Insult that Made a Man out of Mac". A later update that introduced the ability for players to give and receive high fives was promoted with similar comic strip, this time spoofing the strip "Hey, Skinny! Yer Ribs Are Showing!" The physically unimposing "Little Mac" character in Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!! and the Punch-Out!!franchise is named in homage to the "Mac" of Atlas' best-known comic-book advertisement. The game Kingdom of Loathing'' contains a reference to the sand-kicking campaign. References External links 1893 births 1972 deaths Advertising campaigns American bodybuilders American exercise and fitness writers Burials at St. John's Cemetery (Queens) Italian emigrants to the United States People from Calabria People from the Province of Cosenza Sideshow performers Strength training writers People of Calabrian descent American artists' models People associated with physical

Robert Young Pickering

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<mask> (1849 – 1931) was a British industrialist. Early life <mask> was born at Railway Cottage, Shildon, County Durham, England in 1849, the eldest son of <mask> 1823 - 1900 and <mask> 1828 - 1890. <mask>'s father at the time of his birth was classified as a "British Teacher". <mask>'s only sibling Jonathan was born in 1855. By 1861 the family had moved from Railway Cottage to Main Street, Shildon. <mask> had over the past ten years changed his profession from teacher to proprietor and head of an iron foundry employing 52 men and four boys. Family move to Scotland In 1864 <mask> moved his family to Scotland and set about constructing his new works in Netherton Wishaw Lanarkshire, which came on stream in 1865.<mask>, aged 16, joined his father in the new operation in Wishaw, building railway carriages, wagons and carrying out repairs on rolling stock. In December 1868 at 3 Park Gardens, Glasgow, the home of his in-laws, <mask> <mask> married Ellen Caldwell Anderson, the daughter of John Anderson, a wealthy Glasgow merchant. <mask> and his wife remained at 3 Park Gardens living with her family into the 1880s, this was where his only child was born Robina Ellinor Graham (1873–1916). He lived with his family until 1896 at 19 Montgomerie Quadrant Kelvinside. He was involved with St Brides church adjacent to this building. Company history Pickering's of Wishaw expanded and by 1870 they were employing around 150 men and 50 boys. Over the next few years the tide changed and in 1878 the business was on the verge of collapse with a workforce reduced to 14 men, one foreman and a dog.<mask> took control of the business from his father and over the next decade built the business into a thriving railway carriage and wagon fabricators. The expansion included the opening of a second depot at Rawyards, in nearby Airdrie with now a workforce of around 500. To compete as an international player <mask> required to raise capital and in 1888 floated the business as a private limited company as R Y Pickering & Co Ltd, with himself as managing director. On the formation of the new company <mask> was paid £4,000 in cash and £4,000 in ordinary shares. By 1906 his shares were worth £70,000 however he was no longer the majority shareholder this he had lost back in 1901 to John Wilson a Lanarkshire coal magnate. At the end of the 19th century <mask> <mask> purchased the Dumfriesshire estate of Conheath and through the Edwardian years carried out major improvements. In the 1901 census we find his nephew John Johnston <mask> 1880–1914 son of his brother Jonathan, living with <mask> and Ellen at the mansion house of Conheath.John was employed by R Y Pickering & Co Ltd as <mask> assistant. In 1903 <mask> daughter Robina was married in Dumfries to her cousin John J <mask>. In earlier writings on R Y Pickering, John was referred to as his son, rather than nephew/son-in-law. With the marriage came additional rewards with John being appointed company secretary in 1904. Also in this year John and Robina provided <mask> with his only grandchild <mask> <mask>. R Y Pickering & Co Ltd found the first decade of the 20th century challenging times with dwindling profits and the loss of home market share. Expansion of the repair sector helped to offset some of this with new depots in Fife and Sheffield.The company looked at oversees orders in particular India and South Africa. Life must have become very tough for <mask> in 1909, with mounting personal debts, the death of his wife Ellen and company losses of £5,628. By the following year the company loss reached almost £14,000. During 1911 he was removed from the position of managing director the post he held from the formation in 1888 in the company, which held his name. He had no further involvement in the company and retired to the life of a country gentleman at Conheath. Retirement A year after the death of his wife, <mask> remarried in the spring of 1910 to Isabelle Edith Jardine the daughter of Sir Alexander Jardine of Applegirth Baronet. Her family resided at Jardine Hall, near Lockerbie part of the founding family of Hong Kong and Jardine and Matheson.Her mother was <mask> of the Scottish brewing family. His life in retirement enabled <mask> to indulge in his passion for books, and to house them he extended Conheath in 1919 with a new library and billiard room, using the Ayr architect James Morris. This was not the first time he had employed Morris, in 1909 he was engaged to design a new family chapel in the Baroque style. Much of the Morris designs were never built probably due to financial restraints and a more modest Arts and Crafts design were produced by Sir <mask>. The chapel was not completed until the late 1920s. Lorimer also designed Conheath Farmhouse in 1916 in the arts and crafts style. <mask>'s daughter Robina died in an Edinburgh nursing home in 1916 leaving his grandson Christopher an orphan, his father John J <mask> having died two years earlier at the age of 34 in Natal, South Africa.<mask> <mask> died at Conheath at the age of 82 and his second wife Isabel Edith (Jardine) died the following year. Both were interred at Conheath Chapel, with his first wife and daughter in the family crypt. The chapel with surrounding policies is the only part of Conheath estate to remain in the ownership of the <mask> family (<mask> of Kintradwell) to this day. At his death <mask> left an estate of £11,126, beside a number of small legacies, his grandson Christopher inherited everything including Conheath Estate. In 1933 the tenanted farm was sold for £6,500 and the mansion house and grounds a few years later. Christopher left Britain and settled in Cape Town where he was a government official, he married first Georgina Martin Gilmour, at Cathcart Glasgow in 1932 and divorced 1935, he later married c. 1950 Mignonne Jean 16 years his junior (died 2008 Cape Town). On 29 May 1951 Christopher's daughter Robin Anne was born to continue the Pickering dynasty.References R Y Pickering & Co Ltd 1864 - 1964 centenary booklet Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography Vol 1, 1986 Aberdeen University Press Pickering family papers English industrialists 1849 births 1931 deaths

Samuel Prescott

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<mask> (August 19, 1751 – ) was an American physician and a Massachusetts Patriot during the American Revolutionary War. He is best known for his role in Paul Revere's "midnight ride" to warn the townspeople of Concord, Massachusetts of the impending British army move to capture guns and gunpowder kept there at the beginning of the American Revolution. He was the only participant in the ride to reach Concord. Early life Little is known for certain about <mask>'s life outside of his involvement in the dramatic events before and during the Battles of Lexington and Concord. He was born on August 19, 1751. He grew up in Concord, Massachusetts where his family had lived for generations. He became a physician, as his father and grandfather had been before him.According to tradition, <mask> was courting Lydia Mulliken of Lexington, Massachusetts just prior to the outbreak of the American Revolution. Lydia lived with her widowed mother, four brothers and two sisters in a home across Cambridge Road from Munroe's Tavern. Her older sibling, Nathanial, worked his late father's clock shop and was a member of Captain John Parker's militia. Due to the fact that Paul Revere referred to <mask> as a "high son of Liberty," (meaning an ardent supporter of the Patriot cause), some have speculated that <mask> had ties to the Sons of Liberty or acted as a courier for the Committees of Correspondence prior to the start of the Revolution. The Midnight Ride On the evening of April 18, 1775, Paul Revere and William Dawes were dispatched by Joseph Warren to warn <mask> and John Hancock, who were then in Lexington, that a British expedition was on its way to arrest them. Warren also instructed Revere to deliver a warning to Concord to inform provincial officials that British troops intended to confiscate or destroy the armaments being amassed there by the province's militia. Revere and Dawes took different routes but met in Lexington about midnight and successfully warned Adams and Hancock, who quickly left Lexington.Revere and Dawes then proceeded towards Concord to complete their second mission. <mask> was headed home to Concord from Lexington when he encountered Revere and Dawes on horseback around 1 a.m. on April 19. Revere later described their meeting in his 1775 deposition to the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and in a 1798 letter to Jeremy Belknap. Revere claimed that <mask> was a "high son of Liberty"--suggesting that he was trustworthy. Upon hearing about their mission, <mask> offered to assist Revere and Dawes, pointing out that he was known in the area and residents would be more likely to believe a warning coming from him rather than strangers. Proceeding along the road to Concord, the three riders warned residents of several houses in Lincoln, Massachusetts, by knocking on doors. It was in Lincoln, not far from the Concord town line, that a British mounted patrol intercepted the three riders.The British soldiers were part of a larger scouting party sent out from Boston the previous evening to stop any provincial alarm riders or couriers. The soldiers captured Revere but both <mask> and Dawes escaped. Dawes was thrown from his horse and went back to Lexington. <mask>, according to Revere's account, took off on horseback towards a stone wall, jumped his horse over it, and disappeared into dense woods. After riding through woods and swamp, <mask> emerged at the Hartwell Tavern. He alerted the Hartwell family who, in turn, raced off to warn others. Word soon reached Capt.William Smith, commander of the Lincoln minutemen, who ordered the town bell rung as a signal for his company to muster. On his way to Concord, <mask> alerted other houses in Lincoln and soon additional riders rode off to alert other towns. When <mask> arrived in Concord, he gave word to the sentry there and the Concord First Parish Church bell was rung to alert the town. Thus <mask> completed the second objective given to Revere and Dawes. In Concord, <mask> bid his brother Abel to ride to Sudbury to alert companies there while, according to tradition, <mask> rode to Acton and Stow to carry the alarm there. His brother Abel, that same day was fired on by British soldiers as he was returning from the neighboring town, whither he had been to apprise the people of the approach of the "regulars" (so called), and slightly wounded in the side, but succeeded in making his escape by secreting himself in the house of a Mrs. Heywood. Due to <mask>'s efforts that night, the minuteman and militia companies in numerous towns were alerted, mustered, and marched to Concord in time to engage the British Army at the Old North Bridge and other locations along the road to Boston.Later career Details relating to <mask>'s life after the ride are scant and inconclusive. According to historian D. Michael Ryan, a record of a "Dr. Sall <mask>" serving as a surgeon at Fort Ticonderoga in 1776 has led many historians to conclude that <mask> served the Continental Army in a medical capacity. A Revolutionary War veteran from Ashburnham, Massachusetts recorded in his memoir that he had been imprisoned by the British in a prison in Halifax, Nova Scotia with a Dr. <mask>. According to this account, <mask> died in prison in 1777. Although corroborating evidence that this was Dr. <mask> of Concord is lacking, these details are most often accepted as fact. Legacy <mask>'s arrival in Concord is reenacted every year at midnight on April 19. The reenactment is preceded by a Patriots' Ball and a procession by modern day Minuteman ceremonial honor guards and fife and drum units.<mask>'s supposed ride through Acton is reenacted every Patriots' Day beginning in East Acton and concluding at the Liberty Tree Farm, where once stood the home of a minuteman named Simon Hunt. In 1965, the Concord Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution placed a memorial plaque to <mask> at the location of his home in Concord. References Sources }} The <mask> memorial, or, A genealogical memoir of the <mask> families in America by <mask>, William, 1788-1875. Published 1870. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. 1751 births 1777 deaths American Revolutionary War deaths American surgeons People from Concord, Massachusetts People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution Physicians in the American Revolution

Louis Celeste Lecesne

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<mask> (c. 1796 or 1798 – 22 November 1847), also known as <mask>, was an anti-slavery activist from the Caribbean islands. Lecesne was on a committee to improve the rights of free men of colour. He was arrested twice, and transported for life from Jamaica with John Escoffery. Their case was taken up by Dr. Stephen Lushington. Lecesne was compensated after successfully having the case reversed by the British government. Lecesne became an activist against slavery and attended the world's first anti-slavery convention. He named his son after the British Member of Parliament who had fought for his case.Lecesne was a supporter when the 1839 Anti-Slavery Society was formed. Disputed birth Lecesne was the son of <mask> and <mask> Lecesne, and was born in either Port au Prince or Kingston in 1796 or 1798. His mother and father had arrived in Jamaica on 25 August 1798 with a child called Figge. Lecesne's father was French and had left St Domingo, whilst his mother was said to have African ancestry. According to some, his mother was pregnant, Figge died and <mask> was born. The Jamaican authorities believed however that <mask> was the child who arrived on the brig Mary with his mother. Lecesne's date of birth was given as 30 August 1798 in Kingston, but he wasn't baptised until 5 March 1814.His place and date of birth were the subject of later court cases. At these cases it was noted that Lecesne's mother and the midwife said that he was born a few months (or days) after their arrival in Jamaica. Others disagree with this version as his mother said that when they arrived in Jamaica they did have a two-year-old child but he died just after the birth of this child. Lecesne had two younger brothers Lamorette and <mask> Lecesne. His mother was manumised by Lescesne's father. The date of the birth was important as a later law gave privileges to children born on the island. He was taken to Mr Goff's school for "children of colour" in 1802 when his father asked for him to be given "the best English education".Mr Goffe signed an affidavit later to say that he thought Lecesne to be four years old at the time but others think this a very young age to send such a child to school in Jamaica. Others said that when <mask> arrived she had a two-year-old son called Figge. They claim Lecesne was born in Port a Prince in St Domingo "opposite the post office". When his father made a will and died in 1816 he made Lecesne his executor. Some claim that this means that his father knew he was 21 years of age, and therefore born before elsewhere. Marriage <mask> <mask> married Hannah Escoffery (born 15 November 1797 and also known as Anette), the sister of John Escoffery. At least three children were born to <mask> <mask> and Hannah Escoffery in Kingston.The first was <mask> <mask> (born 20 June 1817), followed by Elizabeth Adeline <mask> (born 24 July 1818) and Celestine Aglaé <mask> (19 June 1820 – 11 August 1821). On 7 May 1823 <mask> <mask> was a witness to the marriage of his wife's brother, Edward Escoffery to Marie Montagnac in the Roman Catholic Church, Kingston. <mask> and John Escoffery came to notice as members of a committee who were intent on changing the law such that free men "of colour" would be given free and equal rights to white people. Arrest <mask> <mask> and John Escoffery were arrested on 7 October 1823 under the Alien Act by a warrant of the Duke of Manchester, the Governor of Jamaica. William Burge, the Attorney General, considered them to be of "dangerous character"; they were also considered to be aliens, because of claims that they were Haitian. Luckily they had time to raise a writ of Habeas Corpus in the Supreme Court of Jamaica While <mask> and Escoffery were held in gaol, petitions made to the Governor were rejected as it was claimed that the signatories were all owed money by the accused. Later investigations showed that the largest debt involved was 25 pounds.After consideration by the judges, the two were released as they were considered to be British-born despite the arguments described earlier. Chief Justice Scarlett released them without bail as there were no charges. Later, a member of the House of Representatives moved that a secret committee be formed to look at this case. This man, Hector Mitchell, was made the chair of this committee, comprising three others including the Mayor of Kingston. Their investigations resulted in the forced exile of Lecesne and Escoffery to St Domingo. It had been said that Lecesne had sold arms to an insurrection in St George and that the two of them kept correspondence with people in Haiti for treasonable purposes. Having been separated from their families and possessions, the pair had to sell their watches and with this money and the help of British people on the island they set out for England.With Lecesne and Escoffery deported, the free coloureds movement did not collapse in Jamaica. Instead, other campaigners, such as Edward Jordon, Robert Osborn (Jamaica), and Richard Hill (Jamaica) continued to agitate for equal rights for free coloureds, and they were finally successful when the Jamaican Assembly passed legislation allowing them to vote in elections and run for public office. A young English sailor boy, Barnet Burns, had been found ill in Jamaica and was cared for by Lecesne and his family. Following the deportation of Lecesne, Burns followed Lecesne's family to London, where he received an education under the patronage of Lecesne. England The case of Lecesne and Escoffery was raised in the House of Commons by Stephen Lushington who was a known abolitionist and anti-slavery campaigner. Lushington spoke to the house on 16 June 1825. This resulted in a number of publications: Debate in house of commons 16 June 1825 regarding deportation of two persons of colour A Reply to the Speech of Dr. Lushington, in the House of Commons by Mr Barret of the House in Jamaica, 1828 There was a libel case against John Murray, not because he was the author, but because he was the publisher of a book that libelled Lecesne and Escoffery.The case was based on the fact that the book recorded that the politicians in Jamaica considered Lecesne and Escoffery guilty of a criminal conspiracy. This case was held in Britain in order that it should not be biased. If they were guilty of a conspiracy, then under the 1818 Alien Act they could be transported for life if they were born elsewhere. The book concerned was "The annals of Jamaica, Volume 2" by the Reverend George Wilson Bridges. Bridges combined leading worship at St Annes and speaking up for the value of slavery. The libel case was successful and Lecesne was therefore innocent. Parliament ruled that they should both be allowed to return and be given compensation.Lecesne believed in the law. In 1832, Lecesne was living in England at the Fenchurch buildings in Fenchurch Street, London and on 26 June while walking outside his residence Lecesne was the victim of a pickpocket, Thomas Fielder, who had stolen a handkerchief. For this crime, Fielder, aged 15, was sentenced to transportation for life. Lecesne was on the board of the Anti-Slavery Agency in 1832 with other notable abolitionists such as William Allen, Zachary Macaulay, Robert Forster, George Stacey and Josiah Forster <mask> <mask> and his wife had a son whilst they were in London whom they christened Stephen Lushington Macauley Lecesne. He was born on 6 March 1834 and was christened at Saint Matthew Church, Bethnal Green, London, on 25 June 1834. In July 1838, Lecesne was one of the supporters of a campaign to raise a monument to Zachary Macaulay in Westminster Abbey. 1840 Anti-Slavery Society convention On 17 April 1840, the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was formed to campaign for worldwide abolition of slavery.A short time later, the first World Anti-Slavery Convention was held in London, attracting an international participation. Lecesne attended the convention and is depicted in a painting The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840 by Benjamin Haydon(1841). According to a record at the Montserrat (West Indies) National Trust from the Official Assignee to the President Administering the Government William Shiell, Lescene was declared bankrupt in 1845; the Island Secretary Henry Loving apparently owed Lescene £198 12s 3d. Following a bout of pneumonia, <mask> <mask> died on 22 November 1847 at his residence at the Fenchurch buildings, Fenchurch Street in London. At the end of May in 1848, The Times announced the sale of the "superior" effects of the late L. C. <mask> Esq including his mahogany four poster and a six octave pianoforte. References External links Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840 19th-century Jamaican people Abolitionism in the United Kingdom British abolitionists Jamaican activists 1790s births 1847 deaths

Jack Horner (politician)

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John Henry "<mask><mask> (July 20, 1927 – November 18, 2004) was a Canadian rancher, politician, and Cabinet minister. Life and career Nicknamed "Cactus <mask>", Horner was born in Saskatchewan, the fifth child in a family of six boys and three girls. His mother's uncle had been a prisoner of Louis Riel's provisional government. His father, <mask>, was a failed Conservative candidate who was appointed to the board of directors of Canadian National Railways by the government of R. B. Bennett in 1931, and then to the Senate of Canada in 1933. <mask> moved to Alberta at the age of 18 to manage a ranch purchased by his father and then bought his own ranch in 1947. He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1958 federal election from the rural central Alberta riding of Acadia, when the Progressive Conservative Party of which he was a member won the biggest majority government in Canadian history. Horner was an avid supporter of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker.Also elected to the Parliament of Canada as Tories were his older brother, <mask> and cousin <mask>. With <mask>'s father, Ralph, still sitting as a Senator, four Horners were sitting in the two chambers of Parliament simultaneously. Another brother, Norval <mask>, was elected to the House in 1972. When Acadia was abolished in 1968, the bulk of it was absorbed into the new riding of Crowfoot, and Horner ran from this riding and won. According to <mask>'s obituary in The Globe and Mail newspaper: He presented himself as a friend of farmers, a foe of railways, an advocate of capital punishment, a critic of generous unemployment payments, an opponent of the right to strike in essential services, and at all times a staunch free enterpriser. He railed against any changes to the Crow's Nest Pass rate that might hurt farmers. He was alert to any threat of socialism, whether from the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, Opposition Liberals, or the Red Tories in his own party.Horner developed a reputation as a right winger and outspoken advocate for the rights of farmers and ranchers. He remained one of "Diefenbaker's cowboys" during the 1960s, backing Diefenbaker against the ultimately successful attempts to unseat him. At the 1966 Tory convention which changed the rules to allow a challenge to a sitting leader, Horner threw a punch at Dalton Camp supporter Roy McMurtry, and accosted Brian Mulroney in a hallway. He resented the leadership of Diefenbaker's successor, Robert Stanfield, describing him as "a very, very sad choice". Horner worked to undermine Stanfield's leadership through manoeuvers such as leading a revolt against the party's support for the Official Languages Act. He was a candidate for the PC Party leadership at the 1976 convention. At one point during the convention, he knocked over an eavesdropping reporter.He finished fourth in the contest, and threw his support to Claude Wagner, who lost on the final ballot to Joe Clark. Horner had even less respect for Clark than he had for Stanfield. Although Clark was a fellow Albertan, Horner regarded him as a city slicker. Horner once paid Clark the ultimate rancher's insult by describing him as a "sheep herder." On April 20, 1977, Horner shocked his constituents and many political observers by crossing the floor to join the Liberal Party, which was at the time deeply unpopular in Alberta. The next day, he joined Pierre Trudeau's Cabinet as minister without portfolio, and was promoted in September 1977 to the position of Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce. When Diefenbaker, who was still in Parliament 14 years after leaving the Prime Ministership, learned of Horner's defection, he said, "the sheriff has joined the rustlers."Despite (or perhaps due to) his Cabinet position, <mask>'s floor-crossing was extremely unpopular in his strongly conservative riding. Even by rural Alberta standards, Crowfoot was an unshakably conservative area. Most of its living residents had never been represented by a Liberal, and the bulk of its territory had been represented by centre-right MPs since 1935. He was not helped by the redistribution ahead of the 1979 federal election, which pushed him into a riding that was almost two-thirds new to him. Although it retained the name of Crowfoot, most of its constituents came from neighbouring Battle River, represented by fellow Tory Arnold Malone. Many critics argued that Horner's floor crossing was motivated by opportunism as opposed to ideology and ultimately provoked by the pending electoral redistribution. Had Horner remained with the Tories, the redistribution meant he would have had to face Malone for the PC nomination.Horner would have faced a difficult road to gaining the PC nomination in the redistributed Crowfoot. It was more Malone's riding than Horner's, and Malone was also favoured by Clark and the PC establishment. That left Horner with only three options: run as an independent, cross the floor, or retire from federal politics. His chances of retaining his seat as an independent were slim, though slightly better than his chances of being elected as a Liberal given the strong antipathy toward the Liberals in rural Alberta. On the other hand, serving as a government member from Alberta virtually guaranteed Horner a cabinet post for the remainder of the 30th Parliament, since the Liberals had not elected any candidates under their own banner from Alberta in the 1974 election. Serving as a Liberal also gave Horner the prospect of securing patronage appointments under future Liberal governments after leaving Parliament, a prospect that Horner considered quite likely because of his low opinion of Clark's leadership. In any event, Horner ran for reelection even though polling indicated he faced almost certain defeat.One poll showed him getting only 15 percent of the vote, down from 75 percent in 1974. As expected, <mask> was badly defeated in the 1979 election, which unseated the Liberal government. His vote share collapsed to 18 percent, losing almost three fourths of his vote from 1974. Ultimately, he finished a very distant second, more than 20,000 votes behind Malone. Horner attempted a comeback in the 1980 federal election, but despite the return of a Liberal government nationally, Horner again placed a poor second in Crowfoot, winning only 4,761 votes, 1,000 votes fewer than he had managed in 1979. The Liberal government appointed him to the board of Canadian National Railways, where he served as chairman from 1982 to 1984. From 1984 to 1988, he was Administrator (Federal Deputy Minister equivalent) of the Western Grain Transportation Agency, reporting to Parliament through the Minister of Transport.He died at a Calgary hospital, leaving his wife, Leola, and two sons, Brent and Craig. References Further reading External links Globe & Mail obituary 1927 births 2004 deaths Liberal Party of Canada MPs Members of the 20th Canadian Ministry Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs People from Blaine Lake, Saskatchewan Jack Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates

Ademar José Gevaerd

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<mask> (born 1952, also known simply as A. J<mask>) is a Brazilian ufologist, or specialist in the study of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). He is editor of Revista UFO (UFO Magazine), founder and director of the Brazilian Center for Flying Saucer Research (CBPDV) and Brazilian Director for Mutual UFO Network (MUFON). He represents Brazil at the Center for UFO Studies. He has appeared on the Globo Network, the Discovery Channel and the History Channel. He has spoken in many cities in Brazil and in other 29 countries, and has conducted over 700 field investigations of UFO cases in Brazil. He has been described as one of the most respected of ufologists. Early career On 6 March 1982, spectators at a football match at the Morenão stadium in Campo Grande saw a cigar-shaped object with lights at each end flying overhead.At that time, <mask> <mask> was teaching chemistry in Maringá, Paraná state. Convinced that the object was a flying saucer, and hearing of other sightings at the same time in São Paulo, Paraná, Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay, he decided to undertake a deeper study of UFOs. In 1985 he launched the magazine Ufologia Nacional & Internacional, which ceased publication in 1986. In 1988 he started UFO Magazine, still being published in 2014. In 1986 he left his teaching job to devote himself full-time to UFOs. The monthly UFO Magazine now has a circulation of 30,000. <mask> also runs the Brazilian Center for Flying Saucer Research, with 3,300 members.While attending a conference in Las Vegas in 1992, he personally experienced what may have been a UFO while driving in the Nevada Desert in the US, near the Area 51 military base. Views on UFOs At a 1996 conference in Chile, <mask> reported that UFO sightings around the world had risen by more than 200% in the past year. He said "there are places where there has been a 400 percent rise. This means a true wave of UFOs visiting Earth, and I have more 100 slides to prove it." Speaking at the Australian International UFO Symposium in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia in October 1996, he discussed two aliens allegedly captured by the army after their space vehicle crashed in Varginha, Brazil on 20 January 1996. The description of one of the creatures was similar to that of the standard short grey alien, but it had greasy brown skin, red eyes and protuberances that could have been horns. Both aliens were viewed by many witnesses, but the army warned them not to discuss the subject.Speaking later, he said that six aliens were captured and several parts of their UFO. There were witnesses among the firefighters who were the first officials on the scene, and the military confirmed the story. In 1997 <mask>'s Brazilian Committee of Ufologists organized the First World Forum of Ufology in Brazil, held in Brasília. Answering questions from the audience during a 2001 talk show, he described the great advances that had been made in ufology in recent years, and particularly in Brazil, which he described as a leading center of research. He defended serious research into UFOs against quacksters seeking to make money, and commentators who ridiculed the subject. He discussed the many documented sightings, including reports in the Bible. He noted that there was evidence that extraterrestrials had been involved in the construction of the Egyptian pyramids.He said that many different alien species had visited Earth, and that for some reason all had two arms, a torso, two legs and a head. <mask> has denounced the controversial Urandir Fernandes de Oliveira, saying he had faked images of UFOs with devices such a laser pens. Talking of a video of flying saucers over Haiti released on YouTube in late 2007, which had more than 8 million hits on YouTube, he said "It was the largest UFO phenomenon over the past 10 years. But it was a deliberate fraud. These things, while they popularize ufology, stink." He said that unmasking fraud is a major job for ufologists: easy to produce and release videos makes it difficult to separate what is fabricated from what is just inexplicable. In July 2008 <mask> asked "If we already have machines that can investigate the soil of Mars, why should other extraterrestrial beings be unable to develop technology to reach Earth?"He said the problem is that the governments of various countries treat the issue as something top secret, but expressed hope that policy makers were beginning to change their attitude. In August 2008 he claimed that acceptance of ETs had never been higher. He said that 6 or 7 of every 10 person polled are at least more sure than not that we are not alone in the universe and that we are visited by other species. In February 2007 the feature-length documentary Fastwalkers was released, featuring interviews of <mask> and others on the subject of UFOs and extraterrestrials. In July 2007 the offices of UFO Magazine were raided, with valuable information taken from filing cabinet folders, along with four computers. A police officer said "it is clear that the action was premeditated and carried out by elements that had knowledge of the activities of UFO Magazine, experience with computers and knew where to find the company's most important files." <mask> said that efforts to stop publication would have the opposite effect.That week the magazine launched its 25th DVD documentary, The Phoenix Lights, depicting one of the largest UFO waves in the news, in March 1997, in the city of the state of Arizona, USA. <mask> was a keynote speaker in June 2008 at the first International Meeting of ufology experts in Lisbon, discussing the Varginha UFO incident. In August 2009 he was a keynote speaker at a ufology conference in San Clemente, Chile. He was slated as a speaker at the 18th Annual International UFO Congress Convention and Film Festival in Laughlin, Nevada in February 2009, speaking on the need for the public to demand that the government release information about extraterrestrial life. Crop circles Discussing UFO sightings and crop circles that appeared near Riolândia, São Paulo in January 2000, he said that the bent reeds were not evidence. What counted was the appearance of discoidal objects. In 2002, Gevaerd investigated crop circles in the fields of Alton Barnes in southern England, 30 km from the resort of Avebury.He speculated that the circles and other designs in the British fields represented some kind of coded message. In November 2008, crop circles were found in the west of Santa Catarina. <mask> investigated the circles, which he said were similar to crop circles he had investigated in Europe, starting with fields located some 150 miles from London. Later he found that they were fraudulent. He said they differed in significant respects from genuine crop circles, and there was evidence of fabrication. Government information <mask> has said that one of the reasons why ufologists do not let themselves be discouraged by lack of proof for their theories is due to the fact most of them believe in the existence of a government conspiracy to hide the truth from the people. On 15 April 2004, <mask>'s Brazilian Committee of Ufologists launched a campaign called "Freedom of Information Now!"with the goal of pressuring the government to release information on UFO sightings. On 20 May 2005, <mask> led a delegation of ufologists who met with Brazilian Air Force officials in Brasília headed by Brigadier Telles Ribeiro, chief of the Air Force's Center for Public Communications. In an interview after the meeting, <mask> said his group had been shown information on three specific cases: the testimony of the head of Varig, Nagib Ayub, on a UFO seen in the airspace in Rio Grande do Sul in 1954, testimony from pilots who pursued 21 UFOs flying over São Paulo, São José dos Campos and Rio de Janeiro in May 1986, and a Brazilian Air Force investigation of UFOs held in 1977 in Pará, by Colonel Uyrange Hollanda, who died in 1997. According to Hollanda, "we detected at least nine forms of objects. Probes, flying saucer-shaped spaceships... All reports were sent by the 1st COMAR to Brasilia." At a 2007 seminar on UFOs in Chile, he disclosed "Operation Plate", a highly secret UFO research project conducted by the Brazilian Air Force. In August 2008 <mask> stated that the government has plenty of information that UFOs enter Brazilian air space every day, but refuses to publish it.Discussing the campaign for release of government information, at a September 2008 meeting of UFO enthusiasts he stated, "We are being visited by many civilizations from other planets. I have a feeling that we will soon have an answer to the questions we are all seeking." In April 2009, <mask> described the declassification of documents that have always been declared TOP SECRET as a historic event. He said no country had gone so far in the disclosure of information on UFOs. In September 2009, <mask> announced receipt of a significant new set of UFO-related government documents, some of which had been secret for 80 years. The documents included fresh details of UFO reports from the night of 19 May 1986, when 21 spherical objects, which according to military sources were 100 feet in diameter, were detected by radar and sighted by civilian pilots and literally blocked the main airports in Brazil including São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. However, <mask> said in an interview that tapes of the interception operations from that event had been destroyed.In March 2010 <mask> discussed the downgrading of UFO documents by the administration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, saying that in 2009 he had received between 50 and 80 documents with a total of four thousand pages contained information from armed forces investigation of the UFO phenomenon. In an August 2010 interview with Terra Magazine, <mask> commented on the Federal Government decree that the air force should send records of any UFO sightings to the National Archives, saying the decision was in response to the campaign by the Brazilian Committee of UFO enthusiasts for freedom of information. He noted that documents already released confirmed that UFOs had been sighted frequently, and said that the government had more than 12 tons of documents about these sightings. Commenting on some initial documents released by the Air Force on 20 March 1996 sightings of UFOs in five cities in southern Brazil, he said "It's just the tip of the iceberg." The Air Force stated that they would not release any secret documents. Brigadier <mask> Pereira, in charge of UFO records, said "If an extraordinary phenomenon happens, it is obvious that it will be kept under wraps." Personal life <mask> had three children, Daniel, Daniela and Pedro.Daniel took part of the "Casa de Vidro" (Glass House), a preliminary stage of the Big Brother Brasil 9, but did not make it to the main stage. Daniela was the manager and administrator of Revista Ufo, and died on 8 March 2015 in Campo Grande in a car crash. Pedro is a high school student. References External links Ufologists Living people 1952 births Brazilian journalists People from Maringá

Kevin McCarthy (actor)

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<mask> (February 15, 1914 – September 11, 2010) was an American stage, film and television actor. He is best remembered for portraying the male lead in the horror science fiction film Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956). Following several television guest roles, <mask> gave his first credited film performance in Death of a Salesman (1951), portraying Biff Loman to Fredric March's Willy Loman. The role earned him a Golden Globe Award and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Early life <mask> was born in Seattle, Washington, the son of <mask> and Martha Therese (née Preston). <mask>'s father was descended from a wealthy Irish American family based in Minnesota. His mother was born in Washington State to a Protestant father and a nonobservant Jewish mother; <mask>'s mother converted to Roman Catholicism before her marriage.He was the brother of author <mask>, and a distant cousin of U.S. Senator and presidential candidate <mask> of Minnesota. His parents both died in the 1918 flu pandemic, and the four children went to live with relatives in Minneapolis. After five years of near-Dickensian mistreatment, described in <mask>'s memoirs, the children were separated: Mary lived with their maternal grandparents, and <mask> and his younger brothers were raised by relatives in Minneapolis. <mask> graduated in 1932 from Campion High School in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, then attended the University of Minnesota, where he appeared in his first play, Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1, and discovered a love of acting. Career Early career and military service During his service in World War II in the United States Army Air Forces, in addition to his acting career, <mask> appeared in a number of training films. At least one of these films (covering the Boeing B-17), has been distributed on DVD.<mask> was a founding member of The Actors Studio. Breakthrough in film <mask>'s breakthrough role was in Death of a Salesman (1951) portraying Biff Loman to Fredric March's Willy Loman. He had first performed the role in the London theatrical debut and was the only member of that ensemble to be cast in László Benedek's film adaptation. He received good notices for his onscreen work, receiving the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. 1956-1975 His starring roles include the lead in the science fiction film classic Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956), which remains the film for which he is most widely known. On television, he starred the short-lived series, The Survivors (1969) with Lana Turner. He also appeared as a guest star in many television programs, playing a wide variety of character roles.<mask> appeared with Alexis Smith in the NBC anthology series, The Joseph Cotten Show in the episode "We Who Love Her" (1956). He was cast in an episode of the religion anthology series, Crossroads. <mask> appeared in the 1959 episode "The Wall Between" of CBS's The DuPont Show with June Allyson. He guest starred in a classic episode of CBS's The Twilight Zone entitled "Long Live Walter Jameson" (1960), as the title character. <mask> made two appearances on The Rifleman, starring Chuck Connors and Johnny Crawford. He portrayed the historical Mark Twain in "The Shattered Idol" (episode 120), original air date: December 4, 1961, and Winslow Quince in "Suspicion" (episode 157), original air date: January 14, 1963. The Rifleman – Season 4 Episodes The Rifleman – Suspicion, Episode 157, Season 5 In 1963, <mask> appeared in the ABC medical drama Breaking Point in the episode titled "Fire and Ice".He guest starred in the ABC drama Going My Way, about the Roman Catholic priesthood in New York City. He was cast as well in a 1964 episode of James Franciscus's NBC education drama, Mr. Novak. In 1966, he appeared in the episode "Wife Killer" of the ABC adventure series The Fugitive. In 1967, he guest starred in the episode "Never Chase a Rainbow" of NBC's western series, The Road West starring Barry Sullivan. Also that year, he guest starred in the episode 'The Watchers' on the television series The Invaders In 1968, <mask> guest starred on Hawaii Five-O in the episode "Full Fathom Five" as the chief antagonist, Victor Reese. He appeared as Maj. Gen Kroll in The Night of the Doomsday Formula in season 4 of The Wild Wild West. In 1971, he guest starred in the "Conqueror's Gold" episode of Bearcats!, which starred Rod Taylor with whom <mask> had appeared in the films A Gathering of Eagles, Hotel and The Hell With Heroes.1975-1996 In 1976, <mask> starred in the Broadway play Poor Murderer. In 1977, he and Clu Gulager, previously cast with Barry Sullivan on NBC's The Tall Man, appeared in the episode "The Army Deserter" of the NBC western series The Oregon Trail, with Rod Taylor. In 1978, <mask> played a cameo role in a remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers, as a man running through the streets shouting a warning in the same manner as his character did in the original 1956 film. He appeared in NBC's Flamingo Road (1980–1982) as Claude Weldon, father of Morgan Fairchild's character. <mask> appeared as Judge Crandall in The Midnight Hour, a 1985 comedy/horror television movie. Also that year, he guest-starred in a fourth-season episode of The A-Team called "Members Only". <mask> was one of four actors (with Dick Miller, Belinda Balaski and Robert Picardo) often cast by director Joe Dante.<mask>'s most notable role in Dante's films was in 1987 as the prime antagonist, Victor Scrimshaw, in Innerspace. They also were in Dante's Matinee. In 1996, he played Gordon Fitzpatrick in The Pandora Directive, a Full motion video (FMV) adventure game starring Tex Murphy. 21st century In 2007, <mask> appeared as himself in the Anthony Hopkins film Slipstream which made references to <mask>'s film Invasion of the Body Snatchers. On October 24, 2009, <mask> was honored at the Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival in Florida. His last role in a feature-length movie was as The Grand Inquisitor in the sci-fi musical comedy The Ghastly Love of Johnny X (2012). Personal life <mask> was married to Augusta Dabney, with whom he had three children, from 1941 until their divorce in 1961.In 1979, he married Kate Crane, who survived him. The couple had two children. From 1942, <mask> and his wife Augusta Dabney had a close friendship with actor Montgomery Clift. <mask> and Clift were cast in a play together, Ramon Naya's Mexican Mural. The two became best friends, acted together in several more projects, and were believed by some prominent individuals, including Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote and George Whitmore, to have been lovers. They also collaborated on a screenplay for a film adaptation of the Tennessee Williams/Donald Windham play You Touched Me!, but the project never came to fruition. <mask> died of pneumonia on September 11, 2010, at Cape Cod Hospital in Massachusetts at the age of ninety-six.Selected filmography 1944 Winged Victory as Ronnie Meade (uncredited) 1951 Death of a Salesman as Biff Loman 1954 Drive a Crooked Road as Steve Norris, Bank Robber 1954 The Gambler from Natchez as André Rivage 1955 Stranger on Horseback as Tom Bannerman 1955 An Annapolis Story as Jim R. Scott 1956 Invasion of the Body Snatchers as Dr. Miles Bennell 1956 Nightmare as Stan Grayson 1958 Diamond Safari as Harry Jordan 1960 The Twilight Zone (TV Series) as Professor Walter Jameson / Tom Bowen / Major Hugh Skelton 1961 The Misfits as Raymond Tabor 1961 Way Out (TV Series) as Dr. Paul Sandham 1962 40 Pounds of Trouble as Louie Blanchard 1963 A Gathering of Eagles as General Jack 'Happy Jack' Kirby 1963 An Affair of the Skin as Allen McCleod 1963 The Prize as Dr. John Garrett 1964 The Best Man as Dick Jensen 1965 Mirage as Sylvester Josephson 1966 A Big Hand for the Little Lady as Otto Habershaw 1966 The Three Sisters as Vershinin 1967 Hotel as Curtis O'Keefe 1968 The Hell with Heroes as Colonel Wilson 1968 If He Hollers, Let Him Go! Miles Bennell (cameo) 2006 Loving Annabelle as Father Harris 2006 Fallen Angels as Pastor Waltz 2007 Slipstream as Himself 2007 Trail of the Screaming Forehead as Latecomer 2008 The Boneyard Collection 2008 Her Morbid Desires (Video) as The Monk 2009 Wesley as Bishop Ryder 2012 The Ghastly Love of Johnny X as The Grand Inquisitor (final film role) Radio appearances See also References External links Official site (last updated in 2007) 1914 births 2010 deaths 20th-century American male actors Male actors from Minneapolis Male actors from Seattle Military personnel from Seattle American male film actors United States Army personnel of World War II American people of Irish descent American people of Jewish descent American male stage actors American male television actors Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts New Star of the Year (Actor) Golden Globe winners United States Army soldiers University of Minnesota alumni

Russell Mittermeier

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<mask> (born November 8, 1949) is a primatologist and herpetologist. He has written several books for both popular and scientist audiences, and has authored more than 300 scientific papers. Biography <mask><mask> is Chief Conservation Officer of Global Wildlife Conservation. He served as President of Conservation International from 1989 to 2014, then Executive Vice-Chair from 2014 to 2017. He specialises in the fields of primatology, herpetology, biodiversity and conservation of tropical forests. He has undertaken research in more than 30 countries, including Amazonia (particularly Brazil and Suriname) and Madagascar. Since 1977, Mittermeier has served as Chairman of the IUCN-World Conservation Union Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group, and he has been a member of the Steering Committee of the Species Survival Commission since 1982.Before working for Conservation International, he spent 11 years at the World Wildlife Fund in the United States, starting as Director of their Primate Program and ending up as Vice-President for Science. He also served as an IUCN-World Conservation Union Regional Councillor for the period 2004–2012, was elected as one of IUCN-World Conservation Union's four Vice-Presidents for the period 2009–2012, and then was elected a lifetime Honorary IUCN-World Conservation Union Member in 2012. He also chaired the first World Bank Task Force on Biodiversity in 1988, which was instrumental in introducing the term "biodiversity" to that institution. He became an Adjunct Professor at the Stony Brook University in 1978, a Research Associate at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University for more than two decades, and has been President of the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation since 1996. More recently, he was instrumental in the creation of the 25 million Euro Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, a new species-focused fund based in Abu Dhabi, and serves as a member of its Advisory Committee. In the late 1970s, Mittermeier undertook one of the first studies of the critically endangered northern muriqui woolly spider monkeys in what would become the Caratinga Biological Station. Mittermeier has been particularly interested in the discovery and description of species new to science.He has described a total of 14 new species (three turtles, four lemurs, an African monkey, and six Amazonian monkeys) and has eight species named in his honor (three frogs, a lizard, two lemurs, a monkey, and an ant). The most recent of these is Mittermeier's saki, Pithecia mittermeieri, a monkey from the Brazilian Amazon. The lizard, Anolis williamsmittermeierorum, is named in honor of Mittermeier and American herpetologist Ernest E. Williams. Mittermeier has also been a leader in promoting species-focused ecotourism, particularly primate-watching and primate life-listing, and more recently turtle-watching and turtle life-listing, following the very successful model of the bird-watching community. To facilitate this, he launched a Tropical Field Guide Series and a Pocket Guide Series focused heavily on primates, but including a number of other species groups as well. More recent publications include The Tropical Field Guide Series are Lemurs of Madagascar, Third Edition (2010) and Primates of West Africa (2011) with a French edition of the Lemurs of Madagascar released in 2014. His own primate life-list, now totaling more than 350 species, is among the largest in the world.Mittermeier was born in New York City. He received his B.A. (summa cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa) from Dartmouth college and Ph.D. from Harvard University in biological anthropology for a thesis entitled, "Distribution, Synecology, and Conservation of Suriname Monkeys" in 1977. Awards and honors Mittermeier's awards and honors include: The Order of the Golden Ark from His Royal Highness Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands (1995) The Grand Order of the Southern Cross from the President of Brazil (1997) The Cincinnati Zoo Wildlife Conservation Award (1997) The Brazilian Muriqui Prize (1997) The Grand Sash and Order of the Yellow Star from the President of Suriname Jules Wijdenbosch(1998) The Order of the Southern Cross of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil (1998) The second annual Aldo Leopold Award from the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM), 2004. Sigma Xi's John P. McGovern Science and Society Award (2007) The Sir Peter Scott Award of IUCN's Species Survival Commission (2008) The Association of Tropical Biology's Special Recognition Award for Conservation (2008) The twelfth annual Roger Tory Peterson Memorial Award from the Harvard Museum of Natural History (2009) Honorary Degree from Eckerd College (St. Petersburg, Florida) in recognition of his conservation work. The Indianapolis Prize for Conservation (2018) Selected bibliography <mask>'s writing includes 36 books and more than 700 scientific and popular articles. Among his books are The Trilogy Megadiversity (1997), Hotspots (2000) and Wilderness Areas (2002), Wildlife Spectacles (2003), Hotspots Revisited (2004), Transboundary Conservation (2005), Lemurs of Madagascar (1994; 2006; 2010), Pantanal: South America's Wetland Jewel (2005), A Climate for Life (2008), The Wealth of Nature: Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Human Well-Being (2009), Freshwater: The Essence of Life (2010), Oceans: Heart of our Blue Planet (2011) and The Handbook of the Mammals of the World (Vol.3 Primates) (2013). Paint It Wild: Paint & See Activity Book (Discover The Rainforest, Vol. 1) (1991), introduction by Mike Roberts and <mask>er, written by Gad Meiron and Randall Stone, illustrated by Donna Reynolds and Tim Racer Sticker Safari: Sticker And Activity Book (Discover The Rainforest, Vol. 2) (1991), introduction by Mike Roberts and <mask>, written by Gad Meiron and Randall Stone, illustrated by Donna Reynolds and Tim Racer Wonders In The Wild: Activity Book (Discover The Rainforest, Vol. 3) (1991), introduction by Mike Roberts and <mask>er, written by Gad Meiron and Randall Stone, illustrated by Donna Reynolds and Tim Racer Ronald McDonald and the Jewel of the Amazon Kingdom: Storybook (Discover The Rainforest, Vol. 4) (1991), introduction by Mike Roberts and <mask>er, written by Gad Meiron and Randall Stone, illustrated by Donna Reynolds and Tim Racer References External links Global Wildlife Conservation <mask>meier American Society of Mammalogists Honors CI President <mask> with Aldo Leopold Award, July 29, 2004. Conservation International Press Release New Lemur Species Named For CI President Conservation International Press Release, June 21, 2006.PSG Chairman <mask> 1949 births American anthropologists 21st-century American biologists Living people Dartmouth College alumni Harvard University alumni Stony Brook University faculty Honorary Order of the Yellow Star

Jim Johannson

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<mask> (March 10, 1964January 21, 2018) was an American ice hockey player, coach and executive. He played for the United States national junior team at the World Juniors in 1983 and 1984, then played for the United States national team at the Winter Olympics in 1988 and 1992, the Ice Hockey World Championships in 1992, and was captain of the silver medal-winning team at the 1990 Goodwill Games. He played 374 games in the International Hockey League (IHL) after being selected by the Hartford Whalers in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft. He won the Turner Cup as the IHL playoffs champion with the Salt Lake Golden Eagles in 1998, then again with the Indianapolis Ice in 1990. He played 264 consecutive games spanning three seasons by 1991, and received the Ironman Award from the IHL in recognition of his durability. As an amateur, he played for the Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey program and won the National Collegiate Athletic Association championship in 1983. <mask> was twice named to the Western Collegiate Hockey Association All-Academic team, and graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in sport management.After retiring as a player, <mask> was head coach and general manager of the Twin Cities Vulcans in the United States Hockey League, and led them to the Junior A National Championship in the 1999–2000 season. He worked in several executive positions for USA Hockey from 2000 to 2018, co-operated with the United States Olympic Committee, and oversaw all men's and women's national hockey teams. During his tenure with USA Hockey, national teams won a combined total of 64 medals in International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) competitions. He helped acquire Compuware Arena to become the home rink for the USA Hockey National Team Development Program, and was general manager of the men's national team at the 2018 Winter Olympics until his death three weeks before the games began. He was posthumously given the Lester Patrick Trophy in recognition of growing hockey in the United States, received the Paul Loicq Award from the IIHF for contributions to international ice hockey, and inducted into the University of Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame. He was son of <mask> who also served as general manager of the United States national team, and was the younger brother of professional hockey player <mask>. Early life and family <mask> was born on March 10, 1964, in Rochester, Minnesota, and was commonly known as "J.J." He was the youngest of two boys and one girl to <mask> and Marietta Sands, which included his older brother <mask>.During the 1970s, <mask>'s father served as the coaching director of the Amateur Hockey Association of the United States, and was the general manager of the United States national team in 1979 and 1980. As a youth, <mask> and his brother spent summer vacations at hockey camps operated by their father, were included in photographs demonstrating skills for coaching manuals, were stick boys at selection camps for the US national team, and handed out shoes and jackets to the players. Playing career Amateur <mask> played ice hockey as a center, was a right-handed shooter, and was listed as and . He played in the Minnesota state high school tournament with Mayo High School in 1982, and was tied as the tournament's leading scorer with seven points. He was recruited by family friend Bob Johnson to play for the Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey program along with his older brother John. <mask> signed a letter of intent in March 1982 to attend the University of Wisconsin–Madison, then was selected by the Hartford Whalers in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft, 130th overall in the seventh round. From 1982 to 1986, <mask> played for the Badgers, and won a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship as a freshman in the 1982–83 season.He received the Fenton J. Kelsey Award as the most competitive player on the Badgers for the 1983–84 season, in which he scored 17 goals and 21 assists as a sophomore. As a junior, he was named to the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) All-Academic team for the 1984–85 season. He was second in goal scoring for the Badgers during the 1985–86 season as a senior, when his collarbone was broken in a body check. He missed 12 games due to the injury, then completed his college career with 63 total goals in four seasons. He received the Wisconsin Williamson Award as a scholar athlete, and was again named to the WCHA All-Academic team. He graduated from Wisconsin with a degree in sport management, but was not offered a professional contract by the Hartford Whalers. Professional <mask> began his professional career playing in West Germany with EV Landsberg in the 2nd Bundesliga during the 1986–87 season.He scored 46 goals for EV Landsberg and felt that his skating improved while playing in Europe. He later recalled that he loved his time in Germany and stated, "I got so much ice time, it was great. We had nothing else to do. I had a key to the rink". He became an unrestricted free agent after the season, then trained for two hours daily during the summer with skating coach Jack Blatherwick to become faster. The Calgary Flames signed <mask> on February 25, 1988, and assigned him to their minor league affiliate team, the Salt Lake Golden Eagles in the International Hockey League (IHL) for the remainder of the 1987–88 season. He scored five goals and two assists in his first eight games in the IHL.He led the league with 15 assists during the 1988 playoffs, and scored eight goals to help the Golden Eagles win the Turner Cup as the IHL playoffs champions in 1988. At the training camp for the Flames in 1988, coach Terry Crisp felt Johannson deserved an opportunity despite the depth of the organization at the center and right wing positions. <mask> returned to the Golden Eagles where he set a team record with eight short-handed goals during the 1988–89 season. He played in all 82 games during the season, scored 35 goals and 40 assists, then was released. Despite not making the NHL roster, <mask> stated that the Flames treated him well and that he departed on good terms. Johannson discussed a potential contract with European and National Hockey League (NHL) teams, then agreed to terms with the Chicago Blackhawks in October 1989 and was assigned to the Indianapolis Ice in the IHL. He chose to sign with the Blackhawks since he had family ties to Indianapolis through his mother.He was the only player to appear in all 82 games during the 1989–90 season, and won his second Turner Cup when the Indianapolis Ice were playoffs champions. At the end of the 1990–91 season, <mask> had played 264 consecutive games spanning three seasons. He received the Ironman Award from the IHL in recognition of his durability, and offensive and defensive skills. <mask> began the final year of his contract with the Blackhawks on loan to the United States national team for the 1991–92 season. He sought a contract with a team in Switzerland after the 1992 Winter Olympics, then took time off to discuss a contract with the Blackhawks and his plan to coach hockey when he retired from playing. He returned to the Indianapolis Ice on March 13, 1992, despite no future guarantee from the Blackhawks. While in Indianapolis, he was active in the team's Say No to Drugs community service program.The Milwaukee Admirals signed <mask> to an IHL contract in July 1992. He played 71 games during the 1992–93 season and scored 14 goals, then played 28 games and scored four goals in the 1993–94 season. He retired from professional hockey after playing 374 games in the IHL, where he scored 119 goals and 279 points. International The United States national junior team twice named <mask> to its roster at the World Junior Championship, where the team placed fifth in 1983 in the Soviet Union, and placed sixth in 1984 in Sweden. He played for the United States national team at the 1987 Pravda Cup in Leningrad, coached by Dave Peterson who later led the United States national team at the Winter Olympics in 1988 and 1992. <mask> was one of the first players cut from tryouts for the United States national team in advance of the 1988 Winter Olympics, but was later recalled and worked hard to be a role player on the team. He credited the support from his father and brother as motivation to make the team.During the pre-Olympic tour, <mask> played 60 games for the United States national team and scored 15 goals, 13 assists, and 28 points. In the 1988 Winter Olympics hockey tournament, he played in five of six games and one assist. The Star Tribune described him as the "top penalty killer on the team" that finished in seventh place. <mask> was invited to play for the United States national team in ice hockey at the 1990 Goodwill Games by his former university coach Jeff Sauer. He served as captain of the team, scored two goals and had three assists in five games played, and led the United States to the silver medal. <mask> was named to the United States national team which played a 64-game schedule during the 1991–92 season prior to ice hockey at the 1992 Winter Olympics. He was the second oldest player on the team, and became a source of advice and leadership.His teammate Keith Tkachuk said, "[<mask>] could do almost anything for a team. He had skill, but he was a responsible guy who you could put on the ice in the last minute of a game. He was a player you relied on". The United States lost to the Unified Team by a 5–2 score in the semifinals, which <mask> felt was the most disappointing loss he had played in due to five penalties against called against the United States. The United States then placed fourth after a loss to the Czechoslovakia national hockey team in the bronze medal game. During the Olympics, he wrote a diary for the Wisconsin State Journal about the life of an Olympic athlete and the hockey competition, and donated the money he received to the Bob Johnson Memorial Foundation. Two months later, <mask> was a member of the United States national team at the 1992 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships in Prague, which saw a seventh-place finish for the United States.Playing statistics Regular season and playoffs Career playing statistics: International International tournament statistics: Twin Cities Vulcans Johannson became involved in junior ice hockey when he was named head coach and general manager of the Twin Cities Vulcans in the United States Hockey League (USHL) on June 13, 1995. He led the Vulcans to an eighth-place finish in the 1995–96 season, then a best-of-seven series in the first round of the playoffs versus the first-place Green Bay Gamblers. The Vulcans won the first three games of the series, but were eliminated from the playoffs with four consecutive losses. The Vulcans placed fourth in the north division during the 1996–97 season, then were defeated four games to one by the Omaha Lancers in the first round of the playoffs. The USHL named <mask> a co-coach of the league's select team that played in the under-20 Four Nations Junior A tournament in Füssen, Germany in November 1997. The USHL Selects won the tournament with two wins and one draw in three games. In the 1997–98 season, he coached the Vulcans to 25 wins in 56 games, a sixth-place finish in the north division, but the team did not qualify for the playoffs.<mask> assumed the head coaching duties of the Vulcans from <mask> in May 1998. <mask> remained as general manager of the Vulcans and served as a scout for the Nashville Predators. After a fourth-place finish in the Central Division for the 1998–99 season and a first round playoffs loss to the Des Moines Buccaneers, the Vulcans placed fifth in the West Division in the 1999–2000 season. In the playoffs, the Vulcans won their series versus the Sioux Falls Stampede and the Lincoln Stars then lost in the Clark Cup finals to the Green Bay Gamblers. The Vulcans qualified for the USA Hockey Junior A National Championship as the USHL's representative, since the Gamblers already qualified as the host team. The Vulcans defeated the Danville Wings in the semifinal, then won the national championship with a 4–1 victory versus the Gamblers. The Vulcans were sold and relocated to Kearney, Nebraska to become the Tri-City Storm in 2000.<mask> felt that the Vulcans were victims of declining attendance and the southward geographical shift of the USHL from Minnesota to Iowa and Nebraska. When the Vulcans reduced their ticket prices to be the lowest in the USHL in 1997, <mask> stated that the team had wanted to raise prices but could not due to competition from other sports in the Twin Cities. He felt that selling the team would strengthen the USHL, which transitioned into bigger budget teams based in cities where hockey was the primary sport. Coaching statistics Career coaching statistics: USA Hockey executive <mask> served as team leader for the United States national team at the World Championships from 1999 to 2004, and was the liaise between USA Hockey and coaching staffs. In September 2000, he became USA Hockey's manager of international activities and co-operated with the United States Olympic Committee to build national teams. He became senior director of hockey operations on August 2003, then assistant executive director of hockey operations in June 2007. As the assistant executive director of hockey operations, <mask> oversaw all men's and women's national teams assembled for international competition.In 2007, he established an advisory group to facilitate selection of players for the men's national team, participated in the selection of players for the Winter Olympics from 2002 to 2018, was the general manager of the United States national junior team from 2009 to 2018, and general manager of the United States national team for the 2018 Winter Olympics. During his tenure with USA Hockey, national teams won a combined total of 64 medals in International Ice Hockey Federation competitions, including 34 gold, 19 silver and 11 bronze. <mask> oversaw administration for the 2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships when USA Hockey hosted the event in North Dakota and Minnesota, and was a guest speaker at the World Hockey Summit in 2010. He helped implement the American Development Model, and acquired Compuware Arena in 2014 to become the home rink for the USA Hockey National Team Development Program (under-18 national team). According to his brother, <mask> was passionate in his efforts for the under-20 and under-18 age groups and felt that competitions and assessments were an important part of the development process for younger players. He reportedly enjoyed international travel for these age groups and for the players to learn about the history of countries traveled to in addition to the hockey experience. When the NHL did not permit its players to participate in ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Olympics, <mask> assembled a roster for the men's national team composed of players from the NCAA, the American Hockey League, and professional leagues in Europe.USA Hockey executive director Pat Kelleher felt that, "This Olympic team was going to be a testament to [Johannson] because no one knew the depth our player pool better than he did". Kelleher also felt that it meant as much to <mask> as the players who realized their dreams of playing in the Olympics, and that he was excited about a 25-man roster that included "25 great stories". Personal life <mask> wrote in 1992, that he had rituals before each game. Before the end of the national anthem, he would say "forecheck, backcheck, bodycheck, guts", which was a saying from one of his minor hockey coaches in Rochester. Then before the game he would say, "don't tear the jersey", as a way to remember what his father said before youth programs at Rochester Community College. <mask> played golf in addition to ice hockey, and resided in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He married Abigail Tompkins on September 10, 2011, and had a daughter born in December 2015.He died in his sleep due to heart disease at home in Colorado Springs on January 21, 2018, three weeks before the 2018 Winter Olympics began. Honors and legacy At a conference of Minnesota State High School League athletic directors in 1999, <mask> was recognized as a distinguished alumnus of Mayo High School. He was posthumously inducted into the University of Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 2018, and was given the Lester Patrick Trophy in 2018, in recognition of his efforts to grow hockey in the United States. He was named a Paul Loicq Award recipient by the IIHF in 2019, in recognition of his contributions to international hockey. The USA Hockey Foundation established <mask> Legacy Fund in 2018, to benefit minor hockey programs across the United States. Detroit Red Wings player Dylan Larkin led efforts to arrange the Stars and Stripes Showdown held at USA Hockey Arena, an exhibition game to raise funds for the charity. The game included former players of the United States national team who asked the a portion of the proceeds benefit <mask>'s family and a college fund for his daughter.In 2019, the USA Hockey College Player of the Year award was renamed to the <mask> College Player of the Year award. Its recipient selects a minor hockey association to receive a grant from the <mask>son Legacy Fund. After <mask> died, journalists recalled his work ethic and humility. Andrew Podnieks wrote, "[Johannson] was a presence at most top-level IIHF events, representing both his country and the game with friendly dignity and a strong moral compass", and that "He was both professional and humble, competitive and ethical, hard-working and amiable". David Shoalts wrote, "<mask> is not a familiar name to many hockey fans but his contributions to the game in the United States went far beyond much more famous monikers", and that "Anyone who encountered Johannson was struck by his easygoing and humble nature". <mask>'s work in hockey was recognized by NHL executives. Carolina Hurricanes general manager Don Waddell said, "He was doing jobs that should've taken three people to do".Nashville Predators general manager David Poile felt that, "He's someone you could never outwork. He was the last one to bed and the first one up in the morning". League commissioner Gary Bettman stated, "In building the teams that achieved so much success for USA Hockey, <mask>son had a sharp eye for talent, a strong sense of chemistry and a relentless pursuit of excellence". References 1964 births 2018 deaths American ice hockey administrators American ice hockey coaches American men's ice hockey centers Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games EV Landsberg players Hartford Whalers draft picks Ice hockey players from Minnesota Ice hockey players at the 1988 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 1992 Winter Olympics Indianapolis Ice players Lester Patrick Trophy recipients Milwaukee Admirals (IHL) players Nashville Predators scouts NCAA men's ice hockey national champions Olympic ice hockey players of the United States Paul Loicq Award recipients Salt Lake Golden Eagles (IHL) players Sportspeople from Rochester, Minnesota United States Hockey League coaches USA Hockey Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey players

Glenne Headly

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<mask> (March 13, 1955 – June 8, 2017) was an American actress. She was widely known for her roles in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, Dick Tracy, and Mr. Holland's Opus. <mask> received a Theatre World Award and four Joseph Jefferson Awards and was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards. In 2017, she starred in The Circle and Just Getting Started, the latter marking her final film role, released six months after her death. She also starred with Ed Begley Jr. and Josh Hutcherson in Future Man, Hulu's half-hour comedy television series produced by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg; she died on June 8, 2017, mid-way through filming the series. Early life and education <mask> was born on March 13, 1955, in New London, Connecticut. Her first years were spent living in the care of her mother, <mask> (née Sniscak), in San Francisco, and her maternal grandmother in Lansford, Pennsylvania.Early in her elementary school years, she joined her mother, who was then living in Greenwich Village. She studied ballet at the Robert Joffrey school of ballet and modern dance at the Martha Graham Studios. In New York, she attended public schools, including P. S. 41, where she was placed in a class for intellectually gifted children. There, a fifth-grade teacher introduced her to the work of Jacques Cousteau in an oceanography class, triggering a lifelong interest in preserving the natural world. She later went on to the High School of Performing Arts, majoring in drama and graduating with honors. Rather than continuing to study the dramatic arts, she attended the American College of Switzerland, a small college in Leysin from which she graduated with a bachelor's degree. Soon after, she moved to New York, taking day jobs as a waitress so she could work nights in the theater for little or no salary.Later, she moved to Chicago, where she joined the New Works Ensemble at the St. Nicholas Theatre. She was eventually cast in a Goodman Theatre production of Curse of the Starving Class, directed by Robert Falls and co-starring John Malkovich. Film and television career While appearing on the Chicago stage in Curse of the Starving Class, Headly was asked to join the Steppenwolf Theatre ensemble, which was looking to expand. She also appeared in several other productions. In Chicago, she was nominated for five Joseph Jefferson awards, and won three for best supporting actress. She received her Actors' Equity card when cast by Vivian Matalon in a summer theatre production of Charley's Aunt, and joined SAG when Arthur Penn wrote a breakout role for her in the film Four Friends. On August 2, 1982, Headly married fellow ensemble member John Malkovich.Soon after, she replaced Ellen Barkin in Extremities off-Broadway. She then was cast in The Philanthropist, also off-Broadway, and won a Theatre World Award for best newcomer. In New York, she appeared in Balm in Gilead with her fellow Steppenwolf Theatre members, and in Arms and the Man, on Broadway, with Kevin Kline and Raul Julia. 1988–1995: Early work Headly played several supporting roles in such films as Making Mr. Right, Paperhouse, Seize the Day and Nadine, but her role in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988), with Steve Martin and Michael Caine, truly launched her film career. In 1988, <mask> was named Most Promising New Actress by the Chicago Film Critics Association. That same year, Headly divorced Malkovich after he had an affair with Michelle Pfeiffer during the filming of Dangerous Liaisons.In 1989, Headly played the role of Elmira Boot Johnson in the critically acclaimed TV miniseries Lonesome Dove, a part for which she received her first of two Emmy Awards nominations for best supporting actress in a television movie. <mask> then was cast by Warren Beatty to appear as Tess Trueheart in Dick Tracy. She next starred with Demi Moore and Bruce Willis in Mortal Thoughts, directed by Alan Rudolph. In 1992, she worked on a small Canadian film called Ordinary Magic, and on the first day of filming, met her future husband Byron McCulloch, whom she married in 1993. She also co-starred with Ted Danson and Macaulay Culkin in the 1994 comedy Getting Even with Dad. 1995–2004 Headly appeared in Mr. Holland's Opus, Sgt. Bilko, What's the Worst That Could Happen?, Breakfast of Champions, Around the Bend, 2 Days in the Valley, and others.<mask> appeared in the television movies Winchell, And the Band Played On, Pronto, My Own Country, and Women vs. Men,. <mask> received her second of two Emmy Awards nominations for best supporting actress in a television movie for Bastard Out of Carolina (1996). She appeared as Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer's daughter in the 2001 live telecast of the play On Golden Pond for CBS. She was cast in the series Encore! Encore!, starring Nathan Lane and Joan Plowright, from 1998 to 1999, and had recurring roles as Dr. Abby Keaton on ER from 1996 to 1997 and as Leland Stottlemeyer's wife, Karen, on Monk. 2004–2017 In 2004, she played the mother of Lindsay Lohan's character in Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen. She appeared in the films The Amateurs (2005), The Namesake (2006), Comeback Season (2006), Kit Kittredge: An American Girl (2008), The Joneses (2009), and Don Jon (2013).<mask> appeared in the film Strange Weather (2016) and in the HBO limited series The Night Of (2016). Future Man <mask> and Ed Begley Jr. were cast in lead roles with Josh Hutcherson in Future Man, Hulu's half-hour comedy television series produced by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg. <mask> died on June 8, 2017, during filming of the series. At the time of her death, she had filmed five episodes of the planned 13-episode season order. Producers stated that she would not be recast and that the episodes she filmed will air, leaving the writers to rework the episodes in which she was due to appear. <mask> was an ensemble member of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company from 1979 until 2005, although she never returned to Chicago to do a play after the late 1980s, believing that such a move would uproot and be disruptive to her family. She took a break from the stage altogether for 10 years until 1999, when she starred with Miranda Richardson in Wallace Shawn's Aunt Dan and Lemon, which premiered at the Almeida Theatre in London.In 1983, <mask> appeared in Christopher Hampton's The Philanthropist at the Manhattan Theater Club in New York. In 1984, <mask> appeared in Lanford Wilson's Balm in Gilead presented by the Circle Repertory Company and the Steppenwolf Theater Ensemble. In 1985, <mask> starred as Raina in George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man, directed by John Malkovich, in New York. In 2000, Headly starred as Ellen in Detachments at the Tiffany Theater in Los Angeles, written and directed by Colleen Dodson-Baker. In 2001, <mask> starred as Angela Kennedy Lipsky in the premiere of My Brilliant Divorce at the Druid Theatre in Galway, Ireland. In 2003, <mask> starred with David Hyde Pierce in The Guys as part of a revolving cast at the Actors' Gang in Los Angeles. She also appeared in Malkovich's production of Shaw's Arms and the Man, with Kevin Kline at New York City's Circle in the Square Uptown.In 2012, <mask> played Eva White in the Geffen Playhouse's production of The Jacksonian, written by Beth Henley. In 2016, once again at the Geffen Playhouse, <mask> starred in Sarah Ruhl's Stage Kiss. Death Headly died of complications from a pulmonary embolism on June 8, 2017, at the age of 62, in Santa Monica, California. Filmography Film Television References External links Glenne <mask> at Find A Grave 1955 births 2017 deaths American stage actresses American film actresses American television actresses 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Drama Desk Award winners Theatre World Award winners Steppenwolf Theatre Company players Actresses from New York City Actresses from Connecticut Mensans Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School alumni People from New London, Connecticut People from Greenwich Village Deaths from pulmonary embolism

Henry E McDaniel

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<mask> (October 2, 1906 − March 2, 2008) was a watercolor artist of landscapes, trout and salmon fishing scenes. Biography <mask> was born in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia (2 October 1906) and died in Quincy, Massachusetts (2 March 2008). He emigrated at age 19 from Bridgewater, Nova Scotia to Boston, Massachusetts, where he studied at the Vesper George School of Art (1925-1927) with Vesper George, Prescott Jones, William Hazelton and Frank Waldo Murray. McDaniel earned his living in advertising. He was art director of four Boston agencies, Bennett and Northrup, Inc.; Norman-Buffet Display Industries,Inc. ; Vose Swain Inc. and Bowne of Boston,Inc.. He developed his skills with watercolor in his leisure time beginning in the 1930s and painted en plein air for 20 years before he began his studio art in the 1950s.His first one-man exhibit (1940) consisted of Nova Scotian scenes at The Boston City Club Gallery. McDaniel stopped painting at age 100 after completing over 500 works, most of which are in private collections; some are in museums and corporate offices. His fine art work and articles by or about him have appeared in 27 publications from 1936-2010. <mask>'s first print, "Fishing the Dry on the Upper Connecticut", was a limited edition made at Royal Smeets Offset Printers in Weert, Netherlands in 1973 for the members of The Anglers' Club of New York. His painting hangs at the club with the art of Winslow Homer and Ogden Pleissner. His print "Morning on Taylor Shore" was presented to Charles, Prince of Wales in 1978 at the International Atlantic Salmon Foundation Symposium, London, England. It was produced by the International Atlantic Salmon Foundation and the Crossroads of Sports, Inc. in 1976.A later print, "Miramichi Morning", was produced in 1989 by the Atlantic Salmon Federation for its members. For this painting, McDaniel was named artist of the year by the ASF. <mask>'s art and illustrations were used in two books: "The Art of the Atlantic Salmon Fly" by Joseph D Bates, Jr. (1987), published by David R Godine, Boston, MA. and "The Compleat Lee Wulff" by Lee Wulff (1989), published by Truman Talley Books, E. P. Dutton, Ny, NY. Philosophy Like artists of the Hudson River School, McDaniel painted streams, seascapes and landscapes as an outpouring of his passion for place and to promote conservation. Yet, <mask> was determined not to stage or sentimentalize his art, often choosing unconventional subjects such as "Bush Island Castaways" and "Memories of Blue Rocks". He was influenced by Ogden Pleissner, Winslow Homer and Aiden Lassell Ripley.His paintings are representational and notable for realistic water and light effects. As he was a skilled and avid fisherman, he painted trout and salmon scenes with authentic detail. Most of his fishing scenes are set in New England and Maritime Canada. Memberships 1951 Boston Watercolor Society 1953 The Guild of Boston Artists 1988 The Hudson Valley Art Association Museums The Holyoke Museum of Art, Holyoke, Massachusetts American Museum of Fly Fishing, Manchester, Vermont Miramichi Salmon Museum, Doaktown, New Brunswick, Canada Awards and honors 1950s Several awards for Excellence at the Boston Guild of Watercolor Society Painters exhibits, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts. 1958 B.L. Makepeace award for "Approaching Shower" at the Boston Society of Watercolor Painters exhibit, Boston Museum of Fine Arts. 1960 Richard Mitton medal for " Waitsfield, Vermont" most popular in Class D. 1964 Richard Mitton medal for "Road to the Sea" most popular in Class D. 1966 Richard Mitton medal for "Down East Memories" most popular in Class D. The Richard Mitton medals were given at the Annual Exhibit of Paintings by Contemporary Artists of New England at the Jordan Marsh galleries in Boston, Massachusetts.1973 The Angler's Club of New York selected "Fishing the Dry on the Upper Connecticut" for their gallery and to be used for prints for their members. 1988 First Place at The State of Maine Wildlife Art Show. 1989 Third Place at the State of Maine Wildlife Art Show. 1989 Artist of the Year, The Atlantic Salmon Federation, Montreal, Canada, for his "MIramichi Morning" made into a print for ASF members. 1991 New England Watercolor Society prize, annual Grumbacher Show, Guild of Boston Artists. 1993 Hall of Fame Inductee Miramichi Salmon Museum, Doaktown, New Brunswick, Canada. Exhibits 1940 Boston City Club Gallery, a one-man show of Nova Scotian scenes.1949, 1955, 1957 National Academy Galleries, 5th Ave. N.Y. American Watercolor Society. 1958,1972 Scituate Arts Festival, Scituate, Massachusetts. 1963 7th Annual Eastern States Art Exhibit, Springfield, Massachusetts. 1955−1959 An Exhibition of Paintings from the Ford Times Collection of American Art, "Artists and Fishermen", Ford Motor Company and New England Journeys Exhibits toured New England museums, art galleries and libraries. 1940-1973 Contemporary New England Artists exhibits at Jordan Marsh Company Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts, 22 shows. 1940−1975 Boston Society of Watercolor Painters exhibits: Vose Galleries in 1950, Boston Museum of Fine Arts 1951-1973, Boston Center for the Arts 1974 and 1975, 23 shows. 1955 and on Guild of Boston Artists, Boston, South Braintree and Lexington, Massachusetts.1979 Thomas Crane Public Library, Quincy, Massachusetts, a one-man show; also 1976. 1973 The Angler's Club of New York, New York City. 1975 Arlington Art Association, Arlington, Massachusetts. 1979 Soaring Wings Gallery, Eugene, Oregon. 1985, 1986 Atlantic Salmon Federation Conclaves, Corner Brook, Newfoundland, Canada. 1987−1989 Atlantic Salmon Federation Dinners, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 1990 Hudson Valley Art Show, Westchester County Center, White Plains, New York.1990 The Miramichi Salmon Museum Art Festival, Doaktown, New Brunswick, Canada. 1993 Atlantic Salmon Federation show at L.L. Bean, Freeport, Maine. 2010 Petite Riviere, Nova Scotia, Canada, a one-man retrospective exhibit of his paintings of Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia accompanied by a lecture on the paintings by Brian Oickle, Toronto MFA. Publications 1936 National Sportsman May vol. LXXV, no. 5, cover painting.1937 National Sportsman April vol. LXXVII, no. 4, cover painting. 1954 Lincoln-Mercury Times March–April published by the Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan "Song of the Margaree" story and paintings by <mask>el pgs. 1-4. 1955 Ford Times May published by Ford Motor Company "Big Trout in Vermont Streams" story and paintings by <mask> pgs. 2-5.1957 Ford Times March published by Ford Motor Company "Nova Scotia's Little Rivers" story and paintings by <mask> pgs. 2-7 1957 Ford Times July published by Ford Motor Company "Quebec's Roadside River for Salmon" by Peter Barrett, paintings by <mask> pgs. 28-33. 1959 Ford Times June published by Ford Motor Company "St. Mary's River for Salmon" story and paintings by <mask> pgs. 2-5. 1960 Ford Times June published by Ford Motor Company "Connecticut River Trout Pools" by Corey Ford, paintings by <mask> pgs. 2-7.1961 Ford Times September published by Ford Motor Company " River of Distinction" by Jeff Rawlings, paintings by <mask> pgs. 31-33. 1962 Ford Times published by Ford Motor Company "The Water is Always Bluer" by Robert G. Deindorfer, paintings by <mask> pgs. 61-63. 1974 Sports Afield magazine February painting by <mask> pg. 36. 1976 Gray's Sporting Journal Spring vol.1, no. 2 cover painting by <mask>. 1984 Gray's Sporting Journal Summer vol. 9, issue 2 inside cover painting by <mask>. 1985 Atlantic Salmon Journal Summer vol. XXXIV, no. 2 "A Brush With Adventure: the sporting art of <mask>" by Spence Conley pgs.36-39, 41. 1986 Spawner Sport Fishing Annual cover painting by <mask>. 1987 Landmarks, Ontario's Natural Resources Magazine painting by <mask> pg. 9. 1987 The Fishers Forum December "The FlyFisher's Artist - <mask>el" by Tom McMillan pgs. 1, 12, 13. 1987 Book "The Art of the Atlantic Salmon Fly" by Joseph D. Bates, Jr. published by David R. Godine, Boston, Massachusetts "The Return" and line drawings by <mask>.1989 Atlantic Salmon Journal Autumn vol. XXXVIII, no. 3 painting by <mask> pg. 16. 1989 Book "The Compleat Lee Wulff" by Lee Wulff published by Truman Talley Books, E.P.Dutton, N.Y., N.Y. cover painting and illustrations by <mask>. 1990 Fishing Collectibles Magazine Fall vol. 2, no.2 cover painting by <mask>. 1992 Fly Rod and Reel April "Profile: <mask>" by Spence Conley pgs. 29-30, 84-86. 2003 Art of Angling Journal vol. 2 issue 2 "A Brush With Immortality in the Art of <mask>el" by Douglas Marchant cover and pgs. 4, 26-64. 2004 The Magazine Antiques July "Fishing in the Rapids" a painting by <mask> attributed falsely to John Whorf by Avery Galleries.Haverford, Pennsylvania. 2005 Atlantic Salmon Journal Spring vol. 54, no. 1 cover "Unnamed Pool" painting by <mask> attributed falsely to John Whorf. 2005 Atlantic Salmon Journal Summer vol.54, no. 2 "Stealing <mask>'s Name" pgs. 60-65 and "The Henry McDaniel Affair" pg.4 both by Martin Silverstone, editor. 2005 IFAR International Foundation for Art ResearchJournal vol. 8, no. 1 "The Painting is Real, The Name is Not" by Sharon Flescher painting by <mask> pgs. 4-5. 2008 Atlantic Salmon Journal vol. 57, no.2 "Perfect Water" by Martin Silverstone, "The Return" painting by <mask> (1906-2008). 2009 Photographic book, "A Celebration of Henry McDaniel", 208 paintings reproduced, privately published by Joseph W McDaniel. References Ford Times Ogden Pleissner Winslow Homer Lee Wulff Hudson River School The Guild of Boston Artists External links [IFAR] International Federation for Art Research www.ifar.org John Whorf - two of <mask>'s paintings, here at auction under the name of John Whorf, "Unnamed Pool" and "Fishing the White River". http://henrymcdaniel.com/ 20th-century American painters American male painters 21st-century American painters 21st-century male artists Artists from Boston Landscape paintings Realist painters 20th-century Canadian painters Canadian male painters Artists from Nova Scotia People from Annapolis County, Nova Scotia 1906 births 2008 deaths

Jane Barker

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<mask> (1652–1732) was a popular English fiction writer, poet, and a staunch Jacobite. She went into self-imposed exile when James II fled England during the Glorious Revolution in 1688. Her novels, The Amours of Bosvil and Galesia, also published as Love Intrigues (1713), Exilius or The Banish'd Roman (1715), A Patchwork Screen for the Ladies (1723), and The Lining of the Patchwork Screen for the Ladies (1726) were written after she returned to London in 1704. Prior to and during her exile, she wrote a collection of poems justifying the value of feminine education and female single life, "Poetical Recreations" (1688), and a group of political poems, "A Collection of Poems Referring to the Times" (1701), which conveyed her anxiety about the political future of England. Although not known for her letter writing, four extant letters are located in the British Library and within the Magdalen Manuscript at the Oxford Magdalen library, written between 1670 and 1688. <mask> was one of the first female authors to publish writings both in manuscript and print form, allowing modern scholars to study "the passage of <mask>'s poetry from coterie circles to larger, more impersonal communities of readers" Never married, <mask> died quietly in 1732. Early life <mask> was born in May 1652, in the village of Blatherwick, Northamptonshire, in England to <mask> and Anne Connock.Anne Connock seems to be descended from an unlanded and Roman Catholic branch of the Connock family, which might explain <mask>'s Papist affiliation. A member of a royalist family, <mask> went into exile with James II once William of Orange entered England, threatening an overthrow of the outwardly Catholic James II. When <mask> was 10 years old, <mask> leased a property and manor in Wilsthorpe, Lincolnshire. This property was bequeathed to both <mask> and her mother upon her father's death in 1681 and she relocated to the property upon returning from exile in 1704. As a young woman, <mask> was taught Latin, anatomy, and herbal medicine by her brother, Edward, who matriculated at St. John's College, Oxford in 1668 and earned his M.A. from Christ Church, Oxford, in 1674–5. Proof of <mask>'s knowledge of medicine can be seen in the advertisement for Dr. <mask>'s Famous Gout Plaister, and in her poems about anatomy found in her "Poetical Recreations".Indebted to her brother for providing her with the basis of her education, <mask> mourned his death in 1675, shortly after he finished his time at Oxford. Political affiliations and exile <mask> was baptized on 17 May 1652 according to the rites of the Church of England; however, she converted to Catholicism during reign of James II (of England), between 1685 and 1688. After James' defeat by the Prince of Orange (William III) in the Glorious Revolution, London became a dangerous place for Catholics, prompting <mask> to follow James II to exile in France. Following an ideology of Jacobitism, and a royalist, <mask> was one of the 40,000 people who followed James II in exile to France. She was one of the smaller number of individuals who maintained residence at Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1689. James II maintained court in Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a castle lent to the Stuarts by Louis XIV from 1689 to 1704. <mask>'s Jacobite involvement is further evidenced in her letter to James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde, who began organizing a Jacobite invasion from France.Dated 19 March 1718, the letter implicitly informed Ormonde that his supporters in England awaited his invasion. However, the letter was intercepted in that same year by the British Secrete Office, the anti-Jacobite intelligence organization. Since <mask>'s name and handwriting were unknown to the government authorities, it is suspected that she was used as a ghost-writer for the letter—a technique used to protect plotters whose identities and handwriting were already well known by authorities. Major works Poetical Recreations (1688) A Collection of Poems Referring to the Times (1701) Love Intrigues';' or The Amours of Bosvil and Galesia (1713)Exilius; or The Banish'd Roman (1715)The Christian Pilgrimage (1718)A Patch-Work Screen for the Ladies (1723)The Lining of the Patch-Work Screen for the Ladies (1726) Poetry Poetical Recreations Originally published in 1688, the first part of this two-part compilation comprises <mask>'s own poems addressed to her friends, and the second part contains poems written by <mask>'s friends addressed to <mask> herself. Described as written by "several Gentlemen of the Universities, and Others," the second part of Poetical Recreations was written by contributors from Cambridge or Oxford University. Originally printed without the author's permission by Benjamin Crayle, the title page of Poetical Recreations boasted that poems within were "Occasionally written by Mrs. <mask>". Benjamin Crayle also contributed twelve poems in Part Two and expressed his admiration for <mask>'s literary taste.A note in what is now called the Magdalen Manuscript suggests that the publisher did not have <mask>'s permission to print the collection: it reads "now corrected by her own hand." The marginalia indicates that the initial collection was not yet meant for public consumption. Scholar Kathryn King finds evidence through marginal notations in the Magdalen Manuscript that <mask>'s works are autobiographical. A Collection of Poems Referring to the Times Written at the end of her time at Saint-Germaine-en-Laye, A Collection of Poems Referring to the Times is highly political and takes a pro-Stuart position. The speaker in the collection, Fidelia, is considered autobiographical. She is characterized as a Stuart loyalist and Catholic convert, depicting <mask>'s own political and religious affiliations. Upon returning to England, <mask> gifted a copy of her A Collection of Poems Referring to the Times to the son of James II for his birthday.The manuscript holding in the British Library is believed to contain a prototype copy of the collection. Prose Love Intrigues or The Amours of Bosvil and Galesia Originally printed in 1713 and revised and reprinted in 1719, Love Intrigues was the first installment in what came to be known as the Galesia Trilogy. It has been suggested that Bosvil's character was based heavily on a man whom <mask> knew well. King suggests that the original edition of the novel in 1713 was not meant for publication because major revisions were made before it was reprinted, with a new title, in 1719. Love Intrigues was the first novel that <mask> published, though probably without her permission, with Edmund Curll. Curll published some of her later works. It was suspected that Curll probably added the term "Amours" to the title for better commercial appeal.Exilius or The Banish'd Roman Published just after the death of Queen Anne in 1714, Exilius can be read as a pro-Stuart response to the succession crisis that followed Anne's death. There is some suggestion that Curll sped up the release of the work so that he could capitalize on the market potential during the political upheaval. This novel is understood to be a projection of Jacobite feeling through themes including romance, love, and heroism. Written primarily for a female audience, the male characters within the fiction are stock representations while female characters are developed virtuously and follow strict moral tenets. Jonathan Grieder states that formally the work is weak, but because it appeals to women during the early eighteenth century it can inform the reader about feminine interests during the time of its publication. The Christian Pilgrimage In 1718, <mask> published her translation of a French Catholic devotional manual, The Christian Pilgrimage, originally written by François Fénelon, the archbishop of Cambrai. Translated as a response to the severe government reprisals on the Catholic community in England in early 1716, this devotional manual reframed a Protestants' understanding of Catholicism in order to discourage any further egregious actions against the Catholic community.<mask>'s translation of Fénelon's work offered a take on Catholicism that used the vocabulary of the Church of England; she removed extraneous Catholic representation from the original so as not to dissuade Protestant readership. A Patch-Work Screen for the Ladies or, Love and Virtue and The Lining of the Patch Work Screen Published in 1723, A Patch-Work Screen for the Ladies is based loosely on the Lettres Portugaises, published in 1669. The Lining of the Patch-Work Screen was written in 1726. Often recognized to be a blending of genre conventions including romance, bourgeois fiction, poems, hymns, odes, recipes, philosophical reflections, among others, the two works create a hybrid genre. <mask> uses the metaphor of the patch-work screen to raise questions about politics, sexual politics, economics, and finance in her society. In A Patch-Work Screen for the Ladies, <mask> includes autobiographical information and also includes revised poems from Poetical Recreations including "Anatomy," the poem which indicates <mask>'s proficiency in medicine. Gender issues Capitalizing on the education she received from her brother, <mask> established herself as an author within mostly male coteries during the second half of the seventeenth century.<mask> worked to alleviate the stigma of spinsterhood and make it an acceptable alternative to marriage. A celibate woman, <mask> belonged to the tradition of female martial valor and enjoyed her freedom from men in her own personal life. There is evidence that <mask> used Katherine Philips' Orinda as a model for her own speaker, Fidelia, without including homosexual undertones that are present within Katherine Philips' writings. <mask> established herself as a published female author whose print works were primarily for a female audience. Her dedications, "to the ladies," also suggest that she was writing for an elite female readership, although this dedication may have been included by Edmund Curll for marketing purposes. Legacy <mask> was the first woman to firmly position herself as an author working with both manuscript and print media. Choosing to publish in both spheres gave both a mainstream readership as well as the more intimate coteries access to her work.Because of her interest in manuscript and print, <mask> has one foot in the old world methods of circulating works and one in the modern market-place. Relying upon income from her later publications for money, <mask> had more freedom and independence than other female authors of the early modern period. Depicted as an autobiographical author by Kathryn R. King, <mask>'s works display a strong feminist bent, offering her readership information regarding single womanhood, female education and politics. Notes References list King, Kathryn and Jeslyn Medoff. "<mask> and Her Life (1652–1732): The Documentary Record." Eighteenth Century Life. 21.3 (1997): 16–38.King, Kathryn R. "<mask>, <mask> (bap. 1652, d.1732)." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford UP, 2004. King, Kathryn R. <mask>, Exile. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. Print Mello, Patrick."<mask>, <mask>." The Encyclopedia of British Literature 1660–1789. Wiley-Blackwell, 2015. Print. Pickard, Claire. "<mask>." Perdita.University of Warwickshire. Web. 25 October 2015. Wilson, Carol Shiner, ed. The Galesia Trilogy and Selected Manuscript Poems of <mask>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. Further reading King, Kathryn R. "<mask>, Poetical Recreations, and the Sociable Text."ELH. 61.3 (1994): 551–570. ((ISSN|0013-8304)) ((OCLC|361323977)) McArthur, Tonya Moutray. "<mask> and the Politics of Catholic Celibacy," Studies in English Literature 47.3 (2007): 595–618. Spencer, <mask>. "Creating the Woman Writer: The Autobiographical Works of <mask>." Tulsa Studies in Literature.2.2 (1983): 165–181. Web. 13 October 2015. Swenson, Rivka. "Representing Modernity in <mask>’s Galesia Trilogy: Jacobite Allegory and the Patch-Work Aesthetic," Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture''. (Spring 2005): 55–80. External links King, Kathryn."<mask> and Her Life (1652–1732): the documentary record." Eighteenth-Century Life 21.3 (1997): 16–38. <mask>, Exilius (London: Edmund Curll, 1715) – e-text. Online editions from eBooks @ Adelaide 1652 births 1732 deaths Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism English Catholic poets English women poets English women novelists English Roman Catholics Roman Catholic writers People from North Northamptonshire People from South Kesteven District 17th-century English poets 18th-century English novelists 17th-century English women writers 17th-century English writers 18th-century English women writers 18th-century English writers 18th-century British writers 18th-century pseudonymous writers Pseudonymous women writers

Li Jianxun

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<mask>o (), known late in life as the Duke of Zhongshan (), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period states Wu and Wu's successor state Southern Tang, serving as a chancellor during Southern Tang and possibly during Wu. Background It is not known what year <mask>un was born — although subsequent events of his life would tend to place a framework on the possible time of his birth. He was the fourth son of <mask>heng, who served as a general under the major late-Tang warlord Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu). He was studious in his youth and capable in writing, particularly in poetry. During Hongnong/Wu After Tang fell in 907, Yang Xingmi's domain, then ruled by his son and successor Yang Wo, became the state of Hongnong (later known as Wu). In 908, his officers Zhang Hao and Xu Wen assassinated him, and shortly after, Xu killed Zhang and supported Yang Wo's younger brother Yang Longyan to succeed Yang Wo as the Prince of Hongnong. Xu thereafter took effective reins of the state as its regent.At this time, <mask>un's father <mask>g was serving as the prefect of Run Prefecture (潤州, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and had a habit of going out of the city at night. This drew Xu's suspicion, concerned that <mask>g might be planning to act against him, so he transferred <mask>g to Jiang Prefecture (江州, in modern Jiujiang, Jiangxi), farther from the Hongnong capital Guangling. Realizing that Xu suspected him, <mask>g tried to alleviate Xu's concerns by sending <mask>un to pay homage to Xu. When Xu met <mask>un, he was impressed and stated, "If he had a son like this, he cannot be an evil man." He then gave a daughter to <mask>xun in marriage. Despite <mask>un's being honored based on his father's and his father-in-law's statuses, he himself was said to be careful and (at that time) not involved in politics, although he often met with the poorer members of the intelligentsia. <mask>un later became a surveyor at Sheng Prefecture (昇州, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), where his father-in-law Xu Wen had his headquarters.After Xu's death in 927, he continued to serve under Xu's biological son Xu Zhixun, who took over the Jinling (i.e., Sheng) headquarters as well as the army stationed there, as Xu Zhixun succeeded to Xu Wen's titles of military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhenhai (鎮海, headquartered at Run Prefecture) and Ningguo (寧國, headquartered in modern Xuancheng, Anhui) Circuits. A struggle for the control of the state (known as Wu by that point and whose emperor was Yang Longyan's brother and successor Yang Pu) thereafter developed between Xu Wen's adoptive, but older, son Xu Zhigao, whom Xu Wen had assigned as junior regent at Guangling and controlled the Wu imperial government, and Xu Zhixun, who controlled the largest army in the Wu realm. In 929, Xu Zhigao tricked Xu Zhixun into coming to Guangling, and then forced him to remain at Guangling, sending other generals to take over the army and bringing it back to Guangling. Most of Xu Zhixun's staff members were demoted, but <mask> escaped this fate (perhaps because, as the later statement by <mask>'s wife suggested, he was in communications with Xu Zhigao). In 931, Xu Zhigao himself, following Xu Wen's precedent, went to Jinling to take up position there as the military governor of Zhenhai and Ningguo, leaving his son Xu Jingtong in control of the Wu government at Guangling as junior regent. <mask> served as Xu's deputy military governor. By 934, when Xu Zhigao was beginning to consider taking over the throne, <mask> and Xu Jie were in favor, and participated in the planning.By late 936, when the plans for such a transition were deep in motion, Xu Zhigao had <mask>un's father <mask>g and Zhou Ben, the two most senior generals of the realm, go to Guangling to petition Yang Pu to pass the throne to Xu Zhigao, and then come to Jinling to petition him to accept. This led Xu's advisor Song Qiqiu, who opposed the transition, to state to <mask>un, "Your honored father was a great contributor to Emperor Taizu [(i.e., Yang Xingmi)], but now his accomplishments are destroyed." (By this time, <mask>un carried the title of Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎, deputy head of the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng)), which was a post generally designated for a chancellor, although it is not completely clear whether he was in fact a chancellor, as the traditional accounts did not indicate whether he also carried the title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (), usually a prerequisite title for a chancellor.) Xu thereafter accepted the throne, ending Wu and starting Southern Tang. During Southern Tang During <mask>ian's reign After the establishment of the Southern Tang state, <mask>anxun continued to serve as Zhongshu Shilang, and by this point was clearly a chancellor, as he was given the title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, along with Zhang Yanhan and Zhang Juyong. He was also given the title of Zuo Pushe (左僕射, one of the heads of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng)), put in charge of editing the imperial history, and given the military governorship of Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan, a completely honorary title as Yicheng was then the territory of Southern Tang's northern neighbor Later Jin). In 938, Xu Zhigao sent him to escort Yang Pu and Yang Pu's family from the palace at Guangling to Run Prefecture, whose inner city was converted into Danyang Palace, to house the Yang family.In 939, Xu Zhigao changed his family name back to his birth name of <mask>, and took on a personal name of Bian, and declared a mourning period for his birth parents. Even though she was Xu Wen's biological daughter, <mask>xun's wife, who by this point was carrying the title of Grand Princess Guangde, joined in the mourning. As <mask> took the throne based on his service as a Wu official, he was apprehensive of giving his own officials too much power. Chancellors thus did not remain in their positions for long, but <mask>xun was an exception. Still, by 941, <mask> was apprehensive of having <mask>xun remaining as chancellor, but <mask>xun was showing no signs that he would ask to leave the position. According to the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, at that time, there happened to be another official who made a proposal in governance, and, in the proposal, stated, "This is such an important matter that you should not let one of your subjects issue the order. You should issue the order yourself."While <mask> had agreed to this proposal, he had not yet actually acted on it. <mask>un, however, knowing that <mask> had agreed, ordered one of the designated imperial edict drafters to begin drafting the edict. The imperial attendant Chang Mengxi () thereafter submitted an accusation against <mask>un for wrongly drafting an edict. As <mask> was looking for an excuse to relieve <mask>un from his chancellorship, he did so. However, the Grand Princess Guangde went to see <mask>, and, in a pointed tone, stated, "When my father was ill, you, older brother, also often requested to see his instructions to Master <mask> [(i.e., <mask>un)]. Now why do you turn against him?" <mask> responded, "This is a matter of the state.Master <mask> and I are flesh and blood, and I have no suspicions of him." <mask> summoned <mask>un and comforted him, and soon returned him to chancellorship. (However, the Zizhi Tongjian gave a different version of the events, stating that what happened was that it was <mask>un who made the proposal, and was expecting that <mask> would examine the proposal for some time before ruling on it. However, <mask> went ahead and approved the proposal and prepared to promulgate it. <mask>un, realizing that there were aspects of the proposal that would be viewed as benefitting himself and therefore he would be viewed in a negative light, modified the proposal without resubmitting it to the emperor, and therefore was removed.) Late in his reign, <mask> often took medication made by the alchemist Shi Shouchong (), which he believed to be able to enhance health, but which in actuality changed his disposition such that he became harsher and less patient. At one point, he gave some of the medication to <mask>xun as a gift.<mask> later stated to him, "I, your subject, took it for several days, and I felt overactive and having hot flashes. How could it be that it could be taken more than that?" <mask> responded, "I have been taking it for a long time," and did not heed <mask>un's warnings. The medication ended up damaging <mask>'s health and, in 943, he died, and was succeeded by Xu Jingtong, whose name had been changed to <mask>. During <mask>'s reign After <mask> took the throne, others asked <mask> of his impression of the new emperor. <mask>un commented, "The Master is kind and tolerant, and in that aspect is superior to the Deceased Emperor [(i.e., <mask>)]. However, his habits are unset, and the people close to him are not righteous men.I fear that he cannot protect the foundation the Deceased Emperor left him." <mask> honored <mask>un as greatly as he did Song Qiqiu, and often referred to him as just "the Historian" rather than by name, to show respect. In 943, <mask>un was sent out of the capital Jinling to serve as military governor of Zhaowu Circuit (, headquartered in modern Fuzhou, Jiangxi). When Southern Tang captured Jian Prefecture (, in modern Nanping, Fujian), the capital of its southeastern neighbor Min and thus ending Min, in 945, <mask>un, distressed at the poor discipline that the Southern Tang army displayed at Jian, including capturing the people of Jian to serve as servants, asked that the imperial government use its own stores of gold and silk to ransom the captured people of Jian to set them free, and <mask> agreed. In 946, <mask> recalled him to the imperial government to serve as You Pushe and Menxia Shilang (, deputy head of the examination bureau (), as well as chancellor, along with Feng Yanji. It was said that this time around as chancellor, <mask>xun, while experienced in administrative matters, was indecisive, allowing Feng, who was considered wicked, to make most of the decisions. At a subsequent point (before 951), <mask>xun built a lodge at Mount Zhong, and requested retirement there.<mask> granted him leave to retire with the honorary title of Situ (), and gave him the title of Duke of Zhongshan — although it is unclear whether this was just an appellation or an actual creation of a noble title. His wife, the Grand Princess, also took to referring herself as "the Old Woman of Zhongshan." Someone questioned him as to why he was retiring even though he was not yet old, asking him whether he was trying to follow the example of "the Lord of Jiuhua" (i.e., Song Qiqiu, referring to an infamous incident in 943, when Song, in a fit of anger, offered to retire to Jiuhua, believing that <mask> would keep him at the imperial government, but <mask> did not do so, although Song would in fact later return to the imperial government). <mask>xun laughed and responded, "I had, throughout my life, laughed at Lord Song for returning to duty so easily, so why should I not follow him in retiring? I know that I will not have a long life, and so I want a few years of peace." In 951, while in retirement, <mask>xun attended a celebration where the imperial officials congratulated <mask> on Southern Tang's recent conquest of its southwestern neighbor Chu. Most of the officials were in a festive mood, but <mask>xun believed that this was the start of a disaster.(Indeed, the next year, 952, an uprising by former Chu officers, led by <mask>, expelled the Southern Tang forces from the former Chu territory, leaving Southern Tang with no gain.) <mask> died in 952 and was given posthumous honors. It was said that later, after Southern Tang was destroyed, the tombs of the prominent officials were largely all robbed for treasure. However, no one at that time knew where <mask>xun's tomb was, and so it escaped such a fate. It was said that Song, proud of his abilities, rarely praised colleagues, but he praised <mask> for <mask>'s ability to speak well. Notes and references Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms, vol. 21.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 290. 9th-century births 952 deaths Yang Wu people born during Tang Yang Wu poets Yang Wu chancellors Southern Tang poets Southern Tang historians Southern Tang chancellors Southern Tang jiedushi of Yicheng Circuit Southern Tang jiedushi of Zhaowu Circuit People from East China 10th-century Chinese poets 10th-century Chinese historians

William Stark (loyalist)

