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Mapping MENA 1

https://openalex.org/W2808262977

The Effects of Infrastructure on the Economic Growth of the Main Sectors of the Economy of Iran’s Provinces

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D evelopment of social and economic infrastructure in every region is of the basic requirements of economic growth. Infrastructure stimulates economic activity, enhance the productivity of private sector’s inputs, improve economic performance and thus sustainable economic development, enhancing the social welfare and better income distribution. Since the different kind of infrastructure has different effects on the sectors of the economy and then on regional development, examining the effect of infrastructure on regional economic development in various economic sectors for policymakers and planners is of particular importance. In this regard, the production function for different sectors (industry, services and agriculture) for the 30 provinces of Iran for the period  2007-2013 is estimated. Production function by the Panel Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) method is estimated. Results show that social and economic public infrastructure has a positive impact on the economic growth of these sectors. Furthermore, the result indicates that the impacts of different kinds of infrastructure are different on various sectors of the provinces. That is the impact of social infrastructure on industrial and service sectors are more than an economic infrastructure. On the other hand the economic infrastructure has more effects on the agricultural sector compared to other infrastructure.

https://openalex.org/W2597871812

The Relationship between Manager’s Strategic Intelligence and Organization Development in Governmental Agencies in Iran (Case Study: Office of Cooperatives Labor and Social Welfare)

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The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relation of managers’ strategic intelligence with organization development (OD) and the relationship between the dimensions of strategic intelligence and OD in governmental agencies in Iran in 2015 (case study: Office of Cooperatives Labor and Social Welfare in Sari). “Research methodology” in this study was descriptive and correlational. To fulfill the purpose of this study, 493 staff were selected from among a total number of 920 population based on random sampling. “The data collection tools” consisted of two standard questionnaires, including strategic intelligence questionnaire (0.84 validity) and OD (0.83 validity). “The data analysis method” was inferential statistics conducting by SPSS22 software (including Durbin–Watson, multiple regression and analysis of variance test). “The results” showed that there is a positive significant relationship between manager’s strategic intelligence with OD and there is a significant relationship between some dimensions of strategic intelligence such as knowledge and wisdom and practical intelligence with OD but there is no significant relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity and innovation with OD. Also the results show there is a significant difference between the dimensions mean of strategic intelligence and dimensions mean of ODs.

https://openalex.org/W3177055798

Design Strategies for Orphanage with the Aim of Increasing Place Attachment in Isfahan

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Children are the most vulnerable individuals getting the worst effects of crises and conflicts happening around the world. Child population makes up 2.2 billion of 7 billion world populations, and 143 to 210 million of this population are orphaned. This number reaches 10,000 in Iran. Also, in Isfahan province, 1100 children in the age group under 18 are kept in welfare centers, of which only 480 are in suitable orphanages. According to statistics of the State Welfare Organization in Iran, Isfahan has sixteen orphanages, the majority of which are buildings regardless of place attachment. Among the existing ones, two buildings are operating with the change of the school building or the old residential building, which do not have the necessary quality in order to increase the place attachment. Place attachment, which is one of the most basic elements in the design of children's spaces, especially orphans, is a challenge that faces very few resources. However, researchers studied the relationship between children with a general view and their impact on location, place identity, and social bonding in the case of orphans. But a building to increase place attachment is very rare for orphans in the city of Isfahan, also orphans Isfahan have not been studied due to recognizing their environmental psychology’s needs. In this regard, research is necessary to achieve design strategies that need to respond to child psychology. In connection with the existing orphanages in Isfahan, design strategies for places that are usually limited and insufficient have been considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use the components of place attachment (place dependence, place identity, and social bonding) to achieve design strategies to increase the attachment of orphans in Isfahan to their living space. Using a sequential-exploratory mixed research method, this article gathered and analyzed data in four stages. First, content analysis of library sources was used to determine the three main components of place attachment: social bonding, place identity, and place dependency. Then, four phases of the research process were completed: participatory observation, mental picture analysis, and Semi-structured interview. The findings indicate that organizing private and public open spaces promotes social interaction. Making a memory and paying attention to the child's privacy lead to place attachment. Often, by creating space with the aim of experiencing the environment, the place's identity is enhanced. Moreover, the present paper has demonstrated that place dependence is directly related to the length of time the children stay in that environment and their memories they gained. And of course, increasing children's social interactions with social activities in an environment with favorable spatial diversity is effective in eliminating children's anomalies and increasing their attachment, and by designing workshops to cultivating every child’s talents the identity of each child's place will rise and also experience of each space by himself and increasing excitement in the child will increase place attachment. Also, using tools that the child has designed or made; in-home furniture; increases the child's confidence and increases place attachment.

https://openalex.org/W1983287533

Analyzing Effects of Electricity Subsidy on Social Welfare in Iran by Integrated System Approach and Artificial Neural Network

