source string | id string | question string | options list | answer string | reasoning string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1901 | optics, everyday-life, polarization, vision
Title: Why do sun glasses shield more sunlight from a specific angle? I started recently wearing sunglasses during my online classes as laptop screens started taking a toll on my poor eyesight (of course my physics teacher wanted it removed but that's beside the point).
I no... | [
"water",
"bleach",
"air",
"computers"
] | B | chemical splashing can cause harm to the eyes |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1902 | geophysics, sedimentology
Title: Does dirt compact itself over time? If so, how does this happen? If I were to bury something 10 feet (~3 metres) underground, with loose soil on top, would the ground naturally compact itself over time, until whatever I had buried has dirt tightly pressing against it on all sides?
What... | [
"stones are rock solid",
"stones are blown up",
"stones are vaporized by storms",
"stones are worn down"
] | D | soil is formed by weathering |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1903 | algorithms, optimization, reference-request, approximation
What is the name of the problem?
How well can one hope to approximate the problem (assuming $\mathcal{P} \neq \mathcal{NP}$)?
I'm quite happy with the name and/or reference(s) to the problem. Maybe the answer to the second point follows easily or I can find ... | [
"tools",
"nutrition",
"soul",
"clothes"
] | B | a consumer can not produce its own food |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1904 | meteorology, geophysics, tropical-cyclone
Title: What is the largest hurricane possible? With Earth getting hotter and hurricanes also getting larger I wonder; Is there a limit on how big a hurricane can physically get? I am going to take an educated guess here because it is not possible(AFAIK) to accurately predict ... | [
"it hits the arctic circle",
"it meets a tornado",
"it from South Africa to Mexico",
"it travels around Antarctica"
] | C | as heat and moisture increases , the strength of a hurricane will increase |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1905 | ocean, oceanography, wind, waves, ocean-currents
Taking 10 meters (one of the smallest values in mid-latitudes) for the surface and bottom boundary layer thicknesses, that implies that in water depths shallower than 20 m the two boundary layers overlap. In water depths shallower than that, the transport in the surface... | [
"water is bloody",
"water is harder",
"water is falling",
"water adjusts things"
] | D | a sandbar is formed by water moving sediment downstream |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1906 | newtonian-mechanics, forces, kinematics, friction
Title: Why Do Objects move? Let's imagine a block resting on horizontal table. When We apply a force which is greater than frictional force it moves.
But why does this happen? Why can't friction withstand any force? As we know that one cause of friction is due to inte... | [
"fake magnets",
"smell",
"identical charges",
"sunlight"
] | C | magnetism can cause objects to repel each other |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1907 | organic-chemistry
References (in the order of mentioned points)
A. Demirbas, "Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils with MgO Catalytic Transesterification in Supercritical Methanol" Pages 1645-1651, 22 Jul 2008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030701268401
Gizelle I. Almerindoa, Luiz F., D.Probsta Carlos E. ,M. Campos Rusie... | [
"metal",
"the sun",
"leaves",
"the wind"
] | C | biofuel is used to produce electricity by burning |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1908 | resonance, vibrations, coupled-oscillators
Title: String Vibrations Interesting thing I noticed just now playing my ukulele.
For those who don't know how a ukulele works, it has four strings: a high G followed by a lower C, E, and A. Holding down frets causes the strings to play progressively higher-pitched notes. No... | [
"mold",
"bawl",
"tear",
"shudder"
] | D | strumming a string can cause that string to vibrate |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1909 | electromagnetism, magnetic-fields, everyday-life
Title: How is magnetism ''conducted'' through a non-magnetic metal? I have a ball of metal about an inch in diameter and a concave disc of another metal (which is magnetic) around the ring of the disc (about $12 {\rm mm}$ in diameter). I don't know which metals they are... | [
"when outside",
"when iron touches",
"when floating",
"when burned"
] | B | a paper clip is often made of ferromagnetic metals |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1910 | meteorology, weather-forecasting, barometric-pressure
Title: Do high pressure systems draw air towards them? I refer to the this very recent article, which quotes Andrew Watkins (Manager of Climate Prediction Services at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology).
My understanding has always been that air flows away from h... | [
"sand",
"liquids",
"fire",
"carrots"
] | B | dew is formed when water vapor condenses over night |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1911 | geophysics, plate-tectonics, geography, mountains, geomorphology
You will see that 416 Ma ago and before there was an active subduction boundary there inside the red polygon. So mountains were getting formed, the ocean in front of that boundary closed-up and disappear about ~240 Ma ago, giving the final push for the f... | [
"rocks floating on underground water sources",
"the work of an intelligent force",
"the folding of numerous layers of rock",
"the accumulation of soil over millions of years"
] | C | the Alps were formed by rock folding |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1912 | reproduction, sociality, fitness
Title: Which monkey species features two distinct male phenotypes? I remember coming across a popular science article years ago about a monkey species which featured two male genotypes: the first were good looking males who acquired social status (as alphas or betas) within the group a... | [
"turned into canned meat",
"taken to a hospital",
"run out of the pact",
"taken care with two parents"
] | D | a monkey births live young |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1913 | mountains, rainfall
Title: Could a waterfall lashing onto a road lead to a landslide? Here is a video of a waterfall lashing on to a mountain road, with vehicles driving under it.
https://youtu.be/cHaguj--YBc
There appears to be a big hole carved out right next to the road, possibly by the force of the waterfall.