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<mask> (1 April 1724 – 27 August 1776) was a Revolutionary War era officer. He was the brother of celebrated Revolutionary war hero <mask>. Early life <mask> was born in Londonderry, New Hampshire. He was with his brother <mask>, David Stinson and Amos Eastman, hunting along the Baker River, a tributary of the Pemigewasset River, on 28 April 1752, when <mask> and Amos Eastman were captured and David Stinson was killed by Abenaki Indians. <mask> escaped in his canoe after being warned by his brother. Career During the French and Indian War <mask> commanded a company of Rogers' Rangers in northern New York and Nova Scotia where he served under James Rogers. He took part in the assaults on Fortress Louisbourg in 1758, the St. John River Campaign and Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759, where he served as a Major for General James Wolfe.In the painting by Benjamin West titled "The Death of General Wolfe", Major <mask> is seen holding the mortally wounded General in cradle. Major <mask> was essential in the British triumph and was a pathfinder leading the Royal troops from riverside to the Field of Abraham, high above. Early in the American Revolution, <mask> did not join the New Hampshire Militia forces in the Siege of Boston, but the sounds of the Battle of Bunker Hill could be heard at his home in Dunbarton, New Hampshire, and he left on his swiftest horse to fight, but he arrived too late and the battle had already ended. Both General John Sullivan and Colonel Jonathan Moulton recommended <mask> to command the new regiment being raised in New Hampshire for service with the Continental Army in the invasion of Canada, but the New Hampshire General Assembly gave the command to Timothy Bedel, a former subordinate of <mask>'s. <mask>, feeling ill-used by his home state, left for New York City, which was occupied by the British Army, and offered his services to them. The British made him a lieutenant colonel of Loyalist troops. <mask>'s property in New Hampshire was confiscated by the revolutionary government.Rick Holmes, of Derry News 1 Aug 2013, Derry, New Hampshire wrote: "<mask> was born in 1724 in a small house on Stark Road in Derry. In the 1750s, <mask> moved to Starktown – now Dunbarton, N.H. — where his house was used as the meeting house for the next 17 years. On the frontier, the <mask> brothers soon gained a reputation as skilled hunters and trappers who ranged all over New Hampshire and Quebec. While hunting in 1754, they were ambush by Indians. <mask> managed to escape but his brother was taken prisoner. John was taken to Montreal where he was eventually ransomed for $103 – the price of a pony. During the French and Indian War, <mask> was part of Rogers' Rangers – colonial America’s greatest fighting force.<mask> was appointed captain and was second in command to the legendary Robert Rogers himself. During the next few years, he fought with bravery in many battles from Fortress Louisbourg in Cape Breton to Fort Ticonderoga in New York. <mask> frequently traveled with his dog Beau de Bien, who drew full soldiers pay because of services as a scout and guard. <mask> was assigned to go with Gen. James Wolfe to attack the French-held city of Quebec. The general could find no way to attack the French army, which was secure on top of the impenetrable cliffs looming high above the St. Lawrence River. One historian purports that it was Major <mask> who told Wolfe of the hidden path to the top of the cliff. The English went on to win the battle but Gen. Wolfe was critically wounded.<mask> was one of the four officers who were assigned to carry Wolfe away from the fighting. In Benjamin West’s famous painting, "The Death of General Wolfe", it is believed that it's <mask> cradling the dying general in a pose reminiscent of Christ in Michelangelo's "Pieta". This battle resulted in England taking control of all of Canada. It is considered one of the most important battles in world history. After Quebec, <mask> returned to his farm high on a ridge in Dunbarton. Here for the next 16 years, the soldier was at peace; here he and his wife raised seven children and took part in small-town politics. During the morning of 17 April 1775, he was startled to hear the distant sounds of cannon fire coming from 70 miles away at Bunker Hill outside of Boston.Immediately, he grabbed his musket, jumped on his horse and rode toward the fighting. By the time he arrived, the battle was over and he joined his brother John in Medford. <mask> was solidly on the patriot side and soon applied for command of an army to protect the northern border and capture the city of Quebec. Because of his experiences in the French and Indian War there was no one who more qualified for that position then <mask>. The New Hampshire government saw fit however to award the command to a politically connected soldier who had formerly been one of <mask>'s lieutenants. This act of disrespect and idiocy infuriated <mask>. He rode to the British line and became a colonel in the king's army.This action was very upsetting to his brother, patriot Gen. <mask>. When hearing about his brother leaving the state, <mask> said that leaving was "the best thing he ever did!” During the war <mask> served in the defense of New York City. The government of New Hampshire confiscated all of his property consisting of thousands of acres of farm and forest land." <mask> died from injuries he received in falling from his horse on Long Island, New York during the Battle of Long Island on 27 August 1776. Notes from Debbie Carr record that: "According to an "Abstract of Graves of Revolutionary Patriots about <mask>" he is buried in: Lyme Plain Cemeter in Lyme, Grafton County, New Hampshire 29I". However, the Cemetery listing is apparently of his son, <mask>, Jr., b. 1740, d. 5 Oct 1787. m. Joanna (1742-1811).https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/121887456/william-stark Personal life <mask> was the son of Archibald and Eleanor Nichols <mask> and the older brother of General <mask>, the hero of the Battle of Bennington. He married Mary Stinson on 22 February 1754 and they had seven children: <mask>., John, Archibald, Mary, Stephen, Thomas, and James. References External links 1724 births 1776 deaths People from Londonderry, New Hampshire People of colonial New Hampshire People of New Hampshire in the French and Indian War Loyalists in the American Revolution from New Hampshire United States Army Rangers Deaths by horse-riding accident in the United States Accidental deaths in New York (state) British America army officers People from Dunbarton, New Hampshire

Cheah Cheang Lim

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<mask> (; 6 December 1875 – 15 November 1948) was born in Taiping, Perak, Malaysia. Brought up by his father, <mask>, who was in the trading business, he grew up to become a businessman and miner. He was introduced to the tin mining industries of the time by his uncle Foo Choo Choon, the 'Tin King', who hired him as his attorney. Later, <mask> was appointed to manage his affairs. Eventually, he started his own company. He also invested in rubber estates but his main interest remained in the tin business. <mask> was also known as a social reformer whose concerns were spread across various issues.He was involved in the anti-opium movement and campaigned for Chinese status in the Malay States, including such efforts as debating against the Banishment Enactment to non-Malays born in the States. He furthermore dedicated his life to promoting and improving Malayan education by instituting several scholarship schemes, including the Queen's Scholarships in British Malaya and through donations. Volunteering in the Malayan Volunteer Infantry was a significant part of his later career, as he led the younger generation in a volunteer programme. He was active in several clubs and societies across Malaysia, but mainly in Perak and Penang, where he resided. He was lastly elected as a Federal Counsellor, as a representative of the Chinese population. Early life <mask> <mask> <mask> was born to a Penang Hokkien family in Taiping and started out as a postal assistant on the Perak frontier. Growing up, he spent his early years in Taiping.His father was <mask> Boon Hean, son of <mask> Teah and a businessman and trader. His mother was Foo Kang Nyong. At that time, British administrative branches occupied the area, together with the Perak Sikhs, the police force. The Residential System was in practice. Later, a great fire destroyed the Cheah house. The family was invited to stay at Dr. Legge's residence until <mask> Boon Hean made new arrangements. Education After attending a few temporary schools in Taiping, Cheah studied at the Central Government School, managed by Mr. J.L.Greene, now known as the King Edward VII School, up to Standard VI. In 1889, he finished school and applied for a job at the Land Office in Taiping. He was rejected due to his age. He went back to school, became a pupil teacher and studied privately for one year. Career In 1890, he became a probationer at the Posts and Telegraphs Department. Later, he went to replace a brother officer in Port Weld and subsequently, to his friend Joo Sip San at Lahat, Perak. <mask> was a Malay scholar and helped with English correspondence, while he also taught the staff at the Posts and Telegraphs Department to read and write in the Malay language.In 1894, <mask> took over R. Bulner as the postmaster in Tanjung Malim. He was later transferred back to Lahat, where he resigned, as a government office no longer satisfied his ambitions. He had planned to travel to China but was offered a job as the private secretary of Foo Choo Choon, his cousin, proprietor of the globally known Tronoh Mines. In 1900, he became the general manager. He worked under Foo Choo Choon for 14 years, until he decided to start his own mining business. His first mine was at Azar Dungsang. In 1923, he was appointed a justice of peace for the State of Perak.In 1927, he was elected as a member of the Federal Council to represent the Chinese community. He served for two terms, from 1927 to 1930 and from 1930 to 1933. The Anti-Opium Movement Cheah was an active supporter of the anti-opium movement. He was one of the founders of the Perak Anti-Opium Society, which was created in December 1906, and was elected as the treasurer. A similar organization was founded in Penang, presided by Dr.Wu Lien-teh. The first Anti-Opium Conference of the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States was held in Ipoh in 1907. It attracted around 3,000 people.The second conference was renewed in 1908 with Mr. Foo Choo Choon as the chairman. It was held in Penang, as, at that time, Penang was a significant landmark in the manufacturing and export of opium to Perak and Southern Siam. In addition, mass meetings were conducted during those years. By the time the International Opium Convention Treaty was registered with the League of Nations in 1922, <mask> became the President of the Anti-Opium Society. Consequently, in October 1923, a joint Federated Malay States petition for the abolition of the opium trade was strengthened by 2,000 signatures. The ban on opium was finally applied 20 years after the beginning of the campaign. Cheah had dedicated 30 years of his life to the cause.Benevolent works 1904: Donated a plot of land for the construction of the first Ipoh Maternity Hospital 1919: Instituted the Cheah Boon Hean Scholarship at his former school, King Edward VII School. 1922: Instituted the competitive Cheah Cheang Lim Scholarship in Anderson School, Anglo-Chinese School and St. Michael's Institution in Ipoh. 1924: Donated $500 to Westminster College in Fujian, China and was the third largest donor. 1927: Donated a classroom in the new Anglo-Chinese Girls' School Clubs and organizations Committee member of the Perak Literary and Debating Society Committee member of Public Health Education, Kuala Lumpur Founding member of the Chinese Association of Malaya, Perak Turf Club and the Chinese Widows and Orphans Institution Patron of Hu Yew Seah, Penang President of the Radio Club, Penang Honorary memberships Ipoh Club Life memberships Royal Society of the Arts Royal Empire Society British Institute of Philosophical Studies Ipoh Gymkhana Club (now known as the Perak Turf Club) Garden Club, Singapore Memberships Association of British Malaya Red Cross Society of China Chinese World Student Association of Shanghai Chinese Recreation Clubs of Penang, Selangor and Perak Chinese Chambers of Commerce of Perak and Penang Anglo-Chinese School Union, Penang Chinese Merchants Club, Penang Cheang Chew Hoy Kwan, Penang Chin Sim Seah, Ipoh Chin Woo Seah, Ipoh Decrepit Ward Fund, Taiping Trusteeships Hokkien Kong Huey Chinese Widows and Orphans Institution Wah Yen Yee Theong (Chinese New Cemetery) Yok Choy School Perak Mining and Planting Association Cheah Kongsi, Penang Properties Perak Lodge in Leith Street, George Town, Penang. Vihara Lodge in Jalan Tambun, Ipoh, Perak. Contributed to Penang Hill by building 'Westspur', a bungalow accessible via the Hill Railway. Adorable at Tanjung Bungah, Penang.Cheah Kongsi Cheah belonged to the third generation of the Cheah family trustees of Cheah Kongsi (谢公司) in Penang, his grandfather and father before him. He was also appointed honorary secretary. In 1918, he revised the rules and regulations of the organization to adjust to those times. The new constitution was published in 1921. Moreover, he undertook research on the Cheah history and lineage in China, the Cheah Kongsi history and the family cemetery, and came up with a pictorial compilation. In 1927, he was exempted from the obligation of attending the monthly meetings, due to his increasing commitment to the Federated Malay States. From 1931 to 1933, after the President, <mask> Choo Yew, died, <mask> <mask> <mask> contributed to the renovation of the Cheah Kongsi.In 1934, he resigned his trusteeship, after 17 years of service, from 1917 to 1934. Volunteering In 1924, Cheah was requested by Colonel Parr to instill the volunteering spirit of the Straits Chinese youth. He thus volunteered as a second lieutenant and appointed Officer Commanding (OC), Chinese Platoon 1, in the Malayan Volunteer Infantry in Perak. In 1930, he was promoted to lieutenant. Family life In 1896, <mask> married Khoo Pek Hua, a Penang-born Straits Chinese woman. She died on 6 March 1930, due to illness and the grief of losing of three daughters within five years. She was buried at the Cheah family cemetery at Pulau Tikus, Penang.She left <mask> <mask> with one son and one daughter, named Cheah Ghim Leng and Cheah Liew Pin, respectively. Ghim Leng was previously a sergeant in the Chinese Company of the Penang and Province Wellesley Volunteer Force, before taking over his father's business in Ipoh. Later, he was appointed Officer Commanding Chinese Platoon I, Malayan Volunteer Infantry, in Perak. In 1935, he was elected a justice of the peace. In the beginning of the year 1941, he was awarded the Order of the British Empire and became a member of the Perak State Council. <mask> remarried in July 1930. His second wife was an English-educated lady named Khoo Chin Choo.The couple adopted a girl named <mask> Liew Khin. Later Years After serving in the Federal Council, he retired from public life. He nevertheless hosted the occasional 'At Home', attended by honorable guests. Upon reaching 60 years of age, he hired Francis Cooray, author and journalist of The Malay Mail to write his biography. In 1946, he also helped in leading the formation of the second/third Penang Clerical Union Cheah died on 16 November 1948, aged 77, in his home, at Leith Street, Penang. He was buried at Pulau Tikus, Penang. Lorong Cheah Cheang Lim in Ipoh, Perak is named after him.References People from Perak 1875 births 1948 deaths Malaysian people of Hokkien descent Hokkien businesspeople

Robert Barr (writer)

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<mask> (16 September 1849 – 21 October 1912) was a Scottish-Canadian short story writer and novelist. Early years in Canada <mask> was born in Barony, Lanark, Scotland to <mask> and Jane Watson. In 1854, he emigrated with his parents to Upper Canada at the age of four years old. His family settled on a farm near the village of Muirkirk. <mask> assisted his father with his job as a carpenter, and developed a sound work ethic. <mask> then worked as a steel smelter for a number of years before he was educated at Toronto Normal School in 1873 to train as a teacher. After graduating Toronto Normal School, <mask> became a teacher, and eventually headmaster/principal of the Central School of Windsor, Ontario in 1874.While <mask> worked as head master of the Central School of Windsor, Ontario, he began to contribute short stories—often based on personal experiences, and recorded his work. In August 1876, when he was 27, <mask> married Ontario-born Eva Bennett, who was 21. According to the 1891 England Census, the couple appears to have had three children, Laura, William, and Andrew. In 1876, <mask> quit his teaching position to become a staff member of publication, and later on became the news editor for the Detroit Free Press. <mask> wrote for this newspaper under the pseudonym, "Luke Sharp." The idea for this pseudonym was inspired during his morning commute to work when <mask> saw a sign that read "Luke Sharp, Undertaker." In 1881, <mask> left Canada for England in order to start a new weekly version of "The Detroit Free Press Magazine."London years In 1881 <mask> decided to "vamoose the ranch", as he called the process of immigration in search of literary fame outside of Canada, and relocated to London to continue to write/establish the weekly English edition of the Detroit Free Press. During the 1890s, he broadened his literary works, and started writing novels from the popular crime genre. In 1892 he founded the magazine The Idler, choosing Jerome K. Jerome as his collaborator (wanting, as Jerome said, "a popular name"). He retired from its co-editorship in 1895. In London of the 1890s <mask> became a more prolific author—publishing a book a year—and was familiar with many of the best-selling authors of his day, including Arnold Bennett, Horatio Gilbert Parker, Joseph Conrad, Bret Harte, Rudyard Kipling, H. Rider Haggard, H. G. Wells, and <mask> Gissing. <mask> was well-spoken, well-cultured due to travel, and considered a "socializer." Because most of <mask>'s literary output was of the crime genre, his works were highly in vogue.As Sherlock Holmes stories were becoming well-known, <mask> wrote and published in the Idler the first Holmes parody, "The Adventures of "Sherlaw Kombs" (1892), a spoof that was continued a decade later in another <mask> story, "The Adventure of the Second Swag" (1904). Despite those jibes at the growing Holmes phenomenon, <mask> remained on very good terms with its creator Arthur Conan Doyle. In Memories and Adventures, a serial memoir published 1923–24, Doyle described him as "a volcanic Anglo—or rather Scot-American, with a violent manner, a wealth of strong adjectives, and one of the kindest natures underneath it all". In 1904, <mask> completed an unfinished novel for Methuen & Co. by the recently deceased American author Stephen Crane entitled The O'Ruddy, a romance. Despite his reservations at taking on the project, <mask> reluctantly finished the last eight chapters due to his longstanding friendship with Crane and his common-law wife, Cora, the war correspondent and bordello owner. Death The 1911 census places <mask>, "a writer of fiction," at Hillhead, Woldingham, Surrey, a small village southeast of London, living with his wife, Eva, their son William, and two female servants. At this home, the author died from heart disease on 21 October 1912.Writing Style <mask>'s volumes of short stories were often written with an ironic twist in the story with a witty, appealing narrator telling the story. <mask>'s other works also include numerous fiction and non-fiction contributions to periodicals. A few of his mystery stories and stories of the supernatural were put in anthologies, and a few novels have been republished. His writings have also attracted scholarly attention. His narrative personae also featured moral and editorial interpolations within their tales. <mask>'s achievements were recognized by an honorary degree from the University of Michigan in 1900. His protagonists were journalists, princes, detectives, deserving commercial and social climbers, financiers, the new woman of bright wit and aggressive accomplishment, and lords.Often, his characters were stereotypical and romanticized. <mask> wrote fiction in an episode-like format. He developed this style when working as an editor for the newspaper Detroit Press. <mask> developed his skill with the anecdote and vignette; often only the central character serves to link the nearly self-contained chapters of the novels. Works In a Steamer Chair and Other Stories (Thirteen short stories by one of the most famous writers in his day -1892) "The Face And The Mask" (1894) consists of twenty-four delightful short stories. In the Midst of Alarms (1894, 1900, 1912), a story of the attempted Fenian invasion of Canada in 1866. From Whose Bourne (1896) Novel in which the main character, William Brenton, searches for truth to set his wife free.One Day's Courtship (1896) Revenge! (Collection of 20 short stories, Alfred Hitchcock-like style, thriller with a surprise ending) The Strong Arm A Woman Intervenes (1896), a story of love, finance, and American journalism. Tekla: A Romance of Love and War (1898) Jennie Baxter, Journalist (1899) The Unchanging East (1900) The Victors (1901) A Prince of Good Fellows (1902) Over The Border: A Romance (1903) The O'Ruddy, A Romance, with Stephen Crane (1903) A Chicago Princess (1904) The Speculations of John Steele (1905) The Tempestuous Petticoat (1905–12) A Rock in the Baltic (1906) The Triumphs of Eugène Valmont (1906) The Measure of the Rule (1907) Young Lord Stranleigh (1908) Stranleigh's Millions (1909) The Sword Maker (Medieval action/adventure novel, genre: Historical Fiction-1910) The Palace of Logs (1912) "The Ambassadors Pigeons" (1899) "And the Rigor of the Game" (1892) "Converted" (1896) "Count Conrad's Courtship" (1896) "The Count's Apology" (1896) "A Deal on Change " (1896) "The Exposure of Lord Stanford" (1896) "Gentlemen: The King!"

Phyllis Ntantala-Jordan

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<mask>-Jordan (born <mask>; 7 January 1920 – 17 July 2016) was a South African political activist and author. She and literary historian Archibald Campbell Jordan were the parents of politician Pallo Jordan. Personal life <mask>za” Ntantala was born on 7 January 1920 at Gqubeni, along the bends of the Nqabarha River, eDutywa in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Ntantala-Jordan's father, George Govan Ntantala was a prosperous farmer who served on the Transkei General Council, iBhunga and her mother, Ida Balfour, was a descendant of the earliest African Christian community, founded by the prophet Ntsikana during the second decade of the 19th century in the Eastern Cape. In describing her upbringing, Ntantala-Jordan said, "Like Trotsky, I did not leave home without the proverbial one-and-six in my pocket. I came from a family of landed gentry in the Transkei". Ntantala-Jordan started her schooling at the tender age of four years.Six months later, she lost her mother. After completing Standard 6 (Grade 8),then aged 12, Ntantala-Jordan was sent to Healdtown. Healdtown was highly recommended to her father over Lovedale by her primary school principal Rhodes Cakata. Ntantala says at Healdtown students were treated equally despite their background and smaller than Lovedale. At 15, Ntantala was awarded the Transkeian Bhunga Scholarship to study at the University of Fort Hare. At the time, Fort Hare, although offering degrees, admitted students for matric studies. After completing her matric, she completed a teachers’ diploma at the University of Fort Hare in 1937.Ntantala-Jordan began working at Bantu High School in Kroonstad as a teacher in 1938. In 1939, Ntantala-Jordan married isiXhosa writer Archibald Campbell Jordan, whom she had met during her time at Fort Hare University. In 1945, following the appointment of AC Jordan as lecturer of Bantu Languages at Fort Hare, the Jordans, then with two children, and a third on the way, left Kroonstad for the Eastern Cape. However, Their stay at the University of Fort Hare was short-lived. In 1946, AC Jordan moved with his family to Cape Town after he successfully applied for a lectureship in Bantu Languages at the University of Cape Town (UCT). In 1957, Dr Ntantala-Jordan registered at the University of Cape Town for a Higher Diploma in Native Law and Administration. She would later obtain qualifications from the University of South Africa, the Madison Area Technical College as well as an honorary Doctorate in Philosophy from the University of Fort Hare.Due to the political pressures exerted by the then apartheid South African government during the late 1950s and 1960s, the Jordans went into exile in 1961. The Jordans moved to America, where they and their two children are laid to rest. Ntantala-Jordan died at the age of 96 in Michigan on 17 July 2016. She was 96 years old. She was laid to rest at the Forest Hill Cemetery in Madison, Wisconsin on 30 July 2016. Ntantala-Jordan and AC Jordan are survived by their son Pallo Jordan. Political Work Ntantala-Jordan attributes her political awakening to her time as a teacher at Bantu High School in Kroonstad.In describing her political awakening, Ntantala-Jordan says "I always tell people that it was my experience in the Free State that really roused to anger my social consciousness...Most of our students in Kroonstad did not see a future beyond their school. They remained in school because it was a better place than life in the location. I knew that something was wrong somewhere." When her family moved to Moshesh Avenue in the Langa location after her husband AC Jordan's appointment at the University of Cape Town in 1946, Ntantala-Jordan fought hard to ensure her family moved out of the township. In October 1946, after months of house-hunting in the then white areas (under Group Areas Act), the Jordans wrote to Governor General Mr Brownlee, requesting permission to purchase a lot from a Mr Guttman in Fleur Street, Lincoln Estate, Cape Town. In November, the Jordans acquired permission to buy the lot from Mr Guttman becoming one of the first African families to do so in the area. They named their residence "Thabisano", a place of rejoicing.The Jordans never sent their children to African schools as the government demanded but sent them to St Marks English Church in Athlone, Rosmead and Livingstone High School in Claremont. During her first five years in Cape Town, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, while she was raising their children, she “was busy with political work and in the Cape African Teachers’ Association".The issues that CATA focused in the early 1950s revolved around the condemnation of the Group Areas Act of 1950, the Bantu Authorities Act of 1951, the Jan van Riebeeck celebrations at the Grand Parade in Cape Town in 1952 and the Bantu Education Act of 1953. Ntantala-Jordan wrote Ukwayo:Isikrweqe nekhakha, an isiXhosa translation of I.B Tabata's "Boycott as a weapon of struggle", which was widely distributed by the Society of Young Africa (SOYA) in Transkei. Ntantala-Jordan made a speech at the largest rally in opposition to the celebration of Jan van Riebeeck on 4 April 1952, two days before the celebration which were scheduled for 6 April. Ntantala-Jordan describes the celebrations as a flop for the government and a success for the people's boycott. In 1957, Ntantala-Jordan was asked to contribute an article for a magazine called Africa South on “African women" by Ronnie Segal she chose to write about the “other women whom nobody ever hears about, whose story had never been told, because they are not the `pillars’ of their societies”. According to her, these “were some of the girls I had grown up with, now married and living the lives of widows, as their menfolk were away in the cities”.Her second article in this magazine was entitled “The Widows of the Reserves” which was later translated to Flemish, French and Dutch. During the State of emergency as a result of the Sharpeville massacre and Langaprotest of 21 March 1960, there was general harassment of blacks. AC Jordan was arrested and assaulted on the 4th of April 1960, five days after the declaration of the State of Emergency. Against this background, the Jordan opted to moved to the United States of America. In early in 1961, AC Jordan was awarded a Carnegie Travel Grant to visit universities and colleges in the US. When he was denied a passport, he opted for an exit permit. His family followed him in 1962 and they ended up in the United States of America.Legacy Ntantala-Jordan is remembered as an intellectual, an author and an outspoken political activist. In describing her role in the struggle for liberation, The African National Congress said "the passing of <mask> Ntantala-Jordan has robbed South Africa and the world at large of an astute, inquisitive and inspiring mind. We have lost a champion of gender equality for African women in particular..." Ntantala-Jordan translated into English her husband AC Jordan's novel, Ingqumbo Yeminyanya, spoke at a number of public lectures, wrote essays, a book Let's Hear Them Speak, a book amplifying the voices of many unsung heroines being South African women and her autobiography: A Life’s Mosaic: The Autobiography of PHYLLIS NTANTALA. References Relevant literature Ndlela, Ndela. 2019. ‘Firing with the pen’: Centering the intellectual legacy of <mask>-Jordan. South African Journal of African Languages 40.1:26-31.External links Life’s Mosaic: The Autobiography of <mask> by <mask> South African women's rights activists 1920 births 2016 deaths

Richard Connolly (composer)

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<mask> (born 10 November 1927) is an Australian musician, composer and former broadcaster for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. His published and performed works allow him to be counted as among Australia's most prolific composers of Catholic Church music, particularly with regard to the hymns he composed for the Church in Australia, and which are now published and used inter-denominationally. His hymns have been composed to accommodate and adorn the liturgical reforms of the Second Vatican Council. He is noted for his collaborations with Australian poet James McAuley. His compositions have been successful internationally, both in the Christian and secular field. Biography From 1946 to 1950, <mask> pursued theological studies for the priesthood in Rome. A few months before his ordination, he abandoned his studies and returned to Australia, where he completed an Arts degree from the University of Sydney.At that time, <mask> was a member of the Holy Spirit parish at North Ryde. In 1955, he was introduced to McAuley by Father Ted Kennedy. Kennedy asked <mask> to compose hymns to sing at various points during the Mass. Thus began a long-standing partnership between McAuley and <mask>. Their subsequent musical collaboration during the 1950s and 1960s contributed significantly to contemporary Australian hymnody. Their compositions were first released in a collection titled Hymns for the Year of Grace in 1963. In 1960 <mask>'s work had anchored the Living Parish hymnbook, edited by Tony Newman and published by a group gathered around Roger Pryke, which would sell one million copies over the next decade, enabling congregations to sing hymns in a distinctively Australian voice.Many of the hymns published in both collections are still widely sung across all Christian denominations in Australia and abroad. In 1956, <mask> joined the ABC, and by 1960 worked in the ABC Education department, working mainly in Schools Broadcasts. In 1967 he joined the Radio Drama and Features Department, becoming Features Editor. In 1971 he undertook a Churchill fellowship in Italy, Radio France, and Bayerischer Rundfunk, and spent several months working in the BBC's radio drama script unit. During this time, he also composed music for the BBC TV series, The British Empire. He returned to Australia and was appointed Head of Radio Drama and Features. He composed music for the first Australian visit of a pope, Pope Paul VI at both Randwick and at St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney.In particular, for this occasion he composed a "papal entry and march" version of Psalm 85. Back in 1844, the bishops of Australia had chosen the Virgin Mary, under the title "Help of Christians" as patroness for the Australian nation, and the words are nationalistically resonant for Australian Catholics. While personally remaining largely aloof from in-house Catholic politics, <mask>'s setting of these words in his hymn "Help of Christians, Guard this Land" became the battle hymn of the Catholic Right in Australia in the 1950s and 1960s. In December 2009, he was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Arts by the University of Notre Dame Australia in recognition of his "extraordinary contributions to Catholic liturgical music in Australia". In his acceptance speech he said the hymns he had made with James McAuley were "the centrepiece of my liturgical work and, of all the things that I have made, apart from my family, the best". <mask> fell ill prior to his ninetieth birthday on 10 November 2017, and celebrated with his family in Sydney’s Royal North Shore Hospital; but went on to make a full recovery. Contributions Hymnody A few of his hymn tunes have particularly Australian names.Published by Willow Publishing. 2010 Mass, Notre Dame. Published by Willow Publishing. 2012 Year of Grace. Published by Willow Publishing 2015 Psalms - Praise the Lord My Soul, 35 Psalm Settings for Sundays, Seasons, Feasts & Australian Occasions. Published by Willow Publishing. 2017 Motet Mater Boni Consilii (SATB Choir) Secular music The Play School theme for the ABC (There's A Bear in There!)– a theme known by heart by generations of Australians. References External links From the Great South Land of the Holy Spirit: A Heritage of Traditional Catholic Hymns Article on Vatican II renewal mentioning <mask> and James McAuley Obituary for Fr Ted Kennedy noting his links with <mask> The choir of St Francis, Paddington, Australia, with sound file of <mask>'s 2005 Mass Further reading R. J. Stove, "Visions of Ceremony: An interview with <mask>", Quadrant, October 2013, pp. 109–113 Australian male composers Australian composers Australian Roman Catholics Catholic music Christian hymnwriters Australian performers of Christian music Australian hymnwriters Living people 1927 births University of Sydney alumni Place of birth missing (living people) Australian Broadcasting Corporation people

Terry Desmond Macfarlane

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<mask> (born 1953) is a botanist and taxonomist, who has worked in both Australia and Peru. A senior research scientist at the Western Australian Herbarium, <mask> is associate editor of its journal Nuytsia and currently collaborates with researchers across Australia and in Canada, Germany, New Zealand, Russia, Spain and United Kingdom. He was also involved in the development of FloraBase, the Western Australian flora database. The standard author abbreviation T.D.Macfarl. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Names published <mask> has published approximately 62 species. Anthericaceae Thysanotus exfimbriatus Sirisena, Conran & T.D.Macfarl.-- Nuytsia 27: 123. 2016 [1 Jul 2016] [published online] Thysanotus fragrans (Brittan) Sirisena, Conran & T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 27: 122. 2016 [1 Jul 2016] [published online] Thysanotus racemoides Sirisena, T.D.Macfarl. & Conran—Telopea 15: 206, figs 1-3. 2013 [15 Nov 2013] [published online] Thysanotus unicupensis Sirisena, T.D.Macfarl. & Conran—Nuytsia 19(2): 260 (259-263; fig.1). 2009 [17 Dec 2009] Tricoryne soullierae T.D.Macfarl. & Keighery—Austral. Syst. Bot. 27(5-6): 417. 2015 [2014 publ.29 Jun 2015] Tricoryne tuberosa Keighery & T.D.Macfarl. -- Austral. Syst. Bot. 27(5-6): 416. 2015 [2014 publ. 29 Jun 2015] Colchicaceae Wurmbea biglandulosa (R.Br.)T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 3(2): 191 (1980):. (IK) Wurmbea biglandulosa subsp. flindersica R.J.Bates—J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 16: 36.1995 (IK) Wurmbea calcicola T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 9(2): 233 (1993). (IK) Wurmbea centralis T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 1980 (APNI) Wurmbea centralis subsp. australis R.J.Bates—J. Adelaide Bot. Gard.16: 39. 1995 (IK) Wurmbea cernua T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 1980 (APNI) Wurmbea densiflora (Benth.) T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 3(2): 198 (1980):. (IK) Wurmbea deserticola T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 1980 (APNI) Wurmbea dilatata T.D.Macfarl.-- Brunonia 3(2): 165 (1980). (IK) Wurmbea dioica F.Muell. subsp. alba T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 3(2): 164 (1980). (IK) Wurmbea fluviatilis T.D.Macfarl. & A.L.Case—Nuytsia 21(1): 26 (-29; fig.1, map). 2011 [24 Jun 2011] Wurmbea graniticola T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 5(1) 1984 (APNI) Wurmbea humilis T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 1980 (APNI) Wurmbea inflata T.D.Macfarl. & A.L.Case—Nuytsia 17: 223 (-228; fig. 1, map). 2007 [5 Dec 2007] Wurmbea inframediana T.D.Macfarl.-- Brunonia 1980 (APNI) Wurmbea latifolia T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 1980 (APNI) Wurmbea latifolia subsp. vanessae R.J.Bates—J. Adelaide Bot. Gard. 16: 48. 1995 (IK) Wurmbea monantha (Endl.)T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 3(2): 167 (1980):. (IK) Wurmbea murchisoniana T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 5(3) 1986 (APNI) Wurmbea odorata T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 1980 (APNI) Wurmbea saccata T.D.Macfarl. & S.J.van Leeuwen—Nuytsia 10(3): 429 (1996). (IK) Wurmbea sinora T.D.Macfarl.-- Brunonia 3(2): 196 (1980). (IK) Wurmbea uniflora (R.Br.) T.D.Macfarl. -- Brunonia 1980 (APNI) Haemodoraceae subfam. Conostylidoideae T.D.Macfarl. & Hopper—Fl. Australia 45: 454.1987 [15 May 1987] (IK) Haemodoraceae trib. Tribonantheae T.D.Macfarl. & Hopper—Fl. Australia 45: 454, 131. 1987 [15 May 1987] (IK) Haemodoraceae Haemodorum basalticum R.L.Barrett, Hopper & T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 26: 114. 2015 [3 Nov 2015] [published online] Haemodorum discolor T.D.Macfarl.-- Flora of Australia 45 1987 Haemodorum gracile T.D.Macfarl. -- Flora of Australia 45 1987 Haemodorum loratum T.D.Macfarl. -- Flora of Australia 45 1987 Haemodorum venosum T.D.Macfarl. -- Flora of Australia 45 1987 Phlebocarya pilosissima subsp. teretifolia T.D.Macfarl. -- Flora of Australia 45 1987 (APNI) Tribonanthes purpurea T.D.Macfarl. & Hopper—Flora of Australia 45 1987 (APNI) Hydatellaceae Trithuria austinensis D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl.& Rudall—Taxon 57(1): 192 (-193; figs., map). 2008 [28 Feb 2008] Trithuria australis (Diels) D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall—Taxon 57(1): 193. 2008 [28 Feb 2008] Trithuria cookeana D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall—Taxon 57(1): 193 (195; figs., map). 2008 [28 Feb 2008] Trithuria polybracteata D.A.Cooke ex D.D.Sokoloff, Remizowa, T.D.Macfarl. & Rudall—Taxon 57(1): 196 (figs., map).2008 [28 Feb 2008] Loganiaceae Logania sylvicola Cranfield, Hislop & T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 20: 272 (271-275; figs. 2-3, map). 2010 [29 Sep 2010] Lomandraceae Chamaexeros longicaulis T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 9(3): 375 (1994). (IK) Lomandra integra T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 5(1): 21 (1984).(IK) Lomandra marginata T.D.Macfarl. & Conran—Austral. Syst. Bot. 27(5-6): 422. 2015 [2014 publ. 29 Jun 2015] Lomandra multiflora subsp.dura (F.Muell.) T.D.Macfarl. -- Flora of Australia 46 1986 (APNI) Lomandra nigricans T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 5(1) 1984 (APNI) Lomandra nutans T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 5(1) 1984 (APNI) Lomandra teres T.D.Macfarl. -- Fl. Australia 46: 224, 106.1986 [2 May 1986] (IK) Poaceae Poa sect. Tovarochloa (T.D.Macfarl. & But) Molinari—Polish Bot. J. 60(1): 68. 2015 [11 Jul 2015] [published online] Poaceae trib. Amphipogoneae L.Watson & T.D.Macfarl.-- Fl. Australia 43(1): 373. 2002 [28 Aug 2002] (IK) Poaceae Amphipogon laguroides R.Br. subsp. havelii T.D.Macfarl. -- Fl. Australia 43(1): 374.2002 [28 Aug 2002] (IK) Amphipogon sericeus (Vickery) T.D.Macfarl. -- Fl. Australia 43(1): 375. 2002 [28 Aug 2002] (IK) Neurachne annularis T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 17: 217 (215-222; fig. 2, map). 2007 [5 Dec 2007] Tovarochloa T.D.Macfarl.& But—Brittonia 34(4): 478 (1982). (IK) Tovarochloa T.D.Macfarl. & But—Brittonia 34(4): 478. 1982 [17 Dec 1982] (GCI) Tovarochloa peruviana T.D.Macfarl. & But—Brittonia 34(4): 478 (1982). (IK) Proteaceae Petrophile vana Cranfield & T.D.Macfarl. -- Nuytsia 17: 154 (153-157; fig.1, map). 2007 [5 Dec 2007] Solanaceae Anthocercis sylvicola T.D.Macfarl. & Ward.-Johnson—Nuytsia 11(1): 71 (1996). (IK) Zannichelliaceae Althenia hearnii T.D.Macfarl. & D.D.Sokoloff—Phytotaxa 317(1): 54. 2017 [11 Aug 2017] [published online] Althenia patentifolia (E.L.Robertson) T.D.Macfarl. & D.D.Sokoloff—Phytotaxa 317(1): 58.2017 [11 Aug 2017] [published online] Selected publications <mask>, T.D. 1984. <mask>, T.D. 1984. <mask>, T.D. 1986. <mask>, T.D.1993. <mask>, T.D. 1994. References 20th-century Australian botanists Australian taxonomists 1953 births Living people Botanists active in Australia Botany in Western Australia Botanists with author abbreviations Scientists from Western Australia 21st-century Australian scientists 21st-century botanists Australian Botanical Liaison Officers

Sonam Kapoor

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<mask> (; née <mask>; born 9 June 1985) is an Indian actress who works in Hindi cinema (Bollywood). She has won a National Film Award and a Filmfare Award, and from 2012 to 2016, she appeared in Forbes India Celebrity 100 list based on her income and popularity. <mask>, the daughter of actor <mask>, began her career as an assistant director on filmmaker Sanjay Leela Bhansali's 2005 highly acclaimed drama Black. She later made her acting debut in Bhansali's romantic drama Saawariya (2007), a box office flop, and had her first commercial successes with the romantic comedy I Hate Luv Storys (2010) and the ensemble romantic comedy-drama Aisha (2010). However, this was followed by a series of commercial failures and repetitive roles, which garnered her negative reviews. The 2013 box office hit Raanjhanaa marked a turning point in <mask>'s career, garnering her praise and Best Actress nominations at several award ceremonies. <mask> had her biggest commercial successes with supporting roles in the biopics Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013) and Sanju (2018), and a leading role in the romance Prem Ratan Dhan Payo (2015); the latter two rank among the highest-grossing Bollywood films.Her highly acclaimed portrayal of Neerja Bhanot in the 2016 biographical thriller Neerja won her the National Film Award – Special Mention and a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress, and she followed it with a starring role in the 2018 female buddy film Veere Di Wedding, both of which rank among the highest-grossing female-led Hindi films. <mask> supports the raising awareness of breast cancer and LGBT rights. Known in the media for her outspoken personality, she is frequently credited as one of India's most trendy celebrities. She is married to the businessman, Anand Ahuja. Life and career Early life (1985–2006) <mask> was born in the Chembur, Bombay (present-day Mumbai) on 9 June 1985. Her father is actor and producer Anil <mask>, the son of the late filmmaker Surinder <mask> and the founder of the Anil Kapoor Films Company. Her mother, Sunita, is a former model and designer.<mask> has two younger siblings: film producer Rhea and brother Harshvardhan. She is the niece of film producer Boney <mask> and actor Sanjay <mask>; actress Sridevi and producer Mona Shourie (Boney's wives) are her aunts. <mask>'s paternal cousins are actors Arjun <mask>, Janhvi <mask> and Mohit Marwah, and maternal second cousin is actor Ranveer Singh. The family moved to the suburb of Juhu when <mask> was one month old. She was educated at the Arya Vidya Mandir school in Juhu, where she confessed to being a "naughty" and "carefree" child who would bully the boys. She excelled at sports such as rugby and basketball, and trained in Kathak, classical music and Latin dance. <mask>, who practices Hinduism, states that she is "quite religious", and that it is a way of "reminding myself that I need to be thankful for so much".<mask>'s first job was as a waitress at age 15, although it lasted only a week. As a teenager, she struggled with her weight: "I had every issue related to weight that I could have. I was unhealthy, I had bad skin, and I had hair growing on my face!" <mask> was diagnosed with insulin resistance and polycystic ovarian disease, and has since begun an initiative to increase awareness of diabetes. <mask> enrolled at the United World College of South East Asia in Singapore for her pre-university education, where she studied theatre and arts. She has said she later started courses in economics and political science through University of Mumbai correspondence programme, after returning from University of East London where she began her bachelor's degree in the same subjects but returned to Mumbai soon after she began. Actress Rani Mukerji, a family friend, visited her family in Singapore on holiday while working on Black (2005).<mask>, who had originally wanted to be a director and writer, expressed a desire to work as a crew member on the film. On her father's recommendation to director Sanjay Leela Bhansali, she was appointed as his assistant. Debut and career fluctuations (2007–2012) During the production of Black, <mask> developed an interest in acting when Bhansali professed that he wanted to cast her in the lead in his next film, Saawariya. She was advised to lose weight; at the time, she weighed about . Motivated by Bhansali's confidence in her, she lost in two years. <mask> studied acting with Roshan Taneja, Jayati Bhatia and Feroz Abbas Khan, and has cited actresses Waheeda Rehman and Nutan as influences, admiring their "path-breaking films ... [and] quality of doing different things". Released in 2007, Saawariya saw <mask> play a Muslim woman awaiting the return of her lover opposite Mukerji, Ranbir <mask> and Salman Khan.It was the first Indian feature film produced by a Hollywood studio, Sony Pictures Entertainment. Saawariya proved to be a major critical and commercial failure. Writing for BBC, Jaspreet Pandohar called the film a "misfire-on-a-massive-scale". Raja Sen of Rediff.com described her laugh as "almost as infectious as her father's", but wished that she had been "allowed to simper softly, instead of having a clearly overdubbed plastic giggle plastered onto her." The film earned her a Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut nomination and the Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female. In 2009, <mask> played an aspiring singer opposite Waheeda Rehman and Abhishek Bachchan in the Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra-directed social drama Delhi-6. The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box-office failure.CNN-IBN's Rajeev Masand referred to <mask> as a "revelation", writing that she was "a firecracker, instinctive and uninhibited in what isn't even a conventional female lead". Sonia Chopra of Sify described <mask> as an "earnest and effortless performer", and found her character likeable, despite the "typical Delhi-girl recipe". <mask>'s first release in 2010 was Punit Malhotra's romantic comedy I Hate Luv Storys, opposite Imran Khan. She played an engaged woman who develops a one-sided attraction to her commitment-phobic co-worker. Khan said about <mask>'s craft, "We'd be shooting a scene from multiple angles—for three or four hours you're doing the same scene, the same lines—and here is this person [<mask>] who brings consistency to her work, from the way she talks, to her accent." Although Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express called <mask>'s performance "stiff and rehearsed", Daily News and Analysis Johnson Thomas found her "likeable and believable". I Hate Luv Storys was <mask>'s first commercial success, earning worldwide.<mask> next played the eponymous role in Aisha, an ensemble romantic comedy-drama based on Jane Austen's novel Emma, which was produced by her sister Rhea. She described her character as "a meddlesome busybody with a passion for matchmaking and playing Cupid". Aisha also starred Abhay Deol, Ira Dubey, Cyrus Sahukar, Amrita Puri, Anand Tiwari, Arunoday Singh and Lisa Haydon. An Indo-Asian News Service reviewer thought that <mask> had stood out in the ensemble with her performance, making "the best of a rather rare opportunity for an Indian leading lady to be part of a Bollywood film that salutes Victorian mores and Delhi's elitist affectations in one clean cool sweep". In 2011, <mask> starred in Thank You, a comedy about three women who teach a lesson to their philandering husbands. The film, along with <mask>'s performance, received poor reviews; Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India called her "terribly out of sync". She then played the romantic interest of Shahid <mask> Kapur-directed romantic drama, Mausam, which was also poorly received.Despite doubts about her acting ability, critic Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV thought <mask> conveyed "the essential vulnerability of a girl forever under duress, bringing out just the right mix of feminine fragility and native resolve". The following year, <mask> played a computer hacker opposite Abhishek Bachchan, Neil Nitin Mukesh and Bipasha Basu in the Abbas–Mustan-directed heist film, Players, a remake of 2003's The Italian Job. Her role was originally written for Katrina Kaif, who was unavailable for the film. Although journalists had high expectations, it failed commercially, and Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com remarked derogatively that <mask> "truly entertains with her childish attempt to pass off as a gold-medalist hacker". <mask>'s string of poorly received films began to hinder her career. Establishing with Raanjhanaa (2013–2015) <mask>'s role in the Anand L. Rai-directed romantic drama Raanjhanaa (2013) marked a turning point in her career; Geety Sahgal called it her best performance to date in The Indian Express. <mask>'s role was that of Zoya Haider, a young Muslim student from Varanasi who is drawn into politics after the murder of her Sikh lover.To prepare for her part, <mask> interacted with students, attended workshops and practised with theatre groups associated with Jawaharlal Nehru University. She also studied Jaya Bachchan's work in Guddi (1971), which she felt was "perfect" for her role. Discussing her character in the film, <mask> described her approach to acting: "I have always tried to do different films and ... I try to be different for every character. I like doing different things to challenge myself in every way and don't like to repeat myself." Although Raanjhanaa received mixed-to-positive reviews, her performance was praised; Rajeev Masand wrote that she "does some of her best work here, going smoothly from innocent to manipulative to cynical, without ever losing Zoya's inherent vulnerability". With worldwide earnings of over , Raanjhanaa was a commercial success and <mask> received her first nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.<mask> followed the success of Raanjhanaa with a brief appearance in Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013), a biopic on athlete Milkha Singh. She received for the film, made on a budget of , citing her admiration for director Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra and the film itself as reasons for her appearance. Critically praised, Bhaag Milkha Bhaag was one of the top-grossing Bollywood films of the year. Critic Sarita A. Tanwar wrote in her review that despite her minor role, <mask> proved to "be the perfect warm counterpart to Milkha". Both Raanjhanaa and Bhaag Milkha Bhaag received Filmfare Award for Best Film nominations, the latter of which won. In 2014, <mask> portrayed the banker Mayera Sehgal opposite Ayushmann Khurrana and Rishi <mask> in the Yash Raj Films comedy-drama Bewakoofiyaan, in a role which film critic Anupama Chopra found to be poorly written and an "uphill climb". She next starred with Fawad Khan in the romantic comedy Khoobsurat, an adaptation of the 1980 film of the same name, playing the role which had originally been given to Rekha.Though she received a Filmfare Best Actress nomination for her performance, critics were divided in their response, with Shilpa Jamkhandikar of Reuters calling her "loud and exasperating", and

Sonam Kapoor

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Andy Webster of The New York Times comparing her to a young Anne Hathaway and highlighting her "Julia Roberts-like smile". Later that year, she met entrepreneur-model Sahir Berry on a social media network, and began a romantic relationship with him, although they broke up a few months later. In 2015, <mask> starred as a runaway bride in Dolly Ki Doli, a heist comedy co-starring Pulkit Samrat, Rajkummar Rao and Varun Sharma. Mints Udita Jhunjhunwala criticised <mask>'s performance in the film, writing that her "range is too limited to bring alive a character that may have had heaps of potential on paper". Shubhra Gupta wrote: "<mask> is in almost every frame, and should have filled them all. But the treatment of the character shows up her limitations." Despite the negative reviews for her performance, she was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actress.While filming Sooraj R. Barjatya's Prem Ratan Dhan Payo with Salman Khan in Gondal, Gujarat in February 2015, <mask> was diagnosed with swine influenza, from which she recovered the following month. <mask> portrayed Rajkumari Maithili Devi, a princess looking for love. The film became one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time. She was praised by Rachit Gupta for her credibility as a royal, and Komal Nahta thought that the role was significant enough to be a turning point in her career. However, she won a Golden Kela Award for Worst Actress. Female-oriented films and marriage (2016–present) Following an appearance in the music video of Coldplay's "Hymn for the Weekend" (featuring Beyoncé), <mask> starred in Ram Madhvani's biographical thriller Neerja (2016). She was cast as the eponymous air hostess Neerja Bhanot, who died while saving the passengers of the hijacked Pan Am Flight 73 in 1986.<mask> felt responsible towards the project because it is about real events, and met Bhanot's family as a preparation for her role. The film garnered high critical acclaim, and several commentators considered <mask>'s performance to be her best to date. Raja Sen found her performance to be career-defining, while Hindustan Times Rohit Vats wrote that "she carries [the film] entirely on her shoulder. She looks earnest, scared, benevolent and bold, all at the same time." Sen listed <mask> as the best actress in Hindi cinema in 2016, while Rajeev Masand invited her to his annual best actresses roundtable. In addition to several other accolades, <mask> won a National Film Award – Special Mention and a Filmfare Best Actress (Critics), in addition to a Filmfare Best Actress nomination. With a worldwide gross over , Neerja emerged as one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films featuring a female protagonist.After a two-year absence from the screen, <mask> played a social worker in R. Balki's comedy-drama Pad Man (2018), based on a short story in Twinkle Khanna's book The Legend of Lakshmi Prasad. Co-starring Akshay Kumar and Radhika Apte, the film is inspired by the life of Arunachalam Muruganantham, who campaigned for menstrual hygiene in rural India. <mask> said that the length of the role is of little importance to her as long as the film has "relevance beyond just having a good time at the movies". She liked featuring in a film that addresses important social issues and is about something more than just entertainment. Although finding her role to be "largely superfluous", Saibal Chatterjee wrote that <mask> "makes the most of the limited opportunity"; Anna M. M. Vetticad of Firstpost commended her screen presence but disliked a romantic subplot involving her and Kumar, criticising the chemistry and age-gap between them. On 8 May 2018, <mask> married Indian businessman Anand Ahuja in a traditional Sikh ceremony in Bandra. Mumbai.The following month, she featured in Shashanka Ghosh's Veere Di Wedding, a female buddy film co-starring Kareena <mask>, Swara Bhaskar and Shikha Talsania. Namrita Joshi of The Hindu found the film formulaic and clichéd, while Sweta Kaushal of Hindustan Times thought the film had "style but no soul" and was partly impressed with <mask>'s performance. With earnings of over , the film proved to her second top-grossing Hindi film not featuring a well-known male star. Later that month, <mask> featured in Rajkumar Hirani's biopic of Bollywood actor Sanjay Dutt, entitled Sanju, as one of Dutt's love interests. <mask> said that despite her brief role, she agreed to the project to work with Hirani and to reunite with Ranbir <mask> after her debut. Anna M. M. Vetticad criticised the film's attempt to whitewash Dutt's misdeeds, but found <mask>'s portrayal of her small role "sweet". On the other hand, Rajeev Masand called the film "consistently engaging", and wrote that <mask> "hit the right notes as Sanjay Dutt's [partner]".Sanju broke several box-office records, becoming one of the highest-grossing Indian films. In 2019, <mask> starred in the coming-of-age film Ek Ladki Ko Dekha Toh Aisa Laga (as <mask> K Ahuja), co-starring her father, Juhi Chawla, and Rajkummar Rao. She played a closeted lesbian who has trouble coming out to her conservative family. She agreed to the project to break stereotypes about same-sex relationships in India. Critics were encouraging of its positive representation of homosexuality, but it failed to do well commercially. <mask> next starred in Abhishek Sharma's film adaptation of Anuja Chauhan's romantic comedy novel The Zoya Factor, in which she played the titular character of a clumsy woman who becomes a lucky charm for the Indian cricket team. Ankur Pathak of HuffPost was appreciative of her comic timing but bemoaned that "she's out of depth in scenes that require her to exhibit more emotion".In the media Born into a prominent actor family, <mask> has appeared in the media from an early age, and is one of the highest-paid actresses in Bollywood. After the success of Raanjhanaa and Bhaag Milkha Bhaag she was cited by Subhash K. Jha as one of the top actresses in India, though a commentator for Rediff.com notes that several of her films have been commercial failures. In 2009 she was the first Indian actress to appear on The Hollywood Reporter "Next Generation: Asia Class", a list of newcomers in film. Outspoken publicly, <mask>'s comments about contemporaries and others in the Indian film industry have occasionally caused controversy. In a 2015 interview, she acknowledged that her opinions often get her into trouble, but remarked that "I believe it pays to be honest in the longer run". <mask> is a popular figure nationally, with a significant following on Twitter and Facebook since 2009. She appeared on The Huffington Post list of "100 most influential women on Twitter" in 2015.She has been described by the media as a style icon, and featured on Rediff.com's list of "Bollywood's Best Dressed Actresses" in 2012 and 2013. In 2013, the newspaper Hindustan Times and Indian edition of Vogue called her Style Icon (Reader's Choice) and Beauty of the Year, respectively. Though <mask> has earned praise for her dress sense and style, she has faced some criticism for wearing traditional Indian dresses. <mask> was ranked seventh on The Times of India 2010 "Most Desirable Woman" list, placing 14th, 28th and 14th the next three years, and was in the top ten of UK magazine Eastern Eye "World's Sexiest Asian Women" list from 2011 to 2014. In 2012 and 2013 she also held 48th and 45th place, respectively, on the Indian edition of Forbes "Celebrity 100" lists, based on the income and popularity of Indian celebrities. She was named Woman of the Year by the men's magazine GQ India in 2013. In 2014 and 2015, <mask> reached 31st place and 26th position, respectively, peaking at the 18th position the following year with an annual income of .<mask> has acquired several titles at the Filmfare Glamour and Style Awards—in 2015 she won for Most Stylish Star (Female) and Absolut Elyx Style & Substance Award, and in 2016, she was named Most Stylish Star (Female) and Red Carpet Royalty. As well as endorsing brands such as Colgate, Electrolux, Lux, Mont Blanc, Oppo Mobile, Salvatore Ferragamo S.p.A. and Signature, <mask> is the Indian ambassador for international cosmetics manufacturer L'Oréal. In 2011, she was named Brand Ambassador of the Year at the NDTV Good Times Gadget Guru Awards. Rediff.com reported in 2012 that she received for each endorsement, making her one of the highest-paid celebrity endorsers in India. In 2020, <mask> was among several Bollywood actors who were called out for posting Instagram messages showing solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement, despite their previous work advertising skin-lightening products which perpetuate colorism. Activism <mask> has supported charitable organisations for various causes. In 2009, she participated in the International Indian Film Academy Awards fashion show, which supports widows and orphans of Indian film-industry workers.On behalf of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) she wrote to Maharashtra Home Minister R. R. Patil, protesting against the use of glass-coated manja (used on fighter kites), which kills birds who become entangled in it. In 2018, however, she attracted some controversy when she declared her support for Salman Khan upon his conviction for hunting an endangered blackbuck, despite her previous criticism of trophy hunting. In 2012, <mask> asked fans to donate to the Ogaan Cancer Foundation for her birthday, and collaborated with the foundation to increase awareness of breast cancer. She is also the brand ambassador for the Elle Breast Cancer Campaign. <mask> is vocal in her support for LGBT rights in India. She launched the trailer of the film, Sisak, India's first silent gay love story, through her Twitter account in January 2017. <mask> auctioned some of her clothes on stylist Pernia Qureshi's online fashion boutique, Pernia's Pop-Up Shop, in 2012.The proceeds were donated to Smile Foundation, a child-welfare organisation. In 2014, she attended a charitable art exhibition organised by the Rouble Nagi Art Foundation, and donated clothing and accessories to a website raising funds for In Defense of Animals. <mask> walked the ramp in a 2015 fashion show by Manish Malhotra for the Mijwan Welfare Society, a non-profit organisation dedicated to empowering girls. The same year, she appeared with Hrithik Roshan in the music video for "Dheere Dheere", whose profits were donated to charity. In 2017, she hosted a dinner to raise funds for children suffering from cancer. Filmography Films Music video appearances Awards and nominations References External links 21st-century Indian actresses 1985 births Actresses from Mumbai Actresses in Hindi cinema People educated at a United World College Alumni of the University of East London Indian film actresses Sonam Living people Punjabi people Indian Hindus Sindhi people University of Mumbai alumni Filmfare Awards winners Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners LGBT rights activists from

Elijah Olaniyi

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<mask> (born January 11, 1999) is a former American college basketball player. Olaniyi played for the Stony Brook Seawolves of the America East Conference and the Miami Hurricanes of the Atlantic Coast Conference. He began his career at Stony Brook, winning America East Rookie of the Year in 2018 and being named first-team All-Conference in 2020 before transferring to Miami. He transferred back to Stony Brook for his fifth and final year, but left the team before the end of the season. Early life and high school career <mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York. He attended a charter school, which did not have a basketball team, as a high school freshman before transferring to East Side in Newark, New Jersey the following semester. Olaniyi did not begin playing basketball until eighth grade when a gym teacher pointed him towards the direction of AAU basketball.He played two years in AAU with the NJ Roadrunners. At East Side, he played for head coach Anthony Tavares. With Olaniyi, the East Side Red Raiders won county championships in 2014 and 2017, as well as a state title in 2015. In 87 high school games, <mask> recorded 928 points and 588 rebounds. In his junior season, he was named to the All-Group 4 First Team. He was named first-team All-State and All-Conference as a senior. <mask> was listed as a two-star recruit by ESPN as a small forward, with a 67 overall grade.ESPN ranked Olaniyi as the 11th-best recruit in the state of New Jersey and the 75th-best small forward. College career <mask> made his college debut on November 10, 2017, against Maryland, where he played 20 minutes and scored three points. On November 19, <mask> came off the bench and led Stony Brook with 16 points against No. 2 Michigan State. The game started a series of five double-digit games in a row off the bench for Olaniyi. In his first career start, he had a double-double with 10 points and 10 rebounds against Hartford. He won the 2018 America East Rookie of the Year award after leading all freshmen with 7.8 points and 3.8 rebounds per game.He was named America East Rookie of the Week four times and was also named to the America East All-Rookie Team. In his sophomore season, Olaniyi averaged 16.8 points in Stony Brook's first four games before suffering a concussion in the team's home opener against Molloy. He missed two games and came off the bench against Quinnipiac in his return. On February 2, 2019, <mask> scored a new career-high 28 points against Hartford. In Stony Brook's America East quarterfinal loss to Binghamton, Olaniyi led all players with 27 points. He finished his sophomore season averaging 12.3 points per game and 5.9 rebounds per game with a 42.5 percent field goal rate. He was named to the Third-Team All-America East.<mask> broke out in his junior season. On December 7, 2019, he had a career game, scoring 30 points against Brown on 11-for-15 shooting. He scored his 1,000th career point in a 70–62 victory over Albany on January 18, 2020, his fourth-straight 20-point, 10-rebound double-double. On February 5, he scored a career-high 33 points against UMass Lowell. On February 8, <mask> suffered a high ankle sprain versus New Hampshire and missed five games, prior to the injury, he was averaging 19.7 points and 6.9 rebounds per game. He returned off the bench on March 3 against UMBC and re-entered the starting lineup in the 2020 America East Tournament, scoring 11 points against Albany in the quarterfinals and 19 points against Hartford in the semifinals. <mask> was named to the First-Team All-America East, ending his junior season averaging 18.0 points and 6.5 rebounds per game while shooting 43.5 percent from the floor and 36.1 percent from three-point range.On March 28, 2020, <mask> officially declared for the 2020 NBA draft. On May 17, he announced that he would transfer to Miami (Florida) for his senior season. He averaged 10.5 points and 5.1 rebounds per game. After the season, he entered the transfer portal. On April 2, 2021, <mask> announced that he would be transferring back to Stony Brook for his fifth season of eligibility. On November 22, 2021, <mask> suffered a leg injury against Sacred Heart and missed 10 games. He returned on January 8, 2022 against Maine.<mask> took a personal leave of absence from the team on January 19, 2022 and rejoined the team on January 26. On February 10, <mask> announced that he had permanently left the team and withdrawn from the university, citing his injury and Stony Brook's inability to participate in the postseason as a result of the America East Conference's punishment for Stony Brook joining the Colonial Athletic Association in July. He played seven games, averaging 8.9 points and 3.7 rebounds per game. Olaniyi ended his college career with 1,417 points – 1,197 at Stony Brook (eighth-most in program history) and 220 at Miami. Olaniyi was the first member of his family to be a natural born citizen of the United States after his parents immigrated from Nigeria. Olaniyi cites Kobe Bryant and Jimmy Butler as personal influences on his basketball career. References External links Miami Hurricanes bio Stony Brook Seawolves bio 1999 births Living people American men's basketball players Basketball players from New York City East Side High School (Newark, New Jersey) alumni Shooting guards Sportspeople from Brooklyn Basketball players from Newark, New Jersey Stony Brook Seawolves men's basketball players

M. Athalie Range

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M<mask> (born <mask>; November 7, 1915 in Key West, Florida – November 14, 2006 in Miami, Florida) was a Bahamian American civil rights activist and politician who was the first African-American to serve on the Miami, Florida City Commission, and the first African-American since Reconstruction and the first woman to head a Florida state agency, the Department of Community Affairs. Early life and marriage <mask> was born in Key West, Florida on November 7, 1915. Her grandparents had all been immigrants from the Bahamas. When Athalie was five or six years old, the Wilkinson family moved to Miami. Athalie Wilkinson graduated from all-black Booker T. Washington High School in Overtown, Miami. She married <mask> in 1937 & had 4 children <mask>, Patrick, Oscar, and Gary. During this period the <mask>s lived in the Liberty Square Housing Project.During World War II Athalie <mask> found work cleaning trash from railroad cars. In 1953 <mask> became a certified funeral director and opened the Range Funeral Home in the Liberty City neighborhood in Miami. <mask> died unexpectedly of a heart attack in 1960. Athalie <mask> then enrolled in the New England Institute of Anatomy and Embalming and obtained her funeral director certification so that she could operate the family business. The Range Funeral Homes eventually expanded to three locations, and Athalie <mask> continued to work in the business for the rest of her life. School activism In 1948 Athalie <mask> became President of the Parent Teacher Association at her children's school, Liberty City Elementary. The school had 1200 students and consisted of all portable classrooms, with no permanent buildings.There were only some twelve toilets for boys and for girls. The only drinking fountains were outside, fed by pipes laid on top of the ground, so that the water was usually too hot to drink. There were no trees or grassy areas on the school grounds and no lunchroom. Liberty City Elementary was one of the few schools in the (county-wide) school district holding two half-day sessions. <mask> led 125 African-American parents from the school to a meeting of the school board to present their demands for improvements to the school. After delaying the start of the meeting for an hour, the board heard Athalie <mask> speak. Much to her surprise, the board agreed to make improvements.They ordered hot meals to be provided by a nearby white school to Liberty City Elementary, moved another portable to the school to use in serving the hot lunches, and began construction of a new, permanent school building, the first school for African-Americans built in the district in twenty-one years. Althalie <mask> continued to serve as President of school and county-wide PTAs for sixteen years. City Commission In 1965 Alice Wainwright, who was the first woman to serve on the Miami City Commission, decided to not seek re-election. <mask> <mask> became a candidate for the vacant seat, the first African-American to run for the City Commission. She won a plurality in the primary election, although not a majority. In the runoff election, <mask>'s opponent, a white man named Irwin Christie, sent a sound truck through white neighborhoods the day before the election broadcasting the message that if the white people did not get out and vote, they would have a black woman making laws for them. Athalie <mask> would later say, "His campaign decided to play the race card, which took me out of contention."Many black voters had been allowed to take time off from work to vote in the primary, but were not allowed to do so for the runoff. <mask> lost the runoff, receiving about 17,000 votes, while Christie received about 18,000. Christie later apologized to <mask> for the way he had run his campaign, and she accepted the apology. In 1966 one of the city commissioners resigned his seat, possibly with the encouragement of Miami Mayor Robert King High. High was running for the Democratic Party nomination for Governor of Florida at the time. He appointed <mask> <mask> to fill the unexpired term of the commissioner who had resigned. In 1967 and again in 1969 Athalie <mask> was reelected to the City Commission.While on the commission, <mask> sought to have garbage collection improved in black neighborhoods, which sometimes went three weeks between garbage pickups, while white neighborhoods got twice a week pickups. After a vote on her proposed ordinance to equalize garbage service was twice postponed, <mask> had her neighbors bring bags of garbage to the commission meeting and dump them on the commissioners' desks. After that, the ordinance was passed. She also pressed for tighter gun controls but was able to get only part of what she wanted. After a fire caused by a kerosene heater killed eleven people in a house in a black neighborhood, <mask> led an effort to have such heaters banned in Miami. <mask> approached City Manager <mask> about having an African-American police officer assigned to motorcycle patrol. When Reese resisted, <mask> made a deal with <mask>; her vote for buying the land for the proposed Alice Wainwright Park in exchange for an African-American motorcycle patrolman.The first African-American motorcycle patrolman in Miami was Robert Ingraham, who later became Chief of Police and then Mayor of Opa-locka, Florida When asked about her accomplishments in office, <mask> said, "There were so many inequities in those days that you could just reach out and pick something and change it." Later accomplishments In 1971 newly-elected Florida Governor Reubin Askew appointed <mask> <mask> as Secretary of the Department of Community Affairs. She became the first African-American since Reconstruction and the first woman ever to head a state agency in Florida. As Secretary, she managed a department with 200 employees and a US$5.2 million annual budget. She remained in the position until 1973. In 1974, Athalie <mask> became the first honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority in the state of Florida. Her membership into the historic African-American sorority was sponsored by the Gamma Zeta Omega Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha.<mask> <mask> was one of the first African-Americans in Florida to back Jimmy Carter when he ran for President. <mask> introduced Carter to African-American groups in Florida before he had announced his candidacy. President Carter later appointed <mask> to a two-year term on the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK) governing board. In a little over thirty years she had gone from cleaning railroad cars to helping run AMTRAK. In 1989 <mask> <mask> was once again appointed to fill a vacancy on the Miami City Commission. <mask> <mask> was inducted into the Florida Women's Hall of Fame in 1997. In 2004 she was still helping run the family funeral homes and served as the founding Chairman of the Virginia Key Beach Park Task Force later known as the Virginia Key Beach Park Trust, which was established to preserve the Virginia Key Beach Park which re-opened in 2008 as Historic Virginia Key Beach Park, once the only public beach in Dade County open to African-Americans.Athalie Range Park, and the Athalie Range Olympic Swimming Complex are named after her. There is also a strip of Miami's Biscayne Boulevard named in her honor. M. Athalie <mask> died November 14, 2006, in Miami, at the age of 91. Notes References , archived at External links MP3 of an interview with M. Athalie <mask> from August 16, 2006, three months before her death, conducted by <mask> of WLRN-Miami Herald News, runs 13:19. 1915 births 2006 deaths African-American people in Florida politics African-American women in politics American civil rights activists American people of Bahamian descent Florida Democrats Funeral directors People from Key West, Florida Politicians from Miami State cabinet secretaries of Florida Women in Florida politics 20th-century African-American women 20th-century African-American people 20th-century American people 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women

Leni Riefenstahl

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Helene Bertha Amalie "<mask><mask> (; 22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German film director, photographer and actress known for her seminal role in producing Nazi propaganda. A talented swimmer and an artist, Riefenstahl also became interested in dancing during her childhood, taking lessons and performing across Europe. After seeing a promotional poster for the 1924 film Mountain of Destiny, she was inspired to move into acting and between 1925 and 1929 starred in five successful motion pictures. Riefenstahl became one of the few women in Germany to direct a film during the Weimar Period when, in 1932, she decided to try directing with her own film, Das Blaue Licht ("The Blue Light"). In the 1930s, she directed the Nazi propaganda films Triumph des Willens ("Triumph of the Will") and Olympia, resulting in worldwide attention and acclaim. The films are widely considered two of the most effective and technically innovative propaganda films ever made. Her involvement in Triumph des Willens, however, significantly damaged her career and reputation after World War II.Adolf Hitler was in close collaboration with <mask> during the production of at least three important Nazi films, and they formed a friendly relationship. After the war, Riefenstahl was arrested, but classified as being a "fellow traveler" or "Nazi sympathizer" only and was not charged with war crimes. Throughout her life, she denied having known about the Holocaust. Besides directing, Riefenstahl released an autobiography and wrote several books on the Nuba people. Early life Helene Bertha Amalie <mask> was born in Berlin on 22 August 1902. Her father, Alfred Theodor <mask>, owned a successful heating and ventilation company and wanted his daughter to follow him into the business world. Since Riefenstahl was the only child for several years, Alfred wanted her to carry on the family name and secure the family fortune.However, her mother, Bertha Ida (Scherlach), who had been a part-time seamstress before her marriage, had faith in Riefenstahl and believed that her daughter's future was in show business. Riefenstahl had a younger brother, Heinz, who was killed at the age of 39 on the Eastern Front in Nazi Germany's war against the Soviet Union. Riefenstahl fell in love with the arts in her childhood. She began to paint and write poetry at the age of four. She was also athletic, and at the age of twelve joined a gymnastics and swimming club. Her mother was confident her daughter would grow up to be successful in the field of art and therefore gave her full support, unlike Riefenstahl's father, who was not interested in his daughter's artistic inclinations. In 1918, when she was 16, Riefenstahl attended a presentation of Snow White which interested her deeply; it led her to want to be a dancer.Her father instead wanted to provide his daughter with an education that could lead to a more dignified occupation. His wife, however, continued to support her daughter's passion. Without her husband's knowledge, she enrolled Riefenstahl in dance and ballet classes at the Grimm-Reiter Dance School in Berlin, where she quickly became a star pupil. Dancing and acting careers Riefenstahl attended dancing academies and became well known for her self-styled interpretive dancing skills, traveling across Europe with Max Reinhardt in a show funded by Jewish producer Harry Sokal. Riefenstahl often made almost 700 Reichsmarks for each performance and was so dedicated to dancing that she gave filmmaking no thought. She began to suffer a series of foot injuries that led to knee surgery that threatened her dancing career. It was while going to a doctor's appointment that she first saw a poster for the 1924 film Mountain of Destiny.She became inspired to go into movie making, and began visiting the cinema to see films and also attended film shows. On one of her adventures, Riefenstahl met Luis Trenker, an actor who had appeared in Mountain of Destiny. At a meeting arranged by her friend Gunther Rahn, she met Arnold Fanck, the director of Mountain of Destiny and a pioneer of the mountain film genre. Fanck was working on a film in Berlin. After Riefenstahl told him how much she admired his work, she also convinced him of her acting skill. She persuaded him to feature her in one of his films. Riefenstahl later received a package from Fanck containing the script of the 1926 film The Holy Mountain.She made a series of films for Fanck, where she learned from him acting and film editing techniques. One of Fanck's films that brought Riefenstahl into the limelight was The White Hell of Pitz Palu of 1929, co-directed by G. W. Pabst. Her fame spread to countries outside Germany. Riefenstahl produced and directed her own work called Das Blaue Licht ("The Blue Light") in 1932, co-written by Carl Mayer and Béla Balázs. This film won the silver medal at the Venice Film Festival, but was not universally well-received, for which Riefenstahl blamed the critics, many of whom were Jewish. Upon its 1938 re-release, the names of Balázs and Sokal, both Jewish, were removed from the credits; some reports say this was at Riefenstahl's behest. In the film, Riefenstahl played an innocent peasant girl who is hated by the villagers because they think she is diabolic and cast out.She is protected by a glowing mountain grotto. According to herself, Riefenstahl received invitations to travel to Hollywood to create films, but she refused them in favour of remaining in Germany with a boyfriend. Hitler was a fan of the film, and thought Riefenstahl epitomized the perfect German female. He saw talent in Riefenstahl and arranged a meeting. In 1933, Riefenstahl appeared in the U.S.-German co-productions of the Arnold Fanck-directed, German-language SOS Eisberg and the Tay Garnett-directed, English-language S.O.S. Iceberg. The films were filmed simultaneously in English and German and produced and distributed by Universal Studios.Her role as an actress in S.O.S. Iceberg was her only English language role in film. Directing career Propaganda films Riefenstahl heard Nazi Party (NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler speak at a rally in 1932 and was mesmerized by his talent as a public speaker. Describing the experience in her memoir, Riefenstahl wrote, "I had an almost apocalyptic vision that I was never able to forget. It seemed as if the Earth's surface were spreading out in front of me, like a hemisphere that suddenly splits apart in the middle, spewing out an enormous jet of water, so powerful that it touched the sky and shook the earth". Hitler was immediately captivated by <mask>'s work. She is described as fitting in with Hitler's ideal of Aryan womanhood, a feature he had noted when he saw her starring performance in Das Blaue Licht.After meeting Hitler, <mask> was offered the opportunity to direct Der Sieg des Glaubens ("The Victory of Faith"), an hour-long propaganda film about the fifth Nuremberg Rally in 1933. The opportunity that was offered was a huge surprise to Riefenstahl. Hitler had ordered Goebbels' Propaganda Ministry to give the film commission to <mask>, but the Ministry had never informed her. Riefenstahl agreed to direct the movie even though she was only given a few days before the rally to prepare. She and Hitler got on well, forming a friendly relationship. The propaganda film was funded entirely by the NSDAP. During the filming of Victory of Faith, Hitler had stood side by side with the leader of the Sturmabteilung (SA), Ernst Röhm, a man with whom he clearly had a close working relationship.Röhm was murdered on Hitler's orders a short time later, during the purge of the SA referred to as the Night of the Long Knives. It has gone on record that, immediately following the killings, Hitler ordered all copies of the film to be destroyed, although <mask> disputes that this ever happened. Still impressed with <mask>'s work, Hitler asked her to film Triumph des Willens ("Triumph of the Will"), a new propaganda film about the 1934 party rally in Nuremberg. More than one million Germans participated in the rally. The film is sometimes considered the greatest propaganda film ever made. Initially, according to Riefenstahl, she resisted and did not want to create further Nazi Party films, instead wanting to direct a feature film based on Eugen d'Albert's Tiefland ("Lowlands"), an opera that was extremely popular in Berlin in the 1920s. Riefenstahl received private funding for the production of Tiefland, but the filming in Spain was derailed and the project was cancelled.(When Tiefland was eventually shot, between 1940 and 1944, it was done in black and white, and was the third most expensive film produced in Nazi Germany. During the filming of Tiefland, Riefenstahl utilized Romani from internment camps for extras, who were severely mistreated on set, and when the filming completed they were sent to the death camp Auschwitz.) Hitler was able to convince her to film Triumph des Willens on the condition that she would not be required to make further films for the party, according to Riefenstahl. The motion picture was generally recognized as an epic, innovative work of propaganda filmmaking. The film took Riefenstahl's career to a new level and gave her further international recognition. In interviews for the 1993 documentary The Wonderful, Horrible Life of <mask>tahl, Riefenstahl adamantly denied any deliberate attempt to create Nazi propaganda and said she was disgusted that Triumph des Willens was used in such a way. Despite allegedly vowing not to make any more films about the Nazi Party, Riefenstahl made the 28-minute Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht ("Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces") about the German Army in 1935.Like Der Sieg des Glaubens and Triumph des Willens, this was filmed at the annual Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg. <mask> said this film was a sub-set of Der Sieg des Glaubens, added to mollify the German Army which felt it was not represented well in Triumph des Willens. Hitler invited <mask> to film the 1936 Summer Olympics scheduled to be held in Berlin, a film which Riefenstahl said had been commissioned by the International Olympic Committee. She visited Greece to take footage of the route of the inaugural torch relay and the games' original site at Olympia, where she was aided by Greek photographer Nelly's. This material became Olympia, a hugely successful film which has since been widely noted for its technical and aesthetic achievements. Olympia was secretly funded by the Nazis. She was one of the first filmmakers to use tracking shots in a documentary, placing a camera on rails to follow the athletes' movement.The film is also noted for its slow motion shots. Riefenstahl played with the idea of slow motion, underwater diving shots, extremely high and low shooting angles, panoramic aerial shots, and tracking system shots for allowing fast action. Many of these shots were relatively unheard of at the time, but Riefenstahl's use and augmentation of them set a standard, and is the reason they are still used to this day. <mask>'s work on Olympia has been cited as a major influence in modern sports photography. Riefenstahl filmed competitors of all races, including African-American Jesse Owens in what later became famous footage. Olympia premiered for Hitler's 49th birthday in 1938. Its international debut led Riefenstahl to embark on an American publicity tour in an attempt to secure commercial release.In February 1937, Riefenstahl enthusiastically told a reporter for the Detroit News, "To me, Hitler is the greatest man who ever lived. He truly is without fault, so simple and at the same time possessed of masculine strength". She arrived in New York City on 4 November 1938, five days before Kristallnacht (the "Night of the Broken Glass"). When news of the event reached the United States, Riefenstahl publicly defended Hitler. On 18 November, she was received by Henry Ford in Detroit. Olympia was shown at the Chicago Engineers Club two days later. Avery Brundage, President of the International Olympic Committee, praised the film and held Riefenstahl in the highest regard.She negotiated with Louis B. Mayer, and on 8 December, Walt Disney brought her on a three-hour tour showing her the ongoing production of Fantasia. From the Goebbels Diaries, researchers learned that Riefenstahl had been friendly with Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda, attending the opera with them and going to his parties. Riefenstahl maintained that Goebbels was upset when she rejected his advances and was jealous of her influence on Hitler, seeing her as an internal threat. She therefore insisted his diary entries could not be trusted. By later accounts, Goebbels thought highly of <mask>'s filmmaking but was angered with what he saw as her overspending on the Nazi-provided filmmaking budgets. Iconography In Triumph of the Will, Tom Saunders argues that Hitler serves as the object of the camera's gaze. Saunders writes, "Without denying that "rampant masculinity" (the "sexiness" of Hitler and the SS) serves as the object of the gaze, I would suggest that desire is also directed toward the feminine.This occurs not in the familiar sequences of adoring women greeting Hitler's arrival and cavalcade through Nuremberg. In these Hitler clearly remains the focus of attraction, as more generally in the visual treatment of his mass following. Rather, it is encoded in representation of flags and banners, which were shot in such a way as to make them visually desirable as well as potent political symbols". The flag serves as a symbol of masculinity, equated with national pride and dominance, that supposedly channels men's sexual and masculine energy. <mask>'s cinematic framing of the flags encapsulated its iconography. Saunders continues, "The effect is a significant double transformation: the images mechanize human beings and breathe life into flags. Even when the carriers are not mostly submerged under the sea of colored cloth, and when facial features are visible in profile, they attain neither character nor distinctiveness.The men remain ants in a vast enterprise. By contrast and paradoxically, the flags, whether a few or hundreds peopling the frame, assume distinct identities". Use of music Riefenstahl distorts the diegetic sound in Triumph of the Will. Her distortion of sound suggests she was influenced by German art cinema. Influenced by Classical Hollywood cinema's style, German art film employed music to enhance the narrative, establish a sense of grandeur, and to heighten the emotions in a scene. In Triumph of the Will, Riefenstahl used traditional folk music to accompany and intensify her shots. Ben Morgan comments on Riefenstahl's distortion of sound: "In Triumph of the Will, the material world leaves no aural impression beyond the music.Where the film does combine diegetic noise with the music, the effects used are human (laughter or cheering) and offer a rhythmic extension to the music rather than a contrast to it. By replacing diegetic sound, <mask>'s film employs music to combine the documentary with the fantastic." World War II When Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, Riefenstahl was photographed in Poland wearing a military uniform and a pistol on her belt in the company of German soldiers; she had gone to Poland as a war correspondent. On 12 September, she was in the town of Końskie when 30 civilians were executed in retaliation for an alleged attack on German soldiers. According to her memoir, Riefenstahl tried to intervene but a furious German soldier held her at gunpoint and threatened to shoot her on the spot. She said she did not realize the victims were Jews. Photographs of a potentially distraught Riefenstahl survive from that day.Nevertheless, by 5 October 1939, Riefenstahl was back in occupied Poland filming Hitler's victory parade in Warsaw. Afterwards, she left Poland and chose not to make any more Nazi-related films. On 14 June 1940, the day Paris was declared an open city by the French and occupied by German troops, Riefenstahl wrote to Hitler in a telegram, "With indescribable joy, deeply moved and filled with burning gratitude, we share with you, my Führer, your and Germany's greatest victory, the entry of German troops into Paris. You exceed anything human imagination has the power to conceive, achieving deeds without parallel in the history of mankind. How can we ever thank you?" She later explained, "Everyone thought the war was over, and in that spirit I sent the cable to Hitler". Riefenstahl was friends with Hitler for 12 years.However, her relationship with Hitler severely declined in 1944 after her brother died on the Russian Front. After the Nuremberg rallies trilogy and Olympia, Riefenstahl began work on the movie she had tried and failed to direct once before, namely Tiefland. On Hitler's direct order, the German government paid her seven million Reichsmarks in compensation. From 23 September until 13 November 1940, she filmed in Krün near Mittenwald. The extras playing Spanish women and farmers were drawn from Romani detained in a camp at Salzburg-Maxglan who were forced to work with her. Filming at the Babelsberg Studios near Berlin began 18 months later in April 1942. This time Sinti and Roma people from the Marzahn detention camp near Berlin were compelled to work as extras.Almost to the end of her life, despite overwhelming evidence that the concentration camp occupants had been forced to work on the movie unpaid, Riefenstahl continued to maintain all the film extras survived and that she had met several of them after the war. Riefenstahl sued filmmaker Nina Gladitz, who said Riefenstahl personally chose the extras at their holding

Leni Riefenstahl

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camp; Gladitz had found one of the Romani survivors and matched his memory with stills of the movie for a documentary Gladitz was filming. The German court ruled largely in favour of Gladitz, declaring that Riefenstahl had known the extras were from a concentration camp, but they also agreed that Riefenstahl had not been informed the Romani would be sent to Auschwitz after filming was completed. This issue came up again in 2002, when Riefenstahl was 100 years old and she was taken to court by a Roma group for denying the Nazis had exterminated Romani. Riefenstahl apologized and said, "I regret that Sinti and Roma [people] had to suffer during the period of National Socialism. It is known today that many of them were murdered in concentration camps". In October 1944 the production of Tiefland moved to Barrandov Studios in Prague for interior filming.Lavish sets made these shots some of the most costly of the film. The film was not edited and released until almost ten years later. The last time Riefenstahl saw Hitler was when she married Peter Jacob on 21 March 1944. <mask> and Jacob divorced in 1946. As Germany's military situation became impossible by early 1945, Riefenstahl left Berlin and was hitchhiking with a group of men, trying to reach her mother, when she was taken into custody by American troops. She walked out of a holding camp, beginning a series of escapes and arrests across the chaotic landscape. At last making it back home on a bicycle, she found that American troops had seized her house.She was surprised by how kindly they treated her. Thwarted film projects Most of Riefenstahl's unfinished projects were lost towards the end of the war. The French government confiscated all of her editing equipment, along with the production reels of Tiefland. After years of legal wrangling, these were returned to her, but the French government had reportedly damaged some of the film stock whilst trying to develop and edit it, with a few key scenes being missing (although Riefenstahl was surprised to find the original negatives for Olympia in the same shipment). During the filming of Olympia, Riefenstahl was funded by the state to create her own production company in her own name, Riefenstahl-Film GmbH, which was uninvolved with her most influential works. She edited and dubbed the remaining material and Tiefland premiered on 11 February 1954 in Stuttgart. However, it was denied entry into the Cannes Film Festival.Although Riefenstahl lived for almost another half century, Tiefland was her last feature film. Riefenstahl tried many times to make more films during the 1950s and 1960s, but was met with resistance, public protests and sharp criticism. Many of her filmmaking peers in Hollywood had fled Nazi Germany and were unsympathetic to her. Although both film professionals and investors were willing to support her work, most of the projects she attempted were stopped owing to ever-renewed and highly negative publicity about her past work in Nazi Germany. In 1954, Jean Cocteau, who greatly admired the film, insisted on Tiefland being shown at the Cannes Film Festival, which he was running that year. In 1960, Riefenstahl attempted to prevent filmmaker Erwin Leiser from juxtaposing scenes from Triumph des Willens with footage from concentration camps in his film Mein Kampf. Riefenstahl had high hopes for a collaboration with Cocteau called Friedrich und Voltaire ("Friedrich and Voltaire"), wherein Cocteau was to play two roles.They thought the film might symbolize the love-hate relationship between Germany and France. Cocteau's illness and 1963 death put an end to the project. A musical remake of Das Blaue Licht ("The Blue Light") with an English production company also fell apart. In the 1960s, Riefenstahl became interested in Africa from Ernest Hemingway's Green Hills of Africa and from the photographs of George Rodger. She visited Kenya for the first time in 1956 and later Sudan, where she photographed Nuba tribes with whom she sporadically lived, learning about their culture so she could photograph them more easily. Even though her film project about modern slavery entitled Die Schwarze Fracht ("The Black Cargo") was never completed, Riefenstahl was able to sell the stills from the expedition to magazines in various parts of the world. While scouting shooting locations, she almost died from injuries received in a truck accident.After waking up from a coma in a Nairobi hospital, she finished writing the script, but was soon thoroughly thwarted by uncooperative locals, the Suez Canal crisis and bad weather. In the end, the film project was called off. Even so, Riefenstahl was granted Sudanese citizenship for her services to the country, becoming the first foreigner to receive a Sudanese passport. Detention and trials Novelist and sports writer Budd Schulberg, assigned by the U.S. Navy to the OSS for intelligence work while attached to John Ford's documentary unit, was ordered to arrest Riefenstahl at her chalet in Kitzbühel, ostensibly to have her identify Nazi war criminals in German film footage captured by the Allied troops shortly after the war. Riefenstahl said she was not aware of the nature of the internment camps. According to Schulberg, "She gave me the usual song and dance. She said, 'Of course, you know, I'm really so misunderstood.I'm not political'". Riefenstahl said she was fascinated by the Nazis, but also politically naive, remaining ignorant about war crimes. Throughout 1945 to 1948, she was held by various Allied-controlled prison camps across Germany. She was also under house arrest for a period of time. She was tried four times by postwar authorities for denazification and eventually found to be a "fellow traveller" (Mitläufer) who sympathised with the Nazis. She was never an official member of the Nazi party but was always seen in association with the propaganda films she made in Nazi Germany. Over the years she filed and won over fifty libel cases against people who had accused her of complicity with Nazi crimes.Riefenstahl said that her biggest regret in life was meeting Hitler, declaring, "It was the biggest catastrophe of my life. Until the day I die people will keep saying, 'Leni is a Nazi', and I'll keep saying, 'But what did she do?'" Even though she went on to win up to 50 libel cases, details about her relation to the Nazi party generally remain unclear. Shortly before she died, Riefenstahl voiced her final words on the subject of her connection to Adolf Hitler in a BBC interview: "I was one of millions who thought Hitler had all the answers. We saw only the good things; we didn't know bad things were to come." Africa, photography, books and final film Riefenstahl began a lifelong companionship with her cameraman Horst Kettner, who was 40 years her junior and assisted her with the photographs; they were together from the time she was 60 and he was 20. Riefenstahl traveled to Africa, inspired by the works of George Rodger that celebrated the ceremonial wrestling matches of the Nuba.<mask>'s books with photographs of the Nuba tribes were published in 1974 and republished in 1976 as Die Nuba (translated as "The Last of the Nuba") and Die Nuba von Kau ("The Nuba People of Kau"). They were harshly criticized by American writer and philosopher Susan Sontag, who wrote in The New York Review of Books that they were evidence of Riefenstahl's continued adherence to "fascist aesthetics". In this review, which art critic Hilton Kramer described as "one of the most important inquiries into the relation of esthetics to ideology we have had in many years", Sontag argued that:Although the Nuba are black, not Aryan, Riefenstahl's portrait of them is consistent with some of the larger themes of Nazi ideology: the contrast between the clean and the impure, the incorruptible and the defiled, the physical and the mental, the joyful and the critical. [...] What is distinctive about the fascist version of the old idea of the Noble Savage is its contempt for all that is reflective, critical, and pluralistic. [...] In celebrating a society where the exhibition of physical skill and courage and the victory of the stronger man over the weaker have, at least as she sees it, become the unifying symbol of the communal culture—where success in fighting is the "main aspiration of a man's life"—Riefenstahl seems only to have modified the ideas of her Nazi films.In December 1974, American writer and photographer Eudora Welty reviewed Die Nuba positively for the New York Times, giving an impressionistic account of the aesthetics of <mask>'s book:She uses the light purposefully: the full, blinding brightness to make us see the ail‐absorbing blackness of the skin; the ray of light slanting down from the single hole, high in the wall, that is the doorway of the circular house, which tells us how secret and safe it has been made; the first dawn light streaking the face of a calf in the sleeping camp where the young men go to live, which suggests their world apart. All the pictures bring us the physical beauty of the people: a young girl, shy and mischievous of face, with a bead sewn into her lower lip like a permanent cinnamon drop; a wrestler prepared for his match, with his shaven head turned to look over the massive shoulder, all skin color taken away by a coating of ashes.Art Director's Club of Germany awarded Riefenstahl a gold medal for the best photographic achievement of 1975. She also sold some of the pictures to German magazines.Riefenstahl photographed the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, and rock star Mick Jagger along with his wife Bianca for The Sunday Times. Years later, Riefenstahl photographed Las Vegas entertainers Siegfried & Roy. She was guest of honour at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 1978, Riefenstahl published a book of her sub-aquatic photographs called Korallengärten ("Coral Gardens"), followed by the 1990 book Wunder unter Wasser ("Wonder under Water"). On 22 August 2002, her 100th birthday, she released the film Impressionen unter Wasser ("Underwater Impressions"), an idealized documentary of life in the oceans and her first film in over 25 years. Riefenstahl was a member of Greenpeace for eight years. When filming Impressionen unter Wasser, Riefenstahl lied about her age in order to be certified for scuba diving.Riefenstahl survived a helicopter crash in Sudan in 2000 while trying to learn the fates of her Nuba friends during the Second Sudanese Civil War, and was airlifted to a Munich hospital, where she received treatment for two broken ribs. Death Riefenstahl celebrated her 101st birthday on 22 August 2003 at a hotel in Feldafing, on Lake Starnberg, Bavaria, near her home. The day after her birthday celebration, she became ill. Riefenstahl had been suffering from cancer for some time, and her health rapidly deteriorated during the last weeks of her life. Kettner said in an interview in 2002, "Ms. Riefenstahl is in great pain and she has become very weak and is taking painkillers". Riefenstahl died in her sleep at around 10:00 pm on 8 September 2003 at her home in Pöcking, Germany. After her death, there was a varied response in the obituary pages of leading publications, although most recognized her technical breakthroughs in filmmaking. Reception Film scholar Mark Cousins notes in his book The Story of Film that, "Next to Orson Welles and Alfred Hitchcock, <mask> Riefenstahl was the most technically talented Western film maker of her era".When traveling to Hollywood, Riefenstahl was criticized by the Anti-Nazi League very harshly when wanting to showcase her film Olympia soon after its release. Reviewer Gary Morris called Riefenstahl, "An artist of unparalleled gifts, a woman in an industry dominated by men, one of the great formalists of the cinema on a par with Eisenstein or Welles". Film critic Hal Erickson of The New York Times states that the "Jewish Question" is mainly unmentioned in Triumph des Willens; "filmmaker <mask> Riefenstahl prefers to concentrate on cheering crowds, precision marching, military bands, and Hitler's climactic speech, all orchestrated, choreographed and illuminated on a scale that makes Griffith and DeMille look like poverty-row directors". Charles Moore of The Daily Telegraph wrote, "She was perhaps the most talented female cinema director of the 20th century; her celebration of Nazi Germany in film ensured that she was certainly the most infamous". Film journalist Sandra Smith from The Independent remarked, "Opinions will be divided between those who see her as a young, talented and ambitious woman caught up in the tide of events which she did not fully understand, and those who believe her to be a cold and opportunist propagandist and a Nazi by association." Critic Judith Thurman said in The New Yorker that, "Riefenstahl's genius has rarely been questioned, even by critics who despise the service to which she lent it. Riefenstahl was a consummate stylist obsessed with bodies in motion, particularly those of dancers and athletes.Riefenstahl relies heavily for her transitions on portentous cutaways to clouds, mist, statuary, foliage, and rooftops. Her reaction shots have a tedious sameness: shining, ecstatic faces—nearly all young and Aryan, except for Hitler's". Pauline Kael, also a film reviewer employed for The New Yorker, called Triumph des Willens and Olympia, "the two greatest films ever directed by a woman". Writer Richard Corliss wrote in Time that he was "impressed by Riefenstahl's standing as a total auteur: producer, writer, director, editor and, in the fiction films, actress. The issues her films and her career raise are as complex and they are important, and her vilifiers tend to reduce the argument to one of a director's complicity in atrocity or her criminal ignorance". Film biographies In 1993, Riefenstahl was the subject of the award-winning German documentary film The Wonderful, Horrible Life of <mask> Riefenstahl, directed by Ray Müller. Riefenstahl appeared in the film and answered several questions and detailed the production of her films.The biofilm was nominated for seven Emmy Awards, winning in one category. <mask>, who for some time had been working on her memoirs, decided to cooperate in the production of this documentary to tell her life story about the struggles she had gone through in her personal life, her film-making career and what people thought of her. She was also the subject of Müller's 2000 documentary film Leni Riefenstahl: Her Dream of Africa, about her return to Sudan to visit the Nuba people. In 2000, Jodie Foster was planning a biographical drama on Riefenstahl, then seen as the last surviving member of Hitler's "inner circle", causing protests, with the Simon Wiesenthal Centre's dean Marvin Hier warning against a revisionist view that glorified the director, observing that Riefenstahl had seemed "quite infatuated" with Hitler. In 2007 British screenwriter Rupert Walters was reported to be writing a script for the movie. The project did not receive Riefenstahl's approval prior to her death, as Riefenstahl asked for a veto on any scenes to which she did not agree. Riefenstahl reportedly wanted Sharon Stone to play her rather than Foster.In 2011, director Steven Soderbergh revealed that he had also been working on a biopic of Riefenstahl for about six months. He eventually abandoned the project over concerns of its commercial prospects. In popular culture Riefenstahl's filming merits are discussed between characters in the 2009 Quentin Tarantino film Inglourious Basterds. Riefenstahl was referred to in the series finale of the television show Weeds when Nancy questions Andy for naming his daughter after a Nazi, to which he replied "she was a pioneer in film-making, I don't believe in holding grudges." <mask> was portrayed by Zdena Studenková in Leni, a 2014 Slovak drama play about her fictional participation in The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Riefenstahl was portrayed by Dutch actress Carice van Houten in Race, a sports drama film directed by Stephen Hopkins about Jesse Owens. It was released in North America on 19 February 2016.In the 2016 short film Leni. Leni., based on the play by Tom McNab and directed by Adrian Vitoria, Hildegard Neil portrays Riefenstahl. The 2017 video game Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus (which takes place in an alternative 1961 after the Nazis won World War II) features a supporting character heavily implied to be <mask>, voiced by actress Kristina Klebe. Named Lady Helene, this female director is responsible for making the vast majority of the propaganda films said to be playing (most notably a big-budget movie detailing how America was "liberated" by Nazis). Lady Helene is later met face to face and she is seen to closely resemble Riefenstahl. It also revealed that her mysterious "producer" is an aging, delusional Adolf Hitler and that the two share a close working relationship. Riefenstahl appears in the 2019 film Hellboy portrayed again by Kristina Klebe.in 2021 Riefenstahl was the subject of Nigel Farndale's novel The Dictator's Muse. Filmography As actress 1925: Wege zu Kraft und Schönheit ("Ways to Strength and Beauty") as Dancer 1926: Der heilige Berg ("The Holy Mountain") as Diotima 1927: Der große Sprung ("The Great Leap") as Gita 1928: Das Schicksal derer von Habsburg ("Fate of the House of Habsburg") as Maria Vetsera 1929: Die weiße Hölle vom Piz Palü ("The White Hell of Pitz Palu") as Maria Maioni 1930: Stürme über dem Mont Blanc ("Storm Over Mont Blanc") as Hella Armstrong 1931: Der weiße Rausch ("The White Ecstasy") as Leni 1932: Das blaue Licht ("The Blue Light") as Junta 1933: S.O.S. Eisberg

Ed Gorman (writer)

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<mask>. (November 2, 1941 – October 14, 2016) was an American writer and short fiction anthologist. He published in almost every genre, but is best known for his work in the crime, mystery, western, and horror fields. His non-fiction work has been published in such publications as The New York Times and Redbook. He has contributed to many magazines and other publications, including Xero, Black Lizard, Mystery Scene, Cemetery Dance, and the anthology Tales of Zorro. Personal life <mask> was born and grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, where he spent much of his adult life as well. He lived for extended periods in Des Moines, Iowa; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Chicago, Illinois. He was married twice, first to Catherine Anne Stevens for seven years.He next married <mask> (née Maxwell), an award-winning children's and young adult author. They were married thirty-four years until his death in 2016. Writing career After twenty-three years in advertising, public relations, writing political speeches and producing industrial films, <mask> published his first novel Rough Cut (1984). Soon after he quit his day job and dedicated himself to writing full-time (thanks to his wife Carol's full-time teaching job). <mask> considered himself a genre writer. In the 1970s <mask> won a short story contest sponsored by Charles Scribner & Sons. An editor there suggested he expand his winning story into a mainstream novel, but Gorman gave up after six months, saying, “I was bored out of my mind.I am a genre writer.” <mask>’s novels and stories are often set in small Midwestern towns, such as the fictional Black River Falls, Iowa (the Sam McCain series), or Cedar Rapids, Iowa (The Night Remembers). For his Dev Conrad series, <mask> drew upon his years as a political operative. <mask> was one of the founders of Mystery Scene magazine, and served as editor and publisher until 2002. His column, “Gormania,” continues to appear regularly in its pages. In comics, he has written for DC, Dark Horse, and most recently Short, Scary Tales, which will be publishing adaptations of his novel Cage of Night (as Cage of Night) and the short story "Stalker" (as Gut-Shot). Kirkus Reviews has called him "One of the most original crime writers around." The Bloomsbury Review noted: "He is the poet of dark suspense."The Oxford Book of American Crime Stories said: "His novels and stories provide fresh ideas, characters and approaches." Jon Breen at Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine once noted, "<mask> has the same infallible readability as writers like Lawrence Block, Max Allan Collins, Donald E. Westlake, <mask>, and John D. MacDonald." Though <mask> was long considered to be a "prolific" writer, his pace of production slowed markedly after he was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 2002; it was incurable. Awards He won a Spur Award for Best Short Fiction for his short story "The Face" in 1992. His fiction collection Cages was nominated for the 1995 Bram Stoker Award for Best Fiction Collection. His collection The Dark Fantastic was nominated for the same award in 2001.<mask> won the 1994 Anthony Award for Best Critical Work for The Fine Art Of Murder. He was nominated for multiple Anthonys in short story categories. He is a winner of the Life Achievement Award from the Private Eye Writers of America, and The International Horror Writers Award (previous winners include Stephen King and Richard Matheson). He was nominated for the Edgar Award. Adaptations His novel The Poker Club was adapted as a film in 2008 by director Tim McCann. His short stories “The Long Silence After” and “The Ugly File” were adapted as short films. In 2016, rights to his novel Cage of Night and short story “Stalker” were bought for adaptation as graphic novels, to be published by Short, Scary Tales.2 City of Night Pen name books As E.J. (2007) with Martin H. Greenberg Tales of Zorro (2008) Kolchak the Night Stalker: Passages of the Macabre (2016) References External links <mask>'s blog Dark Party Review <mask> Discusses His Writing Mystery Scene, magazine co-founded by <mask> with Robert J. Randisi. 1941 births 2016 deaths Deaths from multiple myeloma 20th-century American novelists 21st-century American novelists 20th-century American short story writers 21st-century American short story writers American horror writers American male novelists American male short story writers Anthony Award winners Coe College alumni Macavity Award winners Writers from Cedar Rapids, Iowa 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers Novelists from Iowa

