README.md

---
annotations_creators:
- expert-generated
language_creators:
- expert-generated
language:
- ay
- bzd
- cni
- gn
- hch
- nah
- oto
- qu
- shp
- tar
license: cc-by-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- multilingual
- translation
size_categories:
- unknown
source_datasets:
- extended|xnli
task_categories:
- text-classification
task_ids:
- natural-language-inference
pretty_name: 'AmericasNLI: A NLI Corpus of 10 Indigenous Low-Resource Languages.'
dataset_info:
- config_name: all_languages
  features:
  - name: language
    dtype: string
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
  - name: validation
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    num_examples: 6457
  - name: test
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    num_examples: 7486
  download_size: 791239
  dataset_size: 2339659
- config_name: aym
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
  - name: validation
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    num_examples: 743
  - name: test
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    num_examples: 750
  download_size: 87882
  dataset_size: 232781
- config_name: bzd
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
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  - name: test
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    num_examples: 750
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  dataset_size: 271030
- config_name: cni
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
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    num_examples: 658
  - name: test
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    num_examples: 750
  download_size: 78899
  dataset_size: 229540
- config_name: gn
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
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  - name: test
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    num_examples: 750
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  dataset_size: 217083
- config_name: hch
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
  - name: validation
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    num_examples: 743
  - name: test
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    num_examples: 750
  download_size: 90748
  dataset_size: 248823
- config_name: nah
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
  - name: validation
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    num_examples: 376
  - name: test
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    num_examples: 738
  download_size: 56953
  dataset_size: 153694
- config_name: oto
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
  - name: validation
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    num_examples: 222
  - name: test
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    num_examples: 748
  download_size: 57849
  dataset_size: 146660
- config_name: quy
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
  - name: validation
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    num_examples: 743
  - name: test
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    num_examples: 750
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- config_name: shp
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
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    num_examples: 743
  - name: test
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    num_examples: 750
  download_size: 85544
  dataset_size: 243434
- config_name: tar
  features:
  - name: premise
    dtype: string
  - name: hypothesis
    dtype: string
  - name: label
    dtype:
      class_label:
        names:
          '0': entailment
          '1': neutral
          '2': contradiction
  splits:
  - name: validation
    num_bytes: 139496
    num_examples: 743
  - name: test
    num_bytes: 122624
    num_examples: 750
  download_size: 89683
  dataset_size: 262120
configs:
- config_name: all_languages
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: all_languages/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: all_languages/test-*
- config_name: aym
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: aym/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: aym/test-*
- config_name: bzd
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: bzd/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: bzd/test-*
- config_name: cni
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: cni/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: cni/test-*
- config_name: gn
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: gn/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: gn/test-*
- config_name: hch
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: hch/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: hch/test-*
- config_name: nah
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: nah/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: nah/test-*
- config_name: oto
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: oto/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: oto/test-*
- config_name: quy
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: quy/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: quy/test-*
- config_name: shp
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: shp/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: shp/test-*
- config_name: tar
  data_files:
  - split: validation
    path: tar/validation-*
  - split: test
    path: tar/test-*
---

# Dataset Card for AmericasNLI

## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
  - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
  - [Supported Tasks](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
  - [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
  - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
  - [Data Fields](#data-instances)
  - [Data Splits](#data-instances)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
  - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
  - [Source Data](#source-data)
  - [Annotations](#annotations)
  - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
  - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
  - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
  - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
  - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
  - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
  - [Citation Information](#citation-information)

## Dataset Description

- **Homepage:** [Needs More Information]
- **Repository:** https://github.com/abteen/americasnli
- **Repository:** https://github.com/nala-cub/AmericasNLI
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08726
- **Leaderboard:** [Needs More Information]
- **Point of Contact:** [Needs More Information]

### Dataset Summary

AmericasNLI is an extension of XNLI (Conneau et al., 2018) a natural language inference (NLI) dataset covering 15 high-resource languages to 10 low-resource indigenous languages spoken in the Americas: Ashaninka, Aymara, Bribri, Guarani, Nahuatl, Otomi, Quechua, Raramuri, Shipibo-Konibo, and Wixarika. As with MNLI, the goal is to predict textual entailment (does sentence A imply/contradict/neither sentence B) and is a classification task (given two sentences, predict one of three labels).


### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

[Needs More Information]

### Languages

- aym
- bzd
- cni
- gn
- hch
- nah
- oto
- quy
- shp
- tar

## Dataset Structure

### Data Instances

#### all_languages

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'language': 'aym', 'premise': "Ukhamaxa, janiw ukatuqits lup'kayätti, ukhamarus wali phiñasitayätwa, ukatx jupampiw mayamp aruskipañ qallanttha.", 'hypothesis': 'Janiw mayamp jupampix p
arlxapxti.', 'label': 2}
```

#### aym

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'premise': "Ukhamaxa, janiw ukatuqits lup'kayätti, ukhamarus wali phiñasitayätwa, ukatx jupampiw mayamp aruskipañ qallanttha.", 'hypothesis': 'Janiw mayamp jupampix parlxapxti.', 'label
': 2}
```

#### bzd

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'premise': "Bua', kèq ye' kũ e' bikeitsök erë ye' chkénãwã tã ye' ujtémĩne ie' tã páxlĩnẽ.", 'hypothesis': "Kèq ye' ùtẽnẽ ie' tã páxlĩ.", 'label': 2}
```

#### cni

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'premise': 'Kameetsa, tee nokenkeshireajeroji, iro kantaincha tee nomateroji aisati nintajaro noñanatajiri iroakera.', 'hypothesis': 'Tee noñatajeriji.', 'label': 2}
```

#### gn

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'premise': "Néi, ni napensaikurihína upéva rehe, ajepichaiterei ha añepyrûjey añe'ê hendive.", 'hypothesis': "Nañe'êvéi hendive.", 'label': 2}
```

#### hch

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'premise': 'mu hekwa.', 'hypothesis': 'neuka tita xatawe m+k+ mat+a.', 'label': 2}
```

#### nah

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'premise': 'Cualtitoc, na axnimoihliaya ino, nicualaniztoya queh naha nicamohuihqui', 'hypothesis': 'Ayoc nicamohuihtoc', 'label': 2}
```

#### oto

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'premise': 'mi-ga, nin mibⴘy mbô̮nitho ane guenu, guedi mibⴘy nho ⴘnmⴘy xi di mⴘdi o ñana nen nⴘua manaigui', 'hypothesis': 'hin din bi pengui nen nⴘa', 'label': 2}
```

#### quy

An example of the test split looks as follows:

``` {'premise': 'Allinmi, manam chaypiqa hamutachkarqanichu, ichaqa manam allinchu tarikurqani chaymi kaqllamanta paywan rimarqani.', 'hypothesis': 'Manam paywanqa kaqllamantaqa rimarqani
.', 'label': 2}
```

#### shp

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'premise': 'Jakon riki, ja shinanamara ea ike, ikaxbi kikin frustradara ea ike jakopira ea jabe yoyo iribake.', 'hypothesis': 'Eara jabe yoyo iribiama iki.', 'label': 2}
```

#### tar

An example of the test split looks as follows:

```
{'premise': 'Ga’lá ju, ke tási newalayé nejé echi kítira, we ne majáli, a’lí ko uchécho ne yua ku ra’íchaki.', 'hypothesis': 'Tási ne uchecho yua ra’ícha échi rejói.', 'label': 2}
```

### Data Fields

#### all_languages
    - language: a multilingual string variable, with languages including ar, bg, de, el, en.
    - premise: a multilingual string variable, with languages including ar, bg, de, el, en.
    - hypothesis: a multilingual string variable, with possible languages including ar, bg, de, el, en.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
#### aym
    - premise: a string feature.
    - hypothesis: a string feature.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
#### bzd
    - premise: a string feature.
    - hypothesis: a string feature.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
#### cni
    - premise: a string feature.
    - hypothesis: a string feature.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
#### hch
    - premise: a string feature.
    - hypothesis: a string feature.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
#### nah
    - premise: a string feature.
    - hypothesis: a string feature.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
#### oto
    - premise: a string feature.
    - hypothesis: a string feature.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
#### quy
    - premise: a string feature.
    - hypothesis: a string feature.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
#### shp
    - premise: a string feature.
    - hypothesis: a string feature.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).
#### tar
    - premise: a string feature.
    - hypothesis: a string feature.
    - label: a classification label, with possible values including entailment (0), neutral (1), contradiction (2).

### Data Splits

| Language          | ISO | Family       | Dev  | Test |
|-------------------|-----|:-------------|-----:|-----:|
| all_languages     | --  | --           | 6457 | 7486 |
| Aymara            | aym | Aymaran      | 743  | 750  |
| Ashaninka         | cni | Arawak       | 658  | 750  |
| Bribri            | bzd | Chibchan     | 743  | 750  |
| Guarani           | gn  | Tupi-Guarani | 743  | 750  |
| Nahuatl           | nah | Uto-Aztecan  | 376  | 738  |
| Otomi             | oto | Oto-Manguean | 222  | 748  |
| Quechua           | quy | Quechuan     | 743  | 750  |
| Raramuri          | tar | Uto-Aztecan  | 743  | 750  |
| Shipibo-Konibo    | shp | Panoan       | 743  | 750  |
| Wixarika          | hch | Uto-Aztecan  | 743  | 750  |

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

[Needs More Information]

### Source Data

The authors translate from the Spanish subset of XNLI.

> AmericasNLI is the translation of a subset of XNLI (Conneau et al., 2018). As translators between Spanish and the target languages are more frequently available than those for English, we translate from the Spanish version.

As per paragraph 3.1 of the [original paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08726).

#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

#### Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

### Annotations

#### Annotation process

The dataset comprises expert translations from Spanish XNLI. 

> Additionally, some translators reported that code-switching is often used to describe certain topics, and, while many words without an exact equivalence in the target language are worked in through translation or interpretation, others are kept in Spanish. To minimize the amount of Spanish vocabulary in the translated examples, we choose sentences from genres that we judged to be relatively easy to translate into the target languages: “face-to-face,” “letters,” and “telephone.”

As per paragraph 3.1 of the [original paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08726).

#### Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

### Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

### Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

### Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

## Additional Information

### Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

### Licensing Information

Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International: https://github.com/abteen/americasnli/blob/main/LICENSE.md

### Citation Information

```
@inproceedings{ebrahimi-etal-2022-americasnli,
    title = "{A}mericas{NLI}: Evaluating Zero-shot Natural Language Understanding of Pretrained Multilingual Models in Truly Low-resource Languages",
    author = "Ebrahimi, Abteen  and
      Mager, Manuel  and
      Oncevay, Arturo  and
      Chaudhary, Vishrav  and
      Chiruzzo, Luis  and
      Fan, Angela  and
      Ortega, John  and
      Ramos, Ricardo  and
      Rios, Annette  and
      Meza Ruiz, Ivan Vladimir  and
      Gim{\'e}nez-Lugo, Gustavo  and
      Mager, Elisabeth  and
      Neubig, Graham  and
      Palmer, Alexis  and
      Coto-Solano, Rolando  and
      Vu, Thang  and
      Kann, Katharina",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
    month = may,
    year = "2022",
    address = "Dublin, Ireland",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.acl-long.435",
    pages = "6279--6299",
    abstract = "Pretrained multilingual models are able to perform cross-lingual transfer in a zero-shot setting, even for languages unseen during pretraining. However, prior work evaluating performance on unseen languages has largely been limited to low-level, syntactic tasks, and it remains unclear if zero-shot learning of high-level, semantic tasks is possible for unseen languages. To explore this question, we present AmericasNLI, an extension of XNLI (Conneau et al., 2018) to 10 Indigenous languages of the Americas. We conduct experiments with XLM-R, testing multiple zero-shot and translation-based approaches. Additionally, we explore model adaptation via continued pretraining and provide an analysis of the dataset by considering hypothesis-only models. We find that XLM-R{'}s zero-shot performance is poor for all 10 languages, with an average performance of 38.48{\%}. Continued pretraining offers improvements, with an average accuracy of 43.85{\%}. Surprisingly, training on poorly translated data by far outperforms all other methods with an accuracy of 49.12{\%}.",
}
```

### Contributions

Thanks to [@fdschmidt93](https://github.com/fdschmidt93) for adding this dataset.