Is t... | [
"cars",
"the sun",
"wind",
"communities"
] | D | a landslide is when gravity rapidly moves rocks or soil downhill especially after a rain storm |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1914 | magnetic-fields, earth
Title: Would a compass on its side point at the ground? From a point just north of the equator, A straight line to the Magnetic North would be through the earth. If a compass was turned on it's side, would the north pointing arrow point toward the ground along that straight line? A compass is us... | [
"to the side",
"both down",
"both up",
"up and down"
] | D | a compass is a kind of tool for determining direction by pointing north |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1915 | telescope, mars
Have a look at this guide explaining how consumer-grade computer webcams can be used. It contains a neat comparison of a single frame and a stacked image.
Please note that I'm merely speculating as to which techiniques could be used to obtain such images. I can see that the author posted their email on... | [
"can take snapshots of friends wearing snapbacks",
"can be used for their microscopic properties",
"can be used for solving mysteries",
"can take friends on an adventure"
] | A | a camera is used for recording images |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1916 | water, equilibrium, evaporation, condensation
Title: Can there be net condensation into a pool of water? I'm curious about the equilibrium of evaporation and condensation. Given that the surface area of a dehumidifier's evaporation coil at 4C is proportional to the rate of condensation, how would the rate of evaporati... | [
"a pond with more fish",
"a pond of less size",
"water level fluctuations constantly",
"frogs in the pond"
] | B | if a body of water loses all water then that body of water does not exist any more |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1917 | everyday-chemistry
Vinegar is used by many DIY people, but it is not a popular commercial product because it smells kind of bad, it's not very effective, and if it is mixed with bleach (WARNING) it can cause a serious health hazard. Also, 5% acetic acid is not extremely germicidal (it will work to kill bacteria in foo... | [
"electricity",
"maladies",
"observation",
"signals"
] | B | reducing bacteria in food prevents illness in people |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1918 | comets, meteor
Title: Does this video catch an Eta Aquarid - Earth skimming meteor? I did a time-lapse animation looking towards the sunrise from Sydney, Australia on 25th of April. You can see it here around 1m 25s in (that link should jump to just before it appears very near where the Sun is about to rise):
http://... | [
"when it is far away",
"when it is under water",
"when it is upside down",
"when it is about to crash"
] | D | as a source of light becomes closer , that source will appear brighter |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1919 | material-science, everyday-life
Title: Paper stiffness As piece of paper is folded and unfolded, the stiffness of the sheet may seem to be greatly increased.
To those of you who don't recognise it: take a sheet of A4 paper, grasp one of the edges and move your hand vertically. Now fold the paper in half, unfold it an... | [
"flat",
"smooth",
"torn",
"round"
] | D | crumple means change shape from smooth into compacted by physical force |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1920 | respiration
Here is what happens at the molecular level.
The $\rm CN^-$ ions diffuse into the mitochondria. They have high affinity to the ferrous ion of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase involved in the electron transport chain (ETC), one of the phases of cellular respiration where $\rm ATP$ is generated ... | [
"blood",
"waste",
"snot",
"feces"
] | B | all cells perform cellular respiration |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1921 | biochemistry, biophysics, bioenergetics
Title: Are there known life forms that are able to transform mechanical energy into chemical energy? Are there known life forms that are able to transform mechanical energy into chemical energy?
This question asks a similar subject, but more specific and has no answers.
The back... | [
"excellent for the environment",
"a resource being depleted",
"never going to run out",
"hardly used anywhere by anyone"
] | B | natural gas is a nonrenewable resource |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1922 | thermodynamics, evaporation, gas, liquid-state
On the water surface, knowing the temperature, we can estimate the vapor pressure and vapor mixture fraction. Then there will be an diffusion process for the water vapor to move out and for the ambient air to move in. Because the water surface doesn't allow the air to fur... | [
"growth",
"flooding",
"rain",
"dry spell"
] | D | drought means available water decreases in an environment |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1923 | thermodynamics, heat, visible-light, photons, everyday-life
That is more or less how I see it.
What steps are ok ?
And the main question , why is there light involved ?
I mean why cant we just have kinetic energy of the electrons and a changing magnetic field ? Why are there photons ?
If the electrons are in a high e... | [
"rain and ice",
"milk",
"seaweed",
"candy"
] | A | lightning can cause a forest fire |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1924 | everyday-chemistry
Title: How does a fire start? I know that fire in a few words is the exothermic reaction of a fuel with an oxidizing agent, but I can't fully understand what exactly happens to piece of wood when it is ignited. How do molecules start producing a flame? In other words, what is the chemistry behind th... | [
"rocks",
"timberland",
"water",
"rivers"
] | B | wildfire is when a forest catches fire |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1925 | species-identification, ornithology
Title: Bird identification from Nepal I just stumbeld across a picture and wonder which species it is?
I took the below picture of a bird, probably a raptor, in mid-January 2011, 7 pm, on the Annapurna Trek in Nepal. My altitude was around 2000 m.
Since I took the picture a long... | [
"The footprints were originally in mud or peat, but after a lot of time, the substance had been changed into rock",
"The rock was actually an asteroid",
"a very heavy bird made imprints in the rock.",
"a spaceship used a laser to make the etches in the rock"
] | A | An example of a fossil is a footprint in a rock |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1926 | fizzbuzz, audio, music, chuck
// Creates a major chord.