Luciano Pavarotti

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<mask> (, , ; 12 October 19356 September 2007) was an Italian operatic tenor who during the late part of his career crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most acclaimed and loved tenors of all time. He made numerous recordings of complete operas and individual arias, gaining worldwide fame for his tone, and achieving the honorific title "King of the High Cs". As one of the Three Tenors, who performed their first concert during the 1990 FIFA World Cup before a global audience, <mask> became well known for his televised concerts and media appearances. From the beginning of his professional career as a tenor in 1961 in Italy to his final performance of "Nessun dorma" at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Pavarotti was at his best in bel canto operas, pre-Aida Verdi roles, and Puccini works such as La bohème, Tosca, Turandot and Madama Butterfly. He sold over 100 million records, and the first Three Tenors recording became the best-selling classical album of all time. <mask> was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross, amongst others. He died from pancreatic cancer on 6 September 2007.Biography Early life and musical training <mask> was born in 1935 on the outskirts of Modena in Northern Italy, the son of <mask>, a baker and amateur tenor, and Adele Venturi, a cigar factory worker. Although he spoke fondly of his childhood, the family had little money; its four members were crowded into a two-room apartment. According to Pavarotti, his father had a fine tenor voice but rejected the possibility of a singing career because of nervousness. World War II forced the family out of the city in 1943. For the following year they rented a single room from a farmer in the neighbouring countryside, where the young Pavarotti developed an interest in farming. After abandoning the dream of becoming a football goalkeeper, Pavarotti spent seven years in vocal training. Pavarotti's earliest musical influences were his father's records, most of them featuring the popular tenors of the day—Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa, and Enrico Caruso.Pavarotti's favourite tenor and idol was Giuseppe Di Stefano and he was also deeply influenced by Mario Lanza, saying: "In my teens I used to go to Mario Lanza movies and then come home and imitate him in the mirror". At around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir. In addition to music, as a child Pavarotti enjoyed playing football. When he graduated from the Scuola Magistrale he was interested in pursuing a career as a professional football goalkeeper, but his mother convinced him to train as a teacher. He subsequently taught in an elementary school for two years but finally decided to pursue a music career. His father, recognising the risk involved, only reluctantly gave his consent. Pavarotti began the serious study of music in 1954 at the age of 19 with Arrigo Pola, a respected teacher and professional tenor in Modena who offered to teach him without remuneration.According to conductor Richard Bonynge, Pavarotti never learned to read music. In 1955, he experienced his first singing success when he was a member of the Corale Rossini, a male voice choir from Modena that also included his father, which won first prize at the International Eisteddfod in Llangollen, Wales. He later said that this was the most important experience of his life, and that it inspired him to become a professional singer. At about this time Pavarotti first met Adua Veroni. They married in 1961. When his teacher Arrigo Pola moved to Japan, Pavarotti became a student of Ettore Campogalliani, who at that time was also teaching Pavarotti's childhood friend, Mirella Freni, whose mother worked with <mask>'s mother in the cigar factory. Like Pavarotti, Freni went on to become a successful opera singer; they would go on to collaborate in various stage performances and recordings together.During his years of musical study, <mask> held part-time jobs in order to sustain himself—first as an elementary school teacher and then as an insurance salesman. The first six years of study resulted in only a few recitals, all in small towns and without pay. When a nodule developed on his vocal cords, causing a "disastrous" concert in Ferrara, he decided to give up singing. Pavarotti attributed his immediate improvement to the psychological release connected with this decision. Whatever the reason, the nodule not only disappeared but, as he related in his autobiography: "Everything I had learned came together with my natural voice to make the sound I had been struggling so hard to achieve". Career: 1960s–1970s <mask> began his career as a tenor in smaller regional Italian opera houses, making his debut as Rodolfo in La bohème at the Teatro Municipale in Reggio Emilia in April 1961. His first known recording of "Che gelida manina" was recorded during this performance.Pavarotti's first of two marriages was to his first wife Adua Veroni which lasted from 1961 to 2000 and they had three daughters: Lorenza, Cristina, and Giuliana. He made his first international appearance in La traviata in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Very early in his career, on 23 February 1963, he debuted at the Vienna State Opera in the same role. In March and April 1963 Vienna saw <mask> again as Rodolfo and as Duca di Mantova in Rigoletto. The same year saw his first concert outside Italy when he sang in Dundalk, Ireland for the St Cecilia's Gramophone Society, he was engaged by the Dublin Grand Opera Society to sing The Duke of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto in May and June, and his Royal Opera House debut, where he replaced an indisposed Giuseppe Di Stefano as Rodolfo. There exist on archive.org three complete performances from <mask>'s early career in 1964, when he was engaged by the Dublin Grand Opera Society to sing Rudolfo in Giacomo Puccini's La bohème (Audio recording of LA BOHEME Presented on May 19, 21, 27, Jun 1 1964 at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin as part of the Dublin Grand Opera Society’s Spring Season) and Alfredo in Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata (Audio recording of LA TRAVIATA Presented on Jun 8 1964 at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin as part of the Dublin Grand Opera Society's Spring Season, Audio recording of LA TRAVIATA Presented on May 25, 1964 at the Gaiety Theatre Dublin as part of the Dublin Grand Opera Society's Spring Season). Also available are reviews of those performances in which the reviewers favorably comment on his singing (from the reviews for "La Boheme"): "sang sweetly and appealingly," "rich promise," "outstanding," "fit for the big heroic roles," and "robust;" his voice: "pure tone", "arresting quality," "unforced strength and range," "well sustained," and "lovely;" and his acting: "looked and moved well," "sang with musically-directed intelligence," "used the voice to reinforce his acting," and "chief delight of the evening."While generally successful, Pavarotti's early roles did not immediately propel him into the stardom that he would later enjoy. An early coup involved his connection with Joan Sutherland (and her conductor husband, Richard Bonynge), who in 1963 was seeking a tenor taller than herself to take along on her 1965 tour to Australia. With his commanding physical presence, Pavarotti proved ideal. However, before the summer 1965 Australia tour Pavarotti sang with Joan Sutherland when he made his American début with the Greater Miami Opera in February 1965, singing in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor on the stage of the Miami-Dade County Auditorium in Miami. The tenor scheduled to perform that night became ill with no understudy. As Sutherland had plans to travel with him on the Australia tour that summer, she recommended the young Pavarotti as he was acquainted with the role. Shortly after, on 28 April, <mask> made his La Scala debut in the revival of the famous Franco Zeffirelli production of La bohème, with his childhood friend Mirella Freni singing Mimi and Herbert von Karajan conducting.Karajan had requested the singer's engagement. During the Australia tour in summer 1965 Sutherland and <mask> sang some forty performances over two months, and Pavarotti later credited Sutherland for the breathing technique that would sustain him over his career. After the extended Australian tour, he returned to La Scala, where he added Tebaldo from I Capuleti e i Montecchi to his repertoire on 26 March 1966, with Giacomo Aragall as Romeo. His first appearance as Tonio in Donizetti's La fille du régiment took place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, on 2 June of that year. It was his performances of this role that would earn him the title of "King of the High Cs". He scored another major triumph in Rome on 20 November 1969 when he sang in I Lombardi opposite Renata Scotto. This was recorded on a private label and widely distributed, as were various recordings of his I Capuleti e i Montecchi, usually with Aragall.Early commercial recordings included a recital of Donizetti (the aria from Don Sebastiano were particularly highly regarded) and Verdi arias, as well as a complete L'elisir d'amore with Sutherland. His major breakthrough in the United States came on 17 February 1972, in a production of La fille du régiment at New York's Metropolitan Opera, in which he drove the crowd into a frenzy with his nine effortless high Cs in the signature aria. He achieved a record seventeen curtain calls. <mask> sang his international recital début at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri, on 1 February 1973, as part of the college's Fine Arts Program, now known as the Harriman–Jewell Series. Perspiring due to nerves and a lingering cold, the tenor clutched a handkerchief throughout the début. The prop became a signature part of his solo performances. He began to give frequent television performances, starting with his performances as Rodolfo (La bohème) in the first Live from the Met telecast in March 1977, which attracted one of the largest audiences ever for a televised opera.He won many Grammy awards and platinum and gold discs for his performances. In addition to the previously listed titles, his La favorite with Fiorenza Cossotto and his I puritani (1975) with Sutherland stand out. In 1976, <mask> debuted at the Salzburg Festival, appearing in a solo recital on 31 July, accompanied by pianist Leone Magiera. Pavarotti returned to the festival in 1978 with a recital and as the Italian singer in Der Rosenkavalier in 1983 with Idomeneo, and both in 1985 and 1988 with solo recitals. In 1979, he was profiled in a cover story in the weekly magazine Time. That same year saw <mask>'s return to the Vienna State Opera after an absence of fourteen years. With Herbert von Karajan conducting, Pavarotti sang Manrico in Il trovatore.In 1978, he appeared in a solo recital on Live from Lincoln Center. Career: 1980s–1990s At the beginning of the 1980s, he set up The Pavarotti International Voice Competition for young singers, performing with the winners in 1982 in excerpts of La bohème and L'elisir d'amore. The second competition, in 1986, staged excerpts of La bohème and Un ballo in maschera. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of his career, he brought the winners of the competition to Italy for gala performances of La bohème in Modena and Genoa, and then to China where they staged performances of La bohème in Beijing (Peking). To conclude the visit, Pavarotti performed the inaugural concert in the Great Hall of the People before 10,000 people, receiving a standing ovation for nine effortless high Cs. The third competition in 1989 again staged performances of L'elisir d'amore and Un ballo in maschera. The winners of the fifth competition accompanied Pavarotti in performances in Philadelphia in 1997.In the mid-1980s, Pavarotti returned to two opera houses that had provided him with important breakthroughs, the Vienna State Opera and La Scala. Vienna saw Pavarotti as Rodolfo in La bohème with Carlos Kleiber conducting and again Mirella Freni was Mimi; as Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore; as Radames in Aida conducted by Lorin Maazel; as Rodolfo in Luisa Miller; and as Gustavo in Un ballo in maschera conducted by Claudio Abbado. In 1996, Pavarotti appeared for the last time at the Staatsoper in Andrea Chénier. Throughout the 1980s and 90s, promoters Tibor Rudas and Harvey Goldsmith booked Pavarotti into increasingly larger venues. In 1985, Pavarotti sang Radames at La Scala opposite Maria Chiara in a Luca Ronconi production conducted by Maazel, recorded on video. His performance of the aria "Celeste Aida" received a two-minute ovation on the opening night. He was reunited with Mirella Freni for the San Francisco Opera production of La bohème in 1988, also recorded on video.In 1992, La Scala saw <mask> in a new Zeffirelli production of Don Carlos, conducted by Riccardo Muti. <mask>'s performance was heavily criticised by some observers and booed by parts of the audience. <mask> became even better known throughout the world in 1990 when his rendition of the aria "Nessun dorma" from Giacomo Puccini's Turandot was taken as the theme song of BBC's coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. The aria achieved pop status, became the World Cup soundtrack, and it remained his trademark song. This was followed by the first Three Tenors concert, held on the eve of the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome with fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and conductor Zubin Mehta. The performance for the World Cup closing concert captivated a global audience, and it became the biggest selling classical record of all time. A highlight of the concert, in which <mask> sang the opening verses using extended vocal runs for di Capua's "O Sole Mio" and which was in turn perfectly repeated note-for-note by Domingo and Carreras to the delight of the audience.The recorded album sold millions of copies, and the first Three Tenors recording became the best-selling classical album of all time. Throughout the 1990s, <mask> appeared in many well-attended outdoor concerts, including his televised concert in London's Hyde Park, which drew a record attendance of 150,000. In June 1993, more than 500,000 listeners gathered for his free performance on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park, while millions more around the world watched on television. The following September, in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, he sang for an estimated crowd of 300,000. Following on from the original 1990 concert, the Three Tenors concerts were held during the three subsequent FIFA World Cup Finals, in 1994 in Los Angeles, 1998 in Paris, and 2002 in Yokohama. In September 1995, Pavarotti performed Schubert's Ave Maria along with Dolores O'Riordan; Diana, Princess of Wales, who attended the live performance, told O'Riordan that the song brought her to tears. In 1995, Pavarotti's friends, the singer Lara Saint Paul (as Lara Cariaggi) and her husband showman Pier Quinto Cariaggi, who had produced and organised <mask>'s 1990 FIFA World Cup Celebration Concert at the PalaTrussardi in Milan, produced and wrote the television documentary The Best is Yet to Come, an extensive biography about the life of Pavarotti.Lara Saint Paul was the interviewer for the documentary with <mask>, who spoke candidly about his life and career. <mask>'s rise to stardom was not without occasional difficulties, however. He earned a reputation as "The King of Cancellations" by frequently backing out of performances, and his unreliable nature led to poor relationships with some opera houses. This was brought into focus in 1989 when Ardis Krainik of the Lyric Opera of Chicago severed the house's 15-year relationship with the tenor. Over an eight-year period, <mask> had cancelled 26 out of 41 scheduled appearances at the Lyric, and the decisive move by Krainik to ban him for life was well noted throughout the opera world, after the

Luciano Pavarotti

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performer walked away from a season premiere less than two weeks before rehearsals began, saying pain from a sciatic nerve required two months of treatment. On 12 December 1998, he became the first (and, to date, only) opera singer to perform on Saturday Night Live, singing alongside Vanessa L. Williams. He also sang with U2 in the band's 1995 song "Miss Sarajevo" and with Mercedes Sosa in a big concert at the Boca Juniors arena La Bombonera in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1999.In 1998, <mask> was presented with the Grammy Legend Award. Career: Early 2000s In 2001, <mask> was acquitted in Italian court of a long standing dispute concerning his official country of residency and taxable earnings. Pavarotti long claimed Monte Carlo in the tax haven of Monaco as his official residence, but an Italian court in 1999 had rejected that claim by ruling that his Monaco address could not accommodate his entire family. In 2000 Pavarotti agreed to pay the Italian government more than $7.6 million in back taxes and penalties as a result of tax evasion charges that dated from 1989 to 1995. Pavarotti was subsequently fully acquitted by an Italian court of filing false tax returns in 2001. On 13 December 2003, he married his second wife and former personal assistant, Nicoletta Mantovani (born 1969), with whom he already had another daughter, Alice. Alice's twin brother, Riccardo, was stillborn after complications in January 2003.At the time of his death in September 2007, he was survived by his wife, his four daughters, and one granddaughter. In late 2003, he released his final compilation—and his first and only "crossover" album, Ti Adoro. Most of the 13 songs were written and produced by Michele Centonze, who had already helped produce the "Pavarotti & Friends" concerts between 1998 and 2000. The tenor described the album as a wedding gift to Nicoletta Mantovani. That same year he was made a Commander of Monaco's Order of Cultural Merit. In 2004, one of <mask>'s former managers, Herbert Breslin, published a book, The King & I. Seen by critics as bitter and sensationalistic, it is critical of the singer's acting (in opera), his inability to read music well and learn parts, and his personal conduct, although acknowledging their success together.In an interview in 2005 with Jeremy Paxman on the BBC, Pavarotti rejected the allegation that he could not read music, although he acknowledged he did not read orchestral scores. He received an enormous number of awards and honours, including Kennedy Center Honors in 2001. He also holds two Guinness World Records: one for receiving the most curtain calls (165) and another for the best-selling classical album (Carreras Domingo Pavarotti in Concert by the Three Tenors; the latter record is thus shared by fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras). Final performances and health issues Pavarotti began his farewell tour in 2004, at the age of 69, performing one last time in old and new locations, after more than four decades on the stage. On 13 March 2004, Pavarotti gave his last performance in an opera at the New York Metropolitan Opera, for which he received a long standing ovation for his role as the painter Mario Cavaradossi in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca. On 1 December 2004, he announced a 40-city farewell tour. <mask> and his manager, Terri Robson, commissioned impresario Harvey Goldsmith to produce the Worldwide Farewell Tour.His last full-scale performance was at the end of a two-month Australasian tour in Taiwan in December 2005. In March 2005, Pavarotti underwent neck surgery to repair two vertebrae. In early 2006, he underwent further back surgery and contracted an infection while in the hospital in New York, forcing cancellation of concerts in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. On 10 February 2006, Pavarotti performed "Nessun dorma" at the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Turin, Italy, at his final performance. In the last act of the opening ceremony, his performance received the longest and loudest ovation of the night from the international crowd. Leone Magiera, who directed the performance, revealed in his 2008 memoirs, Pavarotti Visto da Vicino, that the performance had been recorded weeks earlier. "The orchestra pretended to play for the audience, I pretended to conduct and <mask> pretended to sing. The effect was wonderful," he wrote.<mask>'s manager, Terri Robson, said that the tenor had turned the Winter Olympic Committee's invitation down several times because it would have been impossible to sing late at night in the subzero conditions of Turin in February. The committee eventually persuaded him to take part by prerecording the song. Death While proceeding with an international "farewell tour", <mask> was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in July 2006. The tenor fought back against the implications of this diagnosis, undergoing major abdominal surgery and making plans for the resumption and conclusion of his singing commitments, but he died at his home in Modena on 6 September 2007. After his death, his manager, Terri Robson, noted in a statement, "The Maestro fought a long, tough battle against the pancreatic cancer which eventually took his life. In fitting with the approach that characterised his life and work, he remained positive until finally succumbing to the last stages of his illness". <mask>'s funeral was held at Modena Cathedral.The then Prime Minister Romano Prodi and Kofi Annan attended. The Frecce Tricolori, the aerobatic demonstration team of the Italian Air Force, flew overhead, leaving green-white-red smoke trails. After a funeral procession through the centre of Modena, <mask>'s coffin was taken the final to Montale Rangone, a village part of Castelnuovo Rangone, and was interred in the Pavarotti family crypt. The funeral, in its entirety, was also telecast live on CNN. The Vienna State Opera and the Salzburg Festival Hall flew black flags in mourning. Tributes were published by many opera houses, such as London's Royal Opera House. Other work Film and television Pavarotti's one venture into film was Yes, Giorgio (1982), a romantic comedy movie directed by Franklin J. Schaffner, in which he starred as the main character Giorgio Fini.The film was a critical and commercial failure, although it received an Academy Award nomination for Best Music, Original Song. He can be seen to better advantage in Jean-Pierre Ponnelle's adaptation of Rigoletto for television, released that same year, or in his more than 20 live opera performances taped for television between 1978 and 1994, most of them with the Metropolitan Opera, and most available on DVD. He received two Primetime Emmy Awards for his PBS variety specials Pavarotti in Philadelphia: La Boheme and Duke of Mantua, Rigoletto Great Performances. Pavarotti, a 2019 documentary film about him, was directed by Ron Howard and produced with the cooperation of Pavarotti's estate using family archives, interviews and live music footage. Humanitarianism Pavarotti annually hosted the Pavarotti & Friends charity concerts in his home town of Modena Italy, joining with singers from all parts of the music industry, including B.B. King, Andrea Bocelli, Zucchero, Jon Bon Jovi, Bryan Adams, Bono, James Brown, Mariah Carey, Eric Clapton, Dolores O'Riordan, Sheryl Crow, Céline Dion, Anastacia, Elton John, Deep Purple, Meat Loaf, Queen, George Michael, Tracy Chapman, the Spice Girls, Sting and Barry White to raise money for several UN causes. Concerts were held for War Child, and victims of war and civil unrest in Bosnia, Guatemala, Kosovo and Iraq.After the war in Bosnia, he financed and established the Pavarotti Music Centre in the southern city of Mostar to offer Bosnia's artists the opportunity to develop their skills. For these contributions, the city of Sarajevo named him an honorary citizen in 2006. He performed at benefit concerts to raise money for victims of tragedies such as the Spitak earthquake that killed 25,000 people in northern Armenia in December 1988, and sang Gounod's Ave Maria with legendary French pop music star and ethnic Armenian Charles Aznavour. He was a close friend of Diana, Princess of Wales. They raised money for the elimination of land mines worldwide. In 1998, he was appointed the United Nations Messenger of Peace, using his fame to raise awareness of UN issues, including the Millennium Development Goals, HIV/AIDS, child rights, urban slums and poverty. In 1999, Pavarotti performed a charity benefit concert in Beirut, to mark Lebanon's re-emergence on the world stage after a brutal 15-year civil war.The largest concert held in Beirut since the end of the war, it was attended by 20,000 people who travelled from countries as distant as Saudi Arabia and Bulgaria. In 1999 he also hosted a charity benefit concert to build a school in Guatemala, for Guatemalan civil war orphans. It was named after him Centro Educativo Pavarotti. Now the foundation of nobel prize winner Rigoberta Menchú Tum is running the school. In 2001, <mask> received the Nansen Medal from the UN High Commission for Refugees for his efforts raising money on behalf of refugees worldwide. Through benefit concerts and volunteer work, he has raised more than any other individual. Also in 2001, <mask> was chosen one of that year's five recipients by the President and First Lady as an honoree for their lifetime achievements in the arts at the White House, followed by the Kennedy Center; the Kennedy Center Honors, He was surprised by the appearance of Secretary-General of the United Nations and that year's winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, Kofi Annan, who lauded him for his contribution to humankind.Six months prior, Pavarotti had held a large charity concert for Afghan refugees, particularly children in his home town of Modena, Italy. Other honours he received include the "Freedom of London Award" and The Red Cross "Award for Services to Humanity", for his work in raising money for that organisation, and the 1998 "MusiCares Person of the Year", given to humanitarian heroes by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity. Legacy and estate assignment His first will was opened the day after his death; a second will was opened within the same month of September. He left an estate outside his native Modena (now a museum), a villa in Pesaro, his flat in Monte Carlo, and three flats in New York City. <mask>'s widow's lawyers, Giorgio Bernini and Anna Maria Bernini, and manager Terri Robson announced on 30 June 2008 that his family amicably settled his estate—€300 million ($474.2 million, including $15 million in U.S. assets). Pavarotti drafted two wills before his death: one divided his assets by Italian law, giving half to his second wife, Nicoletta Mantovani, and half to his four daughters; the second gave his U.S. holdings to Mantovani.The judge confirmed the compromise by the end of July 2008. However, a Pesaro public prosecutor, Massimo di Patria, investigated allegations that Pavarotti was not of sound mind when he signed the will. <mask>'s estate has been settled "fairly", a lawyer for Mantovani said in statements after reports of a dispute between her and his three daughters from his first marriage. He posthumously received the Italy-USA Foundation's America Award in 2013 and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 2014. Selected discography In addition to his very large discography of opera performances Pavarotti also made many classical crossover and pop recordings, the Pavarotti & Friends series of concerts and, for Decca, a series of studio recital albums: first six albums of opera arias and then, from 1979, six albums of Italian song. Studio recital albums Favourite Italian Arias – Arias from La Bohème, Tosca and Rigoletto. Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden Edward Downes Decca Records 1966 Arias by Verdi & Donizetti – Arias from Luisa Miller, I due Foscari, Un ballo in maschera, Macbeth, Lucia di Lammermoor, Il duca d’Alba, La favorita and Don Sebastiano (with the Wiener Opernorchester under Edward Downes, 1968).Tenor Arias from Italian Opera – Arias from Guglielmo Tell, I puritani, Il trovatore, L'arlesiana, La bohème, Mefistofele, Don Pasquale, La Gioconda and Giuseppe Pietri's :it:Maristella. <mask> tenor with Arleen Auger soprano. Leone Magiera (piano) Wiener Opernorchester and choir. Ambrosian Singers New Philharmonia Orchestra Nicola Rescigno 1971 The World's Favourite Tenor Arias – Tosca, Carmen, Aida, Faust, Pagliacci, Martha. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. Wiener Volksoper Orchester. Leone Magiera.New Philharmonia Orchestra Richard Bonynge 1973 <mask> in Concert – Arias and songs by Bononcini, Handel, Alessandro Scarlatti, Bellini, Tosti, Respighi, Rossini. Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna. Richard Bonynge. 1973 O Holy Night – Songs and carols by Adam, Stradella, Franck, Mercadante, Schubert, Bach (arranged Gounod), Bizet, Berlioz, Pietro Yon, Alois Melichar. Wandsworth School Boys' Choir. London Voices. National Philharmonic Orchestra, Kurt Herbert Adler 1976 O Sole Mio – Favourite Neapolitan Songs 13 songs by Eduardo di Capua: O sole mio Francesco Paolo Tosti: 'A vucchella, Enrico Cannio: O surdato 'nnammurato, :it:Salvatore Gambardella: O marenariello, Traditional: Fenesta vascia, Tosti: A Marechiare, Ernesto de Curtis: Torna a Surriento, Gaetano Errico Pennino: Pecchè?, Vincenzo d'Annibale: O paese d' 'o sole, Ernesto Tagliaferri: Piscatore 'e Pusilleco, Curtis: :it:Tu ca nun chiagne, Capua: Maria, Mari, Luigi Denza: Funiculì funiculà.Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna Anton Guadagno National Philharmonic Orchestra :it:Giancarlo Chiaramello 1979 Verismo – Arias from Fedora, Mefistofele, Adriana Lecouvreur, Iris, L'Africaine, Werther, La fanciulla del West, Manon Lescaut, Andrea Chénier. National Philharmonic Orchestra Oliviero de Fabritiis (Riccardo Chailly for Andrea Chénier arias) 1979 Mattinata – 14 songs by Caldara, formerly attrib. Pergolesi, probably by Vincenzo Ciampi: Tre giorni son che Nina, Bellini, Tommaso Giordani, Rossini, Gluck, Tosti, Donizetti, Leoncavallo, Beethoven and Francesco Durante. Philharmonia Orchestra Piero Gamba National Philharmonic Orchestra. Antonio Tonini (conductor) 1983 Mamma – songs by Cesare Andrea Bixio, Ernesto de Curtis, Arturo Buzzi-Peccia, Stanislao Gastaldon, Cesare Cesarini, A. Walter Kramer, Carlo Innocenzi, Giovanni D'Anzi, Eldo di Lazzaro, Vincenzo De Crescenzo, Domenico Martuzzi, Aniello Califano, Colombino Arona. Arranged and conducted by Henry Mancini, 1984. Passione – 12 songs by Ernesto Tagliaferri, Paolo Tosti, :it:Pasquale Mario Costa, Teodoro Cottrau, :it:Evemero Nardella, Rodolfo Falvo, De Curtis, Di Capua, E. A. Mario, Gaetano Lama and Salvatore Cardillo.Orchestra del Teatro Comunale di Bologna. Giancarlo Chiaramello 1985 Volare – 16 songs by Domenico Modugno, Luigi Denza, Cesare Andrea Bixio, Gabriele Sibella, Giovanni D'Anzi, Michael John Bonagura, Edoardo Mascheroni, Ernesto De Curtis, Ermenegildo Ruccione, Pietro Mascagni, Guido Maria Ferilli. arranged and conducted by Henry Mancini 1987 Ti Adoro – songs by Romano Musumarra, Carlo Mioli, Ornella D'Urbano, Michele Centonze, Andrea Bellantani, Daniel Vuletic, Veris Giannetti, Nino Rota/Elsa Morante, Edoardo Bennato, Hans Zimmer/Gavin Greenaway/Jeffrey Pescetto, Lucio Dalla. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra Orchestra di Roma. Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra. Romano Musumarra Giancarlo Chiaramello, 2000 Selected videography Mozart: Idomeneo (1982), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4234, 2006 The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala (1983), Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538, 2009 The Metropolitan Opera Gala 1991, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4582, 2010 Awards and honors Grammy Awards The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and

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<mask> (August 27, 1891 – May 1, 1977) was a Philippine doctor and senator. Early life and education Dr. <mask> was born on August 27, 1891 in Silay, Negros Occidental. He was the third child among the five siblings of <mask> and Enriqueta Corteza. His family, who was originally from Molo, Iloilo, was among the most prominent when they settled in Silay. They acquired lands and engaged in sugarcane farming. They were devout Roman Catholics. <mask> finished his primary education in Silay.Thereafter, his parents sent him to Manila to study, first at Liceo de Manila and afterwards at the Universidad de Santo Tomas, where he graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, receiving the honor “Meritissimus.” Medical practice He started his medical profession in Silay, where he established the Maternity and Children’s Hospital which later became the Silay General Hospital. He was also responsible for the establishment of a Rest and Resettlement Center for Tuberculosis in Patag, Silay’s mountain barangay. He also organized several women's clubs to run puericulture centers. Apart from his initiatives in Silay, he was also responsible for the establishment of the Negros Occidental Provincial Hospital and later its School of Nursing. Political career Although Dr. Locsín was a doctor by profession, he inclined politics. Due to his service to the people of Silay, he was elected as Municipal Councilor when he first decided to run for public office. After that, he was elected as provincial member of Negros Occidental.In 1925, he became Governor of Negros Occidental. In his three years as governor, he focused on building roads and bridges throughout the province further establishing a waterworks system. Along with the Provincial Board, he initiated the development of the provincial government building. He also placed a high priority on improving the province’s educational system and for having had more schools built during his term than all the governors before him combined. After his term as governor, he ran for Congress and was elected representative of the first district of Negros Occidental in 1928. As a representative of a district whose primary means of livelihood depend upon the sugar industry, he worked for the modernization of sugar centrals, increasing the share of sugarcane planters within the sugar produced, and raising the wages of farm laborers. As Chairman of the Committee on Public Instruction, he worked on the establishment of faculties in remote barrios and well plazas in towns to market cultural events.In 1935, he became a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. One of his outstanding contributions as a delegate to the convention was the inclusion of social justice within the Constitution’s declaration of principles. Dr. <mask> was a member of the Nacionalista Party, and a fanatical advocate of its principles, and a loyal supporter of its members. When Ferdinand Marcos switched allegiance and ran for president in 1965 under Nationalista, he supported Marcos’ candidacy, being members of the said party. But when Marcos declared martial law in 1972, he was disheartened and regretted having given his support to Marcos’ presidency. Although he was no longer active in politics during the time of Martial Law, Dr. <mask> wore a black ribbon as a sign of protest against Marcos. Even on his deathbed, he wore with him the black ribbon symbolizing his mourning of the death of democracy.At the Senate Dr. <mask> was the first post-war cabinet member under President Sergio Osmena in 1945 to 1946, serving as Secretary of the Department of Health and Public Welfare to help people recuperate from the ravages of World War II. From 1951 to 1957, he served the country as a senator and dedicated himself to addressing a wide range of issues. As Chairman of the Health Committee, he worked for the approval of various measures to ensure and promote the health and safety of people through the establishment of Rural Health Units, the standardization of hospital services, and the National Campaign Against Tuberculosis. In addition, he also secured appropriations for the construction of new hospitals, health centers, clinics and other health care facilities. At the same time, he also worked for the improvement of salary levels of public health care personnel, especially doctors. As Chairman of the Committee on Accounts, he strived to maintain the annual appropriation in order to prevent any deficiency during his term. His other achievements as a Senator include sponsorship of the Rural Banks Act; authorship of the Flag Ceremony Law which gave importance to recognizing and respecting the Philippine flag; increase of the salary of public school teachers; and passage of a measure to celebrate the centennial of the birth of Dr. Jose Rizal in an appropriate manner.Senator <mask> was a member of the Philippine economic mission headed by Senator Laurel which worked for the Laurel-Langley Trade Agreement of 1945. The Filipino First Policy Perhaps the greatest contribution of Dr. <mask> to the upliftment of the Filipino people is his authorship of the bill popularly known as the “Filipino First Policy” during his term as Chairman of the National Economic Council (NEC, now the National Economic and Development Authority, or NEDA) from 1958 to 1961. As an effect of the Filipino First Policy, agro-industrial development was given impetus and encouragement. This resulted in the establishment of more cement factories, flour mills, and FILOIL–the first of the Filipino-owned gasoline companies. It also led to the banning of importation of plywood, the financing of irrigation and fertilizer programs, and the construction of artesian wells and hydro-electric power plants in different parts of the Philippines. Another major result was the development of new industries through the Industrial Dispersal Program, and the program for social and economic development of the Mindanao Region. At the same time that he was Chairman of NEC, he headed the National Productivity Board of the Philippines.As such, he contributed to the establishment of the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) of which he was unanimously elected its first Chairman in May 1961 during its inaugural meeting in Tokyo, Japan, an honour not only to himself but to the Philippines which he represented. When his term as NEC Chairman ended in 1961, he was appointed as Acting Secretary of the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources. During this short assignment, he had the licensing of forest concessions investigated which led to a marked reduction in the granting of such licenses and the filing of legal cases against illegal logging in the country. Legacy In 1974, Dr. Locsín suffered a stroke which some people say was brought about by his frustration with not being able to directly do anything about abolishing Martial Law. From then on, he underwent several surgical procedures due to problems with his gallbladder and prostate. Because of complications brought about by old age and his illnesses, he became bedridden in 1976. On May 1, 1977, he died at the age of 88.He left a legacy of dedicated and principled public service. Before his death, it was proposed that the city of Silay be renamed after him, but he refused. After his death, the hospital in Silay was renamed after him in honor and gratitude for his service to the Silaynons. The Rizal Cultural and Civic Center in his hometown, Silay was also built in his honor and named after him. However, in spite of these recognitions, many of the younger Silaynons do not know who he really was and what he had accomplished. Recently, the Dr. Jose C. Locsín Memorial Provincial Hospital, which he had established, was closed down and all its services were transferred to the new Teresita L. Jalandoni Provincial Hospital. Personal life He married Salvacion Montelibano and had eighteen children.One of his sons died of typhoid at the age of four. He experienced another loss in 1959 when his wife died of cardiac arrest at the age of 61. In 1962, at the age of 70, he remarried. His second wife, Delia Ediltrudes Santiago, a social worker from Bacolod, bore him a son and a daughter. Notes References External links Official Senate site Senators of the 3rd Congress of the Philippines Senators of the 2nd Congress of the Philippines Secretaries of Agriculture of the Philippines Secretaries of Environment and Natural Resources of the Philippines Secretaries of Health of the Philippines Secretaries of Social Welfare and Development of the Philippines People from Silay Governors of Negros Occidental Nacionalista Party politicians 20th-century Filipino medical doctors 1891 births 1977 deaths Osmeña Administration cabinet members Garcia Administration cabinet members Macapagal Administration cabinet members University of Santo Tomas alumni Members of the Philippine Legislature Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Negros Occidental Visayan people

Ptolemy VIII Physcon

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<mask> VIII Euergetes II Tryphon (, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs Tryphon "<mask> the Benefactor, the luxurious"; c. 184 BC – 28 June 116 BC), nicknamed Physcon ( "Fatty"), was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. He was the younger son of <mask> V Epiphanes and Cleopatra I Syra. His reign was characterised by fierce political and military conflict with his older brother <mask> VI Philometor and his sister Cleopatra II. <mask> was originally made co-ruler with his older siblings in the run-up to the Sixth Syrian War. In the course of that war, <mask> was captured and <mask> became sole king of Egypt. When the war ended and <mask> was restored to the throne in 168 BC, the two brothers continued to quarrel. In 164 BC <mask> drove out his brother and became sole king of the Ptolemaic empire, but he was expelled in turn in 163 BC.As a result of Roman intervention, <mask> was awarded control of Cyrenaica. From there he repeatedly tried to capture Cyprus, which had also been promised to him by the Romans, from his brother. After <mask>'s death in 145 BC, <mask> returned to Egypt as co-ruler with his sister. His cruel treatment of opposition and his decision to marry his niece Cleopatra III and promote her to the status of co-regent led to a civil war from 132 to 126 BC, in which Cleopatra II controlled Alexandria and enjoyed the support of the Greek population of the country, while <mask> and Cleopatra III controlled most of the rest of Egypt and were supported by the native Egyptians. During this war, native Egyptians were promoted to the highest echelons of the Ptolemaic government for the first time. <mask> was victorious and ruled alongside Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III until his death in 116 BC. The ancient Greek sources on <mask> are extremely hostile, characterising him as cruel and mocking him as fat and degenerate, as part of a contrast with <mask>, whom they present extremely positively.The historian Günther Hölbl calls him "one of the most brutal and at the same time one of the shrewdest politicians of the Hellenistic Age." Background and early life <mask> was the younger son of <mask> V Epiphanes, who reigned from 204 to 180 BC. <mask>'s reign had been dominated by the Fifth Syrian War (204–198 BC), in which the Ptolemaic realm fought against the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who ruled the Near East and Asia Minor. In that war, Antiochus III had completely defeated the Ptolemaic forces, had annexed Coele-Syria and Judaea to his empire, and reduced Egypt to a subordinate position. The new situation was solidified with a peace treaty, in which <mask> married Antiochus' daughter Cleopatra I in 194 BC. <mask> Philometor was the eldest son of the couple, born in 186 BC, and was the heir to the throne from birth. The exact date of <mask>'s birth is unknown, but it was probably around 184 BC.He also had an elder sister, Cleopatra II, who was probably born between 186 and 184 BC. The defeat in the Fifth Syrian War cast a shadow over the rest of <mask>'s reign. One prominent faction within the Ptolemaic court agitated for a return to war in order to restore Egyptian prestige, while another faction resisted the expense involved in rebuilding and remilitarising the realm. When <mask> died unexpectedly in September 180 BC, at the age of only 30, he was succeeded by <mask> VI. Since the new king was only six years old, actual power rested with the regents - first Cleopatra I (180–178/7 BC) and then Eulaeus and Lenaeus (178/7–170 BC). These regents were more closely associated with the peaceful faction and, as a result, members of the warhawk faction seem to have begun to look to the young <mask> VIII as a potential figurehead for their movement. First reign (170–163 BC) Accession and the Sixth Syrian War (170–168 BC) The Seleucid king Seleucus IV, who had followed a generally peaceful policy, was murdered in 175 BC and after two months of conflict his brother Antiochus IV Epiphanes secured the throne.The unsettled situation empowered the warhawks in the Ptolemaic court and Eulaeus and Lenaeus made efforts to conciliate them. By 172 BC, they seem to have embraced the warhawks' position. In October 170 BC, <mask>, now about sixteen, was promoted to the status of co-regent and incorporated into the Ptolemaic dynastic cult as one of the Theoi Philometores (Mother-loving gods) alongside his brother and sister, who had now been married to one another. The current year was declared the first year of a new era. John Grainger argues that these ceremonies were intended to paper over the factional differences that had developed in the court and to promote unity in the run-up to war. <mask> remained the senior king, as demonstrated later in 170 BC by the declaration of <mask>'s adulthood and the celebration of his coming-of-age ceremony (the anakleteria), marking the formal end of the regency government. In practice, however, the regents Eulaeus and Lenaeus remained in charge of the government.The Sixth Syrian War broke out shortly after this, probably in early 169 BC. <mask> probably remained in Alexandria, while the Ptolemaic army set out from the border fort of Pelusium to invade Palestine. The Ptolemaic army was intercepted and decimated by Antiochus IV's army in the Sinai. The defeated army withdrew to the Nile Delta, while Antiochus seized Pelusium and then moved on the Delta. As a result of this defeat, Eulaeus and Lenaeus were toppled by a military coup and replaced with two prominent Ptolemaic generals, Comanus and Cineas. As Antiochus advanced on Alexandria, <mask> VI went out to meet him. They negotiated an agreement of friendship, which in effect reduced Egypt to a Seleucid client state.When news of the agreement reached Alexandria, the people of the city rioted. Comanus and Cineas rejected the agreement, rejected <mask>'s authority and declared <mask> the sole king (Cleopatra II's position remained unchanged). Antiochus responded by placing Alexandria under siege, but he was unable to take the city and withdrew from Egypt in September 169 BC, as winter approached, leaving <mask> as his puppet king in Memphis and retaining a garrison in Pelusium. Within two months, <mask> and Cleopatra II reconciled with <mask> VI and he returned to Alexandria as their co-regent. The restored government repudiated the agreement that <mask> had made with Antiochus and began to recruit new troops from Greece. In response, in spring 168 BC, Antiochus invaded Egypt for a second time. Officially, this invasion was justified by the claim that <mask> had unjustly appropriated his older brother's authority.Antiochus quickly occupied Memphis and was crowned king of Egypt and advanced on Alexandria. However, the Ptolemies had appealed to Rome for help over the winter and a Roman embassy led by Gaius Popillius Laenas confronted Antiochus at the town of Eleusis and forced him to agree to a settlement, bringing the war to an end. From joint rule to sole rule (168–163 BC) Initially, the joint rule of the two brothers and Cleopatra II, which had been established during the war, continued. But the complete failure of the Egyptian forces in the Sixth Syrian War had left the Ptolemaic monarchy's prestige seriously diminished and it caused a permanent rift between <mask> VI and <mask> VIII. In 165 BC, Dionysius Petosarapis, a prominent courtier who appears to have been of native Egyptian origin, attempted to take advantage of the conflict between the brothers in order to take control of the government. He announced to the people of Alexandria that <mask> had tried to get him to assassinate <mask> VIII and tried to whip up a mob to support him. <mask> VI managed to convince <mask> VIII that the charges were untrue and the two brothers appeared publicly together in the stadium, defusing the crisis.Dionysius fled the city and convinced some military contingents to mutiny. Heavy fighting took place in the Fayyum over the next year. This and another revolt in the Thebaid – the latest in a series of rebellions that had attempted to overthrow the Ptolemies and re-establish native Egyptian rule. <mask> VI successfully suppressed the rebellion after a bitter siege at Panopolis. Late in 164 BC, probably not long after <mask> had returned from the south, <mask>, who was now about twenty years old, somehow expelled <mask> and Cleopatra II from power. <mask> fled to Rome and then Cyprus. The exact course of events is not known, but Diodorus Siculus reports that the instigator of the expulsion was a man named Timotheus, who then became the dominant minister.<mask> now assumed the epithet Euergetes ('benefactor'), which recalled his ancestor <mask> Euergetes and distinguished him from <mask> and Cleopatra II who both bore the epithet Philometor. <mask> is said to have behaved tyrannically, and his minister Timotheus used torture and arbitrary executions to eliminate his enemies. In summer 163 BC, the people of Alexandria rioted against <mask>, expelling him in turn and recalling <mask> VI. Reign in Cyrenaica (163–145 BC) On his return to power, a pair of Roman agents convinced <mask> to grant <mask> control of Cyrenaica. <mask> departed for Cyrene, but he was not satisfied. In late 163 or early 162 BC, he went to Rome to request help. The Senate was convinced that the division was unfair, declaring that <mask> ought to receive Cyprus as well.The ancient historian Polybius believed that the Senate made this decision with the conscious goal of weakening Ptolemaic power. Titus Manlius Torquatus and Gnaeus Cornelius Merula were sent as envoys to force <mask> to concede this. From Rome, <mask> went to Greece where he recruited soldiers in preparation for an expedition to seize Cyprus by force. He had sailed to Rhodes with this fleet when he encountered Torquatus and Merula, who convinced him to discharge his troops and return to Cyrene. He went to the border between Egypt and Cyrene, waiting with a force of 1,000 Cretan mercenaries at a small town just west of Paraetonium for the results of the Roman negotiations with <mask> VI. <mask> had been waiting there for forty days when <mask>, the governor that <mask> had left in charge of Cyrene in his absence, suddenly raised a revolt. <mask> marched to suppress the revolt and was defeated in battle.He regained control over Cyrene by the end of 162 BC, but it is not known whether he achieved this by negotiation or military action. However, when Torquatus and Merula arrived in Alexandria, <mask> VI successfully put them off until he heard about the revolt, at which point he refused their demands. They had to return to Rome without achieving their goal. In winter 162/61 BC, the Roman Senate responded to this by breaking off relations with <mask> and to grant <mask> VIII permission to use force to take control of Cyprus, but they offered him no tangible support. He launched a military expedition to Cyprus in 161 BC. This expedition lasted up to a year, before fierce Cypriot resistance forced him to abandon the enterprise. In 156 or 155 BC, <mask> faced a failed assassination attempt, which he attributed to his older brother.<mask> went to Rome and displaying the scars he had received in the attempt to the Senate. As a result of the embassy, the Roman Senate agreed to send a second embassy in 154 BC, led by Gnaeus Cornelius Merula and Lucius Minucius Thermus, with an honour guard of troops, in order to enforce the transfer of Cyprus to <mask>'s control. <mask> was besieged by his older brother at Lapethus and was captured. <mask> was persuaded to withdraw from Cyprus, in exchange for continued possession of Cyrenaica, an annual payment of grain, and a promise of marriage to one of <mask>'s infant daughters (probably Cleopatra Thea) once she came of age. Relations with Rome Throughout his time as king in Cyrene, <mask> maintained extremely close relations with Rome. From 162 BC, he was an official amicus et socius (friend and ally) of the Roman Republic. During his time in Rome he is said to have met Cornelia.In 152 BC, after the death of her husband, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, <mask> VIII allegedly asked for her hand in marriage, which she refused. This encounter was popular in neoclassical art, but it is unlikely that it ever actually took place. Even if untrue, the story may reflect close ties between <mask> and the gentes Cornelia and Sempronia. By contrast, <mask> VI seems to have maintained ties with Cato the Elder. An inscription of 155 BC, set up in the aftermath of the assassination attempt records <mask>'s will, in which he bequeaths Cyrenaica to Rome if he died childless. This act is not mentioned by any literary source but it fits with the very close alignment between <mask> and the Romans that is attested in the literary sources. Similar testaments are known from other contemporary monarchs, notably Attalus III of Pergamum.They were often used by monarchs as an attempt to protect themselves from assassination or coup. <mask>'s will would be the earliest example of this practice. However, L. Criscuolo has argued that the inscription of <mask>'s will is actually a forgery produced by the Romans after they gained control of Cyrenaica in 96 BC. Spectacle and construction As king of Cyrene, <mask> VIII attempted to display the Hellenistic royal virtue of tryphe (luxury). The main priesthood in Cyrene was the position of the priest of Apollo. <mask> assumed this position and discharged his duties, especially the hosting of feasts, extremely sumptuously. He also engaged in a wide-ranging construction project in the city.A large tomb west of Ptolemais seems to have been intended as his final resting place. Second reign (145–132 BC) <mask> died on campaign in Syria in 145 BC. <mask> seems to have intended for his seven-year-old son, also called <mask>, to succeed him, but after three weeks, the Alexandrians called on <mask> to return from Cyrene, assume the kingship and marry his older sister, Cleopatra II. The royal couple were incorporated into the dynastic cult as the Theoi Euergetai ('benefactor gods') - Cleopatra having previously been one of the Theoi Philometores with <mask>. <mask> was proclaimed pharaoh in Memphis in 144 or 143 BC, during which the couple's first and only child, <mask>, was born. On his return to Alexandria in 145 BC, <mask> is reported to have launched a purge of those who had opposed him and supported <mask>. This purge is luridly described in the literary sources, though it is sometimes difficult to determine whether specific anecdotes belong to this event or his later reconquest of Alexandria in 126 BC.Justin reports that <mask> let his soldiers rampage through the streets of Alexandria, murdering indiscriminately, until he was "left alone with his soldiers in so large a city, and found himself a king, not of men, but of empty houses." Valerius Maximus says that when the young men of Alexandria took refuge in the gymnasion, <mask> set the building on fire. It is probably in this period that <mask> gained a number of pejorative nicknames, including Physcon (fatty) and Kakergetes (malefactor) - a pun on his official epithet Euergetes (benefactor). <mask>'s accession also marked the end of Ptolemaic presence in the Aegean Sea. Within months of his accession, he had withdrawn all troops from Itanos, Thera, and Methana, the last remaining Ptolemaic bases in the Aegean. The Ptolemaic empire

Ptolemy VIII Physcon

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was now limited to Egypt, Cyprus, and Cyrene. <mask> VIII probably also had the young son of <mask> VI and Cleopatra II, who was also called <mask>, murdered.According to Justin, <mask> did the deed personally, on the night of his wedding to Cleopatra in 145 BC, and the boy died in his mother's arms. Documentary evidence from papyri indicates that in reality, the boy was initially maintained as heir and only removed after the birth of <mask>. By the late 140s BC, <mask> had been promoted to co-regent. Around 140 BC, <mask> married his niece Cleopatra III (daughter of <mask> VI and Cleopatra II) and made her a co-ruler, without divorcing his older sister, Cleopatra II. According to Livy, <mask> had initiated a relationship with her shortly after his accession which he now made official. Daniel Ogden has argued that the marriage may not have been planned from the outset, but a measure taken to prevent her from being married to someone else who might use that marriage in order to claim the throne. However, the new arrangement led to conflict with Cleopatra II.Apparently in response to this new marriage and with the support of Cleopatra II, a former Ptolemaic officer called Galaestes initiated a revolt. Galaestes had been a trusted official under <mask> but had been forced into exile in 145 BC. In Greece, he gathered an army of other Ptolemaic exiles, then announced that he had a young son of <mask> VI in his care and crowned this boy as king. Galaestes then invaded Egypt, intending to put this child on the throne. <mask>'s mercenaries, whose pay was in arrears, nearly defected to the rebellion, but their commander, Hierax, prevented this by paying their wages from his own money. By February 139 BC, Galaestes had been defeated and <mask> had issued a decree affirming the rights and privileges of the Egyptian priesthood, in which he represented himself, Cleopatra II, and Cleopatra III as harmoniously ruling together. In the same year, <mask> VIII received a Roman embassy, led by Scipio Aemilianus, which was intended to effect a peaceful settlement of all affairs in the Eastern Mediterranean.The ancient sources emphasise the sumptuous greeting that the Romans received, mostly in order to contrast it with the austere behaviour of the Romans. By this point he was apparently enormously fat and was transported everywhere in a litter. Civil war (132–126 BC) In late 132 BC, the conflict between the royal siblings finally erupted into open warfare, with <mask> and Cleopatra III on one side opposing Cleopatra II on the other. At first, <mask> retained control of Alexandria, but in late 131 BC the people of Alexandria rioted in favour of Cleopatra II and set fire to the royal palace. <mask>, Cleopatra III, and their children escaped to Cyprus. Cleopatra II meanwhile had herself crowned as sole queen - the first time that a Ptolemaic woman had done this - and assumed the title of Thea Philometor Soteira (Mother-loving, Saviour Goddess), which served to link her to her deceased husband <mask> VI Philometor and to the dynastic founder, <mask> Soter Although Alexandria had sided with Cleopatra II and she tended to be supported by Greeks and Jews throughout the country, <mask> and Cleopatra III were more popular with the native Egyptian population. Most of Egypt continued to acknowledge <mask> VIII as king.In the south of the country, however, a man named Harsiesi took advantage of the chaos to rebel - following in the footsteps of the rebellion of Hugronaphor and Ankhmakis (206-185 BC). Harsiesi probably declared himself Pharaoh and managed to seize control of Thebes in August or September of 131 BC. He was expelled in November and pursued by Paos, the strategos of the Thebaid, who was also an Egyptian. <mask> and Cleopatra III had returned from Cyprus to Egypt by the beginning of 130 BC. By spring, they were in charge of Memphis. Impressed by Paos' success against Harsiesi, they promoted him to command over the whole of Upper Egypt and put him in charge of the whole military apparatus - the first time that a native Egyptian had held such a prominent position. Harsiesi was finally captured and executed in September 130 BC.Alexandria was placed under siege but <mask> and Cleopatra III were unable to capture it. Cleopatra II also maintained strongholds throughout the country – Harmonthis in the Thebaid was still under her control in October 130 BC. Cleopatra II had planned to have her son <mask>, who was now twelve years old and residing in Cyrene, recalled to Alexandria and acclaimed as king. <mask> was able to get hold of the boy in 130 BC, killed him, and sent the dismembered pieces back to Cleopatra II on her birthday. Both parties appealed to Rome, but the Senate did not intervene in the conflict. Growing desperate, in 129 BC Cleopatra II offered the throne of Egypt to the Seleucid king Demetrius II Nicator. He had just returned to power in the Seleucid realm after years in Parthian captivity and was the husband of Cleopatra Thea (daughter of Cleopatra II and <mask> VI).Accordingly, Demetrius II launched an invasion of Egypt in 128 BC, but his forces were still in the eastern desert, besieging the border fortress of Pelusium, when news arrived that Cleopatra Thea had installed their son, the future Antiochus <mask> as king of Syria. The Seleucid troops mutinied and Demetrius II had to return to Syria. In order to prevent Demetrius from returning once he had dealt with these revolts, <mask> agreed to a request that he had received from a group of rebels in Syria, who had asked him to send them a royal pretender to lead them. <mask> selected Alexander II Zabinas, whom he presented as the son of an earlier Seleucid king, Alexander I Balas ( BC). The resulting conflict in the Seleucid realm continued for years and meant that Seleucid intervention in opposition to <mask> was no longer possible. In 127 BC, Cleopatra II took her treasury and fled Alexandria for the court of Demetrius II. In her absence, <mask> finally reconquered Alexandria in 126 BC.This reconquest was accompanied by a bloody purge of the supporters of Cleopatra II. It is difficult to tell whether various anecdotes recording the bloody slaughter that <mask> presided over belong to this event or to the earlier purge of 145 BC. Third reign (126–116 BC) After this, <mask> began negotiations to reconcile with Cleopatra II and the Seleucid court. In 124 BC, <mask> abandoned his support for Alexander II Zabinas and agreed to support Demetrius II's son and successor, Antiochus <mask>tor instead. He sealed the agreement by sending his second daughter by Cleopatra III, Tryphaena, to marry the Seleucid king. Cleopatra II returned to Egypt from the Seleucid court and was once more acknowledged as co-regent with <mask> and Cleopatra III. She appears along with them in papyrus documents from July 124 BC onwards.The reconciliation of <mask> VIII and Cleopatra III with Cleopatra II was nevertheless a long process. To solidify their reconciliation and restore peace and prosperity to Egypt, the royal trio issued the Amnesty Decree in April 118 BC, which survives in a number of papyrus copies. This decree pardoned all crimes other than murder and temple robbing committed before 118 BC, encouraged refugees to return home and reclaim their property, waived all back-taxes, confirmed land grants made to soldiers during the civil war, affirmed temple land holdings and tax privileges, and instructed tax officials to use standardised weights and measures on pain of death. In addition, the decree established the jurisdiction of courts in legal disputes between Egyptians and Greeks. Henceforth, this would be determined by the language that the documents at the heart of the legal dispute were written in: the chrematistai (money-judges) would decide disputes over Greek documents, while the laokritai (folk-judges) would resolve disputes over Egyptian documents. The chrematistai were no longer allowed to drag Egyptians into their courts, as had apparently been occurring previously. <mask> died on 28 June 116 BC.He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, <mask>, alongside Cleopatra II and Cleopatra III. Justin reports that he left the throne to Cleopatra III and whichever of her sons she preferred. Although she preferred her younger son, <mask>, the people of Alexandria forced her to choose <mask> IX. This account is probably a false one, invented after <mask> was deposed by <mask>. Regime Ptolemaic dynastic cult Ptolemaic Egypt had a dynastic cult, which centred on the Ptolemaia festival and the annual Priest of Alexander the Great, whose full title included the names of all the Ptolemaic ruling couples and appeared in official documents as part of the date formula. In October 170 BC when <mask> VIII first became co-regent with his brother and sister, who were already worshipped as the Theoi Philometores (Mother-loving gods), he was simply added to their cult as a third Mother-loving God. When he seized sole power in 164 BC, he seems to have assumed the new epithet Euergetes, but it is not clear what the implications of this were for the dynastic cult.After his expulsion from Alexandria in 163 BC, the Theoi Philometores are attested once more. At the start of <mask>'s second reign in 145 BC, he was definitely incorporated into the dynastic cult, with him and Cleopatra II becoming the Theoi Euergetai ('benefactor gods'). Cleopatra III was added as a third Benefactor god in 142 or 141 BC, some time before she married <mask> and was promoted to the status of co-regent. During the period of the civil war, Cleopatra II removed the Theoi Euergetai from the dynastic cult in Alexandria, but <mask> and Cleopatra III maintained their own rival priest of Alexander from 130 BC until they recovered Alexandria in 127 BC. He is distinguished in documents as the 'Priest of Alexander... in the king's camp.' The situation before the civil war was restored in 124 BC after the reconciliation of the siblings and it continued until <mask>'s death. From May 118 BC, shortly after the final reconciliation of the royal trio, a new king was incorporated into the dynastic cult, Theos Neos Philopator (New Father-loving God).This appears to have been a posthumous cult for one of the princes killed by <mask> VIII, either <mask> (son of <mask> VI and Cleopatra II) or <mask> (son of <mask> VIII and Cleopatra II). <mask> is generally the preferred candidate, with the deification serving as an indication that the prince had posthumously reconciled with his father and murderer. Since the death of Arsinoe II, deceased Ptolemaic queens had been honoured with a separate dynastic cult of their own, including a separate priestess who marched in religious processions in Alexandria behind the priest of Alexander the Great and whose names also appeared in dating formulae. In 131 or 130 BC, <mask> and Cleopatra III took advantage of this tradition, in their conflict against Cleopatra II, by establishing a new priesthood in honour of Cleopatra III. This new position was called the 'Hieros Polos (sacred foal) of Isis, Great Mother of the Gods' and was placed immediately after the priest of Alexander and ahead of all the priestesses of the previous queens in the order of precedence. The position was unlike the previous priesthoods in that it was established for a living queen rather than a deceased one and because the holder was a priest rather than a priestess. The position is not attested after 105 BC.Pharaonic ideology and traditional Egyptian religion From the beginning of the Ptolemaic dynasty, the Ptolemies had taken on the traditional role of the Egyptian Pharaoh and pursued a symbiotic alliance with the Egyptian priestly elite. The degree of investment of the Ptolemies in this aspect of their rulership steadily increased over the third and second centuries BC. <mask> VIII nevertheless represents a new stage in this process, since in the conflict with Cleopatra II he proved more popular among the Egyptians as their Pharaoh than among the Greeks as their king. In the Amnesty decree that announced the reconciliation of <mask>, Cleopatra III, and Cleopatra II in 118 BC, the royal trio undertook to support reconstruction and repair work at temples throughout Egypt. They also promised to pay for the mummification and entombment of the Apis and Mnevis bulls. Alexandrian Scholarship <mask> was an active participant in Greek scholarship, especially philology. He is reported to have written a study of Homer at some point before 145 BC and twenty-four books of Hypomnemata ('Notes'), a miscellaneous collection of paradoxography, including stories about historical and contemporary monarchs, as well as exotic wildlife, and other topics.The surviving fragments are collected in Felix Jacoby's Fragmente der griechischen Historiker Despite this interest, <mask>'s reign saw a serious decline in the importance of Alexandria as an intellectual centre, in part due to the massacres that he carried out on taking control of the city in 145 BC and again in 126 BC. Among his victims on the first occasion were a number of prominent intellectuals, including Aristarchus of Samothrace and Apollodorus of Athens. The rest of the Alexandrian intellectuals appear to have been sent into exile, mostly relocating to Athens or Rhodes. Indian Ocean trade The Ptolemies had long retained a network of trading stations throughout the Red Sea, which enabled them to acquire gold, ivory, and elephants from the Horn of Africa. In the very last years of <mask> VIII's reign these sailors discovered that the annual reversal of the Indian Monsoon Current made it possible to cross the Indian Ocean by sea in summer and then return in winter. The first Greek to make this journey was Eudoxus of Cyzicus, who is reported to have travelled to India in 118 BC and again in 116 BC. The discovery opened up the possibility of direct seaborne trade with India.Previously, trade between the Mediterranean region and India had relied on intermediaries - sailors from the Arabian centres in the Gulf of Aden and the Persian Gulf and then desert caravans led by the Nabataeans to carry goods across the Arabian desert to the Mediterranean coast. Henceforth sailors from Ptolemaic Egypt began to make the full journey themselves. This marks the beginning of the Indian Ocean trade, which would become a major part of the Eurasian economic world system that operated from the first century BC until the fourth century AD. Marriage and issue <mask> VIII Euergetes married his older sister, Cleopatra II, on his accession in 145 BC and she bore him one son: In 142 or 141 BC, <mask> also married his niece, Cleopatra III, daughter of <mask> VI and Cleopatra II. They had a number of children: By a concubine, perhaps Eirene, <mask> had further issue: Notes References Bibliography Peter Green, Alexander to Actium (University of California Press, 1990) Peter Nadig, Zwischen König und Karikatur: Das Bild Ptolemaios’ VIII. im Spannungsfeld der Überlieferung (C.H. Beck, 2007) External links <mask>getes II at LacusCurtius — (Chapter X of E. R Bevan's House of Ptolemy, 1923) The Will of <mask> VIII 2nd-century BC Pharaohs Pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty 2nd-century BC Greek people Kings of Cyrene Ancient child rulers 2nd-century BC rulers 2nd-century BC Egyptian people 180s BC births 116 BC

R. A. B. Mynors

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Sir <mask> (28 July 190317 October 1989) was an English classicist and medievalist who held the senior chairs of Latin at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. A textual critic, he was an expert in the study of manuscripts and their role in the reconstruction of classical texts. Mynors's career spanned most of the 20th century and straddled two of England's leading universities, Oxford and Cambridge. Educated at Eton College, he read Literae Humaniores at Balliol College, Oxford, and spent the early years of his career as a Fellow of that college. He was Kennedy Professor of Latin at Cambridge from 1944 to 1953 and Corpus Christi Professor of Latin at Oxford from 1953 until his retirement in 1970. He died in a car accident in 1989, aged 86, while travelling to his country residence, Treago Castle. Mynors's reputation is that of one of Britain's foremost classicists.He was an expert on palaeography, and has been credited with unravelling a number of highly complex manuscript relationships in his catalogues of the Balliol and Durham Cathedral libraries. His publications on classical subjects include critical editions of Vergil, Catullus, and Pliny the Younger. The final achievement of his scholarly career, a comprehensive commentary on Vergil's Georgics, was published posthumously. In addition to honorary degrees and fellowships from various institutions, Mynors was created Knight Bachelor in 1963. Early life and secondary education <mask> <mask> <mask> was born in Langley Burrell, Wiltshire, into a family of Herefordshire gentry. The Mynors family had owned the estate of Treago Castle since the 15th century, and he resided there in later life. His mother was Margery Musgrave, and his father, <mask> <mask>, was an Anglican clergyman and rector of Langley Burrell, who had been secretary to the Pan-Anglican Congress, held in London in 1908.Among his four siblings was his identical twin brother <mask>, who went on to become Deputy Governor of the Bank of England. The brothers shared a close friendship and lived together in their ancestral home after <mask>'s retirement. Mynors attended Summer Fields School in Oxford, and in 1916 entered Eton College as a King's Scholar. At Eton, he was part of a generation of pupils that included the historian <mask>man and the author George Orwell. His precocious interest in Latin literature and its transmission was fostered by the encouragement of two of his teachers, <mask> and M. R. James. <mask> became an influential mentor and friend since he, like Mynors, was fascinated with the manuscript traditions of medieval Europe. Academic career Balliol College, Oxford In 1922, Mynors won the Domus exhibition, a scholarship to study Classics at Balliol College, Oxford.Attending the college at the same time as the literary critic Cyril Connolly, the musicologist Jack Westrup, the future Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, Walter Fraser Oakeshott, and the historian <mask>, he was highly successful in his academic studies. Graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1926, he won the Hertford (1924), Craven (1924), and Derby (1926) scholarships. He was elected to a fellowship at Balliol and became a tutor in Classics. In 1935 he was elevated to a University Lecturership. At the time of his appointment, much of Mynors's teaching focused on the poet Vergil, whose complete works he edited in the following decades. His tenure at Oxford University saw the beginning of his comprehensive work on medieval manuscripts. From the late 1920s onwards, Mynors was drawn more to matters of codicology than to purely classical questions.He prepared an edition of the 6th-century scholar Cassiodorus, for which he travelled extensively in continental Europe; a critical edition was published in 1937. In 1929, he was appointed librarian of Balliol College. This position gave impetus to create a catalogue of the college's medieval manuscripts. A similar project, a catalogue of the manuscripts housed at Durham Cathedral, was compiled in the 1930s. Mynors's interest in codicology gave rise to a close co-operation with the medievalists <mask> Hunt and <mask> Ker. In 1936, towards the end of his tenure at Balliol, Mynors met Eduard Fraenkel, then holder of a chair in Latin at Oxford. Having relocated to England because of the increasing discrimination against German Jews, Fraenkel was a leading exponent of Germany's scholarly tradition.His mentorship contributed to Mynors's transformation from amateur scholar to a professional critic of Latin texts. They maintained a close friendship, which exposed Mynors to other German philologists, including <mask> and Otto Skutsch. Mynors spent the winter of 1938 as a visiting scholar at Harvard University. In 1940, after a brief return to Balliol, British involvement in the Second World War led to his being employed at the Exchange Control Department of Her Majesty's Treasury responsible for the administration of foreign currency transactions. At Balliol, Mynors taught from 1926 until 1944, a time during which he mentored a number of future scholars, including the Wittgenstein expert David Pears and the classicist <mask>. Pembroke College, Cambridge In 1944, encouraged by Fraenkel, Mynors took up an offer to assume the Kennedy Professorship of Latin at the University of Cambridge. He also became a fellow of Pembroke College.In 1945, shortly after moving to Cambridge, he married Lavinia <mask>, a medical researcher and daughter of his former teacher and Eton headmaster, <mask>. The couple had no children. The move to Cambridge meant an advancement of his academic career, but he soon came to contemplate a return to Oxford. He applied unsuccessfully to become master of Balliol College after the position had been vacated by Sandie Lindsay in 1949. The historian David Keir was elected in his stead. His post at Cambridge caused changes to <mask>'s profile as an academic. His duties at Balliol had centred on the supervision of undergraduates, while he was free to focus on palaeographical topics in his research.At Cambridge, Mynors was required to lecture extensively on Latin literature and to supervise research students, a task of which he had little experience. The duties of his university post left little time to get involved in the activities of the college, which led Mynors to regret his departure from Oxford, going so far as to describe the decision as a "fundamental error" in a personal letter. Although his post was chiefly that of a Latinist, his involvement in the publication of medieval texts intensified during the 1940s. After he was approached by V. H. Galbraith, a historian of the Middle Ages, Mynors became an editor on Nelson's Medieval Texts series in 1946. Working on the series first as a joint editor, and from 1962 as an advisory editor, he edited the Latin text for a number of volumes. He was the principal author of editions of Walter Map's De nugis curialium and of <mask>e's Ecclesiastical History. In 1947, he collaborated with the Oxford historian <mask> Emden, who consulted Mynors for his own work on the history of the University of Oxford while assisting, in turn, with the Balliol catalogue.Corpus Christi College, Oxford In 1953, <mask> was appointed Corpus Christi Professor of Latin and could thus return to Oxford to succeed Eduard Fraenkel. At the time, there was no precedent for such a move between senior chairs at Oxford and Cambridge. Most of his work as an editor of Latin texts took place during this second period at Oxford. Working for the Oxford Classical Texts series, he produced critical editions of the complete works of Catullus (1958) and Vergil (1969), and of Pliny the Younger's Epistulae (1963). Though focusing on classical subjects, he continued to work on manuscripts as a curator at the Bodleian Library. In the 17 years he spent at the college, Mynors sought to maintain its position as a centre of excellence in the Classics and fostered contacts with a new generation of Latinists, including E. J. Kenney, Wendell Clausen, Leighton <mask>, R. J. Tarrant and Michael Winterbottom. Retirement and death In 1970, Mynors retired from his teaching duties and relocated to his estate at Treago Castle.In addition to an intense dedication to arboriculture, his retirement saw work on a commentary on Vergil's Georgics, which was published posthumously in 1990. He translated the correspondence of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus for the University of Toronto Press, and maintained an interest in the nearby Hereford Cathedral, serving as the chairman of the Friends of the Cathedral from 1979 to 1984. In 1980, the cathedral's parish set up a fund in Mynors's name to acquire a collection of rare books. On 17 October 1989, Mynors was killed in a road accident outside Hereford on his way back from a day working on the cathedral's manuscripts. He was buried at St Weonards. Meryl Jancey, the cathedral's Honorary Archivist, later revealed that Mynors had on the same day expressed his delight about his own scholarly work on the death of <mask>e: "He told me he was glad that he had translated for the Oxford Medieval Texts the account of <mask>e's death, and that <mask>e had not ceased in what he saw as his work for God until the very end." Contributions to scholarship Cataloguing manuscripts Mynors's chief interest lay in palaeography, the study of pre-modern manuscripts.He is credited with unravelling a number of complex manuscript relationships in his catalogues of the Balliol and Durham Cathedral libraries. He had particular interest in the physical state of manuscripts, including examining blots and rulings. For the Balliol archivist <mask>, this interest typifies the importance Mynors gave to formal features when evaluating hand-written books. Critical editions A series of critical editions on Latin authors constitutes the entirety of Mynors's purely classical scholarship. Because of his reluctance to emend beyond the transmitted readings, Mynors has been described as a conservative textual critic. This approach is thought to have originated in his tendency to ascribe great historical value to manuscripts and their scribes. The first of his critical editions is of the Institutiones of Cassiodorus, the first produced since 1679.In the introduction, Mynors offered new insights into the complex manuscript tradition without resolving the fundamental question of how the original text was expanded in later copies. The edition was praised by the reviewer Stephen Gaselee in The Classical Review, who said that it would provide solid foundations for a commentary; writing for the Journal of Theological Studies, <mask> described it as a "definitive edition" and praised Mynors's classification of the manuscripts. In 1958, Mynors published an edition of the poems of Catullus. His text followed two recent editions by Moritz Schuster (1949) and Ignazio Cazzaniga (1956), with which he had to compete. Taking a conservative stance on the problems posed by Catullus's text, Mynors did not print any modern emendations unless they corrected obvious scribal errors. Contrary to his conservative instincts, he rejected the traditional archaising orthography of the manuscripts in favour of normalised Latin spelling. This intervention was termed by the philologist <mask> Oliver as "the victory of common sense" in Catullan criticism.For the reviewer Philip Levine, Mynors's edition sets itself apart from previous texts by its scrutiny of a "large bulk" of unexamined manuscripts. Writing in 2000, the Latinist Stephen Harrison criticised Mynors's text for the "omission of many important conjectures from the text", while lauding it for its handling of the manuscript tradition. His edition of Pliny's Epistulae employed a similar method but aimed to be an intermediate step rather than an overhaul of the text. Mynors's edition of the complete works of Vergil revamped the text constructed by F. A. Hirtzel in 1900 which had become outdated. He enlarged the manuscript base by drawing on 13 minor witnesses from the ninth century and added an index of personal names. Its judgement of these minor manuscripts, in particular, is described by the Latinist W. S. Maguinness as the edition's strength. Given the incomplete state of the Aeneid, Vergil's epic poem on the wanderings of <mask>, Mynors departed from his cautious editorial stance by printing a small number of modern conjectures.Mynors established a new text of <mask>'s Ecclesiastical History for the edition he published together with the historian <mask> Colgrave. His edition of this text followed that of Charles Plummer published in 1896. Collation of the Saint Petersburg Bede, an 8th-century manuscript unknown to Plummer, allowed Mynors to construct a new version of the M tradition. Although he did not append a detailed critical apparatus and exegetical notes, his analysis of the textual history was praised by the Church historian <mask> as "lucid" and "excellently done". Mynors himself considered the edition superficial and felt that its publication had been premature. Winterbottom voices a similar opinion, writing that the text "hardly differ[ed] from Plummer's". Commentary on the Georgics His scholarly legacy was enhanced by his posthumously published commentary on Vergil's Georgics.A comprehensive guide to Vergil's didactic poem on agriculture, the commentary has been lauded for its meticulous attention to technical detail and for Mynors's profound knowledge of agricultural practice. In spite of its accomplishments, the classicist Patricia Johnston has noted that the commentary fails to engage seriously with contemporary scholarship on the text, such as the tension between optimistic and pessimistic readings. In this regard, Mynors's last work reflects his lifelong scepticism towards literary criticism of any persuasion. Legacy During his career, Mynors gained a reputation as "one of the leading classical scholars of his generation". He drew praise from the scholarly community for his textual work. The Latinist Harold Gotoff states that he was an "extraordinary scholar", while Winterbottom describes his critical editions as "distinguished". His Oxford editions of the poets Catullus and Vergil in particular are singled out by Gotoff as "excellent"; they still serve as the standard editions of their texts in the early 21st century.Honours <mask> was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1944 and made a Knight Bachelor in 1963. He was granted honorary fellowships by Balliol College, Oxford (1963), Pembroke College, Cambridge (1965), and Corpus Christi College, Oxford (1970). The Warburg Institute honoured him in the same way. Mynors was also an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the Istituto Nazionale di Studi Romani (it). He held honorary degrees from the universities of Cambridge, Durham, Edinburgh, Sheffield, and Toronto. In 1983, on his 80th birthday, Mynors's service to the study of Latin texts was honoured by the publication of Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics, edited by the Oxford Latinist L. D<mask>. In 2020, an exhibition was held at Balliol to commemorate his scholarship on the college library.Publications The following books were authored by Mynors: Notes References Bibliography 1903 births 1989 deaths People educated at Eton College People educated at Summer Fields School Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of classics Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford Knights Bachelor British classical scholars Anglo-Saxon studies scholars Road incident deaths in England Corpus Christi Professors of Latin Scholars of Latin literature Fellows of the British Academy Codicologists twin people from England British medievalists English palaeographers Burials in Herefordshire Latin–English translators

Rudolf Otto

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<mask> (25 September 1869 – 7 March 1937) was an eminent German Lutheran theologian, philosopher, and comparative religionist. He is regarded as one of the most influential scholars of religion in the early twentieth century and is best known for his concept of the numinous, a profound emotional experience he argued was at the heart of the world's religions. While his work started in the domain of liberal Christian theology, its main thrust was always apologetical, seeking to defend religion against naturalist critiques. <mask> eventually came to conceive of his work as part of a science of religion, which was divided into the philosophy of religion, the history of religion, and the psychology of religion. Life Born in Peine near Hanover, <mask> was raised in a pious Christian family. He attended the Gymnasium Andreanum in Hildesheim and studied at the universities of Erlangen and Göttingen, where he wrote his dissertation on Martin Luther's understanding of the Holy Spirit (Die Anschauung von heiligen Geiste bei Luther: Eine historisch-dogmatische Untersuchung), and his habilitation on Kant (Naturalistische und religiöse Weltansicht). By 1906, he held a position as extraordinary professor, and in 1910 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Giessen.<mask>'s fascination with non-Christian religions was awakened during an extended trip from 1911 to 1912 through North Africa, Palestine, British India, China, Japan, and the United States. He cited a 1911 visit to a Moroccan synagogue as a key inspiration for the theme of the Holy he would later develop. <mask> became a member of the Prussian parliament in 1913 and retained this position through the First World War. In 1917, he spearheaded an effort to simplify the system of weighting votes in Prussian elections. He then served in the post-war constituent assembly in 1918, and remained involved in the politics of the Weimar Republic. Meanwhile, in 1915, he became ordinary professor at the University of Breslau, and in 1917, at the University of Marburg's Divinity School, then one of the most famous Protestant seminaries in the world. Although he received several other calls, he remained in Marburg for the rest of his life.He retired in 1929 but continued writing afterward. On 6 March 1937, he died of pneumonia, after suffering serious injuries falling about twenty meters from a tower in October 1936. There were lasting rumors that the fall was a suicide attempt but this has never been confirmed. He is buried in the Marburg cemetery. Thought Influences In his early years <mask> was most influenced by the German idealist theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher and his conceptualization of the category of the religious as a type of emotion or consciousness irreducible to ethical or rational epistemologies. In this, <mask> saw Schleiermacher as having recaptured a sense of holiness lost in the Age of Enlightenment. Schleiermacher described this religious feeling as one of absolute dependence; <mask> eventually rejected this characterization as too closely analogous to earthly dependence and emphasized the complete otherness of the religious feeling from the mundane world (see below).In 1904, while a student at the University of Göttingen, <mask> became a proponent of the philosophy of Jakob Fries along with two fellow students. Early works <mask>'s first book, Naturalism and Religion (1904) divides the world ontologically into the mental and the physical, a position reflecting Cartesian dualism. <mask> argues consciousness cannot be explained in terms of physical or neural processes, and also accords it epistemological primacy by arguing all knowledge of the physical world is mediated by personal experience. On the other hand, he disagrees with Descartes' characterization of the mental as a rational realm, positing instead that rationality is built upon a nonrational intuitive realm. In 1909, he published his next book, The Philosophy of Religion Based on Kant and Fries, in which he examines the thought of Kant and Fries and from there attempts to build a philosophical framework within which religious experience can take place. While Kant's philosophy said thought occurred in a rational domain, Fries diverged and said it also occurred in practical and aesthetic domains; <mask> pursued Fries' line of thinking further and suggested another nonrational domain of the thought, the religious. He felt intuition was valuable in rational domains like mathematics, but subject to the corrective of reason, whereas religious intuitions might not be subject to that corrective.These two early works were influenced by the rationalist approaches of Immanuel Kant and Jakob Fries. <mask> stated that they focused on the rational aspects of the divine (the "Ratio aeterna") whereas his next (and most influential) book focused on the nonrational aspects of the divine. The Idea of the Holy <mask>'s most famous work, The Idea of the Holy was one of the most successful German theological books of the 20th century, has never gone out of print, and is available in about 20 languages. The central argument of the book concerns the term numinous, which <mask> coined. He explains the numinous as a "non-rational, non-sensory experience or feeling whose primary and immediate object is outside the self". This mental state "presents itself as ganz Andere, wholly other, a condition absolutely sui generis and incomparable whereby the human being finds himself utterly abashed." According to Mark Wynn in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, The Idea of the Holy falls within a paradigm in the philosophy of emotion in which emotions are seen as including an element of perception with intrinsic epistemic value that is neither mediated by thoughts nor simply a response to physiological factors.<mask> therefore understands religious experience as having mind-independent phenomenological content rather than being an internal response to belief in a divine reality. <mask> applied this model specifically to religious experiences, which he felt were qualitatively different from other emotions. <mask> felt people should first do serious rational study of God, before turning to the non-rational element of God as he did in this book. Later works In Mysticism East and West, published in German in 1926 and English in 1932, <mask> compares and contrasts the views of the medieval German Christian mystic Meister Eckhart with those of the influential Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara, the key figure of the Advaita Vedanta school. Influence <mask> left a broad influence on theology, religious studies, and philosophy of religion, which continues into the 21st century. Christian theology Karl Barth, an influential Protestant theologian contemporary to <mask>, acknowledged <mask>'s influence and approved a similar conception of God as ganz Andere or totaliter aliter, thus falling within the tradition of apophatic theology. <mask> was also one of the very few modern theologians to whom C. S. Lewis indicates a debt, particularly to the idea of the numinous in The Problem of Pain.In that book Lewis offers his own description of the numinous: German-American theologian Paul Tillich acknowledged <mask>'s influence on him, as did <mask>'s most famous German pupil, Gustav Mensching (1901–1978) from Bonn University. <mask>'s views can be seen in the noted Catholic theologian Karl Rahner's presentation of man as a being of transcendence. More recently, <mask> has also influenced the American Franciscan friar and inspirational speaker Richard Rohr. Non-Christian theology and spirituality <mask>'s ideas have also exerted an influence on non-Christian theology and spirituality. They have been discussed by Orthodox Jewish theologians including Joseph Soloveitchik and Eliezer Berkovits. The Iranian-American Sufi religious studies scholar and public intellectual Reza Aslan understands religion as "an institutionalized system of symbols and metaphors [...] with which a community of faith can share with each other their numinous encounter with the Divine Presence." Further afield, <mask>'s work received words of appreciation from Indian independence leader Mohandas Gandhi.Aldous Huxley, a major proponent of perennialism, was influenced by <mask>; in The Doors of Perception he writes: Religious studies In The Idea of the Holy and other works, <mask> set out a paradigm for the study of religion that focused on the need to realize the religious as a non-reducible, original category in its own right. The eminent Romanian-American historian of religion and philosopher Mircea Eliade used the concepts from The Idea of the Holy as the starting point for his own 1954 book, The Sacred and the Profane. The paradigm represented by <mask> and Eliade was then heavily criticized for viewing religion as a sui generis category, until around 1990, when it began to see a resurgence as a result of its phenomenological aspects becoming more apparent. Ninian Smart, who was a formative influence on religious studies as a secular discipline, was influenced by <mask> in his understanding of religious experience and his approach to understanding religion cross-culturally. Psychology Carl Gustav Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, applied the concept of the numinous to psychology and psychotherapy, arguing it was therapeutic and brought greater self-understanding, and stating that to him religion was about a "careful and scrupulous observation... of the numinosum". The American Episcopal priest John A. Sanford applied the ideas of both <mask> and Jung in his writings on religious psychotherapy. Philosophy The philosopher and sociologist Max Horkheimer, a member of the Frankfurt School, has taken the concept of "wholly other" in his 1970 book Die Sehnsucht nach dem ganz Anderen ("longing for the entirely Other").Walter Terence Stace wrote in his book Time and Eternity that "After Kant, I owe more to <mask>'s The Idea of the Holy than to any other book." Other philosophers influenced by <mask> included Martin Heidegger, Leo Strauss, Hans-Georg Gadamer (who was critical when younger but respectful in his old age), Max Scheler, Edmund Husserl, Joachim Wach, and Hans Jonas. Other The war veteran and writer Ernst Jünger and the historian and scientist Joseph Needham also cited <mask>'s influence. Ecumenical activities <mask> was heavily involved in ecumenical activities between Christian denominations and between Christianity and other religions. He experimented with adding a time similar to a Quaker moment of silence to the Lutheran liturgy as an opportunity for worshipers to experience the numinous. Works A full bibliography of <mask>'s works is given in Robert F. Davidson, <mask>'s Interpretation of Religion (Princeton, 1947), pp. Davidson, Robert F, <mask>'s Interpretation of Religion, (Princeton, 1947) Gooch, Todd A, The Numinous and Modernity: An Interpretation of <mask>'s Philosophy of Religion.Preface by <mask> and Wolfgang Drechsler. (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2000). . Ludwig, Theodore M, ‘<mask>, <mask>’ in Encyclopedia of Religion, vol 11 (1987), pp139–141 Melissa, Raphael, <mask> and the concept of holiness, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997) Mok, Daniël (2012). <mask>: Een kleine biografie. Preface by Gerardus van der Leeuw. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Abraxas. . Mok, Daniël et al. (2002). Een wijze uit het westen: Beschouwingen over <mask>.Preface by Rudolph Boeke. Amsterdam: De Appelbloesem Pers (i.e. Uitgeverij Abraxas). (print), 978-90-79133-00-0 (e-Book). Moore, John Morrison, Theories of Religious Experience, with special reference to James, <mask> and Bergson, ''(New York, 1938) External links <mask> and the Numinous Numinous – references from several thinkers at Earthpages.ca International Congress: <mask> – University of Marburg, 2012 1869 births 1937 deaths People from Peine (district) 20th-century German philosophers Lutheran philosophers German Lutheran theologians 20th-century German Protestant theologians German Christians People from the Province of Hanover Philosophers of religion University of Marburg faculty German male non-fiction writers Mysticism scholars Scholars of comparative religion Deaths from pneumonia in Germany

Yariv Levin

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<mask> (, born 22 June 1969) is an Israeli lawyer and politician who served as Speaker of the Knesset from 2020 to 2021. He currently serves as a member of Knesset for Likud, He previously held the posts of Minister of Internal Security, Minister of Tourism, and Minister of Aliyah and Integration. On 13 June 2021, he was replaced by Mickey Levy for the position of Speaker. Biography <mask> was born in Jerusalem to Gail and <mask>, an Israel Prize laureate for linguistics. His mother's uncle, Eliyahu Lankin, was commander of the Altalena ship and member of the first Knesset, representing Herut, whilst Menachem Begin was the Sandek at <mask>'s circumcision ceremony. <mask> studied at Boyar High School in Jerusalem. During his national service, he joined the IDF Intelligence Corps as an Arabic translator, and later served as commander of an Arabic translation course.In 1995, he published a dictionary of economic terms translated between Hebrew-Arabic-English, Arabic-Hebrew-English, and English-Arabic-Hebrew. <mask> gained an LLB from the Hebrew University, and worked as a lawyer in the field of civil-commercial law. He married Yifat, daughter of former Knesset Member Ya'akov Shamai. They have three children and live in Modi'in. Political activities <mask> began his public activities in Likud's student faction at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he served as Spokesman and later as deputy chairman of the faction. In 1997, he headed a team that established the Likud branch in Modi'in, and in 2003, he was appointed chairman of the branch. He also represented the opposition to the disengagement plan from Gaza in the supervising committee of the Likud members' poll on the plan, and represented the Members of Knesset who opposed the plan in various legal proceedings.In 2006, Likud chairman Benjamin Netanyahu appointed <mask> to head the Likud committee for oversight of government authorities in order to co-ordinate Likud's opposition activities against the government and its then-Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. <mask> filed an appeal to the Supreme Court against the Prime Minister, which resulted in the appointment of a Minister of Social Welfare after a long period of time during which this position was unoccupied. In addition to his public activities in Likud, <mask> took part in establishing the New Young Lawyers Faction, which participated in the elections for the Israel Bar Association institutions for the first time in 1999. <mask>, who headed the Faction list, was elected Member of the National Council of the Association and Member of the Jerusalem District Committee representing the Faction. In the National Council elections, <mask> was elected Vice Chairman of the Israel Bar Association. <mask> was also appointed Head of the Bar Association's salaried lawyers committee. In the 2003 elections for the Bar Association's institutions, the New Young Lawyers Faction increased their power, and <mask> was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Bar Association (2003–2005).During his work in the Bar Association, he took part in its legal aide project Sachar Mitzvah, and led reforms in the rules of ethics for lawyers. <mask> was among the initiators of the survey examining the conduct of judges in the courtrooms. The Bar Association published the results of the survey. Activity in the 18th Knesset In the Likud primaries prior to the 2009 Knesset elections, <mask> was elected to represent the central region. He was placed in the twenty-first seat on the Likud list and entered the Knesset as the party won 27 seats. He was re-elected in 2013 after winning seventeenth place on the joint Likud-Yisrael Beiteinu list. On August 3, 2009, <mask> was appointed Chairman of the Knesset House Committee.<mask> also served as the Knesset representative to the committee for selecting candidates for Attorney General. <mask> chaired the joint committee of the House Committee and the Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee on the Referendum Bill. This bill states that a referendum must be conducted in the event of a plan to relinquish sovereign land. The bill passed second and third readings in November 2010, and became a law. 40 bills proposed by MK <mask> during the term of the 18th Knesset were passed on the Second and Third Readings, and were entered in the Statute Book, an all-time record for a Member of Knesset during a single Knesset term. Activity in the 19th Knesset In the elections held for the Likud's list of candidates for the 19th Knesset, <mask> was elected to the 9th place, placed in the 17th place in the joint Likud – Yisrael Beiteinu list, and was once again elected to serve in the Knesset. On the 18th of March 2013, <mask> was chosen to serve as the head of the coalition and leader of the Likud – Yisrael Beiteinu faction.On the 3rd of June 2013, he was elected again as the Knesset's representative on the committee to locate candidates for the position of Attorney General. <mask> serves as the Chairman of the Land of Israel Lobby in the Knesset, along with MK Orit Strock. <mask> also serves as the Knesset representative to the committee for selecting candidates for Attorney General. 28 bills proposed by MK <mask> have been approved thus far in the 19th Knesset, passing a second and third reading and entering into law. In February 2014, a bill, sponsored by <mask>, was approved that officially recognized Christian Arabs as a distinct legal minority in Israel. Despite being affiliated as a Secular Jew himself, <mask> criticized Reform Jews, especially those living in the United States, after the Israeli government's decision to expand the egalitarian section of the Western Wall. <mask> said that “Reform Jews in the United States are a dying world.Assimilation is taking place on a vast scale. They are not even tracking this properly in their communities. It is evidenced by the fact that a man who calls himself a Reform rabbi stands there with a priest and officiates at the wedding of the daughter of Hillary Clinton and no one condemns it, thereby legitimizing it.” Activity in the 20th Knesset Prime Minister Netanyahu appointed <mask> as Minister of Public Security and Minister of Tourism after the 2015 elections. He gave up his Public Security portfolio after 11 days, when Netanyahu appointed Gilad Erdan to the post. On 24 December 2018, he was appointed as Minister of Aliyah and Integration. Political opinions <mask> holds hawkish views with respect to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He opposes the creation of a Palestinian State, and believes in the right of Jews to remain in all parts of the land of Israel.<mask> often criticizes the court system in Israel, claiming a small elite has taken over the system and tries to use it in order to define the values Israel lives by. References External links 1969 births Living people Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni Israeli lawyers Jewish Israeli politicians Likud politicians Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013) Members of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015) Members of the 20th Knesset (2015–2019) Members of the 21st Knesset (2019) Members of the 22nd Knesset (2019–2020) Members of the 23rd Knesset (2020–2021) Members of the 24th Knesset (2021–present) Ministers of Public Security of Israel Ministers of Tourism of Israel People from Jerusalem Secular Jews Speakers of the Knesset

Vilhjalmur Stefansson

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<mask> () (November 3, 1879 – August 26, 1962) was an Arctic explorer and ethnologist. He was born in Manitoba, Canada, and died at the age of 82. Early life <mask>, born William Stephenson, was born at Arnes, Manitoba, Canada, in 1879. His parents had emigrated from Iceland to Manitoba two years earlier. After losing two children during a period of devastating flooding, the family moved to Dakota Territory in 1880 and homesteaded a mile southwest of the village of Mountain in Thingvalla Township of Pembina County. He was educated at the universities of North Dakota and of Iowa (A.B., 1903). During his college years, in 1899, he changed his name to <mask>.He studied anthropology at the graduate school of Harvard University, where for two years he was an instructor. Early explorations In 1904 and 1905, <mask> did archaeological research in Iceland. Recruited by Ejnar Mikkelsen and Ernest de Koven Leffingwell for their Anglo-American Polar Expedition, he lived with the Inuit of the Mackenzie Delta during the winter of 1906–1907, returning alone across country via the Porcupine and Yukon Rivers. Under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, he and Dr. R. M. Anderson undertook the ethnological survey of the Central Arctic coasts of the shores of North America from 1908 to 1912. In 1908, <mask> made a decision that would affect the rest of his time in Alaska: he hired the Inuk guide Natkusiak, who would remain with him as his primary guide for the rest of his Alaska expeditions. At the time he met Natkusiak, the Inuk guide was working for Capt. George B. Leavitt, a Massachusetts whaling ship captain and friend of <mask>'s who sometimes brought him replenishments of supplies from the American Museum of Natural History.Christian Klengenberg is first credited to have introduced the term "Blonde Eskimo" to <mask> just before <mask>'s visit to the Inuit inhabiting southwestern Victoria Island, Canada, in 1910. <mask>, though, preferred the term “Copper Inuit“ (although there was already a group of people known by that name) . Adolphus Greely in 1912 first compiled the sightings recorded in earlier literature of fair-haired Arctic natives and in 1912 published them in the National Geographic Magazine entitled "The Origin of <mask>'s Blonde Eskimo". Newspapers subsequently popularised the term "Blonde Eskimo", which caught more readers' attention despite <mask>'s preference for “Copper Inuit”. <mask> later referenced Greely's work in his writings and the term "Blonde Eskimo" became applied to sightings of fair-haired Inuit from as early as the 17th century. Loss of the Karluk and rescue of survivors <mask> organized and directed the Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913–1916 to explore the regions west of Parry Archipelago for the Government of Canada. Three ships, the Karluk, the Mary Sachs, and the Alaska were employed.<mask> left the main ship, the Karluk, when it became marooned in the ice in August/September 1913. <mask>'s explanation was that he and five other expedition members left to go hunting to provide fresh meat for the crew. However, William Laird McKinley and others who were left on the ship suspected <mask> left deliberately, anticipating that the ship would be carried off by moving ice, as indeed happened. The ship, with Captain Robert Bartlett of Newfoundland and 24 other expedition members aboard, drifted westward with the ice and was eventually crushed. It sank on January 11, 1914. Four of the survivors made their way to Herald Island but eventually died there, possibly from carbon monoxide poisoning, before they could be rescued. Four others, including Alistair Mackay who had been part of the Sir Ernest Shackleton's British Antarctic Expedition, tried reaching Wrangel Island on their own but perished.The remaining members of the expedition, under command of Captain Bartlett, made their way to Wrangel Island where three of them died. Bartlett and his Inuk hunter Kataktovik made their way across sea ice to Siberia to get help. Remaining survivors were picked up by the American fishing schooner King & Winge and the United States Revenue Cutter Service cutter . <mask> resumed his explorations by sledge over the Arctic Ocean (known locally as the Beaufort Sea), leaving Collinson Point, Alaska in April, 1914. A supporting sledge turned back offshore, but he and two men continued onward on one sledge, living largely by his rifle on polar game for 96 days until his party reached the Mary Sachs in the autumn. <mask> continued exploring until 1918. Wrangel Island fiasco In 1921, he encouraged and planned an expedition for four young men to colonise Wrangel Island north of Siberia, where the eleven survivors of the 22 men on the Karluk had lived from March to September 1914.<mask> had designs for forming an exploration company that would be geared towards individuals interested in touring the Arctic island. <mask> originally wanted to claim Wrangel Island for the Canadian government. However, due to the dangerous outcome of his initial trip to the island, the government refused to assist with the expedition. He then wanted to claim the land for Britain but the British government rejected the claim when it was made by the young men of the expedition. The raising of the British flag on Wrangel Island, an acknowledged Russian territory, caused an international incident. The four young men <mask> recruited, Americans Frederick Maurer, E. Lorne Knight, and Milton Galle, and Canadian Allan Crawford, were inadequately experienced and ill-equipped for the expedition. All perished on the island or in an attempt to get help from Siberia across the frozen Chukchi Sea.The only survivor was Ada Blackjack, an Inuk woman the men had hired in Nome, Alaska as a seamstress and taken with them as a cook, and the expedition's cat, Vic. Ada Blackjack had taught herself survival skills and cared for the last man on the island, E. Lorne Knight, until he died of scurvy. Blackjack was not rescued until 1923, having spent a total of two years on Wrangel Island. <mask> drew the ire of the public and the families of the men who perished for having sent such ill-equipped young explorers to Wrangel. His reputation was severely tainted by this disaster, along with that of the Karluk. Discoveries <mask>'s discoveries included new land (such as Brock, Mackenzie King, Borden, Meighen, and Lougheed Islands) and the edge of the continental shelf. His journeys and successes are among the marvels of Arctic exploration.He extended the discoveries of Francis Leopold McClintock. From April 1914 to June 1915 he lived on the ice pack. <mask> continued his explorations leaving from Herschel Island on August 23, 1915. On January 30, 1920, The Pioche Record reported that <mask> discovered a lost cache from the 1853 McClintock expedition on Melville Island. Clothing and food from the cache was in excellent condition despite the harsh arctic conditions. In 1921, he was awarded the Founder's Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society for his explorations of the Arctic. Later career <mask> remained a well-known explorer for the rest of his life.Late in life, through his affiliation with Dartmouth College (he was Director of Polar Studies), he became a major figure in the establishment of the US Army's Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in Hanover, New Hampshire. CRREL-supported research, often conducted in winter on the forbidding summit of Mount Washington, was key to developing matériel and doctrine to support alpine conflict. <mask> joined the Explorers Club in 1908, four years after its founding. He later served as Club President twice: 1919–1922 and 1937–1939. In the all-male Club, the Board drew attention under <mask>'s reign when it put forth an amendment to its bylaws in 1938 that read: "A Woman's Roll of Honor shall be instituted to which the Board of Directors may name women of the United States and Canada in recognition of the noteworthy achievements and writings in the field of the Club's interests, primarily exploration." Perhaps to comfort fellow members, the article added, "This Woman's Roll of Honor shall be quite outside the Club's organisation but shall correspond in dignity to the Honorary Class of (male) members within it." His continued support of women in anthropology is demonstrated in his 1939–1941 mentorship of Gitel Steed as she undertook research on diet and subsistence for his two-volume Lives of the Hunters, from which she began a dissertation on the topic of hunter-gatherer.While living in New York City, <mask> was one of the regulars at Romany Marie's Greenwich Village cafés During the years when he and novelist Fannie Hurst were having an affair, they met there when he was in town. In 1940, at the age of 62, he met 28-year-old Evelyn Schwartz at Romany Marie's; she became his secretary and they married soon after. In 1941, he became the third honorary member of the American Polar Society. He served as president of the History of Science Society from 1945–46. Legacy <mask>'s personal papers and collection of Arctic artifacts are maintained and available to the public at the Dartmouth College Library. <mask> is frequently quoted as saying that "An adventure is a sign of incompetence..." Roald Amundsen stated he was "the greatest humbug alive" referring to his mismanagement of the Wrangel Island fiascos. On May 28, 1986, the United States Postal Service issued a 22 cent postage stamp in his honour.Political affiliations In the 1930s, pro-Soviet movements were created in the US that aimed primarily to provide support for the Soviet project to establish a Jewish socialist republic in the Birobidzhan region in the far east of the Soviet Union. One of the organizations prominent in this campaign was the American Committee for the Settlement of Jews in Birobidjan (or Ambijan) formed in 1934. A tireless proponent of settlement in Birobidzhan, <mask> appeared at countless Ambijan meetings, dinners, and rallies, and proved an invaluable resource for the group. Ambijan produced a 50-page Year Book at the end of 1936, full of testimonials and letters of support. Among these was one from <mask>, who was now also listed as a member of Ambijan's Board of Directors and Governors: "The Birobidjan project seems to me to offer a most statesmanlike contribution to the problem of the rehabilitation of eastern and central European Jewry," he wrote. Ambijan's national conference in New York on November 25–26, 1944 pledged to raise $1 million to support refugees in Stalingrad and Birobidzhan. Prominent guests and speakers included New York Representative Emanuel Celler, Senator Elbert D. Thomas of Utah, and Soviet Ambassador Andrei Gromyko.A public dinner, attended by the delegates and their guests, was hosted by Vilhjalmur and his wife, <mask>. <mask> was selected as one of two vice-presidents of the organization. However, with the growing anti-Soviet feeling in the country after World War II, "exposés" of <mask> began to appear in the press. In August 1951, he was denounced as a communist before a Senate Internal Security subcommittee by Louis F. Budenz, a Communist-turned-Catholic. <mask> himself may have by then had some second thoughts about Ambijan since his posthumously published autobiography conspicuously made no mention of his work on its behalf. The same is true of his otherwise very-complete obituary in The New York Times of August 27, 1962. References Literature <mask>, Vilhjalmur.My Life with the Eskimo; The Macmillan Company, New York, 1912. <mask>, Vilhjalmur. Stefánsson-Anderson Expedition, 1909–12; Anthropological Papers, AMNH, vol. XIV., New York, 1914. <mask>, Vilhjalmur. The Friendly Arctic; The Macmillan Company, New York, 1921. <mask>, Vilhjalmur.The Standardization of Error; W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1927. <mask>, Vilhjalmur. Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic; The Macmillan Company, New York, 1938. <mask>, Vilhjalmur. Not by Bread Alone; The Macmillan Company, New York, 1946. <mask>, Vilhjalmur. The Fat of the Land; The Macmillan Company, New York, 1956.<mask>, Vilhjalmur. Discovery – the autobiography of <mask> <mask>; McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1964. <mask>, Vilhjalmur. Cancer: Disease of civilization? An anthropological and historical study; Hill and Wang, Inc., New York, 1960. <mask>, <mask> (ed.). Great Adventures and Explorations; The Dial Press, 1947.Diubaldo, Richard. <mask> and the Canadian Arctic; McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 1978. <mask>, Vilhjalmur. Lessons in living from the Stone Age. Hunt, William R. Stef: A Biography of Vilhjalmur <mask>, Canadian Arctic explorer; University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, 1986. Jenness, Stuart Edward. The Making of an Explorer: George Hubert Wilkins and the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1916; McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2004.Niven, Jennifer. The Ice Master: The Doomed 1913 Voyage of the Karluk, Hyperion Books, 2000. Niven, Jennifer. Ada Blackjack: A True Story Of Survival In The Arctic, Hyperion Books, 2003. Pálsson, Gísli. Writing on Ice: The Ethnographic Notebooks of Vilhjalmur <mask>; Dartmouth College Press, University Press of New England, Hanover, 2001. Pálsson, Gísli."The legacy of <mask> <mask>", the Stefansson Arctic Institute (and individual authors), 2000. Further reading External links "Adventures in Diet", Harper's Monthly magazine, November 1935 Biography of Vilhjalmur <mask> <mask> on enchantedlearning.com "Arctic Dreamer" Award-winning documentary on <mask>'s life, includes much archival footage 1879 births 1962 deaths American Polar Society honorary members Canadian explorers Canadian people of Icelandic descent Canadian Unitarians Chukchi Sea Dartmouth College faculty Diet food advocates Explorers of Canada Explorers of the Arctic Harvard University alumni History of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region People from Gimli, Manitoba Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Royal Canadian Geographical Society fellows University of North Dakota alumni University of Iowa alumni

