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joints I-Process |
were O |
the O |
other O |
frequently O |
encountered O |
workmanship B-Process |
defects I-Process |
( O |
Figs. O |
19 O |
– O |
22 O |
) O |
. O |
The O |
exponential B-Process |
relationships I-Process |
reported O |
in O |
the O |
plots O |
may O |
be O |
used O |
to O |
convert B-Task |
the I-Task |
dielectric I-Task |
values I-Task |
to I-Task |
air I-Task |
void I-Task |
values I-Task |
as O |
prescribed O |
in O |
previous O |
studies O |
[ O |
1 O |
– O |
3 O |
] O |
. O |
The O |
AC B-Process |
pavement I-Process |
composite I-Process |
permittivity I-Process |
reduces O |
, O |
along O |
with O |
the O |
reflection O |
coefficient O |
, O |
as O |
the O |
volumetric B-Process |
proportion I-Process |
of I-Process |
air I-Process |
increases O |
as O |
compared O |
to O |
the O |
remaining O |
components O |
. O |
However O |
, O |
the O |
method O |
relies O |
on O |
an O |
empirical O |
fit O |
, O |
determined O |
on O |
a O |
case-by-case O |
basis O |
, O |
since O |
the O |
permittivity O |
of O |
the O |
remaining O |
components O |
depends O |
on O |
the O |
mix B-Material |