// @input float root : the root note of the chord.
fun void major(float root) {
root => oscPitch.freq => I.freq;
oscPitch.change(4) => III.freq;
oscPitch.change(3) => V.freq;
0 => VII.freq;
... | [
"A paperclip",
"air",
"water",
"grass"
] | A | An example of playing a musical instrument is strumming a guitar string |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1927 | $$p_6 = \frac{1+9+36+84+126+126}{2^9} = \frac{382}{512} = \frac{191}{256}$$
Here's how this comes about: There are only two possible final states: certain drought, and certain rain. For any $k, 0 \leq k \leq 10$, let $p_k$ be the probability that the final state will be certain rain, given that the initial probability... | [
"dew point",
"raindrops",
"flooding",
"barometric pressure"
] | B | rainfall is the amount of rain an area receives |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1928 | Therefore, $$p_{11} = 0.5$$ is the probability of being sunny tomorrow, given that it is sunny today.
You would want to use your record to test the MC assumption.
Example 2:
Recall the weather pattern MC in example 1. You are planning a two-day holiday to begin in seven days, i.e., you are away on day $$7$$ and $$8$... | [
"go naked",
"drink wine",
"avoid it occasionally",
"wear a coat"
] | C | if something is outside during the day then that something will receive sunlight |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1929 | meteorology, weather-forecasting
Title: Some website or institute with integrated statistics on forecasting the occurrence of rainbows I am a lay person in meteorology, maybe this is not the right place for my question, but I would like to ask then.
My question is simple: is there a website or institute that has integ... | [
"beach weather",
"bright days",
"menacing skies",
"large moons"
] | C | grey clouds appear before precipitation |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1930 | atmosphere, geography
Title: How much atmoshphere is there compared to land and water We know our earth has 71% water and 29% land, but compared to that land and water, how much air do we have in our atmosphere?
I mean:
How big is our atmosphere
Is there any increase or decrease in the amount of atmosphere over time... | [
"the moon",
"the sun",
"wet planet",
"cities"
] | C | oceans cover 70% of the surface of the earth |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1931 | botany, color
Hypothesis 1
It should be remembered that chlorophyll is far from being the only pigment found in leaves. For example, carotenoids - which give yellow and reddish colors - are present in plant leaves. There are many carotenoids (according to Wikipedia there are over 1100 known, but that number will conti... | [
"plastic",
"water",
"green organelles",
"paper"
] | C | a chloroplast contains chlorophyll |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1932 | quantum-spin, atoms
The bonds between the atoms are obviously split when the paper is torn, but is there a way to put them back together?
the answer is yes, because this is precisely why paper recycling works. The incoming used paper is washed, to remove ink and other contaminants, and then left to soak in a particul... | [
"use as window cleaner",
"make a new dress",
"make a new shoe",
"build a new home"
] | A | creating paper requires cutting down trees |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1933 | civil-engineering
Other things that can be done is to place hay bales, or rocks, on the soil slope and on the slope above the deposited soil. These can help to reduce the speed of surface water running down the slope.
If hay bales are used they should be placed in a staggered, off-set pattern, so that long drainage ch... | [
"over fishing",
"balloon landings",
"droughts",
"H20 accumulation"
] | D | flood plains are located near rivers |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1934 | reproduction, asexual-reproduction
Title: can self-fertilization in flowers be called asexual reproduction? Suppose a flower having both male and female reproductive parts is self-fertilized then can this be called asexual reproduction...?I'm quite confused cause in this case the fusion of male and female gametes do t... | [
"a tiger",
"good for food",
"six legged entity",
"a heat source"
] | C | An insect is a pollinating animal |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1935 | zoology, sensation
Title: Can animals that rely heavily on sonar sense colour? Apparently there're species around as rely heavily on sonar to sense the world around them.
E.g. Bat, Dolphin, Whale ...
The humans, and other terrestrial beings in a lighted world are capable of distinguishing colour in varying degrees of... | [
"comb jellies",
"dolphins",
"cats",
"whales"
] | A | producing light is used for attracting prey by some deep sea animals |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1936 | With this relationship in mind, let’s take a look at statement 1.
## (1) The next time he prepares this dish, Malik will make half as many servings as he did the last time he prepared the dish.
Since we don’t know how many servings Malik made the last time, we still don’t know how many servings he will make the next ... | [
"has heat removed",
"is made hollow",
"is burned black",
"has heat applied"
] | D | cooking food requires adding heat energy |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1937 | neuroscience, neurophysiology, pain, peripheral-nervous-system
Title: Is it possible to feel pain in some part of a body, but the pain "feeling" is introduced somewhere else? Is it possible to feel pain in some part of a body, but that the cause of the pain is situated elsewhere in the body? For example, somebody feel... | [
"the sun on the leaves of a plant",
"clothes on the thighs",
"water running in a river",
"air blowing trees around"
] | B | feeling is when an living thing senses through touch |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1938 | optics, geometric-optics, sensor
Are the pupil conjugates referring to the conjugates of A) the real pupil(Iris), B) The effective pupil or (C) the exit pupil of the eye (which i suppose is just a conjugate of the the "real" pupil).