Margaret Lindsay Holton

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<mask> is a Canadian artist primarily known for her 'naive-surreal-folk-abstracts' oil and acrylic paintings, pinhole photography, short documentary film productions, poetry and literary novel works. <mask> is the winner of the K.W. Irmisch 'Arts Person of the Year' Award in 2016 from the City of Burlington. In 2018, she received the Alumni of Influence award by University College, University of Toronto and was nominated for the Premier of Ontario Arts Award. Biography Early life and education Originally from the rural district of north Burlington Ontario, Holton attended primary school at Hillfield Strathallan College in Hamilton, and public high school at M. M. Robinson High School in Burlington, before completing a 4 year English Literature Major/Philosophy Minor B.A at the University of Toronto. Her third year at university was spent at the University of Edinburgh, where she focused on the history of the English Language. While in Scotland, she traveled to the Outer Hebrides on a walk-study tour of the islands.She traveled through northern Ireland and stayed at a rented croft cottage on the west coast. She also traveled through eastern Russia, exploring the cities of Leningrad and Moscow. After this third year of study, she toured western Europe. Returning to Toronto, Canada, <mask> began a succession of jobs in the Canadian publishing and film industry, including: Assistant Editor at Andrew Marshall's FM GUIDE Magazine; proof-reader and typesetter at Typesettra-Fotocomp under type designer, Les Usherwood; sales rep of T.H.Best Book Binding & Printing and Production Assistant at Roseanne McWaters Vin Lint and Associates, a commercial film production house in downtown Toronto. Career In 1978, <mask> registered her design business, MLH Productions, under which she has undertaken a number of artistic ventures. <mask> is a designer of Canadian fine furniture and typefaces. She is also the author of twelve book works of poetry, prose, social history & photography.She has produced and performed for three musical CDs - Summer Haze (2014) (jazz piano), CANADADA: TAKE TWO (2017) (spoken word & electro-pop) and 'GROUP THINK' (2020). In 2015, she produced, directed and wrote a classic Canadian WW1 film, The Frozen Goose. <mask> is a pinhole and photo-collage photographer. Holton makes all of her own pinhole cameras from found cardboard boxes and tins. She hand-processes the negatives and prints in editions of one to five. All authentic MLH prints are signed, numbered and dated by her. She began pinholing in 2001 after taking a two-hour pinhole course with pinholer, Di Bos.Her pinhole works have been exhibited at the Homer Watson Public Art Gallery of Kitchener, Ontario, and Art Gallery of Burlington, Ontario, and the Sovereign House Museum of Oakville (managed by the Bronte Historical Society). In August 2010. The Art Gallery of Burlington published an exhibition monograph to the exhibition with an essay by Canadian author, David Macfarlane. Canadian documentarian, Peter Wintonick O.C, wrote the foreword for the exhibition companion hard-cover book, Memory's Shadow: Pinhole & Photo-Collage Photography by <mask> <mask>. The title was reviewed by Jeff Mahoney, art critic for The Hamilton Spectator, who wrote, "Memory's Shadow confirms our impression of Holton as an important mixed-media practitioner, with a genuine artist's eye and a probing intellect." Painting Holton’s paintings are "naive-surreal-folk-abstracts", a descriptive moniker that demonstrates how her work falls outside of traditional and current 'art schools'. Nature, environmental themes and planet Earth predominate in her work.Canadada: A Painter's Nature, published by Acorn Press Canada, accurately describes and illustrates her 40 year career of painting in oils and acrylics. She has participated in over one hundred group exhibitions in Canada, the US and Europe and participated in solo and studio tours over the past two decades. <mask> is a former member of the Women's Art Association of Canada, a current member of the Women's Art Association of Hamilton, the Fine Arts Society of Milton, and The Arts & Culture Collective of Burlington. <mask> continues to exhibit regularly throughout the Golden Horseshoe region of southern Ontario, Canada. Type design In 1979, <mask> designed the '<mask>' (TM) typeface. Hand-drawn pencil templates were supplied to Letraset England in a license for the dry transfer 'letter' market. "<mask>' was one of the first typeface designs to be digitized using Peter Karow's innovative IKARUS system.The '<mask>' typeface was used in collaboration by both Letraset and URW++ of Hamburg, Germany as a 'demo font' to demonstrate IKARUS's capabilities in the early 1980s. '<mask>' was also used as the defining font for the popular board game, Carcassonne. Holton has completed two other typeface designs, Gato and CANADA. Neither of these designs has been released to the public. They remain as 'pencil drawings' within her oeuvre of work. Writing Holton studied English literature at the University of Toronto, and produced her first written works in the 1980s. She began her first novel, Economic Sex, while working as an English tutor in Spain in 1984.This literary work was published by Coach House Press of Toronto, under pen-name, Ali Janna Whyte, in 1985. She produced and edited 'The Spirit of Toronto: 1934-1984', a compendium of essays by religious leaders of 45 different faiths highlighting multiculturalism in Toronto. Launched at Fort York, a hard copy was presented to the Pope's personal secretary. <mask> registered her artist's press, Acorn Press Canada, in Ontario, in 1997. As a writing artist, she published her second novel, The Gilded Beaver by Anonymous, (1999), as well as two books of poetry, On Top of Mount Nemo (2002), and Bush Chord, (2006, with an e-edition in 2012) under her artists' imprint. The Gilded Beaver by Anonymous novel won the Hamilton Arts Council 'Best Fiction Award' in 1999. Her third novel, TRILLIUM, was self-published and released in October 2018.In June 2020, the second edition of 'The Gilded Beaver' was released on Amazon in an ebook format, identifying the author, <mask> <mask> and her client, Toronto financier Gordon H. Eberts, as the owner of the signature 'Four Canadian Fireside Chairs'. Those chairs were designed and fabricated by MLHolton. A paperback edition was released in August. In September 2021, Holton released 'Sticks and Stones: Ten Canadian Short Stories', succinctly reviewed in The Bay Observer by Robert Steven, ex-CEO of the Art Gallery of Burlington. Fine furniture design and construction Holton apprenticed with her father, Luther Janna <mask> (1922-2002), cabinetmaker and sole-proprietor of Holton Fine Furniture of Hamilton before going into business for herself in 1986 as a Canadian fine furniture designer in Toronto under 'MLH Productions'. Her furniture works can be found in national public and international private collections, including the Royal Ontario Museum, (curio box & display cabinets), the Canadian Film Centre, (library reception), Stanley Ho of Hong Kong (bedroom & dining room suite), David C.W. MacDonald of Toronto ('Temagami' pedestals, 'Wolf Settee Courting Bench' & 'Thee Mirror), Rosamond Ivey of Toronto (bedroom suite) and Elizabeth Hanson of Toronto (children beds).The Hanson commission of 'three children's beds designed by MLH' was published in 'Furniture: Architects & Designers Originals by Carol Soucek King, MFA, PhD in 1994. <mask> and Frank Gehry were the only Canadians honoured in this publication about international furniture designers. One commission, 'The Four Canadian Fireside Chairs' was the subject of her second novel, The Gilded Beaver by Anonymous. Filmmaking <mask> began working in film with Jane Walker Manchee, as co-producer, director, writer and sound recordist for their first 54 min documentary, In the Eye of the Hunter (1984-1986). The film was broadcast on Cable 10, Toronto, for six months in a late night spot. Over the last 20 years, Holton has created over forty additional short documentary films, under 15 minutes each. In 2015, Holton's film & photographic works were shown in The World's Shortest Film Fest, as part of the Niagara Film Festival and Oakville Film Festival.Her 14-minute documentary, 'Harold Dickert: Burlington Luthier', was shown at the Hamilton Music & Film Festival in September 2015. Her documentary, 'David Lambert: Fastest Knot-Tyer in Canada', was shown at the 10th Annual Hamilton Film Festival in November 2015. Her first dramatic narrative short film (25 minutes), The Frozen Goose, was based on her published short story of the same name, included as the end story in the WW1 anthology,''' Engraved: Canadian Stories of WW1,'' published by Seriphim Editions in 2014. Shot in February 2016, with a cast of five, at Westfield Heritage Centre in Rockton and other rural historic locations, the world premier of this period film was held at the Art Gallery of Burlington, on September 11, 2016. It screened twice during the 11th Annual Hamilton Film Festival. After a brief local theatrical release, it was broadcast on COGECO Halton during Remembrance Week and on CABLE 14 Hamilton as a Christmas Special on December 16 in 2017. The film has since been licensed to educational distributor, McIntyre Media, for the domestic market.References External links History of the Lindsay Typeface, compiled by Professor Luc Devroye, University of McGill Contributing Author, Raise the Hammer news blog Oakville Festival of Film & Arts - https://offa.ca/art-fete/ Niagara Film Festival Listing at Art Gallery of Burlington The Frozen Goose REVIEW in The View Magazine, (page 13), December 2016 Women's Art Association of Hamilton MLH Productions / Acorn Press Canada CANADADA: TAKE TWO - CD - https://canadada.bandcamp.com - Reviewed in Greater Hamilton Musician, by Editor, Glen Brown Metroland, Inside Halton News Humber Alumni News - Author/Designer Profile 1955 births Living people Canadian furniture designers Canadian documentary filmmakers Canadian non-fiction writers Canadian women painters Canadian women poets Writers from Hamilton, Ontario University of Toronto alumni Humber College alumni Canadian women non-fiction writers 21st-century Canadian women artists Women documentary filmmakers

Hermione Gingold

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<mask> (; 9 December 189724 May 1987) was an English actress known for her sharp-tongued, eccentric character. Her signature drawling, deep voice was a result of nodules on her vocal cords she developed in the 1920s and early 1930s. After a successful career as a child actress, she later established herself on the stage as an adult, playing in comedy, drama and experimental theatre, and broadcasting on the radio. She found her milieu in revue, which she played from the 1930s to the 1950s, co-starring several times with the English actress <mask>. Later she played formidable elderly characters in such films and stage musicals as Gigi (1958), Bell, Book and Candle (1958), The Music Man (1962) and A Little Night Music (1973). From the early 1950s <mask> lived and made her career mostly in the U.S. Her American stage work ranged from John Murray Anderson's Almanac (1953) to Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad (1963), the latter of which she also played in London.She became well known as a guest on television talk shows. She made further appearances in revue and toured in plays and musicals until an accident ended her performing career in 1977. Biography Early years <mask> Ferdinanda <mask> was born in Carlton Hill, Maida Vale, London, the elder daughter of a prosperous Austrian-born Jewish stockbroker, <mask>, and his wife, Kate Frances (née Walter). Her paternal grandparents were the Ottoman-born British subject, Moritz "Maurice" <mask>, a London stockbroker, and his Austrian-born wife, Hermine, after whom Hermione was named (<mask> mentions in her autobiography that her mother might have got 'Hermione' from Shakespeare's play The Winter's Tale, which she was reading shortly before her birth). On her father's side, she was descended from Solomon Sulzer, a synagogue cantor and Jewish liturgical composer in Vienna. James felt that religion was something children needed to decide on for themselves, and <mask> grew up with no particular religious beliefs. Gingold's professional début was in 1908 when she had just turned 11.She played the herald in Herbert Beerbohm Tree's production of Pinkie and the Fairies by W. Graham Robertson, in a cast including Ellen Terry, Frederick Volpe, Marie Löhr and Viola Tree. She was promoted to the leading role of Pinkie for a provincial tour. Tree cast her as Falstaff's page, Robin, in The Merry Wives of Windsor. She attended Rosina Filippi's stage school in London. In 1911, she was cast in the original production of Where the Rainbow Ends which opened to very good reviews on 21 December 1911. On 10 December 1912, the day after her 15th birthday, <mask> played Cassandra in William Poel's production of Troilus and Cressida at the King's Hall, Covent Garden, with Esmé Percy as Troilus and Edith Evans as Cressida. The following year she appeared in a musical production, The Marriage Market, in a small role in a cast that included Tom Walls, W H Berry, and Gertie Millar.In 1914, she played Jessica in The Merchant of Venice at the Old Vic. In 1918, Gingold married the publisher Michael Joseph, with whom she had two sons, the younger of whom, Stephen, became a pioneer of theatre in the round in Britain. 1920 to 1948 Gingold's adult stage career was slow to take off. She played Liza in If at the Ambassador's in May 1921, and the Old Woman in Ben Travers's farcical comedy The Dippers produced by Sir Charles Hawtrey at the Criterion in August 1922. In 1926 Gingold was divorced from Joseph. Later in the same year she married the writer and lyricist Eric Maschwitz, whom she divorced in 1945. She underwent a vocal crisis in the late 1920s and early 1930s: she had hitherto described herself as "Shakespearian and soprano" but nodules on her vocal cords brought a drastic drop in pitch, about which she commented, "One morning it was Mozart and the next 'Old Man River'".The critic J. C. Trewin described her voice as "powdered glass in deep syrup". During this period she broadcast frequently for the BBC and established herself at the experimental theatre-club the Gate Theatre Studio in London, first as a serious actress and later in the genre for which she became famous, revue. According to The Times it was in Spread It Abroad (1936) a revue at another theatre, the Saville, with material by Herbert Farjeon that she truly found her milieu. In the 10 years from 1938, Gingold concentrated on revue, appearing in nine productions in the West End. The first four were The Gate Revue (transferred from the Gate to the Ambassadors, 1939), Swinging the Gate (1940), Rise Above It (1941) and Sky High (1942). During this period she and <mask> Baddeley established a stage partnership of what The Times called "briskly sustained mock-rivalry". In June 1943 she opened in a revue at the Ambassadors, Sweet and Low, which was continually revised and refreshed over a run of almost six years, first as Sweeter and Lower and then Sweetest and Lowest.In her sketches she tended, as the writer of the shows, Alan Melville, recalled, to portray "grotesque and usually unfortunate ladies of dubious age and occasionally, morals; the unhappy female painted by Picasso who found herself lumbered with an extra limb or two … the even less fortunate female who, after years of playing the cello in Palm Court orchestras, ended up bow-legged beyond belief". In a biographical sketch, Ned Sherrin writes "Gingold became a special attraction for American soldiers and 'Thanks, Yanks' was one of her most appropriate numbers. During the astringent, name-dropping 'Sweet' series, she played 1,676 performances, before 800,000 people, negotiating 17,010 costume changes". Postwar <mask>'s first new revue after the war was Slings and Arrows at the Comedy in 1948. She was praised, but the material was judged inferior to that of her earlier shows. She appeared in cameo roles in British films, of which Sherrin singles out The Pickwick Papers (1952), in which she played the formidable schoolmistress, Miss Tompkins. <mask> became well known to BBC radio audiences in "Mrs Doom's Diary" in the weekly show Home at Eight; this was a parody of the radio soap opera Mrs Dale's Diary in the manner of the Addams Family with <mask> as Drusilla Doom and Alfred Marks as her sepulchral husband.<mask> and Baddeley co-starred in a Noël Coward double bill in November 1949, presenting Fumed Oak and Fallen Angels. Reviews were poor, and Coward thought the performances crude and overdone, but the production was a box-office success, running until August the following year. Between 1951 and 1969 <mask> worked mostly in the US. Her first engagement there was at the Brattle Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts in It's About Time, a revue that incorporated some of her London material. In December 1953, she opened in John Murray Anderson's Almanac which made her an instant Broadway success and for which she won the Donaldson Award in 1954. She also became a regular guest on talk shows. In 1951 she cited as her hobbies; 'Interior decoration' and 'collecting china'.<mask> continued to make films. In 1956 she played a London "sporting lady" in Around the World in 80 Days, and won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the 1958 film Gigi playing Madame Alvarez, Gigi's loving grandmother. In the film, she sang "I Remember It Well" with Maurice Chevalier. She said "It was my first American film and I was very nervous." Chevalier put her at ease. "I had to sing, and I hadn't got a great voice, but with him, I felt the greatest prima donna in the world." <mask> followed this with another hit film Bell, Book and Candle, also 1958, in which her role was Mrs Bianca De Pass.She played the haughty wife, Eulalie Mackecknie Shinn, of River City Mayor George Shinn, played by character actor Paul Ford, in The Music Man (1962) starring Robert Preston and Shirley Jones. In October 1963, Gingold opened in Arthur Kopit's Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad, playing a monstrously possessive mother driving her son crazy. She played the role in the London production in 1965. Reviewing the latter, and noting that the first night had been greeted with cheering at the end, the critic Philip Hope-Wallace wrote: Last years In 1972, she was among the guests in David Winters' musical television special The Special London Bridge Special, starring Tom Jones, and Jennifer O'Neill. Gingold was a member of the original 1973 Broadway cast of Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music in the role of the elderly Mme. Armfeldt, a former courtesan. Clive Barnes wrote of her performance, "<mask> <mask> is immeasurably grande dame as the almost Proustian hostess (I haven't loved her so much since she sang about the Borgia orgies 30 years ago)."When the production transferred to London in 1975 <mask> reprised the role, and later played it in the film version of the musical (1977). At the age of 77, Gingold made her operatic début, joining the San Francisco Opera to play the spoken role of the Duchess of Crackenthorp in Donizetti's La fille du régiment in 1975. In 1977 she took over the narrator's role in Side by Side by Sondheim on Broadway. After the New York run, the show toured the U.S. In Kansas City, the 79-year-old Gingold suffered an accident that broke her knee and dislocated her arm; this brought her performing career to an end. Still, she appeared in a 1980s Goya commercial for its drink Coca Goya Colada while lounging on a chaise longue, shaking the two cans like maracas. Death <mask> died from heart problems and pneumonia at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan on 24 May 1987, aged 89.Legacy <mask>'s autobiography, How to Grow Old Disgracefully, was published posthumously in 1988. It was published in installments: The World Is Square (1946), My Own Unaided Work (1952) and Sirens Should Be Seen and Not Heard (1963). She also wrote a play titled Abracadabra and contributed original material to the many revues in which she performed. The Gingold Theatrical Group in New York is a company devoted to producing plays about human rights. It was founded by David Staller, a great friend of <mask> for many years, as a tribute to her. They specialise in presenting the works of Bernard Shaw and are the first group to present all of Shaw's 65 plays. Screen performances Film Dance Pretty Lady (1931) Public Nuisance No.1 (1936) Someone at the Door (1936) - Lizzie Appleby Merry Comes to Town (1937) - Ida Witherspoon Meet Mr. Penny (1938) - Mrs. Wilson The Butler's Dilemma (1943) - Aunt Sophie The Pickwick Papers (1952) - Miss Tompkins Cosh Boy (1953) - Queenie Our Girl Friday (1953) - Spinster Around the World in 80 Days (1956) - Sporting Lady Gigi (1958) - Madame Alvarez Bell, Book and Candle (1958) - Bianca de Passe The Naked Edge (1961) - Lilly Harris The Music Man (1962) - Eulalie Mackechnie Shinn Gay Purr-ee (1962) - voice of Mme. Rubens-Chatte The World of Henry Orient (1964, scenes deleted) I'd Rather Be Rich (1964) - Miss Grimshaw Harvey Middleman, Fireman (1965) - Mrs. Koogleman The Itch (1965) (short subject) - voice of Woman Promise Her Anything (1966) - Mrs. Luce Munster, Go Home! (1966) - Lady Effigie Munster Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967) - Angelica Winter of the Witch (short) (1969) - the Old Witch Tubby the Tuba (1975) - voice of Miss Squeek A Little Night Music (1977) - Mme. Armfeldt Garbo Talks (1984) - Elizabeth Rennick Television The Tonight Show with Jack Paar and later Johnny Carson (frequent guest from 1958 to 1962) The Merv Griffin Show with Merv Griffin (frequent guest) I've Got a Secret panelist (12/8/1959, 30/12/1959, 14/1/1963) What's My Line? Mystery Challenger (19/4/1959, 8/9/1963) Alfred Hitchcock Presents ("The Schartz-Metterklume Method"—1960) - Miss Hope Beyond the Fringe (1967) (14 episodes) It Takes a Thief (1968) ("Lay of the Land" – S01E15) - Duchess Christina Winter of the Witch (1969) - Witch Ironside ("Check Mate and Murder") (1970) - Ernestine Mugford Love, American Style (1971) - Jane (segment "Love and the Heist") Banyon (1971) (pilot for series) - Peggy Revere Simple Gifts (1977) - Narrator (segment "The Great Frost") (voice) Amy & the Angel (1982) - Pincus Hotel ("Charades") (1983) - Felicity How to Be a Perfect Person in Just Three Days (1983) - Miss Sandwich Works References Sources External links 1897 births 1987 deaths People from Maida Vale 20th-century English actresses Actresses from London Audiobook narrators Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state) Donaldson Award winners English emigrants to the United States English film actresses English musical theatre actresses English people of Jewish descent English stage actresses English voice actresses Grammy Award winners Jewish English actresses 20th-century English singers 20th-century English women singers

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<mask> (born 17 May 1991) is a British former professional tennis player, having represented Australia until 2012. She won four singles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as 11 singles and four doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. The former British No. 1 reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 4 on 17 July 2017. She reached the semifinals of the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the French Open. Born to Hungarian parents in Sydney, Australia, <mask> moved to England when she was 14.She has triple citizenship: Hungarian, Australian and British. She switched her sporting allegiance from Australia to Great Britain after she became a British citizen in May 2012. <mask> achieved a steep rise in her WTA ranking from the spring of 2015 to late 2016, climbing from 150th to inside the world's top ten, becoming the first Briton to be ranked amongst the WTA's top ten since Jo Durie who was ranked fifth over 30 years prior. This period included her best Grand Slam result up to that time the semifinals of the 2016 Australian Open, a quarterfinal appearance at the Rio Summer Olympics and her maiden WTA title in Stanford. In 2017, she won the Miami Open, and reached the semifinal at Wimbledon. <mask> had another successful season in 2019, reaching the semifinal at the French Open, and the quarterfinals at Wimbledon and the US Open. <mask> retired on 1 December 2021, after struggling with a long-term right knee injury, which led to her ranking dropping outside the top 100.Personal life <mask> was born in Sydney, Australia, on 17 May 1991, the daughter of Hungarian parents Gábor, a hotel manager, and Gabriella, a dentist. Her parents had emigrated separately from Hungary and met in Australia. One of <mask>'s grandfathers, Tamás Kertész (1929–1989), played football for Ferencvárosi TC; he won two international caps for Hungary in the 1950s and later coached the Ghana national team. <mask> has a half sister, Eva Mumford, from her father's previous marriage. Her sister is married to former Australian rules football player Shane Mumford. <mask>'s childhood was spent in Collaroy on Sydney's Northern Beaches, where she was introduced to tennis at an after-school programme at the age of eight. When she was 14, she attended the Sánchez-Casal Tennis Academy in Barcelona for 15 months, during which time her parents settled in Eastbourne, England.<mask> became a British citizen in May 2012 and concurrently switched her sporting allegiance from Australia to Great Britain. When her nationality became the subject of debate at the 2016 Australian Open after she was labelled a Plastic Brit, <mask> said it was "a compliment for you guys to be interested in my Australian roots", but that she was "very pleased to be representing Great Britain ... where I grew up essentially". <mask> has three passports – British, Australian and Hungarian. <mask> lives in East Sussex, where her applications to build a home in the protected Ashdown Forest have proved controversial. Two weeks after her retirement from professional tennis, <mask> announced on Twitter that she had married her long term boyfriend Jackson Wade. The wedding took place on Saturday 11 December. Career 2008: $10,000 title <mask> won her first ITF singles title at a $10k tournament in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina shortly before her 17th birthday in May 2008.She commented that the best was yet to come. 2009: $25,000 title <mask> achieved a significant breakthrough at a $25k tournament in Sutton, England, in February 2009. Entering as a wildcard, she defeated the top seed, Corinna Dentoni, who was ranked 153 at the time, and two other top 250 players to reach the final where she lost in three sets to Katie O'Brien. <mask> backed this performance up by winning the $25k Waterloo Challenger in Ontario in June, over Heidi El Tabakh. <mask> then went through a difficult time in the second half of the year, losing her first match in eight of the nine tournaments entered, six of these losses going to three sets. However, with the help of the earlier results, she rose from 668 to 360 in the WTA rankings during the year. 2010: $50,000 title <mask> regained some form at the start of 2010.In May, she reached the quarterfinal of the $50k tournament at Indian Harbour Beach, Florida. The following week she took the title on the green clay courts of Raleigh, North Carolina, another $50k tournament, where, the day before her 19th birthday, she defeated Lindsay Lee-Waters in the final. Highlights later in the year included another $50k quarterfinal appearance, two semifinal appearances in $25k tournaments and her second ITF singles title of the year at a $10k event in Westende, Belgium, where, in the final, she defeated Nicky Van Dyck for the loss of just one game. <mask> also played her first WTA Tour event when she entered the qualifying for Copenhagen, winning a match before exiting the event. 2011: Drop in ranking In April 2011, she lost in three sets in the qualifying draw of Charleston to Sania Mirza. She also fell in qualifying at Fes and Strasbourg. She reached the main draw of a WTA Tour event for the first time when she qualified at Copenhagen in June, falling in the first round to fourth seed Lucie Šafářová, who was ranked 38 at the time, in a match that lasted over two and a half hours.<mask> won her fifth ITF singles title at the GB Pro-Series event in Woking in July. In the final against Laura Robson, <mask> was a set up when her opponent retired. After a patchy couple of months interrupted by injury, <mask> got back to her winning ways at a $10k event in Madrid, beating Lucy Brown in the final. However, her year ended during a second meeting with Robson in the first round at Barnstaple in October, with <mask> having to retire this time. She slipped from 248 to 305 in the world rankings over the course of the season, and showed an improvement of only 55 places over the previous two years. 2012: First match wins in WTA and Grand Slam events <mask> achieved some welcome results in the first half of 2012, including a $25k title at Rancho Mirage in February. She then qualified for the WTA Tour event in Copenhagen for the second successive year, recording her first-match win in a full tour main draw over seventh seed Ksenia Pervak (then ranked 38) in the opening round, before losing to Petra Martić at the next stage.By the end of April, <mask> had risen nearly 100 places to No. 211 in the rankings. Having been granted British citizenship in May, <mask> received a main-draw wildcard to Wimbledon; she faced 28th seed Christina McHale in the opening round, being beaten 10–8 in the deciding set. A $50k final appearance at Lexington in July helped to maintain momentum, and the following month <mask> qualified for the US Open, bridging a gap of almost 150 places in the rankings to upset world No. 59, Tímea Babos, in the first round, saving ten set points in the second set as she recorded her first career win at Grand Slam-level. In the second round, <mask> let a 5–2 final set lead slip against Olga Govortsova and lost. This run propelled her into the world's top 150 for the first time in her career, slipping a few places to end the year with a ranking of 153.2013: $100,000 title At the Australian Open, <mask> failed to build on her form from the US Open, losing in the second qualifying round to Zhou Yimiao of China, in three sets. In February, <mask> made her Fed Cup debut for Great Britain in Europe/Africa Zone Group 1 Pool B. <mask> and Laura Robson won their doubles match as Britain opened with a whitewash against Bosnia and Herzegovina. <mask> was then rested as Britain beat Portugal, before teaming up again with Robson in a losing doubles effort against Hungary, though Britain ultimately won this tie 2–1. In April, <mask> played in the Fed Cup World Group II play-off against Argentina. <mask> was initially nominated to represent Britain in two of the singles rubbers. However, after losing her opening match against Paula Ormaechea, Great Britain captain Judy Murray decided that Elena Baltacha would replace <mask> in the Sunday reverse singles. <mask>'s next tournament was the Portugal Open in Oeiras, where she beat top-100 player Yulia Putintseva in the first qualifying round but was then forced to retire in the second qualifying round against Stéphanie Foretz Gacon.<mask> also reached the second qualifying round at the French Open, losing to Galina Voskoboeva in three sets. In June, <mask> entered the Nottingham Trophy, a $75k tournament, reaching the semifinals after victories over An-Sophie Mestach, fifth seed Misaki Doi and Alison Riske. In the semifinals, <mask> lost a tough battle against third seed Karolína Plíšková, going down in three sets. Following the event, she was handed a wildcard for the Birmingham Classic. In the first round <mask> defeated qualifier Kurumi Nara to set up a meeting with French player Kristina Mladenovic, the 12th seed at the tournament, who beat her in straight sets. <mask> also received a wildcard for Wimbledon, where she was drawn against 16th seed Jelena Janković in the first round. She lost in straight sets against the Serbian former world number one.Following Wimbledon, <mask> started her build-up to the US Open by winning a $25k event in Winnipeg, Manitoba, where she defeated fellow British player Samantha Murray in the final. She then kept up her form by winning the Vancouver Open, a $100k event, where she defeated Sharon Fichman in the final after eliminating top seed and world No. 41, Hsieh Su-wei, along the way. This propelled <mask> to a then career-high ranking of 115. At the Guangzhou International Open, <mask> won two rounds of qualifying to reach the main draw. In the first round, she beat fellow qualifier Richèl Hogenkamp in straight sets, before upsetting fourth seed and world No. 38, Peng Shuai, equaling her best career-win in terms of ranking to this point.However, her run was stopped in the quarterfinals, losing to wild card Zhang Shuai in straight sets. A week later, at the Ningbo International Open, <mask> made the quarterfinals again, but was forced to retire in her match against <mask>, suffering from an abdominal strain. She officially became the British No. 2 behind Laura Robson, after Heather Watson failed to defend her title in Osaka and ended the year ranked 112. 2014: Top 100 <mask> began 2014 at the Shenzhen Open, losing to 15-year-old wildcard Xu Shilin in the first qualifying round. Together with her Austrian partner Patricia Mayr-Achleitner, she reached the semifinals in doubles, losing to the Ukrainian sisters Lyudmyla and Nadiia Kichenok, in straight sets. The following week, seeded third in Australian Open qualifying, <mask> won her first match against Grace Min, but lost for the second year in succession in the second qualifying round, in straight sets to Ukrainian Olga Savchuk.After retiring in her first-round match at a $25k event in Sunderland and losing in qualifying for the Open GdF Suez in Paris, <mask> helped Great Britain to a 2–1 win over Latvia in their first round-robin match at the Fed Cup as she battled to victory over Diāna Marcinkēviča. However, she later lost singles rubbers to Romania's world No. 10, Simona Halep, and Hungary's Tímea Babos as Britain were eliminated at the pool stage. In May, <mask> reached the final qualifying round of Roland Garros for the first time, defeating Sachia Vickery, and Paula Kania, before losing to Yuliya Beygelzimer. <mask> then moved into the grass-court season by playing at the Birmingham Classic as a wildcard. She beat 14th seed Kurumi Nara in straight sets, before losing to Aleksandra Wozniak in the second round. Konta was awarded another wildcard to compete at the Eastbourne International, where she defeated 2013 Wimbledon junior champion Belinda Bencic, in straight sets.This set up a meeting with world No. 42, Camila Giorgi, who had stunned fourth seed Victoria Azarenka in the first round. Despite holding a match point at 5–4 up in the final set, <mask> lost to the Italian. Nevertheless, her first-round success was enough to propel <mask> into the top 100 as she reached a career-high of 89 in July, before falling back as she failed to replenish the ranking points won from her successes in the second half of the previous year. <mask> gained direct entry into the Wimbledon main draw, losing a tight three-set match to Peng Shuai in the first round. <mask>'s next tournament was the Istanbul Cup, where she won through qualifying as the top seed. She was again drawn with Kurumi Nara in the first round, losing to the sixth-seeded Japanese in straight sets.She then moved across to North America to play the Connecticut Open; she also encountered a recent opponent here as she faced top seed Peng Shuai in the second qualifying round and was eliminated. Her ranking gave her a second consecutive direct entry to a Grand Slam main draw as she played the US Open, but she suffered a 'wasted opportunity' as she was beaten in the opening round by Shahar Pe'er. <mask> then suffered opening-round defeats at Quebec City, and in the qualifying in Luxembourg. She also played on the ITF Circuit, reaching the semifinals at Albuquerque and the second round at Nantes. She ended the year ranked 150. 2015: US Open run and top 50 <mask> began the year by entering the qualifying of the WTA Tour events at Shenzhen and Sydney, but did not manage to progress to either of the main draws. She was also eliminated in qualifying at the Australian Open.<mask> returned to Europe to join up with the British team for the Fed Cup Euro/Africa Zone Group I. She went 2–2 in singles play as Britain topped their round-robin pool, before losing a play-off to Belarus. In the play-off, <mask> suffered a heavy defeat against Olga Govortsova, a match that team captain Judy Murray said 'was a catalyst for change' for <mask>'s success in the later part of the season. Her sole WTA Tour event between the Australian and French Opens was at Indian Wells, where she again entered the qualifying competition, winning her opening match against tenth seed Misaki Doi, but being beaten in the final round of qualifying by Kateryna Kozlova. During this period she focused instead on the ITF Circuit, winning her first-round match in each tournament she entered, reaching three quarterfinals, one semifinal and the final of the event in Jackson, Mississippi (lost to Anhelina Kalinina). <mask> made her debut in the main draw at the French Open against Denisa Allertová after she won her way through qualifying without losing a set. <mask> narrowly lost to Allertová.<mask> then returned to the UK, where she was granted wildcards to the WTA Tour grass-court events in Nottingham, Birmingham and Eastbourne. At Nottingham, <mask> recorded her first top 100 win of 2015 in the opening round as she beat world No. 59 and seventh seed for the event, Magdaléna Rybáriková. <mask> would also beat Monica Puig before exiting in the quarterfinals to eventual tournament runner-up Monica Niculescu. <mask> then played the WTA Premier event in Birmingham. She beat Jarmila Gajdošová in the first round before running into sixth seed Karolína Plíšková; <mask> took the opening set off Plíšková, then ranked 13 in the world, but would eventually lose in three sets in a match played over two days. <mask>'s conqueror ended the tournament as the runner-up for the second week in a row.<mask>'s next event was in her hometown of Eastbourne. In the opening round, she upset Zarina Diyas, before claiming a 'major scalp' by beating world No. 8 and recent Grand Slam semifinalist, Ekaterina Makarova, who was the fourth seed for the event, in the second round. <mask> continued her run by beating 14th seed Garbiñe Muguruza, before losing to Belinda Bencic in a three-set quarterfinal. Bencic became the third consecutive player to beat <mask> en route to the final of an event, as the rising Swiss star won the Eastbourne title. The draw for Wimbledon paired <mask>, who entered with a wildcard, with former champion Maria Sharapova. The match was scheduled for Centre Court, with Sharapova winning efficiently.After Wimbledon, <mask> returned to action at the ITF event in Granby, QC; she entered as the top seed, and took the title without dropping a set. <mask>'s next event saw her reclaim the Vancouver singles crown, beating Kirsten Flipkens in the final, and also secure the doubles title with Maria Sanchez. The Vancouver singles victory moved <mask> back into the world top-100 players ahead of the US Open, which she entered at the qualifying stage as the third seed. She progressed to the main draw with wins against Réka Luca Jani, Naomi Osaka and Tamira Paszek. Prior to this, <mask> had won just one Grand Slam main draw match in her career, but now added victories over Louisa Chirico, ninth seed Muguruza, and 18th seed Andrea Petkovic, extending her winning streak to 16 matches and setting up a last-16 meeting with two-time Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitová. The match against Muguruza lasted 3 hours and 23 minutes, the longest women's match at the US Open since the tie-break was introduced in 1970. It was also <mask>'s second top-ten win, and increased her head-to-head record against the Spaniard to 2–0.Czech fifth seed Kvitová ended

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<mask>'s run, winning in two tight sets. The points accrued during the North American swing lifted <mask> to a new career-high singles ranking of world No. 58. <mask>'s first event after the US Open was the Wuhan Open, a Premier-5 event, the second highest level on the WTA Tour. Having won through qualifying, <mask> was drawn against Andrea Petkovic in the opening round, a rematch of their New York meeting. She won once again to advance to a second-round encounter with Grand Slam champion and former world No. 1, Victoria Azarenka, who retired after losing the first set.In the third round, <mask> faced top seed and world No. 2, Simona Halep, who came into the match leading the WTA in hardcourt victories. Halep established a 5–1 lead in the deciding set, only for <mask> to take six consecutive games as she came back to win. She exited in the quarterfinals after a three-set battle with Venus Williams, who would go on to win the tournament. <mask>'s run in Wuhan saw her break into the top 50 for the first time, as her ranking reached another new career high at world No. 49. She also took over from Heather Watson as the British number one.<mask>'s final event of the season was the Linz Open. She entered in qualifying, where she was the top seed, but lost to Klára Koukalová in the final round, her first defeat against a lower-ranked player since May. However, <mask> received an entry to the main draw despite the loss, as she was awarded a lucky loser spot after Anna Karolína Schmiedlová withdrew due to illness. She eased past Annika Beck in the opening round, but went out at the next stage to Madison Brengle. Her year-end ranking was 47. <mask>'s successful year was recognized by being nominated at the annual WTA Awards. She was a finalist in the Most Improved Player category, but missed out on the award to French Open semifinalist Timea Bacsinszky.2016: First Grand Slam semifinal, top-ten debut, first WTA title <mask> had a slow start to 2016 as she was eliminated in the first round at Shenzhen, where she was the fifth seed (her first seeding at WTA Tour level) and also at Hobart. <mask>'s next event saw her make her main-draw debut at the Australian Open. In the opening round she faced Venus Williams, who was seeded eighth. The match was played on Rod Laver Arena, with <mask> winning in straight sets. <mask> backed up her win by beating Zheng Saisai and Denisa Allertová, setting up a fourth-round clash with 21st seed Ekaterina Makarova. <mask> recovered from a set behind to defeat the Russian and reach her first Grand Slam quarterfinal. <mask> defeated qualifier Zhang Shuai in the last-eight before her run ultimately came to an end in the semifinals, where she lost to eventual champion Angelique Kerber in straight sets.Nonetheless, she became the first British female player to reach a Grand Slam singles semifinal in 32 years. <mask> also teamed up with countrywoman Heather Watson to play the doubles. They beat a seeded pair in the opening round before exiting at the next stage. <mask> was at new career highs in the post-tournament rankings, moving up to world No. 28 for singles and breaking into the top 100 for the first time in doubles, at world No. 95. She also passed the $1 million mark for career earnings.<mask> took a brief break due to illness following the Australian Open, returning to action for the spring North American hardcourt swing. She was the fourth seed for the Mexican Open in Acapulco, where she exited in the second round, and also for the Monterrey Open, where she reached the quarterfinals and lost to Kirsten Flipkens. <mask> then moved to the United States to participate in the Premier-Mandatory events, the highest level on the WTA Tour, at Indian Wells and Miami. She was seeded 25th at Indian Wells, which gave her a bye into the second round where she defeated Madison Brengle. <mask> then beat Denisa Allertová, before exiting in the fourth round to 18th seed Karolína Plíšková. <mask> moved on to Miami, where she was seeded 24th, which again saw her benefit from a bye to the second round. Wins over Danka Kovinić and Elena Vesnina took <mask> to the last 16, where she beat 32nd seed Monica Niculescu.She lost in the quarterfinals to Victoria Azarenka, who was en route to completing the Indian Wells/Miami Double. <mask>'s form in North America saw her rise to a new career-high ranking of 21. The WTA Tour then made its spring switch to clay. <mask> had a disappointing start on the surface as she lost her opening match in Stuttgart, before retiring with illness during the first round in Madrid. Her form improved in Rome as she beat <mask> and then upset world number seven Roberta Vinci, before exiting in the third round to Misaki Doi. <mask> moved on to Paris for the French Open. She was 20th seed, the first time she had been seeded at a Grand Slam, but was eliminated in the opening round by Julia Görges.<mask> entered the grass-court season as world No. 18 as her ranking climbed to a new high despite her opening-round loss at Roland Garros. After early losses at the Nottingham Open and the Birmingham Classic, <mask> reached the semifinal in Eastbourne, the site of her breakout performance in 2015. Her run included a victory over two-time Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitová in the third round, but was ended in the last four by Karolína Plíšková. <mask> was the first home player to be seeded in the ladies singles at Wimbledon in over 30 years as she took the No. 16 spot. She recorded her first ever win at the venue by beating Monica Puig in a rain-affected opening round match, but went out at the next stage to former finalist Eugenie Bouchard.Following Wimbledon, <mask> changed surface to hardcourts to play the Stanford Classic. In the semifinals she beat Dominika Cibulková, who had led the WTA in match wins at the time. <mask> then defeated two-time former champion Venus Williams in the final to claim her first WTA title. The following week, she reached the quarterfinals of the Canadian Open, the women's portion of which was held in Montreal. She was within one victory of breaking into the top ten, but missed out on the landmark after suffering a surprise defeat to Kristína Kučová. The Rio Olympics was <mask>'s next event, as she represented Britain in singles, women's doubles and mixed doubles. She was seeded tenth in singles, easing past Stephanie Vogt (Liechtenstein) and Caroline Garcia (France) in the first and second round respectively.<mask> reached the quarterfinals after she beat Svetlana Kuznetsova (Russia) in the third round, but was knocked out in the last eight by Angelique Kerber (Germany). <mask> partnered Heather Watson in doubles, reaching the second round before exiting to Chinese Taipei (Chan Hao-ching and Chan Yung-jan). She teamed up with Jamie Murray in the mixed, losing in the opening round to the eventual gold medallists (the United States pairing of Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Jack Sock). After Rio, the WTA Tour resumed with the Cincinnati Open. <mask> reached the third round before going out to Agnieszka Radwańska. She moved on to the US Open recording victories in the opening two rounds over Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Tsvetana Pironkova. The win over Pironkova came despite a health scare towards the end of the second set, <mask> collapsing on court and requiring medical attention before she could continue.<mask> took just 52 minutes to beat 24th seed Belinda Bencic in the third-round, matching her run to the last 16 from the previous year. She was eliminated at that stage by Anastasija Sevastova. The final weeks of the season saw <mask> with the opportunity of breaking into the top ten and qualifying for the WTA Finals for the first time. Her first event on the Far Eastern leg of the WTA Tour was the Wuhan Open. A repeat of her Australian Open quarterfinal victory over Zhang Shuai took <mask> to the third round. There she defeated Carla Suárez Navarro to record her fifth top ten win of 2016 and set up a last-eight meeting with Petra Kvitová, where she was knocked out of the competition. The following week saw <mask> in Beijing for the China Open.She was drawn to face Sevastova in the opening round in a re-match of their US Open meeting of a few weeks prior, <mask> gaining revenge for the defeat in New York. Victory over Tímea Babos at the next stage set up a third-round clash with Karolína Plíšková, which <mask> won, reversing a previous 0–5 head-to-head record against the Czech. <mask> progressed to the semifinal by beating Chinese number one, Zhang Shuai, for the second successive week. She defeated Madison Keys in the last four to reach her first Premier Mandatory final. Victory over Keys saw <mask> enter the top ten for the first time in her career, making her the first British woman since Jo Durie in 1984 to be ranked amongst the elite of the WTA. It also lifted her into a qualifying place for the WTA Finals. <mask> was beaten in the final by Agnieszka Radwańska.<mask> attempted to consolidate her Tour Finals place in Hong Kong, but an abdominal strain forced her to pull out of her second-round match. She slipped outside the qualifying spots when Dominika Cibulková won the tournament in Linz, which secured the last place for the Slovak. However, the subsequent withdrawal of Serena Williams gave <mask> another chance. She had already travelled to Singapore to practice, only to be pipped for the final place less than 24 hours before the start of the event when Svetlana Kuznetsova won the title in Moscow. <mask> remained at the venue as an alternate, but was unused. Following her eventual absence from the WTA Finals' lineup, <mask> entered the WTA Elite Trophy in Zhuhai, China. She was placed in the Azalea Group alongside Sam Stosur and Caroline Garcia.<mask> opened with a win over Stosur that guaranteed she would finish the season ranked inside the WTA's top ten, the first Briton to achieve this since 1983. She then beat Garcia to top the group and progress to a semifinal against Elina Svitolina, which Svitolina won to end <mask>'s season. <mask> led the 2016 WTA Tour in points won behind second serve, and sat third for top-ten wins, hardcourt-match wins and tie-breaks won. She also featured in the top ten of a number of other statistical categories. <mask> was nominated as one of the WTA's Most Improved Players for the second successive year, winning the award comfortably on this occasion with over 80% of the vote. Her end-of-season ranking was No. 10.After the conclusion of the season, <mask> announced that she was parting company with her coaching team of Esteban Carril and Jose-Manuel Garcia, despite her 'stellar year'. 2017: Miami Open champion, Wimbledon semifinalist <mask> started working with Belgian coach Wim Fissette during pre-season training. Their professional relationship began with <mask>'s reaching the semifinals of her first event of the new campaign in Shenzhen, before being beaten in the last-four by eventual champion, Kateřina Siniaková. The following week in Sydney, she claimed her second WTA title, avenging her Beijing loss to world number three Agnieszka Radwańska in the final. <mask> did not lose a set in the entire tournament. Ahead of the Australian Open <mask> was widely regarded as a contender for the title. She recorded victories over Kirsten Flipkens, Naomi Osaka, former world No.1, Caroline Wozniacki, where she hit 31 winners to six and did not face a single break point on serve, and 30th seed Ekaterina Makarova to reach the quarterfinals without dropping a set. <mask> was then beaten in the last eight by the eventual champion, Serena Williams. Her next action was in the Fed Cup Euro/Africa Zone Group I. <mask> won her three singles matches in the round-robin pool as Britain reached a promotion play-off against Croatia. In the play-off <mask> suffered a surprise singles defeat against Ana Konjuh, but then teamed up with Heather Watson to beat Konjuh and Darija Jurak in the decisive doubles and send Britain forward to a World Group II play-off later in the year. Watson went from teammate to opponent as <mask> won an all-British clash in the second round at Indian Wells, before exiting at the next stage against Caroline Garcia. The WTA Tour then traversed the United States to Miami, where <mask> progressed to a quarterfinal meeting with third seed Simona Halep. Halep was twice two points from victory, when serving for the match at 5–4 in the second set and again in the subsequent tie-break, but both times <mask> recovered and eventually won in three sets.She then defeated Venus Williams in the semifinal to progress through to her second Premier Mandatory final. There, she defeated Wozniacki to win the biggest title of her career to date, ensuring her re-entry into the WTA's top ten at a new career-high ranking of No. 7. With Premier Mandatory events second only to Grand Slams in terms prestige, some commentators rated <mask>'s Miami triumph as the most notable title for a British women since Virginia Wade had won Wimbledon 40 years previously. Following her Miami triumph, <mask> returned to Europe and joined back-up with the British Fed Cup team as they travelled to face Romania in the World Group II Play-offs. The tie was marked by a number of incidents involving Romanian captain Ilie Năstase, culminating in him being first removed from the court and then having his accreditation revoked, effectively excluding him from the venue for the remainder of the tie, after he verbally abused <mask> and British team skipper Anne Keothavong during the former's opening day singles rubber against Sorana Cîrstea. <mask> broke down in tears over the abuse following Nastase's ejection, with play being suspended to allow her time to compose herself.<mask> had been trailing in the second set prior to the interruption, but on resumption won five successive games to overturn the deficit and win the match, which levelled the tie at one rubber each. <mask> subsequently lost to Simona Halep as Romania won by three rubbers to two. Năstase was later fined and banned for his behavior. In the wake of the controversial Fed Cup tie <mask> returned to WTA play for the clay-court season. Her first event on the surface was at Stuttgart, where she was eliminated in the second round by Anastasija Sevastova. She also lost in the opening round in Madrid to Laura Siegemund, and the third round in Rome to Venus Williams. <mask> was seeded seventh in the French Open, but was upset by Taiwan's Hsieh Su-wei the first round.She remained yet to win a main draw match in Paris. <mask> began the grass-court swing in Nottingham, where she was the top seed. She reached the final, her first at Tour level on home soil and on grass, but was upset by Donna Vekić in the title match. The following week saw <mask> eliminated in the second round in Birmingham. She then competed at the Eastbourne International. Following a bye into the second round, <mask> beat Sorana Cîrstea, French Open champion Jelena Ostapenko and world No. 1, Angelique Kerber, to reach the semifinals.She pulled out of the tournament on the morning of her semifinal because of a back injury she sustained in her quarterfinal match against Kerber, raising questions over her fitness for Wimbledon the following week. <mask> showed no ill-effects of the injury as she faced Hsieh Su-wei in the opening round of a Grand Slam championship for the second time in a row, defeating her in straight sets. In the second round, she recorded a three-set victory over Donna Vekić in a rematch of the Nottingham final. Wins against Maria Sakkari and Caroline Garcia saw <mask> reach the quarterfinals, where she defeated second seed Simona Halep, denying Halep the world No. 1 ranking and becoming the first British woman to reach the Wimbledon singles semifinals since Virginia Wade in 1978. She was beaten in the last four by Venus Williams. <mask>'s ranking reached a new career high of world number four.Having opted to skip the defence of her Stanford title, <mask> began her North American hard court swing in Toronto. Her opening match was against Ekaterina Makarova, which she lost despite holding match points in the second set. The following week in Cincinnati, she reached the quarterfinals with wins over Kiki Bertens and Dominika Cibulková, before losing to Simona Halep in the quarterfinal. <mask> then lost her first match in her next four tournaments. She lost to Aleksandra Krunić at the US Open, to Barbora Strýcová in Tokyo, to Ashleigh Barty in Wuhan and to Monica Niculescu in Beijing. As a result, on 9 October her ranking had fallen to No. 10.After withdrawing from the Kremlin Cup in Moscow as a result of a foot injury, she narrowly missed out on qualification for the WTA Finals for the second year running, with Caroline Garcia claiming the final spot at the year-end championships. On 18 October, <mask> revealed that she and coach Wim Fissette would be parting and she would be ending her season, passing up being a reserve for the Finals or playing in the WTA Elite Trophy in Zhuhai. She confirmed the rest of her team would remain the same and she would be looking for a new coach "as soon as possible", and thanked Fissette for his "patience, hard work and expertise". <mask>'s end-of-season ranking was No.

Johanna Konta

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9. For being the first woman since 1978 to reach the Wimbledon semifinal and the first to win a Premier Mandatory title, <mask> was nominated for the 2017 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award, placing 11th of the 12 nominees on the public's vote. 2018: Struggle with form <mask> hired Michael Joyce as her new coach during the off-season.In her first tournament of the year in Brisbane, <mask> reached her first quarterfinal since August 2017 before retiring with a hip injury. She was unable to defend her title at Sydney the following week, losing in the first round. At the Australian Open, <mask> was knocked out in the second round by world No. 123, lucky loser Bernarda Pera. Following the Australian Open, <mask> played for Britain in the Fed Cup Europe/Africa Group 1. Following a straightforward win over Maria João Koehler, <mask> 'survived a scare' to beat Anett <mask>it as Britain beat hosts Estonia to set up a play-off against Hungary. <mask> beat Fanny Stollár as Britain progressed to the World Group II play-offs.Britain were hoping to be drawn at home for the first time since 1993, but instead were handed a tie away to Japan. On resuming WTA play, <mask> was eliminated prior to the quarterfinals of her next three tournaments, before failing to defend her title in Miami, losing in the fourth round to Venus Williams. She also exited early in the clay-court event at Charleston. <mask> next played in Britain's Fed Cup tie with Japan. She won both her singles rubbers, beating Kurumi Nara and recently crowned Indian Wells champion Naomi Osaka. However Britain were beaten in the other two singles rubbers to send the tie to a deciding doubles. <mask> and Heather Watson were brought in as late replacements to play this, and though they won the opening set against the Japanese pairing of Miyu Kato and Makoto Ninomiya, the hosts fought back to win the rubber and claim overall victory.After the Fed Cup <mask> returned to clay court action. Her struggles on the surface continued as she suffered an early defeat in Madrid. Her form picked up in Rome, where she reached the third round before exiting to Jeļena Ostapenko. <mask> lost in the first round of the French Open to No. 93 Yulia Putintseva in straight sets. At the time, she had never won a main-draw match at the French Open and in her post-match press conference she launched a scathing attack on the media. Grass brought an upturn as <mask> reached her first final of the year in Nottingham, after defeating defending champion Donna Vekić in the semifinals in a rerun of the 2017 final of the same event.She was looking to become the first British player to win a WTA Tour level title on home soil since Sue Barker in 1981, but was beaten in the final by Ashleigh Barty. However the resurgence in form was temporary as following this <mask> suffered a first round loss in Birmingham, a second round loss in Eastbourne, and a second round loss at Wimbledon. Post-Wimbledon, her ranking dropped to 50 – her lowest since September 2015. <mask>'s first tournament after Wimbledon was in San Jose. She was paired her with multiple Grand Slam champion Serena Williams in the first round and handed Williams the heaviest defeat of her career, the Briton winning 6–1, 6–0. She then beat Sofia Kenin, before losing to fourth seed Elise Mertens in the quarterfinals. She followed this by reaching the third round in Canadian Open, before losing to Elina Svitolina and then losing in the first round of Cincinnati to Aryna Sabalenka.<mask>'s struggles had seen ranking had slip outside the top 32, leading to her being drawn against sixth seed Caroline Garcia in the opening round of the US Open; she lost to continue a poor run of form in Grand Slam matches since her Wimbledon semifinal run of the previous year. Post the US Open <mask> entered the Pan Pacific Open in Japan where she lost in the second round to Donna Vekic in two tight sets. She lost to Ashleigh Barty in the first round of the Wuhan. She also lost to Julia Görges in the opening round of the Beijing. Following these defeats <mask> split with coach Michael Joyce and agreed a trial with Dimitri Zavialoff for the final event of the regular WTA season in Moscow. This provided an upbeat ending for <mask> as she defeated Elise Mertens, Daria Gavrilova and Aliaksandra Sasnovich to reach her second semifinal of the year. She lost to Daria Kasatkina in the last four, who went on to win the tournament.This run moved <mask>'s end-of-year ranking up to 39 in the world. Following the successful trial at the Kremlin Cup, <mask> hired Zavialoff as her coach on a permanent basis. 2019: Return to top 20, deep runs in majors <mask> started the year at the Brisbane International by defeating third seed Sloane Stephens before losing to Ajla Tomljanović in the second round. She received a lucky loser berth from qualifying for the Sydney International but withdrew with a neck injury. At the Australian Open she defeated Tomljanovic in a rematch of their Brisbane meeting, before losing in the second round to Muguruza in a marathon three set match that had the latest start in Australian Open history and ended after 3am local time. <mask>'s next played the Fed Cup. Britain's ties in Europe/Africa Group 1 took place in Bath after the LTA were awarded co-hosting rights.This was the first time that the British Fed Cup team had played on home soil in 26 years. <mask> recorded wins over Dalila Jakupović, Maria Sakkari and Anna Bondár as Britain topped their opening round pool with a 100% record to set up a promotional play-off with Serbia. Following a victory for teammate Katie Boulter in the opening rubber, <mask> beat Aleksandra Krunić in a dramatic match to seal Britain's progress to a World Group play-off despite collapsing off-court after the end of the second set and requiring a medical timeout. <mask> won a Fed Cup Heart Award for her efforts. <mask> opted not to play in either Doha or Dubai, instead returning to WTA action for the North American spring hardcourt swing. Her first event was in Acapulco where she defeated Laura Siegemund in the first round, followed by victory over Varvara Flink before losing in the quarterfinals to Donna Vekić. At Indian Wells, she defeated Pauline Parmentier and 27th seed Hsieh Su-wei, but went out to Kiki Bertens in the third round.In Miami, she lost in the second round to Wang Qiang of China. <mask> returned to Europe to rejoin Britain's Fed Cup team for their World Group II play-off against Kazakhstan. This was played at the Copper Box Arena in London. It was the first time the venue had hosted international team Tennis. In the play-off <mask> twice recovered from a set down to beat Zarina Diyas and Yulia Putintseva. <mask>'s two victories took her winning run in Fed Cup singles play up to 11 matches. Teammate Boulter completed Britain's victory by three rubbers to one as she beat Diyas.Britain were therefore promoted to World Group II for 2020. After returning from Fed Cup duties <mask> entered the Morocco Open as the seventh seed. She saved three match points during her first round match against Wang Yafan before rallying to outlast the Chinese player in three sets and progress to a second round encounter with Ana Bogdan. She beat Bogdan and followed that by ousting Hsieh, the tournament's second seed, to reach the semifinals. There she defeated Tomljanovic to reach her first ever clay-court final; <mask> lost in the final to Maria Sakkari despite being a set and a break up. At the Madrid Open, she defeated American Alison Riske to advance to a second-round match against third seed Simona Halep, which she lost in straight sets. The following week in Rome, <mask> once again defeated Riske in the first round, moving on to face seventh seed Sloane Stephens.She lost the first set, however came back to win in three. Her third round match came later the same day due to a rain delay. She defeated Venus Williams to move into her first Premier level clay court quarterfinal. <mask> defeated Czech teenager Markéta Vondroušová to reach the semifinals. <mask> advanced to the final after defeating Madrid Open champion Bertens; in the final, she was beaten by Karolína Plíšková, in straight sets. Following her Italian Open run, <mask>'s ranking improved to 26 in the world, securing her a seeding at the upcoming French Open. <mask> came to the French Open having not won a main-draw match at the venue in four previous attempts.She finally broke her 'curse' by beating Antonia Lottner in the first round, and went on to advance to the semifinals. Her run included victory over Vekic in the fourth round and a third win of the year against Stephens in the quarterfinals. By reaching the semifinals, <mask> became the first British female player to reach that stage of the French Open since Jo Durie in 1983. <mask> was defeated in the semifinal by the unseeded Vondrousova in two tight sets. She returned to the Top 20 in the WTA Rankings after this run. <mask> started her grass-court campaign with a win over Anett <mask>it in the first round of the Birmingham Classic. She lost to Jelena Ostapenko in the second round.At Eastbourne, <mask> reached the third round before losing to Ons Jabeur. She was seeded 19th at Wimbledon and went on to reach the quarterfinals, picking up her fourth win of the season against Stephens and defeating two-time former champion Petra Kvitová en route. <mask> was upset in the last eight by Barbora Strýcová. Despite losing in the first round of both her US Open warm-up events, once at the US Open, <mask> went on the best run of her career to date at the venue, beating former top ten player Daria Kasatkina and third seed Karolína Plíšková en route to the quarterfinals, where she lost to Elina Svitolina. She did not play in another tournament following the US Open, and finished the year as No. 12. 2020: Mixed results, steady ranking Starting her season at the Brisbane International, <mask> lost in the first round to Barbora Strýcová.She then participated at the Australian Open, where she suffered a shock first-round exit to Ons Jabeur. Her next tournament was at St. Petersburg, where, in receipt of a first round bye, she lost to qualifier Océane Dodin in the second round. Her next tournament was at Monterrey, where she reached the semifinals, defeating Kim Clijsters, Tatjana Maria, and Anastasia Potapova, before falling to eventual runner-up Marie Bouzková. She was scheduled to play at Indian Wells, but the tour was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Her first event upon the tour's resumption was at Lexington, where she lost in the first round to Bouzková in straight sets for the second consecutive meeting. She reached the semifinals at the Western & Southern Open, which was held in New York due to the pandemic. She defeated Kirsten Flipkens, Vera Zvonareva, and Maria Sakkari, before falling to the eventual champion, Victoria Azarenka.At the US Open she beat her compatriot Heather Watson in the first round before losing to Sorana Cîrstea in the second round. Her next tournament was at Rome, where she defeated Irina-Camelia Begu, before falling to Garbiñe Muguruza in the third round. She then participated at the French Open, where she lost in the first round to Coco Gauff. She ended the year ranked No. 14 in the world. 2021: Nottingham title, struggles with form, rankings drop, retirement At the Gippsland Trophy in Melbourne, <mask> won her first match of the year against Bernarda Pera, before losing to Irina-Camelia Begu. Australian Open, <mask> retired from her first-round match against Kaja Juvan with an abdominal injury.<mask> lost in the first round to Shelby Rogers in Adelaide, second round to Petra Kvitova in Miami, second round to Anastasija Sevastova in Madrid, and first round to Jelena Ostapenko in Rome. <mask> lost in the first round of the French Open to Sorana Cîrstea. <mask> won her first title in four years at the Nottingham Open on grass, beating Lesley Pattinama Kerkhove, Kateryna Kozlova, Alison van Uytvanck and Nina Stojanovic to reach the final, where she beat Zhang Shuai in under an hour. <mask> had to withdraw from Wimbledon because one of her team tested positive for COVID-19, forcing her to endure a quarantine. At the 2021 National Bank Open in Montreal, <mask> defeated Zhang Shuai in the first round, following her retirement in the second set. She then played third seed Elina Svitolina in the second round. <mask> claimed her first win against Svitolina after losing their first 5 matches.In the third round, <mask> was forced to withdraw against Coco Gauff. <mask> next played in the 2021 Western & Southern Open, but lost in the first round to Karolína Muchová in three sets. She withdrew from the US Open, and she did not play another match for the rest of the season. Her ranking had dropped to No. 82 in October 2021, and, after residual points from the 2019 season were dropped, her ranking fell to No. 113 in the world by 29 November 2021, her lowest ranking since August 2015. On 1 December 2021, <mask> announced her retirement from professional tennis, after suffering from a long-term right knee injury.Playing style <mask> was an aggressive baseliner, with her game centered around her flat, quick, and powerful groundstrokes. <mask> was known for creating sharp angles, being able to hit winners from any position on the court. According to WTA match stats in 2016, she was fourth in ace counts, won 62% of her service points, 74.8% of service games and won most of the second serve points at 52.7%. She preferred to attack from the baseline, rather than to come to the net to volley. <mask> has been criticized by former pro players for a lack of mental toughness and a lack of variety or a "plan B" in tough match situations, but after hiring Dimitri Zavialoff as her coach, she has utilised more drop shots and has played more at the net. Grass was her favourite surface, but the majority of her success came on hard courts. Endorsements <mask>'s clothing sponsor was Asics until 2019, when she switched to Ellesse.Her racquet sponsor is Babolat. She endorses the Babolat Pure Aero range of racquets. In 2017, she became the first UK ambassador of Nature Valley cereal bars as part of their British Tennis partnership. In 2019 British accessories brand Radley named <mask> as its second celebrity brand ambassador, as the face of its new Radley Spirit campaign. In addition to fronting the Radley Spirit campaign ahead of Wimbledon, <mask> will also be curating a collection of her favourite pieces from the spring/summer 2019 collection, the <mask> collection. Coaching <mask> initially trained at the Sánchez-Casal Academy in Barcelona, before her parents decided to settle in Great Britain in 2005, and at the Roddick Lavalle Academy in Texas. She trained at the National Tennis Academy in Roehampton with LTA-supplied coaches Louis Cayer and, from mid-2012, Julien Picot.In December 2012, the Lawn Tennis Association announced that <mask> was one of 21 players set to receive the LTA's funding next season, which is supported through Team Aegon. At the start of 2014, she split from Picot for personal reasons. In August 2014, when the LTA decided to close the National Tennis Centre as a base for elite players, <mask> began working with Spanish coach Esteban Carril. At the end of 2014, Konta began receiving help from mental coach Juan Coto, a friend of Carril's based in London. A dramatic cut in her LTA funding for 2015 encouraged <mask> to move her training base to Gijón in northern Spain, where Esteban Carril and José Manuel García oversaw an increasingly rapid rise up the rankings. Supporters of the LTA's austerity drive argued this was a benefit of their tough love policy, though Konta disagreed that that was the case. After her mental coach Coto died suddenly in November 2016, Konta maintained that she would continue to benefit from his influence: "He's still very much a part of everything that I do, everything that I will continue to do in this sport and this career.He has gifted me with an incredible amount of tools and habits". <mask> split with Carril and Garcia in December 2016. Prior to the 2017 season, <mask> recruited Belgian Wim Fissette to be her main coach. <mask> and Fissette mutually ended this partnership in October 2017 after a poor run in the Asian tournaments. <mask> retained the rest of her team and said she would spend the off-season looking for a new coach. On 6 December 2017, <mask> announced she was hiring Michael Joyce for the 2018 season. On 10 October 2018, <mask> announced that she had split with Joyce.She immediately commenced a trial period with Dimitri Zavialoff, a former coach of Stanislas Wawrinka, hiring him on a permanent basis 3 weeks later. Career statistics Grand Slam performance timelines Singles Doubles References External links 1991 births Australian emigrants to England Australian female tennis players Australian people of Hungarian descent British expatriates in Spain British female tennis players British people of Hungarian descent Living people Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom Olympic tennis players of Great Britain Tennis players from Sydney Sportswomen from New South Wales Tennis players at the 2016 Summer

Joseph Jarman

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<mask> (September 14, 1937 – January 9, 2019) was an American jazz musician, composer, poet, and Shinshu Buddhist priest. He was one of the first members of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians and a member of the Art Ensemble of Chicago. Biography Early life He was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, United States. Jarman grew up in Chicago, Illinois. At DuSable High School, he studied drums with Walter Dyett, switching to saxophone and clarinet when he joined the United States Army after graduation. During his time there, he was part of the 11th Airborne Division Band for a year. The AACM and his solo band After he was discharged from the Army in 1958, Jarman attended Wilson Junior College, where he met bassist Malachi Favors Maghostut and saxophonists Roscoe Mitchell, Henry Threadgill, and Anthony Braxton.These men would often perform long jam sessions at the suggestion of their professor, Richard Wang (now with Illinois University). Mitchell introduced Jarman to pianist Muhal Richard Abrams, and Jarman, Mitchell, and Maghostut joined Abrams' Experimental Band, a private, non-performing ensemble, when that group was founded in 1961. The same group of musicians continued to play together in a variety of configurations, and went on to found the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM) in 1965, along with Fred Anderson and Phil Cohran. Jarman's solo recording career began at this time, with two releases on the Delmark label which included material, such as spoken word and "little instruments", that would later characterize the sound of the Art Ensemble. The band he fronted and used during these recordings between 1966 and 1968, included Fred Anderson (tenor sax), Billy Brimfield (trumpet), Charles Clark (bass), Christopher Gaddy (piano) and Thurman Barker (drums). However, in 1969, Clark and Gaddy both died and Jarman disbanded his group. The Art Ensemble of Chicago and Equal Interest Shortly after his bandmates Clark and Gaddy died in 1969, Jarman joined Mitchell, Maghostut and Lester Bowie (trumpet) in the Roscoe Mitchell Art Ensemble in 1967; the group would be later rounded out with the addition of Don Moye on drums.This band eventually became known as the Art Ensemble of Chicago (AECO). The group was known for being costumed on stage for different reasons; Jarman wore facepaint and has mentioned that it "was sort of the shamanistic image coming from various cultures." The group moved to Paris in 1969, and lived there for many years in a commune that included Steve McCall, the drummer who went on the form the jazz trio Air, with Threadgill and bassist Fred Hopkins. Moving back to Chicago in the 1970s, Jarman lived in a musicians' building in Hyde Park, in Chicago, with Malachi Favors as his roommate. In 1983, he moved to Brooklyn, New York from Chicago and lived there until his death. Jarman stayed with the Ensemble until 1993, when he left the group to focus on his spiritual practice, "a cleansing process" as he stated. The move was not announced at first, leading fans to speculate about Jarman's health when he did not appear on stage for an AECO Thanksgiving weekend show at the Knitting Factory in 1994.He did not have much to do with music until 1996 when, in January, he recorded two CDs, The Scott Fields Ensembles' 48 Motives and the concert, duo CD Connecting Spirits with Marilyn Crispell, which Fields produced. Later in the year, his friend and fellow AACM peer Leroy Jenkins asked him to join a trio with him and Myra Melford in Chicago, which would eventually be called Equal Interest. Looking back on those three years without music, Jarman commented that "I didn't realize it, but it actually depressed me in many ways." He was then commissioned to write a chamber orchestra piece, which led him to the realization of how to incorporate his Buddhist teachings into his music. Jarman returned to the AECO in January 2003. Along with the saxophone and clarinet, Jarman also played (and recorded on) nearly every member of the woodwind family, as well as a wide variety of percussion instruments. Aside from his work with relatively traditional jazz line-ups, he also composed for larger orchestras and created multimedia pieces for musicians and dancers.Spirituality Jarman was most widely known for his musical accomplishments, but he was also involved in the practice of Zen Buddhism and aikido. He began his study of aikido in the early 1970s in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. He began studying Zen Buddhism in 1990 and visited various monasteries in Eastern Asia, including Higashi Honganji Honzon in Kyoto, Japan. A few years later, he opened his own aikido dojo/zendo, Jikishinkan ("direct mind training hall"), in Brooklyn, New York. He was latterly a Jodo Shinshu priest, and held a rank of godan (fifth degree black belt) in aikido. <mask>n died of respiratory failure at the Lillian Booth Actors Home in Englewood, New Jersey on January 9, 2019, as announced by the New York chapter of the AACM on their website. He was 81.concert archive Official home page insideoutintheopen.net/ Documentary film 1937 births 2019 deaths Avant-garde jazz musicians American jazz clarinetists American jazz saxophonists American male saxophonists American jazz composers American male jazz composers Art Ensemble of Chicago members Jazz musicians from Illinois Musicians from Chicago People from Pine Bluff, Arkansas Military personnel from Illinois American aikidoka American Zen Buddhists Converts to Buddhism 21st-century saxophonists Jazz musicians from Arkansas 21st-century American male musicians

Alexander Fitton

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Sir <mask> (1630?–1698) sometimes known by his Jacobite title Baron Gawsworth, was an Irish barrister and judge, who became Lord Chancellor of Ireland, despite having spent many years in prison for criminal libel. Family and early career <mask> was the second son of <mask> of Awrice (or Awne), County Limerick and his wife Eva Trevor, daughter of Sir Edward Trevor of Brynkynallt, Chirk, Denbighshire and Rostrevor, County Down, and his second wife Rose Ussher. He was the great-grandson of Sir <mask>, Vice-Treasurer of Ireland, who died in 1579. The Irish Fittons were a junior branch of the Fittons of Gawsworth Old Hall, Cheshire: <mask> was the grandson of another <mask>, who was Sir Edward's second son, and his wife Jane MacBryan O'Connogh. A lawsuit over the rightful ownership of Gawsworth was to pre-occupy <mask> for most of his life. His mother's family later gained the title Viscount Dungannon. He married Anne Joliffe, daughter of Thomas Joliffe (or Jolley) of Cofton Hall, Worcestershire and his first wife Margaret Skinner, and they had one surviving daughter, also called Anne.His wife was a considerable heiress, and as a result of the fortune she brought him <mask> was soon able to pay off the mortgage on the family's Limerick estates, which he inherited on the death of his brother Edward. Anne died in 1687, and was buried in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. Their daughter joined her father in exile in France. She married a Captain Miles McGrath, and died in 1700. He entered Gray's Inn in 1654 and the Inner Temple in 1655; he was called to the Bar in 1662. Since he almost immediately became embroiled in the Gawsworth inheritance claim, it is unclear if he ever practised as a barrister, which later led to questions about his suitability for judicial office, quite apart from the obvious objection that he had spent much of his adult life in prison. Gawsworth inheritance claim Sir <mask>, 2nd Baronet, of Gawsworth, died in 1643 without issue; he had seven sisters, but the nearest male <mask> heir was <mask>'s father William, Edward's second cousin.In 1641 Edward made a settlement creating an entail in favour of William and his male heirs, subject to the right of his widow Felicia to reside at Gawsworth for her lifetime. This was done over the vehement protests of Charles Gerard, son of Edward's eldest sister Penelope, who was the nearest heir by blood. After Edward's death the Gerards tried to hold Gawsworth by force; but the fortunes of the English Civil War turned in the <mask> family's favour: as a staunch Royalist Gerard's own estates were forfeited and he left England about 1645, leaving the <mask>s in possession until the Restoration. By 1662 Gerard, now Baron Gerard of Brandon, had recovered his other estates and was in high favour at Court. Inevitably, he laid claim to Gawsworth, bringing a lawsuit in the Court of Chancery in which he exhibited a will supposedly made by Sir <mask> just before his death bequeathing the property to Gerard. <mask>, rather than simply relying on the entail by which he succeeded as his father's heir, produced a deed which on the face of it made the settlement on his father irrevocable. Gerard then dramatically produced a notorious forger, Abraham Gowrie Granger, who testified that he had forged the deed on <mask>'s behalf.The Court ordered a jury to find the facts: they found that the deed was indeed a forgery, and while <mask> managed to get a second hearing before a Cheshire jury, the result was the same. Lord Gerard duly took possession of Gawsworth. Which party (if either) was legally or morally in the right it is now difficult to say: it is suspicious that both parties were relying on documents whose very existence had been previously unknown, and it is quite possible that both the will and the deed were forged. <mask> proceeded to make a serious mistake in publishing a pamphlet directly accusing Gerard of winning the case by bribing and threatening witnesses, and including what purported to be Granger's confession that he had committed perjury. <mask> was perhaps unaware that to libel a peer was scandalum magnatum, a criminal offence. The House of Lords took a serious view of the matter: <mask> was fined £500 and committed to the King's Bench Prison until if ever he produced Granger to contradict Gerard's allegations against <mask>. Given Granger's character, it is hardly surprising that <mask> never did produce him, and he might well have remained in prison for life.As it was (though accounts differ) he may still have been in prison in 1687. The petition to the House of Commons of England in 1668 which is mentioned in Pepys' Diary came to nothing, as did an attempt to prosecute Gerard's witnesses for perjury. The disgrace of Gerard, now Earl of Macclesfield, who supported the Exclusion Bill and was later suspected of complicity in the Monmouth Rebellion, encouraged <mask> to make one last effort to recover Gawsworth; his case was dismissed for undue delay. The affair however caused the new King James II to look favourably on <mask>. Lord Chancellor of Ireland In 1687 the Irish Lord Chancellor Sir Charles Porter expressed reservations about the King's policy of religious toleration and was dismissed; while Richard Nagle, the Attorney General for Ireland, a Roman Catholic, put forward his own claim to the office, James was persuaded that <mask>, a Protestant, would be a better choice. <mask> thought it advisable nonetheless to convert to Catholicism. His salary was increased by £500 to £1500 per annum, and a once-off payment of £1250 from the secret service fund.He also received a knighthood. As Lord Chancellor he was accused of ignorance, prejudice and bias against Protestants, although some historians have questioned the accuracy of these charges. When James II arrived in Ireland <mask> presided over the Patriot Parliament of 1689; he was given a barony and chose the title <mask> of Gawsworth. When James fled Ireland after the Battle of the Boyne <mask> was appointed Lord Justice of Ireland and acted on behalf of the King in his absence; the following year he joined James in France, although it is unclear if any proceedings were pending against him. He died at St. Germain in 1698. Character <mask> has been judged harshly both by contemporaries and by later historians, especially Thomas Macaulay, who dismissed <mask> as a "pettifogger" without legal ability or commonsense, and unfit by reason of his imprisonment for libel and the strong suspicion that he was guilty of forgery as well to hold any office. William King, Archbishop of Dublin, who knew him personally, said that <mask> could not understand the merits of any difficult case, and so decided them all on the basis of his own prejudices.However O'Flanagan, writing in 1870, took a more favourable view, stating that he had examined <mask>'s judicial decrees and found in them no evidence of ignorance or incapacity; on the contrary, they appeared to be the work of an experienced equity judge. On the accusation of forgery, the safest view is that Gerard and <mask> were both guilty of it; Elrington Ball remarks that "bad as <mask>'s character may have been, it can scarcely have been worse than that of Lord Gerard". References Irish barristers 17th-century Irish politicians People from Cheshire 1630s births 1698 deaths Members of Gray's Inn Members of the Inner Temple Members of the Privy Council of Ireland Barons in the Jacobite peerage Lord Chancellors of Ireland Peers of Ireland created by James II

Gérard Pape

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<mask> (born April 22, 1955 in Brooklyn, New York) is a composer of electronic music, author, and psychologist. He is a former student of David Winkler, George Cacioppo, William Albright, and George Balch Wilson. He became the director of Les Ateliers UPIC (now CCMIX) in 1991. Biography <mask> studied clinical psychology and music simultaneously at the University of Michigan, and is a practicing Lacanian psychoanalyst as well as a composer. After moving to France at the beginning of the 1990s, his compositions came under the influence of the Mexican composer Julio Estrada. Estrada shares with <mask> an interest in psychoanalysis and focuses on what he calls "sound fantasies"—fantasies that occur "inside the head of the composer and take the form of sequences of sounds". Pape extended Estrada's conception by treating chaos as a formal concept.For example, in his opera-in-progress, Weaveworld, <mask> "employs sudden and unpredictable patterns in streams of sound in a plasma that draws from chaos models". The tape part for Makbénach I and III convolves "timbre paths", made from chains of sampled saxophone sounds, together with a dense series of grains following particular trajectories (produced by a computer program called Cloud Generator), in order to produce timbral transformations. <mask>'s 1995 chamber opera Monologue uses as text the Samuel Beckett play A Piece of Monologue. His most important work is Feu toujours vivant for large orchestra and 4 sampler keyboards (1997), which was commissioned by Art Zoyd and the National Orchestra of Lille, conducted by Jean-Claude Casadesus. In 2007, <mask> created the CLSI ensemble (Circle for the Liberation of Sounds & Images) with various musicians and composers like Olga Krashenko, Paul Méfano, Jacqueline Méfano, Lissa Meridan, Michael Kinney, Martin Phelps, Rodolphe Bourotte, Stefan Tiedje, Jean-Baptiste Favory. for UPIC-generated tape (1994) Fabula, for eight-channel tape (1999) Mon autre Peau, installation for 20-channel tape and DVD (based on paintings by Ana-Paula Portilla with digital video by Anney Bonney; texts by Ana-Paula Portilla, Parmenides, and the Upanishads) (1999) Tantric Transformations, for eight-channel tape and digital video; video by Anney Bonney (2000) Clouds for six-channel tape (2002) Sources Footnotes Further reading Kozinn, Allan. 1988."Review/Recital; Albright at the Organ". New York Times (May 5). External links Composer Profile on Chronicle of the NonPop Revolution Mode Records profile 1955 births 20th-century classical composers 21st-century classical composers American male classical composers American classical composers Living people University of Michigan alumni 21st-century American composers 20th-century American composers 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians

Tracey Martin

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<mask> (born 1 July 1964) is a New Zealand politician and a former member of the New Zealand House of Representatives. Until 2021 she was a member of the New Zealand First Party, and served as its Deputy Leader from 2013 to 2015. She served as Minister for Children, Seniors, Internal Affairs and Associate Minister of Education from 2017 to 2020. <mask> lost her seat in Parliament during the 2020 New Zealand general election. Prior to entering Parliament Her pre-children profession was as a Credit Controller. For the next 15 years, prior to entering Parliament, <mask> was a stay at home parent and was very active in the Warkworth community. She spent a significant amount of time on parent-based fundraising and volunteer committees for Mahurangi Kindergarten, Warkworth Primary School and Mahurangi College.In her own time, outside of Parliament, <mask> served as the chair of the board of trustees at Mahurangi College for over a decade before resigning when she became the Associate Minister for Education in 2018. Political career <mask> has been involved with New Zealand First since the party started in 1993, and has been a member of its board of directors since 2008. She was selected as a candidate for the 2008 general election. She successfully stood for the Rodney Local Board during the 2010 Auckland Council elections. Fifth National Government, 2011–2017 <mask> was first elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives during the 2011 general election and was subsequently appointed as deputy leader of New Zealand First. She was first elected to Parliament as a New Zealand First list MP based in Warkworth, in 2011. Along with all other New Zealand First MPs, <mask> voted against the Marriage Amendment Act, which permits same-sex marriage in New Zealand, in 2013.New Zealand First requested that the bill become a referendum issue however the request was denied. During the 2014 general election, <mask> was re-elected to Parliament on the New Zealand First party list. The party won nine percent of the popular vote and eleven seats. On 3 July 2015 it was announced that <mask> had been replaced as deputy leader following a caucus vote and replaced by Ron Mark. In 2015 <mask> sponsored the Social Security (Clothing Allowances for Orphans and Unsupported Children) Amendment Bill. The bill gave unsupported child or orphan clothing allowance parity with foster children. She has also been a strong advocate for the expansion of this allowance so that it can be accessed by kin carers.During the , <mask> was re-elected on the New Zealand First party list. The party won 7.2 percent of the vote and nine seats. Sixth Labour Government, 2017–2020 Following the formation of a Labour-NZ First coalition government, <mask> was as appointed Minister for Children, Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister for Seniors, and Associate Minister of Education. <mask> has also been NZ First spokesperson for broadcasting, communications and IT, education and women's affairs. Within the coalition, <mask> was seen by Labour MPs as a favourite to work with, and was often asked to act as a go-between for other MPs who were having trouble reaching resolutions. <mask> also ensured appropriate people were involved in coalition management, including policy adviser and <mask>'s sister Kirsty Christison. In an interview after the coalition, <mask> said, "We realised early in that we needed to get the conversations between NZ First, Labour and the Greens really tight.It had to be people who knew the party’s stand and policies and could speak with confidence about what the party was likely to accept and not accept, but were very apolitical. For NZ First, that person ended up being Kirsty.” Following an attempted "uplifting" by Oranga Tamariki social workers of a child in Hastings in June 2019, the Minister for Children <mask> met with local iwi Ngāti Kahungunu and the Māori Council. She also announced that the Government would be conducting a review into the Hawkes Bay attempted uplifting incident. In early August 2019, <mask> announced that the Government would be scrapping its Children's Teams task forces in response to the uplifting controversy but rejected comparisons with the Australian "Stolen Generations". According to media reports, <mask> participated in several months of negotiations with the Labour Party over the Government's proposed Abortion Legislation Bill, which seeks to remove abortion from the Crimes Act 1961. Despite initially ruling out a referendum, NZ First leader Winston Peters surprised both <mask> and Labour by demanding a binding referendum on abortion reform in return for supporting the legislation through Parliament. Peter's actions were criticised by both the Minister of Justice Andrew Little, who initiated the legislation, opposition National MP Amy Adams, and left-wing blogger Martyn "Bomber" Bradbury.<mask> voted in favour of the Government's abortion legislation bill, which passed its first reading on 8 August 2019. On 14 March 2020, it was reported that <mask> was self-isolating and being tested for the COVID-19 virus after meeting with Australian Home Affairs Minister Peter Dutton, who had tested positive for the COVID-19 virus, during a Five Eyes ministerial meeting in Washington, D.C. the previous week. During the 2020 New Zealand general election held on 17 October, <mask> contested Ōhāriu, coming fifth place. She and her fellow NZ First MPs lost their seats after the party's vote dropped to 2.6%, below the five percent threshold needed to enter Parliament. On 9 November 2020, <mask> was granted retention of the title "The Honourable" for life, in recognition of her term as a member of the Executive Council. Post-political life In late January 2021, <mask> along with fellow former MP Jenny Marcroft left New Zealand First, stating that the party needed to return to its roots and rebuild. On 7 September 2021, <mask>'s former ministerial colleague Chris Hipkins announced her appointment as the Chair of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.Personal life <mask> and her husband have three children. <mask> has described her mother as the New Zealander that she most admires as a brave woman who has not been afraid to stand up for her belief and opinions. <mask>'s grandfather was a guard at the Featherston prisoner of war camp during the Featherston Incident in 1943. His gun was taken by another member of staff who shot an interpreter at the camp by the name of Adachi. This incident started a riot in which 48 Japanese prisoners of war and one New Zealand guard died. <mask> has taken a pro-choice stance on abortion, supporting efforts to remove it from the Crimes Act 1961. <mask>'s views on abortion were affected by the death of her grandmother Beverley Williams during a backstreet abortion.In October 2020, The Spinoff online magazine described her as a liberal feminist and potential successor to Winston Peters who could broaden the party's appeal to women. References External links Profile on NZ First website |- Living people New Zealand First MPs Women members of the New Zealand House of Representatives New Zealand list MPs Local political office-holders in New Zealand Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives Unsuccessful candidates in the 2008 New Zealand general election 21st-century New Zealand politicians 21st-century New Zealand women politicians Candidates in the 2017 New Zealand general election Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand Women government ministers of New Zealand Government ministers of New Zealand Female interior ministers Candidates in the 2020 New Zealand general election Unsuccessful candidates in the 2020 New Zealand general election 1964 births

Eva Le Gallienne

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<mask> (January 11, 1899 – June 3, 1991) was a British-born American stage actress, producer, director, translator, and author. A Broadway star by age 21, <mask> gave up her Broadway appearances to devote herself to founding the Civic Repertory Theatre, in which she was both director, producer, and lead actress. Noted for her boldness and idealism, she became a pioneering figure in the American repertory movement, which enabled today's off-Broadway. A versatile and eloquent actress herself (playing roles ranging from Peter Pan to Hamlet), <mask> also became a respected stage director, coach, producer and manager. <mask> consciously devoted herself to the art of the theater as opposed to the show business of Broadway and dedicated herself to upgrading the quality of the stage. She ran the Civic Repertory Theatre Company for 10 years (1926–1936), producing 37 plays during that time. She managed Broadway's 1100-seat Civic Repertory Theatre at 107 West 14th Street (formerly the Fourteenth Street Theatre) from 1926 to 1932, which was home to her company whose actors included herself, Burgess Meredith, John Garfield, Norman Lloyd, J. Edward Bromberg, <mask>, Florida Friebus, David Manners, and <mask>.Life and career <mask>ienne was born in London to <mask> <mask>, an English poet of French descent, and Julie Nørregaard, a Danish journalist. They married in 1897 and separated in 1903, later divorcing. After <mask>'s parents separated when she was four years old, she and her mother moved to Paris, where she spent her childhood shuttling back and forth between there and Britain. While in Paris, she was taken backstage to meet Sarah Bernhardt, which, she said "made an enormous impression on me". She made her stage debut at the age of 15 with a walk-on role in a 1914 production of Maurice Maeterlinck's Monna Vanna, then spent several months in a drama school. She left to perform in a minor comedy in the role of cockney servant, and "brought down the house", receiving excellent reviews. The next year, at the age of 16, <mask>ienne and her mother sailed for New York City, where her first few productions were not successful, and she was released from another while it was performing in out of town tryouts.She then spent a season performing on the road and in summer stock. After travelling in Europe for a period of time, she returned to New York and became a Broadway star in several plays including Arthur Richman's Not So Long Ago (1920) and Ferenc Molnár's Liliom (1921) for the Theatre Guild. <mask> consciously devoted herself to the "art of the theatre" as opposed to the "show business of Broadway", and was a pioneer in the emerging American Repertory Theater. She ran the Civic Repertory Theatre Company for 10 years (1926–1936), backed by the financial support of one of her lovers, Alice DeLamar, a wealthy Colorado gold mine heiress, producing 37 plays during that time. She managed Broadway's 1100-seat Civic Repertory Theatre (more popularly known as The 14th Street Theatre) at 107 West 14th Street from 1926–32, which was home to her company whose actors included herself, J. Edward Bromberg, <mask>, Florida Friebus, and <mask> Roberts. As head of the Civic Repertory Theatre, she rejected the admission of Bette Davis, whose attitude she described as "insincere" and "frivolous". The Civic Rep disbanded at the height of the Depression in 1934, having mounted 34 productions.<mask>ienne was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1986. <mask>ienne never hid her lesbianism inside the acting community, but reportedly was never comfortable with her sexuality, struggling privately with it. She reportedly briefly considered arranging for a "front" marriage with actor Basil Rathbone. During the early days of her career she often was in the company of witty, libertine actresses Tallulah Bankhead, Estelle Winwood and Blyth Daly, with the four being dubbed "The Four Horsemen of the Algonquin", referring to the Algonquin Round Table. In 1918, while in Hollywood, she began an affair with the actress Alla Nazimova, who was at her height of fame, and who at that time wielded much power in the acting community. The affair ended reportedly due to Nazimova's jealousy. Nonetheless, Nazimova liked <mask>ienne very much, and assisted in her being introduced to many influential people of the day.It was Nazimova who coined the phrase "sewing circles", to describe the intricate and secret lesbian relationships lived by many actresses of the day. <mask> Gallienne also was involved for some time with actresses Tallulah Bankhead, Beatrice Lillie and Laurette Taylor during that time. In 1920, she became involved with poet, novelist and playwright Mercedes de Acosta about whom she was passionate for several years. She and de Acosta began their romance shortly after de Acosta's marriage to Abram Poole which strained their relationship. Still, they vacationed and travelled together often, at times visiting the salon of famed writer and socialite Natalie Barney. De Acosta wrote two plays for Le Gallienne during that time, Sandro Botticelli and Jehanne de Arc. Neither was successful.They ended their relationship after five years. In 1960, when de Acosta was seriously ill with a brain tumour and in need of money, she published her memoir Here Lies the Heart. The reviews were positive and many close friends praised the book. <mask> Gallienne was furious, denouncing de Acosta as a liar and claiming she invented the stories for fame. But many of de Acosta's affairs, including that with <mask>ienne, are confirmed in personal correspondence. By early 1927, <mask>ienne was involved with married actress Josephine Hutchinson. Hutchinson's husband started divorce proceedings and named <mask>ienne in the divorce proceedings as "co-respondent".The press began accusations that named Josephine Hutchinson as a "shadow actress", which at the time meant lesbian. Five months later, <mask>ienne performed in a play about Emily Dickinson, titled Alison's House. The play won a Pulitzer Prize. <mask>ienne and Hutchinson performed together in several plays at the Civic Repertory Theatre, including in Dear Jane (1932), a play by Eleanor Holmes Hinkley based on the life of Jane Austen. Hutchinson was cast as Jane, and <mask>ienne both directed and played her sister, Cassandra Austen. At the play's end, Hutchinson's Jane refuses three male suitors in order to run off to an unmarried future living with her sister, <mask>ienne's Cassandra. For a time after the Hutchinson scandal, <mask>ienne drank heavily.According to biographer Robert Schanke, the actress's anxiety over being lesbian haunted her terribly during this time. One cold winter's night, drunk, she wandered over to a female neighbor's house. During the conversation that followed, she told her neighbour "If you have any thoughts about being a lesbian, don't do it. Your life will be nothing but tragedy." Another biographer, Helen Sheehy, has rejected Schanke's portrait of the actress as a self-hating lesbian. Sheehy quotes <mask>'s words of advice to her close friend May Sarton, who was also a lesbian: "People hate what they don't understand and try to destroy it. Only try to keep yourself clear and don't allow that destructive force to spoil something that to you is simple, natural, and beautiful."Similarly, <mask>ienne told a friend, Eloise Armen, that love between women was "the most beautiful thing in the world." She starred as Peter Pan in a revival that opened on November 6, 1928, and presented the lead character full of elfin and boyish charm. The flying effects were superbly designed, and for the first time Peter flew out over the heads of the audience. The critics loved "LeG", as she became known, and more than a few favored her performance over that of Maude Adams, the first to play the role on Broadway. The Civic Repertory Theatre presented Peter Pan 129 times. In late 1929, just after the stock market crash, <mask> was on the cover of Time magazine. During the Great Depression that followed, she was offered directorship of the Federal Theatre Project of the Works Progress Administration by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.She declined on the grounds that she preferred working with "true talent" rather than nurturing jobs for struggling actors and actresses. She was instrumental in the early careers of Peter Falk and Uta Hagen, whom she cast as Ophelia opposite her own portrayal of Shakespeare's Prince Hamlet. In the late 1930s Le Gallienne became involved in a relationship with theater director Margaret Webster. She, Webster, and producer Cheryl Crawford co-founded the American Repertory Theater – no relation to the institution in Cambridge, Massachusetts, later founded by Robert Brustein – which operated from 1946 to 1948. In the following years, she lived with her companion Marion Evensen (September 28, 1891 – September 1971). In the late 1950s she enjoyed great success playing the role of Queen Elizabeth in Mary Stuart, an off-Broadway production. In 1964, <mask> Gallienne was presented with a Special Tony Award in recognition of her 50th year as an actress and in honor of her work with the National Repertory Theatre.The National Endowment for the Arts also recognized her with the National Medal of Arts in 1986. <mask>ienne became a naturalized United States citizen in 1927. In 1982, <mask>ienne returned to the stage to play the White Queen in Alice in Wonderland at the Virginia Theatre, directed by <mask>ienne and co-directed by John Strasberg. This production was produced by Sabra Jones and was intended to initiate The Mirror Theater Ltd and the Mirror Repertory Company. Although known primarily for her theater work, she has also appeared in films and television productions. She earned an Oscar nomination for her work in Resurrection, for which she gained the honor of being the oldest Oscar nominee up to that time (1980) until Gloria Stuart in 1997; and won an Emmy Award for a televised version of The Royal Family after having starred in a Broadway revival of that play in 1976. She made a rare guest appearance in a 1984 episode of St.Elsewhere which starred her former apprentice Norman Lloyd, appearing with Brenda Vaccaro and Blythe Danner as three women sharing a hospital room. <mask>ienne also wrote the children's book Flossie and Bossie, a tale of two barnyard hens, published by Harper and Row in 1949. The book, a social satire and comedy of manners, revolves around the enemies-to-friends romantic friendship of two hens, one popular and beautiful, the other socially uncomfortable and plain. On June 3, 1991, <mask>ienne died at her home in Weston, Connecticut, from natural causes, aged 92, and her ashes were scattered over her property in Weston, Connecticut. Filmography Film Television Source: References Bibliography External links Items featuring <mask>ienne from a Chautauqua circuit collection at the Library of Congress Photographs at George Eastman House: <mask> Gallienne papers, 1903-1986, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts The Legacy of <mask> Gallienne 1899 births 1991 deaths Actresses from London American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses British emigrants to the United States Emmy Award winners Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners English people of French descent English people of Danish descent English film actresses English stage actresses British lesbian actresses LGBT actors from England LGBT people from Connecticut Special Tony Award recipients United States National Medal of Arts recipients 20th-century American actresses 20th-century British actresses People with acquired American citizenship People from Weston, Connecticut Algonquin Round Table 20th-century English women 20th-century English people 20th-century LGBT people

Christopher Small

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<mask> (17 March 1927 – 7 September 2011) was a New Zealand-born musician, educator, lecturer, and author of a number of influential books and articles in the fields of musicology, sociomusicology and ethnomusicology. He coined the term musicking, with which he wanted to highlight that music is a process (verb) and not an object (noun.) Biography <mask> was born in Palmerston North, New Zealand, to a dentist and former schoolteacher, and was the youngest of three children. His early school education took place at the Terrace End and Russell Street Primary Schools (1932–39), Palmerston North Boys' High School (1940–41) and Wanganui Collegiate School (1942–44). Between 1945 and 1952 he attended the University of Otago and then Victoria University College. He taught at Horowhenua College (at the same time working at Morrow Productions Ltd making educational animated films) from 1953 to 1958, and at Waihi College from 1959 to 1960. In 1960 he was awarded a New Zealand government bursary and he spent 1961 travelling in the United Kingdom, before studying composition in London with Priaulx Rainier, where he also had contact with Bernard Rands, Luigi Nono and Witold Lutoslawski.After his studies he stayed in England, where he taught at schools, including Anstey College of Education in Birmingham. He became senior lecturer in music at Ealing College of Higher Education in London (1971–86) and he also taught at Dartington College of Arts in 1979. Between 1977 and 1986 he was adjunct professor of the history of music at Syracuse University London Centre, and a tutor in music to the summer school of the BEd course of Sussex University between 1981 and 1984. He retired from teaching in 1986 and moved to Sitges, Spain, where he lived with his partner Neville Braithwaite (a Jamaican-born dancer, singer, and youth worker) whom he married in 2006. During his time in Spain, <mask> conducted Catalan choirs and was visited regularly by people from both Europe and the USA, who admired his work. In the USA his ideas have been supported by prominent musicologists such as Charles Keil, Robert Walser, Susan McClary and The Village Voice rock critic Robert Christgau. Neville Braithwaite died in 2006, and <mask> died in 2011.He is survived by his sister, Rosemary. During his lifetime he published a number of books of his own, and was a contributor in numerous articles in journals such as Music in Education, Tempo, The Musical Times, Music and Letters, and Musical America. He lectured in many educational institutions in the United Kingdom, Norway, and the United States, contributed with papers to organisations such as the Composers' Guild of Great Britain (1984), the Association of Improvising Musicians (1985), Music Educators National Conference (Hartford, Connecticut, 1985; Washington DC, 1989) and the Society for Ethnomusicology (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1988). <mask> took part in the series Sounds Different, broadcast by BBC-TV2 (July 1982), and wrote This Is Who We Are, a three-programme broadcast on BBC Radio 3 (March 1988) about Afro-American music. Musicking In his book of the same title (Musicking, 1998), <mask> argues for introducing a new word to the English dictionary – that of musicking (from the verb to music), meaning any activity involving or related to music performance. According to his own definition, To music is to take part, in any capacity, in a musical performance, whether by performing, by listening, by rehearsing or practicing, by providing material for performance (what is called composing), or by dancing. We might at times even extend its meaning to what the person is doing who takes the tickets at the door or the hefty men who shift the piano and the drums or the roadies who set up the instruments and carry out the sound checks or the cleaners who clean up after everyone else has gone.They, too, are all contributing to the nature of the event that is a musical performance. In expanding his ideas presented in his earlier book (Music, Society, Education, 1977), <mask> continues to demonstrate that musicking is an active way in which we relate to the rest of the world. The act of musicking establishes in the place where it is happening a set of relationships, and it is in those relationships that the meaning of the act lies. They are to be found not only between those organized sounds which are conventionally thought of as being the stuff of musical meaning but also between the people who are taking part, in whatever capacity, in the performance; and they model, or stand as metaphor for, ideal relationships as the participants in the performance imagine them to be: relationships between person and person, between individual and society, between humanity and the natural world and even perhaps the supernatural world. Works Bibliography Music, Society, Education (1977) Schoenberg (1977) Music of the Common Tongue: Survival and Celebration in African American Music (1987) Musicking: The Meanings of Performing and Listening (1998) Compositions Actions for Chorus – Some Maori Place Names for large chorus (1974) Black Cat for school percussion ensemble and voices (1968) Children of the Mist, a ballet in two acts for orchestra (1960) Concert Piece for orchestra (1963) High Country Stockman, orchestral music for film (1952) Suite from Children of the Mist, for orchestra (1960) TB, for film (1955) The Story of Soil, music for film (1954) Trees, music for film (1952)Various Songs and Solo Piano Pieces for students and friends (1980)What on Earth is Happening music for film (1958) <mask> Collection In 1997, <mask>, retired in Sitges and donated his personal library to the University of Girona. The collection is of outstanding quality and unique in the context of catalan universities. Most of its nearly 500 volumes are centered around music and cover ethnomusicology, musical sociology, and popular music - especially afroamerican genres like jazz, blues, soul.etc. References Other sources Norman, Philip. Bibliography of New Zealand Compositions. Third Edition: Nota Bene Music (1991) Cohen, Mary L. <mask>'s Concept of Musicking: Toward a Theory of Choral Singing Pedagogy in Prison Contexts. Doctoral Dissertation, 2007, The University of Kansas Thomson, John Mansfield. Biographical Dictionary of New Zealand Composers. Wellington: Victoria University Press (1990).p. 128–129. Cole, Simon. just BE here - the guide to musicking mindfulness'' External links <mask> Collection (University of Girona Library) 1927 births 2011 deaths Musicologists Sociomusicologists People from Palmerston North People educated at Palmerston North Boys' High School People educated at Whanganui Collegiate School University of Otago alumni Victoria University of Wellington alumni

Roberto Sensini

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<mask> (born 12 October 1966) is an Argentine football manager and former player, who played as a centre-back or defensive midfielder. As a player with the Argentina national team, he won both the 1991 and 1993 Copa América, also finishing in third place in the 1989 edition of the tournament. He also represented his nation in the 1990, 1994, and 1998 FIFA World Cup finals, finishing in second place at the 1990 World Cup. Furthermore, he won an Olympic silver medal with Argentina at the 1996 Olympics. Club career His professional playing career started in 1986 for Newell's Old Boys; where he won his first title before relocating to Italy in 1989, joining Udinese Calcio alongside compatriot Abel Balbo. Sensini played four seasons for the bianconeri, before moving to Parma in 1993, where he remained for a further six seasons. During this period Sensini sometimes played in midfield and won two UEFA Cups, two Italian Cups, and the UEFA Super Cup with the gialloblu, also reaching the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1994.He would then have a brief stint with S.S. Lazio starting from the 1999–2000 season, winning the scudetto, the Italian Cup, the UEFA Super Cup, and the Supercoppa Italiana in his first season. After two years with the club, he moved back to Parma for a further year, winning another Coppa Italia in 2002, before returning to his first Italian club, Udinese, in 2002. In 2005, he was one of the most consistent performers in Udinese's surprise qualification for the UEFA Champions League. Sensini was one of the oldest players of the 2005–06 Serie A, holding even the record as the oldest foreign player to score a goal in first division, at the age of 39 years, two months and 26 days. With over 380 matches at the top level, he was considered one of the most experienced defenders of the Italian league, and often nicknamed nonno (grandfather) by Italian sports journalists. He retired at the end of the season. Career statistics Club Source: International career "Boquita" Sensini debuted for his national team in 1987, and played his last match in 2000.He played in the World Cup 1990, 1994 and 1998. In the 1990 FIFA World Cup Final Sensini conceded the disputed penalty kick from which West Germany scored their winning goal. He helped his country to a third-place finish at the 1989 Copa América, and he was also part of the championship teams in the 1991 Copa América and 1993 Copa América tournaments, as well as the silver medal-winning team at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, as one of the three over-23 players allowed per squad. Style of play Sensini was a consistent, decisive, and intelligent player. He was also extremely tactically versatile, and was capable of playing in any defensive or midfield position. Throughout his career, he was deployed as a full-back, an attacking wing-back, a centre-back, or even as a central or defensive midfielder. Although he primarily excelled defensively as a ball winner, due to his marking and tackling ability, as well as his tough, aggressive, and physical playing style, he was also a player with good technique, who was capable of making attacking runs and contributing offensively for his team with occasional goals.Considered one of the best players of the 1990s and 2000s. Management career On 10 February 2006, after the dismissal of Serse Cosmi, Sensini ended his playing career and was appointed Udinese's new manager. He was supported in his new position by Loris Dominissini, who was named co-coach. The following month when Dominissini was sacked, Sensini resigned and left the club. Results had not improved with the team in danger of relegation, while they were defeated in the UEFA Cup by Bulgarian team Levski Sofia. For the Argentine Torneo Clausura 2008, Sensini coached Estudiantes de La Plata, having replaced Diego Simeone. Sensini then went to manage Newell's Old Boys for the Clausura 2009 tournament.In April 2011, he resigned after two years as head coach of Newell's Old Boys after Lepra's sixth loss in nine games, leaving them 19th in the Clausura table. On 21 February 2012, <mask> was appointed as the new head coach of Argentine first division club Colón. He resigned on 16 March 2013 after a 1–0 loss against rivals San Lorenzo, following a row of eight matches without winning. Personal life In 1996 Sensini took Italian citizenship. He is an Italian Argentine, whose grandfather Pacifico <mask> emigrated from Macerata to Rosario, Santa Fe in 1911.