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Nowadays, many researches are made to estimate some of socio-economic variables in which methods such as regression, time series (ARIMA, AR and etc.), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and so on are used. In this paper integrated System Approach and ANN are applied for estimating affects of subsidy on electricity consumption and social welfare. Actual electricity price is estimated by ANN, which has been effectively used for price forecasting recently. Forecasted electricity demand and also historical data of weighted average prices in electricity market are used to train Neural Networks. System approach are very successful in estimating qualitative variable in socio-economic, human factors and policy government, hence System Dynamics (SD) method is employed to analyze effects of electricity subsidy for residential sector. Indeed in this study ANN outputs are used as exogenous variable to develop SD model. Three scenarios for electricity pricing are presented to investigate electricity consumption and social welfare. In the first scenario subsidy is not considered, in the second affects of subsidy is added and for the third one different types of subsidy is analyzed. The results of three scenarios confirm that the performance of different electricity subsidy is closest to the goal of social welfare in Iran.

https://openalex.org/W1427195193

MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE THE HOUSEHOLDS IN RURAL AREAS CASE STUDY: TOWNSHIP ZAHAK

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Extended Abstract Introduction Supply of social welfare including the most important goals of any economic system and providing suitable conditions for life of all segments of society is considered the main task of economic actors and authorities. Thus, the change in social welfare including the areas of assessment is the economic systems. Changes in welfare and living conditions in human settlements, especially in deprived and marginalized areas that in terms of the level of welfare and development indicators faced with a variety of challenges and problems, makes it essential more than any other issue study and measure social welfare. Study and measurement of social welfare in order to monitor the policies and programs of welfare and social security is a basic necessity and requirement. Because based on its findings, decision makers with an understanding of the forces that act within rural settlements and governments, are better able to develop interaction and policies that result in improvability, lived and stability be in these areas. Hence the present study aimed to measurement the social welfare in rural areas of Township Zahak (Sistan and Baluchestan province) located in the South East of Iran has tried to analyze the social welfare indicators. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ∗ Responsible Author: Rasti.hadi@geo.ui.ac.ir Ar ch iv of S ID

https://openalex.org/W2298456319

Social and Recreational Carrying Capacity Assessment of Daland Forest Park, Golestan, Iran

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For a natural destination to have a wide appeal, it should have sufficient capacity to cater for the needs of different types of users. This paper presents an assessment of the social carrying capacity of tourists visiting Daland Forest Park (DFP), Golestan, Iran. Social factors such as visitors’ perception about the Park’s safety, security and facilities were investigated to determine the level of social capacity and satisfaction. The Mann Whitney U test was used to investigate the likely differences between men and women regarding their social capacity. To do this, 168 questionnaires were filled out by the visitors of the Park during summer and fall 2012. The results showed that about 60% of the visitors preferred moderately crowded environments while the rest preferred low-crowded environments. The results also showed that the Park, in its current condition, does not provide the maximum level of the visitor’s satisfaction; therefore, some changes are needed in the area such as raising health care, welfare services and park’s safety. The results of this study reflect the status and expectations of the Park's visitors which can be useful to improve the level of visitor's satisfaction. A number of recommendations were provided to upgrade the quality of the recreation services of the Park. Furthermore, a general list of criteria was proposed to estimate social carrying capacity and visitors’ satisfaction that can be considered for other similar natural parks.

https://openalex.org/W4365815744

Investigating the factors affecting health care workers’ intention to remain in villages

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Settlement in a village and being native is one of the special conditions for choosing to be a health care worker as they must be accessible day and night and provide people with health services when needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting health care workers' intention to remain in villages covered by Jundishapur University, Ahvaz, Iran.This is a cross-sectional study in 2019. The total number of health workers working at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Iran was 1034, amongst whom 280 individuals participated in this study. The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisted of two parts, in the first part of which there were 11 questions on personal information of the participants. In the second part, a total of six measures (physical, social, educational and cultural, occupational, welfare, personal and family) were used to examine the factors affecting the health workers' intention to remain in rural areas.The results of this study showed that the current residence of 55% of the health workers was villages while 45% of them lived in urban areas. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between physical, social, educational and cultural, occupational, welfare, personal and family factors and the health workers' intention to remain in rural areas. Besides, female HCWs were more affected by personal and family factors compared to the male participants.Increasing the quality and paying more attention to physical, social, educational and cultural, occupational, welfare, personal and family factors can cause health workers to remain longer in rural areas.

https://openalex.org/W3137054945

Spatial distribution of health and treatment from social justice view Case study: cities of Mazandaran province