My own understanding is we must have to image the "Effective pupil" as this will inclu... | [
"diverse light energy",
"light bacteria",
"air",
"drops of water"
] | A | light enters the eye through the pupil |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1939 | depends on the parameters of the orbit ($$a, \epsilon, \omega$$, i) and the Earth's equatorial radius $$R_E$$ and its $$J_2$$ term.
Let's use 6378137 meters for $$R_E$$ (from this answer) and 1.0826E-03 for $$J_2$$ (from this answer).
The satellite's period $$T$$ in your data table is 15.59029 revolutions per day, or... | [
"plans a long trip",
"creates a new course",
"takes off into space",
"it travels around a thing"
] | D | a revolution is when something revolves around something else |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1940 | water, home-experiment, physical-chemistry
Argument: Oxygen is replaced by Carbon dioxide. So, there is the same amount of gas added than taken away. Therefore, heat alone most be responsible for the water level change.
Source of the Error: A simplified and wrong chemical equation is used, which does not take into acc... | [
"a gallon of water",
"a solid ice block",
"two gallons of water",
"less water than before"
] | D | as the temperature of a liquid increases , the rate of evaporation of that liquid will increase |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1941 | botany
Title: Do any plants exhibit hormonal changes similar to puberty? Just what the title states.
Are there any plants/trees that exhibit a growth spurt at a definite interval after the shoot appears? In flowering plants (the angiosperms) there are several developmental transitions in the life of the plant. I won... | [
"the earth is tilting",
"readiness an total alertness",
"extreme fatigue and tiredness",
"of a beautiful sunset"
] | A | An example of a seasonal change is plants becoming dormant in the winter |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1942 | food-chemistry
popcorn (kernels)
honey (jar of)
sugar (most forms)
alcohol (spirits like vodka, whiskey)
dried beans, dried lentils
I would not be planning to eat any of these stored for 25 years myself. And in general I'd suggest testing the items before trying them after 25 years or more (if you feel you must).
I ... | [
"mixing soda",
"cooking food",
"cooling food",
"pouring soda"
] | B | if an object is exposed to a source of heat then that conductor may become hot |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1943 | evolution, dna, natural-selection
It seems plausible to me that we (advanced life) could have a biological mechanism to "write" needed alterations into either our own DNA or our reproductive DNA over time, triggering the very specific evolutionary developments necessary to our survival without relying on random mutati... | [
"communicate with others",
"eat",
"reproduce",
"hunt for food"
] | C | metamorphosis is when an animal changes from an immature form to an adult form |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1944 | materials
Title: What is the screen of a microwave made off? What material is the viewing screen of a microwave made of? I have been researching and all I find is that the holes on the screen are too small to let the bulky microwave radiation to pass through. The shielding in a microwave must be an electrically condu... | [
"Iron",
"Plastic",
"candy",
"milk"
] | A | iron nails are made of iron |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1945 | terminology, meteorology
I've tried to illustrate the relationships with insolation and temperature here:
There are some other ways too:
Ecological. Scientists who study the behaviour of organisms (hibernation, blooming, etc.) adapt to the local climate, sometimes using 6 seasons in temperature zones, or only 2 in p... | [
"birds flapping their wings",
"birds leaving a state",
"cows chewing their cud",
"horses being saddled up"
] | B | An example of a seasonal change is an animal growing thick fur for keeping warm in the winter |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1946 | telescope, optics
Title: Shouldn't this cause a fire? This website shows a telescope projecting the sun onto a blackboard: https://astronomyconnect.com/forums/articles/2-three-ways-to-safely-observe-the-sun.21/
Why isn't the board catching fire? You can easily start a fire on a sunny day by targeting the focal poin... | [
"salty",
"silly",
"sweet",
"seared"
] | D | fire causes burning |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1947 | organic-chemistry
Title: What are the minimal chemical requirements for a food which we all can eat? I've been puzzled by the following though experiment for the past few days:
I want to make my own food from scratch, but I do not know where to start from.
I want to be 100% sure that what I eat will never contains som... | [
"be saltier",
"longer lasting",
"grow faster",
"taste sweeter"
] | B | bacteria cause food poisoning |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1948 | microbiology, bacteriology, photosynthesis
2H+ + 2e– → H2
So that the overall reaction becomes:
2H2O + hν → 2H2 + O2
(Of course, this will be at the expense of energy and reducing power for carbohydrate synthesis.)
Using Hydrogenase for the Catalysis
The enzyme, hydrogenase, can catalyse the reduction of hydrogen i... | [
"computers",
"the respiratory system",
"helium balloons",
"other plants"
] | B | the respiratory system takes in oxygen from the air |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1949 | Now, we are also given:
{eq}\begin{align} W_h\ &=\ mg_h\\[0.3 cm] g_h\ &=\ \dfrac{W_h}{m}\\[0.3 cm] g_s\left (1-\dfrac{2h}{R}\right )\ &=\ \dfrac{24.31\ \rm N}{75.0\ \rm kg}\\[0.3 cm] \left (1-\dfrac{2h}{R}\right )\ &=\ \dfrac{0.324\ \rm m/s^2}{g_s}\\[0.3 cm] \left (1-\dfrac{2h}{R}\right )\ &=\ \dfrac{0.324\ \rm m/s^2... | [
"sunrise",
"earthquakes",
"sunset",
"matter to approach"
] | D | the mass of a planet causes the pull of gravity on that planet |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1950 | galactic-dynamics
("Gyr" = gigayear = 1 billion = $10^{9}$ years, in case that's not clear.)