Nawrahta Minsaw

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Nawrahta Minsaw (, ; formally, Anawrahta Minsaw; also known as Nawrahta Saw and Tharrawaddy Min; 1551/52–1607/08) was king of Lan Na from 1579 to 1607/08, and the first Burmese-born vassal king of Lan Na. He was also an accomplished poet. Appointed to the Lan Na throne by his father King Bayinnaung of Burma, Nawrahta dutifully contributed to his half-brother King Nanda's debilitating war effort against Siam (1584–95). He declared independence in 1597 after having defeated a 1595–96 invasion by Lan Xang on his own. From 1599 onward, he was forced to deal with a Lan Xang backed rebellion in Nan, and a Siam-backed rebellion in Chiang Rai and Chiang Saen. He defeated the Chiang Rai rebellion in 1601–02 but was eventually forced to submit to Siam soon after. He defeated an invasion by Lan Xang in 1602–03, regaining Nan in the process.He ruled all of Lan Na, as a Siamese vassal, until his death. Early life The future ruler of Lan Na was born Min Tha Sit (, or ) in 1551/52. His parents were King Bayinnaung of Toungoo and Htwe Hla, then a minor queen. His mother was descended from the Ava royal line, and was a niece of King Narapati II (r. 1501–1527) of Ava. He had two younger full siblings: Yaza Datu Kalaya and Thiri Thudhamma Yaza. The three children grew up at the Kanbawzathadi Palace in Pegu, and they officially became part of the most senior royalty in March 1563 when their mother was elevated to the king's third (and last) principal queen with the style of Yaza Dewi. Educated at the palace, the prince grew to love literature and poetry.He was married to his first cousin Hsinbyushin Medaw, daughter of his uncle Thado Dhamma Yaza II of Prome, by Bayinnaung himself on 27 February 1574. Sit found a kindred spirit in his bride, who also loved literature and poetry and had studied poetry under the great poet Nawaday. The couple moved to Tharrawaddy (Thayawadi), a small town in present-day Bago Region, where Sit had been made governor. Governor of Tharrawaddy Now known as Tharrawaddy Min (, ; "Lord of Tharrawaddy"), the prince made his mark in a 1576–1577 military campaign that would push him to the forefront of the most powerful princes at the Pegu court. On 26 November 1576, the prince received a seemingly futile assignment to lead a search operation of a fugitive chief of Mogaung in the northern Kachin Hills. For the first eight months, the campaign was on track to be yet another futile operation. His army (16,000 troops, 1300 horses, 130 elephants), made up of conscripts from Upper Burma and Shan States, had fruitlessly combed the remote northern hills at the foot of the Himalayas.But he did not give up even when the rainy season of 1577 came. His persistence paid off. One of his battalions finally caught the top commanders of the fugitive chief, and the captured men gave up the location where the chief was hiding. The prince brought the fugitive chief before the king on 30 September 1577. The success of the operation won the young prince plaudits of the king. He was given an upgraded title of Anawrahta Minsaw (). From then on, he would be known by abridged versions of the title: either as Nawrahta Minsaw or Nawrahta Saw.King of Lan Na Accession and early reign His star continued to rise. On 28 January 1579, he was appointed the next viceroy of Lan Na to succeed Queen Visuddhadevi, who had died a month earlier. The appointment certainly was a significant matter. The king regarded Lan Na as the most important of all his vassal states, and selected Nawrahta from a list of candidates after careful deliberation with his court. The king impressed upon Nawrahta the importance of the appointment, highlighting that Lan Na was larger than Ava, Toungoo, and Prome; that it was strategically located among mainland Burma, the Shan states, Siam, Lan Xang and Annam; that it had a large population and plenty of natural resources; and that he was to obey Nanda, the heir-apparent. <mask> Minsaw and Hsinbyushin Medaw ascended to the Lan Na throne at Chiang Mai on 2 July 1579. Although he was the first Burmese-born ruler on the Chiang Mai throne, he did not face any serious issues governing the Tai Yuan-speaking former sovereign kingdom.The royal couple, at least according to reporting in the chronicle Zinme Yazawin, was accepted by the local populace. Military assistance to Nanda The initial tranquility however was to give way to increasingly more turbulent times after King Bayinnaung's death in October 1581. Nawrahta pledged loyalty to the new king. Nawrahta like other vassal rulers, who governed what used to be sovereign states as recently as only a few decades ago, adopted a "wait-and-see attitude" with Nanda, an experienced military commander in his own right. Sanda (1582–1583) In the following years, he would be repeatedly asked to contribute to Nanda's manic efforts to maintain the extremely overextended empire intact. The first major assignment came in September 1582. Two small northernmost Shan states (in present-day Dehong and Baoshan prefectures in Yunnan, China) never sent obligatory tribute to the new king.Nanda ordered Nawrahta and Thado Dhamma Yaza II to lead a two-pronged invasion. The combined army of 16000 men, 1600 horses and 100 elephants spent five months at Sanda before finally taking the town. The two commanders brought the rebel chief before the king on . Ava (1584) But the calm was temporary. About three months later, Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava sent secret embassies to Prome, Toungoo and Chiang Mai to raise simultaneous rebellions. Nawrahta like the viceroys of Toungoo and Prome sided with Nanda and secretly forwarded the news to Nanda. In March 1584, as ordered by Nanda, Nawrahta marched with an army from Lan Na to Ava.But his army did not see any combat as Nanda defeated Thado Minsaw in single combat on . Siam (1584–1595) The peace was shorter still. Nine days later on , Siam revolted. In the next nine years, Nanda would launch five disastrous campaigns against the "proud kingdom" of Siam, which had been preparing for the eventual showdown with Pegu since Bayinnaung's death. Though he never went on campaign himself, Nawrahta dutifully contributed manpower to the war effort. The declining share of Lan Na manpower may have been a sign of his increasing disillusionment with the war, and/or his increasing inability to control his own vassal states. At least to 1592–1593, his vassals in Nan, Phrae and Chiang Rai were still loyal to Nawrahta.Indeed, the vassal rulers were the ones who went to the front. After the 1592–1593 invasion, Nanda's position with the vassal rulers rapidly deteriorated, as did Nawrahta's position with his own vassals. When Nanda asked for help to break the Siamese siege of Pegu in December 1594, Nawrahta faced great difficulty in rounding up the troops. It was only in April 1595 that troops from Toungoo and Lan Na arrived and broke the siege. War with Lan Xang (1595–1596) By then, the once mighty Toungoo Empire was in a free fall. Nokeo Koumane, the ruler of Lan Xang, revolted. The rebellion was more of a problem for Chiang Mai than for Pegu.Whereas Nanda had all but given up defending the empire, Nawrahta had to deal with an aggressive Nokeo who had designs on Lan Na itself. Nokeo quickly gained the allegiance of the ruler of Nan, Cao Cetabut, who joined him in rebellion. In response, Nawrahta marched to Nan where he was met by combined Lan Xang–Nan forces at the mouth of the Ngao River near the city of Nan. There, on , Nawrahta defeated the enemy, driving back Cetabut and Nokeo to Lan Xang. Fortunately for Nawrahta, Nokeo died shortly after, and Lan Xang's threat to Lan Na's eastern frontier ended for the time being. Nawrahta appointed Pana Khaek as the new governor of Nan. Independent reign Faced with his own problems, Nawrahta finally declared independence from Pegu in early 1597.Although he was only one of two rulers formally declaring independence—Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo was the other—all other rulers essentially broke away as well. The Toungoo Empire was no more. For Nawrahta, being independent simply meant he could devote his scarce manpower toward defending Lan Na from Lan Xang's and Siam's designs. For the next several years, he would struggle mightily to keep Lan Na independent. Here, Lan Na and Lan Xang chronicles (the Chiang Mai Chronicle, the Nan Chronicle, and the Lan Xang Chronicle), and the Siamese Ayutthaya Chronicle give widely divergent accounts. Ayutthaya reports Lan Na being pulled into Siam's

Nawrahta Minsaw

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orbit while Lan Na and Lan Xang chronicles speak of Lan Xang–Nan alliance's campaigns in Lan Na and barely mention Siam's role. The Burmese chronicles suggest that Lan Na was a vassal of Siam, certainly by 1604.Lan Na and Lan Xang chronicle accounts Like Nokeo, Vorapita, the new Pegu-appointed regent of Lan Xang, also harbored designs on Lan Na. (Vorapita like Nyaungyan in Upper Burma never formally declared independence from Pegu but was de facto independent by 1597.) By late 1598, Vorapita had decided to renew the hostilities, and sent in an army led by Cetabut, not just to retake Nan but to sack Chiang Mai itself. By January 1599, the army had advanced to Chiang Mai and laid siege to the capital. To make matters worse, "the people of the south attacked Chiang Mai", which could mean Siamese forces invading Lan Na. The Lan Xang army retreated from Chiang Mai on but retained control of Nan. Problems continued to mount for Nawrahta.In 1601/02, Ram Decho, ruler of Chiang Saen, revolted and his rebellion spread to much of Lan Na. He even attacked Lan Xang's vassal Nan but was driven back. Now, Lan Xang forces went on a major counterattack, taking Ram Decho's territories. Ram Decho is not heard from again in the chronicles. By then, Nawrahta's territory was down to central and northwestern Lan Na (Chiang Mai, Phayao and Fang). In the following dry season, combined Lan Xang–Nan forces attacked Chiang Mai for a final push. But Chiang Mai's defenses once again held, and drove back the invaders.Chiang Mai forces had regained Nan by . They also caught Cetabut who was executed on . Four months after the failed invasion, the Vientiane court forced Vorapita to abdicate in favor of his son Voravongsa. The new king did not renew the war. Siamese chronicle account The Ayutthaya Chronicle paints a completely different picture. In early 1599, Nawrahta was under siege by Lan Xang–Nan forces, and requested military help from Siam. King Naresuan sent an army led by Prince Surasi.The Siamese army marched past Chiang Mai to Chiang Rai and Chiang Saen where they installed Ram Decho, a Chiang Mai native, as the ruler there. Ram Decho emerged as the main rival to Nawrahta. For the next three years, Nawrahta tried desperately and ultimately unsuccessfully to stay out of Ayutthaya's increasing grip on Lan Na. When Naresuan asked Nawrahta to contribute manpower to the Siamese king's 1600 invasion of Lower Burma, Nawrahta sent his eldest son Thado Minsaw (Tu Laung) instead of joining the campaign himself. Perhaps encouraged by Naresuan's failed invasion, Nawrahta attacked Siamese-backed ruler of Chiang Saen and Chiang Rai Ram Decho c. 1601/02, In response, Naresuan sent his brother Ekathotsarot to Lan Na to sort things out there. Nawrahta drove out Ram Decho from Chiang Rai. Upon his return to Chiang Mai, he heard that Ekathotsarot was waiting at Lamphun, immediately south of Chiang Mai, receiving submissions by the vassal rulers of Chiang Mai, including the ruler of Nan.Nawrahta held out for a long time, wavering back and forth. He sent Tu Laung to submit but then called him back after his chief queen died. Meanwhile, Siamese officials were running out of patience, and advised their king at Ayutthaya to abandon Nawrahta and leave him to his own devices against Lan Xang and minor states of Lan Na. Naresuan ordered another mission to persuade Nawrahta, and it was successful. Nawrahta finally traveled to Lamphun and submitted. For his part, Ekathotsarot ordered all the vassal rulers of Lan Na to obey Nawrahta as the rightful king of Lan Na. Burmese chronicle account The main Burmese chronicles Maha Yazawin and Hmannan Yazawin both agree with Ayutthaya's account that Lan Na was a vassal of Siam.The Burmese chronicles say that in the dry season of 1604–1605, Naresuan was in Lan Na, preparing to invade the Shan states. Moreover, the chronicles mention that Nawrahta's eldest daughter was married to the Siamese king, and that the eldest son Tu Laung, heir-apparent of Lan Na, was married to a Siamese princess and lived in Ayutthaya. These were hallmarks of what vassal rulers of the era would have done. Furthermore, the chronicles indicate that Naresuan's successor Ekathotsarot continued to be the overlord of Lan Na at least to Nawrahta's death in 1607/08 when Ekathotsarot unsuccessfully tried to place his nominee Tu Laung on the throne. Summary Although various chronicle accounts differ greatly and have many contradictions among them, they all agree that Nawrahta's independent reign of Lan Na was at peace for at most two years between 1597 and 1599. From 1599 onward, he had to deal with two major foreign-backed rebellions in Nan (by Lan Xang) and in Chiang Rai/Chiang Saen (by Siam). He twice survived Lan Xang's sieges of Chiang Mai (1599 and 1602–1603).Despite his best efforts to stay independent, according to Siamese and Burmese chronicles, he became a vassal of Siam. Ayutthaya does not give an actual date as to when the submission took place—only that it happened some time after 1600/01. Given that according to Chiang Mai, Siam-backed Chiang Rai was still in active rebellion in 1601/02, Ekathotsarot's expedition likely took place around the same time, probably in the dry season of 1601–1602. Nawrahta avoided submission as long as he could but eventually gave in, probably c. 1602. This submission may have triggered Lan Xang's 1602–1603 invasion. Last years By late 1603, Nawrahta had regained control of all of Lan Na, albeit as a vassal of Siam. Its eastern flank was now quiet as the new regime in Vientiane abandoned Lan Xang's designs on Lan Na.But just as one threat ended, a new potential threat arrived in the north. In November 1603, Nyaungyan, one of Nawrahta's many half brothers, invaded Mone, the Shan state immediately north of Lan Na, and had acquired the major Shan state and its tributary nearby minor states by March 1604. Siam viewed this as a direct threat to Lan Na. Naresuan and the Siamese army arrived at Lan Na in the dry season of 1604–1605. But the invasion never took place as the Siamese king fell ill and died in April 1605. Nawrahta seemed to have paid tribute to Naresuan's successor Ekathotsarot. The feared invasion from Burma did not come.In all, Lan Na during his last years from May 1603 onward seemed to have been relatively peaceful even if the specter of war was ever present. <mask> Minsaw died in late 1607/early 1608, having ruled for 28 years. His death was followed by a power struggle between his two eldest sons. The eldest son Tu Laung was at Ayutthaya. While one faction of the court invited Tu Laung to take over the Chiang Mai throne, another faction proclaimed the middle son Minye Deibba as king in Chiang Mai. Tu Laung and his Siamese army laid siege to Chiang Mai. Thirteen months after Nawrahta's death, in late 1608/early 1609, Tu Laung died outside the city, and his Siamese army retreated.Note that the Chiang Mai Chronicle considers Tu Laung king for 13 months, even if he never set foot inside Chiang Mai as king. Poetry Like his chief queen, Nawrahta was an accomplished poet. The chronicle Zinme Yazawin contains some of their more famous yadu poems. According to the historian Ni Ni Myint, yadu is "a poetic form in which three stanzas are linked by the rhyming of their last lines, the yadu had its golden age in the 16th and early 17th century. The poem generally evokes a mood of wistful sadness through the contemplation of nature in the changing seasons or the yearning for a loved one temporarily separated." The following is a translation by Ni Ni Myint of one of his more famous poems about Hsinbyushin Medaw. None there be in the thousand lands Though should I search Let alone an equal I will find none To match a strand of her hair Fragrant as attar of jasmine Sweet-voiced, pleasant of expression Generous of thought, lovely of disposition My heap of life The warm nest of my sight Family Nawrahta Minsaw had one daughter and three sons by the chief queen Hsinbyushin Medaw, and five daughters and two sons by concubines.His children by the chief queen were: His children by the concubines were: In popular culture Nawrahta is notably portrayed by veteran actor Chalit Fuengarom in the Thai film hexalogy The Legend of King Naresuan, which also depicts the campaigns that he launched against Siam at the behest of his brother, Nanda Bayin. Notes References Bibliography Toungoo dynasty 1550s births 1600s deaths Rulers of Chiang

Alan Didak

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<mask> (born 15 February 1983) is a former professional Australian rules footballer of Croatian descent who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League. <mask> was a fan favourite and legend of the club, known for his incredible foot skills, marking prowess, and ability to kick seemingly impossible goals. Early life Originally from Whyalla, South Australia, <mask> made his South Australian National Football League (SANFL) senior debut for Port Adelaide Football Club aged 17 years. He was the captain of the Under-18 Australian International rules football team in the junior International Rules Series against Ireland. AFL career <mask> was drafted by the Collingwood Football Club with the 3rd pick in the 2000 AFL Draft, and in 2001 he made his AFL debut against the Kangaroos at the Telstra Dome in Round 7, gathering 10 possessions. He became a member of the exclusive club of players to kick a goal with both his first kick and first disposal. He played five games in total in 2001.In 2002, <mask> earned an AFL Rising Star nomination. <mask> was an extremely talented small forward and was also very capable in the midfield. He was known for his accurate goal kicking and clutch ability which often saw him likened to club legend Peter Daicos. In 2003, <mask> enjoyed his best season to date. In the Qualifying Final against Premiership favourites the Brisbane Lions, <mask> came on in the last quarter and kicked two legendary goals to win the match which remain Collingwood folklore to this day. In 2005, <mask>'s season was disrupted by injuries and problems. He had knee surgery during the pre-season, setting him up for his first game on ANZAC Day against Essendon.His injury had an effect upon his performances. Having had minor issues since the mid-year break, he was suspended in Round 14 for two matches and after returning from that, he injured an ankle. When he returned in the next week, he lasted only 20 minutes, before suddenly fainting on the ground with an irregular heart beat. In 2006 <mask> was awarded the Copeland Trophy as the best and fairest Collingwood player for 2006. <mask> was awarded All-Australian selection for the first time in his career. In 2010, <mask> enjoyed his career best season, winning the club goalkicking with 41 goals and earning All-Australian selection. <mask> placed 4th in the club's Best & Fairest, and was a hero of Collingwood's 15th premiership.<mask> started off 2011 strongly in a dominant Collingwood side; however, he began to succumb to injuries, which became a common theme until he was delisted at the end of the 2013 season after 13 seasons. Post-AFL career <mask> played one game for the Glenorchy Football Club in the TSL in 2014. <mask> finished his AFL Career with 218 games and 274 goals, placing him 8th on the all-time Collingwood goalkicking list. He played in an incredible 5 grand finals Since his retirement, <mask> has been awarded life membership for the club in 2015, and was inducted into the Collingwood Hall of Fame in 2017. He currently is a logistics consultant and owns his own wine company, INDI Wines. Personal life In late June 2007, it was revealed that Didak had met with Christopher Hudson, the self-confessed shooter in the 2007 Melbourne CBD shootings days before the shootings took place. According to police, Didak left the Spearmint Rhino with Hudson, where Hudson then allegedly fired random shots before travelling to the Hells Angels' East County Chapter headquarters in Campbellfield.Police believe that <mask> was later dropped off near Southbank after the shooting incidents about 6.00am. On 3 August 2008, <mask> was a passenger in a car being driven by intoxicated teammate Heath Shaw which collided with another parked car. Both men initially denied that <mask> was in any way involved. However, witness accounts to the incident identified him and, on 4 August 2008, both men were fined and suspended for the remainder of the season over the deception. On 6 September 2012, <mask> became a first time dad to daughter Indiana Willow <mask> with his long-term partner Jacinta Jellett. Statistics |- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 19 || 9 || 28 || 10 || 2 || 0.6 || 0.0 || 3.8 || 1.8 || 5.6 || 2.0 || 0.4 || 0 |- !scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 19 || 24 || 10 || 147 || 46 || 193 || 51 || 24 || 1.3 || 0.5 || 7.7 || 2.4 || 10.2 || 2.7 || 1.3 || 0 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 25 || 36 || 22 || 177 || 77 || 254 || 83 || 33 || 1.4 || 0.9 || 7.1 || 3.1 || 10.2 || 3.3 || 1.3 || 0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 18 || 21 || 26 || 186 || 42 || 228 || 76 || 22 || 1.2 || 1.4 || 10.3 || 2.3 || 12.7 || 4.2 || 1.2 || 2 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 12 || 21 || 9 || 105 || 30 || 135 || 42 || 17 || 1.8 || 0.8 || 8.8 || 2.5 || 11.3 || 3.5 || 1.4 || 1 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 23 || 41 || 23 || 280 || 116 || 396 || 136 || 46 || 1.8 || 1.0 || 12.2 || 5.0 || 17.2 || 5.9 || 2.0 || 4 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 18 || 25 || 6 || 191 || 77 || 268 || 68 || 46 || 1.4 || 0.3 || 10.6 || 4.3 || 14.9 || 3.8 || 2.6 || 0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 18 || 24 || 15 || 325 || 77 || 402 || 102 || 38 || 1.3 || 0.8 || 18.1 || 4.3 || 22.3 || 5.7 || 2.1 || 3 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" !scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 20 || 20 || 12 || 358 || 152 || 510 || 101 || 37 || 1.0 || 0.6 || 17.9 || 7.6 || 25.5 || 5.1 || 1.9 || 12 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 24 || 41 || 21 || 350 || 240 || 590 || 101 || 65 || 1.7 || 0.9 || 14.6 || 10.0 || 24.6 || 4.2 || 2.7 || 11 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 20 || 9 || 9 || 238 || 117 || 355 || 63 || 43 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 11.9 || 5.9 || 17.8 || 3.2 || 2.2 || 0 |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 11 || 6 || 7 || 130 || 51 || 181 || 39 || 11 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 11.8 || 4.6 || 16.5 || 3.5 || 1.0 || 0 |- style="background:#eaeaea;" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013 |style="text-align:center;"| | 4 || 5 || 3 || 4 || 48 || 37 || 85 || 18 || 4 || 0.6 || 0.8 || 9.6 || 7.4 || 17.0 || 3.6 || 0.8 || 0 |- class="sortbottom" ! colspan=3| Career ! 218 !274 ! 164 ! 2554 ! 1071 ! 3625 ! 890 ! 388 !1.3 ! 0.8 ! 11.7 ! 4.9 ! 16.6 ! 4.1 ! 1.8 !33 |} References External links 1983 births Living people Collingwood Football Club players Collingwood Football Club Premiership players Copeland Trophy winners All-Australians (AFL) Australian people of Croatian descent Australian rules footballers from South Australia Port Adelaide Magpies players Glenorchy Football Club players Australia international rules football team players One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players

Yellowman

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Winston Foster (born 1956), better known by the stage name <mask>, is a Jamaican reggae and dancehall deejay, also known as <mask>. He was popular in Jamaica in the 1980s, coming to prominence with a series of singles that established his reputation. Career Winston Foster was abandoned by his parents and grew up in the Maxfield Children's Home and the Catholic orphanage Alpha Boys School in Kingston, and was shunned due to having albinism, which was not typically socially accepted in Jamaica. Alpha Boys School was known for its musical alumni. In the late 1970s <mask> first gained wide attention when he finished second (to Nadine Sutherland) in the 1978 Tastee Talent Contest. Like many Jamaican deejays, he honed his talents by frequently performing at outdoor sound-system dances, prominently with Aces International. He had success as a recording artist, working with producer Henry "Junjo" Lawes.In 1981, after becoming significantly popular throughout Jamaica, <mask> became the first dancehall artist to be signed to a major American label (Columbia Records). His first album release was in 1982 entitled Mister Yellowman followed by Zungguzungguguzungguzeng in 1983 earning instant success. Yellowman's sexually explicit lyrics in popular songs such as "Mad Over Me" boasted of his sexual prowess, like those of other reggae singers/deejays, earned Yellowman criticism in the mid-1980s. Yellowman appeared in Jamaican Dancehall Volcano Hi-power 1983 which featured other major dancehall musicians such as Massive Dread, Josey Wales, Burro Banton and Eek-A-Mouse. Yellowman proclaimed, "I never know why they call it slackness. I talk about sex, but it's just what happens behind closed doors. What I talk is reality."He had success in 1987 with a version of "Blueberry Hill", that topped the charts for several weeks in Jamaica. <mask> had met Fats Domino where he performed on the island earlier in the decade, and Domino had presented him with a copy of his version. By the mid-1990s, Yellowman released socially conscious material, rising to international fame along with singers such as Buju Banton. Yellowman became the island's most popular deejay. During the early 1980s, Yellowman had over 40 singles and produced up to five albums per year. He re-invented himself with his 1994 album Prayer, which stepped away from the slackness that gave him his initial fame. His latest albums are New York (2003), Round 1 (2005), and No More War (2019).<mask> was also a featured guest vocalist on the Run-DMC track "Roots Rap Reggae". <mask> continues to perform internationally with his Sagittarius Band, and has toured through places such as Nigeria where he retains a following of fans, as well as Spain, Peru, Sweden, Italy, Germany, Britain, France, Kenya, the United States and Canada. He also featured on OPM's 2004 album, Forthemasses. In 2018, it was announced that he would be awarded the Order of Distinction (Officer Class) by the Jamaican government. Personal life Foster's daughter Kareema followed him into a career in music. Philosophy He has spoken against violence. In the Montreal Mirror in 2005 he said, "Now it's not your entertainment or teaching.If you notice the hip hop and dancehall artists today, all they do they sing about drugs, clothes, car, house—when they can't get it, they start get violent. ... I know what violence is like and what it contain and what it can do. I'm glad that the roots is coming back." The slackness style with which <mask> is associated sometimes has homophobic lyrics. However, in the same Montreal Mirror article he spoke against it: "Everybody listen to me ... I don't do songs against gay people, I don't do violent lyric against gay people.If you don't like a person or you don't like a thing, you don't talk about it. You don't come on stage and say kill them or burn them because everybody have a right to live." Cancer In 1982, <mask> was diagnosed with skin cancer. After several surgeries, <mask> was able to continue his career. The cancer went into apparent remission during this time. In 1986 it was diagnosed that the cancer had spread to his jaw; Yellowman underwent very invasive jaw surgery to remove a malignant tumor. This surgery permanently disfigured <mask>'s face, as a large portion of the left side of his lower jaw had to be removed to successfully remove the tumor."Zungguzungguguzungguzeng" The instrumental for <mask>'s 1982 "Zungguzungguguzungguzeng", the "Diseases" riddim by "Junjo" Lawes, has been sampled and imitated repeatedly since its original release. The original version of this riddim was performed by Alton Ellis for a song called "Mad, Mad, Mad" produced by Coxsone Dodd in 1967. Coxsone Dodd had already released two dub cuts, "Talking Dub" and "Lusaka", plus a 1980 cut by Jennifer Lara, "Hurt So Good." This riddim came to be known as the 'Diseases' riddim after Michigan and Smiley recorded their song, Diseases, with Henry Junjo Lawes in 1981. "Zungguzungguguzungguzeng" was remade by Beenie Man and released on 3 July 2020. <mask> said of the release, "I wish somebody else did do Zungguzungguguzungguzeng, maybe Shaggy or Sean Paul….Me nuh even hear it." The vocal melody of "Zungguzungguguzungguzeng" has also been sampled heavily in various reggae and hip hop songs.Timeline: Bonehead, "Zungguzungguguzungguzeng" (see also, Live at Aces version, w/ Fathead) (1982) Sister Nancy, "Coward of the Country" (1982) Frankie Paul, "Alesha" (1984) Toyan, "Hot Bubble Gum" (1984) Cocoa Tea, "I Lost My Sonia" (1985) Super Cat, "Boops" (1985) BDP, "Remix For P Is Free" (1987) BDP, "Tcha Tcha" (1988) Nice & Smooth, "Nice & Smooth" (1989) Nice & Smooth, "Dope on a Rope" (1989) K7, "Zunga Zeng" (1993) KRS-One, "P Is Still Free" (1993) Us3, "I Got It Goin' On" (1993) Buju Banton, "Big It Up" (1993) Ninjaman, "Funeral Again" (1994) Bounty Killer, "Kill Or Be Killed" (1994) Sublime, "Greatest Hits" (1994) Just My Imagination w/Sista Sensi (2013) Frosty the Dopeman w/Sista Sensi Buju Banton, "Man a Look Yu" (1995) Junior M.A.F.I.A. (feat. The Notorious B.I.G. ), "Player's Anthem" (1995) Sublime, "Roots of Creation" (1995) 2Pac, "Hit 'Em Up" (1996) Black Star, "Definition" (1998) Mr. Notty, "Sentencia de Muerte" (1998) Dead Prez, "It's Bigger than Hip-Hop" (2000) Beenie Man, featuring Wyclef Jean, "Love Me Now" (2000) Nejo, track 14 (DJ Joe's Fatal Fantasy 1)(2001) Joe Budden, "Pump It Up" (2003) Tego Calderón, "Bonsai" (2003) Jin, "Learn Chinese" (2004) Vybz Kartel, "Tight Pussy Gyal" (2004) P.O.D., featuring Matisyahu, "Roots in Stereo" (2006) White Rappers, "One Night Stand" (2007) Just My Imagination w/Sista Sensi (2013) Frosty the Dopeman w/Sista Sensi (2013) Discography Studio albums Live albums Compilations Videos References External links Yellowman official website People with albinism Jamaican dancehall musicians Jamaican male singers Jamaican songwriters 1956 births Living people People from Westmoreland Parish Jamaican reggae singers Columbia Records artists VP Records artists Greensleeves Records artists

Dessie Farrell

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<mask> is an Irish Gaelic football coach and former player who currently manages the Dublin county football team. He is also the former Chief Executive and founder member of the Gaelic Players Association (GPA), the official representative body for Ireland's inter-county footballers and hurlers. A former All Star Gaelic footballer who played at senior level for Dublin county team for nearly 15 years, he retired from county football in 2005 and spent another four years playing with his club Na Fianna. Having won an All-Ireland with Dublin in 1995, <mask> went on to captain his county, winning six Leinster championships, a National League title and three county championships with his club. He managed the Dublin minor football team in 2011 and 2012. He is the current manager of Na Fianna.He was confirmed as the new Dublin Senior Football manager on 12 December 2019, taking over from Jim Gavin on an initial 3 year contract. Gaelic Players Association <mask> was the Chief Executive of the Gaelic Players Association (GPA), the representative body for Ireland's leading GAA players from 2003 until 2016.A founder member in 1999, <mask> has been a driving force in the development of the organisation which now has over 2,300 current playing members and a growing past player membership. In November 2000, the GPA's first annual general meeting took place in Killarney Co. Kerry, where <mask> was elected as Chairman. At the same inaugural event, former Kerry star Séamus Moynihan was elected Secretary, former Clare hurling star Jamesie O'Connor was elected President and Ciarán McArdle was elected Treasurer. Appointed CEO in 2003, <mask> oversaw the rapid growth of the organisation and helped negotiate Government funding for players in 2007. He was the players representative on the GAA's Central Council for five years and was also the lead negotiator in the GPA team which reached a formal agreement with the GAA in 2009; the GPA was ratified as the official representative body for county players at GAA Congress 2010. A long-term comprehensive agreement between both bodies was reached in November 2010 which now provides annual funding for the GPA's Player Development Programme designed to assist amateur county players with their off-field careers. <mask> stepped down as CEO of the GPA in December 2016.Playing career <mask> made his senior championship debut for Dublin against Offaly on 31 May 1992 in Tullamore and went on to appear in an All-Ireland final later that season. A talented minor footballer who reached an All-Ireland minor final in 1988, <mask> had been called onto the senior panel in 1990 but suffered a serious setback when he ruptured his cruciate knee ligament in a club game and missed Dublin's epic series against Meath in 1991. However, having returned to action, he went on to enjoy an illustrious career in the famous blue jersey, winning an All-Ireland senior title, six Leinster Championships, a National League and also captaining the side for three years. He scored a total of 67 (3-58) points for Dublin in championship football. One of the high points of his career was his performance against Meath in the 1995 Leinster final where Dublin defeated their arch rivals Meath by ten points. Dublin went on to land their first All-Ireland title since 1983, with <mask> once again prominent in the final where he scored four points. <mask> won an All-star, at centre-forward, for his role in Dublin's All Ireland win in 1995.He has six Leinster Senior Football Championship medals for Dublin, which he received in 1992, '93, '94, '95, 2002 and 2005 as well as a Leinster Minor and NFL title. As a Dublin Senior footballer he played under seven different management teams, Gerry McCaul, Paddy Cullen, Pat O'Neill, Mickey Whelan, Tommy Carr, Tommy Lyons and Paul 'Pillar' Caffrey. As well as representing Dublin football at Minor, U21 and Senior levels, he also captained the Dublin U21 hurlers in 1992. He was educated at St. Vincent's C.B.S., Glasnevin. Detailed account of his playing career are recorded in his autobiography which was released on 30 November 2005, the same night that he announced his official retirement from inter-county football. The book entitled Dessie Tangled Up In Blue was co-written with Seán Potts. <mask> was named on the 2006 Dublin Bus/Evening Herald Blue Star football XV as a substitute.Coaching and management After retiring from county football in 2005, <mask> was appointed as lead coach for a Dublin Football Development Squad He took his first coaching session in 2007. He became Minor Football manager in 2011. After winning the Leinster championship, he led his team to an All-Ireland final in his first year where they lost narrowly to Tipperary in an epic final. He later went on to manage the Dublin minors to all-Ireland victory against Meath at Croke Park in September 2012. He left his position as minor manager after the final and was eventually ratified as the under 21 manager in November 2012. In 2014, Dublin won the 2014 all-Ireland U21 football championship against Roscommon at O'Connor Park in Tullamore. <mask> <mask> won the competition in his second year in charge and went on to manage Dublin to a second victory in the 2017 all-Ireland Under 21 football championship against Galway.In December 2019, the Dublin GAA county committee appointed <mask> as manager of the Dublin senior county footballers for a three year term, succeeding Jim Gavin. The appointment was announced in Parnell Park during the 2019 annual convention. Suspension On 1 April 2021, amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland, the Irish Independent published photographs of a coach-led group of Dublin team members, including All Stars Footballer of the Year Brian Fenton, whom it reported had gathered at Innisfails GAA club before 7am on the previous morning. The session occurred around 12 hours after the GAA sent a note to each club and county, warning that any club or county team ignoring the collective training ban could risk putting the GAA's intentions to return to action "in serious jeopardy". That evening, after investigating the accuracy of the report, Dublin GAA suspended <mask> for 12 weeks with immediate effect. The incident provoked much public commentary from politicians and sportspeople. Former Dublin camogie team manager Frank Browne called for <mask>'s resignation as Dublin manager for the "arrogance" of his team's behaviour, adding: "I think it's a cop out to say they're amateur players.We're all amateur players involved in the GAA, we all know right from wrong and it was wrong". Hockey <mask> played Hockey for Ireland at international level. He continued to play throughout his Dublin career. Personal life <mask>'s mother Anne (née Carr) came from Crove between Glengesh and Meenaneary in County Donegal. He is a first cousin of Séamus Coleman, whose aunt is <mask>'s mother. He is a trained psychiatric nurse. References External links <mask> <mask>s Speech at the 2006 GPA awards Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Dual players Dublin inter-county Gaelic footballers Dublin inter-county hurlers Field hockey players from County Dublin Gaelic football coaches Gaelic football forwards Gaelic football managers Irish male field hockey players Na Fianna Gaelic footballers Na Fianna hurlers Psychiatric nurses Winners of one All-Ireland medal (Gaelic football)

Margit L. McCorkle

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<mask><mask> (born 1942) is a musicologist, music bibliographer, editor, translator, pianist, and harpsichordist. Life and studies Born in the United States, <mask><mask> settled in Vancouver, Canada, in 1972, together with her husband, Donald M<mask>, professor and Head of Music at the University of British Columbia. Her earlier professional training was as concert pianist and harpsichordist, followed by Ph.D. studies in musicology and music bibliography at the University of Maryland. Together, the McCorkles pursued source studies on the music of Johannes Brahms in Maryland and then in Vancouver (1966-1978). Following Donald's death in 1978, she initiated the preparation of the definitive scholarly thematic catalogue of all the works of Johannes Brahms under the auspices of the University of British Columbia Faculty of Arts. This project was supported by major research grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and culminated in the publication of the Brahms catalogue in 1984 by G. Henle Verlag in Munich. In 1985, the Federal Republic of Germany conferred on her the Order of Merit [Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande] in recognition of her great service to German music literature.In 1989, <mask> was invited to prepare the definitive scholarly thematic catalogue of all the works of Robert Schumann under the auspices of the Robert-Schumann-Forschungsstelle/Gesellschaft in Düsseldorf and Zwickau, to be supported by the Peter-Klöckner-Stiftung in Duisburg. In 2003 this project culminated in joint publication of the Schumann catalogue by the publishers G. Henle Verlag and Schott Music International (Mainz). McCorkle was honored in 2007 as co-recipient of the Robert Schumann Prize of the City of Zwickau (Robert-Schumann-Preis der Stadt Zwickau). It has more than once been noted that <mask> L<mask> is to date the only musicologist/bibliographer to have prepared monumental catalogues for two major classical composers, that is, for Johannes Brahms and Robert Schumann. In addition to these works, her scholarly bibliography since 1973 has included monographs, articles, and invited papers within the context of international conferences and publications featuring Brahms and Schumann studies, together with redacting Brahms music editions and writing commentaries for Brahms and Schumann autograph facsimiles. Since 1998 she has prepared recent English translations of scholarly German texts, primarily for the ongoing complete editions of the music of Robert Schumann (RSA) and Carl Maria von Weber (WeGA), published in Mainz by Schott Music International. She is also engaged as translator for the G. Henle Verlag and Breitkopf & Härtel Verlag (Wiesbaden).Works Books Johannes Brahms Thematisch-Bibliographisches Werkverzeichnis. Herausgegeben nach gemeinsamen Vorarbeiten mit Donald M. McCorkle†. Munich: G. Henle Verlag, 1984, lxvii + 841. . Robert Schumann Thematisch-Bibliographisches Werkverzeichnis. Unter Mitwirkung von Akio Mayeda und der Robert-Schumann-Forschungsselle; herausgegeben von der Robert-Schumann-Gesellschaft, Düsseldorf. Munich: G. Henle Verlag, 2003, 83* + 1012. . Papers In collaboration with Donald M. McCorkle, "Five Fundamental Obstacles in Brahms Source Research," in: Acta Musicologica, vol. 48 (1976), pp.|253ff. "Die Erhalten Quellen der Werke von Johannes Brahms.Autographe, Abschriften, Korrekturabzüge," in: Musik Edition Interpretation. Gedenkschrift, Günther Henle , ed. Martin Bente, Munich: G. Henle Verlag, 1980, , . "Die 'Hanslick'-Walzer, Opus 39," in: Brahms Congress Wien 1983, eds. Susanne Antonicek and Otto Biba, Tutzing: H. Schneider, 1988, pp. 379–386, . "The Role of Trial performances for Brahms's Orchestral and Large Choral Works: Sources and Circumstances," in Brahms Studies, ed.George S. Bozarth, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990, , . "Von Brahms zu Schumann oder Reflexionen über das Erstellen von Werkverzeichnisse," in: Robert Schumann und die Französische Romantik. (Bericht über das 5. Internationale Schumann-Symposium der Robert-Schumann-Gesellschaft vom 9. und 10. Juli 1994), ed. Ute Bär, Mainz: Schott, 1997, , . "When Did Schumann Find Time to Compose?- Some Biographical Observations from a Bibliographical Project," in: Schumanniana nova. Festchrift Gerd Nauhaus zum 60th Geburtstag, eds. Bernhard R. Appel, Ute Bär, Sinzig: Studio-Verlag, 2002, , . Pieces of music Johannes Brahms Symphony No. 1 in C Minor, Opus 68. The Autograph Score. With an Introduction by <mask> L<mask>.New York: The Pierpont Morgan Library in association with Dover Publications, 1986. Johannes Brahms, Variationen über ein Thema von Schumann, Opus 9, ed. <mask> L. McCorkle. Munich: G. Henle Verlag, 1987. Johannes Brahms, Variationen, Opus 21 Nr. 1 und Nr. 2, ed.Margit L. McCorkle. Munich: G. Henle Verlag, 1988. Robert Schumann, Waldszenen, Opus 82, Faksimile nach dem Autograph im Besitz der Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris. Nachwort von Margit L. McCorkle. G. Henle Verlag, 2005, [1]-28. Translations Robert Schumann Neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke, Mainz: Schott Music International: VII/3/4(1998); VI/6,2 (2009); VII/3,1 (2010); IV/3/1b (2011); VII/3,2 (2011); III/1/5 (2012); III/3 (2012), IV/3/1,2 (2012); I/3 (2013); I/1/6 (2014); III/1/3 (2014); VII/1/2 (2014), I/1/4 (2015), II/ (2015), III/1/4 (2016). [Weblink: New Complete Edition – Schumann Portal] Thematisch-chronologisches Verzeichnis der Werke Max Regers und ihrer Quellen, Preface and Introduction.Munich: G. Henle Verlag, 2012. Carl Maria von Weber Sämtliche Werke, Mainz: Schott Music International: III/11a/b (2009);VI/2 (2009); III/11a/b; V/6 (2010); VIII/7 (2010); III/3a, III/3b, III/3c (2011); III/4 (2012); VIII/12 (2012); II/1 (2013); VI/1 (2013), VII/1 (2015), V/4b (2016). [Weblink: Digital Edition of the Carl-Maria-von-Weber-Gesamtausgabe] References University of Maryland, College Park alumni American emigrants to Canada Living people 1942 births American women pianists American women musicologists American musicologists Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany 20th-century American pianists 20th-century American women pianists

Hidenori Tokuyama

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is a Japanese actor and singer. A fan of tokusatsu, <mask> has had a role in several series, most notably Sou Yaguruma/Kamen Rider TheBee/Kamen Rider KickHopper in Kamen Rider Kabuto and Hiroto Sutō/Go-on Gold in Engine Sentai Go-onger. Biography Born in Suginami-ku, Japan, he has one younger brother and one older sister. His parents run a ramen restaurant. Since childhood he acted in several movies and dramas. He studied in Horikoshi High School before he joined the JVC Entertainment agency and left in 2008 March. Now, he has joined M2 Music and is the vocalist of the band "eroica".In 1999, he debuted as a singer with "Afureru Omoi" which was produced by Kenichi Kurosawa. His most famous singles are the two opening songs of Gensoumaden Saiyuuki. Filmography Drama and series Yashiro Shougun Yoshimune (1995, NHK), Tayasu Munetake Keiji ou! (1996) B-Fighter Kabuto (1996, TV Asahi), Eiji (10 episodes) Bokura no Yuuki Miman-toshi (1997,October – December, NTV), Ryu Bishoujo H (1998, Fuji TV), (10 episodes) Seikimatsu no uta (1998, NTV), Manaka Tooru (6 episodes) Great Teacher Onizuka (TV drama) (1998, July–September, Fuji TV), Yoda Kenji Joshi kousei mitsu-yu no nazo! (2007), Molech Imagin (voice) Ai no Kotodama (2007, Frontie works), Ootani Shinya Engine Sentai Go-onger: Boom Boom! Bang Bang! GekijōBang!!(2008), Hiroto Sutō/Go-on Gold Kamen Rider Decade: All Riders vs. Dai-Shocker (2009 Toei), Kamen Rider KickHopper (voice) BADBOYS (2011) Thanatos (2011), Riku An teru-san no hana (2012) Party wa sento kara hajimaru (2012), Hanashima Engine Sentai Go-onger: 10 Years Grand Prix (2018), Hiroto Sutō/Go-On Gold Anime Gensoumaden Saiyuuki (2000), Tongpu Original video Gakkou Kaidan (Takahashi Yousuke) – Norowareta kioku (1998), Yamagishi Ryouichi Stage TOKYO JUNK CITY (2003, July – Shinjuku tiny alice) Ashura no gotoku (2004, July – August, Geijutsu-za), Jinnai Hidemitsu Knock Out Brother −2005version- (2005, October, Ikebukuro Theater green main hall) Gekidan Daishuu shousetsuka (Jinsei Sairyou mitaina~!Hi? !~soushiki to kekkonshiki ga onaji hi ni? LIFE White night eve GIFT Silent Night miss you FakeRing puresoul (2012) everyday Take it easy Ai no Mama Eien ni I can't stop my heart Close to dream Sore wa Zenbu "Ai" Datta Break open Love is... feat.KoN Shunkashuto Purpose eroica Knows the pain (2008) Dead or die Bounce High Ever free Reverberations Knows the pain Stray Child Sky Gravitation String No Way Future Half of one's body In popular culture Close To Me (NTV Toriaezu iikanji Ending theme) FOR REAL (TBS Gensoumaden Saiyuuki Opening theme) STILL TIME (TBS Gensoumaden Saiyuuki Second opening theme) Sotsugyou (Asahi TV Tonight 2 Ending theme) Sotsugyou (TV Kanagawa (MutomaDI:GA, 2001, February, Opening and ending theme) LIFE (Ai no kotodama middle song) eve (Ai no kotodama theme song) References External links Official Blog (Ameblo) Official Website Official Blog (Yaplog) Interview on Cinematoday 1982 births People from Suginami Living people Japanese male actors Horikoshi High School alumni

George King (basketball, born 1994)

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<mask>. (born January 15, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for the Agua Caliente Clippers of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Colorado Buffaloes, earning second-team all-conference honors in the Pac-12 as a senior in 2018. He was selected by the Phoenix Suns in the second round of the 2018 NBA draft. College career <mask> grew up in Fayetteville, North Carolina before moving to San Antonio, where he played at William J. Brennan High School. He came to the University of Colorado at Boulder and played sparingly for the Buffaloes as a freshman. <mask> and coach Tad Boyle mutually agreed for him to redshirt the next season for both academic and athletic reasons. The decision proved to be a good one, as <mask> returned for the 2015–16 season and was named the Pac-12’s Most Improved Player after averaging 13.6 points and 4.7 rebounds per game.The next season, <mask>'s role adjusted as the team added future NBA guard Derrick White. <mask> averaged 11.1 points and 6.8 rebounds as a junior. He declared for the 2017 NBA draft without an agent, but ultimately decided to return to Colorado for his senior season. In his final college season, <mask> averaged 12.9 points and 7.8 rebounds per game, earning second-team All-Pac-12 honors. At the close of his career, <mask> finished with 1,294 points and 681 rebounds, ranking him in the school's all-time top 20 in both statistical categories. <mask> also finished with 181 career three-pointers and shot .401 from the three-point line, good for finishing in the top-5 in school history when he graduated. Professional career Following the close of his college career, <mask> was named to the Reese's College All-Star Game, a showcase for senior professional prospects.<mask> scored 21 points and grabbed 9 rebounds in the game, earning Most Outstanding Player honors for the East squad. <mask> then moved to the Portsmouth Invitational Tournament, another pre-draft camp, where he averaged 18 points and 7.7 rebounds, earning all-tournament honors. <mask>'s standout performances resulted in an invitation to the 2018 NBA Draft Combine. Phoenix Suns (2018–2019) On June 21, 2018, <mask> was selected by the Phoenix Suns with the 59th pick of the 2018 NBA draft. Ten days later, he was announced as one of the players for the Suns' 2018 NBA Summer League squad. On July 6, <mask> signed with the Suns entering his rookie season. Unlike the team's other rookies, <mask> signed a two-way contract with them, thus splitting his playing time with the Phoenix Suns and their NBA G League affiliate team, the Northern Arizona Suns.In his debut in the NBA G League on November 4, <mask> recorded 22 points on 9-of-14 shooting, four rebounds, four assists and a block in a 118–108 loss to the Santa Cruz Warriors. <mask> made his NBA debut on December 11, 2018, in a 111–86 loss to the San Antonio Spurs, playing six minutes and grabbing a rebound with no points scored. It was the only game <mask> played that season, as he injured his ankle during his time with the Northern Arizona team. In 41 NBA G League games, <mask> averaged 15.5 points on 47.9% shooting and 43.3% three-point shooting alongside 5.3 rebounds per game. For the 2019 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas, <mask> played in four games for the Utah Jazz. Aquila Basket Trento (2019–2020) On July 21, 2019, <mask> signed with Aquila Basket Trento of the Lega Basket Serie A. In 16 games, he averaged 5.4 points and 2.4 rebounds per game.Stelmet Enea BC Zielona Góra (2020) On January 17, 2020, <mask> signed with Stelmet Enea BC Zielona Góra of the Polish Basketball League and VTB United League. In six games, he averaged 8.2 points and 4.8 rebounds per game. After the season was cancelled in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> returned to see his extended family in North Carolina. Niners Chemnitz (2020–2021) On July 22, 2020, <mask> signed with the Niners Chemnitz of the Basketball Bundesliga. Agua Caliente Clippers (2021) On September 27, 2021, <mask> signed with the Los Angeles Clippers. However, he was waived on October 14. On October 27, <mask> signed with the Agua Caliente Clippers as an affiliate player.He averaged 13.9 points per game in 13 games, shooting 46.6% from three-point range. Dallas Mavericks (2021) On December 21, 2021, <mask> signed a 10-day deal with the Dallas Mavericks. Agua Caliente Clippers (2022—present) On January 1, 2022, <mask> was reacquired by the Agua Caliente Clippers after his 10-day deal expired. His father, <mask>., is an Army veteran, while his mother, Tresse, a chief master sergeant in the United States Air Force, died in Kuwait on August 3, 2021. He also has a sister named Jecia Anderson, who was born in 1991. References External links Colorado Buffaloes bio College stats @ Sports-reference.com 1994 births Living people 21st-century African-American sportspeople African-American basketball players Agua Caliente Clippers players American expatriate basketball people in Italy American men's basketball players Aquila Basket Trento players Basket Zielona Góra players Basketball players from North Carolina Basketball players from San Antonio Colorado Buffaloes men's basketball players Dallas Mavericks players Lega Basket Serie A players NINERS Chemnitz players Northern Arizona Suns players Phoenix Suns draft picks Phoenix Suns players Shooting guards Sportspeople from Fayetteville, North Carolina United States men's national basketball team players

Yoshio Markino

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was a Japanese artist and author who from 1897 - 1942 was based in London. Biography He was born in the town of Koromo, Toyota, Aichi, Japan, at birth being named Makino Heijirō. He was the youngest of 3 children, Yoshi (the oldest daughter) and Toshitarō (the oldest son). His mother was Makino Katsu, his father being Makino Toshimoto, who founded and taught at their Koromo Primary School. His grandfather was an artist named Bai Yen. The Makino family was an old samurai family (see Chōnin), although due to changes in the structures of Japanese society, the samurai class had been abolished by 1873. In July 1875, he began his education at the Koromo School in Japan, graduating in October 1883.From August 1884 he taught at the Otani School in Chita-gun, eventually resigning in the autumn. At his resignation, he was adopted into the Isogai family (distant relatives), changing his name to Makino <mask>. He then began working in Hagiwara Primary School until he moved to live with his biological father in Toyoaki City. In 1886 he became an assistant teacher at Haruki Primary School working and living with his brother Toshitarō. Here he began to study English and the Chinese classics in Nagoya. In November 1887 he began at the Nagoya Eiwa School under a scholarship from American Protestant missionaries. In 1889 he applied to join the military, but was rejected for failing a physical examination to join.So in 1890, he borrowed money from his sister (then Fujishima Kyo), to stay in Yokohama with his cousin Hotta Maki, graduating that summer from Nagoya Eiwa. In March 1901, the Naval Inspector's Office closed due to finishing the order of warships being sent to Japan, and although offered the return fare to Japan, <mask> decided to stay in London where he spent most of his subsequent life and career. He would spend the fare instead on art supplies and rent. From late 1910 he traveled with the suffragette Christabel Pankhurst lecturing on women's voting rights in the United Kingdom. Makino anglicised his name to <mask> to prevent it being mispronounced as Maykino. In 1922 he married a young French woman named Marie who had come to Markino asking for help from her domestic situation at home. They married and moved to New York and Boston the marriage ending in 1927 on the grounds that it was never consummated and Marie had instead married another man in America.<mask> described the relationship being 'like sister and brother'. Artist Japan In 1880 he began to study Bunjinga with his brother under Tamegai Chikko until October 1883. In 1886 he began to learn Yōga sketching techniques under Nozaki Kanekiyo and Mizuno Manji. In October 1887, he began working as a designer for the Nagoya Design Company in Nagoya. In 1952 he attended a party at the British Embassy in Tokyo where he would gift the British diplomats with a copy of his Thames Embankment in Winter woodblock print. United States He was curious about and attracted to Western culture and left Japan from Yokohama on The Peru. In 1893 aged 24, <mask> obtained a travel permit to the United States to study from June, arriving in July 1893 in San Francisco.Through a letter of introduction to the Japanese Consul of San Francisco, he gained assistance from Suzuki Utsujirō who encouraged <mask> to pursue his artistic career. So in November 1893 <mask> started his tuition at the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art. In 1894 he received news that his father had died. In April 1895 Yone Noguchi visited <mask>. During this time he mastered his 'silk veil' technique allowing him to depict his signature fog and mist watercolour style 'to paint the thick fog that rolled in from the sea at certain times of the year'. In June 1897 upon being introduced by correspondence to Hayashi Tadamasa, a Paris-based Japanese art dealer, by Sakurai Shozo, he travelled to New York, where in August he met Miyake Katsumi (a yoga style painter) at the Japan Assembly Hall. He had gone through numerous jobs and was racially discriminated against between 1893 - 1897.As well as being spat on in public for his race in California(where anti-Japanese sentiment was high due to the growing population of Issei) speaking to the reporter Frank Harris on religious intolerance, he noted 'the Christian hypocrisy," <mask> continued, "is far worse in America than in England. When I used to say in San Francisco that I was not a Christian they used to turn from me as if I had said I was decaying. It is an ignorant, thoughtless people.' There he also had limited opportunity based on his societal status and had difficulty finding decent employers, working as a house-boy for a dollar and a half a day. He was degraded further when his first employer refused to learn his Japanese name on the basis it was too difficult to remember and instead referred to him as 'Charlie'. Between 18 October 1923 and 9 March 1927 he moved to North America. His work "The Plaza Hotel, New York City" (1924) was completed on this trip for instance as well as writing essays.He had trouble selling his work again however so he returned to London. France In November 1897 <mask> travelled from New York to Paris to meet Hayashi, but Hayashi had by that time returned to Japan. He returned in August 1907 when his publishers asked him to go to Paris to produce his work The Colour of Paris, staying until June 1908. During this period he met Auguste Rodin in the home of Leon Benedite. He returned again from Rome to Paris, staying from May 1909 - June 1909. United Kingdom In December 1897, <mask> decided to move to London on the advice of Ide Umataro who he had met during his time studying art. From 1898 he began working in the Japanese Naval Inspector's Office in London by day and studying in South Kensington College of Science at nightschool.In March 1898 he began studying with the Goldsmith Technical College, switching in 1900 over to the Central School of Art and Design where he would work as an artist's model and later designing tomb-stone markers for 3 months only, on account that he had offended conservative religious mourners by his depiction of angels as 'ballet dancers'. Incredibly poor, he would often visit publishers for day-to-day work and walked everywhere as he had no money for the public transport living on 'Bovril and rice'. He kept a studio in No. 39 Redcliffe Road, South Kensington living in Brixton. Given his financial straits, <mask> became downtrodden, eventually being encouraged by Henry Wilson. Wilson, fond of Japanese art, promised to introduce him to Charles Holmes (who was also known to be fond of the vogue for Japanese woodcuts) who was the editor of The Studio. In November 1901, his works were published in Studio, introducing <mask> as an artist.In December, he met Hirobumi Ito. October 1902 his work began to become popular, publishing The Japanese Dumpy Book with Grants Richard and in King Magazine. From November 1902 he began living with Noguchi in Brixton, <mask> at this stage in his career frequently having little income. In 1903 his work appeared in The English Illustrated Magazine and he illustrated Noguchi's From the Eastern Sea and for Unicorn Press as an illustrator. His work in August was published in the Magazine of Art. Marion Spielmann the editor fond of <mask>'s sketches, took him under his wing and introduced him to a wider Edwardian social circle, encouraging <mask> to draw, paint and write, introducing him to Douglas Sladen. Sladen onwards would invite him to his Kensington home for tea and art parties.In 1904 the artist Hara Bushō moved in with <mask> until May 1905. In September 1905, <mask> was nominated for the Venice Great Art Exposition representing Britain Art Association, and based on the recommendation of the editor of the Magazine of Art, (M. Spielmann), he receives membership as a research student for national museums in Britain. In 1906 his illustrations of London, were published 8 May 1907 in The Colour of London achieving critical acclaim, holding an exhibition of his works in Clifford Gallery in Haymarket. From May until June though, he became hospitalized in West London due to complications from a gastrointestinal related operation complication. In 1908 The Colour of Paris and The Colour of Rome were published in England by Chatto and Windus, and after having traveled to Paris and Rome, he returned to London in September 1909 to work on his next work Oxford from Within staying in Oxford to research the new work. In 1910 with the publication of A Japanese artist in London and Oxford from Within, he guided friends around the Japan–British Exhibition, and he appeared in that year's Who's Who, until 1949. In 1911 he released a watercolour of Windsor Castle to celebrate Queen Mary's coronation.In 1912 The Charm of London was further published. From 1918 onwards he studied Greek, Latin and English historical literature, continuing to write, paint and lecture, but his popularity waned with the death of influential friends in WWI. He married and moved country from 1923 - 1927, but upon his return found all his belongings he had left with another Japanese resident of London had been swindled. He managed to set up another exhibition and sell his watercolours but due to his time away from the literary scene was regarded as outdated and lived a truly bohemian lifestyle with English and Japanese friends from there on out. A devoted Anglophile, <mask> only returned to Japan in 1942 due to WWII when England declared war on Japan for attacking British Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong. In 1952 in Kamakura he met Carmen Blacker who was studying ascetic Buddhism there on the way up a set of temple steps, in 'a shirt covered in smears of blue and green paint ... a sketchbook in his hand' rambling for almost 4 hours in English and Japanese rushing up the steps out of breath aged 83 noting 'how happy he had been in London, and that he had never wanted to leave [as] he had so many friends, and was never tired of sketching the people and painting the mists.' Italy <mask> lived in Rome from October 1908 to May 1909 to illustrate The Colour of Rome.From 1910 July to October he stays with his friends the Sladens and Olave Potter researching for his illustrations of A Little Pilgrimage in Italy. Olave and <mask> were said to be romantically involved. Writing Among his friends and acquaintances were the writers Yone Noguchi who introduced him to Arthur Ransome, M. P. Shiel, and the artist Pamela Colman Smith. Although unnamed, he plays an important role in Ransome's Bohemia in London, and is considered to have been the model for the male protagonist in Shiel's book The Yellow Wave (1905) — a Romeo and Juliet-type tragic romance on the background of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. He was invited by the English Review to write a series of essays and to author a signed weekly column with the Evening News in 1910 and another column in the Daily News in 1911. <mask>'s literary talents were also recognized, and with the support of friends like Douglas Sladen he published several autobiographical works, including A Japanese Artist in London (1910), When I was a Child (1912), and My Recollections and Reflections (1913). <mask>'s style was appreciated by British readers who enjoyed his unique humour.His writings were also supportive of the suffragette movement and he had many female friends, his 'Idealised John Bullesses' and biographies frequently note his interactions and support with women's marches and suffragettes like Christabel Pankhurst. Sarah Grand noted he was 'a thorough gentleman' when reading his writing in 1912. Another friend, Flora Roscoe; an Englishwoman who lived in the hamlet of Wedhampton; knowing how <mask> had a hatred of business (something which he believed the English took too seriously) invited him in 1912 to stay to sketch the area, later travelling to Salisbury. Another time in a Markino fashion he met Adeline Genée; I had an appointment with Adeline Genée to meet her by the stage entrance of the Empire some years ago; my friend was with me when I went there. I was going to interview her by some paper's request. I was sitting by the stage entrance when I soon found a lady no longer young nor beautiful; she was, however, a most delightful person to talk with. How anxious I was to get rid of her as I had an important work of seeing Adeline Genée.Strangely enough she was quite composed, with no visible intention of leaving me alone; my friend who saw me slightly tired and disinterested, asked me loudly if I wished to leave the place. I jumped up and explained; "Why, I must see Madame Genée!" My friend began to laugh almost wildly and exclaimed again: "<mask>, you have been talking there with Madame Genée more than half an hour. Stagework During 1900 he witnessed the kabuki performances of Otojirō Kawakami in London. In December 1903 <mask> advised on costume design and set design on Kamigami no Choji performed at Her Majesty's Theatre, and designed the theatre program. In 1915 he co-produced a season of Russian, French and Italian Opera at the London Opera House. Directed by Vladimir Rosing, the season included the first performance by Japanese singer, Tamaki Miura as Cio-Cio-San in Madama Butterfly.Art style He was a popular member of a significant group of expatriate Japanese artists working in London, including Urushibara Mokuchu, Ishibashi Kazunori, Hara Busho and Matsuyama Ryuson. He was and has been best known for his childlike whimsy and mannerisms which Hara Basho noted: There are thousands of artists who can use their brushes better than you. Then why do all your English friends admire your work so much? Because of your own personality You are very faithful to everybody and everything. This nature of yours appears quite unconsciously in every picture of yours. Indeed, some of your pictures are full of faults—but very innocent and delightful faults, which make me smile. ... [to which <mask>] exclaims: "But don't you see how poor is my art: Who am I after all?Proper name for me is an art lover." On his Whitechapel exhibit in 1910 the critic and Japanese art specialist Laurence Binyon criticized 'the ever popular colours, "best known and most prized in Europe, while ... the least valued in Japan' present in the watercolours based on dispelling the notion of the time which Oscar Wilde called in his 'The Decay of Lying' essay 'pure invention', Binyon was dissuaded by the toned down colour pallette which pandered to Europeans, instead wishing that 'a loan exhibition may be formed which shall at least adumbrate the range and history of [Japanese] art'. Mist Dissatisfied with the fogs of San Francisco, Heiji of the fog moved to London to 'produce "a study of London mists". <mask> noted 'When I came to London first, I thought the buildings, figures, and everything in the distance, looked comparatively large, because in Japan the atmosphere is so clear that you can see every small detail in the distance, while here your background is mystified abruptly, which has great charm to me.' His favourite mist was the 'gentle mist [where] London becomes a city of romance' or with its 'autumn mist's'. 'London looks ten times nicer if you see her through the mist.'' <mask> would use oil paints by blending the primary colour to achieve 'the silk veil technique."I can achieve a very soft colour by mixing in oils the strongest primary colour with its opponent colour . . . I made many other discoveries and was able to achieve some sense of light while trying to draw a silken veil". Fog <mask> himself often enjoyed the wet and fog of London street scenes (both being popular Japanese motifs) and the paintings of J M W Turner. He would eventually fall for the charms of 'thick fogs'. 'A gaslight shining on a wet pavement in a fog is a miracle of beauty; it is like a pool of molten gold', with how 'wet pavements reflect everything as if the whole city was built on a lake'. The silk technique <mask> learned in California was used to present the ebbing and rising of the heavy fogs of London from the factories of the industrial revolution of multifarious tones and colour, which London residents described as pea-soupers when the air would turn yellow and green and 'stick' to shiny surfaces like window panes.Hybridisation There was a blending of Japanese and Western techniques in <mask>'s approach. He would use the plein air technique or memory (a more commonly Japanese tradition) to sketch noting 'I always work work out entirely from the impression I get on the street so that sometimes it looks quite in the Japanese style, and other times quite European ... every day I come back from street study I always draw out all the figures I have seen during the day (from notebook or from memory) ... to make a finished picture I compose all those figures.' Traditionally in Japanese art seasons play a large role. In London, winter then was <mask>'s favourite season in London, he often enjoyed the way snow affected the everyday landscape of London. 'that house in front of my window is painted in black and yellow. When I came here last summer I laughed at its ugly colour. But now the winter fog covers it, and the harmony of its colour is most wonderful'.'Then no matter what ugly colours you may make your houses, if they pass through only one winter, the London fogs would so nicely greyly them always!'. Several of his works are held in the collections of the Museum of London. H G Wells on buying <mask>s work noted 'I want to carry London to my Paris flat and this picture is the concentrated essence of London.' Illustrated Works Works There was a little man and he had a little gun (1902) Japanese Dumpty (1903) From the Eastern Sea (1903) The Colour of London (1907) The Colour of Paris (1908) The Colour of Rome (1909) A Japanese Artist in London (1910) Oxford from Within (1910) A Little Pilgrimage in Italy (1911) Idealised John Bullesses (1912) The Charm of London (1912) When I was a child (1912) Recollections and Reflections of a Japanese Artist (1913) Twenty years of my Life (1913) The Story of Yone Noguchi (1914) Confucian Discipline (1936) References External links "Plaza Hotel, New York City" 1869 births 1956 deaths Artists from Aichi Prefecture British artists Japanese writers Japanese expatriates in the United Kingdom 20th-century Japanese painters Writers from Aichi Prefecture

Lewis Eldon Atherton

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<mask> (1905–1989) was an American historian and academic from Missouri. He taught at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri for over 30 years. Early life <mask> was born on March 1st, 1905, in the small town of Bosworth, Missouri. He was the son of <mask> and Ethel Framer. Although born in Missouri, his family originated from Brown County, Ohio. His early years were spent on the family farm. He attended Carrollton High School and went on to enrol at the University of Oklahoma in 1923, transferring to the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1925, graduating Phi Beta Kappa in 1927.He received his M.A. in 1930 and an PhD. in history in 1937 having been mentored by his friend and fellow scholar, Elmer Ellis. Career Atherton became a teacher at the New Mexico Military Institute, Roswell, NM (1928–1929), moving onto become an instructor at St. Joseph Junior College, St. Joseph (1930–1931), followed by 5 years at Wentworth Military Academy Junior College, Lexington, Missouri (1931–1936). He became an lecturer at the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1936. Between 1939 and 1973 he was their professor of history. He became a distinguished professor in 1959.Since 2000, the <mask> E. Atherton Prizes at the University of Missouri are awarded to an outstanding doctoral dissertation and master's thesis on Missouri history or biography on an annual basis. <mask> was an advisor for a series of educational films produced by Coronet Films. He was integral to the documentary retelling of the “Daniel Boone in America's Story”. Honors <mask> was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1941. Contribution to Midwestern Social History One of <mask>’s most recognized works, “Main Street on the Middle Border” was published in 1954 by Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Published works The Pioneer Merchant in Mid-America - first published in 1939. The Frontier Merchant in Mid-America The Southern Store, 1800–1860 - first published in 1949.Main Street on the Middle Border - first published in 1954. The Cattle Kings - first published in 1961. Published articles on frontier history <mask> was also the author of many articles on frontier history in the Missouri Historical Review. One fine example of his research is Vol. 30, no. 1 1935, page 3, on the frontier Missouri Mercantile Firm “James and Robert Aull”. He also published an article in the Kansas Historical Quarterly.One article by him titled “Disorganizing Effects on the Mexican War”, published in May 1937 (vol. 6, no. 2 1937, pages 115 to 123) has been digitized with permission of the Kansas State Historical Society. Atherton also contributed to the Mississippi Valley Historical Review, the Pacific Historical Review; as well as the Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, placing an emphasis on Agricultural History. He is also credited for his advisory role in the tv production of “Daniel Boone in America’s Story”. 16 minutes in color aired on September 3, 1968. See List of Coronet Films.Historian Western Historical Manuscript Collection <mask> was a distinguished historian of the South and the American West. He actively acquired manuscripts for the Western Historical Manuscript Collection, where he served twice as director in the 1950s. Prior to 2011, the Western Historical Manuscript Collection was jointly held by the State Historical Society of Missouri and the University of Missouri. The Western Historical Manuscript Collection (WHMC) is accessible at various locations throughout the state. Each of the four locations offer different historical material; the WHMC in Kansas City, specializes in the history and culture of Kansas City; the WHMC collection located at the Missouri University of Science and Technology features material concerning the Ozark highland and southern Missouri; and likewise, the WHMC office in St. Louis focuses on collecting material relating to the history of St. Louis and its surrounding region. The WHMC location in Columbia, Missouri, specializes on the history of the state from prior its establishment to the present, as well as, "the trans-Mississippi West: social and cultural, religious and educational, military and political, economic and legal, business and labor, urban and rural, ethnic, environmental, and many others." The Columbia collection consists in part of diaries, letters, photographs, and other material, of Missourians ranging from farmers, bankers, and frontier pioneers.However, during 2011, the Western Historical Manuscript Collection was absorbed into the State Historical Society and ceased to exist. The manuscripts and collection of the Western Historical Manuscript Collection can be accessed at the Society's Research Center located in Ellis Library and at Society research centers in Kansas City, St. Louis, Rolla, Cape Girardeau, and Springfield. Personal life While teaching in New Mexico he met Mary Louise Webb. They married on June 5th, 1929 in Roswell, NM. He was father to three children; Richard F. (d. 1935), and two adopted daughters, Mary Ann (d.1965) and Barbara Lee (d. 1984). Both <mask> and his wife Mary (who he referred to as Louise) and their daughter set up a number of endowments for educational benefit. Atherton was also an active researcher of his own family history; this legacy was donated to the University of Missouri.<mask> died in Boone County, Missouri on March 25, 1989, aged 84. He is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Carroll County, Missouri. Ancestry Atherton descended from <mask>, a Quaker (b.1653) of Farnworth, Lancashire, who emigrated to America in the 1700s, and resided in Chester, Pennsylvania. His cousin, <mask>, was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives in the 19th century representing Ohio. See also American frontier - <mask><mask> has two titles listed. References Bibliography Missouri Alumnus 48 (April 1960):2-3,8 “Distinguished Scholar: <mask><mask>” Goodrich, James W. “<mask><mask> (1905-1989) Missouri Historical Review 83 (July 1989):p.448-58 Further reading Grant, Roger H. “<mask>”. Great Plains Journal 18 (1979): p.10-14.March, David D. The History of Missouri. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing, 1967. 1905 births 1989 deaths Writers from Missouri University of Missouri alumni University of Missouri faculty Historians from Missouri 20th-century American historians American male non-fiction writers 20th-century American male writers University of Oklahoma alumni People from Carroll County, Missouri People from Columbia, Missouri

Roland Gwynne

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Lieutenant-Colonel Sir <mask>, DL, JP (16 May 188215 November 1971) was a British soldier and politician who served as Mayor of Eastbourne, Sussex, from 1928 to 1931. He was also a patient, close friend, and probable lover of the suspected serial killer Dr John Bodkin Adams. Childhood Gwynne's father made a fortune in the nineteenth century from an engineering business, Gwynnes Limited, and bought estates in Sussex with the proceeds. Gwynne's mother, May, was 41 when he was born. He was the last of nine children (though two had died). Until the age of 13, he was dressed by his mother as a girl in frocks, with bows, necklaces and long ringlets. He was educated privately before being sent to Trinity Hall, Cambridge.The renowned harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse was one of his sisters. One brother, Rupert, was Member of Parliament for Eastbourne from 1910 until his death in 1924; the celebrated cookery writer Elizabeth David was a daughter of Rupert. His mother's great-grandfather was Dutch and great-grandmother was a Sumatran. Career After university he served in the honorary post of Judge's Marshal. On 2 April 1904 he was commissioned to Second Lieutenant in the Sussex Yeomanry and made Lieutenant on 1 April 1908. In 1904 Gwynne aided Viscount Turnour in his maiden election campaign in the constituency of Horsham, which Turnour then held for the next 47 years. In 1910 Gwynne was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, where he practised in the Probate and Divorce Division.The First World War broke out when Gwynne was 32. He was sent a white feather, a symbol of cowardice, by a "friend of the family" and in September 1916 he volunteered for active service. He won the Distinguished Service Order in Flanders in 1917 while attached to the Queen's Royal Regiment, much to the surprise of his family. He was wounded twice, leaving him with a permanent limp. On 8 April 1921, he was made a Deputy Lieutenant of Sussex. In 1922, his mother died, leaving most of her money to Gwynne due to a family disagreement. That same year, Gwynne put his name forward as a Conservative candidate for Lewes, but withdrew it when his brother Neville hinted to the selection committee that Gwynne was a homosexual (around this time MP Noel Pemberton Billing was leading a witch hunt against homosexuals).John Bodkin Adams arrived in Eastbourne that same year. Rupert died in 1924, just after being re-elected to Parliament. <mask> inherited his estate, but settled for local politics, being High Sheriff of Sussex in 1926/27 and then mayor of Eastbourne in 1928. While he was mayor, in 1929 the town bought of land surrounding Beachy Head, to save it from development, costing the town around £100,000. His term as mayor ended in 1931. On 9 November that year, he was made the 8th ever Honorary Freeman of Eastbourne for his services to the borough. He stayed in local politics, being Chairman of the East Sussex County Council from 1937 to 1940.He constantly had financial problems, caused on the one hand by his extravagant lifestyle (he was famous for the wild parties he held at Folkington Manor, attended by, among others, The 1st Marquess of Willingdon, who had previously served as both Governor General of Canada and Viceroy of India, and Rudyard Kipling) and on the other, by his sexuality, which made him a prime target for blackmail. Indeed, his butler Wilde was known by those close to him to be one such person extorting money from him. After Gwynne's death, love letters from various local jockeys were found among his papers. During the Second World War, he became addicted to alcohol. In 1947, burdened with debt, he was forced to rent out Folkington and move into the smaller Wootton Manor. John Bodkin Adams Gwynne never married but he developed a close friendship with Dr John Bodkin Adams, an unmarried Eastbourne general practitioner and suspected serial killer, with whom he went on frequent shooting holidays to Scotland and Ireland. He would visit Adams every morning at 9 a.m. During the police investigation into Adams, a note written by a journalist was uncovered, linking Adams sexually to a member of the local police and a local magistrate.The police officer is strongly suspected to have been the Deputy Chief Constable of Eastbourne, Alexander Seekings, and the magistrate to have been Gwynne. Despite the illegality of homosexual sex in the 1950s, the matter was not investigated further by police. In 1956, Adams was arrested on suspicion of murdering two of his patients. At that time <mask> was Chairman of the Magistrates in Lewes, East Sussex, and had to step down from the committal hearing owing to a conflict of interest. On 12 February 1957, just before Adams' trial began, Gwynne was knighted. During the proceedings, though, Colonel <mask> was seen dining with Lord Goddard, the Lord Chief Justice, and Sir Hartley Shawcross, a former Attorney General, at a hotel in Lewes. Lord Goddard had by then already appointed the judge for Adams' case, Sir Patrick Devlin.After their meeting at the hotel Gwynne crashed his car while driving home. No evidence was adduced he had been drinking. The meeting was seen by one of the investigating officers from Scotland Yard, Charles Hewett, as further indication that the Adams' trial was the subject of concerted judicial and political interference. During the trial, while the jury was out considering the verdict on Adams' first charge of murder, Lord Goddard phoned Devlin to urge him, if Adams was found not guilty, to grant him bail before he was tried on a second count of murder. That surprised Devlin because, in British legal history, a person accused of murder had never been given bail. A month after the trial on 10 May 1957, Goddard heard a contempt of court case against magazine Newsweek and the shop chain W. H. Smith & Son, which on 1 April during Adams' trial had respectively published and distributed an issue of the magazine containing two paragraphs of material "highly prejudicial to the accused", saying that Adams' victim count could be "as high as 400". Each company was fined £50.Adams was sensationally acquitted of one murder charge, with a second charge being controversially withdrawn by the Attorney General. <mask>'s relationship with Adams cooled and, when interviewed by police in connection with the investigation into Adams, he admitted that he had given instructions to be buried in a lead-lined coffin. That unusual procedure was usually designed to protect the water table from contamination or to preserve evidence in case an exhumation might be necessary. Post Adams <mask> fell into depression and in 1963 suffered a stroke. He was admitted to Berrow Nursing and Convalescent Home in Eastbourne in March 1964, having executed a Power of Attorney allowing Sir Dingwall Bateson to take control of his financial and property affairs. After Bateson's death in 1967, <mask>'s solicitors applied to the Court of Protection for the appointment of a Receiver to take over from Bateson. No family members were able or willing to take on the role, and so the Official Solicitor was appointed.According to Gwynne's doctor, he was unable to manage his own affairs due to 'Senile dementia with arteriosclerosis'. He died on 15 November 1971, in the nursing home, aged 89. His death certificate was signed by Adams. His last will left his estate, valued at around £1.7 million, to the late Bateson. References Mayors of places in East Sussex 1882 births 1971 deaths Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge Queen's Royal Regiment officers Sussex Yeomanry officers British Army personnel of World War I English people of Indonesian descent English people of Dutch descent Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Gay politicians History of Eastbourne Members of the Inner Temple High Sheriffs of Sussex LGBT politicians from England English justices of the peace Deputy Lieutenants of Sussex Knights Bachelor Gwynne family

Pope Innocent XI

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<mask> (; ; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 to his death on August 12, 1689. Political and religious tensions with <mask> of France were a constant preoccupation for <mask>. Within the Papal States, he lowered taxes, produced a surplus in the papal budget and repudiated nepotism within the Church. <mask> was frugal in his governance of the Papal States, his methods evident in matters ranging from his manner of dress to a wide range of standards of personal behavior consistent with his conception of Christian values. Once he was elected to the Papacy, he applied himself to moral and administrative reform of the Roman Curia. He abolished sinecures and pushed for greater simplicity in preaching as well as greater reverence in worship, requesting this of both the clergy and faithful. In consideration of his diplomatic and financial support for efforts to free Hungary from Turkish domination, he is still widely referred to in the country as the "Saviour of Hungary".After a difficult cause for canonization, starting in 1791, which caused considerable controversy over the years and which was stopped on several occasions, he was beatified in 1956 by <mask> <mask>. Early life Benedetto Odescalchi was born in Como on 16 May 1611, the son of a nobleman of Como, Livio Odescalchi, and his wife Paola Castelli Giovanelli from Gandino. The child's siblings were Carlo, Lucrezia, Giulio Maria, Constantino, Nicola and Paolo. He also had several collateral descendants of note through his sister: her grandson Cardinal Baldassare Erba-Odescalchi, Cardinal Benedetto Erba Odescalchi, and Cardinal Carlo Odescalchi. The Odescalchi, a family of minor nobility, were determined entrepreneurs. In 1619, Benedetto's brother founded in Genoa with his three uncles a bank which quickly grew into a successful money-lending business. After completing his studies in grammar and letters, the 15-year-old Benedetto moved to Genoa to take part in the family business as an apprentice.Lucrative economic transactions were established with clients in the major Italian and European cities, such as Nuremberg, Milan, Kraków, and Rome. In 1626 Benedetto's father died, and he began schooling in the humanities taught by the Jesuits at his local college, before transferring to Genoa. In 1630 he narrowly survived an outbreak of plague, which killed his mother. Some time between 1632 and 1636, Benedetto decided to move to Rome and then Naples in order to study civil law. This led to his securing the offices of protonotary apostolic, president of the apostolic chamber, commissary of the Marco di Roma, and governor of Macerata; on 6 March 1645, <mask> X (1644–55) made him Cardinal-Deacon with the deaconry of Santi Cosma e Damiano. He subsequently became legate to Ferrara. When he was sent to Ferrara in order to assist the people stricken with a severe famine, the <mask> introduced him to the people of Ferrara as the "father of the poor".In 1650, Odescalchi became bishop of Novara, in which capacity he spent all the revenues of his see to relieve the poor and sick in his diocese. He participated in the 1655 conclave. In 1656, with the pope's permission, he resigned as bishop of Novara in favor of his brother Giulio and moved to Rome. While there he took a prominent part in the consultations of the various congregations of which he was a member. He participated in the 1669–70 conclave. Papacy Election Odescalchi was a strong papal candidate after the death of Pope Clement IX (1667–69) in 1669, but the French government rejected him (using the now-abolished veto). After Pope Clement X (1670–76) died, <mask> of France (1643–1715) again intended to use his royal influence against Odescalchi's election.Instead, believing that the cardinals as well as the Roman people were of one mind in their desire to have Odescalchi as their Pope, Louis reluctantly instructed the French party cardinals to acquiesce in his candidacy. On 21 September 1676, Odescalchi was chosen to be Clement X's successor and took the name of <mask>. He chose this name in honour of Pope <mask>, who made him a cardinal in 1645. He was formally crowned as pontiff on 4 October 1676 by the protodeacon, Cardinal Francesco Maidalchini. Reforming the administration of the Papacy Immediately upon his accession, <mask> turned all his efforts towards reducing the expenses of the Curia. He passed strict ordinances against nepotism among the cardinals. He lived very parsimoniously and exhorted the cardinals to do the same.In this manner he not only squared the annual deficit which at his accession had reached the sum of 170,000 scudi, but within a few years the papal income was even in excess of the expenditures. He lost no time in declaring and practically manifesting his zeal as a reformer of manners and a corrector of administrative abuses. Beginning with the clergy, he sought to raise the laity also to a higher moral standard of living. He closed all of the theaters in Rome (considered to be centers of vice and immorality) and famously brought a temporary halt to the flourishing traditions of Roman opera. In 1679 he publicly condemned sixty-five propositions, taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists (mostly Jesuit casuists, who had been heavily attacked by Pascal in his Provincial Letters) as propositiones laxorum moralistarum and forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. He condemned in particular the most radical form of mental reservation (stricte mentalis) which authorised deception without an outright lie. Personally not unfriendly to Miguel de Molinos, <mask> nevertheless yielded to the enormous pressure brought to bear upon him to confirm in 1687 the judgement of the inquisitors by which sixty-eight quietist propositions of Molinos were condemned as blasphemous and heretical.Jewish relations <mask> showed a degree of sensitivity in his dealings with the Jews within the Italian States. He compelled the city of Venice to release the Jewish prisoners taken by Francesco Morosini in 1685. He also discouraged compulsory baptisms which accordingly became less frequent under his pontificate, but he could not abolish the old practice altogether. More controversially on 30 October 1682 he issued an edict by which all the money-lending activities carried out by the Roman Jews were to cease. Such a move would incidentally have financially benefitted his own brothers who played a dominant role in European money-lending. However, ultimately convinced that such a measure would cause much misery in destroying livelihoods, the enforcement of the edict was twice delayed.<ref>Isidore Singer, The Jewish Encyclopedia, Varda Books, 2003</ref> Foreign relations The Battle of Vienna <mask> was an enthusiastic initiator of the Holy League which brought together the German Estates and King John III of Poland who in 1683 hastened to the relief of Vienna which was being besieged by the Turks. After the siege was raised, <mask> again spared no efforts to induce the Christian princes to lend a helping hand for the expulsion of the Turks from Hungary.He contributed millions of scudi to the Turkish war fund in Austria and Hungary and had the satisfaction of surviving the capture of Belgrade on 6 September 1688. Pope-burning in London During England's Exclusion Crisis (1679-1681), when Parliament sought to exclude the Catholic Duke of York from gaining the throne, the radical Protestants of London's Green Ribbon Club regularly held mass processions culminating with burning "The Pope" in effigy. Evidently, the organizers of these events were unaware that the actual Pope in Rome was involved in a deep conflict with the King of France – and therefore, far from supporting the drive to get the Duke of York crowned, which served <mask>'s political ambitions. Relations with France The pontificate of <mask> was marked by the struggle between the absolutism and hegemonic intentions of <mask>, and the primacy of the Catholic Church. As early as 1673, Louis had by his own power extended the right of the régale over the provinces of Languedoc, Guyenne, Provence, and Dauphiné, where it had previously not been exercised. All the efforts of <mask> to induce <mask> to respect the rights and primacy of the Church proved useless. In 1682, the King convoked an assembly of the French clergy which adopted the four articles that became known as the Gallican Liberties.<mask> annulled the four articles on 11 April 1682, and refused his approbation to all future episcopal candidates who had taken part in the assembly. To appease the <mask>, <mask> began to act as a zealot of Catholicism. In 1685 he revoked the Edict of Nantes and inaugurated a persecution of French Huguenots. <mask> expressed displeasure at these drastic measures and continued to withhold his approbation from the episcopal candidates. <mask> irritated the King still more that same year by abolishing the much abused right of asylum, by which foreign ambassadors in Rome had been able to harbor in embassies any criminal wanted by the papal court of justice. He notified the new French ambassador, Marquis de Lavardin, that he would not be recognised as ambassador in Rome unless he renounced this right, but <mask> would not give it up. At the head of an armed force of about 800 men

Pope Innocent XI

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Lavardin entered Rome in November 1687, and took forcible possession of his palace.<mask> treated him as excommunicated and on 24 December 1687 placed under interdict the Church of St. Louis at Rome where Lavardin attended services. In January 1688, <mask> received the diplomatic mission which had been dispatched to France and the Holy See by Narai, the King of Siam, under Fr. Guy Tachard and Ok-khun Chamnan in order to establish relations. Cologne controversy The tension between the <mask> and the King of France was increased by <mask>'s procedure in filling the vacant archiepiscopal see of Cologne. The two candidates for the see were Cardinal Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, then Bishop of Strasbourg, and Joseph Clement, a brother of Max Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. The former was a willing tool in the hands of <mask> and his appointment as Archbishop and Prince-elector of Cologne would have implied French preponderance in north-western Germany. Joseph Clement was not only the candidate of Emperor Leopold I (1658–1705) but of all European rulers, with the exception of the King of France and his supporter, King James II of England (1685–88).At the election, which took place on 19 July 1688, neither of the candidates received the required number of votes. The decision, therefore, fell to <mask>, who designated Joseph Clement as Archbishop and Elector of Cologne. <mask> retaliated by taking possession of the papal territory of Avignon, imprisoning the papal nuncio and appealing to a general council. Nor did he conceal his intention to separate the French Church entirely from Rome. The <mask> remained firm. The subsequent fall of James II in England destroyed French preponderance in Europe and soon after <mask>'s death the struggle between <mask> and the papacy was settled in favour of the Church. <mask> and William of Orange Innocent <mask> dispatched Ferdinando d'Adda as nuncio to the Kingdom of England, the first representative of the Papacy to go to England for over a century.Even so, the <mask> did not approve the imprudent manner in which James II attempted to restore Catholicism in England. He also repeatedly expressed his displeasure at the support which James II gave to the autocratic King <mask> in his measures against the Church. It is not surprising, therefore, that <mask> had less sympathy for James than for William of Orange and that he did not afford James help in his hour of trial. <mask> refused to appoint James II's choice as a Cardinal, Sir Edward Petre, 3rd Baronet. Moral theology Abortion <mask> issued the papal bull Sanctissimus Dominus in 1679 to condemn 65 propositions that favored a liberal approach to doctrine which included two that related to abortion. He first condemned proposition 34 and countered that it was unlawful to procure abortion. He also condemned proposition 35, which stated: "It seems probable that the fetus (as long as it is in the uterus) lacks a rational soul and begins first to have one when it is born; and consequently it must be said that no abortion is a homicide."Other activities <mask> was no less intent on preserving the purity of faith and morals among all people. He insisted on thorough education and an exemplary lifestyle for all people and he passed strict rules in relation to the modesty of dress among Roman women. Furthermore, he put an end to the ever-increasing passion for gambling by suppressing the gambling houses at Rome. By a decree of 12 February 1679 he encouraged frequent and even daily reception of Holy Communion. On 4 March 1679, he condemned the proposition that "the precept of keeping Holy Days is not obligatory under pain of mortal sin, aside from scandal, if contempt is absent". The document stated that the Church taught it was a mortal sin to intentionally skip Mass attendance on Sunday or a Holy Day without a legitimate excuse. It further stated that the faithful had to attend the Mass on Sunday itself or on the Saturday evening.In 1688, he reiterated a decree of Pope Sixtus V that banned women from singing on stage in all public theatres or opera houses. <mask> was hostile towards the book Varia Opuscula Theologica (Various Theological Brochures) that the Spanish Jesuit Francisco Suárez published. He ordered all copies to be burnt in 1679 but his orders went ignored. One of the books was discovered in 2015. Consistories He elevated 43 new cardinals into the cardinalate in two consistories. In 1681 he named Antonio Pignatelli as a cardinal and whom would later become <mask> <mask> (taking his name in honor of the pope who elevated him). <mask> also intended to nominate his confessor Ludovico Marracci as a cardinal, but he declined the invitation.Beatifications and canonizations He also canonized two saints: Bernard of Menthon in 1681 and Pedro Armengol on 8 April 1687. He beatified six individuals. Death and beatification Final days and death <mask> is known to have suffered from kidney stones since 1682 and in 1689 his health declined notably. In June that year he was confined to his bed. For reasons of ill health, he cancelled a consistory of cardinals convoked for 19 June for the examination of bishops and he also cancelled meetings on 21 June. The pope was suddenly assailed by a strong fever on 25 June and on 29 June he was unable to celebrate the solemn Mass for the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, deputing Cardinal Chigi to celebrate it in his place. The <mask>'s condition worsened on 2 July and his doctors were led to lance his left leg, which caused fluid release, and eventually to undertake an operation on his right leg on 31 July, and two more in the following two days.Om 9 August he received the Viaticum since doctors were of the opinion that he had little time left to live. On 11 August he received in audience Cardinal Leandro Colloredo, who came to remind him that the pope had been set to raise ten men to the cardinalate but the pope refused to do so despite the cardinal's insistence. On the morning of 12 August he lost the ability to speak and suffered from breathing difficulties. <mask> died on 12 August 1689 at 22:00 (Rome time) Following his death, he was buried in St Peter's Basilica beneath his funeral monument near the Clementine Chapel, which his nephew, Prince Livio Odescalchi, commissioned.Cevetello, Joseph F.X., "Blessed <mask>," Homiletic & Pastoral Review. New York, NY: Joseph F. Wagner, Inc., 1957. Pp. 331–339.The monument, which was designed and sculpted by Pierre-Étienne Monnot, features the pope seated upon the throne above a sarcophagus with a base-relief showing the liberation of Vienna from the Turks by John III Sobieski, flanked by two allegorical figures representing Faith and Fortitude.Reardon, Wendy J. (2004), The Deaths of the Popes, Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. P. 215. In April 2011 the remains of <mask> were moved to make way for remains of the beatified John Paul II. Beatification The process of <mask>'s beatification was introduced in 1691 by Pope <mask> who proclaimed him a Servant of God, and was continued by <mask> and <mask>, but French influence and the accusation of Jansenism caused it to be suspended in 1744 by Pope <mask>. In the 20th century, it was reintroduced and Pope <mask> proclaimed him venerable on 15 November 1955 and blessed on 7 October 1956. Following his beatification, his sarcophagus was placed under the Altar of St. Sebastian in the basilica's Chapel of St. Sebastian, where it remained until 8 April 2011 when it was moved to make way for the remains of Pope John Paul II to be relocated to the basilica from the grotto beneath St. Peter's in honor of his beatification and in order to make his resting place more accessible to the public. <mask>'s body was transferred to the basilica's Altar of Transfiguration, which is located near the Clementine Chapel and the entombed remains of Pope Gregory the Great (590–604).The altar is also across from <mask>'s monument, which was his original site of burial before his beatification. The feast day assigned to <mask> is 12 August, the date of his death. In the Hungarian calendar, it is commemorated on August 13. Reports suggest that following the attacks on the United States of America on 9/11, the Church decided to advance the long-suspended cause of <mask> to be canonised, as the pope who had prevented the Turks from overrunning Christendom in 1683, thus drawing parallels with aggressive Islamism. However, popular revelations made in the novel Imprimatur damaged <mask>'s reputation and thus the planned canonisation of Benedetto Odescalchi was suspended indefinitely. It was believed that the canonization would have taken place in 2003 but the book's publication halted all plans to canonize <mask>. Encyclicals Sollicitudo pastoralis (Fostering and Preserving the Orders of Men Religious) Coelestis Pastor'' (Condemning the errors of Molinos) See also Cardinals created by <mask> Odescalchi Notes References Acknowledgment External links The Body of <mask> in St Peter's Basilica The Altar of Transfiguration Coelestis Pastor Video footage showing the beatification of <mask> <mask> <mask>, 1611-1689 - The Lawyer-Pope Diocese of Como 1611 births 1689 deaths People from Como Italian popes Bishops of Novara People of the Great Turkish War Italian beatified people Beatifications by <mask> <mask> 17th-century venerated Christians 17th-century popes Popes Beatified

Crispus

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<mask> (; c. 303 – 326) was the eldest son of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great and his junior emperor (caesar) from March 317 until his execution by his father in 326. The grandson of the augustus Constantius I, <mask> was the elder half-brother of the future augustus Constantine II and became co-caesar with him and with his cousin Licinius II at Serdica, part of the settlement ending the Cibalensean War between Constantine and his father's rival Licinius I. <mask> ruled from Augusta Treverorum (Trier) in Roman Gaul between 318 and 323 and defeated the navy of Licinius I at the Battle of the Hellespont in 324, which with the land Battle of Chrysopolis won by Constantine forced the resignation of Licinius and his son, leaving Constantine the sole augustus and the Constantinian dynasty in control of the entire empire. It is unclear what was legal status of the relationship <mask>'s mother Minervina had with Constantine; <mask> may have been an illegitimate son. <mask>'s tutor in rhetoric was the Late Latin historian of Early Christianity, Lactantius. <mask> may be the young prince depicted on the Gemma Constantiniana, a great cameo depicting Constantine and his wife Fausta, though the depiction may instead be of Fausta's own son, the future augustus Constantius II. While at Augusta Treverorum, <mask>'s praetorian prefect for the prefecture of Gaul was the great Junius Annius Bassus. After his elevation to imperial rank, at which point he was also entitled princeps iuventutis ("Prince of Youth"), the Latin rhetorician Nazarius composed a panegyric preserved in the Panegyrici Latini, which honoured Crispus's military victories over the Franks in .<mask> was three times Roman consul, for the years 318, 321, and 324. Within two years of the defeat and surrender of Licinius, Constantine had not only put his brother-in-law and former co-augustus to death, but also executed his nephew Licinius II, the son of his sister Flavia Julia Constantia. According to the Latin histories of Ammianus Marcellinus and Aurelius Victor, after a trial whose real circumstances are mysterious, Constantine executed <mask> at Pola (Pula) in 326. Fausta, whose son Constantius II became caesar in November 324, was also put to death, and the Late Greek historian Zosimus and the Byzantine Greek writer Joannes Zonaras wrote that Constantine had accused <mask> of incest with his stepmother. After his death, <mask> was subjected to damnatio memoriae. Early life <mask>'s year and place of birth are uncertain. He is considered likely to have been born between 299 and 305, possibly as early as 295, somewhere in the eastern Roman Empire.The earliest date is most likely, since he was being tutored in 309–310 by Lactantius. His mother Minervina was either a concubine or a first wife to Constantine. Nothing else is known about Minervina. His father served as a hostage in the court of Diocletian in Nicomedia, thus securing the loyalty of Constantine's father, Constantius Chlorus, who was caesar to Maximian in the west at this time. In 307, Constantine allied to the Italian augusti, and this alliance was sealed with the marriage of Constantine to Maximian's daughter Fausta. This marriage has caused modern historians to question his relationship to Minervina and <mask>. If Minervina were his legitimate wife, Constantine would have needed to secure a divorce before marrying Fausta, which would have required an official written order signed by Constantine himself, but no such order is mentioned by contemporary sources.This silence in the sources has led many historians to conclude that the relationship between Constantine and Minervina was informal and to assume her to have been an unofficial lover. However, Minervina might have already been dead by 307. A widowed Constantine would need no divorce. Neither the true nature of the relationship between Constantine and Minervina nor the reason <mask> came under the protection of his father will probably ever be known. The offspring of an illegitimate affair could have caused dynastic problems and would likely be dismissed, but <mask> was raised by his father in Gaul. This can be seen as evidence of a loving and public relationship between Constantine and Minervina which gave him a reason to protect her son. The story of Minervina is quite similar to that of Constantine's mother Helena.Constantine's father later had to divorce her for political reasons—specifically, to marry Flavia Maximiana Theodora, the daughter of Maximian. Constantius did not, however, dismiss Constantine as his son, and perhaps Constantine chose to follow the example of his father here as well. Whatever the reason, Constantine kept <mask> at his side. Surviving sources are unanimous in declaring him a loving, trusting and protective father to his first son. Constantine even entrusted his education to Lactantius, among the most important Christian teachers of that time, who probably started teaching <mask> before 317. Career By 313, there were two remaining augusti in control of the Roman Empire—Constantine in the west and his brother-in-law Licinius in the east. On 1 March 317, the two co-reigning augusti jointly proclaimed three new caesares: <mask>, alongside his younger half-brother Constantine II, and his first cousin Licinius Iunior.Constantine II was the older son of Fausta but was probably about a month old at the time of his proclamation. Thus only <mask> assumed actual duties. Constantine apparently believed in the abilities of his son and appointed <mask> as Commander of Gaul. The new caesar soon held residence in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier), regional capital of Germania. In January 322, <mask> was married to a young woman called Helena. Helena bore him a son in October of that year. There is no surviving account of the name or later fate of the son.Eusebius of Caesarea reported that Constantine was proud of his son and very pleased to become a grandfather. <mask> was leader in victorious military operations against the Franks and the Alamanni in 318, 320 and 323. Thus he secured the continued Roman presence in the areas of Gaul and Germania. The soldiers adored him thanks to his strategic abilities and the victories to which he had led the Roman legions. <mask> spent the following years assisting Constantine in the war against by then hostile Licinius. In 324, Constantine appointed <mask> as the commander of his fleet which left the port of Piraeus to confront Licinius' fleet. The subsequent Battle of the Hellespont was fought at the straits of Bosporus.The 200 ships under the command of <mask> managed to decisively defeat the enemy forces, which were at least double in number. Thus <mask> achieved his most important and difficult victory which further established his reputation as a brilliant general. Following his navy activities, <mask> was assigned part of the legions loyal to his father. The other part was commanded by Constantine himself. <mask> led the legions assigned to him in another victorious battle outside Chrysopolis against the armies of Licinius. The two victories were his contribution to the final triumph of his father over Licinius. Constantine was the only augustus left in the Empire.He honoured his son for his support and success by depicting his face in imperial coins, statues, mosaics, cameos, etc. Eusebius of Caesaria wrote for <mask> that he is "an Imperator most dear to God and in all regards comparable to his father." <mask> was the most likely choice for an heir to the throne at the time. His siblings Constantine II, Constantius II and Constans were far too young and knew very little about the tasks of an emperor. However, <mask> would never assume the throne. Execution In 326, <mask>' life came to a sudden end. On his father's orders he was executed, apparently without trial, at Pola, Istria, in the Augustan regio of Venetia et Histria.According to Sidonius Apollinaris, <mask> was killed by "cold poison". Soon afterwards, Constantine had his wife Fausta killed also, according to several sources in a hot bath or bathroom. Both <mask> and Fausta suffered damnatio memoriae, their names being erased from inscriptions. The reason for these deaths remains unclear. The most common explanation given by scholars is based on the accounts of Zosimus and Zonaras: that <mask> was executed due to suspicions that he was involved in an illicit relationship with Fausta. Recent scholars have been skeptical of this explanation. For instance, T. D. Barnes argues that as <mask> was based at Trier, and Fausta at Constantinople, they would not have had the opportunity to have an affair, while Hans Pohlsander suggests that the similarity of Zosimus' story to the myth of Phaedra and Hippolytus makes its veracity doubtful.However, David Woods accepts the ancient evidence that <mask> and Fausta were believed to have had a relationship, suggesting that Fausta fell pregnant, and <mask> was implicated. According to Woods' theory, Fausta's death was caused by an attempted abortion, while <mask> committed suicide by poison in Pola, having been exiled there as punishment for his adultery. Other explanations put forward for <mask>' death include that he was executed in order to ensure the succession of his half-brothers, Constantine's sons by Fausta, and that it was unrelated to the death of Fausta; that it was due to <mask> suggesting that Constantine should retire; or that it was due to <mask> plotting against Constantine, possibly with Fausta and Licinius. J. W. Drijvers concludes that the true explanation for the deaths of <mask> and Fausta will never be known. Consequences It is said that Constantine looked to pagan priests who were friends of his, such as Sopater of Apamea, for the purification of his soul, but they refused, considering the act committed by Constantine as unforgivable, including the fact that he previously believed in a Christian woman who in her own son, who had shown her love and loyalty so many times. In literature <mask> became a popular tragic hero after the success of Bernardino Stefonio's neo-Latin tragedy Crispus, which was performed at the Jesuit Collegio Romano in 1597. Closely modelled on Seneca's Phaedra, this became a model of Jesuit tragedy and one of the main bases for Alessandro Donati's 1631 Ars Poetic and Tarquinio Galluzzi's 1633 Defense of Crispus.The play was adapted for the French stage by François de Grenaille as L'Innocent malhereux (1639) and by Tristan l'Hermite as La Morte de Chrispe ou les maleurs du grand Constantine (1645). It was performed as an opera in Rome (1720) and London (1721), where it was entitled, Crispo: drama, not to mention Donizetti's 1832 opera Fausta. The story is also retold and embellished in chapter 31 of Sir Walter Scott's novel Count Robert of Paris. When Evelyn Waugh reworks the story in his novel Helena (1950), <mask> is innocent. References Citations Sources External links 290s births 326 deaths 4th-century executions 4th-century Romans Ancient Roman generals Caesars (heirs apparent) Constantine the Great Constantinian dynasty Damnatio memoriae Executed ancient Roman people Flavii Generals of Constantine the Great Heirs apparent who never acceded Imperial Roman consuls People executed by hanging People executed by the Roman Empire People from Pula Sons of Roman emperors Tetrarchy Year of birth unknown

Menis Ketchum

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<mask><mask> (born January 31, 1943, in Wayne County, West Virginia) is an American politician and jurist who served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. He was elected as a Democrat to a twelve-year term on the Court in November 2008 and served as Chief Justice in 2012 and served a second term as Chief Justice in 2016. He resigned in July 2018 with slightly less than 18 months left in his term. Ketchum resigned prior to the Impeachment of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia, but was still implicated by the House of Delegates. On July 31, 2018, he pled guilty to a felony count of fraud related to his personal use of a state vehicle and gas fuel card. Background <mask> was born and raised in Wayne County, West Virginia, the son of attorney <mask> (1911–98). A graduate of a West Virginia public school, Ketchum attended Ohio University in Athens, Ohio from 1960-64.Upon returning to West Virginia, he enrolled at the West Virginia University College of Law in Morgantown. In 1967, he obtained his Juris Doctorate. Prior Legal Career <mask> returned to Huntington, West Virginia to practice law with his father in the law firm of Greene, Ketchum & Baker in 1967. He practiced law with Greene, Ketchum, Bailey & Tweel and was senior partner from 1980 until his election to the Supreme Court. <mask> was appointed to the Marshall University Board of Governors by then-Governor Bob Wise in 2002. He resigned on January 2, 2008, while serving as Vice-Chairman, to campaign for a seat on the Supreme Court of Appeals. Elections Fall 2008: In the November General Election, Workman and Ketchum faced Republican nominee Beth Walker.Walker was the sole Republican nominee running for one of two spots on the Court, guaranteeing the election of either <mask> or Workman and that the Court would likely remain majority-Democratic for at least four more years. Although Republicans won at the presidential level in West Virginia for the third straight presidential election, Democrats swept all of the other statewide offices on the ballot, including Governor, U.S. Senator, and every other executive office holder. However, the relatively nonpartisan nature of judicial races and the victory of Brent Benjamin to the Supreme Court in 2004 as a Republican, made the November general election competitive. Nevertheless, Huntington trial attorney <mask> and former Justice Workman beat out Beth Walker for seats on the Court. Walker would later win election in the Court's first nonpartisan election in 2016. <mask> was sworn in on the Supreme Court of Appeals on December 18, 2008 and officially took his seat on January 1, 2009.Spring 2008: Four Democrats filed for two seats on the State Supreme Court for the 2008 elections. In addition to Ketchum, they were former Supreme Court of Appeals Justice Margaret Workman, the first woman to serve on the state's high court, WVU Law professor and ballot access advocate Bob Bastress, and incumbent Justice Elliott "Spike" Maynard. Justice Larry Starcher declined to run for re-election, making one of seats an "open seat race." Additionally, then-Chief Justice Spike Maynard was up for re-election in 2008 after having been elected to a twelve-year term in 1996. During his re-election campaign, Maynard drew criticism when photos became public of him vacationing on the French Riviera in 2006 with Massey Energy CEO Don Blankenship before voting with the majority in a 3-2 decision reversing a $76 million judgment against Massey Energy. At the time, Maynard said their friendship “has never influenced any decision I’ve made for the Court. Like most judges I don't reward my friends, or punish my enemies from the bench.” Despite outraising his competitors, fallout from the incident aided former Justice Workman and Huntington attorney <mask> <mask> to win the Democratic nominations for two seats in the November general election.Time on the Court In 2016, <mask> was named as the new vice president of the Conference of Chief Justices, an association of the top jurists of the states and territories. In 2017, he published "Pattern Jury Instructions," which took him five years to compile. The purpose of the instructions is so that "trial lawyers and judges to have at their disposal legally correct instructions that are understandable to a lay jury." Resignation and criminal conviction In 2018 WCHS-TV and other media began an inquiry into the court's spending. It was found that Ketchum used a state owned Buick for regular commuting purposes without reporting this as a fringe benefit on his income tax, used the Buick for several personal trips to Virginia and was paid slightly less than $1,700 in improper travel reimbursements. He then repaid the $1,700 and restated his taxes for the years in question. On July 11, 2018, he announced his intent to resign from the court effective July 27, 2018.On July 31, 2018, he entered a guilty plea in the United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia in Charleston to a felony count of wire fraud. He was sentenced to three years probation and fined $20,000. On October 4, 2018, the Supreme Court of Appeals, due to Ketchum's criminal conviction, accepted the disciplinary recommendation of the state's Lawyer Disciplinary Board and officially annulled <mask>'s license to practice law in the state of West Virginia. Personal Married to the former Judy Varnum since 1966, the couple has three children and six grandchildren. Their son, Bert, is also a partner in his father's law firm. References External links Biography - Supreme Court of Appeals website |- 1943 births 21st-century American judges Disbarred American lawyers Living people Ohio University alumni People from Wayne County, West Virginia Politicians convicted of mail and wire fraud Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia West Virginia lawyers West Virginia University alumni West Virginia Democrats West Virginia politicians convicted of crimes Judges convicted of crimes Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia

Marc Ravalomanana

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<mask> () (born 12 December 1949) is a Malagasy politician who was the President of Madagascar from 2002 to 2009. Born into a farming Merina family in Imerinkasinina, near the capital city of Antananarivo, <mask> first rose to prominence as the founder and CEO of the vast dairy conglomerate TIKO, later launching successful wholesaler MAGRO and several additional companies. He entered politics upon founding the Tiako Iarivo political party in 1999 and successfully ran for the position of mayor of Antananarivo, holding the position from 1999 to 2001. As mayor he improved sanitary and security conditions in the city. In August 2001 he announced his candidacy as an independent in the December 2001 presidential election. He then took office as president in 2002 amidst a dispute over election results in which he successfully pressed his claim to have won a majority in the first round. Under the leadership of Jacques Sylla, <mask>'s Prime Minister from 2002 to 2007, the political party Tiako I Madagasikara (TIM) was founded in 2002 to support <mask>'s presidency and came to dominate legislative and local elections.He was re-elected in December 2006, again with a majority in the first round. During <mask>'s presidency, Madagascar made significant advances toward development targets and experienced an average of seven per cent growth per year. His administration oversaw the construction of thousands of new schools and health clinics. Road rehabilitation aided in improving rural farmers' access to markets. The establishment of the independent anti-corruption agency BIANCO, and the adoption of diverse supporting policies resulted in a decline in government corruption. The acreage of natural areas under protection expanded in fulfillment of <mask>'s "Madagascar Naturally" development program. The 2007 release of <mask>'s comprehensive development strategy, the Madagascar Action Plan, set targets and goals for national development over his second term in the areas of governance, infrastructure, agriculture, health, economy, environment and national solidarity.Opposition members criticized <mask> in the later period of his presidency, accusing him of increasing authoritarianism and the mixing of public and private interests. In addition, the benefits of the country's growth were not evenly spread, leading to increased wealth inequality, inflation and a decline in purchasing power for the lower and middle classes. In 2008 a controversial land lease agreement with Korean agricultural firm Daewoo, the purchase of a costly presidential jet and the closure of media channels owned by opposition leader and mayor of Antananarivo, Andry Rajoelina, strengthened popular disapproval of his policies. Rajoelina rallied popular support for the opposition, leading to a popular uprising that began in January 2009 and ended two months later with <mask>'s resignation under pressure and Rajoelina taking control with military support in a power transfer viewed by the international community as a coup d'état. From 2009 to 2012 <mask> lived in exile in South Africa, where he was engaged in active negotiations with Rajoelina and former heads of state Albert Zafy and Didier Ratsiraka to organize national elections. In December 2012 he declared he would not present himself as a candidate, then a precondition to the elections being viewed as legitimate by the international community. TGV candidate Hery Rajaonarimampianina was elected president in January 2014, defeating Jean-Louis Robinson, the candidate of <mask>'s camp.Upon attempting to return to Madagascar in October 2014 he was arrested, having been sentenced in absentia to lifelong hard labour for abuses of power by the Rajoelina administration. After his sentence was lifted and he was freed from house arrest in May 2015, <mask> announced the re-opening of the Tiko business group and was re-elected the president of TIM. Early years The youngest of eight siblings, <mask> was born on 12 December 1949 to a farming family of humble means in the village of Imerinkasinina, east of Antananarivo in Manjakandriana District. <mask>'s parents worked as peddlers before opening a small shop in a rural village in Tamatave Province. Anticipating the regional violence that erupted during the 1947 Malagasy Uprising against French colonial rule, the family relocated to a village near their ancestral lands outside Antananarivo. Once resettled in the highlands, <mask>'s mother worked as a seamstress in addition to assisting her husband with farming their land. <mask>'s family origins are Merina, the island's largest and most politically prominent ethnic group.The <mask> family tomb is outside the historic walls of the village, a placement that would typically indicate the family's origins lie with the hova (commoners' caste), rather than the andriana – the traditional ruling caste among the Merina that continues to exert considerable influence over political affairs in modern Madagascar. His later entry into the political sphere has made the question of his caste background one of popular interest and ongoing debate among the Malagasy public and press. Biographer Vivier (2007) maintains that the <mask> family is andriana in origin. From a young age he regularly attended the Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar (FJKM), a Reformed Protestant church and, with 2.5 million adherents, the most important religious association in Madagascar. As a youth he sang in the choir and later taught catechism. From age five he began attending Anjeva public primary school, located from Imerinkasinina. He walked this distance daily, often departing early with baskets of watercress to sell to train passengers at the nearby station.He completed his upper primary schooling at the Protestant missionary-run Vinet private school in Ambohimalaza, where his mother arranged for him to live with a host family. After completing his primary studies he attended the Swedish missionary-run technical secondary school in Ambatomanga. He lived with one of his brothers and began producing and selling yogurt in individual serving pots to local villagers and students as a means to subsidize his studies. During this time he met his future wife, Lalao Rakotonirainy, a classmate at the secondary school. In 1972, in a climate of increasing political instability and widespread school-based protests against the Tsiranana administration, Ravalomanana dropped out of the school's eleventh grade program at the age of 23; he then pursued further technical training in Fianarantsoa. He participated in NGO-sponsored entrepreneurship training in Sweden and Germany, and business studies in Denmark underwritten by the Danish ambassador. After returning to Madagascar, he wed Lalao on 12 November 1974; their marriage produced one daughter and three sons.Entrepreneur Upon completing his studies, <mask> returned to Manjakandriana District, where he and his family began making and selling homemade yogurts, a common artisanal product in the highlands region. On his bicycle, he collected milk from farmers in neighboring towns, gradually increasing his production and clientele. He opened his first yogurt and cheese production center in 1977 in Sambaina on land he named Rova-Tiko ("Tiko Palace"), where he would build the first Tiko factory several years later. His wife handled the administrative and accounting side of the business from Ankadivato, where the storage facility for finished products was located. By the end of the 1970s, <mask>'s dairy business employed five salaried staff members and was distributing its products in stores across Antananarivo. <mask> solicited a loan from the Agence Française de Développement to further expand his business, but this request was denied, souring his view of France. His subsequent request to the World Bank for 1.5 million US dollars was approved, and in 1982 he founded the Tiko company.The representative of the World Bank to Madagascar at the time, José Broffman, secured the loan with exceptionally favorable reimbursement conditions that enabled Ravalomanana to sell his products at a lower cost than other small dairy producers, which gradually put his most significant competitors out of business. Broffman later left his post at the World Bank to become a principal investor in the company, joined by private investors from South Africa, Germany and the United States. As Tiko continued to grow, the entrepreneur began incorporating imported ingredients such as powdered milk from South Africa (constituting 80 per cent of the composition of Tiko dairy products) and surplus butter from Europe, further improving the profitability of his business and enabling additional diversification. Tiko Group first concentrated exclusively on the production of dairy products before expanding into fruit juices, ice cream, cooking oil and carbonated beverages. The Tiko slogan printed on many of the group's products, Vita Malagasy ("Made in Madagascar"), reflected <mask>'s national pride and his vision that Madagascar should develop a larger capacity to produce quality goods for distribution for national and international markets. Ravalomanana cultivated political relationships to facilitate the continued growth of Tiko in spite of an economic climate non-conducive to free enterprise under the Socialist administration of Ratsiraka. Early support in the 1980s came from the Supreme Counselor of the Revolution Manandafy Rakotonirina, then-Minister of Finance Rakotovao Razakaboana, and another minister, Justin Rarivoson.By the mid-1980s, the profitability of his Tiko enterprise enabled <mask> to purchase a costly villa formerly owned by French colonial governor Leon Reallon in the central Faravohitra neighborhood of Antananarivo. In 1997, under the pretext of concern about mad cow disease, Ratsiraka obstructed <mask>'s plans to build a farm stocked with imported high-yield milk cows. Ravalomanana overcame the objection by breeding high-yield cows locally, thereby further boosting Tiko production. Later that same year, Ratsiraka's daughters began competing with Tiko by importing and reselling vegetable oil under the brand name "Eden". When Norbert Ratsirahonana declared himself a candidate in the 1997 presidential elections against Ratsiraka and Albert Zafy, <mask> provided significant financial contributions to the Ratsirahonana campaign in return for tax exemptions on his edible oil products for a period of five years. The profits he consequently earned were reinvested to create the Magro wholesale company in 1998. By 2001, over a dozen principal warehouses throughout the country enabled widespread distribution of Tiko products to urban and rural areas, with a flagship warehouse in the Akorandrano neighborhood of Antananarivo.The Ratsiraka administration launched an inquiry into Tiko business practices in September 2000 and issued an executive decision in June 2001 that the company should be shut down for failure to adhere to a 1996 agreement requiring Tiko to create jobs and produce low-cost vegetable oil; this ruling was overturned by the Supreme Court on 16 October 2002. A number of lawsuits have been filed over Ravalomanana's business practices, including a court judgment on the eve of the 2001 presidential election requiring the payment of between 200 and 363 billion Malagasy francs in Tiko back taxes, but all were either dismissed or ended in an out-of-court settlement; none resulted in a criminal conviction. At its height during the period of <mask>'s presidency, Tiko provided direct salaried employment to between 1,000 and 3,000 staff and indirect employment to over 10,000. The group was the largest dairy producer in the country and a leader in the national agribusiness sector. The success of his enterprises made <mask> a wealthy man. In the mandatory self-disclosure of wealth submitted to the High Constitutional Court in 2000 by all presidential candidates, <mask> declared ownership of 27 properties valued at over two billion Malagasy francs. He owned 90 per cent of Tiko Inc., 80 per cent of Tiko Agri and 50 per cent of Tiko Oil Products, a portfolio worth 13.1 billion Malagasy francs, and declared 77 million Malagasy francs in annual revenues.Vivier (2007) demonstrates that the valuation of Ravalomanana's holdings and his annual revenue in particular were significantly underestimated. Mayor of Antananarivo In 1999, <mask> decided to register as an independent candidate in the Antananarivo mayoral election rather than finance a representative from another party. The president of the Judged by Your Work Party (AVI), Norbert Lala Ratsirahonana, had met the entrepreneur several years prior in relation to Tiko business matters. The two discussed the possibility that <mask> could run as an AVI candidate, but this idea was abandoned. His principal opponent, former Prime Minister Guy Willy Razanamasy of the Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar (AREMA party), suffered from low popularity, leading Ratsiraka to tacitly support <mask>'s candidature against the representative of his own party. By contrast, <mask> was an unknown, attracting attention primarily for his considerable success in employment and wealth creation through Tiko, and his esteemed role as Vice President of the Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar, which was vocal in its support for the candidate. Supporters among Ravalomanana's high-level Tiko staff established a group to promote his campaign, which he named Tiako Iarivo ("I Love Antananarivo").The candidate spent over 700 million Malagasy francs on the campaign, drawn from the proceeds of his business and private donations. His campaign staff widely distributed promotional posters featuring the candidate's face, name and slogan, and handed out free Tiko yogurts and boxes of milk to the public. Ravalomanana's campaign posters often featured the Tiko logo and images of the candidate riding a bicycle laden with milk canisters to play on his image as a simple and poor farmer who, through intelligence, determination and responsible management, succeeded in developing a thriving business and would apply these same skills to develop the capital city. The <mask> campaign received support on the basis of his evident success as a manager, his leadership in the Christian community and his non-alignment with Ratsiraka's AREMA party, as well as his relative youthfulness and physical attractiveness to female voters. The campaign opened on 2 November 1999, and by 8 November <mask> held a led in the polls. In the 14 November municipal elections, <mask> was elected mayor of Antananarivo with 45 per cent of the votes. Upon being elected mayor, <mask> prioritized sanitation, security and public administration in the capital city.Provided a budget of approximately 11 million US dollars to manage Antananarivo, <mask> took initiative to secure additional funds. He established a bank account for public and business contributions to city improvement projects, raising over $700,000 in six months. He obtained funds from international donors to establish garbage collection and disposal systems, restore dilapidated infrastructure such as roads and marketplaces and replant public gardens. He received regular guidance and council from Kurt Schmoke, recently Mayor of Baltimore, Maryland, with whom he had developed a friendship through his biannual business trips to the United States as CEO of Tiko. To improve sanitation conditions in the city, he constructed public latrines in densely populated or highly frequented areas. During his tenure, construction in the capital increased sharply, with twelve new supermarkets constructed in two years. <mask> launched an initiative to install or repair street lights throughout the city to improve nighttime safety.He increased the number of police officers on the streets, leading to a drop in crime. His relationship with President Ratsiraka remained good through his early tenure as mayor, although his decision on 28 June 2001 to eliminate "red zones" – areas of the city where public assembly and protests were prohibited – provoked Ratsiraka's strong disapproval. In an August 2000 interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, <mask> expressed the belief that development in Madagascar would require greater personal responsibility among the Malagasy populace, a better business environment, environmental protection and reduced corruption. In response to increasing media speculation that he could be a strong candidate for the presidency, he stated that he was ambivalent toward the prospect, declaring "I miss the freedom of business, the ease of getting things done." Presidency Presidential election of 2001 On 5 August 2001, in front of the FJKM church in his village of birth, <mask> announced his intent to run for president in the election to be held on 16 December. His campaign promoted his image as a self-made man who would draw upon his business acumen to develop the country and played upon his relative youth (he was then aged 52) and his non-alliance with the elderly "political dinosaurs" who had dominated politics over the previous three decades. His humble origins as a village farmer inspired support among rural voters, who made up over four-fifths of the population.He was seen as the embodiment of the meritocracy many voters wished to see established in Madagascar in place of corrupt power networks dominated by nepotism. The Counsel of Christian Churches of Madagascar (FFKM) rallied behind <mask>,

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whose electoral slogan was "Don't be afraid, but have faith." <mask> received counsel and support for his campaign from the former mayor of Baltimore and a director of former US President Bill Clinton's campaign. <mask>'s announcement sparked retaliatory actions by the Ratsiraka administration, resulting in frequent defamatory attacks in the press and a court judgment fining him 300 billion Malagasy francs (55.6 million Euros) in unpaid back taxes, and two other lawsuits in relation to his management of Tiko, which were later settled out of court. These attacks were denounced by spokesmen for Ravalomanana's campaign support network, Tiako iMadagasikara (TIM), and in speeches the candidate delivered in urban and rural areas across the island, with travel made possible by his considerable personal wealth and the airplane and seven distribution helicopters registered to Tiko. Tiko distribution channels were used to distribute posters, baseball caps, tee-shirts and other promotional materials. October 2001 polls showed Ravalomanana ahead of Ratsiraka.Following the December election, official results put <mask> in first place, with 46 per cent, against Ratsiraka's 40 per cent; without a majority, a run-off would be required between the two candidates. Ravalomanana, claiming to have won a majority in the first round, refused to participate in a run-off, instead demanding that the High Constitutional Court review the votes. Ratsiraka's supporters then blockaded the capital, which Ravalomanana's supporters controlled. <mask> declared himself president on 22 February 2002. After a recount, on 29 April 2002 the High Constitutional Court declared that <mask> had won 51.3 percent of the vote, enough for a narrow first-round victory. Je was sworn in on 6 May. Ravalomanana dispatched soldiers to bring pockets of resistance under control, with incidents of unrest continuing until Ratsiraka fled into exile on 5 July 2002 after losing control of most of the country's provinces.First term Upon election to the presidency, <mask> sought to mitigate the negative economic impact of the eight-month political standoff with Ratsiraka, which had cost Madagascar millions of dollars in lost tourism and trade revenue as well as damage to infrastructure, including bombed bridges and buildings damaged by arson. He enacted a series of new laws, policies and reforms that sought to efface remaining traces of Ratsiraka's socialist ideology and replace it with a firmly capitalist, market-driven economic environment. In a break with tradition, the new head of state moved away from reliance on its principal trading partner, France, and cultivated relationships with partners such as Germany, the United States and South Korea as part of his strategy for Madagascar's economic development. He partnered with advisers at Harvard University to launch a rapid results initiative designed to spur rapid economic growth. In 2004 the World Bank approved his administration's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, entitled Madagascar Naturellement (Madagascar Naturally), in which he enshrined the principle of environmental conservation as inseparable from sustainable economic growth. The negative economic impact of the political crisis was gradually overcome by <mask>'s progressive economic and political policies, which encouraged investments in education and ecotourism, facilitated foreign direct investment and cultivated trading partnerships both regionally and internationally. At the 2003 Durban World Parks Congress he pledged to more than triple protected natural areas on the island from to – ten per cent of the country's land surface – over five years.In 2004 he established BIANCO (Bureau Indépendant Anti-Corruption), an anti-corruption bureau, which resulted in reduced corruption among Antananarivo's lower-level bureaucrats in particular, although high-level officials have not been prosecuted by the bureau. That same year, the International Monetary Fund agreed to write off half Madagascar's debt. Having met a set of stringent economic, governance and human rights criteria, in 2005 Madagascar became the first country to benefit from the Millennium Challenge Account, a new development fund managed by the United States. Legal reforms strengthened state institutions, particularly the judiciary, and produced improvements in human rights, civil liberties and the business climate. Consequently, the economy grew at an average annual rate of seven per cent throughout his presidency. Under his administration, hundreds of kilometers of roads were paved in formerly isolated rural areas. Dramatic improvements in education and health were also achieved under his administration.During <mask>'s first term, thousands of new primary schools and additional classrooms were constructed, older buildings were renovated and tens of thousands of new primary teachers were recruited and trained. Primary school fees were eliminated and kits containing basic school supplies were distributed to primary students. Logging in protected areas was outlawed until January 2009. After being elected president in 2002, <mask> remained a prominent player in the private sector. The 2003 privatisation of SINPA (Societe d'lnteret National Malgache des Produits Agricoles), the state agricultural corporation, and SOMACODIS (Société Malgache de Collecte et de Distribution), the national trading corporation, provided <mask> the opportunity to purchase both entities, which he incorporated under Tiko. He also created a public roads construction company, Asa Lalana Malagasy. The benefits of economic growth during the <mask> administration were not evenly distributed, leading to higher costs of living for all Malagasy and a deepening poverty among much of the population with fewer able to increase their wealth.Detractors indicate a decline in purchasing power and dramatic inflation early in <mask>'s presidency as evidence of a failure to reduce poverty. <mask>'s critics remarked that the greatest beneficiary of his reforms and policies was the president himself, giving the example of road construction projects that enabled Tiko to distribute more efficiently as well as the farmers and other small businesspeople targeted by the initiative. Furthermore, his own companies tended to be awarded most of the government contracts for which they bid, although this occurred transparently and legally, due to a weak legal framework around conflict of interest. Critics condemned his tendency to make unilateral decisions and disregard the views of his entourage, a number of whom resigned or were dismissed. Many joined an opposition movement that had gained considerable strength by late 2007. On 18 November 2006, <mask>'s jet was forced to divert from Madagascar's capital during a return trip from Europe following reports of a coup underway in Antananarivo and shooting near the airport. The attempted coup was ultimately unsuccessful.Presidential election of 2006 <mask> ran for a second term in the presidential election held on 3 December 2006. According to official results, he won the election with 54.79 per cent of the vote in the first round; his best results were in Antananarivo Province, where he received the support of 75.39 per cent of voters. He was sworn in for his second term on 19 January 2007. Second term During his second term, <mask> oversaw revisions to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. Renamed the Madagascar Action Plan (MAP), this new strategy was intended to build on the successes of his first term to accelerate and expand national development. The plan focused on "the eight commitments": accountable governance, more extensive and interconnected infrastructure, agriculture based rural development, family planning and health (particularly fighting HIV/AIDS), strong economic growth, environmental protection, and the traditional principle of fihavanana (solidarity). The plan's targets were aligned with the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals.As construction of schools and hiring of teachers continued in <mask>'s second term, additional measures were adopted to improve education quality, including a shift to Malagasy as the language of instruction in grades one to five, expansion of primary schools to house grades six and seven for greater access to lower secondary schooling and an overhaul of the national curriculum, which had been modified piecemeal since independence from France in 1960. In the Constitution of 2007, English was added to Malagasy and French as an official language, in reflection of <mask>'s goal to increase Madagascar's participation in the global market. In the later half of his second term, <mask> was criticized by domestic and international observers, who accused him of increasing authoritarianism and corruption. Confrontation with Rajoelina On 13 December 2008, the government closed Viva TV, owned by mayor of Antananarivo Andry Rajoelina, stating that a Viva interview with exiled former head of state Didier Ratsiraka was "likely to disturb peace and security". This move catalyzed the political opposition and a public already dissatisfied with other recent actions undertaken by <mask>, including a July 2008 deal with Daewoo Logistics to lease half the island's arable land for South Korean cultivation of corn and palm oil, and the November 2008 purchase of a second presidential jet at a cost of 60 million U.S. dollars. Within a week, Rajoelina met with twenty of Madagascar's most prominent opposition leaders (referred to in the press as the "Club of 20"), to develop a joint statement demanding that the <mask> administration improve its adherence to democratic principles. The demand was broadcast at a press conference, where Rajoelina promised to dedicate a politically open public space in the capital, which he would call Place de la democratie ("Democracy Square").Beginning in January 2009, Rajoelina led a series of political rallies in downtown Antananarivo where he gave voice to the frustration that <mask>'s policies had triggered, particularly among the economically marginalized and members of the political opposition. On 3 February, Ravalomanana dismissed Rajoelina as mayor of Antananarivo and appointed a special delegation headed by Guy Randrianarisoa to manage the affairs of the capital. Rajoelina incited demonstrators on 7 February to occupy the president's office in Ambohitsorohitra Palace in central Antananarivo. The presidential guard opened fire on the advancing crowd, killing 31 and wounding more than 200. <mask> became the third president since independence (after Ratsiraka and Philibert Tsiranana) to allow the defense forces to shoot at civilians; several months later, at a demonstration led by Ravalomanana supporters, Rajoelina would become the fourth president to authorize such an action. Popular disapproval of <mask> intensified and polarized some in favor of his resignation, although perceptions of Rajoelina as an alternative remained mixed. Conflicts between pro-Rajoelina demonstrators and security forces continued over the following weeks, resulting in several additional deaths.On 11 March, following a declaration of neutrality by army leadership, pro-opposition soldiers from the Army Corps of Personnel and Administrative and Technical Services (CAPSAT) stormed the army headquarters and forced the army chief of staff to resign. Over the next several days the army deployed forces to enable the opposition to occupy key ministries, the chief of military police transferred his loyalty to Rajoelina and the army sent tanks against the president's Iavoloha Palace. Rajoelina rejected <mask>'s offer on 15 March to hold a national referendum to determine whether the president should resign, and called on security forces to arrest the president. The following day, the army stormed the Ambohitsorohitra Palace and captured the Central Bank. Hours later, <mask> transferred his power to a group of senior army personnel, an act described by the opposition as a voluntary resignation. <mask> later declared he had been forced at gunpoint to relinquish power. The military council would have been charged with organizing elections within 24 months and re-writing the constitution for the "Fourth Republic".However, Vice Admiral Hyppolite Ramaroson announced on 18 March that the council would transfer power directly to Rajoelina, making him president of the opposition-dominated High Transitional Authority (HAT) that he had appointed weeks earlier. With the military's backing, the HAT was charged with taking up the tasks previously accorded to Ravalomanana's proposed military directorate. Madagascar's constitutional court deemed the transfer of power, from Ravalomanana to the military board and then to Rajoelina, to be legal; the court's statement did not include a justification for its decision. Rajoelina was sworn in as president on 21 March at Mahamasina Municipal Stadium before a crowd of 40,000 supporters, a transfer of power that was considered illegitimate and unconstitutional by the international community and widely described in the press as a coup d'état. Post-presidency After coming to power, Rajoelina's HAT pursued legal action against Ravalomanana. On 2 June 2009, Ravalomanana was fined 70 million US dollars (42 million British pounds) and sentenced to four years in prison for alleged abuse of office which, according to HAT Justice Minister Christine Razanamahasoa, included the December 2008 purchase of a presidential jet worth $60 million. Razanamahasoa claimed Ravalomanana "mixed public interests with his personal interests".The former head of state was in exile in Swaziland at the time, having been prevented from returning to Madagascar the previous month. Additionally, on 28 August, <mask> was sentenced in absentia to hard labour for life for his role in the protests and ensuing deaths. Arrest warrants were also issued for General Heriniaina Roelina and Colonel Anatole Ramlamboarison. Ravalomanana's Tiko Group faced heavy pressure from the transitional government, which in April 2009 demanded that the company pay 35 million US dollars in back taxes or risk being shut down. The AU and SADC set up a Troika, headed by King Mswati of Swaziland, to mediate the conflict. Both <mask> and Rajoelina were requested by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to renounce participation in the 2013 Malagasy presidential elections in order to hasten an end to the ongoing political crisis. On 10 December 2012, <mask> announced that he would not participate in the elections, and encouraged Rajoelina to follow suit, in line with SADC recommendations.Rajoelina complied; however, when Ravalomanana's wife Lalao submitted her candidacy several months later, Rajoelina resubmitted his candidacy, declaring that <mask> sought to govern by proxy through his wife. In August 2013, a special electoral court invalidated the candidacy of Lalao <mask>, as well as her chief competitors Rajoelina and Ratsiraka. TGV candidate Hery Rajaonarimampianina was elected president in January 2014, defeating Jean-Louis Robinson, the candidate of <mask>'s camp. Upon attempting to return to Madagascar in October 2014 <mask> was arrested, having been sentenced in absentia to lifelong hard labour for abuses of power by the Rajoelina administration. After his sentence was lifted and he was freed from house arrest in May 2015, <mask> recommenced broadcasts at his MBS radio station, announced the re-opening of the TIKO business group, and was re-elected the president of TIM. Other activities Ravalomanana is known for his fervent Christian faith. As a young adult he gradually took on increasingly responsible leadership roles within his church community.In early 2000 he replaced a member of the eastern Antananarivo synod in its Christian Men's Committee and was quickly elected its president. In August the same year he was elected as head layman and Vice-President of the FJKM. In 2005, he was quoted as saying that he "dream[s] of a Christian nation", a vision that critics considered a violation of the constitution, which described the state as secular. A 2007 constitutional referendum removed this descriptor, among other changes. While Ravalomanana enjoyed strong support from the FJKM and other church organizations early in his political career, these organizations placed increasing pressure on him over time, viewing his policies as inadequately effective in reducing poverty across the island. Ravalomanana owns media group Malagasy Broadcasting System (MBS), which operates radio and television stations. Honours National honours : Grand Cross, First Class of the National Order of Madagascar Foreign honours : Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2006) : Grand Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean (2008) Honorary degrees Honorary Doctorate from University of Antananarivo (2007) Honorary Doctorate of Law from Abilene Christian University, Texas (2008) Further reading References |- 1949 births Living people People from Analamanga Malagasy Protestants Merina people Presidents of Madagascar Malagasy businesspeople Grand Commanders of the Order of the Star and Key of the Indian Ocean Mayors of Antananarivo Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Tiako I Madagasikara politicians Exiled politicians Heads of government who were later

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<mask> (December 10, 1957September 3, 2012) was an American actor. He was best known for his breakout role as John Coffey in The Green Mile (1999), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and other honors, and for playing Kingpin in Daredevil and Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (both 2003). He also appeared in motion pictures such as Armageddon (1998), The Whole Nine Yards (2000), Planet of the Apes (2001), The Scorpion King (2002), Sin City (2005), and Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006), as well as in the role of Leo Knox in the television series Bones (2011) and its spin-off The Finder (2012). He also had voice roles in films such as Brother Bear (2003), Kung Fu Panda (2008) and Green Lantern (2011), and as Benjamin King in the video game Saints Row (2006). Early life <mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in a single-parent household with his sister, Judy, and mother, <mask> (a house cleaner), after his father left. Following his role as Coffey, <mask> was then cast in a string of films that helped to establish him as an actor in both action and comedy roles: The Whole Nine Yards (2000), See Spot Run (2001), Planet of the Apes (2001), The Scorpion King (2002), and Daredevil (2003), in the last of which he played Kingpin from Marvel Comics. When <mask> was cast as the Kingpin in 2002, he faced the dual challenge of portraying a typically white character and having to gain to fit the character's large physique.In July 2006, <mask> showed interest in returning for the role of the Kingpin, but stated that he would not be willing to regain the weight that he had lost. In 2009, he stopped eating meat and later appeared in a PETA ad campaign, touting the health benefits and his increased strength from a vegetarian diet. In 2005, <mask> appeared in two action films, The Island and Sin City, in which he played Manute, a powerful mobster. Critic Roger Ebert singled out <mask> for praise for his role in The Island, writing that "[<mask>] has only three or four scenes, but they're of central importance, and he brings true horror to them." <mask> appeared in a supporting role in the 2006 comedy Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby as Lucius Washington and, in 2009, <mask> played Balrog in Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li and starred as the titular Cleon "Slammin Salmon in Broken Lizard's farce The Slammin' Salmon. Famous for his deep, resonant voice, <mask> also did voice roles for films such as Brother Bear (2003) and its sequel Brother Bear 2 (2006), Kung Fu Panda (2008), and Green Lantern (2011) playing the voice of Kilowog from DC Comics alongside Ryan Reynolds. His other voice roles include' TV series such as Loonatics Unleashed and Operation: Z.E.R.O., Quiznos commercials, and a number of video games such as Demon Stone, SOCOM II: U.S. Navy SEALs, The Suffering: Ties That Bind, Saints Row, Soldier of Fortune, and God of War II, where he provided the voice of the Titan Atlas.He additionally reprised his role as the Kingpin in Spider-Man: The New Animated Series. In addition to his film roles, <mask> also guest starred in numerous television shows. Among these, he appeared in an episode of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and a first-season episode of CSI: NY. In 2008, he appeared as "Mr. Colt" in the second-season premiere of Chuck, "Chuck Versus the First Date" and as a guest star on two episodes of Two and a Half Men. Most notably, in April 2011, <mask> guest starred on an episode of TV series Bones as Leo Knox which, in 2012, led to <mask> receiving his first starring role as the same character in the spinoff series The Finder. The Bones Season 8 episode "The Partners in the Divorce", which aired three weeks after his death, was dedicated to him. During the week of May 14, 2012, <mask> appeared as a guest on the late night talk show The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson when the show was taping for a week in Scotland.<mask> was one of the show's most frequent guests, appearing a total of 18 times, and, the day after <mask>'s death in September, Ferguson began his show with a tribute to him. In January 2013 during The Late Late Shows winter break, reruns of the Scotland episodes were broadcast with a tribute to <mask> at the beginning of each of the five episodes, featuring <mask> on a pink background and the text "In memory of our friend <mask> <mask>." Personal life At the time of his death, <mask> was dating reality television personality Omarosa Manigault. His family later claimed that Omarosa changed his will and testament. They also claimed Omarosa manipulated <mask> in his final days, lied about their engagement, and sold his belongings without the family's knowledge. In 2013, Manigault appeared in the cast of The All-Star Celebrity Apprentice and played in <mask>'s honor for his favorite charity and one he had benefited from himself, the Sue Duncan Children's Center. In episode 2 of the season, Manigault won $40,000 for the charity.<mask> trained at the Gracie Academy in Torrance, California. He held a blue belt in Jiu Jitsu. Death <mask> was taken to Cedars Sinai Medical Center after suffering a heart attack on July 13, 2012. By August 6, he was moved from the intensive care unit but remained hospitalized. On September 3, <mask> died in Los Angeles from complications of the heart attack; he was 54. On September 10, 2012, a private funeral was held for <mask> in Los Angeles. He was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills.Filmography Films Television Video games Music videos References External links 1957 births 2012 deaths 20th-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century American male actors 21st-century African-American people 21st-century American male actors African-American basketball players African-American male actors Alcorn State Braves basketball players American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American men's basketball players American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu Basketball players from Chicago Bodyguards Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) Deaths from heart disease Junior college men's basketball players in the United States Male actors from Chicago

Auguste Forel

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<mask>-<mask> (1 September 1848 – 27 July 1931) was a Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and eugenicist, notable for his investigations into the structure of the human brain and that of ants. For example, he is considered a co-founder of the neuron theory. <mask> is also known for his early contributions to sexology and psychology. From 1978 until 2000 <mask>'s image appeared on the 1000 Swiss franc banknote. Biography Born in villa La Gracieuse, Morges, [witzerland, to <mask> a pious Swiss Calvinist and Pauline Morin, a French Huguenot he was brought up under a protective household. At the age of seven he began to take an interest in insects. He went to school at Morges and Lausanne before joining the medical school at Zurich.<mask> had a diverse and mixed career as a thinker on many subjects. At Zurich he was inspired by the work of Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886). In 1871 he went to Vienna and studied under Theodor Meynert (1833-1892) but was disappointed by Meynert. In 1873 he moved to Germany to assist Gudden at his Munich Kreis-Irrenanstalt. He improved upon various techniques in neuro-anatomy including modifications to Gudden's microtome design. In 1877 he described the nuclear and fibrillar organization of the tegmental region which is now known as Campus Foreli. He then became a lecturer at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich while also continuing his researches on ants.His first major work was a 450-page treatise on the ants of Switzerland which was published in 1874 and commended by Charles Darwin. He was appointed professor of psychiatry in 1879 at the University of Zurich Medical School. He not only ran the Burghölzli asylum there, but continued to publish papers on insanity, prison reform, and social morality. The asylum was very poorly run with corrupt staff and poor standards before <mask> took over and converted to be among the best in Europe. <mask> named his home as La Fourmilière —the Ant Colony. Around 1900 <mask> was a eugenicist. <mask> suffered a stroke that paralyzed his right side in 1912, but he taught himself to write with his left hand and was able to continue his studies.By 1914 he was a good friend of the eminent British entomologist Horace Donisthorpe, with whom he stayed in Switzerland; his ardent socialist views frequently caused political arguments between the two. After hearing of the religion from his son in law Dr. Arthur Brauns (married to his daughter Martha), in 1920 he became a member of the Baháʼí Faith, abandoning his earlier racist and socialist views, writing in his will and testament, In 1922 he received a letter from ʻAbdu'l-Bahá known as the Tablet to Dr. <mask> expounding on the differences between the mineral, vegetable, animal and human worlds, the spiritual nature of man and proofs of the existence of God. He was an agnostic and was strongly anti-capitalist, diverging from the Baháʼí religion of today. <mask> married Emma Steinheil in August 1883 and they had four daughters and two sons. In 1903 <mask> and his family moved to live in his home, La Fourmiliere, in Yvorne near Lake Geneva. He died there on July 27, 1931, and was cremated in Lausanne two days later. Scientific work Forel's prize essay on the ants of Switzerland was published in three parts in a Swiss scientific journal, beginning in 1874.The work was reissued as a single volume in 1900, at which time it was also translated into English. His myrmecological five-volume magnum opus, Le Monde Social des Fourmis, was published in 1923. In 1898, <mask> was credited with discovering Trophallaxis among ants. <mask>'s predilection for finding in ants the analogs of human social and political behaviors was always controversial. In the foreword to his 1927 edition of British Ants: their life history and classification, Donisthorpe opined, "I should wish ... to protest against the ants being employed as a supposed weapon in political controversy. In my opinion an entomological work is not the appropriate means for the introduction of political theories of any kind, still less for their glaring advertisement. But in 1937, the work was excerpted in Sir J.A.Hammerton's Outline of Great Books with praise for its relevance to the study of human psychology and as "the most important contribution to insect psychology ever made by a single student." <mask> realized from experiments that neurons were the basic elements of the nervous system. He found that the neuromuscular junction communicated by mere contact and did not require the anastomosis of fibres. This came to be called the Contact Theory of Forel. The word "neuron" was coined by Wilhelm von Waldeyer who published a review of the work of <mask> and others in 1891. Waldeyer synthesized ideas without actually conducting any research himself and published it in Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift a widely read journal which made him popular. <mask> was very bitter about Waldeyer's achievement of fame that it is thought to have contributed to the decline in his interest in neuroanatomy and neurology.Less controversially, <mask> first described in 1877 the zona incerta area in the brain. He gave it this name as it a "region of which nothing certain can be said". Forel International School is named after him. Partial bibliography Les Fourmis de la Suisse, Systématique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution géographique, nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs. Bale, Genève, Lyon, H. Georg. (1874). Ants and Some Other Insects: An Inquiry into the Psychic Powers of these Animals (1904) Hypnotism; or, Suggestion and Psychotherapy: A Study of the Psychological, Psycho-physiological and Therapeutic Aspects of Hypnotism (1907) Ameisen aus Sumatra, Java, Malacca und Ceylon.Gesammelt V.Prof. Dr. V. Buttel Reepen in den Jahren, 1911–1912. Zool. Jahrd.Jena Abt. F.Syst. 36: 1–148. (1913).Fourmis de Rhodesia, etc. recoltees par M. Arnold, le Dr. H. Brauns et K. Fikendey. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique. 57: 108–147.(1913). Le monde social des fourmis du globe comparé à celui de l'homme. Genève, Kundig, 1921–1923, 5 volumes (1921-1923). References Further reading Serina Heinen: „Zwischen Evolutionstheorie und Menschheitsreligion - Der Schweizer Monist, Baha'i und Eugeniker Auguste Forel“ in: Das Prinzip Evolution.Darwin und die Folgen für Religionstheorie und Philosophie (hg. Mariano Delgado, Oliver Krüger, Guido Vergauwen), Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 2010. Bernhard Kuechenhoff, "The psychiatrist <mask> and his attitude to eugenics," History of Psychiatry, 19,2 (2008), 215–223. Related documents on Baháʼí Library Online External links 1848 births 1931 deaths People from Morges Swiss entomologists Swiss eugenicists Swiss psychiatrists Swiss neuroscientists People associated with the University of Zurich Myrmecologists Swiss Bahá'ís Swiss sexologists History of psychiatry Converts to the Bahá'í Faith 20th-century Bahá'ís

Mike Nahan

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<mask> (born 2 July 1950) is a former Australian politician who was Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia's Western Australian branch and Leader of the Opposition from the 2017 state election until his resignation in June 2019. He served as Treasurer of Western Australia under the Barnett Ministry from March 2014 until the government's fall in March 2017. <mask> was also the Member of the Legislative Assembly for Riverton from 2008 until 2021, when he was succeeded by Labor's Jags Krishnan. Biography <mask> was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1950 as one of 13 children and grew up on a small farm, later graduating with a bachelor's degree in economics from Western Michigan University. After arriving in Australia in the late 1970s, he received a doctorate in economics from the Australian National University having previously completed a master's degree in agricultural economics. <mask> arrived in Western Australia in July 1982. He joined the Western Australian Public Service before moving to the Institute of Public Affairs, a libertarian think tank, as a policy director.Between 1995 and 2005 he was Executive Director of the IPA. State politics <mask> entered politics at the 2008 Western Australian state election when he defeated incumbent Labor MP Tony McRae for the seat of Riverton in southern Perth. Nahan served as the Trustee of the Parliamentary Superannuation Board and was Chairman of the Economics and Industry Standing Committee in State Parliament from November 2008 to August 2012. As part of the Economics and Industry Standing Committee, <mask> presided over the Kimberley Ultramarathon Inquiry, an Inquiry set up to understand why five individuals received extensive burns. It was later determined that the fire was caused by an out of control prescribed burn being conducted by FESA, El Questro, the WA Police and the James Gino Salerno family, a cult residing around Kununurra. After the Liberal/National government was reelected at the 2013 Western Australian state election, <mask> was promoted to cabinet as Minister for Energy, Finance, and Citizenship and Multicultural Interests by Premier Colin Barnett. Treasurer of Western Australia <mask> was appointed as the Treasurer of Western Australia on 14 March 2014 following the resignation of Troy Buswell.His first budget as Treasurer was delivered in May 2014. As Treasurer of Western Australia, <mask> presided over the loss of the state's AAA credit rating in August 2014 when state debt was downgraded to AA1 (further downgraded to AA2 in February 2016), and an unemployment rate of 6.5% in March 2017. Leader of the Opposition The Liberal government was roundly defeated at the 2017 state election, suffering the worst defeat of a sitting government in Western Australian history. Notably, the Liberals' support in Perth almost melted. The Liberals were cut down to only nine seats in the capital, including <mask>'s. Following the defeat, Barnett resigned as WA Liberal leader and returned to the backbench. Two days after the election, outgoing minister Bill Marmion indicated that Nahan had the most support in the much-reduced Liberal party room to succeed Barnett.He was elected unopposed as Liberal leader, and hence Leader of the Opposition, on 21 March, with outgoing Deputy Premier Liza Harvey remaining deputy leader. Nahan has been compared to Ned Flanders, a character from The Simpsons, with The West Australian cartoonist Dean Alston drawing him in the style of the animated television show. Nahan announced on 12 June 2019 he was stepping down from the parliamentary leadership of the Liberal Party. When asked who he will be backing as his replacement, he said it would be up to the Liberal party room to make that decision. Nahan also said that he had always planned to step down before the 2021 election, meaning that he never intended to take the Liberals into the campaign. He however disputed the suggestion that he was "warming the chair". His deputy, Harvey, was elected unopposed as party leader on 13 June 2019.He is only the fifth WA Liberal leader not to take the party into an election. Later career Soon after Harvey was elected his successor, <mask> became Shadow Minister for Planning in Harvey's shadow cabinet. In March 2021, <mask> retired from Parliament, and did not seek re-election in his Riverton seat, which was gained by the Labor Party. Taxation and citizenship issues In 2018, Nahan revealed a substantial disputed liability, believed to be potentially hundreds of thousands of dollars, to the United States Internal Revenue Service. Despite being a member of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly since September 2008 and Treasurer in the Barnett Government for three years, this possible liability was only disclosed in 2018 during a debate over eligibility of dual citizens. During the debate, Nahan stated that he no longer held a U.S. passport but was unable to renounce his American citizenship until the debt was resolved. The issue arose in 2010 when the IRS changed the way in which it calculated liability from Australian superannuation recipients.Nahan is reported to be one many thousands of U.S. citizens caught up in the changes and is awaiting the outcome of several court cases in the United States where lawyers are confident that, if successful, his liability will be expunged. For Liberal Party colleagues the issue raised further concerns about his ability to lead the decimated party in parliament to the 2021 Western Australian state election. References External links WA Parliament biography <mask>an new WA Treasurer 1950 births Living people Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia Leaders of the Opposition in Western Australia American emigrants to Australia Western Michigan University alumni Australian National University alumni Treasurers of Western Australia Australian economists Politicians from Ann Arbor, Michigan Energy Ministers of Western Australia 21st-century Australian politicians People from Ann Arbor, Michigan

Henry de Montherlant

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<mask>ite <mask> (; 20 April 1895 – 21 September 1972) was a French essayist, novelist, and dramatist. He was elected to the Académie française in 1960. Biography Born in Paris, a descendant of an aristocratic (yet obscure) Picard family, he was educated at the Lycée Janson de Sailly and the Sainte-Croix boarding school at Neuilly-sur-Seine. <mask>'s father was a hard-line reactionary (to the extent of despising the post-Dreyfus Affair army as too subservient to the Republic, and refusing to have electricity or the telephone installed in his house). His mother, a formerly lively socialite, became chronically ill due to the difficult childbirth, being bedridden most of the time, and dying at the young age of 43. From the age of seven or eight, <mask> was enthusiastic about literature and began writing. In 1905 reading Quo Vadis by <mask>wicz caused him a lifelong fascination with Ancient Rome and a proficient interest in Latin.He also was enthusiastic about school comradeship, sports and bullfighting. When he was 15 his parents sent him alone to Spain where he became initiated in the corrida, killing two young bulls. He was also a talented draughtsman and after 1913 resorted to hiring young people in the street for nude modelling. On 5 April 1912, aged almost seventeen, <mask> was expelled from the Catholic Sainte-Croix de Neuilly school for being a «corruptor of souls». Together with other five youngsters he had founded a group called 'La Famille' (the Family), a kind of order of chivalry whose members were bonded by an oath of fidelity and mutual assistance. A member of that group was Philippe Jean Giquel (1897–1977), Montherlant's two year junior "special friend", with whom he was madly in love although it never became physical. According to Montherlant this "special friendship" had raised the fierce and jealous opposition of abbé de La Serre, who managed to get the older boy expelled.This incident (and Giquel) became a lifelong obsession for <mask>, who would depict it in the 1952 play La Ville dont le prince est un enfant and his 1969 novel Les Garçons. Later, in his adult years, he would resume his platonic friendship with Giquel, who would invite the writer to be the godfather of his daughter Marie-Christine. After the deaths of his father and mother in 1914 and 1915, he went to live with his doting grandmother and eccentric uncles. Mobilised in 1916, he was wounded and decorated. Marked by his experience of war, he wrote Songe ('Dream'), an autobiographic novel, as well as his Chant funèbre pour les morts de Verdun (Funeral Chant for the Dead at Verdun), both exaltations of heroism during the Great War. His work was part of the literature event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics. <mask> first achieved critical success with the 1934 novel Les Célibataires, and sold millions of copies of his tetralogy Les Jeunes Filles, written from 1936 through 1939.In these years <mask>, a well-to-do heir, traveled extensively, mainly to Spain (where he met and worked with bullfighter Juan Belmonte), Italy, and Algeria, giving vent to his passion of street boys. During the Second World War after the fall of France in 1940 he remained in Paris and continued to write plays, poems, essays, and worked as a war correspondent. Some time in 1968, according to Roger Peyrefitte, outside a movie theatre in Paris, 72-year-old <mask> was attacked and beaten up by a group of youths because he had groped the younger brother of one of them. <mask> was seriously injured and blinded in one eye as a result. The British writer Peter Quennell, who edited a collection of translations of his works, recalled that Montherlant attributed the eye injury to "a fall" instead; and mentions in confirmation that <mask> suffered from vertigo. After going almost blind in his later years and becoming the target of scorners like Peyrefitte, <mask> died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head after swallowing a cyanide capsule in 1972. His ashes were scattered in Rome, at the Forum, among the Temple of Portunus and into the Tiber, by <mask> Barat and Gabriel Matzneff.His standard biography was written by Pierre Sipriot, and published in two volumes (1982 and 1990), revealing the full extent of <mask>'s sexual habits. Works His early successes were works such as Les Célibataires (The Bachelors) in 1934, and the highly anti-feminist tetralogy Les Jeunes Filles (The Young Girls) (1936–1939), which sold millions of copies and was translated into 13 languages. His late novel Chaos and Night was published in 1963. The novels were praised by writers as diverse as Aragon, Bernanos, and Malraux. <mask> was well known for his anti-feminist and misogynistic views, as exemplified particularly in The Girls. <mask> Beauvoir considered his attitudes about women in detail in her The Second Sex. He wrote plays such as Pasiphaé (1936), La Reine morte (1942, the first of a series of historical dramas), Malatesta (1946), Le Maître de Santiago (1947), Port-Royal (1954) and Le Cardinal d'Espagne (1960).He is particularly remembered as a playwright. In his plays as well as in his novels he frequently portrayed heroic characters displaying the moral standards he professed, and explored the 'irrationality and unpredictability of human behaviour'. He worked as an essayist also. In the collection L'Equinoxe de septembre (1938) he deplored the mediocrity of contemporary France and in Le solstice de Juin, (1941), he expressed his admiration for Wehrmacht and claimed that France had been justly defeated and conquered in 1940. Like many scions of the old aristocracy, he had hated the Third Republic, especially as it had become in the aftermath of the Dreyfus Affair. He was in a "round-table" of French and German intellectuals who met at the Georges V Hotel in Paris in the 1940s, including, the writers Ernst Junger, Paul Morand and Jean Cocteau, the publisher Gaston Gallimard and the Nazi legal scholar Carl Schmitt. <mask> wrote articles for the Paris weekly, La Gerbe, directed by the pro-Nazi novelist and Catholic reactionary Alphonse <mask>.After the war, he was thus viewed as a collaborationist, and was punished by a one-year restriction on publishing. A closeted pederast, Montherlant treated pederastic themes in his work, including his play La Ville dont le prince est un enfant (1952) and novel Les Garçons (The Boys), published in 1969 but written four or five decades earlier. He maintained a private and coded correspondence with fellow pederast Roger Peyrefitte — author of Les Amitiés particulières (Special Friendships, 1943), also about relationships between boys at a Roman Catholic boarding school. Peyrefitte would later mercilessly mock Montherlant and disclose his pederasty in his 1970 novel Des Français (under the alias "<mask> Beauséant") and in his memoirs Propos secrets (1977). <mask> is remembered for his aphorism "Happiness writes in white ink on a white page", often quoted in the shorter form "Happiness writes white". Honours and awards Les célibataires was awarded the Grand prix de littérature de l'Académie française in 1934, and the English Northcliffe Prize. In 1960 <mask> was elected a member of the Académie française, taking the seat which had belonged to André Siegfried, a political writer.He was an Officer of the French Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur. Reference is made to "Les Jeunes Filles" in two films by West German director Rainer Werner Fassbinder: Das kleine Chaos (1967) and Satansbraten (1977). In the short film Das kleine Chaos the character portrayed by Fassbinder himself reads aloud from a paperback German translation of Les Jeunes Filles which he claims to have stolen. Translations and adaptations [[Image:R Delaunay La Relève du matin.jpg|thumb|right|180px| Lithograph by Robert Delaunay for an edition of La Relève du matin (1928)]] Terence Kilmartin, best known for revising the Moncrieff translation of Proust, translated some of <mask>'s novels into English, including a 1968 edition of the four volumes of Les Jeunes Filles, in English called simply The Girls. In 2009, New York Review Books returned Montherlant to print in English by issuing Kilmartin's translation of Chaos and Night (1963) with a new introduction by Gary Indiana. Christophe Malavoy directed and starred in a 1997 television movie adaption of La Ville dont le prince est un enfant. Illustrated works Some works of <mask> <mask> were published in illustrated editions, today commanding high prices at book auctions and in book specialists.Examples include "Pasiphaé," illustrated by Henri Matisse, "Les Jeunes Filles", illustrated by Mariette Lydis, and others illustrated by Jean Cocteau, Robert Cami, Édouard Georges Mac-Avoy and Pierre-Yves Tremois. References Further reading H. Perruchot - Montherlant (French and European Publications ), 1963 J. Cruikshank - Montherlant'' (Oliver & Boyd ), 1964 External links <mask> Montherlant site 1895 births 1972 suicides 20th-century French dramatists and playwrights 20th-century French novelists French male dramatists and playwrights French male novelists French military personnel of World War I French untitled nobility LGBT dramatists and playwrights French LGBT novelists Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni French male essayists Members of the Académie Française Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Pedophile advocacy Suicides by firearm in France Writers from Paris 20th-century French essayists 20th-century French male writers Olympic competitors in art competitions War correspondents of World War II French war correspondents Victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes 1972 deaths 20th-century LGBT people

Steve Lehman (photographer)

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<mask> is an American-born conceptual artist whose oeuvre consists of photographs, videos, collages, drawings, writings, sculpture, objects, paintings and installations. He is also the founder of WillyNilly™, a digital lifestyle company. He is most famous for his book The Tibetans: A Struggle to Survive. <mask>’s work is distinct because of his ability to “sample” other artists, weave together many types of art and merge different disciplines. <mask> is born to a family of Jewish film industry pioneers and printers. His great-grandfather was an early film distributor, who sold “single reelers” in the early 1900s for Universal Films. <mask>'s father’s side of the family owned Lehman Brothers, Inc., a high quality printing and engraving company.As a boy, <mask> studied art, photography, graphic design, film, and business from a young age. Career <mask> graduated Duke University in the late 1980s and then went to Tibet to live. He was trying to find a remote village of cave dwellers hoping to work on a visual anthropological project. The day before he was to leave to find the cave dwellers, he stumbled upon a group of monks demonstrating for independence. Though he had no interest in journalism, he quickly reacted and photographed the monks. His pictures and written account broke the story of the Tibetan unrest. Years later he wrote in the introduction to The Tibetans: A Struggle Survive, “Immediately I understood the implications of their (monks) actions and knew they were either going to be shot dead in the street or imprisoned.I was moved by their selflessness, by their decision to stand up for their beliefs and give up their lives for the greater benefit of Tibetan society. It was clear that they wanted me to photograph the demonstration and I reacted. There was no hesitation — witnessing those young monks sacrificing their lives was very powerful and I felt an obligation to do what I could.” However, as time went on, the moral ambiguity and physical toll of working in journalism weighed heavily on him and he eventually stopped. Upon his return the United States late in 1987, <mask> started giving slide shows to friends, relatives, people interested in Tibet and then began giving presentations at schools and universities. He also showed his photographs to legislators and had an exhibit on Capitol Hill sponsored by the late Congressman Tom Lantos and the Congressional Human Rights Caucus. Lantos, a survivor of the Holocaust lauded his work saying that “<mask> continues to chronicle the Tibetans’ courageous struggle for human rights and his work is a major contribution to understanding the Tibetan story.” <mask>’s actions helped spearhead the citizen’s journalism movement because traditional news organizations were largely not present for the unrest in Tibet and wouldn't devout the necessary resources to cover Tibet because they didn't take the conflict seriously. <mask> returned to Tibet many times on his own to document the sociopolitical situation.His efforts were instrumental in the formation of the Free Tibet movement in the West. Philip Glass, the composer and prominent Tibet supporter, wrote that "<mask>’s book, The Tibetans: A Struggle to Survive, is essential in helping us piece together the recent events in Tibet." Robert Thurman, author, Tibet activist, and Columbia University Tibet Scholar declared that <mask>’s book “is a must read for those who want to understand their planet.” In response to the limited amount of reporting from Tibet, <mask> created The Tibetans, a non-profit dedicated to educating the public about Tibet in 1997. They produced a book, website, exhibition, multimedia lecture, and video. He co-published The Tibetans: A Struggle to Survive with How Town and the prominent visual book publisher Umbrage. <mask> has spoken about Tibet on CNN, The Leonard Lopate Show and other news outlets. The Tibetans In a review of his book The Tibetans: A Struggle To Survive, for Tricycle Anne Seidlitz writes, "<mask> expands the boundaries of his field.He was in the vanguard that moved photojournalism into the realm of fine art. <mask> and several of his peers “push the edges of the creative envelope” and make images that are both art and informational. He distinguished himself because his ability to create the necessary balance —he made complex political stories accessible and informative without trivializing the subject matter. <mask> also managed to steer clear of aestheticizing suffering to the point of it becoming distasteful. Though he covered a significant amount of conflict, he did not over emphasize death and destruction. A major theme in his art is how positive and negative things exist simultaneously. The Dalai Lama wrote of his work, ”...the pictures in this book, The Tibetans: A Struggle to Survive, vividly reveal how much has changed in Tibet under Chinese rule.And yet, the unbroken Tibetan spirit also shines through. Tibetans at home and in exile remain determined to preserve our identity and regain the freedom we have lost.” <mask> also broke from his predecessors in photography by not committing to a singular photographic style. In his book The Tibetans: A Struggle to Survive, <mask> made images in at least 20 different styles of photography — he would use color, black and white film, point and shoot, single lens reflex and medium format cameras, found pictures and then weave everything together with relevant design, text, and collages. <mask>’s multimedia book garnered critical praise for its brilliant design, beautiful photography, and great reporting. The Tibetans: A Struggle to Survive (Umbrage/How Town), one of the best selling multimedia books won the Best Book Award in Pictures of the Year(POY) The book is also listed as one of the best photography books of all time by Photo Gallery Review. The accompanying exhibit, sponsored by Freedom Forum’s Newseum and Media Center, traveled nationally. Upon the introduction of handheld video camera, he became one of the first multimedia journalists.He always preferred still photographs but felt constrained because he usually worked for weekly or monthly magazines with limited space. He felt obligated that people saw the stories he covered so he started shoot video for television networks as well. Www.nytimes.com published his work from Tibet, using his photos, video and writing. This was one of the first (maybe even the first) truly multimedia pieces published by a news organization on the Internet. The editorial director at the time was Richard Meislin and the producer on the project was Eric Jenner. Other photographic work Lehman has traveled to nearly 50 countries, broken numerous stories, and covered many world-shaping events. Over the course of his career he covered fifteen major political conflicts.His thought provoking photographs frequently appeared in magazines such as Newsweek, The New Yorker, TIME, Entertainment Weekly, U.S. News & World Report, Der Spiegel, L’Express and Stern. Some consider him to be the most significant photographer of his generation and Dr. Robert Coles, the founding editor of Doubletake Magazine, anointed him as such by writing wonderful introductions for both his books. Alison Morley, a photo editor and Chair of the Documentary Photography and Photojournalism Program at the International Center of Photography (ICP), held The Tibetans: A Struggle to Survive up in front of her class announced, “this is great work, this is what you should be aspiring to.” Marcel Saba, a well known photo agent, referred to him as a genius. A world-class portrait photographer, <mask> was one of the youngest photographers ever assigned by Elizabeth Biondi at The New Yorker to make portraits. Over the course of his career, he photographed four presidents, the Pope, numerous heads of state, several Nobel Prize winners and several celebrities for the world’s most prominent magazines. When Tom Cruise received his star at Mann’s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, he was there. During the military takeover in Burma, he was with Aung San Suu Kyi in her home and the first photographer to portray her for a major magazine.When Vaclav Havel began to lead the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia after his release from prison, <mask> was on the spot and made one of the most moving news pictures of all time. He visited with the Dalai Lama on numerous occasions and they listened to the songs of birds together in his garden. After an interview with <mask>, the Dalai Lama said to him, “You ask the best questions of all the people that have come.” Personal life After Tibet, <mask> went on to work on assignment for magazines and television networks. He often tried to cover stories that didn’t receive much attention from traditional news outlets. Though rarely home, he was based in Los Angeles in the 90’s and actually lived in the same Hollywood apartment building as artist Michael Kelly did. The building is known to have housed many creative people, including <mask>’s neighbor Elizabeth Leustig, the late casting director (A River Runs Through It, Dances with Wolves), and the actor, Bill Wintersole. Other work He made a second book, American Hollow, with Mark Bailey, and Rory Kennedy.The American Hollow book was a companion to an exhibition, lecture and award winning HBO film. This unique project tells the story of the Bowlings, a family living in the Appalachian mountains of Kentucky. The American Hollow project won national attention and Oprah Winfrey featured the project on her show. The photographic exhibition opened at the U. S. Capitol and then traveled to the Norton Museum of Art and other art museums. In 1996, <mask> was invited by Visa Pour L’Image to have a one-man show of Indigenous People’s Project. Visa Pour L’Image is the world’s most prestigious festival for photojournalism. He was the first artist to challenge romantic stereotypes of traditional cultures.In 1994, <mask> was in Rwanda covering the genocide. He was one of the few journalists present. Marcel Saba, who helped edit the work, said of the images, “the only time I cried at my light table was <mask>’s Rwanda photos.” While in Somalia, <mask> photographed the first American soldier wounded in fighting with Somalis. Published in Newsweek, his exclusive reportage foreshadowed the failure of the United States’ policy in Somalia. In 1988, his exclusive photographs of the military takeover in Burma were rare evidence of the atrocities committed by the Burmese government. In 2007 <mask> emerged with his bootleg show at the Whitney Museum of American Art. Mounted atop Rudolf Stingel’s aluminum covered Celotex insulation panels, his show boldly confronted the idea of museums and galleries defining who and what is important in art.He also challenged Stingel’s ownership of the panels and Lehman’s intellectual property by writing © <mask> on his own art asking that it be returned. He illicitly filmed and photographed the event with his cell phone. <mask> invented the concept of a bootleg show, which is essentially a show within a show within show. It’s when an unsanctioned artist places their work in the show of another artist, films the event with their cell phone and then distributes it. <mask> considers it a homage to the artist being exhibited. Despite being unsanctioned, his bootleg show at the Whitney was a great success. One young patron who appears in these rare videos exclaimed, “It’s awesome, it’s really great you put it up.” <mask> is known to be prolific but often prefers not to exhibit his work and displays it in non-traditional ways.Books The Tibetans: A Struggle to Survive (Howtown / Umbrage 1998, 2003 {paperback}) American Hollow (Bullfinch Press, Little, Brown and Company, 1999) Christmas Around the World (Collins Publishers, 1996), Pgs. 12-13, 121, 127, 150-155, 158-162, 165 Burma’s Revolution of the Spirit (Aperture, 1994), cover, pgs. 44-49, 59 Awards Best Book Award, Pictures of the Year, 1999 First Place in the general news category (China coverage), Pictures of the Year 1998. Award of Excellence in Pictures of the Year (Rwanda Coverage), 1995 Honorable Mention, World Press Photo (coverage of the military takeover in Burma), 1989. Indigenous Peoples’ Project (Lakota, Tibet, Bushman), Visa Pour L'image, Perpignan, France, 1996 (solo) Woodstock: 1969/1994, Tribes Gallery, NY, NY, 1994 (group) Burma Puffin Room, New York, NY 1996 (group) World Press Photo Exhibit, 1988 (group) Scorched Earth: Oil Well Fires in Kuwait, Houston Center of Photography, 1991 (group) Washington Square Park, Duke University, 1985 References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people

Miriam Toews

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<mask> (; born 1964) is a Canadian writer and author of nine books, including A Complicated Kindness (2004), All My Puny Sorrows (2014), and Women Talking (2018). She has won a number of literary prizes including the Governor General's Award for Fiction and the Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award for body of work. <mask> is also a two-time finalist for the Scotiabank Giller Prize and a two-time winner of the Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize. <mask> had a leading role in the feature film Silent Light, written and directed by Mexican filmmaker Carlos Reygadas, and winner of the 2007 Cannes Jury Prize, an experience that informed her fifth novel, Irma Voth (2011). Life and work Toews grew up in Steinbach, Manitoba, the second daughter of Mennonite parents, both part of the Kleine Gemeinde. Through her father, Melvin C<mask>, she is a direct descendant of one of Steinbach's first settlers, Klaas R. Reimer (1837–1906), who arrived in Manitoba in 1874 from Ukraine. Her mother, Elvira Loewen, is a daughter of the late C. T. Loewen, an entrepreneur who founded a lumber business that would become Loewen Windows.As a teenager, <mask> rode horses and took part in provincial dressage and barrel-racing competitions and attended high school at the Steinbach Regional Secondary School. She left Steinbach at eighteen, living in Montreal and London before settling in Winnipeg. She has a B.A. in Film Studies from the University of Manitoba, and a Bachelor of Journalism degree from the University of King's College, Halifax. <mask> wrote her first novel, Summer of My Amazing Luck (1996), while working as a freelance journalist. The novel explores the evolving friendship of two single mothers in a Winnipeg public housing complex. The novel was developed from a documentary that <mask>Nally Robinson Book of the Year Award. <mask> won the latter prize with her second novel, A Boy of Good Breeding (1998). <mask> has written for CBC's WireTap, Canadian Geographic, Geist, The Guardian, The New York Times Magazine, Intelligent Life, and Saturday Night. In 1999, she won a National Magazine Award Gold Medal for Humour. She is the author of The X Letters, a series of personal dispatches addressed to the father of her son, which were featured on This American Life in an episode about missing parents. <mask>' father died by suicide in 1998. His death inspired <mask> to write a memoir in her father's voice, Swing Low: A Life.The book was greeted as an instant classic in the modern literature on mental illness, and it won the Alexander Kennedy Isbister Award for Non-Fiction and the McNally Robinson Book of the Year Award. <mask>' father suffered from bipolar disorder much of his life, but he was an active and well-respected elementary school teacher who lobbied to establish Steinbach's first public library. After his death, the Steinbach Library Board opened the Melvin C. Toews Reading Garden on the grounds of the library he worked to create. <mask>' older sister and only sibling, Marjorie, died by suicide in 2010, almost 12 years to the day after their father. <mask>' partner is Erik Rutherford, a screenwriter noted for the 2021 film Charlotte. A Complicated Kindness Toews' third novel, A Complicated Kindness (2004), is set in East Village, a small religious Mennonite town much like her native Steinbach. The narrator is Nomi Nickel, a curious, defiant, sardonic sixteen-year-old who dreams of hanging out with Lou Reed in the 'real' East Village of New York City.She lives alone with her doleful father, after the departure of her older sister and the unexplained disappearance of her mother. Unlike her father, who is a dutiful member of the church, Nomi is rebellious by nature, and her questioning brings her into conflict with the town's various authorities, most notably Hans Rosenfeldt, the sanctimonious church pastor. A Complicated Kindness was highly acclaimed nationally and internationally, with the character of Nomi Nickel invoking comparisons to J. D. Salinger's Holden Caulfield. It won the 2004 Governor General's Award for Fiction, described by the jury as "an unforgettable coming-of-age story... melancholic and hopeful, as beautifully complicated as life itself." It was also shortlisted for the Scotiabank Giller Prize and longlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award. The novel was selected for the 2006 edition of Canada Reads, the first book by a female writer to win the competition. The Flying Troutmans The Flying Troutmans (2008) is a road-trip novel narrated by 28-year-old Hattie, who takes charge of her teenage niece and nephew after her sister Min is admitted to a psychiatric ward.Overwhelmed by the responsibility, Hattie enacts an ill-conceived plan to find the kids' long-lost father in California. The novel was awarded the 2008 Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize. The jury described the novel as "a love song to young people trying to navigate the volcanic world of adult emotions." The novel was also longlisted for the Orange Prize for Fiction, and named a Globe and Mail Best Book. Irma Voth and Silent Light With her fifth novel, Irma Voth (2011), <mask> returned to the Mennonite community to re-examine the ways in which religious communities can limit personal freedom, and how belonging can turn to estrangement when old and new value systems clash. The novel opens in an old order Mennonite settlement in Mexico's Chihuahuan Desert. Nineteen-year-old Irma Voth has been banished to a neighbouring farm by her strict, religious father after secretly marrying a non-Mennonite Mexican.Her new husband disappears into the drug trade and Irma is left alone to tend to the farm. Her world is transformed when a filmmaker from Mexico City arrives to make a film about Mennonites. Irma is hired as a translator for the film's female protagonist, and her involvement with the wildly creative film crew brings her into dangerous conflict with her father, while at the same time helping her better understand her place in the world. When her father's violence escalates and the tragedy that has haunted her family begins to surface, Irma receives the blessing of her mother to flee the encampment, and to take her two younger sisters with her, one of whom is an infant. They eventually settle in Mexico City, where the two older sisters must embrace the ways of the city in order to survive and raise their infant sister. <mask> has said that Irma Voth was inspired in part by her experience in playing a lead role in Silent Light, the 2007 film written and directed by Mexican filmmaker Carlos Reygadas. Reygadas invited <mask> to do a screen test for the role of Esther, a conservative Mennonite wife, after reading her third novel, A Complicated Kindness, and seeing her author photo on the back flap of the book.The film was shot in Plautdietsch, a language neither the director nor <mask> fully understood. <mask> worked with her mother, a native speaker of Plautdietsch, to deliver her lines phonetically. The film won a number of international awards, including the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival. <mask> was nominated for best actress at Mexico's Ariel Awards for her performance, one of nine nominations for the film. Filmed in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua, the film depicts the same Mennonite community that features in <mask>' novel. "Irma Voth and Silent Light provide interesting counterpoint views of a culture as seen through the eyes of an outsider. Of course, Reygadas and the fictional filmmaker in Irma Voth portray a society within its insular context, a culture out of time and place, while <mask> and Irma Voth have learned to coexist in both worlds."All My Puny Sorrows All My Puny Sorrows (2014) recounts the tumultuous relationship of the Von Riesen sisters, Elfrieda and Yolandi, the only children of an intellectual, free-spirited family from a conservative Mennonite community. Yolandi, the novel's narrator, has always lived in her sister's shadow. Whereas Elfrieda is a gifted, beautiful, happily married, and much celebrated concert pianist, Yolandi feels like a failure, with a floundering writing career and teenage children from separate fathers. Yet it is Elfrieda who suffers from acute depression and a desire to die, much like her father before her, who killed himself by stepping in front of a train. When Elfrieda makes a second suicide attempt on the eve of an international concert tour, Yolandi makes it her mission to save her sister, even as Elf begs her to accompany her to a Swiss clinic and enable her death. Yolandi writes: "She wanted to die and I wanted her to live and we were enemies who loved each other." Toews has said that the novel draws heavily on events leading up to the 2010 suicide of her only sibling Marjorie.All My Puny Sorrows received starred reviews in Library Journal, Kirkus Reviews, and Publishers Weekly and was a Reference and Users Services Association Notable Book. It also appeared on a number of year-end best-book lists, including The Globe and Mail, The Boston Globe, The Washington Post, The New Republic, and The Daily Telegraph. The novel won the 2014 Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize. The jury described it as "a haunting novel of tremendous feeling, beautifully written and profoundly humane... <mask>, a dazzling literary alchemist who manages to summon all the joyous and heart-breaking humanity of her characters, has produced a work of astonishing depth. Reading it is an unforgettable experience." The novel was also awarded Italy's 2015 Sinbad Prize for Foreign Fiction. All My Puny Sorrows was shortlisted for the 2014 Scotiabank Giller Prize, the 2015 Folio Prize for Literature, and the 2015 Wellcome Book Prize.It was longlisted for the 2015 Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction and the 2016 International Dublin Literary Award. The novel's French translation, Pauvres petits chagrins, was selected for the 2019 edition of Quebec's Le Combat des livres, where it was defended by writer Deni Ellis Béchard. A film adaptation of the book, directed by Michael McGowan, was released in 2021. Women Talking In a note at the start of Women Talking (2018), <mask> describes the novel as "a reaction through fiction" to the true-life events that took place between 2005 and 2009 on the Manitoba Colony, a remote Mennonite community in Bolivia. Girls and women would regularly wake up in the mornings to discover they had been sexually violated. The attacks were dismissed as 'wild female imagination,' or else attributed to ghosts or demons. Eventually it was revealed that a group of colony men had been spraying an animal anesthetic into neighboring houses at night, rendering everyone unconscious, and raping all the women (infant, elderly and relatives included).The colony elders, deciding that the case was too difficult to handle themselves, called local police to take the perpetrators into custody. Here begins Toews "fictional response". Women Talking centers on eight women of varying ages who, in the aftermath of such traumatic events, must determine what to do next. As they see it, they have three options: do nothing; stay and fight; or leave. The stakes are high, and they must come to a decision quickly. The colony men, who are away to post bail for the rapists, will soon be returning. Over the course of two days, in the privacy of a hayloft, the women have a series of fierce, philosophical debates.How will they heal, protect their children, educate their sons, keep their faith, and, most of all, forgive? The colony's bishop, Peters, has told them that if they refuse to forgive their offenders, they will be denied entry into heaven. The novel is presented as the minutes of the women's meetings, which are taken by August Epp, the colony schoolteacher (he is also the novel's narrator). Unlike the women, he has experience of the outside world, having once been excommunicated, and is able to read and write (the women speak only Plautdietsch, an unwritten German dialect). He performs his role of minute taker at the request of Ona Friesen, the object of his unrequited love, and one of the eight women in the hayloft. As time runs short for the women, and they begin to put their action plan into motion, August's own tragic story is also revealed. The novel was a shortlisted finalist for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction at the 2018 Governor General's Awards.A film adaptation of the book directed by Sarah Polley and starring Frances McDormand is in pre-production.

Olive Shapley

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<mask> (10 April 1910, Peckham, London – 13 March 1999, Powys, Wales) was a British radio producer and broadcaster. Early life <mask> was born Peckham, south London, into a Unitarian family. Her parents named her after the South African author <mask>. In 1929 Shapley went to read history at St Hugh's College, Oxford. There she met her lifelong friend Barbara Betts, the future Labour politician Barbara Castle; the two women spent their holidays together and shared an interest in politics. Shapley was briefly attracted to communism, and although her involvement was short-lived, it attracted the interest of the security services, who continued to monitor her for most of her life. Castle recalled that she recognised in <mask> "a fellow rebel against the sexist conventions of the Oxford of the 1920s".Career After a brief period working for the Workers' Educational Association and teaching at several schools, she joined the BBC in 1934 as an organiser of Children's Hour programming at BBC Manchester, there she soon developed an interest in documentary features as an assistant producer. During a live programme called Men Talking, Shapley had to use placards requesting Durham miners "not say bugger or bloody", one incident of several which persuaded BBC Director General Sir John Reith to insist on broadcasts being scripted. Using a recording van, weighing "seven tons when fully loaded", Shapley recorded actuality, which was innovative at the time, but the broadcast of swear words could now be avoided. She thought a claim by Paddy Scannell and David Cardiff that she was an innovator as being expressed in "very flattering terms". With Joan Littlewood in 1939 she created The Classic Soil (the programme still exists) which compared the social conditions of the day with those observed a century earlier by Friedrich Engels. Decades later, Shapley thought it "probably the most unfair and biased programme ever put out by the BBC". Other programmes from this period included the features Steel (1937), Cotton and Wool (both 1939).New York In 1939, Shapley married John Salt, the BBC's programme director in the North region; at the time, the BBC did not permit married couples to work together at the corporation, and so Shapley resigned. However, she continued to work for the BBC as a freelancer. In 1941, Salt was appointed deputy North American director by the BBC, meaning Shapley and her husband lived in New York for much of the war. They rented an apartment on Fifth Avenue from fellow broadcaster Alistair Cooke and employed a maid named Mabel, who lived in Harlem. She and <mask> formed a friendship, and this connection enabled <mask> to gain access to the Black community in Harlem. She began to record interviews with Mabel's neighbours and produced radio programmes about the lives of black people in America. She also started to produce a "newsletter" programme which was sent back to Britain and broadcast fortnightly on the BBC's Children's Hour; among her interviewees were Eleanor Roosevelt and Paul Robeson.Shapley's "newsletter" programme format has been credited as an inspiration for Alistair Cooke's long-running programme for adult listeners, Letter from America. Salt, who had served as the BBC's North America assistant director (1942–44) and later director (1944–45), died suddenly on 26 December 1947. Woman's Hour Shapley returned to London and lived in Hampstead. She became a regular presenter of Woman's Hour, a programme with which she was associated ("on and off") for over twenty years, producing the programme between 1949 and 1953. She is credited with introducing some formerly taboo subjects to the programme, such as discussions about the menopause and women living independently of men. Shapley also wrote articles for Modern Woman magazine. In 1958, she began working in television, presenting Women of Today and narrating a children's programme, <mask> Tells a Story, on BBC Television.Manchester Shapley remarried in 1952 to Manchester businessman Christopher Gorton. In 1953, the couple bought Rose Hill, a house on Millgate Lane in Didsbury, Manchester, where <mask> lived for 28 years. Gorton died of a heart attack in 1959 and Shapley underwent treatment for severe depression. She subsequently returned to her broadcasting career, taking a six-week BBC television training course in 1959, which enabled her to become a producer in the newer medium. Though largely based at BBC Manchester again, from where she broadcast on television, she regularly commuted to London for some years. She devised a programme about books, Something to Read, and convinced the BBC to use journalist Brian Redhead as the presenter. It had been felt that his Geordie accent would be incomprehensible to viewers.When in Manchester, Shapley worked at Dickenson Road Studios, the BBC's regional TV production studio which was housed in a converted Methodist Church in Rusholme. Shapley recalled that the facilities at Studio A consisted of "one studio and very cramped make up and other production facilities, with a canteen and a few poky little dressing rooms. We coped well enough, though I do remember apologising sometimes to guests who clearly found the place not quite up to their expectations of the BBC." Humanitarian work In the mid-1960s, Shapley formed the Rose Hill Trust for Unsupported Mothers and Babies (a term she preferred over "unmarried mothers") and set up her home as a refuge for single mothers. In the late 1970s, she used her home as a refuge for Vietnamese boat people. After she sold Rose Hill in 1981, Shapley continued to live in Didsbury until 1992, when she moved to Rhayader in mid-Wales to live closer to her family. Shapley wrote her autobiography with the assistance of her daughter, Christina Hart.Shortly after publication in 1996, <mask> suffered a severe stroke. She was subsequently moved to a nursing home, where she died in 1999. After her death, a street in Didsbury was named after her, <mask> Avenue. <mask> was longlisted in 2015 for the WoManchester Statue. Although Emmeline Pankhurst was decisively selected, Shapley's innovative broadcasting work was brought to the attention of a new generation. The Pankhurst statue now sits in St Peter's Square, Manchester. A book published to as part of the statue campaign, First in the Fight, dedicates a chapter to <mask> along with the other nineteen women considered for the statue.Publication <mask>'s autobiography, Broadcasting a Life, was published in 1996. References Citations Sources External links Coal, broadcast 17 November 1938, BBC Archive site We Have Been Evacuated, documentary recorded in September 1939 presented and produced by <mask>, BBC Archive site Woman's Hour, 9 April 2010 (iPlayer sound file) 1910 births 1999 deaths BBC newsreaders and journalists BBC radio producers British radio personalities British radio producers British reporters and correspondents British television producers British women television producers English television presenters 20th-century British journalists People from Peckham People from Didsbury English humanitarians Women humanitarians Women radio presenters Woman's Hour Children's Hour presenters Workers' Educational Association Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford English women philanthropists

Sebastian Junger

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<mask> (born January 17, 1962) is an American journalist, author and filmmaker. He is noted for his book The Perfect Storm: A True Story of Men Against the Sea (1997), a creative nonfiction work which became a bestseller, and for his award-winning documentary films Restrepo (2010) and Korengal (2014). He also wrote the book War (2010). <mask> was born in Belmont, Massachusetts, the son of Ellen Sinclair, a painter, and <mask>, a physicist. Born in Dresden, Germany, and of Russian, Austrian, Spanish, and Italian descent, his father immigrated to the United States during World War II to escape persecution because of paternal Jewish ancestry and to study engineering at MIT. <mask> grew up in the Belmont neighborhood, which he learned was the territory of the Boston Strangler. He was later inspired to write A Death in Belmont (2006).Junger graduated from Concord Academy in 1980 and received a bachelor of arts degree from Wesleyan University in cultural anthropology in 1984. Career Junger began working as a freelance writer, often trying to publish articles on topics that interested him. He often took other jobs for temporary periods of time to support himself. Researching dangerous occupations as a topic, he became deeply engaged in learning about commercial fishing and its hazards. In 1997, with the success of his non-fiction book, The Perfect Storm, Junger was touted as a new Hemingway. His work stimulated renewed interest in adventure non-fiction. The book received a large pre-publication deal for movie rights, was on the New York Times bestseller list for a year in the hardback edition, and for two years in paperback.In 2000 Junger published an article "The Forensics of War," in Vanity Fair. He received a National Magazine Award for this. He continues to work there as a contributing editor. In early 2007, he reported from Nigeria on the subject of blood oil. With British photographer Tim Hetherington, Junger created The Other War: Afghanistan, produced with ABC News and Vanity Fair. It was shown on Nightline in September 2008 and the two men shared the DuPont-Columbia Award for broadcast journalism for the work. His book War (2010) revolves around a platoon of the US Army 173rd Airborne stationed in Afghanistan.<mask>, along with Hetherington, used material gathered in the Korengal Valley of Afghanistan for the book and to create a related documentary feature Restrepo. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and won the Grand Jury Prize for a domestic documentary at the Sundance Film Festival in 2010. On April 27, 2011, <mask> was presented with the "Leadership in Entertainment Award" by Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA) for his work on Restrepo. <mask>'s book, Tribe: On Homecoming and Belonging, was published in May 2016. Junger has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans. His latest work Freedom, on the American ideal of the same name, was published by Simon & Schuster in 2021. Personal life Between at least 2011 and 2014, Junger was married to writer Daniela Petrova.His first daughter was born in 2016 when he was age 55. He is married and lives with wife and 2 children in Cape Cod. He co-owned a bar in New York called The Half-King. He is an atheist. Notable work The Perfect Storm Junger's book The Perfect Storm: A True Story of Men Against the Sea (1997) became an international bestseller. It recounts a storm in October 1991 that resulted in the Gloucester fishing boat Andrea Gail going down off the coast of Nova Scotia, and the loss of all six crew members: Billy Tyne, Bobby Shatford, Alfred Pierre, David Sullivan, Michael Moran and Dale Murphy. In 2000, the book was adapted by Warner Brothers as a film of the same name, starring George Clooney and Mark Wahlberg.Junger said that while recovering from a chainsaw injury, he was inspired to write about dangerous jobs. He planned to start with commercial fishing in Gloucester, Massachusetts. He developed this project as The Perfect Storm, as he became more involved with learning about the crew members and the conditions and decisions that contributed to their deaths. Junger established The Perfect Storm Foundation to provide cultural and educational grants to children across the country whose parents make their living in the commercial fishing industry. A Death in Belmont A Death in Belmont centers on the 1963 rape and murder of Bessie Goldberg. This was during the period from 1962 to 1964 of the infamous Boston Strangler crimes. Junger received the 2007 PEN/Winship award for the book.Junger raises the possibility in his book that the real Strangler was Albert DeSalvo. He eventually confessed to committing several Strangler murders, but not Goldberg's. Roy Smith, an African-American man, was convicted in her death based on circumstantial evidence. Junger suggests that Smith's conviction for Goldberg's death was influenced by racism. The prosecution called witnesses who remembered seeing Smith chiefly because he was a black man walking in a predominately white neighborhood. (Eyewitness testimony has been shown to be notoriously flawed.) Smith had cleaned Goldberg's house the day she was attacked and left a receipt (for his work) with his name on her kitchen counter.No physical evidence, such as bruises or blood, linked Smith to the crime. In 1976, he was granted commutation of his life sentence. Before he gained release, Smith died of lung cancer. Junger draws no conclusions about the guilt or innocence of either Smith or DeSalvo. Goldberg's daughter has vigorously disputed Junger's suggestion that Smith may have been innocent. Defense attorney Alan Dershowitz said in his review of the book: It "must be read with the appropriate caution that should surround any work of nonfiction in which the author is seeking a literary or dramatic payoff." He noted that Junger did not include endnotes or footnotes, and suggested he may have had too much interest in "playing down coincidences and emphasizing connections."Fire Fire is a collection of articles about dangerous regions or dangerous occupations. In the chapter "Lion in Winter", Junger interviews Ahmad Shah Massoud, leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance and known as the Lion of the Panjshir. He was a famed resistance fighter against the Soviets and the Taliban. <mask> was one of the last Western journalists to interview Massoud in depth. Much of this was first published in March 2001 for National Geographic Adventure, along with photographs by Iranian photographer Reza Deghati and video by cinematographer Stephen Cocklin. Massoud was assassinated on September 9, 2001. Junger's portrait of Massoud suggests a different future for the country if he had been able to continue his work.Fire also details the conflict diamond trade in Sierra Leone, genocide in Kosovo, and the hazards of fire-fighting in the state of Idaho in the United States. Restrepo In 2009, Junger made his first film, the documentary feature Restrepo, as director with photographer Tim Hetherington. The two worked together in Afghanistan on assignment for Vanity Fair. <mask> and Hetherington spent a year with one platoon in the Korengal Valley, which is billed as the deadliest valley in Afghanistan. They recorded video to document their experience, and this footage went on to form the basis for Restrepo. The title refers to the outpost where Junger was embedded, which was named after a combat medic, Pfc. Juan Restrepo, killed in action.As Junger explained, "It's a completely apolitical film. We wanted to give viewers the experience of being in combat with soldiers, and so our cameras never leave their side. There are no interviews with generals; there is no moral or political analysis. It is a purely experiential film." Restrepo, which premiered on the opening night of the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, won the grand jury prize for a domestic documentary. The actor David Hyde Pierce presented the award in Park City, Utah. Junger self-financed the film.Restrepo was nominated for the 2011 Academy Award for Best Documentary. War The visits from June 2007 to June 2008 to eastern Afghanistan to the Korengal Valley with Tim Hetherington resulted not only in their reports and pictures published in Vanity Fair in 2008 and the film Restrepo (2010), but also in Junger's best-selling book War (2010), which rewrites and expands upon his Vanity Fair dispatches. Junger in War, tells the story of Staff Sergent Sal Giunta. His actions during the fighting in the Korengal Valley made him the first soldier to still be alive when receiving the Medal of Honor since the Vietnam War. Time magazine named War a "Top Ten Non-fiction Book" of 2010. Which Way is the Front Line From Here? In April 2013, Junger's film Which Way is the Front Line From Here?The Life and Time of Tim Hetherington, debuted at the LBJ Presidential Library. Produced in conjunction with HBO Documentary Films, it documents the life of Hetherington, who was killed in 2011 in Libya. Korengal The 2014 film Korengal continues to follow the soldiers in Battle Company 2/503 during and after their service in the Korengal Valley. The film takes a deeper look into the psychology of the men, who are deployed in the rugged mountains of the Korengal Valley. Junger sought to find out what combat did to, and for them, and seek a deeper understanding of why war is meaningful to them. The film opened in June 2013 in theaters. It also played at the Pritzker Military Library and Museum, The Pentagon, Army Heritage and Education Foundation Center, Capitol Hill, United States Military Academy, The National Infantry Museum, Little Rock Film Festival, Key West Film Festival, and the DocuWest Film Festival.The Last Patrol The last of the trilogy about war and its effects on soldiers, this documentary explores "what it means for combat soldiers to reintegrate into daily American life." Junger recruited former US Army Sgt. Brendan O'Byrne, who appeared in the film Restrepo, US Army soldier David Roels, and Spanish photo-journalist Guillermo Cervera to walk the rail corridor between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. The journey was planned as a tribute to deceased photographer Tim Hetherington. The film premiered at the Margaret Mead Film Festival and aired on HBO in November. The film played in theaters in New York and Los Angeles, as well as at the Savannah Film Festival, and at Seattle International Film Festival. Tribe In Tribe (2016) Junger studies war veterans from an anthropological perspective and asks "How do you make veterans feel that they are returning to a cohesive society that was worth fighting for in the first place?"Junger's premise is that "Soldiers ignore differences of race, religion and politics within their platoon..." and upon return to America, find a fractious society splintered into various competing factions, often hostile to one another. Recognition In 2015, Junger received the International Press Academy’s Humanitarian Award. In 2017, Junger received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. See also List of American print journalists References External links Outside magazine, articles. Vanity Fair, articles. The Daily Show interview, May 11, 2010, on his book War KGNU interview with Claudia Cragg on his book War 1962 births Living people 20th-century American historians 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American historians 21st-century American male writers 20th-century atheists 21st-century atheists American atheists American cinematographers American documentary film directors American film directors of Italian descent American investigative journalists American magazine journalists American male non-fiction writers American male screenwriters American military historians American non-fiction crime writers American people of Austrian descent American people of German-Jewish descent American people of Spanish descent American television writers American war correspondents American writers of Italian descent American writers of Russian descent Journalists from New York City Concord Academy alumni Film directors from Massachusetts Film directors from New York City Film producers from Massachusetts Film producers from New York (state) Historians from Massachusetts Historians from New York (state) American male television writers People from Belmont, Massachusetts People from Concord, Massachusetts Screenwriters from Massachusetts Screenwriters from New York (state) War correspondents of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Wesleyan University alumni Writers from New York City