The following is multiple choice question (with options) to answer.
In a single year, a giant globe will do this to a giant star. | [
"fight",
"burn",
"circle",
"explode"
] | C | the Earth revolves around the sun |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1951 | zoology, ethology, behaviour, psychology, death
I can't prove it to you, but I know that my Beagle had a rich emotional life. I know this because I spent huge amounts of time with him. He was a close friend of mine. I would just as soon question whether my wife has real emotions as my dog. I can't prove that my wife's... | [
"their water level will stay steady",
"the less H2O they need to stay hydrated",
"the more H20 they should take in",
"the less likely they are to sweat or pant"
] | C | as the activity of an animal increases , the amount of water in an animal 's body in that environment will decrease |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1952 | c#, game, console, community-challenge
public override GameScreen Run()
{
Console.Clear();
if (_player.HasItem("Living Room badge"))
{
Write("You walk into the kitchen, your mom looks too happy.");
Write(_player.Name + ", finally! So you cleaned up everything! Great... | [
"in lake shallows",
"in desert sands",
"in rocky hills",
"in sea depths"
] | D | clams live at the bottom of the ocean |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1953 | telescope, newtonian-telescope
Bottom line: don't buy a refractor because you "want to watch planets". But do buy a refractor if simplicity of use and the low maintenance are very important to you (and you don't care much about price).
A decent refractor on an excellent mount can do pretty good astrophotography. More ... | [
"a peaceful guru",
"a sedan",
"a steak",
"a cat"
] | B | a reflector is used to reflect light especially on vehicles |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1954 | dna, dna-sequencing, genomes, human-genome, mouse
I hope this is understandable, if you need any clarification on terms, please ask :)
The following is multiple choice question (with options) to answer.
Mice | [
"abandon their offspring",
"hatch their young",
"lay eggs",
"nurse their offspring"
] | D | a mouse gives birth to live young |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1955 | fluid-mechanics
Title: How to calculate divided irrigation discharge from a Parshall flume
How do I calculate the discharge from a Parshall flume that flow over a bulkhead (XY) into three partitions (A, B and C) divided 25%/50%/25%. There is no restriction of flow when the pipe gates are open (the incoming volume do... | [
"The Colorado River",
"hydropower",
"The Hoover Dam",
"solar power"
] | B | hydropower requires damming a river |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1956 | temperature, sun, light, equator, insolation
Title: Why does the intensity of sunlight depend on your latitude? People at the equator get to bask in more sunlight than Santa Clause and other inhabitants of the arctic regions. Not quite as pronounced, but they get more than me too.
Why is the sunlight more intense clos... | [
"communities",
"pollution",
"space",
"bats"
] | A | the sun transfers solar energy from itself to the Earth through sunlight |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1957 | thermodynamics, phase-transition, states-of-matter
So in theory, you can have 100% ice that is at melting temperature. If you apply exactly the energy required for that amount of ice to transition to water, then you would have 100% water that is at the exact same temperature. If instead you only applied 50% of the ene... | [
"be agitated",
"refreeze",
"spin",
"do nothing"
] | A | boiling is when liquids are heated above their boiling point |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1958 | waves, electromagnetic-radiation, acoustics, interference, noise
It's two different things that are kind of analogous. I can't say it's impossible but it looks difficult.
The following is multiple choice question (with options) to answer.
An inexhaustible resource could be | [
"sand clay",
"fossil fuels",
"cars",
"metals"
] | A | wind is an inexhaustible resource |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1959 | meteorology, severe-weather
The lack of rich low-level moisture is due in large part to the lack of accessibility from warmer moisture sources, particularly the Gulf of Mexico; the Rockies provide a barrier to much of the moisture reaching further west.
As you note, parts of Wyoming and Montana do see supercells and t... | [
"rocks",
"heat",
"food",
"sand"
] | C | a desert environment contains very little food |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1960 | ecology
Title: Statement about Tropical Rainforests I made a statement about tropical rainforests, and I want to know if it's somewhat true or not:
The soil in tropical rainforests is not exceptionally fertile, because it contains few minerals. The reason that a tropical rainforest has a huge amount of vegetation is b... | [
"visitors",
"H2O fall",
"wind",
"recognition"
] | B | a forest environment receives more rainfall than a desert |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1961 | energy, visible-light
You can see the "brightness" at the end of the fiber - the construction (with graded index along the sides) drives all the light to this one interface where the light can escape.
The following is multiple choice question (with options) to answer.
Light can easily be seen bouncing off of a | [
"paper bag",
"pencil",
"overhead sign",
"cardboard box"
] | C | when light hits a reflective object , that light bounces off that object |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1962 | zoology, ichthyology, marine-biology
Switek goes on to to talk about exceptions in some marine mammals:
At this point some of you might raise the point that living pinnipeds like seals and sea lions move in a side-to-side motion underwater. That may be true on a superficial level, but pinnipeds primarily use their mo... | [
"swordfish",
"snail",
"tadpole",
"sea horses"
] | A | large fins can be used to move quickly through water |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1963 | water, materials
Title: Hygroscopic material absorption level I live in a high humidity location and every winter, mold forms on one of my walls due to water sticking on it during the cold times. This also ruins the paint.