Josefina Molina

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<mask>ML (born in Córdoba, 14 November 1936) is a Spanish feature film director, screenwriter, TV producer and scene director. She was one of the first female directors in Spain and is also known for directing such notable feature films as Función de noche (1981) and Esquilache (1988), as well as the television series Teresa of Jesus (1984). Esquilache was entered into the 39th Berlin International Film Festival. Teresa de Jesús won several awards, including the Antena de Oro (1984), and the TP de Oro (1985, Best National Series). Biography <mask> was born in 1936 in Cordoba, Spain, in to a middle-class family. Her father was a Cordovan shopkeeper who traded in shoes and drugstore products. Her mother was a Catalan woman in charge of the housework and child care.The family business was very successful and despite the economic postwar difficulties she did not suffer any kind of deprivation. Thanks to her parents stable financial situation, little <mask> was able to attend prestigious schools in Cordoba such as Hermanos de la Salle, where she was taught how to write and basic mathematics or Escolapias de Santa Victoria, where she finished high school. She finished high school in 1969 and had the possibility to access Baccalaureate because her family belonged to the merchant class. In this way, Josefina decided to make the most of the academic education (mainly because her mother's determination) which her parents were able to offer her. Her first contact with the world of cinema took place in the exhibition hall of her hometown, where her parents used to take her on Sunday afternoon. In addition, she also had a great love of reading and due to that, at the early age of thirteen, she discovered such important literary work as Episodios Nacionales (National Episodes) by Galdós (1843–1920). This collection of novels decisively influenced Josefina's vocation as a narrator, as well as her pronounced tendency towards realism.However, it was not until she was fifteen years old when Josefina saw the movie El río (The River) by Jean Renoir (1951), that her keen interest in telling stories through films awoke. In her youth, she enthusiastically joined several groups of Cordovan intellectuals, all encouraged by artistic curiosity. She regularly attended projections and discussions organized by the Cineclub Senda (Senda Film Club) and Cineclub del Círculo de la Amistad (Circle of Friendship Film Club). She also attended the Círculo Juan XXIII (Juan XXIII Circle), the gathering place for the most progressive Cordovan youth in Francoist Spain. There she established the basis of the theatre group Teatro Ensayo Medea. Driven by a feminist spirit, it was leading this group that she worked for the first time as a theatre director, bringing on stage Casa de Muñecas (Dollhouse), from the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906). The first night of this play, which took place at the Salón Liceo del Círculo de la Amistad (Friendship Circle Lyceum Hall), was a resounding failure.The message expressed by Ibsen was way too forward-looking and direct to be easily understood. Far from being discouraged by this first setback, <mask> <mask> decided to go ahead with her career as a theatre director. She managed to release four stagings (or performances if you prefer) and, at the same time, she reached out to different important local showbiz and media figures. That was how, from 1962, she began to collaborate regularly with the Vida de espectáculos (Life of shows) radio program. It was broadcast with great success on Radio Vida in a section entitled La mujer y el cine (Women and Cinema). Professional career <mask> studied political science and in 1962 she founded the theatre group Teatro de Ensayo Medea in her hometown and led several productions. In 1969 she became the first woman to obtain the degree in directing / producing in the Official Cinema School.In those days, she shot many dramas for the Spanish Television (Estudio 1 [Study 1], Hora once [Eleventh hour], Teatro de siempre [The same theater as always] etc.). She was put in charge of an adaptation of The Metamorphosis by Kafka, of which she said: "it was a drudgery that no one wanted to do, but I put my heart into it and the people ended up saying: 'the poor girl has worked so hard that we have to something with it.' You cannot imagine how unbearable this kind of paternalism is." She adapted and directed several productions such as Motín de Brujas (Riot of Witches) by Josep Maria Benet, No puede ser el guardar una mujer (There is no Guarding a Woman) by Agustín Moreto, Cartas de Amor (Love letters) by A. R. Gurney and La Lozana Andaluza (The healthy Andalusian girl), an adaptation by Rafael Alberti of the play by Francisco Delicado. Her most renowned television series are: El Camino (The Road) (1978) which tells the story of Daniel, an 11-year-old boy called el Mochuelo (small owl), who has been enrolled at school in the city and therefore has to leave the village where he has grown up. However, the night before his departure, Daniel remembers his childhood and the tales of the inhabitants of the valley where he was brought up; Teresa de Jesús (Teresa of Jesus) (1984) relates the life of St. Teresa of Jesus, played by Concha Velasco, and Entre Naranjos (Among orange trees) an adaptation of the homonymous novel written by Blasco Ibañez (1998). She also directs theatre, achieving great success with Cinco Horas con Mario (Five hours with Mario), a monologue which has been represented for decades.It has been performed at different times by Lola Herrera and Natalia Millan based on the homonymous novel from Miguel Delibes. In 1990 she directed Los últimos Días de Emmanuel Kant (The Last Days of Immanuel Kant), by Alfonso Sastre. Her first feature film, Vera, un cuento cruel (Vera, a cruel tale), which belongs to the fantasy genre, dates from 1973. In 1981 she reached a good standard as a filmmaker with Función de noche (Evening performance). This film tells the life of a separate marriage in which Lola Herrera and Daniel Dicenta interpret their own lives. In 1989 the historical drama Esquilache was released. It is based on Un soñador para un pueblo (A dreamer for the people) by Antonio Buero Vallejo.It had a great cast which included Fernando Fernán Gómez, Adolfo Marsillach, Concha Velasco and other renowned actors. Lo más natural (The most natural) (1990), starring Charo López and Miguel Bosé, and La Lola se va a los puertos (Lola goes to the ports) (1993), with the singer Rocío Jurado, were her last film works. In 2006 she founded CIMA, a female association of filmmakers and media, along with other filmmakers like Inés París, Chus Gutiérrez, Icíar Bollaín and Isabel Coixet. <mask> is Honorary President of the association. In 2011 the Spanish Academy of Film Arts and Sciences granted her the Honorary Goya Award, whose gala she was unable to attend. In 2012 was named Honorary Citizen in Andalucia. Besides being a director she is also a gifted writer.When she decided not to do any more movies, <mask> <mask> began to write because, as she said, 'if I did not, I would be very bored.' Her first novel was Cuestión de azar (A Matter of Chance). She described it as: "the story of my generation in Andalucia, how girls are educated and how I was brought up". That novel was followed by En el umbral de la hoguera (On the threshold of the stake) about Teresa of Jesus. "They asked me for a book based on the television series, but as I left one episode out of the final version, I preferred to write about it: her trip to Andalucia – while the Inquisition was investigating her and the Order told her to be quiet. At the same time, the Barefoot Carmelitas and the rest of the Order were at war.– "... I am only an apprentice in writing, but it is exciting because you can do whatever you want, without having a producer who tells you what to do nor a team that depends on your instructions.You only have to make agreements with yourself when you write, you can cheat on yourself but in the end you are the only one responsible. This is what fascinated me." After writing a requested book, Los papeles de Bécquer (Becquer's papers) and an autobiography, Sentada en un rincón (Sitting in a Corner), she has now been writing for six years, "which I am never going to finish." She also wrote the foreword of Ana Mariscal, una Cineasta Pionera (Ana Mariscal, a pioneer filmmaker), written by Victoria Fonseca. In addition to her work in cinema and theater, she has developed a wide career as television director and filmmaker, mainly for Spanish Television. Josefina and feminism Her feminism is well known and, in fact, she wrote the book Cine de mujeres en la Transición (Female Cinema during theTransition), La trilogía feminista (The feminist trilogy) with Cecilia Bartolomé and Pilar Miró. Cinema and television Filmography as director Entre naranjos (Among orange trees) (TV mini-series) (3 episodes) (1998) Función de noche (Evening Performance) (TV series) (1 episode) (1995) Las trampas del azar.Dos tiempos de una crónica (Random traps. References External links http://www.josefinamolina.es Web page 1936 births Living people Film directors from Andalusia Spanish women film directors People from Córdoba, Spain Honorary Goya Award winners Spanish women screenwriters

Hossein Kaebi

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<mask> (, born September 23, 1985) is a retired Iranian footballer who last played for Sepidrood and Perspolis among other clubs in Persian Gulf Pro League. Club career <mask> started his football in Esteghlal Ahvaz F.C. youth academy, before moving to Foolad. It was in this club that Croatian coach Vinko Begović quickly discovered him and soon he was in the first team line-up despite his tender young age. He was selected for the U17 team that played in the AFC U-17 Championship 2000. He was also selected for the national team soon after the Asian Championship. <mask> started getting attention from European clubs at an early age and went on a 3-week trial at Wolverhampton Wanderers in 2003.He was part of the Team that won the Iran's Premier Football League on 2004 with Foolad for first time. Kaebi disappointed many when he signed for UAE club Emirates. <mask> signed a contract with Persepolis F.C. on 25 February 2007 on a 6-month deal. On 5 July 2007, he signed a two-year deal with Leicester City for an undisclosed fee, making his debut as a substitute in a 4–1 win over Watford on 25 August. Kaebi used a translator to speak for him during his time at Leicester City as he could not speak English. He was relegated to the reserve squad following the sacking of Martin Allen on 29 August.<mask> revealed on 19 September that he was settling in well with the club and was eager to show his talent to the fans. But on 15 October, he told the Leicester Mercury that he was frustrated at being left in the reserve squad. This left many Iranian fans to question the club's decision to leave an international footballer out of the first team setup. <mask> later declared to Sky Sports that if his "time on the bench continues then" he would consider leaving Leicester. He finally made his long-awaited start on 11 December in a 3–1 defeat to Ipswich Town on 11 December 2007. He was however transfer listed by then-manager Ian Holloway on 23 December, eight days after featuring in a 2–0 defeat to Hull City, his last ever appearance for the club. He was released by mutual consent on 4 February 2008, after he failed to secure a move from Leicester when the January transfer window closed.Return to Iran He was returned to Persepolis after he failed to make an impact at Leicester City. He won the Iran's Premier Football League for the second time under Afshin Ghotbi. Despite the offer from Persepolis F.C. he decided to move to Saipa F.C. He said he wanted to experience new team and he could not continue playing for Persepolis F.C. but he never said why. Many others believed that he moved to Saipa F.C.for a better offer. After 2 seasons he settled in one club and played in Asian Champions League also played 26 games in 2008–9 season for Saipa.Then he joined Steel Azin and spent two seasons before joining Rah Ahan in 2011 where he joined his beloved coach Ali Daei where they fall apart after Kaebi failed to attend few training sessions on time and he decided to leave and move to Sanat Naft in January 2013 where he stayed for half a season and 6 months before joining Esteghlal Khuzestan for 2013–14 season. After a short stint at Sepidrood, he announced his retirement from football in December 2018. Club career statistics Assist Goals International career <mask> won his first cap having just turned 17, scoring his first international goal against Cameroon League XI on 15 August 2003, although the match was not considered an official international. He scored his first official goal for Iran against New Zealand in the 2003 AFC/OFC Cup Challenge . In 2004, he was named amongst World Soccer Magazine's Top 10 most promising players. He was in Iran squad for 2004 Asian Cup which finished third and he also won the 2004 West Asian Football Federation Championship in Tehran.<mask> was in the Iran squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, appearing in all three matches of the group stage. His most memorable performance came against Portugal, where he was able to clamp down both Cristiano Ronaldo and Luís Figo. He was also included in the squad for the 2007 Asian Cup, making just one appearance against China, which ended in a 2–2 draw. He was called to Team Melli for 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying matches. He also performed in the 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualification for Team Melli. In 2009, he made a mistake against Qatar in a friendly, which Iran lost in the last minute and <mask> was dropped for the rest of the games and was used as a substitute for a while. International caps International goals Scores and results list Iran's goal tally first.Honours Club Iran Pro League Winner: 2 2004/05 with Foolad 2007/08 with Persepolis F.C. players Leicester City F.C. players Emirates Club players Expatriate footballers in Qatar Steel Azin F.C. players Rah Ahan players Saipa F.C. players Al Sadd SC players Esteghlal Khuzestan players Sepidrood Rasht players English Football League players Iranian expatriate footballers Iran international footballers Iranian Arab sportspeople Asian Games gold medalists for Iran Asian Games medalists in football Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games Persian Gulf Pro League players Azadegan League players Qatar Stars League players UAE Pro League players

Raymond E. Zirkle

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<mask> (January 9, 1902 – March 4, 1988) was a pioneer in the field of radiation biology, a principal in the Manhattan Project, director of the Institute of Radio-Biology and Biophysics at the University of Chicago, Damon Runyon Fellow, president of the Radiation Research Society, and a founding member of the Biophysical Society. <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1959. Zirkle served on the editorial boards of seven journals. Life and career <mask> was born in Springfield, Illinois. From 1915 to 1919 Ray attended West Plains High School, where he showed an aptitude for mathematics and took several engineering courses. After graduation he joined the Missouri National Guard and served for several years. In 1924 he married <mask>, who spent her early years in a rural area of western Kansas and, similarly to Ray, received her primary education in a one-room country schoolhouse.They had two children, <mask>. in 1927 and Thomas in 1929. <mask> graduated from the University of Missouri with an A.B and Ph.D. in 1928 and 1932, respectively. In 1932 <mask> joined the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia as a lecturer in biophysics and remained there until 1938. In 1940 <mask> accepted a position as professor of biology at the Indiana University. During World War II <mask> became one of the principals in the biological program of the Manhattan Project. His focus in the Manhattan Project was to study the effects on living systems from fast and slow neutrons, beta rays, and gamma rays. In 1944 <mask> became a professor at the University of Chicago and in 1945 was appointed director of the Institute of Radiobiology and Biophysics at the university.<mask> died in Castle Rock, Colorado in 1988. Research After receiving his doctorate <mask> joined the Johnson Foundation for Medical Physics at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Initially he had a fellowship from the National Research Council, which had also supported his graduate studies. He remained at Penn as a Johnson Foundation fellow and a lecturer in biophysics until 1938. During this time he investigated the quantitative relationship between ionization per unit path of alpha particles and their biological effectiveness, which was not clear-cut from the data obtained up to that time. By placing fern spore (Aspergillus terreus) nuclei either near the beginning of the path (where the ionization density was low) or near the end of the path (where it was high) or in intermediate positions, he was able to calculate the number of alpha particles per nucleus that was necessary to produce a given effect, such as the inhibition of cell division. He found that the biological effectiveness is not only a function of the total number of ions formed in the nucleus but is also dependent on the variable concentration of ions formed in different portions of the path of the alpha particle.His data suggested the relationship B=kI^2.5, where B is the biological effectiveness per alpha particle, k a proportionality constant, and I the ionization per unit path. The quantitative aspect of this work was unusual for such studies at that time and established <mask> as a leader in the field of radiation biology. A generalization of these results to other types of radiation by Zirkle and others led to his later formulation of the concept of linear energy transfer. In 1940 <mask> was appointed professor of biology at the Indiana University; however his academic career was interrupted during World War II when he became one of the principal investigators in the biological program of the Manhattan District. His research in this project was chiefly concerned with the comparative effects on living systems of fast and slow neutrons, beta rays, and gamma rays. A substantial part of the wartime research carried out under his direction was reported in several volumes of the National Nuclear Energy Series, of which he was the health editor. Much of the biological research in the Manhattan Project was carried out at sites where particular radiation sources were located, such as the Clinton Laboratories near Oak Ridge, Tennessee; the Radiation Laboratory at the University of California; the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland; and the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago, which later became the Argonne National Laboratory.Research at the latter site brought Zirkle into contact with many faculty members from the University of Chicago who shared common interests with him. Thus, it is perhaps not surprising that in 1944 he was offered and accepted a professorship there and that in 1945 he became director of the newly founded Institute of Radiobiology and Biophysics. This institute, like the Johnson Foundation, became a focal point for scientists and students with a penchant for physics and an interest in biological problems. The Zirkles purchased a home in Olympia Fields, south of Chicago, which had space for a large flower garden. In the late 1940s and early 1950s Zirkle continued his theoretical and experimental studies of the effects of radiation on living cells. As knowledge of the chemical composition of biological material began to accumulate, he attempted to relate the chemical effects caused by the absorption of radiant energy to the ultimate biological effects. He fully appreciated that an understanding of the multitude of diverse radiobiological effects—such as gene mutations, chromosome breaks, increased membrane permeability, inhibition of cell division, induction of neoplasms, and lethality of cells and organisms—would require a detailed knowledge of the intervening chemical modifications.Yet, the level of knowledge of the molecular composition and dynamics of cellular constituents was still very primitive. The relationship of DNA and proteins to genes was still uncertain. Nothing was known about the existence of DNA repair mechanisms or the molecular basis of mitosis or the mechanisms responsible for cell proliferation and cell death. At this time one had to be content with discriminating direct from indirect effects of the radiation and for establishing criteria that could sort out the relevant chemical consequences of the ionization or excitation of molecules. <mask>’s analyses provided a rational conceptual framework for dealing with this complex problem. Until now, the link between radiation physics and biological damage is still to established. References External links 1902 births 1988 deaths American biologists 20th-century American chemists 20th-century American physicists Indiana University faculty Manhattan Project people People from Castle Rock, Colorado People from Springfield, Illinois University of Chicago faculty University of Missouri alumni University of Pennsylvania faculty Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences 20th-century biologists

Steven Gould

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<mask> (born February 7, 1955) is an American science fiction writer and teacher. He has written ten novels. He is best known for his 1992 novel Jumper, which was adapted into a film released in 2008. Biography <mask> was born in Fort Huachuca, Arizona on February 7, 1955, to James Alan and <mask>. His father was an Army officer; when <mask> was in junior high his father was stationed at Fort Shafter in Hawaii for three years. The whole family learned to scuba dive there and <mask> went diving frequently. <mask> attended Texas A&M University and has set much of his writing in Texas.Aggiecon, which is held in College Station on the Texas A&M campus, was the first science fiction convention <mask> attended, and he was chair of Aggiecon V in 1975. <mask> submitted the first short story he wrote to Analog; it was rejected with a personal note from then-editor Ben Bova, who encouraged <mask> to let him see his future work. The second story <mask> wrote, "The Touch of Their Eyes," was read aloud by Theodore Sturgeon at a writing workshop at AggieCon in 1979. Sturgeon made one correction ("Calvary and Cavalry are two different things") and suggested that <mask> submit it to Stan Schmidt, who had become editor at Analog in late 1978. <mask> did, and the story was published by Analog in 1980. <mask> was director of the south/central region of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) from 1986–1989. He was also a guest lecturer at Texas A&M in 1990.<mask> was president of SFWA for two years through June 2015. <mask> practices and teaches aikido, which is featured prominently in his books 7th Sigma and Helm. The young protagonists of both books become proficient at the martial art and eventually embrace it as a full lifestyle. His scuba diving hobby informed scenes in his novels Greenwar and Blind Waves. Greenwar was a collaboration with his wife, Laura J. Mixon. Writing workshops <mask> has been an instructor at the annual one-week speculative fiction workshop Viable Paradise since 2000. Personal life In 1989 <mask> married Laura J. Mixon and moved with her to New York City, where her job supported them while he finished his first novel, Jumper.The couple currently live in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They have two daughters. Works This list of works (data from ISFDB) covers <mask>'s novels, speculative fiction short fiction, and essays and includes general themes for each of the novels. Includes updates from <mask>'s website. Novels Jumper (Tor, 1992): A young man discovers he has the ability to teleport, and uses it to fight terrorists while evading government agents. Wildside (Tor, 1996): A group of Texas high school graduates find a hole into a pristine parallel world unspoiled by man and human-instigated extinctions. They start a gold business and are discovered by the government.Greenwar (Forge, 1997; Tor, 1998) with Laura J. Mixon. The plot deals with deep sea energy and environmental issues Helm (Tor, 1998): A novel concerning mind control and the destruction of Earth's ecosystem Blind Waves (Tor, 2000): A novel concerning melted icecaps, investigation into violence against refugees out at sea and in a floating city; set in Texas Reflex (2004). A sequel to Jumper. Jumper: Griffin's Story (2007): A novel detailing the back story of a character in the 2008 film adaptation of Jumper 7th Sigma (2011): A novel set in an American Southwest ravaged by insect-sized metal-eating, self-replicating robots. It takes place in the same world as <mask>'s short stories "Bugs in the Arroyo", "A Story, with Beans" and "Rust with Wings". Impulse (Tor, 2013). Another sequel to Jumper, it was adapted into a TV series in 2018 Exo (Tor-Forge, 2014).Another entry in the Jumper series. Short fiction "The Touch of Their Eyes" (Analog Science Fact & Fiction, Sep 1980) "Wind Instrument" (Asimov's, Jun 1981) "Gift of Fire" (Analog, Aug 1981) "Rory" (Analog, 1984) "Mental Blocks" (Amazing Stories, Jul 1985) "The No License Needed, Fun to Drive, Built Easily with Ordinary Tools, Revolutionary, Guaranteed, Lawnmower Engine Powered, Low Cost, Compact, and Dependable Mail Order Device" (Analog, Apr 1986) "Poppa Was a Catcher" (New Destinies, Volume II, ed. Jim Baen, Aug 1987; Cities in Space, ed. Jerry Pournelle, John F. Carr, Sep 1991) "Peaches for Mad Molly" (Analog, Feb 1988; The Year's Best Science Fiction: Sixth Annual Collection, ed. Gardner Dozois, May 1989; The 1989 Annual World's Best SF, ed. Donald A. Wollheim, Arthur W. Saha, Jun 1989; New Skies: An Anthology of Today's Science Fiction, ed. Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Sep 2003) "Simulation Six" (Asimov's, Mar 1990) "The Session" (The Armless Maiden: And Other Tales for Childhood's Survivors, ed.Terri Windling, Tor Apr 1995) "Leonardo's Hands", with Rory Harper (RevolutionSF, Aug 2005) "Shade" (Tor.com, 2008) - Side story to Reflex "Bugs in the Arroyo" (Tor.com, Apr 2009) "A Story, with Beans" (Analog, May 2009; The Year's Best Science Fiction: Twenty-Seventh Annual Collection, ed. Gardner Dozois, Jul 2010, The Mammoth Book of Best New Science Fiction: 23rd Annual Collection, 2010) "Tameshigiri" (The Living Dead 2, John Joseph Adams. Night Shade Books, 2010) "Rust with Wings" (After: Nineteen Stories of Apocalypse and Dystopia, 2012) Essays Introduction (A Conflagration Artist, a collection by Bradley Denton) (Wildside Press, 1994) Awards <mask>'s short fiction has been nominated twice for the Hugo Award, for the short story "Rory" in 1985, and the novelette "Peaches for Mad Molly" in 1989. "Peaches for Mad Molly" was also on the shortlist for the Nebula Award that year. His first published short story, "The Touch of Their Eyes", was also nominated for the Analog Award for Best Short Story in 1980. <mask>'s first novel, Jumper, was nominated for the Compton Crook Award (Balticon - Best 1st Novel) and came in second for the Locus Award for Best First Novel. <mask>'s second book, Wildside, was awarded the Hal Clement Award for best young adult science fiction novel in 1997.The National Library Association has also recognized Jumper and Wildside as best books for young adults. References External links "7th Sigma & the Gauzy Exterior: A Conversation with <mask>", Interview at Clarkesworld Magazine (Oct 2011) 1955 births Living people 20th-century American novelists 21st-century American novelists American male novelists American science fiction writers Novelists from Arizona American male short story writers 20th-century American short story writers 21st-century American short story writers 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers

John Kennedy (Australian musician)

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<mask> (born <mask> 1 July 1958) is an English-born Australian musician and singer-songwriter–guitarist. He has been the leader of a number of groups including JFK & the Cuban Crisis (1980–84), and <mask>'s Love Gone Wrong (1984–88). In 1984 he described his music as "urban and western". Early life <mask> was born in Liverpool, England on 1 July 1958. His father's name is also <mask>. In October 1965 the <mask> family migrated to Australia and settled in Brisbane. <mask> took the confirmation name, Francis, when he was ten and – as his middle name – it completes the famous JFK initials.According to his website, "It seemed like a good idea at the time. The joke has long since worn off for him, but it still takes some explaining." <mask> grew up in Acacia Ridge, where he developed a preference for country-influenced music, especially Elvis Costello's debut album, My Aim Is True (July 1977). He later recalled that "My parents listened to a lot of popular country – people like Burl Ives, Tom Jones, who was doing country then, and <mask>... It was quite sophisticated country music – big vocals and a big production sound." JFK & the Cuban Crisis <mask>, on lead vocals and guitar, formed his first band, JFK & the Cuban Crisis, with former school friend James Paterson on vocals and guitar in Brisbane in October 1980. The rest of the initial line-up were <mask> on bass guitar and Stephen Pritchard on drums.They established themselves on the local scene, taking up a residency at 279 Club, with their smart Squeeze influenced pop. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, they "played a brand of jangly guitar pop with country overtones." They released two cassette albums, Over the Underpass and Under the Overpass (1981) and Down and Out in Brisbane and Sydney (1982). The line up changed in 1981 with Oscar Beath taking over bass duties and Paul Hardman adding keyboards. They played support spots for The Pretenders and Ian Dury and the Blockheads. The band issued their debut single, "Am I a Pagan", in March 1982 and then moved to Sydney in May. For the Sydney line up of the band <mask> and Paterson recruited a new rhythm section: Greg Hall on bass guitar and Paul Rochelli on drums.They started a residency at the Southern Cross Hotel in Surry Hills. A four-track extended play, Careless Talk Costs Lives (December 1982), had been recorded in Brisbane earlier and was the first release on the new Waterfront Records label. It featured the song, "The Texan Thing", which received alternative radio airplay. <mask> had started writing it as "Take Something", which was a "jaunty keyboard-driven song". When Paterson recommended "The Texan Thing" as their next single, <mask> thought "that's a bit rude, he'd already had the A-side of the first single, and now he was mentioning this song I'd never heard of". However Paterson had "misheard ['Take Something'] as 'Texan Thing'. So I had to go back and rewrite the lyrics."JFK & the Cuban Crisis were established on the inner city live scene alongside contemporaries, The Triffids. In April 1984 they issued a three-track EP, The Ballad of Jackie O, and followed in May with their studio album, The End of the Affair. In June that year, <mask> disbanded the group due to "musical differences". In September 1986 Stuart Coupe of The Canberra Times observed that he "suffered, as he still does, from accusations that he was imitating the nasal tones of Elvis Costello – something that's still very noticeable – but <mask> insists that it's just coincidence." <mask>'s Love Gone Wrong <mask> embarked on his solo career by releasing a single, "Forget", in September 1984 on Waterfront Records. To promote it he formed <mask>'s Love Gone Wrong (from early 1987, it was trimmed to Love Gone Wrong). Alongside <mask> were Graham Lee on guitar., pedal steel and vocals; Adrian Bingham on saxophone; Jonathan "Ike" Liklitter on double bass; Peter Kennard (ex-Rockmelons) on percussion; Peter Timmerman (ex-Cheatin' Hearts) on drums and Martin Tucker on piano.<mask> described his music as "urban and western". The band released a single, "Miracle (in Marrickville)" in March 1985. Also in that month Colin Bloxsom joined on lead guitar (ex-Pop Rivets). <mask>'s Love Gone Wrong appeared on the TV talent quest series, Starsearch, winning four heats and making the final in April 1985. <mask> and Bloxsom were joined by Mark Dawson on drums, Margaret Labi on harmony vocals and Barry Turnbull (ex-Chad's Tree) on bass guitar. This line-up toured the Australian eastern states and recorded another single, "King Street" (November 1985). Coupe described their work "Most notable among the records are 'King Street', an ode to the main street in the inner Sydney suburb of Newtown, and 'Miracle in Marrickville', a song about the suburb <mask> was living in at the time."Early in 1986, for two months, <mask> travelled through the United States and Mexico, while putting the band in hiatus. Upon his return to Australia, <mask>, Dawson and Turnbull were joined in the studio by Amanda Brown on violin, Sandy Chick on harmony vocals, Cory Messenger on acoustic guitar and Ian Simpson (of Flying Emus) on banjo and pedal steel. They recorded a new single, "Big Country" (July 1986), McFarlane described how "the song captured an authentic country truckin' feel." Also early in 1986, while auditioning for new members of Love Gone Wrong, <mask> had a casual band with Messenger and Turnbull: <mask>'s Sweet Dreams. They played country-inspired <mask>'s Love Gone Wrong originals and covers of popular country songs. For the Big Country Tour of Australia <mask>, Messenger and Turnbull were joined by Wayne Connolly on electric guitar and Vincent Sheehan on drums for a new line-up, which visited rural venues outside the major cities. <mask> acknowledged that "It's very hard to actually get people from the established country music industry in Australia to accept [outsiders], and what they see as alternative bands."Coupe described their typical set list as "mostly <mask>'s songs although they frequently do cover versions of songs by Bob Dylan and The Byrds, from the periods where these artists moved into country-influenced music." Red Eye Records released an eight-track compilation album, From Woe to Go, it covered <mask>'s material since 1984. In January 1987 Michael Armiger replaced Turnbull on bass guitar and <mask> shortened the band's name to Love Gone Wrong. He explained "People know who we are now, so I've severed that connection... Love Gone Wrong has a stable line up, and the members are contributing to the writing and the music. We perform mostly my stuff, but it's no longer <mask> and backing members." They issued a single, "The Singing City" (September), which was about his birthplace, Liverpool. It was followed by a studio album, Always the Bridegroom, in December on Mighty Boy Records.The Canberra Times Michael Wellham found it "is country music that avoids the cliches of being done wrong by women and depending on mates with hearts of gold. Intelligent lyrics and music that, while not easily accessible, is still immediate. Neither cattle fodder nor radio fodder." In August 1988 Love Gone Wrong disbanded after Armiger left to join The Johnnys and <mask> resumed his solo career. Solo and other projects In August 1988 <mask> flew to Germany and performed at the Berlin Independence Day celebrations. He returned to Australia where he released a solo album, One Day (February 1989), and an associated single, "Out of Town" (January). He undertook the Out of Town Farewell Tour of the nation before moving to the US, then United Kingdom before settling in Berlin.In 1990 Red Eye released a compilation album, Have Songs Will Travel, and in November he toured Australia to promote it. He returned to Germany, where he formed <mask> and the Honeymooners. The line-up included Christopher Blenkinsop on bass guitar and accordion, Michael "Moe" Jaksch on double bass and guitar, and Hans Rohe on guitar. An album recorded before he left Australia, Fiction Facing Facts, finally came out on Berlin-based label Twang!/PolyGram in May 1993. In early 1994 <mask> moved to Hong Kong, and then in early 1997 he moved to London. He moved back to Australia in late 1999. In 2000 he released Kennedy Town, for which he returned to Berlin and used former Honeymooners to record.In the following year he released a retrospective album, Inner West: Greatest Bits and Pieces, rescued from aging master tapes. Back in Australia <mask> formed <mask> and the Lone Gunmen. Then he formed <mask>'s '68 Comeback Special in 2003, a band which included former members of Love Gone Wrong. (2009) – Foghorn Records JFK and the Midlife Crisis (2017) – Popboomerang Records Second Best – Greatest Bits Vol.2 (2018) – Foghorn Records Raining Treasure – Australian Indie Gold Covers Vol.1 (2019) – Foghorn Records <mask> and the Honeymooners "By the Light of the Day" (1994) <mask>'s '68 Comeback Special Someone's Dad (2007) – Regal Records Is This Not Paris? Retrieved on 21 June 2016. 1958 births Living people Australian country singers Australian country singer-songwriters Australian singer-songwriters Australian guitarists English emigrants to Australia

Swaroopanand Saraswati

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His Holiness <mask> (born 2 September 1924) is the current Shankaracharya of Dwarka Sharada Peetham in Dwaraka, Gujarat and the Jyotir Math in Badrinath. Life <mask> was born Pothiram Upadhyay in 1924 at Dighori village of Seoni district, Madhya Pradesh. A direct disciple of <mask> of Jyotir Math (1941–1953) and of Shankaracharya (disputed) Krishnabodha Ashrama of Jyotir Math (1953–1973), in 1950 his Guru Brahmananda made him a Dandi Sannyasi. Swami Swaroopanand became president of the Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad, established by Swami Karpatri. On Swami Krishnabodha Ashrama's demise in 1973 the title of Shankaracharya (disputed) of Jyotir Math, Badrinath passed to Swami Swaroopanand. Later he also became the Shankaracharya of Dwarka peeth in 1982. To date (2021) Swami Swaroopanand's claim to title of Shankaracharya of Jyotir Math remains disputed.Regarding his relationship with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (who was Brahmanand <mask>'s personal assistant for more than a decade), <mask> Ji once commented: "It would be nice if he Maharishi once flies from America to India without any airplane. Then perhaps what he says can be accepted". Freedom struggle At 19 years old he became a freedom fighter in the Quit India movement in 1942 and was known as "Revolutionary Sadhu". He was jailed, serving two prison sentences for the same of 9 months & 6 months. Opinions On River Ganga pollution <mask> in June 2012 told Uttarakhand CM Vijay Bahuguna his stance against having hydro projects, dams, and barrages on the River Ganga. He also organised a protest at Jantar Mantar against such projects. Hydro projects at Panch Prayag, Deo Prayag, Rudra Prayag, Karan Prayag, Nand Prayag, and Vishnu Prayag, were affecting local ecology and sanctity of the Ganga; since it was being dammed at numerous sites and being confined into cemented tunnels, natural, mineral quality ingredients and anti-bacterial elements in the waters of the Ganga were being lost.Swami Swaroopanand in January 2016 noted the pitiable condition of the River Ganga and stated that the proposed dams in Uttarakhand should not be constructed to ensure the free flow of the pure water from the sources of the River. Only the free flow is required for a clean Ganga, he said. On Jammu and Kashmir and Article 370 On 30 June 2014, Swami Swaroopanand said that Article 370 should be removed from Jammu and Kashmir. He said that the abrogation of the Article will be beneficial for the people in the valley and that a demographic balance is necessary to end recurring strife in J&K. "Tension does not erupt in places where there is a demographic balance of communities. Take Punjab for instance. Hindus and Sikhs are in equal number there.They need each other and so there is no room for a clash between them. The growing morale of anti-national elements in Kashmir is a result of the country's weak laws. The Union government should revoke article 370 in Kashmir which will permit influx of people from outside the state into the state's population and end its strife-torn atmosphere. The return of Kashmiri Pandits to their home state alone can counter the growing morale of anti-national elements in the state." Uniform civil code He has also advocated a uniform civil law for Hindus and Muslims in India to maintain a balance in their population. Cow, bull, and bullock protection and export of beef Swami Swaroopanand in May 2015 welcomed the decision of the Maharashtra government to extend ban on cow slaughter to bulls and bullocks in the state and opined that it would increase the production of milk which will in turn help feed children in the country. He stated that more than 12 crore cows were being slaughtered in the entire country every year which needed to be stopped."This Act should be implemented throughout the country. India is a Hindu majority country still we produce a huge quantity of beef. India is the biggest exporter of beef which is shameful for us. The government should ban export of beef and we must protect cows by all means. Some political leaders opposed the law banning cow slaughter just to appease Muslims and other minority groups. Providing beef in the name of cheap source of protein to minority and depriving the majority from milk is against both the democratic and Indian values. Milk is a rich source of protein, and to ensure availability of milk it is essential to put a blanket ban on cow slaughter across the country."He said in February 2016 that the RSS claimed to be working for Hinduism but thousands of RSS workers in Arunachal Pradesh ate beef. On women worshipping Shani When feminists tried to enter the sanctum of Shani Shingnapur temple, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, in January 2016, Swami Swaroopanand stated, "Shani is a kroor (cruel) graha, hence women should beware of worshiping the deity. Since the effect of Shani is harmful for women, they should be away from the deity.". Swami Swaroopanand added that due to teaching through intense suffering, the entry of women into Shani Shingnapur temple will lead to more rapes. On Shirdi Sai Baba Swami Swaroopanand in July 2014 caused controversy due to his remarks against Shirdi Sai Baba and his followers. After government minister Uma Bharti publicly claimed devotion to Shirdi Sai Baba, Swaroopanand demanded an apology from her and wrote, "There is no mention of Sai Baba in the Shastras and the Vedas", so he "should not be worshiped with Hindu gods. He was not god, he was just a Muslim Fakir" (referring to Shirdi Sai Baba's Muslim origins).He also said that Shirdi Sai Baba was one "who used to eat meat and worship Allah, a man like that can never be a Hindu god", that he "used to refrain from taking a dip in the river Ganga and asked people to keep him away from Ganga", that "worshiping Sai Baba was part of a conspiracy hatched by people to divide Hindus as the saint was not a God but a human being", that "followers of Sai Baba should not worship Lord Rama", and that "Sai Baba used to say Sabka Malik Ek (god is one for all). If so, why do the Buddhists and Jains worship separate gods?" while acknowledging Shirdi Sai Baba as a great man. He also mobilised the Naga sadhus in enforcing his order that Sai devotees should not be allowed to worship Rama or bathe in the Ganga. In 2016 he said that worship of Sai Baba is responsible for the drought that affected Maharashtra After these remarks, several formal FIR and PIL complaints were filed against Swami Swaroopanand. In September 2015, he gave in writing to the court that his statements were not intended to hurt the religious sentiments of people, and he is apologetic if his statements had hurt the sentiments of the people. On ISKCON Swami Swaroopanand in February 2016 questioned the claim of ISKCON to be a part of Sanatana Dharma and accused it to be a front for money-laundering, it being used to send money from India to USA and other foreign countries.Money donated by Indians were being shunted to the USA. He questioned the growing number of their temples in India and said that if they were sincere they should have built them in Assam and Chhattisgarh which had fewer temples. Their aim was not religion or spirituality but something else, he claimed. On RSS, Indian elections of 2014, and Narendra Modi Swami Swaroopanand in May 2015 said, "Despite Prime Minister Narendra Modi's assertion to curb corruption, bribe taking is rampant in the country. This is because of degradation of moral values and ethics in society." <mask> in March 2016 said on the RSS, "RSS takes the name of the Hindus, but they have no commitment towards Hindutva. They are trying to deceive people by telling that they have come to protect the Hindus.This is more deadly. BJP rules this country now. Before this, it was Congress. But under both the governments, cow slaughter has been continuously happening. Then what is the difference between BJP and Congress?" On intolerance debate and JNU agitations of 2016 In the context of the 2015 Dadri mob lynching alleging cow slaughter and consumption of beef, Swami Swaroopanand in March 2016 said, "Let any Hindu eat pork, host pork party and then give a public press conference on it and if 'they' bear with it, then it is real tolerance." In the context of the 2016 JNU sedition controversy he said, "College students these days are disjoint from spirituality.This lack of spiritual & cultural knowledge leads them into becoming anti-national." On youth and spirituality Swami Swaroopanand in March 2016 said, "There is an increasing feeling of 'detachment from faith' among the Hindu youths as compared to those of other religions. There is a need to include Hindu scriptures in the curriculum of schools and colleges to prevent the long-term mental degeneration of Hindus due to influence from anti-Hindu propaganda that has its clutches deep into almost every socio-cultural sphere of India. While 'they' have their religious schools to spread fundamentalism, terrorism and hate preaching, we don't have a medium to reach out the Hindu youth about the richness and greatness of our scriptures and cultural values. It's the central government's responsibility to ensure the traditions of this nation are preserved." Against Movie 'PK' Swami Swaroopanand in January 2015 raised questions on the censor board, saying movies like 'PK' insult Hindu religion and Lord Shiva as well. References External links 1924 births Indian Hindu spiritual teachers People from Madhya Pradesh Living people Indian independence activists from Madhya Pradesh Prisoners and detainees of British India Shankaracharyas 20th-century Hindu religious leaders 21st-century Hindu religious leaders 20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians

Lucien Wolf

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<mask> (1857 in London1930) was an English Jewish journalist, diplomat, historian, and advocate of rights for Jews and other minorities. While <mask> was devoted to minority rights, he opposed Jewish nationalism as expressed in Zionism, which he regarded an incentive to anti-Semitism. In 1917 he co-founded the anti-Zionist League of British Jews. Early life He was the son of <mask>, a London pipe manufacturer, and his wife Céline (born Redlich). <mask>'s father was a Bohemian Jew who came to England as a political refugee after the 1848 revolution, and his mother was Viennese. Career in journalism <mask> began his career in journalism as early as 1874, at the age of seventeen, becoming a writer for the Jewish World and remaining at this position until 1894; from 1905 to 1908 he would serve as its editor. He specialized in foreign affairs and diplomacy and became a highly respected expert on the subject.In 1877 he became assistant director of the Public Leader. From 1890 to 1909 he was foreign editor of The Daily Graphic, writing under the pseudonym Diplomaticus. From 1895 to 1905 he wrote under the same pseudonym for the Fortnightly Review. As indicated by his pseudonym, <mask>'s writings dealt primarily foreign affairs and diplomacy and he became a respected expert in these fields. The outbreak of the anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia in 1881 sparked his interest in Jewish affairs. He became a sharp critic of the Czarist regime and attempted to draw attention to the plight of Russian Jews. In 1912 <mask> founded and wrote a supplement named Darkest Russia to the Jewish Chronicle.With the outbreak of the First World War, <mask>'s preference for the more liberal German government to the Russian practically ended his career in journalism, as the British were allied with Russia against Germany. Anglo-Jewry <mask> was an enthusiast for Jewish history, and promoting Jewishness. In London he organised the 1887 Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition charting the immigration of Jews to Britain from across Europe over the centuries. In 1893, <mask> was one of the founders and the first president of the Jewish Historical Society of England. His historical writings rarely extended beyond the aristocracy, exhibiting his own upper-middle class pretensions. Against racial anti-Semitism, he championed Judaism, even offering eugenic justifications for its superiority. Anti-Zionism <mask> was opposed to political Zionism.As an assimilationist, he believed Jewry was a spiritual and religious identity and not a nation. He vigorously opposed the new Zionist movement, that had been formed in Manchester. As a powerful editor, <mask> had access to ministers, whom he lobbied frantically to prevent the issuing of the Balfour Declaration. When the Declaration was made public on 2 November 1917, he soon co-founded the anti-Zionist League of British Jews. <mask> understood Nahum Sokolow and Chaim Weizmann's position as threatening the nationality status of British Jews, and wrote "No wonder that all anti-semites are enthusiastic Zionists". The yearning for a home land was historical and fundamental to the essence or quintessence of Jewishness. But to <mask> this "yearning" was primarily only religious.Conjoint Committee In 1888, <mask> became a member of the Conjoint Foreign Committee (CFC), a coordinating organ of the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Anglo-Jewish Association. Around the start of the First World War, he was appointed secretary, which led to his contacts at the British Foreign Office. He served effectively as "Foreign Secretary" representing Anglo-Jewry, having frequent meetings with members of the Cabinet. After the CFC had published an anti-Zionist manifest in May 1917 without first consulting the Board of Deputies and AJA, the Committee was criticized and the mainly pro-Zionist Board of Deputies withdrew its delegates from the CFC. By the end of 1917 the Committee was re-established under the new name Conjoint Foreign Committee (JFC). This time, the AJA was allotted a minority of members in the Committee. <mask> became again its secretary and held this function until his death in 1930.1919 and after <mask> was part of the Anglo-Jewish delegation to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. He helped draft the Minority Treaties, which guaranteed rights for ethnic, religious, and linguistic minority populations. The Jewish delegations to the conference were split along different ideological lines. Western Europeans were cautious of both Zionism and diaspora nationalism, wanting Jews to be integrated with society. During the 1920s anti-Semitism became more intensive and organised, particularly in Poland, which had one of Europe's largest Jewish minority populations. The following year in 1926, he went to Portugal to aid the Marranos. <mask> continued to write extensively and in an outspoken manner against Zionist proponents, which he believed was leading to conflict and crises.In 1927 Romanian Jews continued to be victims of pogroms: his work and expertise was recognised by appointment as an Advisor to the Committee for Refugees for the League of Nations at Geneva, which he founded in 1929. Some works by <mask> Wolf Newspapers The Zionist Peril, The Times, 8 September 1903 Articles Parallels of the 17th and 20th Centuries (1885) 'Jewish Education', A Lay Sermon – Manuscript (1886) A Final Note on the Resettlement" published in The Jewish Chronicle (1886) Surrey Families (Jews in England) (1887) The City of London and the Jews (1888) Early History of the Dublin Hebrew Congregation (1889) "Situation of Jews in Bagdad", reprint from The Jewish Chronicle (1889) The Zionist Peril, Jewish Quarterly Review, 17 October 1904, p. 1–25. "Anglo-Jewish literary ability", Anglo-Jewish Literary Annual (1905) The Jewish National Movement, Edinburgh Review, April 1917, pp. 303–318. "Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question" Jewish Historical Society of England (London 1919) The Myth of the Jewish Menace in World Affairs (1920): this is an edited compilation of articles – published previously in various periodicals – denying the authenticity of "The Protocols." Retrieved 30 January 2006. External links Guide to the Papers of <mask> (1857–1930) and David Mowshowitch (1887–1957) at the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 1857 births 1930 deaths Contributors to the Encyclopædia Britannica English historians English Jews English male journalists Jewish historians Members of the Board of Deputies of British Jews Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Marian Vayreda i Vila

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<mask> (1853-1903) was a Carlist soldier and activist, a painter and a Catalan writer. He is recognized as key representative of Catalan cultural renaissance of the late 19th century. He is particularly acknowledged for his 1904 novel, La Punyalada, declared one of the best Catalan literary works of all time. Politically Vayreda is considered a typical case of an identity located in-between Carlism and emerging Spain's peripheral nationalisms. Family and youth <mask> i <mask> was descendant to noble Catalan families. His paternal ancestors were related to the Alt Garrotxa town of Olot. During the legitimist siege in course of the First Carlist War the family house was set ablaze, which forced <mask>'s grandfather Francesc to move to Girona.It is there that his son and <mask>'s father, Francesc <mask> <mask> (1814-1870), fell in love with <mask> <mask> <mask> (1817-?). She was descendant to a far more prestigious local Vila Cavaller family, holding a number of estates and owning Cavaller de Vidrà, an iconic Catalan mansion. The couple married in 1840 and in 1844 they settled in the reconstructed family house in Olot. Francesc's maternal uncle was municipal military commander and Francesc possibly took part in activities against the local trabucaires. He inherited estates co-possessed with his relatives and is referred to as "propietario rentista". As the two families maintained good relations, Francesc temporarily administered Porqueres holdings of his junior Vila nephews and the Vila family periodically managed the Vayreda estates. Francesc and <mask> had 6 children, three of them becoming recognized figures.Apart from <mask>, Joaquím (1843-1894) made his name as a painter and <mask> (1848-1901) as a botanic. As a child Marían spent much of his time at the Cavaller de Vidrà estate, later frequenting the Olot Padres Escolapios college; following bachillerato he intended to study law in Barcelona. The advent of Glorious Revolution of 1868 changed these plans and Marían settled for studying art in l'Escola de Dibuix d'Olot. Around 1870 he joined the Carlist conspiracy and at the outbreak of the Third Carlist War he entered the legitimist troops. His exact war record is not clear. Most sources agree he remained on the Catalan Front; some claim he formed part of General Staff of Francesc Savalls, not unlikely as his headquarters was in Cavaller de Vidrà. Other sources note that Vayreda took part in combat, especially in the battles of d’Argelaguer and Prats de Lluçanés, and was wounded in action.Shortly before defeat and disguised as a peasant he made it to France. After a brief period in Séte Vayreda studied painting in Paris, for 2 years frequenting the classes of Jean-Léon Gérôme. Following the amnesty he returned to Spain and went on with art studies in l'Escola de Belles Arts in Barcelona. In 1878 he settled back in Olot, co-founding El Arte Cristiano, a commercially successful workshop producing religious imagery. In 1883 Vayreda married a geronina, <mask> Aulet Soler (1871-1928). The couple remained in the multi-family house in Olot; in his mature years Vayreda was referred to as patricio, gran señor, a formal and serious man. <mask> and <mask> had 7 children.The best known of them, Joaquím, was a Traditionalist writer, journalist and local councilor though he made his name mostly as an art critic; also other children were active in Traditionalism. His grandson tried his hand in painting. Montserrat Vayreda was granddaughter of his brother. In and around Carlism Political preferences of Vayreda's father remain unclear, but his maternal ancestors were firmly conservative and Carlist for already three generations. Growing up in their Cavaller de Vidrà estate Marían was absorbing its Traditionalist rituals. Since 15 years of age he was already a regular subscriber of the Madrid-based La Esperanza, the neo-Catholic daily of an increasingly Carlist leaning; he also admitted juvenile fascination with earlier conservative political writings of <mask>es.<ref>Dasca Batalla 2004, p. 235, '<mask>'eda i Vila, [in:] ¡Arriba España! 04.11.67</ref> Vayreda's enthusiastic teenage access to legitimist troops during the Third Carlist War came naturally, though some scholars claim that when reconstructing his motives 30 years later, instead of religious or conservative threads he rather pointed to Carlist defense of the furs and its doctrina regionalista.Almost all authors dealing with his literary works underline that <mask> was enormously affected by the wartime experience, though none of the sources consulted clarifies what the nature of that impact was in terms of his political outlook. Chaos and conflict in Carlist ranks, brutality of civil warfare and bitterness of defeat have certainly deprived Vayreda of his juvenile zeal. In the early 1880s Carlism in Catalonia, like elsewhere in the country, remained in crisis, its outposts initially inactive and later painfully reconstructed. Nothing is known about <mask>'s engagement in re-emerging party structures following his return from exile; until the late 1880s there is no information about him either joining official party ranks or taking part in Carlist-sponsored initiatives. He re-approached the local Olot Circulo Tradicionalista by the end of the decade and joined it formally in 1895. Moreover, he entered local executive bodies, the same year becoming member of the comarcal Junta Tradicionalista. According to his later ex-post declarations, the access did not result from attachment to Carlist dynastical claims; facilitated by traditionalist and religious outlook, it was intended primarily to reinforce the regionalist threads within the movement.According to his contemporary Olot politicians Vayreda aspired to local party leadership, but experience in its structures did not last long. His bid to format local Carlist political profile principally along regionalist lines failed. It was possibly thwarted by provincial authorities, as Vayreda lambasted them for ignoring regionalist fundaments of the Traditionalist program; moreover, he complained about political course incompatible with the spirit of the movement, smelling of "liberalism and authoritarianism". In 1896 he formally left Circulo Tradicionalista. During last years of his life <mask>'s links with Carlism were lukewarm. When publishing his short literary pieces he preferred not to co-operate with Carlist periodicals. His political relations boiled down to occasional co-operation during electoral campaigns; actually, Olot remained the most Carlist electoral district in Catalonia.Above all, he contributed to the cause in his Carlism-flavored works, inducing some to call him "prohom de la causa". In and around Catalanism Vayreda explained his juvenile access to Carlism as motivated principally by its defense of traditional regional establishments and by its regionalist spirit, though scholars note that those ex-post declarations might have been burdened by backward extrapolation of his mature views and by his mitigating intentions. It seems indisputable, however, that following the war his Carlism was getting watered down. Remaining within Traditionalist and Catholic framework, Vayreda's outlook was increasingly focused on regional identity and in the 1880s it was self-identified as "traditionalist regionalism". Though by no means natural, inevitable or typical, Vayreda's shift from orthodox Carlist ideario to particular emphasis on only one of its components – regional identity – is considered representative for a group of Traditionalist militants from different parts of Spain. In the post-war years it was possibly influenced by "ideologia de la muntanya" of Torras i Bages, but assumed particular dynamics in the late 1880s, during campaign against the new Civil Code. In Olot it brought together people of different leanings, jointly with Vayreda forming the local Centre Catalanista and issuing its periodical, El Olotense (later l’Oloti); Vayreda kept supporting the periodical throughout the 1890s.By the end of the decade he approached Unió Catalanista, though he is not known to have participated in its political endeavors. <mask>'s Catalan identity was heavily entrenched in conservative, Traditionalist, Catholic and anti-modern sense of regional self. It did not stretch to embrace any sense of ethnic or national community. This identity was expressed almost exclusively in cultural terms and nothing is known of his support for Catalan political ambitions, autonomy-centered or otherwise; he was also cautious to distance himself from Catalanism flavored by federal or republican ideas. His vision of Catalonia was that of a spiritual entity epitomized by muntanya, the vision coined by Balmes, rejuvenated by <mask> Bages and sang in poetry by Verdaguer. <mask>'s death was painfully acknowledged by Unió Catalanista, Lliga de Catalunya, Lliga Regional and Foment Catalanista. According to dedicated studies of <mask>'s political outlook he remained on intersection between Carlism and Catalanism; some authors agree by maintaining that in mature years he settled for a possibilist compromise between the two.Other scholars clam that he opted for "Catalunya clarament carlina", declare that his Catalanism was recycled Carlism, suggest that he left Carlism to join regionalism, identify him as conservative regionalist absorbed by Catalanism or simply as moderate Catalanist (unconscious Catalanist,) with no mention of Carlism at all. Those unwilling to dwell whether his Catalanism was enveloped in Carlism or whether it was rather the latter embedded in regional self settled for his late auto-definition of "tradicionalista regionalista". Painter <mask> kept painting through all of his adult life, though some scholars claim that in the mid-1890s he was gradually turning towards literature, either due to lack of public recognition or following death of his brother. His first picture discussed in literature is dated 1876, the last one 1901; total number of his works is unclear and it probably amounts (including sketches and unfinished ones) to few hundred. Most of them are small and very small compositions bordering sketches, though his best known paintings are significant in size. His ultimate technique was oil on canvas; minor works could be also charcoal or oil on cardboard; the peculiarity of his method was preference for a studio instead of plein air; he composed paintings on basis of previous sketches and minor works. <mask> is typically identified as a landscape painter or as a costumbrista, though his works fall into four major topic categories: landscapes, religion, history and customs, often combining some if not all of the above.Landscapes are deeply set in the hilly Alt Garrotxa ambience, presenting local rural countryside with meticulous and accurate description. Featuring sunlighted sorted fields and wooded mountains they avoid any sign of decay or derangement. Despite what is described as their realism, they deliver impression of perfect natural order; due to neat and clean landscape contemporaries compared them to Japanese drawings. Some value his landscapes higher than those of his brother Joaquím, others deem them inferior. In a number of paintings landscape is the setting for local rural scenes, always scrupulously implanted in local customs and never containing a tiny hint of discord. Religious and historical scenes are often presented in medieval architectural setting, usually also related to Alt Garrotxa; it is reproduced with competent attention to detail, though at times also with some creativity. Historical paintings, tending to be academic in style, often reveal a sophisticated factual context; they tend to focus on medieval history of Spain, however initially Vayreda painted works also related to the Third Carlist War.Religious works, usually designed for private use or for local sanctuaries, reveal references – at times bordering quotations – to Italian

Marian Vayreda i Vila

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Quattrocento; contemporaries valued them for color and chiaroscuro refinement, today they are appreciated for composition and context. Vayreda is considered member of the Olot School. Far more than esthetic group emphasizing architectural patrimony, studying folklore or celebrating beauty of rural nature, the Olot painters shared the same holistic vision and messianic understanding of art, intended to regenerate the society. Some scholars claim it stemmed directly from Carlism and was its continuation by means of brush and paint. Others see it as an attempt of conservative re-Catalanisation. Most agree that its central theme, embodied in a number of symbolic representations, was traditionalist vision of the region, confronting threatening modernity by means of re-vindicating earth, religion and history. In terms of artistic heritage, Vayreda and l’Escola d’Olot are considered related to vigatanisme, the Barbizon school, the Nazarenes, the Pre-Raphaelites and other minor groups.Writer Though his 1888 literary debut was in Spanish, since 1890 Vayreda was publishing short stories in Catalan, printed – also under pen-names – in regional periodicals. Often set in the recent war, they were gaining popularity among readers; encouraged, in 1895 Vayreda started to participate in local literary competitions and turned out to be fairly successful. He wrote also few unedited poems. In 1898 he published his first major work, Recorts de la darrera carlinada, a set of 14 carefully arranged stories from the Third Carlist War. Lively narrated in 1st person with declared intention to provide "veritat essencial", they differ in spirit and are heterogeneous in style, but assembled together acknowledged crude brutality of the war. Though the book occasionally contained some nostalgic Carlist tone, it refrained from political proselytism; few scholars even see a dose of cynicism. Some present-day critics compare Recorts to war stories of <mask>way and Babel; others consider Vayreda's stories his best work and declare him master of short prose.Sanch nova (1900) is a contemporary novel set in Alt Garrotxa ambience and focusing on confrontation between modern liberal spirit and traditionalist virtues, embodied in a protagonist, a Catalan priest.Contemporaries hailed Sanch as "novella nacional" of Catalonia or "verdader simbol de Catalunya renaixent", declaring the author "primer novellista del renaixement". Currently it is viewed as overburdened with didactics and ideology, declared anachronistic pamphlet and utopian idealization of inner Catalonia, represented by mountainous lifestyle pitted against degradation of new society. The "new blood" in title is nothing but established rural outlook; the book is labeled compendium of traditionalist regionalism or even Vayreda's political testament. La Punyalada was published posthumously in 1904; though probably missing final touch of the author, it is widely considered his best work which gained Vayreda prominent place in history of the Catalan literature; the novel itself is acclaimed as one of the best works ever written in Catalan. Set in the early 1840s it tells a rural love story against the background of Alt Garrotxa life troubled by local bandits, the trabucaires. It was originally classified as "novela ferrena", "novela objectiva" or "novela historica", though currently scholars focus rather on psychological dimension and ideological undertones; they note exceptional quality of personalities, intriguing narrative technique, putting nature as a protagonist and efficient use of symbols. Though some scholars claim that apparent absence of politics and ideology is sort of credo itself, others maintain that Punyalada contains a veiled political discourse, with one protagonist representing the evil side of Carlism and another one its attractive face.As a writer <mask> is not clearly associated with any specific literary group. Some of his contemporaries considered him late follower of Walter Scott school; others noted lack of romantic gloom and underlining at times bestial brutality put Vayreda next to scandalizing naturalists like Casellas or <mask>. Hints at modernism and symbolism are not uncommon. However, according to the most popular lineup <mask> is first and foremost a protagonist of the Catalan literary <mask>ça, the author who died just when reaching literary maturity. Reception and legacy Some sources claim that Vayreda was disappointed by limited success of his paintings; displayed at Catalan and Madrid galleries, they enjoyed polite acknowledgement falling short of universal acclaim, let alone fame. He gained some popularity with stories published in the 1890s, but it was Recorts and Sanch nova which earned him general recognition shortly before death. Vayreda did not live to see success of La Punyalada both among the readers and the critics.Riding the wave of growing Catalanism in first decades of the 20th century the novel was declared its iconic literature, though second edition appeared as late as 1921. <mask> was acknowledged in history of Catalan literature during the Republic, though it is not clear how many of his paintings were burnt down during takeover of Olot by Republican militia in the summer of 1936. He became sort of officially celebrated artist during Francoism, which maintained silence on his Catalan penchant but emphasized the Traditionalist leaning instead. Punyalada enjoyed its third edition in 1947 and Recorts the second one in 1950. Centenary of his birth was observed in 1953: Olot declared him hijo ilustre and staged appropriate sessions, while periodicals – including the Falangist ¡Arriba España! – published homage articles. In the 1960s a hall in the Olot ajuntament building was named after Vayreda and in 1966 the council established <mask> literary prize; some cities honored him with appropriate street names.Vayreda received sort of literary canonization after the fall of Francoism, the process commenced by História de la literatura catalana of <mask>r, Comas and Molas and continued in numerous academic books, scholarly reviews and popular press items. Since 1980 La Punyalada was published 7 times and served as script for a 1990 movie, which became sort of an icon itself. A tourist trail following La Punyalada plot was marked in the Pyrenees and Vayreda's life was even treated in a children's cartoon. He remains portrayed as one of the all-time masters of Catalan literature, the process climaxing in massive centenary celebrations – covering both his literary works and paintings – of 2003. A dedicated study of his elevation process suggests that it was a perfect example of critical literary reception serving as a function of ideological scheme, namely as agent of Catalan nation-building. Scholarly works on Vayreda's outlook as expressed in his art and political activities suggests that he can hardly be considered an obvious forerunner of Catalan nationalism, that he can not be portrayed as example of a natural shift towards it, and that such approach involves a not insignificant dose of distortion. In an alternative perspective offered, emergent modern Catalanism was a competitive vision that he actually opposed.Considered within this framework, L’Escola d’Olot ultimately failed when attempting to implant its vision of Catalunya muntanyenca, the rural land of mountains and forests, entrenched in pairalismo culture and spiritually set between Jansenism, Traditionalism and Enlightenment. Most critics referred to it as idealized, paternalistic utopia, Arcadia or paradise lost, though some claim to have found sadomasochist and homosexual threads in his writings. See also Carlism Joaquim Vayreda Olot school Garrotxa Renaixença La puñalada Catalanismo El combregar a muntanya Josep Berga i Boix Footnotes Further reading Assumpció Bernal, Psicologisme i novel.la al segle XIX: El cas de María Vayreda, [in:] Quaderns de filologia. Estudis literaris 5 (2000), pp. 155–170 Rafael Botella García-Lastra, El carlismo en la novela, [in:] <mask>, A los 175 años del carlismo, Madrid, 2011, , pp. 401–434 <mask> Canal, Carlisme i catalanisme a la fi del segle XIX. Notes sobre unes relacions complexes, [in:] Le discours sur la nation en Catalogne aux XIXe et XXe siècles.Hommage à <mask> M. <mask> i <mask>, Paris 1995, pp. 211–230 <mask> Canal, ¿En busca del precedente perdido? Tríptico sobre las complejas relaciones entre carlismo y catalanismo a fines del siglo XIX, [in:] Historia y Politica 14 (2005), p. 45-84 <mask> Canal, <mask>, entre el carlisme i el catalánisme, [in:] Revista de Girona 225 (2004), pp. 41–46 <mask> Casacuberta, <mask>à Vayreda, del trabuc a la ploma, [in:] Serra d'Or 528 (2003), pp. 47–50 <mask> Casacuberta, <mask>a, un escriptor entre dos segles, [in:] Catáleg de l’Exposició Antológica de Marian Vayreda i Vila, Olot 2003 <mask> Casacuberta, <mask> i Vila (1853-1903): la recerca d'una veu pròpia, Olot 2002, <mask> Castellanos, "La punyalada", els clarobscurs de la novella dels trabucaires, [in:] Serra d'Or 528 (2003), p. 51-54 <mask> Batalla, L’efeméride efimera. L’any Mariá <mask> (2003), [in:] Anuari Verdaguer 12 (2004), pp. 232–240 <mask> <mask>mera estranya".Una lectura de la novella La punyalada (1903) de <mask> Vayreda, [in:] Els Marges: revista de llengua i literatura 103 (2014), pp. 120–136 Josep <mask> Serrat, L'evolució del paisatge forestal a les terres gironines a la segona meitat de segle XX, Barcelona 2015, <mask> Angel Fumanal i Pagès, Presència de l'art medieval en la pintura de Marian Vayreda i Vila, [in:] Annals del Patronat d'Estudis Històrics d'Olot i Comarca 15 (2005), pp. 92–108 Edgar Illas, <mask>à Vayreda. El carlisme reciclat i l'inconscient català, [in:] El contemporani: revista d'història 27 (2003), pp. 48–51 Berta <mask> <mask>, "La Punyalada": comparacio de la novella amb la pellicula [research paper IES], Olot 2010 <mask>overn, The Late Realist Novel and Art-Horror: <mask>à Vayreda's 'La punyalada' and the Question of Genre, [in:] Catalan Review 15/2 (2001), pp. 115–136 Lluís Meseguer, Joan Garí, Metàfora i fraseologia en el discurs costumista: <mask> i <mask> Vayreda, [in:] Caplletra: revista internacional de filología 18 (1995), pp. 133–164 <mask> Prats, Dues poesies inèdites de Marià Vayreda, [in:] Revista de Girona 183 (1997), pp.32–34 Francesc Roma, Del Paradís a la Nació: la muntanya a Catalunya, segles XV-XX, Valls 2004, Joan Sala, L'aportació pictòrica de <mask>a, [in] Revista de Girona 221 (2003), pp. 44–49 Joan Sala, La pintura a Olot al segle XIXè: Berga i Boix i els germans Vayreda, Barcelona 1991, Narcís Selles, Entre un món residual i un món emergent, [in:] Esposició antologica de <mask> i Vila (1853 - 1903), Olot 2003, pp. 25–31 Narcís Selles, <mask>a: idealització i conflicte davant d'una realitat canviant, [in:] Revista de Girona 220 (2003), pp. 30–35 Narcís Selles, <mask>à Vayreda i els corrents estètics a Olot (1877-1903) [unpublished study submitted to Beca Ciutat d’Olot en Ciències Humanes i Socials, 1984] <mask> <mask>, Dotze mestres, Barcelona 1972, <mask> <mask>, <mask> Boada, La novella històrica en la literatura catalana, Montserrat 1996, <mask> Tayadella, Afinitats artístiques i ideològiques entre Verdaguer i els Vayreda, [in:] Anuari Verdaguer 9 (1995-1996), pp. 353–375 Antònia Tayadella. "La punyalada" de Marià Vayreda, Barcelona 1990. Antònia Tayadella, Sobre literatura del segle XIX, Barcelona 2013, Ignasi Terradas Saborit, El cavaller de Vidrà: de l'ordre i el desordre conservadors a la muntanya catalana'', Montserrat 2000, External links Vayreda's life told in children cartoon Records de la darrera carlinada on Google Books Sang nova on Google Books La punyalada on Google Books Museu del Sants website Biblioteca Maria Vayreda Olot Premi Marian Vayreda website 1853 births 1903 deaths Painters from Catalonia Writers from Catalonia Carlists Spanish monarchists Spanish Roman

Marissa Mayer

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<mask> (; born May 30, 1975) is an American businesswoman and investor. She is an information technology executive, and co-founder of Sunshine Contacts. <mask> formerly served as the president and chief executive officer of Yahoo!, a position she held beginning in July 2012. It was announced in January 2017 that she would step down from the company's board upon the sale of Yahoo! 's operating business to Verizon Communications for $4.8 billion. She did not join the newly combined company, now called Verizon Media (formerly Oath), and she announced her resignation on June 13, 2017. She is a graduate of Stanford University and was a long-time executive, usability leader, and key spokeswoman for Google (employee #20).Early life <mask> was born in Wausau, Wisconsin, the daughter of <mask>, an art teacher of Finnish descent, and <mask>, an environmental engineer who worked for water companies. Her grandfather, Clem <mask>, had polio when he was 7 and served as mayor of Jackson, Wisconsin, for 32 years. She has a younger brother. She would later describe herself as having been "painfully shy" as a child and teenager. She "never had fewer than one after-school activity per day," participating in ballet, ice-skating, piano, swimming, debate, and Brownies. During middle school and high school, she took piano and ballet lessons, the latter of which taught her "criticism and discipline, poise, and confidence". At an early age, she showed an interest in math and science.Education Wausau West High School When she was attending Wausau West High School, <mask> was on the curling team and the precision dance team. She excelled in chemistry, calculus, biology, and physics. She took part in extracurricular activities, becoming president of her high school's Spanish club, treasurer of the Key Club, captain of the debate team, and captain of the pom-pom squad. Her high school debate team won the Wisconsin state championship and the pom-pom squad was the state runner-up. During high school, she worked as a grocery clerk. After graduating from high school in 1993, <mask> was selected by Tommy Thompson, then the Governor of Wisconsin, as one of the state's two delegates to attend the National Youth Science Camp in West Virginia. Stanford University Intending to become a pediatric neurosurgeon, <mask> took pre-med classes at Stanford University.She later switched her major from pediatric neuroscience to symbolic systems, a major which combined philosophy, cognitive psychology, linguistics, and computer science. At Stanford, she danced in the university ballet's Nutcracker, was a member of parliamentary debate, volunteered at children's hospitals, and helped bring computer science education to Bermuda's schools. During her junior year, she taught a class in symbolic systems, with Eric S. Roberts as her supervisor. The class was so well received by students that Roberts asked <mask> to teach another class over the summer. <mask> went on to graduate with honors from Stanford with a BS in symbolic systems in 1997 and an MS in computer science in 1999. For both degrees, her specialization was in artificial intelligence. For her undergraduate thesis, she built travel-recommendation software that advised users in natural-sounding human language.Illinois Institute of Technology In 2009, the Illinois Institute of Technology granted <mask> an honoris causa doctorate degree in recognition of her work in the field of search. <mask> interned at SRI International in Menlo Park, California, and Ubilab, UBS's research lab based in Zurich, Switzerland. She holds several patents in artificial intelligence and interface design. Career Google (1999–2012) After graduating from Stanford, <mask> received 14 job offers, including a teaching job at Carnegie Mellon University and a consulting job at McKinsey & Company. She joined Google in 1999 as employee number 20. She started out writing code and overseeing small teams of engineers, developing and designing Google's search offerings. She became known for her attention to detail, which helped land her a promotion to product manager, and later she became director of consumer web products.She oversaw the layout of Google's well-known, unadorned search homepage. She was also on the three-person team responsible for Google AdWords, which is an advertising platform that allows businesses to show their product to relevant potential customers based on their search terms. AdWords helped deliver 96% of the company's revenue in the first quarter of 2011. In 2002, <mask> started the Associate Product Manager (APM) program, a Google mentorship initiative to recruit new talents and cultivate them for leadership roles. Each year, <mask> selected a number of junior employees for the two-year program, where they took on extracurricular assignments and intensive evening classes. Notable graduates of the program include Bret Taylor and Justin Rosenstein. In 2005, <mask> became Vice President of Search Products and User Experience.<mask> held key roles in Google Search, Google Images, Google News, Google Maps, Google Books, Google Product Search, Google Toolbar, iGoogle, and Gmail. <mask> was the vice president of Google Search Products and User Experience until the end of 2010, when she was asked by then-CEO Eric Schmidt to head the Local, Maps, and Location Services. In 2011, she secured Google's acquisition of survey site Zagat for $125 million. While <mask> was working at Google, she taught introductory computer programming at Stanford and mentored students at the East Palo Alto Charter School. She was awarded the Centennial Teaching Award and the Forsythe Award from Stanford. Yahoo! (2012–2017) On July 16, 2012, <mask> was appointed president and CEO of Yahoo!, effective the following day.She was also a member of the company's board of directors. At the time of her appointment, Yahoo's numbers had been falling behind those of Google for over a year and the company had been through several top management changes. To simplify the bureaucratic process and "make the culture the best version of itself", <mask> launched a new online program called PB&J. It collects employee complaints, as well as their votes on problems in the office; if a problem generates at least 50 votes, online management automatically investigates the matter. In February 2013, <mask> oversaw a major personnel policy change at Yahoo! that required all remote-working employees to convert to in-office roles. Having worked from home toward the end of her pregnancy, <mask> returned to work after giving birth to a boy, and built a mother's room next to her office suite—<mask> was consequently criticized for the telecommuting ban.In April 2013, <mask> changed Yahoo! 's maternity leave policy, lengthening its time allowance and providing a cash bonus to parents. CNN noted this was in line with other Silicon Valley companies, such as Facebook and Google. <mask> has been criticized for many of her management decisions in pieces by The New York Times and The New Yorker. On May 20, 2013, <mask> led Yahoo! to acquire Tumblr in a $1.1 billion acquisition. In February 2016, Yahoo!acknowledged that the value of Tumblr had fallen by $230 million since it was acquired. In July 2013, Yahoo! reported a fall in revenues, but a rise in profits compared with the same period in the previous year. Reaction on Wall Street was muted, with shares falling 1.7%. In September 2013, it was reported that the stock price of Yahoo! had doubled over the 14 months since <mask>'s appointment. However, much of this growth may be attributed to Yahoo!'s stake in the Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba Group, which was acquired before <mask>'s tenure. In November 2013, <mask> instituted a performance review system based on a bell curve ranking of employees, suggesting that managers rank their employees on a bell curve, with those at the low end being fired. Employees complained that some managers were viewing the process as mandatory. In February 2016, a former Yahoo! employee filed a lawsuit against the company claiming that Yahoo's firing practices have violated both California and federal labor laws. In 2014, <mask> was ranked sixth on Fortunes 40 under 40 list, and was ranked the 16th most-powerful businesswoman in the world that year according to the same publication. In March 2016 Fortune named <mask> as one of the world's most disappointing leaders.Yahoo! stocks continued to fall by more than 30% throughout 2015, while 12 key executives left the company. In December 2015, the New York-based hedge fund SpringOwl, a shareholder in Yahoo Inc., released a statement arguing that <mask> be replaced as CEO. Starboard Value, an activist investing firm that owns a stake in Yahoo, likewise wrote a scathing letter regarding <mask>'s performance at Yahoo. By January 2016, it was further estimated that Yahoo! 's core business has been worth less than zero dollars for the past few quarters. In February 2016, <mask> confirmed that Yahoo!was considering the possibility of selling its core business. In March 2017, it was reported that <mask> could receive a $23 million termination package upon the sale of Yahoo! to Verizon. <mask> announced her resignation on June 13, 2017. In spite of large losses in advertising revenue at Yahoo! and a 50% reduction in staff during her 5 years as CEO, <mask> was paid a total of $239 million over that time, mainly in stock and stock options. On the day of her resignation, <mask> publicly highlighted many of the company's achievements during her tenure, including: creating $43B in market capitalization, tripling Yahoo stock, growing mobile users to over 650 million, building a $1.5B mobile ad business, and transforming Yahoo's culture.Over <mask>'s tenure, the number of monthly visits on Yahoo's home page dropped from nearly 10 billion to less than 4.5 while Google's increased from 17 billion to over 56. On 8 November 2017, along with several other present and former corporate CEOs, <mask> testified before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation regarding major security breaches at Yahoo during 2013 and 2014. Allegations of gender-based discrimination Scott Ard, a prominent editorial director, fired from Yahoo! in 2015, filed a lawsuit alleging that "<mask> encouraged and fostered the use of an employee performance-rating system to accommodate management’s subjective biases and personal opinions, to the detriment of Yahoo!’s male employees." He claimed that, prior to his firing, he had received "fully satisfactory" performance reviews since starting at the company in 2011 as head of editorial programming for Yahoo! 's home page; however, he was relieved of his role, which was given to a woman who had been recently hired. This case was dismissed in March 2018.An earlier lawsuit was filed by Gregory Anderson, who was fired in 2014, alleging the company’s performance management system was arbitrary and unfair and disguised layoffs as terminations for the purpose of evading state and federal WARN Acts, making it the first WARN Act and gender discrimination lawsuit Yahoo! and Mayer faced in 2016. Sunshine (2018–present) After leaving Yahoo! in 2017, <mask> started Sunshine (formerly Lumi Labs) with former colleague Enrique Munoz Torres. The company is based in Palo Alto and is focused on artificial intelligence and consumer media. On November 18, 2020, <mask> announced that Lumi Labs would be rebranded as Sunshine at the same time as revealing its first product: Sunshine Contacts. Sunshine Contacts claims to improve users' iPhone contacts and Google contacts using intelligent algorithms, contact data, public sources, and more.Boards As well as sitting on the boards of directors of Walmart, Maisonette, and Jawbone, <mask> also sits on several non-profit boards, such as Cooper–Hewitt, National Design Museum, New York City Ballet, San Francisco Ballet, and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Business investments <mask> actively invests in technology companies, including crowd-sourced design retailer Minted, live video platform Airtime.com, wireless power startup uBeam, online DIY community/e-commerce company Brit + Co., mobile payments processor Square, home décor site One Kings Lane, genetic testing company Natera, and nootropics and biohacking company Nootrobox. Accolades <mask> was named to Fortune magazine's annual list of America's 50 Most Powerful Women in Business in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014 with ranks at 50, 44, 42, 38, 14, 8 and 16 respectively. In 2008, at age 33, she was the youngest woman ever listed. <mask> was named one of Glamour Magazines Women of the Year in 2009. She was listed in Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women in 2012, 2013 and 2014, with ranks of 20, 32 and 18 respectively. In September 2013, <mask> became the first CEO of a Fortune 500 company to be featured in a Vogue magazine spread.In 2013, she was also named in the Time 100, becoming the first woman listed as number one on Fortune magazine's annual list of the top 40 business stars under 40 years old. <mask> made Fortune magazine history in 2013, as the only person to feature in all three of its annual lists during the same year: Businessperson of the Year (No. 10), Most Powerful Women (at No. 8), and 40 Under 40 (No. 1) at the same time. In March 2016, Fortune then named <mask> as one of the world's most disappointing leaders. On 24 December 2015, <mask> was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 14 in the list of 500 Most Influential CEOs.<mask> appeared on the List of women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies in 2017, having ranked 498 of the top 500 Fortune 500 company CEOs. Personal life <mask> married lawyer and investor Zachary Bogue on December 12, 2009. On the day Yahoo! announced her hiring, <mask> revealed that she was pregnant; she gave birth to a baby boy on September 30, 2012. Although she asked for baby name suggestions via social media, she eventually chose the name Macallister from an existing list. On December 10, 2015, <mask> announced that she had given birth to identical twin girls, Marielle and Sylvana. <mask> is Lutheran, but she has said—referencing Vince Lombardi's "Your God, your family and the Green Bay Packers"—that her priorities are "God, family and Yahoo!, except I'm not that religious, so it's really family and Yahoo!."References Further reading What Happened When <mask> Tried to Be Steve Jobs (2014-12-17), Nicholas Carlson, The New York Times <mask> – How Yahoo! went from mess to an Apple Design award (2014-08-15), Tim Green, Hot Topics External links "<mask>: One of the Most Powerful Women in Business" at Richtopia 1975 births 21st-century American businesspeople American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies American computer businesspeople American computer programmers American corporate directors American investors American Lutherans American people of Finnish descent American technology chief executives American women academics American women chief executives Businesspeople from Wisconsin Businesspeople in information technology Directors of Walmart Directors of Yahoo! Google employees Living people People from Wausau, Wisconsin Stanford University alumni Technology corporate directors Women corporate directors American women investors Yahoo! employees American women computer scientists American computer scientists 21st-century American businesswomen 21st-century American women scientists

Stephanie Dowrick

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<mask> (born 2 June 1947) is an Australian writer, Interfaith Minister and social activist. She is the author of more than 20 books of fiction and non-fiction, five of them best-sellers. She was a publisher in Australia and the UK, where she co-founded The Women's Press, London. Background <mask> was born in Wellington, New Zealand, on 2 June 1947. Her mother, <mask> (née Brisco, daughter of 7th baronet Sir Hylton Musgrave Campbell Brisco), died in 1955. As a child, <mask> went to a number of primary schools, then to Sacred Heart College in Lower Hutt for her secondary education, leaving school at the age of 16. <mask> left New Zealand in 1967, lived for some months in Israel, then lived in Europe from 1967–1983, mainly in London, but also from 1970–71 in West Berlin.She became a Roman Catholic at the age of nine after the death of her mother and her father's remarriage. As an adult she was for many years a member of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). Since 1983, she has lived in Sydney with her family. <mask> was an Adjunct Fellow with the Writing and Society Research Group at Western Sydney University, where she graduated with a PhD degree in 2008. She was ordained by the New Seminary, New York, where she graduated in 2005. Career Publishing and The Women's Press <mask> was an editor and publisher at George G. Harrap and Co., London, the New English Library, and Triad Paperbacks. In 1977, <mask> co-founded the independent feminist publishing house, The Women's Press, from her home in East London, which was financially backed by entrepreneur Naim Attallah.The Women's Press was "a political press" explicitly linked with the Women's Movement. Along with Virago publishers, founded by Australian Carmen Callil, The Women's Press was the largest feminist publisher in the English language during the key period of the second wave of the women's liberation movement, largely considered to have run from 1969 to the mid-1980s. Among the first books published by The Women's Press in 1978 were titles by Alice Munro (Lives of Girls and Women), Sylvia Townsend Warner (Lolly Willowes: or, The loving huntsman), and Michèle Roberts (A Piece of the Night). The Women's Press published other influential 20th-century feminist writers, including Alice Walker, whose Pulitzer Prize-winning The Colour Purple "transformed African-American literature", Janet Frame, Andrea Dworkin, Lucy Goodison, Joanna Ryan, May Sarton, Susan Griffin and Lisa Alther. <mask> was Chair of The Women's Press Board of Directors from 1989 to 1997. She was later Chairperson of The Women's Press, before its amalgamation with Quartet Books. <mask> was the first winner of Women in Publishing's Pandora Award in 1981.<mask> worked for Allen & Unwin, Sydney, from 1989 to 1992, as their founding part-time Fiction Publisher. Psychotherapy <mask> had a small private psychotherapy practice for many years. Writing From 1983, writing became <mask>'s primary work. Her books includes fiction and non-fiction for children and adults. <mask>'s first novel, Running Backwards Over Sand (1985), was autobiographical in part with the book's protagonist Zoe Delightey's mother dying at an early age. In a review of Choosing Happiness (2006), The Age newspaper wrote: "<mask>'s gift is to bring the sacred into the mundane." Everyday Kindness (2011) was described in The Sydney Morning Herald as "the practical expression of her spiritual ethic."<mask>'s more explicitly spiritual books include Seeking the Sacred (2010), and In the Company of Rilke, a scholarly spiritual study of the work of the European poet, Rainer Maria Rilke. Spirituality <mask> has been described as a "pioneering individual" in interfaith, post-denominational spirituality. Her spiritual journey has included Buddhism, Judaism and Christianity, and her influences include Ven Thich Nhat Hanh, Dom Bede Griffiths, Thomas Merton, and Irish poet John O'Donohue. In June 2005, <mask> became one of Australia's first Interfaith Ministers. She trained at the New Seminary, New York, an interfaith seminary founded in 1979 by Rabbi Joseph Gelberman. Since 2006, <mask> has led an interfaith spiritually inclusive congregation in Sydney, Australia. Since 2000, she has led retreats in New Zealand.Media Dowrick has contributed to Australia's literary and media culture over many years. She is a literary journalist and columnist for Fairfax Media on issues of ethics and social justice, feminism, spirituality, and refugees in Australia. She has appeared as a regular guest on ABC Radio on a range of programmes including Life Matters, The Spirit of Things, All in the Mind, and Tony Delroy's NightLife. From 1995 to 2004, she was "On the Couch" presenter on ABC Radio National's Life Matters. From 2001 to 2010, she was the "Inner Life" columnist for Good Weekend Magazine (The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age). She was an ambassador and well-being presenter for Breast Cancer Network Australia (BCNA). She is an ambassador for the International Women's Development Agency (IWDA).Awards Pandora Award, Women in Publishing, 1981 Nautilus Silver Award, Choosing Happiness (Psychology/Personal Growth), 2009 COVR (Coalition of Visionary Resources) Award (Best in print – General Interest/How to winner), Creative Journal Writing, 2010 Nautilus Grand/Gold Award, Heaven on Earth (Religion/Spirituality category) Works Nonfiction Land of Zeus, Doubleday, New York; New English Library, London (1974) Why Children? co-edited with Grundberg, Sibyl. Harcourt Brace, Jovanovich, New York; The Women's Press, London (1980) After the Gulf War, For Peace in the Middle East, co-edited with Kettle, St John. Pluto Press, Sydney (1991) Speaking with the Sun: New Stories by Australian and New Zealand Writers, co-edited with Parkin, Jane. Allen & Unwin, Sydney (1991). Intimacy and Solitude: Balancing Closeness and Independence, William Heinemann Australia, Melbourne; The Women's Press, London (1992); W.W. Norton & Co, New York (1994); revised edition, Random House, Sydney; The Women's Press, London (2002). The Intimacy and Solitude: Self-Therapy Book, William Heinemann Australia, Melbourne; The Women's Press, London (1993); published as The Intimacy and Solitude Workbook, W.W. Norton & Co, New York (1994).Forgiveness and Other Acts of Love, Viking Penguin, Melbourne; W.W. Norton & Co, New York; The Women's Press, London (1997) Daily Acts of Love, Penguin Books, Melbourne (1999) The Universal Heart: A Practical Guide to Love, Viking, Melbourne (2000); Michael Joseph, London (2002). Every Day A New Beginning, Penguin, Melbourne (2002) Living Words: Journal Writing for Self-Discovery, Insight & Creativity, Viking, Melbourne (2003). Free Thinking: On Happiness, Emotional Intelligence, Relationships, Power and Spirit, Allen & Unwin, Sydney (2004) Choosing Happiness: Life & Soul Essentials, Allen & Unwin, Sydney (2005); Tarcher/Penguin, New York (2007). Creative Journal Writing: The Art and Heart of Reflection, Allen & Unwin, Sydney (2007); Tarcher/Penguin, New York (2009). The Almost Perfect Marriage: One-Minute Relationship Skills, Allen & Unwin, Sydney (2007) In the Company of Rilke (incl. original translations by Burrows, Mark S.) Allen & Unwin, Sydney (2007); Tarcher/Penguin, New York (2009). Seeking the Sacred: Transforming Our View of Ourselves and One Another, Tarcher/Penguin, New York; Allen & Unwin, Sydney (2010).Everyday Kindness: Shortcuts to a Happier and More Confident Life, Allen & Unwin, Sydney (2011); Tarcher/Penguin, New York (2012). Heaven on Earth: Timeless Prayers of Wisdom and Love, Tarcher/Penguin, New York; Allen & Unwin, Sydney (2013). Fiction Running Backwards Over Sand Viking Penguin, Melbourne, London (1985). Tasting Salt Viking Penguin, Melbourne, London (1997). Children's Katherine Rose says no! Random House, Sydney (1995). The Moon Shines Out of the Dark Allen & Unwin, Sydney (2012).References External links Official Website Universal Health Book Club Pitt Street Uniting Church Australian writers Living people 1947 births People from Wellington City Victoria University of Wellington alumni University of Sydney alumni People educated at Sacred Heart College, Lower Hutt

Josh Wolf (journalist)

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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born June 8, 1982) is an American freelance journalist and internet videoblogger who was jailed by a Federal district court on August 1, 2006, for refusing to turn over a collection of videotapes he recorded during a July 2005 demonstration in San Francisco, California. <mask> served 226 days in prison at the Federal Correctional Institution, Dublin, California, nearly longer than any other journalist in U.S. history has served for protecting source materials. After <mask> released his video outtakes to the public, U.S. District Judge William Alsup ordered his release on April 3, 2007. In 2007, <mask> ran for mayor of San Francisco against incumbent Gavin Newsom (finishing in 8th place with about 1 percent of the vote). The next year <mask> accepted a position at the Palo Alto Daily Post where he reported on the San Mateo County government and that of several cities within the county. In 2011, <mask> graduated from the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism and his thesis film Police Tape received the Reva and David Logan Prize for Excellence in Investigative Reporting. Early life <mask> was born in Santa Rosa, California.His parents, Len Harrison and <mask>, divorced when he was a young child; he grew up in Wrightwood, California with his mother, an elementary school teacher. <mask>'s middle name, Selassie, is in honor of Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I. His mother was born into a Jewish family, and converted to Christianity, becoming a Messianic Jew and raising <mask> a Christian. <mask> attended Wrightwood Elementary School in Wrightwood, California and Pinon Mesa Middle School in Phelan, California. He graduated from Serrano High School in Phelan, California in 2000. <mask> received a bachelor's degree from San Francisco State University in 2006, and finished a master's degree at the University of California Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism in 2011. The video <mask>, a video blogger who reported on numerous protest and progressive events, videotaped an anti-G8 anarchist protest in San Francisco on July 8, 2005 in which some of the protesters wore masks and vandalized property.Later that same night, and over the next few days, <mask> edited his footage and posted the video to a local activist news website, Bay Area Indymedia, or Indybay. <mask> also sold the video to the television broadcast station KRON the day after the protest. In the process of documenting protest actions, <mask> had recorded a tense scene of a protester being choked by a police officer and another officer threatening passersby with stun guns. The only other recording that was broadcast nearly as much was a still photograph of a bloody police officer who was injured during the protest, not taken by <mask>. Other activists who posted video and photographs to the Bay Area Indymedia website were contacted by the FBI seeking their original source materials, but it is unknown how many, if any, turned over their recordings to Federal authorities. <mask>'s videotape is the only known source material from the protest to have been sought by subpoena after refusal to turn it over. On April 3, 2007, <mask> posted the unpublished footage on his blog after being assured that he would not have to testify about the footage.Subpoena and arrest The US District Court empaneled a grand jury to determine whether arson charges should be brought against some of the protesters on the suspicion that they may have intended to damage a police car by firing a bottle rocket under it, even though the only official damage reported was a broken tail light. The premise for Federal intervention in a case involving a city police car was that the car was funded in part by Federal dollars. <mask> did not shoot any footage of the car incident. But because he shot other video footage elsewhere during the protest, and the identities of some of the protesters were allegedly known to him, <mask> was targeted by Federal officials. <mask> was subpoenaed by the court, requiring him to turn over his footage and submit to testifying before the grand jury. Specifically, the FBI subpoenaed him to provide "all documents, writings also and recordings related to protest activities conducted in San Francisco" between 6:30 p.m. and 11:59 p.m. on July 8 as well any cameras, recording devices, and his computer. <mask> refused to comply with the subpoena.His case was picked up by the National Lawyers Guild who asked a federal magistrate in San Francisco to block the grand jury subpoena, arguing that taking such action would have a chilling effect on other journalists covering future protests. U.S. District Judge William Alsup rejected this argument and ordered <mask> be jailed on August 1, 2006 for contempt of court until he complied. A federal appeals court granted him bail on August 31, 2006 and he was released on September 1, although <mask> again refused to comply with the district court order that he produce the videotape. On September 18, 2006 his bail was revoked and <mask> returned to prison on September 22, 2006. The entire en banc Court of Appeals refused <mask>'s subsequent appeals. February 7, 2007 marked the 169th day of <mask>'s imprisonment, surpassing the time served by Vanessa Leggett, a Houston-based freelancer who was imprisoned for 168 days in 2001 and 2002 for declining to reveal unpublished material about a murder case. <mask> remained in jail for a total of 226 days, the longest time a U.S. journalist has been held in contempt for refusing to divulge sources or unpublished material.Release On April 3, 2007, according to <mask>'s lawyer David Greene, prosecutors dropped their insistence that <mask> testify before a grand jury after he posted the unaired video online. With permission from the prosecution, U.S. District Judge William Alsup signed an order requiring <mask>'s release from the Federal Correctional Institution in Dublin, California. Central legal issues There were a number of important legal issues at dispute in this case, including: whether journalists can refuse to comply with grand jury subpoenas, and under what circumstances whether <mask> meets the legal definition of a journalist and is entitled to those protections whether the Federal government has standing in this case <mask> argued that first amendment protections allow journalists to refuse to comply when a grand jury is not conducted in good faith. Specifically, <mask> believes that the government wants his video tapes to help them identify people who were participating in the protests, not for actual footage of a crime that was committed. He has also argued that the federal prosecutor's claim for standing is tenuous (based on the fact that federal funds helped to pay for a police car that was damaged), and that the case was brought before a federal grand jury in order to avoid California's shield laws. There is no Federal Shield Law at this time. The Federal prosecutor argued that <mask> does not meet the statutory definition of a journalist (under California law) or a common law journalist's privilege based on the Federal Rules of Evidence.Further, they argued that even if he did, the protections afforded to journalists would not cover his activities in this case because he merely observed the incidents he recorded in a public place. He did not prompt them, nor did he offer anyone anonymity or confidentiality. District Court Judge Alsup refused to address any of these issues in his written ruling. He simply signed an order written by the Federal prosecutor that ordered <mask> be jailed because it had been established that he was not complying with a grand jury subpoena. In their written ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled against <mask> on all three issues. Responses Questions of <mask>'s legitimacy as a journalist have been answered by support from various journalist groups. For example, on August 23, 2006 (22 days after <mask> was incarcerated), The Society of Professional Journalists awarded him their Journalist of the Year "for upholding the principles of a free and independent press."The SPJ described <mask> as "...a California blogger and freelance journalist..." <mask> was the only journalist jailed for his professional activities in the United States in 2006, according to Committee to Protect Journalists (this organization is a member of International Freedom of Expression Exchange). Support in the journalistic community is not uniform, however. On February 28, 2007, syndicated columnist Debra Saunders attacked the credibility of <mask>'s arguments, namely the lack of an expectation of privacy of those he was filming. In a televised interview on February 9, 2007, <mask> and his attorney, Martin Garbus, responded to the question of the legitimacy of federal involvement, by claiming that the legal efforts against <mask> were part of a broader attempt by the government to learn the identity of people within the video who are critical of the Bush administration and to suppress American journalism at large. <mask> stated during his portion of the interview via phone from prison that he has offered to allow the judge to review "in camera" the raw footage to determine if there's any applicable evidence within the video and the U.S. Attorney's office refused the offer based on a legal technicality. <mask> also said that the raw video does not offer any more applicable evidence of the arson or assault charges. The U.S. Attorney's office declined to participate in the interview but a spokesperson sent a statement saying they were obligated to gather evidence and that six separate judges have "... ruled that this office has issued a lawful subpoena for legitimate investigative purposes ...".The Rise Up Network Legal Fund held a benefit to help free <mask> and the media in general on September 21, 2006. Featured speakers included Ross Mirkarimi, Chris Daly, and Judith Miller. After <mask> took a job as a general assignment reporter at the Palo Alto Daily Post in 2008, he had some choice words for critics who have questioned his claim of being a journalist. "If the haters who said I wasn't a real journalist, are still lurking," <mask> wrote on his blog, "I hope you don't have too much indigestion after eating your words.' Candidacy for mayor On July 4, 2007, <mask> announced his candidacy for the office of Mayor of San Francisco, against incumbent Gavin Newsom. Promising an "open and transparent government", <mask> stated he would wear a video camera everywhere he does his mayoral business. His platform also discussed homelessness, crime, transportation, public works, gay marriage, medical marijuana and other issues.<mask> finished in 8th place with 1.24% of votes cast. See also Greg Anderson (trainer) Judith Miller (journalist) Notes References External links <mask>'s Video Blog <mask>'s Wiki <mask>'s LinkedIn page Archived article July 8, 2005 Protest News Coverage and Josh Wolf News from Bay Area Indymedia (Indybay). January 14, 2007 <mask>'s mother, <mask>-Spada, is interviewed following the National Conference for Media Reform convention in Memphis, Tenn. March 23, 2007 — <mask> Interviewed from Jail by The Common Language Project <mask> Interviewed from Jail by Democracy Now! <mask> interview with PBS' Frontline Frontline video segment featuring <mask>'s story CBS GRAND-JURY Report The Guardian - Web journalist jailings 'reflect power of internet' "Blogger seeks release as imprisonment enters third month", AP story, in San Jose Mercury News, November 20, 2006. NPR's Talk of the Nation interview, April 9, 2007 <mask> is interviewed by RU Sirius about anarchism <mask> criticizes Current TV of censorship American documentary filmmakers American male journalists Journalists from California Journalists imprisoned for refusing to reveal sources 1982 births Living people American anarchists Writers from Santa Rosa, California Video bloggers San Francisco State University alumni UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism alumni People from Wrightwood, California Male bloggers

Nuriye Gülmen

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<mask> (born 24 November 1982) is a Turkish academician and activist. While working for Selçuk University within the scope of the Faculty Member Training Program (ÖYP), Gülmen was appointed to the Eskişehir Osmangazi University. There, she was a research assistant at the Department of Comparative Literature. She won a lawsuit filed against the university's management for not renewing her contract and later started to work at Selçuk University. One day after her appointment, she was expelled from the university following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, after which a state of emergency (OHAL) was declared. As a result <mask> faced allegations and was accused of being a member of the "Fethullahçı Terrorist Organization / Parallel State Structure" (FETÖ/PDY). On 9 November 2016, in front of the Human Rights Monument on Yüksel Street in Ankara, she started a movement with the motto 'I Want My Job Back' to return to her lost job.Gülmen was detained dozens of times during the protests, and finally she went on a hunger strike with her fellow teacher Semih Özakça. During this period, Gülmen's weight fell from 59 kilos to 34 kilos and she ended the hunger strike on 26 January 2018 after the OHAL Commission rejected the objection regarding the issuance of the Decree Law. CNN International named <mask> <mask> among the eight leading women of 2016. <mask> <mask> was jailed on August 11 On 28 November 2020, Nuriye Gulmen's union Egitim Sen voted to expel her from the union. Judicial process On 22 June 2017, <mask> <mask> and Semih Özakça applied to the Constitutional Court of Turkey with the request for lifting their detention, as they had started to suffer from health issues due to the hunger strike. On 28 June, the Constitutional Court unanimously rejected the application by <mask> and Özakça. In its response, the Court stated that "there was no situation requiring an immediate injunction to terminate the applicants' detention as there was not any threat available to pose a danger to their lives, their material or moral integrity".In addition, Gülmen and Özakça's health conditions since the day they were brought to prison was monitored b physicians, and attempts to refer to them to a hospital for further control was rejected by Gülmen and Özakça, yet measures were taken for emergencies and treatment at the prison's hospital. At the sixth hearing of the case, <mask> <mask> was sentenced to six years and three months in prison for "membership of an armed terrorist organization", but was subsequently released from prison. Appeal to ECHR Gülmen, together with Semih Özakça, applied to the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) on 29 June 2017, demanding that they be released due to their health problems as a result of a hunger strike and adding that detention conditions worsened their health. On 2 August 2017, the European Court of Human Rights dismissed the application, which was submitted as a precautionary measure by Gülmen and Özakça's lawyers. The ECHR ruled in its rejection that "in the light of the medical reports and other information submitted to the court, the fact that Özakça and Gülmen were detained at the Sincan State Hospital did not constitute a real and immediate danger to the applicants' life." The court also invited <mask> and Özakça to end the hunger strike. Şebnem Korur Fincancı, who participated in the examination and medical documentation process as a single physician and presented a 32-page report, reacted by explaining what happened during the examination and certification process on her Twitter account and criticized the lack of reference to this medical document in making the decision: "All doctors say there is a life-threatening need for care, but they respond they can be kept unattended in the prison hospital.On top of that, lawyers call on people who are mentally competent to end the hunger strike and they say, "The state takes good care of you". There is a lot of detail, but even so I think it can clearly show how the whole process is loaded with human rights violations. There is no single reference to a total of 32-page examination, medical documentation, and scientific opinions with many scientifically tortured diagnoses." Demands Following the decree law numbered 679 was issued as a result of the state of emergency declared after the July 15 coup attempt, <mask> <mask> started a protest in front of the Human Rights Monument on Yüksel Street in Ankara, demanding the following: End the state of emergency. Let the revolutionary democratic public laborers, who were fired and dismissed, be returned to work. Arbitrary and unlawful dismissal should be stopped. Restore the staff assurance for 13 thousand ÖYP research assistants.Science cannot be made without job security, we want job security for all education and science workers. Claims On 25 May 2017, Interior Minister Süleyman Soylu claimed that <mask> Gülmen and Semih Özakça were "members of the DHKP-C terrorist organization" and that their actions were supported by this organization and that they had a direct link to DHKP-C. Following Soylu's claim, lawyer Selçuk Kozağaçlı published Nuriye Gülmen and Semih Özakça's criminal record which showed that they had no connection to any terrorist organizations. On top of that, the Ministry of Interior Research and Studies Center published a 54-page booklet titled "The Unending Scenario of a Terrorist Organization, Nuriye Gülmen and Semih Özakça Truth". The booklet claimed that 12 lawsuits were filed against Nuriye Gülmen, all of these cases were related to the terrorist organization, and one of them resulted in conviction and was pending the Supreme Court's decision. The Cumhuriyet newspaper claimed that the booklet had contained evidence for other cases that had not yet been finalized and were still pending before the Supreme Court. References External links Nuriye Gülmen Direniyor 1982 births Selçuk University faculty Turkish activists Turkish women activists Living people Eskişehir Osmangazi University faculty

Frederick Stuart Church

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<mask> (1842–1924) was an American artist, working mainly as an illustrator and especially known for his (often allegorical) depiction of animals. Biography He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. His father was an important figure in politics as well as a well-known lawyer. At the age of 13 he left school and took a job at the then newly established American Express Company in Chicago, with his parents intending him to have a business career. Being nineteen at the outbreak of the Civil War he served in the Union Army. After his discharge he returned to Chicago, having decided to devote his life to art, and started studying drawing under Walter Shirlaw at the city's Academy of Design. In 1870 he took the decision to continue his studies in New York City, which became his home for the rest of his life.He enrolled at the National Academy of Design, where he was taught by Lemuel Wilmarth. He joined the Art Students League, headed by his old teacher Walter Shirlaw, in which he remained involved for the rest of his life. Unlike many other Americans of his time who felt themselves to be living in a cultural backwater, <mask> - while he did think that an artist needed to be formally taught - saw no need to study art in Europe and in fact only crossed the Atlantic late in his life. He often expressed outspoken pride in original American art and declaring that "foreign art" had "little to teach Americans". This might be a reflection of the attitudes taken by the strong nativist movements active during his young age, among other places in Chicago when he lived there. By the middle of the 1870s he was already gaining a name as a gifted illustrator. Among the many magazines and periodicals which eventually took up his works were the various Harper's publications (Harper's Bazaar, Harper's Weekly, and Harper's Young People), as well as Frank Leslie's Weekly, Century Magazine and the Ladies' Home Journal.In 1883, <mask> was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician, and became a full Academician in 1885. He also worked for various commercial companies, for example illustrating the almanac of the Elgin Watch Company and producing an 1881 Christmas Card for Louis Prang & Company. His career was helped along by several devoted patrons, among them William T. Evans, John Gellatly, the banker Grant B. Schley, and the railroad-car manufacturer Charles Lang Freer, the founder of Washington, D.C.'s Freer Gallery. <mask> became especially known for his fondness of depicting animals, both in their natural state and in anthropomorphic "allegorical compositions" - having both the patience and empathy needed to gain the confidence of his animal "models" and a through understanding of animal anatomy, as well as of animal facial expressions and the moods and feelings they conveyed. His work on Aesop's Fables, including an illustration of the human and animal protagonists of each fable plus an elaborate cover for the whole, is considered among the best of his works. Though living in the big city, he liked to make painting expeditions to the countryside. In one period, when living on a farm and teaching the owner's two young daughters to draw, he "could often be found handling and posing the tame frogs from the spring house, carrying turtles up from the pond and arranging chickens and other farmyard poultry for Thanksgiving sketches".The aforementioned banker Grant B. Schley eventually provided <mask> with a specially-built studio at Schley's estate "Froh Helm", located at Far Hills, New Jersey. While in the city, <mask> often visited Barnum and Bailey's premises as well as the Central Park Zoo, to study and make endless sketches of the animals held there. On such occasions he was described as "playing catch with an elephant, watching the dance of a distressed ostrich and spending hours observing seahorses in an aquarium", so as "to effectively capture the character of each creature". Aside from his numerous animal drawings, <mask> dealt with many other themes, usually in a "cheerful and fanciful" mood, such as a "Holiday Series" including "A Halloween illustration of dainty witches crouched by a cauldron under a smoke-filled sky, a Thanksgiving image of a young girl driving turkeys, and a depiction of Christmas morning on the bottom of the sea as little mermaids open their gifts and polar bears dance arm-in-arm with a lovely young woman". The 2003 Exhibition Some of <mask>'s works are kept in the Permanent Collection of the Fulton Decorative Arts Gallery at the Washington County Museum of Fine Arts in Hagerstown, Maryland. Others are at the collection of Dale and Rosie Horst of Newton, Kansas, which lent them to the Fulton Gallery in 2003, for an extensive exhibition including both <mask>'s original drawings and the magazines and periodicals in which they appeared. The Resource Library Magazine, describing the exhibition, noted the following items: Opening of the Season at the North Pole (originally published Harper's Weekly, December 1875) depicts "polar bears on ice skates,(...) amiable, fun-loving animals always ready to play games or join in adventures".Flapjacks (Harper's Weekly, December 1892) - "A small bear holding a griddle while a young lady prepares an eagerly anticipated breakfast for a crowd of adult bears" was used in the December 1892 issue of the same publication. A New Year's Greeting (Harper's Young People, January 1, 1889) -"A large stork clutching a basket in his beak while a chubby round baby smiles from inside". Christmas Fun (Harper's Weekly, December 16, 1893) - "A young woman being assisted by a bear in putting on her ice skates". Santa's Cake Walk (Harper's Bazaar, December 17, 1898) - "A scene in which Santa directs a polar bear band seated in his reindeer-driven sleigh while dozens of bears dance with top hats, canes and fans". Christmas Morning: One Hundred Fathoms Deep (Harper's Young People, December 11, 1888). "Cold Sauce with the Christmas Pudding" - an 1894 painting made for Century Magazine, the original later donated to the Fulton gallery by Robert F. Skutch of Baltimore. The Snow Witch's Daughter (Harper's Bazaar, December 23, 1882) References External links <mask> <mask> Biography, paintings, etchings & drawings Resource Library Magazine article & drawings Article on the letters of <mask> <mask> Article on <mask>'s animal illustrations 1842 births 1924 deaths Artists from Grand Rapids, Michigan American illustrators Art Students League of New York alumni Artists from Michigan Union Army soldiers Members of the Salmagundi Club

Arthur Trimmer

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<mask> (1805–1877) was one of three brothers who were early settlers in the colony of Western Australia. He was the grandson of <mask> (1741–1810), an educational reformer and writer. <mask>’s father was <mask> who married Jane Bayne in 1794, with whom he had seven children. He owned a successful brickmaking business and collected fossils. He suffered a stroke in 1810 and died four months later, when <mask> was only five. An uncle, William Kirby, had built up a flock of merino sheep, as part of a project initiated by Joseph Banks. In Western Australia with his brothers <mask>'s elder brother Spencer (born 1803) arrived in Western Australia in October 1829.In partnership with his cousin Douglas Thompson, he selected in the Avon District and in the Swan District. <mask> arrived with his brother William (born 1795) in April 1831, who was a Lieutenant in the 17th Foot Regiment. All brothers sailed as "gentlemen settlers," paying their own passage and taking all necessities with them. Spencer brought Joshua Kirby <mask>'s merino sheep and cattle with him. <mask> and his cousin Douglas Thompson both drowned in the upper reaches of the Swan River in 1835. <mask> accompanied Bland and Agett in May 1834 on an expedition to confirm that the Swan and Avon Rivers were one and the same. Spencer had a farm at Middle Swan, but unfortunately his entire establishment, dwelling house, out-houses, corn ricks, containing 200 bushels of wheat were burnt in a fire.<mask> was away at the time. Spencer died in Albany in December 1843. York In 1832, <mask> and Rivett Henry Bland, who had arrived in the colony with capital, went into partnership to take a grant of several thousand acres of land on the Avon River, York and farm the <mask> brothers’ merino sheep. As between them, Bland was to be entitled to the land to the south of the town site and Trimmer the land to the north. Bland and <mask> built a house in York 100 yards above the ford in September 1831. Their flock of sheep was said to be “equal in quality, if not superior, to any of the most approved breed of the sister colonies”. Wool sent back to England by Trimmer in 1833 was sold by auction at 2 shillings and 2 pence per pound “although dirty and badly packed”.S Henty reported in 1833 that their lambs weighed 34 and 39 pounds. In February 1833, <mask> and Bland’s shepherd went out as usual with his flock when he heard the voices of a number of natives in the bush. Uncommonly, a woman came forward and beckoned the others to attack the shepherd. She cried out “warra, warra” and made threatening gestures. The shepherd fired at her and wounded her, and she staggered back. In September 1834, the Perth Gazette reported: In June 1835, <mask> was on his way to York when his cart broke down. He was compelled to go on for assistance.On his return, accompanied by Bland, when about 7 miles from their home at York, “they observed a native in the bush in the act of raising his spear, and shortly afterwards, a known signal being given, a party of about twelve rushed forward from the place of their concealment; but both Mr <mask> and Mr Bland being apprised of their danger by the signal given, put spurs to their horses, and galloped about three miles, by which means they avoided their hostile assailants.” In October 1835, Trimmer and Bland exported two wagon loads of wool in bales. On 18 April 1836 at Strawberry Hill, Albany, Trimmer married Mary Ann Spencer, one of King George Sound Government Resident Sir Richard Spencer’s daughters. Spencer had also brought merino sheep to Western Australia. By 1836, Trimmer and Bland had 5,000 sheep in York. Bland reported in 1836 that he had increased the flock at the rate of about 80 lambs to 100 ewes per annum. Trimmer and Bland advertised merino sheep for sale at Guildford in September 1836, announcing that the sheep were from the “well known flock of the Earl of Cearnarven”. John Henry Monger Snr built and started operating the York Hotel (and his home) on Bland and Trimmer's property, which he later purchased.In September 1836, three natives gained access to Bland and <mask>'s barn. In Bland's absence, <mask> was in charge at the time. While carrying away a quantity of flour, they were "wantonly" shot by a shepherd named Ned Gallop who had been lying "perdue" in the straw of the barn on instructions from <mask> after Trimmer had got tired of waiting and had gone to bed. One died and the other two were badly wounded. <mask>'s "character never could recover from this foul stain". Two days later, in reprisal an old settler called Knott was speared in his hut and robbed. Following this incident, the partnership between Bland and <mask> was dissolved.<mask> and Edward Souper pursued the Aborigine who killed Knott, who “confessed to the murder, but says he was influenced by the constant chants of his mother and other old women, to commit the deed". Fervent missionary Louis Giustiniani accused "Trimmer and other gentlemen" of organising a "hunting party" to shoot as many Aborigines as possible. Giustiniani also claimed Souper shot and killed an Aboriginal woman and wounded an Aboriginal man. The woman's ears were cut off and Trimmer hung them in his kitchen as a trophy, his house being next to Bland who was the Government Resident. "Mr Trimmer who permits such barbarous acts in his house, is invited to the Governor's table". The Trimmers' first child Ellen Spencer was born at York on 15 June 1837. Trimmer remained farming and living in the house up from Monger’s hotel at least until October 1837 when he was the subject of comment by Bunbury in one of his letters: Monger bought York Suburban Lots A1 and A2 for £100 in April 1838, but the <mask> family continued to reside in their house.Albany In July 1839, <mask>’s father in law, Sir Richard Spencer, died at Albany. <mask> moved to Albany and in November 1939, was living at Ongerup near Albany, on a property of his deceased father in law. A large tree collapsed on the house of his late father in law killing Mr W McKath and Mr Horatio William Spencer (aged 15), and it was <mask>’s task to extricate their bodies. <mask> took up land at Pootenup, near Cranbrook, and in 1856 became a Justice of the Peace and Sub-Protector of Aborigines for the Albany district. He was a member of the Board of Education. <mask> died in 1877. Notes References 1805 births 1877 deaths Settlers of Western Australia People associated with massacres of Indigenous Australians

Anacaona

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<mask> (1474 (? )-1504), or Golden Flower, was a Taíno cacica, or female cacique (chief), religious expert, poet and composer born in Xaragua. Before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, Ayiti or Quisqueya to the Taínos (the Spaniards named it La Española, i.e., Hispaniola — now known as the Dominican Republic and Haiti, Haití in Spanish) was divided into five kingdoms, i.e., Xaragua, Maguana, Higüey, Maguá and Marién. <mask> was born into a family of caciques. She was the sister of Bohechío, the ruler of Xaragua. She succeeded Bohechío as cacica after his death. Under <mask>'s rule, the Spanish settlers and the Taínos of Xaragua coexisted and intermarried.In 1503, Nicolás Ovando, the governor of the island, visited Xaragua. He suspected an insurrection was brewing among the Taíno chiefs, including <mask>, presently in the kingdom. Ovando gave the order for the caciques to be captured and burned. <mask> was hanged. Early life and family <mask> was born in Yaguana (present day Dominican Republic, Haiti), the capital of Little Spain, in 1474 (?). Her name was derived from the Taíno words ana, meaning 'flower', and caona, meaning 'gold, golden.' <mask>'s brother Bohechío was a local chieftain.He extended his rule in 1475 to include all territories west of Xaragua. Through consolidation of his influence and power, Bohechío married <mask> to Caonabo, cacique of Maguana. Together they had one daughter, Higüemota. In 1492, Christopher Columbus arrived in the kingdom of Marién (Northern Dominican Republic /Haiti), in search of a direct route to the Indies (India). Upon arrival, he was greeted by the Tainos, who were much smaller in stature compared to the Spaniards. Columbus was gifted with gold, corn and other items. In 1493, the Spanish Crown established a colony whose sole purpose was to excavate for gold and other precious metals.With the establishment of the new colony Santo Domingo , the Taíno were kidnapped and enslaved to satisfy the needs of the Crown (many Taíno women were raped and those Taínos who resisted the Spaniards were murdered). In 1493, Caonabo was arrested for ordering the destruction of La Navidad (a Spanish colony in the northwestern part of the island) and its people. He was shipped to Spain and died in a shipwreck during the journey. When Caonabo was captured, <mask> returned to Xaragua and served as an advisor to Bohechío. In 1498, Bohechío was confronted by Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus and founder of the city of Santo Domingo, who arrived in Xaragua with his troops to subdue Bohechío and conquer his territory. The purpose of the Spaniards in so doing was to acquire gold. With his power weakened, Bohechío, advised by <mask>, decided to recognize the sovereignty of the Catholic Monarchs.Instead of fighting, he committed himself to paying the tribute levied by the Spaniards with products such as cotton, bread, corn and fish. After Bohechío's death in 1500, <mask> ruled as cacica until her execution in 1503. Arrest and death In the fall of 1503, Governor Nicolás Ovando and his party of 300 traveled on foot to Xaragua. They were received in a lavish ceremony by <mask>, her nobles, and several Taíno chiefs. While the Taíno presented the reception as a gesture of welcome, the Spanish saw it as being an elaborate distraction. Ovando's party was under the impression that <mask> and the Taíno chiefs present at the reception were planning an insurrection. Ovando lured the chiefs into a caney (large hut) for a Spanish tournament and gave the signal for the Spaniards to seize and bind the caciques.They were burned in the caney while other Taínos of lower rank were slaughtered outside. <mask> was hanged. According to historian Troy S. Floyd, the accuracy of the accounts of this event remain uncertain for many reasons. For one, even though the separate accounts made it seem as though it was a perfectly segregated fight along racial lines, the two groups had coexisted and intermarried for six years prior. As such, there was a history of harmonious relations between the two races. For another, it is unclear why the Spaniards would lure the Taínos into a trap. Additionally, fifty Spaniards were killed; this is a high number of casualties considering that the Europeans deployed superior military technology.Finally, the Xaragua caciques were respected as some of the most intelligent on the island and it is unlikely that they could be lured into a hut if they were planning their own revolt. According to Sir Arthur Help's book The Spanish Conquest in America (1855), Nicolás Ovando renamed the place where <mask> was murdered “The City of True Peace” (La Villa de la Vera Paz), "...in honor of his recent triumph". The arms assigned to the city were "...a rainbow and a cross, with a dove bearing the olive branch!". Legacy and influence <mask>, as a poet and composer, is accordingly memorialized in contemporary art and literature across the Caribbean region. A statue commemorating her legacy is in Léogâne, Haiti. the tallest building in the Caribbean, Torre Anacaona 27, is named after her, in the Dominican Republic. The song <mask>, lead vocals by Cheo Feliciano, popularizes her story.Literature The Royal Diaries series, Anacaona: Golden Flower, Haiti, 1490 by Edwidge Danticat Anacaona, la Reine Taino d'Ayiti by Maryse N. Roumain, PhD. Music "Anacaona", by Ansy and Yole Dérose "Anacaona", by Super Sonic de Larose "Anacaona", by Eddy Francois "Anacaona", composed by Tite Curet Alonso "Anacaona", by Irka Mateo "Anacaona", sung by Cheo Feliciano See also Chiefdoms of Hispaniola Enriquillo Anti-Colonialism Female Native American leaders Notes References Bartolomé de las Casas: A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. Peter Martyr d'Anghiera: De Orbe Novo. Samuel M. Wilson: Hispaniola - Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus. The University of Alabama Press, 1990. . Attribution External links The Louverture Project: Anacaona Songs (salsa) about <mask> (Cheo Feliciano and the Fania All Stars): Anacaona anacaona the golden flower book 1474 births 1504 deaths History of the Dominican Republic Indigenous Caribbean people 15th-century women rulers 16th-century women rulers Female Native American leaders Taíno leaders Haitian people of Taíno descent Resistance to colonialism Executed Native American people History of Puerto Rico History of Haiti 15th-century Native American women 16th-century Native American women

Warren Farrell

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<mask> (born June 26, 1943) is an American political scientist, activist, and author of seven books on men's and women's issues. <mask> has been described as the "father of the men's movement." <mask> initially came to prominence in the 1970s as a supporter of second wave feminism; he served on the New York City Board of the National Organization for Women (NOW). <mask> advocates for "a gender liberation movement", with "both sexes walking a mile in each other’s moccasins". His books cover history, law, sociology and politics (The Myth of Male Power); couples' communication (Women Can't Hear What Men Don't Say, and Father and Child Reunion); economic and career issues (Why Men Earn More); child psychology and child custody (Father and Child Reunion); and teenage to adult psychology and socialization (Why Men Are The Way They Are, The Liberated Man and Does Feminism Discriminate Against Men). All of his books are related to men's and women's studies, including his March 2018 publication The Boy Crisis. Early life and education <mask> was born in 1943.He is the eldest of three children born to an accountant father and housewife mother. He grew up in New Jersey. <mask> attended high school at the American School of The Hague in his Freshman and Sophomore years, then graduated from Midland Park High School in New Jersey in 1961, where he was student body president. He was chosen by the American Legion as his town's (Waldwick's) selection for New Jersey Boys' State. <mask> received a B.A. from Montclair State University in social sciences in 1965. As a college student, <mask> was a national vice-president of the Student-National Education Association, leading President Lyndon B. Johnson to invite him to the White House Conference on Education.In 1966 he received an M.A. from the University of California, Los Angeles in political science and in 1974 a Ph.D. in the same discipline from New York University. While completing his Ph.D. at NYU, he served as an assistant to the president of New York University. University teaching <mask> has taught university level courses in five disciplines (psychology; women's studies; sociology; political science; gender and parenting issues). These were at the School of Medicine at the University of California, San Diego; the California School of Professional Psychology; in the Department of Women's Studies at San Diego State; at Brooklyn College; Georgetown University; American University, and Rutgers. Feminist foundation When the second wave of the women's movement evolved in the late 1960s, <mask>'s support of it led the National Organization for Women's New York City chapter to ask him to form a men's group. The response to that group led to his ultimately forming some 300 additional men and women's groups and becoming the only man to be elected three times to the Board of Directors of the National Organization for Women in N.Y.C.(1971–74). In 1974, <mask> left N.O.W. in N.Y.C. and his teaching at Rutgers when his wife became a White House Fellow and he moved with her to D.C. They subsequently divorced. During his feminist period, <mask> wrote op-eds for The New York Times and appeared frequently on the Today show and Phil Donahue show, and was featured in People, Parade and the international media. This, and his women and men's groups, one of which had been joined by John Lennon, inspired The Liberated Man.The Liberated Man was written from a feminist perspective, introducing alternative family and work arrangements that could better accommodate working women and encourage care-giving men. The Liberated Man was the beginning of <mask>'s development of parallels for men to the female experience: for example, to women's experience as "sex objects", <mask> labeled men's parallel experience as "success objects." As a speaker, <mask> was known for creating audience participation role-reversal experiences to get both sexes "to walk a mile in the other's moccasins." The most publicized were his "men's beauty contest" and "role-reversal date." In the men's beauty contest, all the men are invited to experience "the beauty contest of everyday life that no woman can escape." In the "role-reversal date" every woman was encouraged to "risk a few of the 150 risks of rejection men typically experience between eye contact and intercourse." Integrating men's issues into gender issues In a 1997 interview, <mask> stated: "Everything went well until the mid-seventies when NOW came out against the presumption of joint custody.I couldn't believe the people I thought were pioneers in equality were saying that women should have the first option to have children or not to have children — that children should not have equal rights to their dad." Why Men Are the Way They Are <mask>'s books each contain personal introductions that describe his perspective on how aspects of public consciousness and his own personal development led to the book. By the mid-1980s, <mask> was writing that both the role-reversal exercises and the women and men's groups allowed him to hear women's increasing anger toward men, and also learn about men's feelings of being misrepresented. He wrote Why Men Are The Way They Are to answer women's questions about men in a way he hoped rang true for the men. He distinguished between what he believed to be each sex's primary fantasies and primary needs, stating that "both sexes fell in love with members of the other sex who are the least capable of loving: women with men who are successful; men with women who are young and beautiful." He asserts that women feel disappointed because, "the qualities it takes to be successful at work are often in tension with the qualities it takes to be successful in love." Similarly he asserts that men feel disappointed because, "a young and beautiful woman ('genetic celebrity') often learns more about receiving, not giving, while older and less-attractive women often learn more about giving and doing for others, which is more compatible with love."Due partially to Oprah Winfrey's support, Why Men Are the Way They Are became his best-selling book. The Myth of Male Power In 1993, <mask> wrote The Myth of Male Power, in which he argued that the widespread perception of men having inordinate social and economic power is false, and that men are systematically disadvantaged in many ways. The Myth of Male Power was ardently challenged by some academic feminists, whose critique is that men earn more money, and that money is power. <mask> concurs that men earn more money, and that money is one form of power. However, <mask> also adds that "men often feel obligated to earn money someone else spends while they die sooner—and feeling obligated is not power." This perspective was to be more fully developed in <mask>'s Why Men Earn More. In the men's rights movement, The Myth of Male Power is sometimes referred to as "The Bible" and the "red pill".Critics of the book accuse it of promoting misogyny. Susan Faludi argued that <mask> had effectively recanted his original position as part of a generalized backlash against feminism. Women Can't Hear What Men Don't Say and Father and Child Reunion The increase in divorces in the 1980s and 1990s turned <mask>'s writing toward two issues: the poverty of couples' communication and children's loss of their father in child custody cases. In Women Can't Hear What Men Don't Say, <mask> asserts that couples often fail to use couples' communication outside of counseling if the person receiving criticism does not know how to make her or himself feel safe. <mask> develops a method called "Cinematic Immersion" to create that safety and overcome what he posits is humans' biological propensity to respond defensively to personal criticism. To address children's loss of their father in child custody cases, <mask> wrote Father and Child Reunion, a meta-analysis of research about what is the optimal family arrangement for children of divorce. Father and Child Reunion's findings include some 26 ways in which children of divorce do better when three conditions prevail: equally-shared parenting (or joint custody); close parental proximity; and no bad-mouthing.His research for Father and Child Reunion provided the basis for his frequently appearing in the first decade of the 21st Century as an expert witness in child custody cases on the balance between mothers' and fathers' rights needed to create the optimal family arrangement for children of divorce. Why Men Earn More By the start of the 21st century, <mask> felt he had re-examined every substantial adult male-female issue except the pay gap (i.e., that men as a group tend to earn more money than women as a group). In Why Men Earn More: The Startling Truth Behind the Pay Gap—and What Women Can Do About It, he documents 25 differences in men and women's work-life choices which, he argues, account for most or all of the pay gap more accurately than did claims of widespread discrimination against women. <mask> writes that men chose to earn more money, while each of women's choices prioritized having a more balanced life. These 25 differences allowed <mask> to offer women 25 ways to higher pay—and accompany each with their possible trade-offs. The trade-offs include working more hours and for more years; taking technical or more hazardous jobs; relocating overseas or traveling overnight. This led to considerable praise for Why Men Earn More as a career book for women.Some of <mask>'s findings in Why Men Earn More include his analysis of census bureau data that never-married women without children earn 13% more than their male counterparts, and that the gender pay gap is largely about married men with children who earn more due to their assuming more workplace obligations. Themes woven throughout Why Men Earn More are the importance of assessing trade-offs; that "the road to high pay is a toll road;" the "Pay Paradox" (that "pay is about the power we forfeit to get the power of pay"); and, since men earn more, and women have more balanced lives, that men have more to learn from women than women do from men. Does Feminism Discriminate Against Men? <mask>'s book, Does Feminism Discriminate Against Men?, published in 2008, is a debate book with feminist co-author James P. Sterba. <mask> felt gender studies in universities rarely incorporated the masculine gender except to demonize it. This book was <mask>'s attempt to test whether a positive perspective about men would be allowed to be incorporated into universities' gender studies curriculum even if there were a feminist rebuttal. <mask> and Sterba debated 13 topics, from children's and fathers' rights, to the "Boy Crisis."Critical reception Early critiques in the New York Times Book Review by Larry McMurtry and John Leonard included disdain for <mask>'s use of gender neutral language in The Liberated Man. More recently, conservative and antifeminist Phyllis Schlafly labels <mask> a "feminist apologist", though praises his research for Father and Child Reunion. Kate Zernike of The Boston Globe refers to <mask> as "the sage of the men's movement", and the description of him as the "Gloria Steinem of men's liberation" by Carol Kleiman of the Chicago Tribune. Esquire ranked <mask>, Thomas Aquinas, and John Stuart Mill as three of history's leading male feminists. <mask>'s collaborations with Ken Wilber, John Gray, and Richard Bolles have introduced his messages to more diverse and receptive audiences. Personal life <mask> married Ursula (Ursie), a mathematician and IBM executive, in the sixties. After 10 years of marriage, in 1976, he and Ursie separated and subsequently divorced.After what <mask> described as "twenty years of adventuresome single-hood", he married Liz Dowling in August 2002. He has two step-daughters. They live in Mill Valley, California. <mask> backed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 US presidential election. Other activities During the 2003 California gubernatorial recall election, <mask> ran as a Democratic candidate, on a platform of fathers' rights, and received 626 votes. <mask>'s current foci are conducting communication workshops, being an expert witness in child custody cases and researching a forthcoming book (working title The Boy Crisis), to be co-authored with John Gray. In 2010–11, he keynoted, along with Deepak Chopra, a world conference on spirituality (the Integral Spiritual Experience), addressing the evolution of love.He was then invited by the Center on World Spirituality to be one of their world leaders. <mask> speaks frequently on boys, men's and gender issues, including doing a keynote in 2016 for UK Male Psychology Conference. In 2009, a call from the White House requesting <mask> to be an advisor to the White House Council on Women and Girls led to <mask> creating and chairing a commission to create a White House Council on Boys and Men. The multi-partisan commission consists of thirty-five authors and practitioners (e.g., John Gray, Gov. Jennifer Granholm, Michael Gurian, Michael Thompson, Bill Pollack, Leonard Sax) of boys' and men's issues. They have completed a study that defines five components to a "boys' crisis," which was submitted as a proposal for President Obama to create a White House Council on Boys and Men. In April 2015, the coalition went to Iowa to discuss their position with 2016 U.S. presidential candidates.<mask> appeared in Cassie Jaye's 2016 documentary film about the men's rights movement, The Red Pill. Bibliography References External links Commission to Create a White House Council on Men and Boys 1943 births Living people American civil rights activists American feminist writers Activists from New York City American non-fiction writers American political scientists Male critics of feminism California Democrats Fathers' rights activists Feminist critics of feminism Gender studies academics Male feminists Montclair State University alumni National Organization for Women people New York University alumni People from Waldwick, New Jersey University of California, Los Angeles alumni Writers from New York City Brooklyn College faculty

R. Michael Roberts

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R<mask> (born 1940) is an American biologist and a Curators' Professor of animal science at the University of Missouri. He is a founding co-editor of the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, first published in 2013. Birth and education R<mask> was born in 1940 in the United Kingdom. He graduated with a BA in Botany and PhD in Plant Physiology/Biochemistry from the University of Oxford. His DPhil thesis was entitled "The utilisation of ¹⁴C labelled substrates by growing plant organs" and was supervised by Vernon S. Butt. Academic career After completing his PhD from Oxford University, he went to the United States and completed his post-doctorate at State University of New York-Buffalo. He was a faculty member in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Florida from 1970-1985 and is currently a Curators' Professor of Animal Science at the University of Missouri.From 1998-2000 <mask> was Chief Scientist with the USDA’s Competitive Grants Program (the National Research Initiative). He also served on the National Research Council’s Committee that published recommendations to the Federal Drug Agency on concerns regarding the use of genetically modified animals for food (Animal Biotechnology: Science Based Concerns, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.) and chaired the NRC committee that investigated Animal Care & Management at the National Zoo. In 2006-2007 R<mask> <mask> was investigated by The University of Missouri for research misconduct based on images that had been altered in a 2006 Science paper where he was the principal investigator. In brief, a postdoctoral fellow Dr. Kaushik Deb fabricated and falsified digital images that supported a paper published in Science. That paper was subsequently withdrawn, and the prescribed university procedures for a research misconduct investigation were followed. The Standing Committee on Research Responsibility concluded that Dr. Deb had committed the misconduct alone, and that the co-authors on the paper (Drs. R. M. <mask>, M. Sivaguru and H.Y.Yong) were in no way culpable. The Office of Research Integrity at the National Institutes of Health now formally agrees with that conclusion (ORI2006-09). The paper was officially retracted by <mask> and an apology to the scientific community was issued in the form of a published letter. Research R. <mask> is known for his contributions in clarifying the biological mystery of embryo-maternal signaling, that leads to the maintenance of pregnancy and to the survival of the embryo in livestock species. It was known that chemical communication between embryo and mother was essential for a successful pregnancy in mammals. However, little was known about the details of the process, before R. <mask> and Fuller W. Bazer began a collaboration to elucidate on these relationships. After a period of intensive joint efforts, lasting 16 years, each has continued over the past several years, to make important independent contributions, at Texas A&M University and at the University of Missouri.Among his key discoveries, R<mask> <mask> determined that uteroferrin was identical to a class of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatases (TRAPs), subsequently purified, sequenced and cloned in humans. This research led to the screening of postmenopausal women for TRAP, elevated in association with osteoporosis. He cloned, identified, and characterized the temporal expression of trophoblast interferon-t in sheep and cattle. His studies related to differential transcriptional regulation of interferon-t by ETS-2 and Oct-4 transcription factors, led to the identification of a putative developmental switch that may lead to the formation of trophectoderm in early embryo development. He has also identified at least 100 expressed genes for pregnancy-associated proteins in the aspartyl proteinase gene family, which has formed the basis of an accurate and sensitive pregnancy test for dairy cattle sold by IDEXX Corporation. His research on sexual dimorphism in embryos has led to the discovery that the mother’s diet, such as fat, close to the time of conception, may play a role in selecting the offspring’s sex. He made a major transition in research direction in 2003 and began to emphasize the use of pluripotent stem cells to study emergence and differentiation of trophoblast.His group has also made contributions to the culture of such cells, and particularly the importance of low oxygen atmospheres to control differentiation. His was among the first laboratories to describe the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from an ungulate species, the pig, and has recently been generating iPS cell lines from human umbilical cords to study preeclampsia. His work is supported primarily through Federal Agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and also through Missouri State funds in support of agriculture. Awards and honors R<mask> <mask> has received several awards and honors for his research. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1996, and has received several international awards, including the Milstein Prize for Research on Interferons and the Carl G. Hartman Award (2006) from the Society for the Study of Reproduction. In 2003, he was awarded the Wolf Prize in Agriculture along with Fuller W. Bazer "for discoveries of Interferon-t and other pregnancy-associated proteins, which clarified the biological mystery of signaling between embryo and mother to maintain pregnancy, with profound effects on the efficiency of animal production systems, as well as human health and well-being". Notes References R. <mask> The Wolf Prize in Agriculture in 2002/3 21st-century American biologists 1940 births Living people University of Missouri faculty Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Wolf Prize in Agriculture laureates Alumni of the University of Oxford British emigrants to the United States University of Florida faculty Annual Reviews (publisher) editors

Marcel Petiot

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<mask> (17 January 1897 – 25 May 1946) was a French doctor and serial killer. He was convicted of multiple murders after the discovery of the remains of 23 people in the basement of his home in Paris during World War II. He is suspected of the murder of around 60 victims during his lifetime, although the true number remains unknown. Early life <mask> was born on 17 January 1897 in Auxerre, Yonne, France. At the age of 11, <mask> fired his father's gun in class and propositioned a female classmate for sex. In his teenage years, he robbed a postbox and was charged with damage of public property and theft. <mask> was ordered to undergo a psychiatric evaluation, resulting in charges being dropped when it was discovered that he had a mental illness.Later accounts make various claims of <mask>'s delinquency and criminal acts during his youth, but it is unclear whether they were invented afterwards for public consumption. A psychiatrist reaffirmed <mask>'s mental illness on 26 March 1914. After being expelled from school many times, he finished his education in a special academy in Paris in July 1915. <mask> volunteered for the French Army in World War I, entering service in January 1916. He was wounded and gassed during the Second Battle of the Aisne, and exhibited more symptoms of a breakdown. <mask> was sent to various rest homes, where he was arrested for stealing army blankets, morphine, and other army supplies, as well as wallets, photographs, and letters; he was jailed in Orléans. In a psychiatric hospital in Fleury-les-Aubrais, <mask> was again diagnosed with various mental illnesses, but was returned to the front in June 1918.He was transferred three weeks later after he allegedly injured his own foot with a grenade, but was attached to a new regiment in September. A new diagnosis was enough to get him discharged with a disability pension. Medical and political career After the war, <mask> entered the accelerated education program intended for war veterans, completed medical school in eight months, and became an intern at the mental hospital in Évreux. He received his medical degree in December 1921 and moved to Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, where he received payment for his services both from the patients and from government medical assistance funds. At this point, <mask> was already using addictive narcotics. While working at Villeneuve-sur-Yonne, he gained a reputation for dubious medical practices, such as supplying narcotics and performing illegal abortions, as well as for petty theft. <mask>'s first murder victim might have been Louise Delaveau, an elderly patient's daughter with whom Petiot had an affair in 1926.Delaveau disappeared in May of that year, and neighbors later said they had seen <mask> load a trunk into his car. Police investigated but eventually dismissed her case as a runaway. That same year, <mask> ran for mayor of Villeneuve-sur-Yonne and hired somebody to disrupt a political debate with his opponent. He won, and while in office embezzled town funds. The following year, <mask> married Georgette Lablais, the 23-year-old daughter of a wealthy landowner and butcher in Seignelay. Their son Gerhardt was born in April 1928. The prefect of Yonne received many complaints about <mask>'s thefts and shady financial dealings.He was eventually suspended as mayor in August 1931 and resigned. However, <mask> still had many supporters, and the village council also resigned in sympathy with him. Five weeks later, on 18 October, he was elected as a councilor of Yonne Département. In 1932, he was accused of stealing electricity from the village and lost his council seat. By this point, he had already moved to Paris. In Paris, <mask> attracted patients by using fake credentials, and built an impressive reputation for his practice at 66 Rue de Caumartin. However, there were rumors of illegal abortions and excessive prescriptions of addictive remedies.In 1936, <mask> was appointed médecin d'état-civil, with authority to write death certificates. The same year, he was briefly institutionalized for kleptomania, but was released the following year. He persisted in tax evasion. World War II activities After the 1940 German defeat of France, French citizens were drafted for forced labor in Germany. <mask> provided false medical disability certificates to people who were drafted. He also treated the illnesses of workers who had returned. In July 1942, he was convicted of overprescribing narcotics, even though two addicts who would have testified against him had disappeared.He was fined 2,400 francs. <mask> later claimed that during the period of German occupation, he was engaged in Resistance activities. He supposedly developed secret weapons that killed Germans without leaving forensic evidence, planted booby traps all over Paris, had high-level meetings with Allied commanders, and worked with a (nonexistent) group of Spanish anti-fascists. There is no evidence to support any of these statements. However, in 1980, he was cited by former U.S. spymaster Col. John F. Grombach as a World War II source. Grombach had been founder and head of a small independent espionage agency, later known as "The Pond", which operated from 1942 to 1955. Grombach asserted that <mask> had reported the Katyn Forest massacre, German missile development at Peenemünde, and the names of Abwehr agents sent to the U.S.While these claims were not supported by any records of other intelligence services, in 2001, some "Pond" records were discovered, including a cable that mentioned <mask>. Fraudulent escape network <mask>'s most lucrative activity during the Occupation was his false escape route. Under the codename "Dr. Eugène", <mask> pretended to have a means of getting people wanted by the Germans or the Vichy government to safety outside France. <mask> claimed that he could arrange a passage to Argentina or elsewhere in South America through Portugal, for a price of 25,000 francs per person. Three accomplices, Raoul Fourrier, Edmond Pintard, and René-Gustave Nézondet, directed victims to "Dr. Eugène", including Jews, Resistance fighters, and ordinary criminals. Once victims were in his control, <mask> told them that Argentine officials required all entrants to the country to be inoculated against disease, and with this excuse injected them with cyanide. He then took all their valuables and disposed of the bodies.At first, <mask> dumped the bodies in the Seine, but he later destroyed the bodies by submerging them in quicklime or incinerating them. In 1941, <mask> bought a house at 21 Rue le Sueur, near the Arc de Triomphe. He purchased the house the same week that Henri Lafont returned to Paris with money and permission from the Abwehr to recruit new members for the French Gestapo. <mask> failed to keep a low profile. The Gestapo eventually found out about him and by April 1943, they had heard all about this "route" for the escape of wanted persons, which they assumed was part of the Resistance. Gestapo agent Robert Jodkum forced prisoner Yvan Dreyfus to approach the supposed network, but Dreyfus simply vanished. A later informer successfully infiltrated the operation, and the Gestapo arrested Fourrier, Pintard and Nézondet.Under torture, they confessed that "Dr. Eugène" was <mask>. Nézondet was later released, but three others spent eight months in prison, suspected of helping Jews to escape. Even under torture, they did not identify any other members of the Resistance because they knew of none. The Gestapo released the three men in January 1944. Discovery of murders On 11 March 1944, <mask>'s neighbors in Rue Le Sueur complained to police about a foul stench in the area and large amounts of smoke billowing from a chimney of the house. Fearing a chimney fire, the police summoned firemen, who entered the house and found a roaring fire in a coal stove in the basement. In the fire, and scattered in the basement, were human remains.In addition to those found in his basement, human remains were also found in a quicklime pit in the back yard and in a canvas bag. In his home, enough body parts were found to account for at least ten victims. Also scattered throughout his property were suitcases, clothing, and assorted property of his victims. The media reaction was an intense media circus, with news reaching Switzerland, Belgium, and Scandinavia. Evasion and capture During the intervening seven months, <mask> hid with friends, claiming that the Gestapo wanted him because he had killed Germans and informers. He eventually moved in with a patient, Georges Redouté, let his beard grow, and adopted various aliases. During the liberation of Paris in 1944, <mask> adopted the name "Henri Valeri" and joined the French Forces of the Interior (FFI) in the uprising.He became a captain in charge of counterespionage and prisoner interrogations. When the newspaper Resistance published an article about <mask>, his defense attorney from the 1942 narcotics case received a letter in which his fugitive client claimed that the published allegations were mere lies. This gave police a hint that <mask> was still in Paris. The search began anew – with "Henri Valeri" among those who were drafted to find him. Finally, on 31 October, <mask> was recognized at a Paris Métro station, and arrested. Among his possessions were a pistol, 31,700 francs, and 50 sets of identity documents. Trial and sentence <mask> was imprisoned in La Santé Prison.He claimed that he was innocent and that he had killed only enemies of France. He said that he had discovered the pile of bodies in 21 Rue le Sueur in February 1944, but had assumed that they were collaborators killed by members of his Resistance "network". However, the police found that <mask> had no friends in any of the major Resistance groups. Some of the Resistance groups he spoke of had never existed, and there was no proof of any of his claimed exploits. Prosecutors eventually charged him with at least 27 murders for profit. Their estimate of his gains ran to 200 million francs. <mask> went on trial on 19 March 1946, facing 135 criminal charges.René Floriot acted for the defense, against a team comprising state prosecutors and twelve civil lawyers hired by relatives of <mask>'s victims. <mask> taunted the prosecuting lawyers, and claimed that various victims had been collaborators or double agents, or that vanished people were alive and well in South America under new names. He admitted to killing 19 of the 27 victims found in his house, and claimed that they were Germans and collaborators – part of a total of 63 "enemies" killed. Floriot attempted to portray <mask> as a Resistance hero, but the judges and jurors were unimpressed. <mask> was convicted of 26 counts of murder, and sentenced to death. On 25 May 1946, <mask> was beheaded, after a stay of a few days due to a problem in the release mechanism of the guillotine, and buried at Ivry Cemetery. See also Carlingue John Bodkin Adams Thomas Neill Cream Hawley Harvey Crippen H. H. Holmes William Palmer (murderer) Maxim Petrov Harold Shipman Michael Swango List of serial killers by number of victims References Bibliography Tomlins Marilyn Z.(2013) Die in Paris, Raven Crest Books, London: Jourdan Edouard (2017) Devil's Score: A tale of decadent omen, Amazon Publishing External links Tomlins, Marilyn Z. "Dr. <mask> Will See You Now" in Crime magazine 1897 births 1946 deaths Burials at Ivry Cemetery 20th-century French criminals Executed French people Executed people from Burgundy Executed serial killers French male criminals French military personnel of World War I French murderers of children French people convicted of murder French people convicted of tax crimes French people of World War II French politicians French serial killers Male serial killers Medical practitioners convicted of murdering their patients Medical serial killers People convicted of murder by France People executed by France by decapitation People executed by guillotine People executed by the Provisional Government of the French Republic People from Auxerre

Dani Parejo

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<mask> (; born 16 April 1989) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Villarreal and the Spain national team. After starting out at Real Madrid, he first made a name in La Liga with Getafe. Transferring to Valencia in 2011, he went on to appear in 383 official matches for the latter club and win the 2019 Copa del Rey. He also spent four months in England, with Queens Park Rangers. Across all youth levels, <mask> won 43 caps for Spain and scored nine goals. He made his full debut in 2018, at the age of 28. Club career Real Madrid Born in Coslada, Community of Madrid, <mask> was a product of Real Madrid's youth academy, joining at the age of 14.He was called on several occasions by first-team coach Bernd Schuster to train with the seniors and, during the 2006–07 season, played four games for Real Madrid Castilla in Segunda División. On 4 August 2008, <mask> signed a one-year loan deal with Championship club Queens Park Rangers, and made his debut five days later, coming off the bench in a 2–1 win against Barnsley at Loftus Road, going on to total 18 official appearances. On 17 December, Real Madrid officially recalled the player from his loan effective 1 January 2009, after first-team midfielders Rubén de la Red and Mahamadou Diarra were both out for the campaign with various physical problems. <mask> was given the squad number 17, which had previously been assigned to Ruud van Nistelrooy, who was also out for several months due to a serious injury. He appeared little during the season, his first match being the 4–0 La Liga away victory over Sporting de Gijón on 15 February as he replaced Sergio Ramos for the final ten minutes. Getafe In late July 2009, as Esteban Granero was re-bought from Getafe CF, <mask> went in the opposite direction with Real, as in Granero's case, having a similar option. On 25 March 2010, he scored against his former club after stealing the ball from goalkeeper Iker Casillas, but the hosts lost it 4–2.Having to compete for a starting berth in central midfield with coach Míchel's son, Adrián – a former teammate in Real Madrid B – he nevertheless contributed solidly during the campaign as they qualified for the second time in their history for the UEFA Europa League. <mask> appeared more in 2010–11 (36 matches), but the Madrid outskirts side only narrowly avoided relegation. Valencia On 14 June 2011, Valencia CF signed <mask> for a reported €6 million, with out-of-favour goalkeeper Miguel Ángel Moyá going to Getafe on a year-long loan as part of the deal. He made his league debut on 15 August, playing 80 minutes in a 1–1 away draw to RCD Mallorca. <mask> was quickly deemed surplus to requirements at his new club, his situation not improving even after the serious injury suffered by Sergio Canales, who played in his same position. He bounced back, however, for 2012–13, scoring twice in 36 official games in an eventual fifth-place finish. In the following years, Parejo was an undisputed starter for several managers.In the 2014–15 season, his first as captain, he scored a career-best 12 goals, being one of the best scorers in the competition from the midfielder position. In the process, he also became the first Valencia midfielder to score ten or more goals since Vicente in 2003–04. <mask> and Paco Alcácer each scored twice in a 5–1 win away to third-place RC Celta de Vigo on 7 November 2015; his first came just before half-time, through a free kick to put the visitors ahead 2–1. However, in January, after a poor run of form, the former was stripped of his captaincy in favour of the latter by manager Gary Neville. He was reinstated in that position by Marcelino García Toral ahead of the 2017–18 campaign. Parejo lifted the Copa del Rey on 25 May 2019, after a 2–1 defeat of FC Barcelona in the final. Villarreal On 12 August 2020, <mask> joined Villarreal CF on a free transfer and a four-year contract.He moved to the local rivals alongside his teammate Francis Coquelin, a move which caused fury from Valencia's fans towards their chairman Peter Lim. <mask> won the Europa League in his first season at the Estadio de la Cerámica. In the final, he took the free kick that Gerard Moreno finished for Villarreal's goal in a 1–1 draw against Manchester United, and also scored in the 11–10 penalty shootout victory. International career <mask> was named in the Spanish under-19 squad for the 2007 UEFA European Championship. In the tournament held in Austria, he scored the final winner against Greece (1–0). <mask> was promoted to the under-21 team the following year, appearing in several qualification matches for the 2009 European Championship. He won his first cap for the senior team on 27 March 2018, replacing Thiago Alcântara late into the 6–1 friendly defeat of Argentina.Career statistics Club International Honours Valencia Copa del Rey: 2018–19 Villarreal UEFA Europa League: 2020–21 Spain U19 UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2007 Spain U20 Mediterranean Games: 2009 Spain U21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2011 Individual UEFA La Liga Team of The Season: 2017–18, 2018–19 UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2020–21 References External links Valencia official profile CiberChe biography and stats 1989 births Living people People from Coslada Spanish footballers Footballers from the Community of Madrid Association football midfielders La Liga players Segunda División players Segunda División B players Real Madrid Castilla footballers Real Madrid CF players Getafe CF footballers Valencia CF players Villarreal CF players English Football League players Queens Park Rangers F.C. players UEFA Europa League winning players Spain youth international footballers Spain under-21 international footballers Spain international footballers Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games Mediterranean Games medalists in football Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain Spanish expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England

Dave Dobbyn

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<mask> (born 3 January 1957) is a New Zealand musician, singer–songwriter and record producer. In his early career he was a member of the rock group Th' Dudes and was the main creative force in pop band DD Smash. Since then he has released the majority of his recordings as a solo performer. Early life <mask> was born on 3 January 1957 in the working class area of Glen Innes, Auckland, the third of five children to tour-bus driver <mask> and Molly. He was influenced by music from a young age, ranging from the Irish songs his father listened to, to the music of the church across the road, to the various radio stations he was able to pick up on the family radiogram. While his family had a piano at home, he was the only member to not receive piano lessons, something he was grateful for in retrospect as it meant he was able to come to it without memories of strict lessons. He, along with his three brothers, attended the local Catholic college Sacred Heart College, where he would meet Ian Morris and Peter Urlich.While Sacred Heart actively encouraged music, Dobbyn was too shy to be involved, and on graduating high school worked nine months as a bank teller, and applied to teachers' college twice, to be accepted on the second try. As he started teachers' college he was asked by Morris and Urlich to join the band that would become Th' Dudes. Musical career Th' Dudes (1975–1980) Dobbyn's first success came with rock band, Th' Dudes, which he joined as guitarist. After performing with the band for a year, Dobbyn quit teachers' college to focus on the band full-time. Dobbyn suffered extreme stage fright and played early performances standing at the back with his eyes closed. However, he took on the role of frontman for the song "Be Mine Tonight" (1978). The song won single of the year in 1979 in New Zealand and led to many critics seeing him as the breakout star of the band.The band's 1980 song "Bliss" (1980) has become an iconic New Zealand drinking song. DD Smash (1980–1986) After Th' Dudes disbanded in 1980, Dobbyn formed pop group DD Smash. The band's first release was the single "Lipstick Power", followed by "Bull by the Horns" (1981), thought to be about Dobbyn overcoming the stage fright he sometimes experienced while performing with Th' Dudes. Their first album Cool Bananas (1982) debuted in the New Zealand charts at number one. After Treavaun, DD smash released Deep in the Heart of Taxes (1983), an album recorded live at Auckland's popular eighties venue Mainstreet. Their final album, The Optimist (1984), although slicker sounding production-wise than its predecessor, showed signs of compromise with the dominant commercial, Blue-eyed soul inflected, synthpop sound of the post-new wave era of British and Australian music which was flooding the New Zealand charts at the time. Dobbyn apparently had his eye on the larger Australian market and it was not long before he had a number one solo hit there.In December 1984, DD Smash were playing an outdoor concert in Aotea Square in Auckland. During their set a power failure led sections of the crowd to become restless. Some of the crowd started throwing beer bottles and police arrested them. The situation escalated and the riot squad was called in. Dobbyn made negative remarks about the police which allegedly spurred on the crowd. The concert was stopped by the police and sections of the crowd rioted, smashing shop windows along Queen Street. Prime Minister David Lange called a commission of inquiry and as a result Dobbyn was charged with inciting a riot.The criminal prosecution against Dobbyn began June 1985. His lawyer successfully defended him and he was acquitted on the charge of "behaving in a manner likely to cause violence against person or property and using insulting language". When DD Smash eventually disbanded, partially to make room for the commercially expanding vision of Dobbyn, they left behind them the hit singles "Outlook for Thursday" (1983) and the violin-tinged, perennial classic "Whaling" (1984). Solo career (1986–present) When DD Smash folded, Dobbyn began a successful solo career, by writing the soundtrack music for the animated feature film Footrot Flats: The Dog's Tale in 1986. The film yielded two hit singles: "You Oughta Be In Love" (1986) and the chart-topping "Slice of Heaven" (1986) recorded with the band Herbs. After the release of the film, "Slice of Heaven" became one of Dobbyn's best-known songs, frequently used in tourism advertisements aired on Australian television that encouraged people to visit New Zealand. With the success of the song in Australia, Dobbyn settled in Australia.In April 1987, a re-worked version of <mask>'s song "Slice of Heaven" featured in a number of television commercials in Australia. Funded by the Australian Meat Industry Council (AMIC), the commercials promoted the Devon meat product by substituting the word "Heaven" for "Devon" in the chorus. Dobbyn released his debut solo album Loyal, a personal celebration of love and loyalty, in 1988. His follow-up was the Mitchell Froom-produced Lament for the Numb (1993), which included members of Elvis Costello's one time backing band. The album was called "un-releasable" by Dobbyn's record label at the time and was shelved for a year until its eventual release. After nearly a decade in Australia, Dobbyn moved back to Auckland in the early 1990s, and made 1994's Twist with fellow New Zealander and recently returned singer-songwriter Neil Finn, whose contribution Dobbyn stated "was crucial to the sound of that record". Twist is also notable for its inclusion of the Maori singer Emma Paki, who was popular in the country at the time of the album's release.In 1995 <mask> became one of the first musical performers in the world to simulcast a performance on the Internet. However, it was hindered by technical problems. <mask> took on the role of producer in fourth solo album, The Islander. The album received widespread popular and critical acclaim, reaching number 1 on the New Zealand charts. In 1999 <mask> joined Jan Hellriegel and Toi Iti to co-write "Read About It", the theme song of the Duffy Books in Homes programme which is still performed by 100,000 children annually. <mask>'s hit song "Loyal" (1988) from his debut solo album Loyal (1988) was used as an anthem for Team New Zealand's failed 2003 America's Cup defence. He has also produced albums for Australian singer Grant McLennan and contributed to albums by Jenny Morris, Gyan Evans, Wayne Gillespie and Bic Runga.In 2000 <mask> toured New Zealand with Runga and Tim Finn. The tour was recorded and the live album, Together in Concert: Live (2000) was released soon after. The tour also included the lead off song "Just Add Water" from his 2000 album Hopetown, a record Dobbyn has since referred to as "a cartoon album". In 2005, Dobbyn released his sixth solo album; Available Light. The album received popular and critical acclaim. In the same year Dobbyn performed the lead single from Available Light, "Welcome Home" (2005) at the New Zealand Music Awards ceremony. During the performance, Ahmed Zaoui, who was appealing a security certificate issued due to alleged links to terrorist groups, appeared on stage with Dobbyn.2008 saw Dobbyn release Anotherland. The album entered the NZ Top 40 Album Charts at Number 2 and remained in the charts for 6 weeks, eventually attaining Gold status. In 2009 Dobbyn released a second greatest hits album, including re-recorded versions of "Devil You Know", "Shaky Isles" and "Whaling". The second CD includes less known songs. A limited edition version also included a DVD tracking his three decades in music, and included interviews with former bandmates and collaborators. In 2012 Dobbyn was part of the all-star lineup for the Flight of the Conchords charity single Feel Inside. The song debuted at number 1 on the New Zealand music chart and remained there for two weeks.Discography Solo studio albums Compilation albums Live albums Singles Notes Awards and nominations <mask> has received numerous musical awards from both the New Zealand Music Awards and the APRA Silver Scroll Awards. In the 2003 New Year Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music. In the 2021 New Year Honours, Dobbyn was promoted to Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to music. RIANZ Awards The New Zealand Music Awards are awarded annually by the RIANZ in New Zealand. As of 2012, Dobbyn has won 23 awards. APRA Awards As of 2013, Dobbyn has won 4 Silver Scroll Awards: 3 for the Silver Scroll Awards for songwriting, and 1 for the most performed work in New Zealand. He received a Lifetime Achievement award in 2001 at the NZ Music Awards.As of 2013 he is the only musician to win the Silver Scroll award three times (1987, 1993, 1998). In 2001, a vote by members of APRA to find New Zealand's Top 100 songs (what would eventually become the Nature's Best series) included 10 Dobbyn songs. These were: 3: <mask>n – "Loyal" 7: <mask>n with Herbs – "Slice of Heaven" 12: DD Smash – "Whaling" 27: Th' Dudes – "Be Mine Tonight" 29: <mask>n – "Beside You" 31: DD Smash – "Outlook For Thursday" 35: <mask>yn – "Language" 50: Th' Dudes – "Bliss" 70: <mask>n – "You Oughta Be in Love" 100: <mask>n – "Naked Flame" Lifetime Achievement Award In 2001 the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) awarded Dobbyn a rare Lifetime Achievement Award as part of the 2001 New Zealand Music Awards. The award presenter Michael Glading, the managing director of Sony New Zealand, chose to forego a speech and instead read out the titles of the long list of Dobbyn's hit songs. Personal life Dobbyn met his wife Anneliesje at a Whangamata Dudes New Years' show and married her in 1983. References External links Official Website The Slow Boat Inquisition Homegrown Profiles: <mask>, 2005 interview and retrospective The Dave Dobbyn Interview, 2009 Biography (davedobbyn.co.nz) Chris Bourke Biography for 2001 Overnight Success Greatest Hits 1998 North and South interview 1957 births APRA Award winners Living people New Zealand songwriters Male songwriters New Zealand pop singers New Zealand guitarists New Zealand male guitarists New Zealand Christians Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit People educated at Sacred Heart College, Auckland Singers awarded knighthoods Māori-language singers

Albert Nofi

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<mask><mask> (born January 6, 1944), is an American military historian, defense analyst, and designer of board and computer wargaming systems. Early life A native of Brooklyn, he attended New York City public schools, graduating from the Boys' High School (now Boys and Girls High School) in 1961. <mask> attended Fordham University, earning a bachelor's (1965) and a master's (1967), and then received a Ph.D. in Military History from the City University of New York (1991). Career From 1965 through 1995, <mask> was a teacher and later administrator in the New York City public schools. Working primarily in alternative programs, such as the Harlem Preparatory School, Park East High School, and Unity High School at the Door, he retired as an assistant principal in 1995. During this period he also built a parallel career as an independent historian, defense analyst, and wargame designer, working primarily with James F. Dunnigan, Redmond A. Simonsen, and David C. Isby at Simulations Publications (SPI). As research director for SPI and associate editor of the military historical simulations journal Strategy and Tactics for over a decade (1969–1982), he produced numerous articles and a number of wargames.<mask> also designed the strategic wargame Imperium Romanum set in the Roman Empire, originally published by in 1979 West End Games. In addition to work for SPI, <mask> has authored, co-authored, or edited over 30 books on a wide variety of topics. Among his collaborators are Dunnigan, Bela Kiraly, R. L. DiNardo, Kathleen Broome Williams, and others. In 1999 <mask> became a research analyst with the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA), in Alexandria, Virginia, where he worked with game theorist Peter P. Perla. <mask> was the CNA field representative to the Chief of Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group, in Newport, Rhode Island, from 2001 until mid-2005, before returning to CNA. While at CNA he wrote "Recent Trends in Thinking About Warfare" and several other analytical papers. He retired from CNA at the end of 2006.<mask> has lectured at the University of Paris-Sorbonne, the Smithsonian Institution, the Library and Archives Canada, the Admiral Nimitz State Historic Site (home of the National Museum of the Pacific War), the Air War College, the Command and Staff College of the Marine Corps University, a number of other colleges and universities, and numerous Civil War Round Tables and local historical societies. For many years an Associate Fellow of the U.S. Civil War Center, a Director of the New York Military Affairs Symposium since its formation, a member of the Society for Military History and a number of other military and historical societies, Nofi is also a founding member of the Italian American Italian Studies Association, of which he was corresponding secretary for several years. Since 1997, Nofi has contributed a regular column to North & South magazine. In 1998, he became a contributing editor to StrategyPage, for which he writes a regular column. In 2011 Nofi's book To Train the Fleet for War: The U.S. Navy's Fleet Problems, 1923-1940 (see review) was awarded the John Lyman Book Award in Navy History by the North American Society for Oceanic History and given "Honorable Mention" by The New York Chapter of the Navy League of the United States for its Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Prize in Naval History. To Train the Fleet for War discusses the US Navy's interwar Fleet Problems - large-scale real-world wargames played by the majority of the US Navy every year from 1923 to 1940 - in detail, both cataloguing each individual problem and describing the overall nature and evolution of the wargames over their 17 years of existence. Select bibliography (1992) The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, September 30, 1835, to April 21, 1836: Heroes, Myths, and History, Conshohocken, PA: Combined Books, Inc., (1992) The Civil War Notebook, Perseus Books Group.(1993) The Waterloo Campaign: June 1815. USA: Da Capo Press. (1994) Gettysburg Campaign June–July 1863, Perseus Books Group. (1995) A Civil War Treasury, Perseus Books Group. (1995) The War Against Hitler, Perseus Books Group. (1996) The Spanish–American War. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books Inc., 1996. . (1997) Marine Corps Book Of Lists, Perseus Books Group.(2010) "To Train the Fleet for War": The U.S. Navy Fleet Problems, 1923-1940, Newport, RI: Naval War College Press. (2017) The Blue and Gray Almanac, Casemate Publishers. In Collaboration with Jim Dunnigan: (1991) Shooting Blanks: War Making That Doesn't Work, . (1994) Medieval Life and the Hundred Years War, available online (1994) Dirty Little Secrets of World War II: Military Information No One Told You About the Greatest, Most Terrible War in History, William Morrow & Company. . (1995) Victory at Sea: World War II in the Pacific, William Morrow & Company, 1995. . (1998) The Pacific War Encyclopedia, Facts on File, 1998. . (1999) Dirty Little Secrets: American Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know, St. Martins Press, . (2001) Victory and Deceit: Deception and Trickery at War, 2nd edition, Writers Club Press, . (2001) Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know, St. Martins Griffin, . Other collaborations (1986) War and Society in East Central Europe in the Era of World War I, edited with Béla Király and Nandor Dreisziger.Atlantic Research and Publications/Columbia University Press. (1988) East Central European War Leaders, Civil and Military, 1740-1920, edited with Bela K. Kiraly. Atlantic Research and Publications/Columbia University Press. (1993) The Civil War Book of Lists, edited with John Cannon, Ken Gallagher, and David G. Martin. Combined Publishing. (1998) James Longstreet, the Man, the Soldier, the Controversy, edited with Richard L. DiNardo. Combined Publishing.Games Al' Nofi's Imperium Romanum Decision Games, 2018. The Great War: 1914-1918. Mission Viejo: One Small Step, 2015. Victory at Sea, with James F. Dunnigan. 360-Pacific, 1994. The Hundred Years' War, with James F. Dunnigan. StrategyWorld, 1992.Man-at-Arms, with James F. Dunnigan. Cambria, Ca: 3W Inc, 1990. Imperium Romanum II. New York: West End Games, 1985. Sicily: Operation Husky. New York: Rand Games, 1981. Knights & Knaves: the Game of Medieval Skullduggery.New York: Nimrod Games, 1979. Imperium Romanum. New York: West End Games, 1979. The Great War. New York: West End Games, 1978. Salerno. New York: West End Games, 1978.Caporetto. New York: Simulations Publications, 1978. Wellington in the Peninsula. New York: Rand Games, 1975. Vicksburg: The War for the West. New York: Rand Games, 1975. Centurion.New York: Simulations Publications, 1971. Renaissance of Infantry. New York: Simulations Publications, 1970. References American military historians American male non-fiction writers Historians of the Texas Revolution Fordham University alumni Graduate Center, CUNY alumni University of Paris faculty Video game designers Living people 1944 births American game designers

Louis Gossett Jr.

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<mask>. (born May 27, 1936) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Gunnery Sergeant Emil Foley in the 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman, winning him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also won an Emmy Award for his role as Fiddler in the 1977 ABC television miniseries Roots. Gossett has also starred in numerous other film productions including A Raisin in the Sun, The Landlord, Skin Game, Travels with My Aunt, The Laughing Policeman, The White Dawn, The Deep, Jaws 3-D, Wolfgang Petersen's Enemy Mine, The Principal, the Iron Eagle series, Toy Soldiers and The Punisher, in an acting career that spans over five decades. Early life and education <mask> was born in Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, New York City, to Hellen Rebecca (née Wray), a nurse, and <mask>., a porter. He is an alumnus of Mark Twain Intermediate School 239 and Abraham Lincoln High School. His stage debut came at the age of 17, in a school production of You Can't Take It with You when a sports injury resulted in the decision to take an acting class.Polio had already delayed his graduation. After graduating from Abraham Lincoln High School in 1954, he attended New York University, declining an athletic scholarship. Standing tall, he was offered the opportunity to play varsity basketball during his college years at NYU; he declined the basketball offer to concentrate on theater. His high school teacher had encouraged him to audition for a Broadway part, resulting in his selection for a starring role on Broadway in 1953 from among 200 other actors well before he entered NYU. Career Gossett replaced Bill Gunn as Spencer Scott in Broadway's Take a Giant Step, which was selected by The New York Times drama critics as one of the 10 best shows of the year. He was 17, and still a student at Abraham Lincoln High School, with no formal drama training. Gossett's Broadway theatre credits include A Raisin in the Sun (1959); he had his cinematic debut with the play's film adaptation in 1961.Also in 1961, Gossett appeared in the original cast of Jean Genet's The Blacks, the longest running off-Broadway play of the decade, running for 1,408 performances. The original cast also featured James Earl Jones, Roscoe Lee Browne, Cicely Tyson, Godfrey Cambridge, Maya Angelou and Charles Gordone. In 1965, Gossett appeared in the musical play The Zulu and the Zayda on Broadway as Paulus with music and lyrics by Harold Rome. Gossett wrote the antiwar folk song "Handsome Johnny" with Richie Havens; Havens recorded the song in 1966. His Emmy Award-winning role of Fiddler in the 1977 television miniseries Roots first brought Gossett to the audience's attention. In 1983, he was cast in the title role in Sadat, a miniseries which chronicled the life and assassination of Anwar Sadat. While filming An Officer and a Gentleman, Gossett was also starring in the 1982–1983 science fiction series, The Powers of Matthew Star.His role as drill instructor Gunnery Sergeant Emil Foley in the 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman won him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He was the first black male to win an Oscar in a supporting role, the second black male to win for acting, and the third black actor to win overall. In 1986, Gossett starred in another role as a military man (Colonel Chappy Sinclair) in the film Iron Eagle. It was followed by three sequels. In 1989, Gossett co-starred in the Marvel Comics adaptation The Punisher, with Dolph Lundgren in the title role. The film was directed by Mark Goldblatt, with a screenplay by Boaz Yakin. The Punisher was filmed in Sydney, Australia and also featured Jeroen Krabbé, Kim Miyori, and Barry Otto.In 1991, Gossett starred in Manny Coto's action film Cover Up opposite Dolph Lundgren. <mask> is the voice of the Vortigaunts in the video game Half-Life 2 and is the Free Jaffa Leader Gerak in Season 9 of the sci-fi television series Stargate SG-1. He provides the voice of Lucius Fox in The Batman animated series. He recorded several commercials for a Nashville-based diabetic company, AmMed Direct, LLC. In 1997, Gossett presented When Animals Attack! 4, a one-hour special on Fox. He played the role of fictional U.S. President Gerald Fitzhugh in the 2005 film Left Behind: World at War.In 2008, he filmed the "Keep It Real" series of commercials for the Namibian lager Windhoek. In 2009, Gossett also lent his voice talents in the Thomas Nelson audio Bible production known as The Word of Promise. In this dramatized audio, Gossett played the character of John the Apostle. The project also featured a large ensemble of well known Hollywood actors including Jim Caviezel, John Rhys-Davies, Jon Voight, Gary Sinise, Jason Alexander, Christopher McDonald, Marisa Tomei and John Schneider. In 2013, Gossett starred in the controversial drama Boiling Pot, which is based on true events of racism that occurred on college campuses across the US during the 2008 Presidential election. The film, written and directed by the Ashmawey brothers under AshmaweyFilms, also stars Danielle Fishel, Keith David, M. Emmet Walsh, and John Heard. Gossett plays a detective attempting to decipher a murder case that was fueled by racism, all while putting aside his own prejudices.Boiling Pot was released in 2014. <mask> returned to television in the CBS All Access series, The Good Fight, guest starring as founding partner Carl Reddick of Diane Lockhart's new firm. He narrated an audiobook based on Twelve Years a Slave. In 2021, Gossett appears in the film Not To Forget (2021), which aims to raise awareness and funds for the fight against Alzheimer’s. The movie, directed by Valerio Zanoli, stars Karen Grassle and 5 Academy Award winners: <mask> Jr., Cloris Leachman, Tatum O’Neal, George Chakiris, and Olympia Dukakis. Personal life Gossett has been married three times and fathered one son and adopted one son. His first marriage was to Hattie Glascoe; it was annulled.His second, to Christina Mangosing, took place on August 21, 1973. Their son Satie was born in 1974. <mask> and Mangosing divorced in 1975. His third marriage, to Star Search champion Cyndi James-Reese, took place on December 25, 1987. They adopted a son, Sharron (born 1977). <mask> and James-Reese divorced in 1992. <mask> is the first cousin of actor <mask> who starred on TNT's The Closer.<mask> states that in 1966 he was handcuffed to a tree for three hours by the police in Beverly Hills. On February 9, 2010, <mask> announced that he had prostate cancer. He added the disease was caught in its early stages, and he expected to make a full recovery. On July 18, 2016, <mask> cohosted as a guest programmer on Turner Classic Movies' primetime lineup. Allowed to choose four movies to air, he selected Blackboard Jungle, Lifeboat, Touch of Evil and The Night of the Hunter. In late December 2020, Gossett was hospitalized in Georgia with COVID-19. Filmography Film Television Theatre 1964: Supporting role in the Broadway musical adaptation of Odets' Golden Boy.2006: Dvorak's New World: Chamber Music Plus. <mask> Jr., narrator, with Aubrey Allicock (Baritone), Sanda Schuldmann (piano), and Harry Clark (writer). References External links Image of Richard Pryor and <mask> backstage, 1978. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. 1936 births 20th-century American male actors 21st-century American male actors Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn) alumni African-American male actors African-American television producers American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Audiobook narrators Television producers from New York City Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners Daytime Emmy Award winners Emmy Award winners Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Living people Male actors from New York City New York University alumni People from Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn Film producers from New York (state) 20th-century African-American people 21st-century African-American people

James Paul Gee

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<mask> (; born April 15, 1948) is a retired American researcher who has worked in psycholinguistics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, bilingual education, and literacy. <mask> most recently held the position as the Mary Lou Fulton Presidential Professor of Literacy Studies at Arizona State University, originally appointed there in the Mary Lou Fulton Institute and Graduate School of Education. <mask> has previously been a faculty affiliate of the Games, Learning, and Society group at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and is a member of the National Academy of Education. Biography <mask> was born in San Jose, California. He received his B.A. in philosophy from the University of California at Santa Barbara and both his M.A. and Ph.D in linguistics from Stanford University.He started his career in theoretical linguistics, working in syntactic and semantic theory, and taught initially at Stanford University and later in the School of Language and Communication at Hampshire College in Amherst, Massachusetts. After doing some research in psycholinguistics at Northeastern University in Boston and at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in the Netherlands, Prof. <mask>'s research focus switched to studies on discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and applications of linguistics to literacy and education. He went on to teach in the School of Education at Boston University, where he was the chair of the Department of Developmental Studies and Counseling, and later in the Linguistics Department at the University of Southern California. At Boston University he established new graduate programs centered around an integrated approach to language and literacy, combining programs in reading, writing, bilingual education, ESL, and applied linguistics. From 1993 to 1997 he held the Jacob Hiatt Chair in Education in the Hiatt Center for Urban Education at Clark University in Massachusetts. From 1997 until 2007, he held the Tashia Morgridge Professor of Reading at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 2007, <mask> relocated to Arizona State University, where he was the Mary Lou Fulton Presidential Professor of Literacy Studies in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction.In 2019, <mask> retired. Discourse/discourse In his work in social linguistics, <mask> explored the concept of Discourse ("big D" Discourse). In <mask>'s work, discourse ("little d") refers to language-in-use. When discussing the combination of language with other social practices (behavior, values, ways of thinking, clothes, food, customs, perspectives) within a specific group, <mask> refers to that as Discourse. Individuals may be part of many different Discourse communities, for example “when you ‘pull-off’ being a culturally specific sort of ‘everyday’ person, a ‘regular’ at the local bar...a teacher or a student of a certain sort, or any of a great many other ‘ways of being in the world’” (p. 7). Discourse Communities Furthermore, being able to function within a Discourse may carry advantages in different situations. For example, if a person is raised in a family of lawyers, the Discourses of politics or business may come very easily to that person.In the United States, those are all Discourses of power and they are closely related. Another person raised in a very different Discourse community might find himself or herself at a disadvantage when trying to move within the Discourse of business, trying to get a loan, for instance. One Discourse community is not inherently better than another; however, power within a society may be unequally represented within different Discourses. Situated Language In <mask>'s view, language is always used from a perspective and always occurs within a context. There is no 'neutral' use of language. Meaning is socially constructed within Discourse communities. Discourse Analysis Gee's 1999 text An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method is a foundational work in the field of discourse analysis.New Literacies According to <mask>, there are at least two reasons why we should consider literacy in broader terms than the traditional conception of literacy as the ability to read and write. First, in our world today, language is by no means the only communication system available. Many types of visual images and symbols have specific significances, and so “visual literacies” and literacies of other modes, or the concept of multimodal literacy, are also included in <mask>'s conception of new literacies. Second, <mask> proposes that reading and writing (the ‘meat’ of literacy according to the traditional notion of the term) are not such obvious ideas as they first appear. “After all,” he states, “we never just read or write; rather, we always read or write something in some way”. In other words, according to which type of text we read there are different ways in which we read depending on the “rules” of how to read such a text. Literacy to <mask>, even if it is the traditional print-based literacy, should be conceived as being multiple, or comprising different literacies, since we need different types of literacies to read different kinds of texts in ways that meet our particular purposes in reading them.Furthermore, <mask> also argues that reading and writing should be viewed as more than just “mental achievements” happening inside people's minds; they should also be seen as “social and cultural practices with economic, historical, and political implications”. So, in <mask>'s view, literacies are not only multiple but are inherently connected to social practices. In order to expand the traditional view of literacy as print literacy, <mask> recommends that we think first of literacy in terms of semiotic domains. By this, he means “any set of practices that recruits one or more modalities (e.g., oral or written language, images, equations, symbols, sounds, gestures, graphs, artifacts, etc.) to communicate distinctive types of meanings”. There is a seemingly endless and varied range of semiotic domains, including (but certainly not limited to) cellular biology, first-person-shooter video games, rap music, or modernist painting. Most pundits would describe this conception of literacies as a key element in what has come to be known as the New Literacy Studies.In short, this theoretical and methodological orientation emphasizes studying language-in-use and literacies within their contexts of social practice. It includes work by colleagues such as Brian Street, Gunther Kress, David Barton, Mary Hamilton, Courtney Cazden, Ron Scollon, and Suzie Scollon, among others. <mask>'s current work in the field of new literacies has seen him shift in his research focus somewhat from studying language-in-use to examining the D/iscourses of a range of new social practices—with a particular emphasis on video games and learning. <mask> applies many key concepts from his previous research to studying video games. For example, <mask> continues to argue that if we take reading to mean gaining understanding (instead of simply decoding letter sounds and words), one needs to be able to recognize or produce meanings inherent to any one semiotic domain in order to be literate in that domain. As such, and as <mask> sets out in his text What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy, one can be literate in the semiotic domain of video games if he or she “can recognize (the equivalent of “reading”) and/or produce (the equivalent of “writing”) meanings” in the video game domain. Therefore, because new literacies are multiple and attached to social and cultural practices, <mask> explains that people need to (1) be literate in many different semiotic domains, and (2) be able to become literate in other *new* semiotic domains throughout their lives.This theoretical orientation aligns with work in the broad field of "new literacies" research—by colleagues such as Colin Lankshear, Michele Knobel, Henry Jenkins, Kevin Leander, Rebecca Black, Kurt Squire, and Constance Steinkuehler, among others. Games More recently, <mask>'s work has focused on the learning principles in video games and how these learning principles can be applied to the K-12 classroom. Video games, when they are successful, are very good at challenging players. They motivate players to persevere and simultaneously teach players how to play. <mask> began his work in video games by identifying thirty-six learning principles that are present in - but not exclusive to - the design of good video games. <mask> argues for the application of these principles in the classroom. <mask>'s video game learning theory includes his identification of twelve basic learning principles.He identifies these as: 1)Active Control, 2) Design Principle, 3) Semiotic Principle, 4) Semiotic Domain, 5) Meta-level Thinking, 6) Psychosocial Moratorium Principle, 7) Committed Learning Principle 8) Identity Principle, 9) Self-knowledge Principle, 10) Amplification of Input Principle, 11) Achievement Principle, 12) Practice Principle, 13) Ongoing Learning Principle, 14) Regime of Competence Principle. Good Learning Principles in Video Games <mask> condenses and clusters these principles even more closely in an article following the publication of his video games and learning book. <mask> believes good education involves “applying the fruitful principles of learning that good game designers have hit on, whether or not we use a game as a carrier of these principles" (p. 6). Thus, <mask> organizes the condensed list of good learning principles in three student-centered, classroom-friendly clusters: “Empowered Learners; Problem Solving; Understanding" (p. 6). Under Empowered Learners, <mask> includes the learning principles of “co-design,” “customize,” “identity,” and “manipulation and distributed knowledge.” These principles incorporate the idea that an engaged student is active in designing and customizing their own learning experience, can learn by taking on new identities (e.g. in explore career paths or specialized skill sets in simulated roles), and feels “more expanded and empowered when they can manipulate powerful tools in intricate ways that extend their area of effectiveness" (p. 8). The Problem Solving category includes the learning principles of “well-ordered problems,” “pleasantly frustrating,” “cycles of expertise,” “information ‘on demand’ and ‘just in time,’” “fish tanks,” “sandboxes,” and “skills as strategies.” In these first three principles, Gee argues, the scaffolding and ordering of problems learners face is key in keeping them right at their Zone of Proximal Development in different levels of skill-building.For each of these levels, <mask> specifies key elements (present in the latter four learning principles): carefully prioritized information, relevant and applicable facts, and a set of related skills with which to construct strategies in a safe and authentic context. In <mask>'s cluster of Understanding principles, he includes “system thinking,” and “meaning as action image.” In “system thinking”, students have an overview of their learning context as a distinct system with its own naturally reinforced set of behaviors and embedded values. Here, the meanings of words and concepts become clear – not through “lectures, talking heads, or generalities" (p. 14) – but through the experiences the players/students have (“meaning as action image”). <mask>'s other principles as found on page 64 of his 2007 book, What Video Games have to Teach us about Learning and Literacy, are: "Psychosocial Moratorium" principle, Committed Learning Principle, Identity Principle, Self-Knowledge Principle, Amplification of Input Principle, and Achievement Principle. Additionally, in the book on page 68, <mask> further lists the Practice Principle, Ongoing Learning Principle, and the "Regime of Competence" Principle. Identity Theory <mask> defines identity as: “Being recognized as a certain ‘kind of person,’ in a given context...” (p.99). <mask> talks of identity differences based on social and cultural views of identity and identifies four of these views, each of which are influenced by different forms of power, though they all have an effect on one another.<mask> describes them as “four ways to formulate questions about how identity is functioning for a specific person (child or adult) in a given context or across a set of contexts” (p. 101). The first of <mask>'s identity perspectives is what he calls “the nature perspective (or N-identities)” (p. 101). N-identity represents an identity people cannot control, one that comes from forces of nature. An example of this type of identity would be male or female. While the person has no control over the sex they were born with, this identity only means something because society and culture say this biological difference is important. <mask> explains this idea further by stating, “N-identities must always gain their force as identities through the work of institutions, discourse and dialogue, or affinity groups, that is, the very forces that constitute our other perspectives on identity” (p. 102). “[T]he institutional perspective (or I-identities)” (p. 102) refers to identities set by authorities within an institution.An example of an I-identity is a student, whose identity is defined by the school as an institution with rules and traditions the student must follow. <mask> claims these I-identities can be something imposed on a person, such as being a prisoner, or can be a calling for the person, such as being a college professor. The third perspective <mask> identifies is the “discursive perspective (or D-identities)” (p. 103). D-identity refers to an individual trait, such as caring. D-identities are a matter of social interaction that only become identities because “other people treat, talk about, and interact” with the person in ways that bring forth and reinforce the trait (p. 103). According to <mask> “D-identities can be placed on a continuum in terms of how active or passive one is in ‘recruiting’ them, that is, in terms of how much such identities can be viewed as merely ascribed to a person versus an active achievement or accomplishment of that person” (p. 104). The final identity perspective <mask> identifies is the “affinity perspective (or A-identities)” (p. 105).A-identities are built by shared experiences as part of an affinity group, which according to <mask>'s definition is a group that share “allegiance to, access to, and participation in specific practices” (p. 105). Joining these groups must be something the person has chosen to do and feels a part of in order for the A-identity to be built. <mask> explains this further by stating, “While I could force someone to engage in specific practices, I really cannot coerce anyone into seeing the particular experiences connected to those practices as constitutive (in part) of the ‘kind of person’ they are” (p. 106). Selected works <mask>. J. P. (1989). "Discourses, Socially-Culturally Situated Educational Theory, and the Failure Problem". <mask>, J. P. (1990).Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. London: Falmer Press. <mask>, J. P. (1992). The social mind: Language, ideology, and social practice. Series in language and ideology. New York: Bergin & Garvey. <mask>, J. P. (1999).An introduction to Discourse analysis: theory and method. London and New York: Routledge. <mask>, J. P. (2000). Identity as an analytic lens for research in education. Review of Research in Education, 25, 99-125. <mask>, J. P. (2003). What Video Games Have to Teach Us About Learning and Literacy.New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <mask>. J. P. (2004). Situated language and learning: A critique of traditional schooling. London: Routledge. <mask>. J. P. (2008).Policy Brief: Getting Over the Slump: Innovation Strategies to Promote Children's Learning. The Joan Ganz Cooney Center Gee. J. P. (2005). "Learning by Design: good video games as learning machines". E-Learning, Volume 2 (Number 1), p. 5-16 <mask>, J. P. & Elisabeth Hayes. (2011). Language and Learning in the Digital Age.London and New York: Routledge. References External links Edutopia video of <mask> on Grading with Games James <mask>'s Blog Linguists from the United States Arizona State University faculty American educational theorists Living people Sociolinguists Game researchers 1948 births

David C. Broderick

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<mask> (February 4, 1820 – September 16, 1859) was an attorney and politician, elected by the legislature as Democratic U.S. Senator from California. Born in Washington, DC, to Irish immigrant parents, he lived in New York until moving to California during the Gold Rush. He was a first cousin of politicians Andrew Kennedy of Indiana and <mask> of Kansas. Early years <mask> was born in 1820 in Washington, D.C., on East Capitol Street just west of 3rd Street. He was the son of an Irish stonecutter and his wife. His father had come to the United States in order to work on the United States Capitol.In 1823 <mask> moved with his parents to New York City. There he attended public schools and was apprenticed to a stonecutter. Political career <mask> became active in politics as a young man, joining the Democratic Party. In 1846, he was the Democratic candidate for U.S. Representative from New York's 5th congressional district, but lost the election to Whig candidate Frederick A. Tallmadge, who gained 42% of the vote to <mask>'s 38%. Mining career In 1849, <mask> joined the California Gold Rush. He moved to San Francisco, where he engaged in smelting and assaying gold. Broderick minted gold coins that contained less gold than their face value, keeping the difference.His $10 coins, for example, contained $8 in gold. He used the profits to finance his political aspirations. State Senate career <mask> was a member of the California State Senate from 1850 to 1852, serving as its president from 1851 to 1852. <mask> was acting Lieutenant Governor from January 9, 1851 to January 8, 1852, following incumbent John McDougall's succession to the governorship. From then on, <mask> effectively had political control of San Francisco, which under his "utterly vicious" rule soon became notorious for municipal corruption. In the words of his biographer Jeremiah Lynch: <mask> became rich from this system. In 1856 <mask> was elected by the state legislature for a seat as US Senator from California.(Popular election of senators did not start until the 20th century.) <mask> began his term on March 4, 1857. Feud and death At that time, just prior to the start of the American Civil War, the Democratic Party of California was divided between pro-slavery and "Free Soil" factions. <mask> led the Free Soilers. One of his closest friends was <mask>. Terry, formerly the Chief Justice of the California State Supreme Court. He advocated extending slavery into California. Terry lost his re-election bid because of his pro-slavery platform, and he blamed <mask> for the loss.Terry, considered even by his friends as caustic and aggressive, made some inflammatory remarks at a party convention in Sacramento, which <mask> read. He took offense, and sent Terry an equally vitriolic reply, describing: Terry to be a "damned miserable wretch" who was as corrupt as President James Buchanan and William Gwin, California's other senator. "I have hitherto spoken of him as an honest man—as the only honest man on the bench of a miserable, corrupt Supreme Court—but now I find I was mistaken. I take it all back. He is just as bad as the others." Passions escalated; on September 13, 1859, former friends Terry and <mask>, both expert marksmen, met outside of San Francisco city limits at Lake Merced for a duel. The pistols chosen for the duel had hair triggers, and Broderick's discharged prior to the final "1-2-3" count, firing prematurely into the ground.Thus disarmed, he was forced to stand as Terry shot him in the right lung. Terry at first believed the shot to be only a flesh wound, but it proved to be fatal. <mask> died three days later, and was buried under a monument erected by the state in Lone Mountain Cemetery in San Francisco. In 1942 he was reinterred at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma. Legacy Edward Dickinson Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, spoke at <mask>'s funeral. He expressed the widely held belief that <mask> was killed because of his anti-slavery stance: His death was a political necessity, poorly veiled beneath the guise of a private quarrel. . .What was his public crime? The answer is in his own words; "I die because I was opposed to a corrupt administration and the extension of slavery."Some maintain that in his death <mask> became a martyr to the anti-slavery cause, and the episode was part of a national spiral towards civil war. At the Republican National Convention in Chicago in May 1860, a portrait of the late Senator <mask> was hung. About thirty years later, Terry was shot to death by Deputy United States Marshal <mask> while threatening Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field, a friend of <mask>. Broderick County, Kansas Territory was named for the senator. The former town of Broderick, California, and Broderick Street in San Francisco were also named in his honor. In 1963, <mask>'<mask> was cast as <mask>, with Brad Dexter as Justice Terry, in "A Gun Is Not a Gentleman" on the syndicated television anthology series, Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. The program portrays Terry mortally wounding Senator <mask> in 1859.Though past allies as Democrats, Terry, a defender of slavery, challenges the anti-slavery <mask> to a duel. After he fatally shoots <mask>, Terry is tried, but the case is dismissed. See also List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899) References Further reading Retrieved on 2008-01-14 Arthur Quinn, The Rivals: William Gwin, <mask>, and the Birth of California, (Crown Publishers, Inc.: The Library of the American West, New York, 1994), (1997 reprint: ) External links Obituary for <mask> in California Police Gazette 1820 births 1859 deaths People from Washington, D.C. American people of Irish descent Democratic Party United States senators from California Lieutenant Governors of California California Democrats California state senators New York (state) Democrats Politicians from New York City People of the California Gold Rush History of California Daly City, California Lawyers from New York City American politicians killed in duels Namesakes of San Francisco streets Deaths by firearm in California Burials at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park 19th-century American politicians 19th-century American lawyers American abolitionists Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (San Francisco)

Bobby Schilling

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<mask> (January 23, 1964 – April 6, 2021) was an American businessman and politician who served as a U.S. Representative for from 2011 to 2013. <mask> was a member of the Republican Party. <mask> challenged incumbent Democrat Phil Hare in the 2010 election and defeated him by ten points. In the 2012 election, he was defeated by Democrat Cheri Bustos. In 2014, he ran for his former seat but lost again to Bustos. After relocating from Illinois to Iowa, he again ran for public office in 2020 for Iowa's 2nd congressional district. He lost the Republican primary to state senator Mariannette Miller-Meeks, ending his political career.Early life, education, and business career <mask> was born and raised in Rock Island, Illinois. He graduated from Alleman Catholic High School and attended Black Hawk College. Schilling worked at Container Corporation of America between 1983 and 1987 and was a union steward for the local chapter of the United Paper Workers International Union. He then worked as an insurance agent for Prudential Insurance Company between 1987 and 1995, where he was ranked in the top 5% of all Prudential agents during his last year. He was also the treasurer for the United Food and Commercial Workers Union for four of those years. In 1996, <mask> and his wife opened Saint Giuseppe's Heavenly Pizza in Moline, Illinois. Schilling ran the restaurant until he became a member of Congress, when he left his son in charge.According to public personal financial disclosures, <mask>'s restaurant dropped in value from a range of $100,000 to $250,000 down to between $50,000–$100,000. <mask>'s son and campaign manager <mask> said, "The real estate market has really taken a hit in East Moline. It just goes to show that <mask> has a real stake in this economy." U.S. House of Representatives Elections 2010 Schilling grew up as a Democrat, but became more conservative over the years and characterized himself as a "Reagan Republican." He was also influenced by radio and television personality Glenn Beck. Schilling was one of the 9–12 Candidates, a group led by Beck, and signed the 9–12 contract of principles and values. <mask> has said he was inspired to run for office because he was preparing to franchise his restaurant, but cancelled his plans when he saw then-Presidential candidate Barack Obama telling Joe the Plumber that the government needed to "spread the wealth around."<mask> announced his candidacy in April 2009 and officially filed for the Republican nomination in October 2009. Schilling was unopposed in the primary election. Schilling vowed not to participate in the congressional pension program, to keep his private health insurance instead of the congressional plan, to donate any pay raises he received, to limit himself to no more than eight years in Congress, and not to vote for any bill he had not read. "I'm not going to make a career out of this," he said. Early in <mask>'s campaign, political websites rated the 17th District race "safe Democratic." However, by Election Day the race was rated "leans Republican" by RealClearPolitics, Cook Political Report, CQ Politics, and The New York Times. The race was profiled on CNN as one of the country's top 100 House races.CNN reported, "Schilling trails in the overall money race, but he's raised enough to get his message out and give the incumbent something to worry about." In September 2010, <mask> was named to the National Republican Congressional Committee's "Young Guns" program. <mask>'s Democratic opponent, incumbent Phil Hare, criticized Schilling for living 0.99 miles outside the 17th District, though the Constitution only requires members of Congress to live within the state they wish to represent. <mask>'s wife noted that the family's restaurant was located in the district, and that it employed people and paid taxes there. She asserted that gerrymandering had caused the family's home to fall outside district lines. Schilling was endorsed by the Quincy Tea Party group; John Deere PAC; the United States Chamber of Commerce. U.S. Representative Aaron Schock (R-IL); and former Governor of Massachusetts Mitt Romney.Newspapers were evenly divided in endorsing Schilling over Hare, with the Chicago Tribune and the Sauk Valley News among those supporting Schilling. In October 2010, Schilling was endorsed by the Chicago Tribune. In the general election, Schilling won by an unexpectedly large margin, taking 53 percent of the vote to Hare's 43 percent. Notably, he carried Hare's home county, Rock Island County--a normally heavily Democratic county that is home to the district's two largest cities, Moline and Rock Island--by nine points. <mask>'s campaign set an off-year fundraising record for a challenger in the 17th district, amassing about $89,000 in 2009. <mask>'s campaign fundraising relied largely on individual donors, who accounted for about 80 percent of the $1 million raised by his campaign. Hare depended more heavily on political action committees, who contributed about two-thirds of his campaigns $1.3 million total.Following his election, <mask> relied more on political action committees to help retire his campaign debt, with the bulk of his December 2010 fundraising coming from PACs, including Wal-Mart, the American Medical Association, Caterpillar Inc. and Archer Daniels Midland Co. Schilling ended the campaign with a total of $1,095,167 raised and $1,078,911 spent. After the election, <mask> hired as his chief of staff Mike Roman, a political consultant known for posting a video showing alleged voter intimidation during the 2008 presidential election. Roman, along with policy director Scott Tranter, resigned from <mask>'s office in April 2011. 2012 <mask> ran for re-election in 2012 and faced Democrat and former East Moline City Council Alderwoman Cheri Bustos in the general election. He has been added to the National Republican Congressional Committee's Patriot Program, which is designed to defend incumbent Republicans. Bustos received a significant assist from the 2010 round of redistricting. The 17th already had a modest Democratic lean, but the Democratic-controlled legislature redrew the district to make it even more Democratic.Notably, Quincy, Decatur and the district's share of Springfield were cut out, replaced by the more Democratic portions of Peoria and Rockford. National Journal's Cook Political Report named Schilling one of the top 10 Republicans most vulnerable to redistricting in 2012. Schilling has raised $1.4 million and had $950,000 cash on hand as of June 30, 2011. While initially rated as a "lean-Democrat" race by major sites, in September 2012, Roll Call, the Cook Political Report, and the Rothenburg Political Report upgraded the race to "toss-up", with Cook saying Schilling had an advantage. Schilling was endorsed by the Chicago Tribune, the Rockford Register Star, former Congressman Tom Railsback, the National Federation of Independent Business, and the Galesburg Register-Mail, among other endorsements. In the November 2012 elections, Bustos defeated Schilling by a 53%–47% margin. According to the Seattle Post Intelligencer, Schilling was "looking forward to focusing again on his pizza business after losing a second term."2014 It was widely expected by political analysts that <mask> would challenge Bustos to reclaim the seat in 2014. On July 8, 2013, he officially announced his candidacy for his old seat in the 2014 election. In his announcement, he said Bustos has been failing the middle class, and criticized her for not supporting any budget plans in the legislature. According to The Hill, Schilling "historically has not been a strong fundraiser but is known as a skilled grassroots campaigner." During 2013, Bustos raised approximately $1.1 million and Schilling raised approximately $297,000. Schilling was endorsed by the Chicago Tribune. <mask> was defeated in the November 4 general election by Bustos, 55%–45%.2020 Schilling announced he would run as a Republican for Iowa's 2nd District after incumbent Representative Dave Loebsack, a Democrat who was first elected in 2006, announced he would retire. He lost the Republican primary to Mariannette Miller-Meeks, a state senator and the Republican nominee in 2008, 2010, and 2014. Tenure <mask>'s wife and 10 children attended the congressional swearing-in on January 5, 2011, attracting some notice and an interview with Diane Sawyer. His early actions as a congressman included joining 25 other freshman Republicans in voting against extending the USA PATRIOT Act, claiming that the 45 minutes allotted for floor debate was inadequate to discuss these concerns. In February 2011, Schilling joined 130 House Republicans in voting against a $450 million budget cut for an extra F-35 fighter-jet engine—a project that the U.S. Department of Defense had repeatedly tried to kill, and that Defense Secretary Robert Gates called "a waste of nearly 3 billion." Schilling voted for a package of cuts that included a $230 million federal grant to build an Amtrak line from Chicago to Iowa City, though he had supported the project during his campaign, calling it "critically important to both the economy and the environment of the Midwest." The planned rail line was a celebrated project by many in his district, including local mayors.Schilling defended his vote, arguing it was a question of prioritizing, separating wants from needs, and when he looked at the big picture, the rail service did not make the cut. He also stated that his constituents elected him to address national debt and deficit problems in Washington, not to take a business-as-usual approach. In June 2011, Schilling introduced a bill to prevent members of Congress from receiving their congressional pension before they reach the Social Security retirement age. During the 2011 debt ceiling crisis, Schilling voted to raise the debt ceiling. In October 2011, a California resident issued a death threat promising a reward to anyone who assassinated Schilling. The threat is being investigated by the FBI and the United States Capitol Police. Schilling said he was advised by authorities to "lay low" while they investigated the threat and a spokeswoman for Schilling said the Schilling family was taking the "recommended precautions".According to The Hill, the person behind the threat may be the one behind similar threats against George W. Bush, several high-ranking current and former security and defense officials, and Rep. Mike Coffman of Colorado. Schilling said, "It's a general threat to all members of Congress, but they specifically called my name out in the threat. You just don't know what people are thinking...It's something we're not going to take lightly." Schilling gave the Republican response to the President's weekly radio address on October 29, 2011. In September 2012, <mask> was given the "Friend of Agriculture Award" by the Stephenson County Farm Bureau. In October 2012, he was given the "No Labels Problem Solvers Seal". Political positions Schilling was considered to be a Tea Party candidate in the 2010 election.He held the following positions: He was pro-life, and spoke at the 2011 March for Life. He said the federal government should stop regulating education and that local schools should be under local control. He supported repealing the Democrats' version of health care reform, believing it unconstitutional. He supported tort reform and legalizing the purchase of insurance across state lines. He was fiscally conservative and believed in small government. He supported term limits for members of Congress. He supported lowering the corporate tax rate.He supported a troop surge in the War in Afghanistan, and he opposed bringing Guantanamo Bay detainees to Thomson, Illinois; instead he supported bringing the detainees to trial before military courts rather than the U.S. civilian, federal courts. Committee assignments Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management Subcommittee on Rural Development, Research, Biotechnology, and Foreign Agriculture Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Readiness Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities Committee on Small Business Electoral history Personal life Schilling was married to <mask>. He had ten children, the youngest of whom was born in February 2010, and several grandchildren. <mask>'s son, <mask>, is president of the American Principles Project. Schilling died from cancer on April 6, 2021, having been initially diagnosed in May 2020. Schilling was a resident of LeClaire, Iowa at the time of his death. References External links <mask>ing for Congress 1964 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American politicians American restaurateurs Black Hawk College alumni Businesspeople from Illinois Candidates in the 2014 United States elections Catholics from Illinois Illinois Republicans Members of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois People from Colona, Illinois People from Le Claire, Iowa Politicians from Rock Island, Illinois Prudential Financial people Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Tea Party movement activists Iowa Republicans Deaths from cancer in Iowa

Richard Schweiker

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<mask> (June 1, 1926 – July 31, 2015) was an American businessman and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 14th U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1983. He previously served as a U.S. Representative (1961–1969) and a U.S. Senator (1969–1981) from Pennsylvania. In 1976, <mask> was Reagan's vice presidential pick during his unsuccessful presidential campaign. Early life <mask> was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania, on June 1, 1926. He was the son of <mask>, Sr. (February 27, 1895 – June 12, 1982) and his wife, the former Blanche R. Schultz (December 17, 1894 – September 1974).His father and his uncle worked in the tiling business for several decades. He was born into a family of Schwenckfelders and was a member of the church himself. Schweiker received his early education at public schools in Worcester, and graduated from Norristown Area High School as valedictorian in 1944. During World War II, he served in the U.S. Navy aboard the aircraft carrier , being discharged with the rank of electronics technician (second class) in 1946. Following his military service, Schweiker attended Slippery Rock State College for two years before transferring to Pennsylvania State University. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology from Penn State in 1950, graduating as a member of the Pi Kappa Sigma. He then joined his family's business, American Olean Tile Company, rising from an assistant in the personnel department to the company's president within a few years.He also became active in local Republican politics, serving as a precinct committeeman, and founded the Montgomery County chapter of the Young Republicans, of which he was president from 1952 to 1954. He was selected as an alternate delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1952 and in 1956. Marriage and family On September 10, 1955, Schweiker married Claire Joan Coleman, a former host of the children's television show Romper Room, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1954–1956). They had two sons and three daughters. Political career U.S. House of Representatives In 1960, Schweiker was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 13th congressional district. At the time, the Montgomery County-based district included Schweiker's home town of Norristown and several affluent suburban communities in the Philadelphia Main Line. A moderate to liberal Republican, he defeated conservative incumbent John A. Lafore, Jr., in the Republican primary.In the general election, he defeated Democrat Warren Ballard, a law professor at Temple University, 62%–38%. He was elected to three more terms, never receiving less than 59% of the vote. During his tenure in the House, <mask> served on the Armed Services Committee and the Government Operations Committee. He sponsored legislation, signed into law in 1965, that provided cash awards to United States Armed Forces personnel for cost-cutting ideas. Schweiker voted for the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1968 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He also supported the creation of Medicare, increases in Social Security, and federal rent subsidies. He considered running for governor of Pennsylvania in 1966, but state Republican leaders persuaded him not to in favor of then-Lieutenant Governor Raymond P. Shafer.U.S. Senate In 1968, <mask> was elected to the U.S. Senate, defeating two-term Democratic incumbent Joseph S. Clark, Jr., by more than 280,000 votes. He was the only successful Republican statewide candidate in an election that saw Hubert Humphrey win Pennsylvania by over 170,000 votes. Continuing his progressive reputation in the Senate, <mask> opposed the Vietnam War and President <mask>'s nominations of Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell to the U.S. Supreme Court, and had an 89% rating from the liberal Americans for Democratic Action. But he also supported school prayer and opposed stronger widespread gun control. During his tenure in the Senate, <mask> served as the ranking member on both the Labor and Human Resources Committee and the Labor, Health, and Human Services Appropriations Subcommittee. He was a pioneer in increasing government spending on diabetes mellitus research, authoring and sponsoring of the National Diabetes Mellitus Research and Education Act. This legislation, passed by Congress in 1974, established the National Commission on Diabetes to create a long-term plan to fight the disease.<mask> was reelected in 1974, defeating his Democratic opponent, Pittsburgh mayor Peter F. Flaherty, in a year when many Republican incumbents lost due to political fallout from the Watergate scandal. He won 53% of the vote, the highest of any senator from Pennsylvania since 1946. He was the first Republican senator ever endorsed by the Pennsylvania AFL–CIO, and received 49% of the vote in heavily Democratic Philadelphia. Church Committee From 1975 to 1976, Schweiker was a member of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, headed by Idaho Senator Frank Church, investigating illegal domestic activities of the United States government's intelligence agencies. The "Church Committee" found that allegations of CIA plots to assassinate Cuban Premier Fidel Castro during John F. Kennedy's presidency went unreported to the Warren Commission even though CIA director Allen Dulles was a member of the Commission. These findings led Schweiker to call for a reinvestigation of Kennedy's assassination. Church appointed Schweiker and Colorado Senator Gary Hart to be a two-person subcommittee to look into the "performance or non-performance" of intelligence agencies during the initial investigation of the assassination.In October 1975, <mask> said at a press conference that the subcommittee had developed "significant leads" and was investigating three conspiracy theories, adding, "I think the Warren Commission is like a house of cards. It's going to collapse." In its final report, the Church Committee called the initial investigation deficient and criticized the response of CIA and FBI, but stated that it had "not uncovered any evidence sufficient to justify a conclusion that there was a conspiracy to assassinate President Kennedy." On May 14, 1976, <mask> told CBS Morning News that he believed the CIA and FBI had lied to the Warren Commission. On June 27, 1976, he appeared on CBS's Face the Nation and said that the Commission made a "fatal mistake" by relying on the CIA and FBI instead of its own investigators. Schweiker also said that he felt it was possible that the White House was involved in a cover-up. Vice Presidential consideration In 1976, Ronald Reagan made a serious challenge against President Gerald Ford in the 1976 Republican Party presidential primaries.Immediately before the opening of the 1976 Republican National Convention, Reagan attempted to attract moderate delegates by promising to name <mask>, who had a moderate voting record in the Senate, as his running mate. This was unusual because the tradition was for a nominee to name a running mate only after winning the nomination. In response, conservative Republicans, including U.S. Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina, encouraged a movement to draft Conservative Party U.S. Senator James L. Buckley of New York as the G.O.P. nominee. Ford won the nomination on the first ballot by a razor-thin margin and selected Bob Dole for vice president.Reagan's naming him as his running mate came as a surprise to Schweiker, as the two did not know each other. Schweiker subsequently adopted a much more conservative voting record; his rating from the liberal group Americans for Democratic Action dropped to 15% in 1977. In 1980, <mask> announced he would not seek reelection to the Senate. Reagan won the presidential nomination in 1980 but chose George H. W. Bush, not <mask>, as his running mate, and won the election. Post-Senate career Reagan's cabinet Schweiker accepted President Reagan's appointment as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services in January 1981. He held the post until he resigned in February 1983. During his tenure, he worked with Reagan and House Speaker Tip O'Neill to reform Social Security, put greater emphasis on preventive medicine, reduce Medicare and food stamp grants to the states, and restrict welfare eligibility.He proposed reducing Social Security benefits to recipients who retired before age 65, but both Democrats and Republicans in Congress rejected the idea. Political legacy During his tenure in public service, <mask> was an ardent supporter of a volunteer army. He coauthored the book How to End the Draft, eventually used as the blueprint for shifting the country to a fully volunteer army. He also pushed for the Schweiker Act of 1965, which gave cash awards to military personnel who suggested money-saving ideas, ultimately resulting in savings of more than $1 billion to taxpayers. As ranking Republican on the Senate health subcommittee, Schweiker worked on legislation to combat diabetes, cancer, heart disease, sickle cell anemia, and lead paint poisoning. He focused heavily on diabetes and authored bills creating the National Commission on Diabetes Advisory Board, pushing for passage of the National Diabetes Act in 1972. Those efforts led to increased federal funding for diabetes programs and were a prototype for legislatively constructing a research effort across all National Institutes of Health operations and the Centers for Disease Control.Some who worked with Schweiker or benefited from his initiative called him the "Patron Saint of the Pancreas" for his devotion to the cause. Later life and death From 1983 to 1994, Schweiker served as president of the American Council of Life Insurance, now known as the American Council of Life Insurers. He retired and lived in McLean, Virginia. On July 31, 2015, Schweiker died of complications from an infection at the AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center in Pomona, New Jersey. See also Rockefeller Republican List of Pennsylvania State University people References External links Retrieved on 2008-03-31 |- |- |- 1926 births 2015 deaths United States Navy personnel of World War II American people of German descent American Protestants Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania Military personnel from Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Republicans Pennsylvania State University alumni People from Norristown, Pennsylvania Reagan administration cabinet members Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Republican Party United States senators United States Navy non-commissioned officers United States Secretaries of Health and Human Services United States senators from Pennsylvania 20th-century American politicians