I found out that certain materials absorb water from the air, so I decided to make my own dehum... | [
"must remain dry to function",
"will dry out unless they are soaked in water",
"depend on abundance amounts of water vapor",
"need to be kept wet"
] | A | An example of moisture is water vapor in the atmosphere |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1964 | evolution, zoology
Let's say the environmental challenge for two different kinds of carnivore (let's call them Bogs and Dats) is to catch Mophers. Both Bogs and Dats initially have the same medium-to-short muzzles. Some Bog individuals figure out that they can dig Mophers out of their burrows, and some Dat individu... | [
"it burns",
"it misdirects",
"it cries",
"it stinks"
] | B | camouflage is a kind of protection against predators |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1965 | home-experiment, oxidation-state
Title: the perfect campfire As far as chemistry goes, there are laws or observations that can be useful to determine the perfect shape and disposition of the wood in a campfire ?
For example what chemistry says about the 2 most popular "shapes"
teepee
log cabin
or even other varia... | [
"hording thermal energy for later",
"taking in the warmth",
"meant for staying cool",
"doing a thermal release"
] | D | an exothermic reaction increases the amount of heat |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1966 | That would be a total of 5x30 + 3x40 + 2x60 = 390 plants (with an arbitrary factor that we'll set to 1 without loss of generality).
The amount of highbush is 5x30 = 150.
The amount of lowbush is 3x40 = 120.
The amount of hybrid is 2x60 = 120.
If the opossums didn't care, they would likely eat blueberries in this ratio... | [
"cold cuts",
"turkey legs",
"tree pips",
"red sauce"
] | C | a chipmunk eats acorns |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1967 | thermodynamics, energy, home-experiment
Additionally, what power rating could I go down to if I were to increase the time to boil by 50%?
As above, if 2000 Watt nominal input gives an ~= 45 minutes to boiling, and the target was < 1 hour, then you'd expect an increase in time to boiling by a factor of 1.5 to 90 minut... | [
"they are cold",
"they are fine",
"they are singed",
"they are lukewarm"
] | C | if too much heat is transferred to an object then that object may burn |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1968 | electricity
Title: Can touching a single power line (on the street) kill you? Statement: You need to touch two power lines at the same time to get electrocuted. I am kinda doubting this now because, in the video linked below, it looks like the person is only touching one line but still gets an electric shock. Is this ... | [
"The mouse was frightened to death",
"The mouse had a heart attack",
"The mouse was electrocuted",
"The mouse had cancer"
] | C | electrocution causes harm to an organism |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1969 | c#, performance
-- EDIT : added detail about my gut feeling on necessity of balancement on evenly distributed number generator.
As stated in the comment i think that a plain selection (like the first one) is all you need. I think that the balancement proposed does not change probabiliry in a signifcant way.
Here my "g... | [
"hunger",
"shape",
"pressure",
"age"
] | C | a balance is used for measuring weight of a substance |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1970 | inorganic-chemistry, ions
Once you added a proton to the neutral ammonia molecule, you disturbed that original charge balance. There is a shortage of a single electron in the new molecule so formed and this denoted by the plus sign on the ammonium ion.
The following is multiple choice question (with options) to answe... | [
"interest",
"warmth",
"puppies",
"loss"
] | B | adding heat to an object sometimes causes chemical reactions |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1971 | rotation, habitable-zone, weather, astrobiology
One of the interesting historical facts of life on Earth, at least to me, is how long it took what we might consider advanced life to develop. One celled life in various forms was around for over 3 billion years but the first fossils are about 650 million years old. ... | [
"use water barely",
"use water freely",
"use water liberally",
"use water gratefully"
] | A | conserving water can be used for survival in a dry environment |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1972 | species-identification, ichthyology, limnology, aquatic-biology, freshwater-biology
Title: What kind of fish is this? Spotted or largemouth? I don't know if this is a weird looking largemouth bass or a spotted bass. It was caught in southern Oklahoma. Please help! Thanks. This looks like a spotted bass (Micropterus pu... | [
"in a liquid",
"in a field",
"in a tree",
"in a cage"
] | A | living things live in their habitat |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1973 | newtonian-mechanics, estimation
Would the rock have created a seismic event of its own (if so, how large)?
Would the rock have created a crater? The energy of the rock at the time of hitting the earth is mgh.
No rock we know of is going to be able to survive this collision with out breaking into pieces.
Non the less i... | [
"metal",
"old silt",
"grass",
"hay"
] | B | nearly all fossils are found in sedimentary rock |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1974 | planetary-science, exoplanet
Since the planet hosted the first Foundation it is clearly habitable (i.e. atmosphere, no extreme temperatures). However, I am wondering how could it have so little metals if it seems so similar to Earth (habitability-wise) which has lots of metals. Is this possible in our Universe?
I am ... | [
"it is depleted for good",
"it is found on catfish scales",
"it becomes necessary to conduct electricity long distances",
"it is used to make diamond rings"
] | A | metal is a nonrenewable resource |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1975 | evolution, zoology
Let's say the environmental challenge for two different kinds of carnivore (let's call them Bogs and Dats) is to catch Mophers. Both Bogs and Dats initially have the same medium-to-short muzzles. Some Bog individuals figure out that they can dig Mophers out of their burrows, and some Dat individu... | [
"the praying mantis",
"the potato bug",
"antelope",
"the eagle"
] | C | adaptations are used for survival |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1976 | species-identification, botany, ecology, trees
Title: Identifying a shrub with unusual "many shoots" growth behavior While recently hiking in the southern mountains of New Hampshire, we came across a plant, and some of them were exhibiting what we interpreted to be a disease, or least unusual growth. On some of the no... | [
"are stung by bees",
"visit a foreign country",
"get new fresh air",
"drink more iced tea"
] | C | In the photosynthesis process oxygen has the role of waste product |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1977 | = ",Count[Drop[branches,gen],_Real,\[Infinity]]/4" "" ""Length = ",SetAccuracy[Count[Drop[branches,gen],_Real,\[Infinity]]/4*(Norm[{{pt1[[1]],0.5},{0,0}}]^gen),3]}],18],Gray],{2.3,-1.8}]},{Inset[Style[Text@TraditionalForm@Style[Row[{"Polynomial Trees by Bernat Espigulé"}],18],Gray, Opacity[0.4]],{2.3,-2}]}},P... | [
"when a raccoon scurries up it's trunk",
"when a beaver uses it to a stop up a flowing river",
"when a possum hides in its branches",
"when an owl lives in it"
] | B | if a tree falls then that tree is dead |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1978 | human-anatomy
Taken from here such people would be able to dislocate then get their hands in front and relocate.
The body can be trained to be quite flexible through training like gymnastics etc...
The following is multiple choice question (with options) to answer.
A dead body will become what if exposed to the air | [
"hot remains",
"fresh remains",
"wet remains",
"skeletal remains"
] | D | In the food chain process bacteria have the role of decomposer |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1979 | taxonomy, mammals, cladistics
Title: Why aren't mammals and reptiles considered amphibians? We've all heard it: birds descend from dinosaurs, so they're dinosaurs too. But this got me thinking: doesn't this mean that, for instance, all terrestrial vertebrates – including humans – are technically fish? A recent video b... | [
"grumpy",
"brainless",
"magical",
"pea brained"
] | D | reptiles lay eggs |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1980 | biochemistry, metabolism, bioenergetics
Title: What is the energy source for adipocytes? Since adipocytes export fatty acids and glycerol and don't use them as an energy source, what is the main source of energy for adipocytes? Adipocytes use glucose as an energy source. They express the insulin-responsive glucose tra... | [
"grains",
"air",
"space",
"sunlight"
] | A | food is a source of energy for animals |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1981 | python
def listen():
global loop_int, last_track
threading.Timer(loop_int, listen).start()
if it.player_state() == k.playing:
# check to see if track was restarted
if it.player_position() < getSec(it.current_track.time())/2 and last_track == it.current_track.persistent_ID():
se... | [
"change the source",
"rearrange the pitch",
"hum the tune",
"perceive the rhythm"
] | D | when sound reaches the ear , that sound can be heard |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1982 | genetics, mouse
Some researchers estimate that as many as 95% of CKCSs may have Chiari-like malformation (CM or CLM), the skull bone malformation believed to be a part of the cause of syringomyelia, and that more than 50% of cavaliers may have SM.* It is worldwide in scope and not limited to any country, breeding line... | [
"extinction",
"milk",
"underpopulation",
"overpopulation"
] | D | if the population of an organism increases then the ecosystem may become overpopulated with that organism |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1983 | thermodynamics, energy, temperature, estimation
Title: What would happen if a 10-kg cube of iron, at a temperature close to 0 kelvin, suddenly appeared in your living room? What would be the effect of placing an object that cold in an environment that warm? Would the room just get a little colder? Would it kill everyo... | [
"cold",
"round",
"warm",
"nervous"
] | A | something in a cold place becomes cold |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1984 | thermodynamics, heat, water, evaporation
Evaporating water does require heat, which comes primarily from the hot stones. So throwing water on the stones does cool them down.
(This is where the claim one occasionally hears, that "throwing water on the stones makes the sauna colder", comes from. Technically it's true,... | [
"quench it's thirst",
"heat it up",
"cool it down",
"wash it off"
] | C | sweat cools a body |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1985 | zoology, mathematical-models, software, imaging
Title: What would it take to recognize a deer by its photo? I am trying to recognize a deer by its antlers or any other means.
Elaborating:
I was hoping to use their antlers to recognize them but I have heard that most deers shed their antlers every year so it would be ... | [
"frog",
"monkey",
"chicken",
"salmon"
] | B | shedding is when an animal loses hair |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1986 | inorganic-chemistry, extraction
I want to use household vinegar - 6% apple vinegar if possible because it is easily available. Also, I want to use 3% pharmacy grade $\ce{H2O2}$ for the same reasons.
I have done this, kind of successfully, but I want to know what is the chemistry behind all that, and how would you calc... | [
"both are frozen",
"bother taste good",
"both are dry",
"both are adjusted"
] | D | combining two substances chemically causes chemical reactions |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1987 | homework, plant-physiology, plant-anatomy
and 'Vascular Plants = Winning! - Crash Course Biology #37'
https://youtu.be/h9oDTMXM7M8?t=373
[5] Osmosis (water compensating solutes) "In Da Club - Membranes & Transport: Crash Course Biology #5"
https://youtu.be/dPKvHrD1eS4?list=PL3EED4C1D684D3ADF&t=148
Ian (and dad <= all ... | [
"is a control method for fertilizer in roses",
"is a control mechanism for root growth in sunflowers",
"is a control mechanism for H20 in daffodils",
"is a control method for argon in peonies"
] | C | plants control the amount of water in their leaves through transpiration |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1988 | python, beginner, game, functional-programming, adventure-game
winter = '\n' + '''29 January 2029. It is five weeks into winter and the season shows no mercy. A drought happened for a majority of the last fall and it devastated
the food supply. As your community dives deeper into the winter, you realize that your sup... | [
"some water",
"apple stems",
"a dried leaf",
"a coconut"
] | D | an animal requires nutrients for survival |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1989 | thermodynamics, temperature
Case 2:Milk is added at the beginning of the experiment
The only change from case 1 would be that the initial temperature of the solution would now be $T_0 - \Delta T$ instead of $T_0$.
So the solution fot $T$ will be :$T(t) = T_{env} + (T_0 -\Delta T- T_{env}) e^{-k t}$
Therefore after ti... | [
"quake",
"be seared",
"be solid",
"melt"
] | C | freezing point means temperature below which a liquid freezes |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1990 | climate-change, climate
In this case, as it is an area that it is almost constantly cloudy with high humidity, temperature is varying just a little bit, and except the first day of the period, it seems that there is no relationship. In fact, on the second day there was a storm (I am living now at Singapore) and it is ... | [
"mentality",
"buildings",
"environment safety",
"locales"
] | D | seasonal changes are made in response to changes in the environment |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1991 | newtonian-mechanics, energy, everyday-life, biophysics
Title: Why does running spend more energy than walking? The study energy expenditure of walking and running concludes that running spends more energy than walking.
My understanding is that although running makes one feel more tired, that only indicates that the po... | [
"Dogs",
"warmth",
"icicles",
"money"
] | B | moving changes stored energy into motion and heat |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1992 | photosynthesis, respiration, ecosystem, decomposition
Maybe you should study the metabolic processes of plants and life in general to better understand this. All life consists of chemical reactions that build up structures; in order to build them up you need energy (because of the second law of thermodynamics), and al... | [
"heal",
"make money",
"have fun",
"cry"
] | A | an animal requires nutrients to grow and heal |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1993 | geology, mineralogy, minerals, weathering
To me, supergene has a specific meaning, it may be part of the weathering process in some locations, but weathering involves the breaking down of rocks due to: reactions with atmospheric gasses, water (usually rain), changes brought on by plants, bacteria wind and temperature.... | [
"decay",
"grow old",
"develop",
"dcerease"
] | C | a plant 's roots slowly break down rocks as the roots grow |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1994 | genetics, sex, genomes
Title: sex limited genome transmission In general, for dioecious species, a large portion of the genome passed from parents to offspring of both sexes - in mammals the X-chromosomes and autosomes are passed from a mother to both daughters and sons, and autosomes from the father to both sons and ... | [
"lay eggs",
"give live birth",
"reframe from reproduction",
"give live aid"
] | B | a mother births offspring |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1995 | entomology
Title: The death of Earthworm In rainy season when children sprinkle salt on earthworm ,it dies.But salt is not dangerous.We use it daily.Then why earthworm dies? It's because on the earth worm skin's special mucous. Acording to this article: Why do earthworms die when salt is sprinkled on them? the mucous ... | [
"bigger",
"has less mass",
"invisible",
"the same shape"
] | B | breaking down an object changes that object 's shape and mass |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1996 | sun
Title: Is there an instance where the sun sets or rises partly, then return back? I am reading Longest Sunset from XKCD. At first, I've thought that he mentions these phenomena just for fun, but it turns out to me that it might happens, based on the level of somewhat seriousness that I perceive from his writing. H... | [
"Brownies",
"Envrionments",
"Buildings",
"Cars"
] | B | a planet is exposed to the heat of the star around which it revolves |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1997 | orbital-motion, solar-system, celestial-mechanics, chaos-theory
On predicting eclipses
The issue of chaos becomes even more extreme when trying to predict eclipses, particularly solar eclipses. The Sun, Jupiter, and Venus have marked effects on the long-term behavior of the Moon's orbit. Even more importantly, however... | [
"a millennium",
"a month",
"a day",
"annually"
] | D | a different moon phase occurs once per week |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1998 | geophysics, earth-rotation, earth-system, solar-terrestrial-physics, time
(image from Wikipedia commons, originally here)
But as a consequence of these tiny variations, almost every year one or two (leap seconds) are added to our clocks to keep them aligned with the rotation of the Earth. In the long run (millennia), ... | [
"twelve",
"one",
"ten",
"two"
] | C | a complete revolution of the Earth around the sun takes one solar year |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-1999 | physical-chemistry, thermodynamics, gas-laws
Title: What will happen to the entropy and free energy of the gasses when the partition is removed?
Consider a container of volume $ 5.0$ L that is divided into two compartments of
equal size. In the left compartment there is nitrogen at $1.0$ $atm$ and $25 °C$; in t... | [
"melting",
"freezing",
"ascension",
"cooling"
] | C | if gas is heated then that gas will rise |
OpenBookQA | OpenBookQA-2000 | zoology
Title: Can my dog really understand me? Are dogs capable to understands human language ( for example after order sit it sit because he know that word) Or can sence our order by body language and intonation if so why this type of communication developed only at dogs? Some researchers say that dogs have the inte... | [
"mode of conduct",
"sensation",
"emotion",
"feeling"
] | A | if an animal is trained to do something then that something is a learned behavior |
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