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The overall purpose of spatial planning is to establish social justice and distribution of wealth and welfare among people of community. Unbalancing among the developing countries cause to gap and increased regional inequality. In this regard, studying economic, social and educational inequality and regional welfare is an important intervention for planning to economic growth, social welfare and spatial arrangement of national/regional economic. The present paper has an applied approach and the research method is descriptive-analytic. For analyzing data these procedures are used which include: techniques and models of Variation coefficient, Entropy coefficient, Composite index, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient within SPSS, GIS also by thirteen health and treatment indexes. Required data were provided from statistical center of Iran and other organizations. Findings of this investigation indicate that dispersion coefficient of several health and treatment services indexes are very different: in this manner that variation coefficient is varied .25 to 1.01 in the province. The main reason of this variation in geographical divisions of Mazandaran is the differences in number of graduated students of medical science and private investments in some indexes. Based on achieved Composite index, Sari and Babolsar are the most possessed and deprived cities in Mazandaran with regard to health and treatment services. Gini coefficient achieved from 1390 state show that spatial distribution of health and treatment services has not been balanced yet. However, calculating the entropy coefficient in shows that the distribution of health services is moving towards more balance and spatial regulation.

https://openalex.org/W4285111188

Evaluation of university services quality: perspectives of international students in Iran

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One of the important components of the internationalization of higher education is recruiting international students. Despite the small number of international students and due the effects and consequences of their education on the educational systems of different countries, their satisfaction with the quality of university services is important. Given the importance of this issue, few studies have focused on the evaluation of the quality of university services from the point of view of international students in Iran. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive survey study was to evaluate the quality of university services from the point of view of international students studying at Shahid Beheshti University. The statistical population was all 221 international students studying at Shahid Beheshti University. sample size was determined 140 via Krejci & Morgan table. Based on simple random sampling method and Considering the drop coefficient, 150 questionnaires were distributed among students and 126 questionnaires were collected. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. It included 6 components of the quality of university services including educational-research services, library, and media services, administrative services, welfare services, physical spaces, social and cultural services. These 6 components were measured in expectations and real existing levels. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of academic experts was used and the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated at 0.96 at the expectations and 0.96 at the existing levels, using the Cronbach's alpha test. Findings indicated that there is a gap between the expectations and reality (p=0.001). Most gaps between expectations and reality included the quality of administrative services (-1.45) and the quality of educational and research services (-0.73).

https://openalex.org/W2326477632

Welfare of Pensioners and Unemployment Insurance Pension in Iran (Case study: Fardis, Alborz province)

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We are intending to find out any effects of unemployment insurance pension on welfare of pensioners. Negative effects of unemployment in personal, family and social dimensions from one side and further effects on society on the other may lead to non-stop increase of social costs. Therefore it is necessary to find out different guidelines for recognition any obstacles with real dimensions and structure in order to apply removing methods base upon realities. One of the most important and effective methods for reducing negative effects of unemployment on the life of labor force is developing and optimizing applicable methods of unemployment insurance. Therefore in this research we have tried to consider the effect of supportive coverage of unemployment insurance on welfare situation of unemployed person and its family. In this research and through a measuring study, we studied the welfare situation of pensioners of unemployment insurance in comparison with their occupying period in one of the branches of Iran Social Security Organizations (Fardis Branch- Alborz province). According to the findings, upon leaving the job and stoppage of income, the social respect and relations of person will be reduced in society. It was so much effective on its welfare situation. Furthermore because of lower amount of unemployment insurance in comparison with previous income of the person when occupied, therefore this may lead into worst quality of life in the fields of nutrition, housing, saving amount, entertainment, mental/bodily diseases in comparison with occupation time.

https://openalex.org/W4322100952

Prioritization the Factors Affecting the future of Employment and Social Welfare in Iran

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Introduction: One of the basic goals of development is to achieve universal social welfare and the existence of social welfare in any society is considered as one of the most important characteristics of the development of that society and the reproducer of its development. Laying the groundwork for creating a suitable business and employment environment in any country is one of the important factors in creating economic growth and prosperity and ultimately increasing the economic and social welfare of the people. Therefore, considering the important role that employment can play in realizing the concept of social welfare, in the present study, attempts have been made to identify and rank the key factors and components affecting the employment and social welfare status in Iran. Methods: In this study, in order to identify and accurately define the components affecting employment and welfare, the documentary method and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the experts and specialists of the field of employment and welfare working in the Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare. Hierarchy factorization (AHP) and Expert Choice software have been used. Findings: The results show that the investment sub-criterion with a relative weight of 0.115 has the highest priority, and then the sub-criteria respectively are policy-making, banking system, production, and business environment, laws. Then regulations, tax system, international relations, economic indicators, payment system, insurance and social security, justice and equality, manpower, domestic technologies, culture, foreign technologies, and education system were also the sub-criteria identified in the study. Discussion: The most important and key factor that can affect the employment and welfare in the country is the concept of investment. In economic theories, investment is known as the engine of economic growth, and is necessary for economic and social development, and it is one of the most important pillars in the growth and development of production units and enterprises.

https://openalex.org/W2097627830

Consequences of Medical Insurance on Social Welfare; an Evidenced Based Study.

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Dear Editor-in-ChiefThe Iranian Constitution Law has recognized so-cial security as inalienable rights of people and government's duty (1). The establishment of a trustworthy system for providing healthcare ex-penses and access to an on time and efficient medical services are among the important con-cerns of governments. Some countries, depending on their status and economic and cultural growth, have made progress in this area. As one of those countries, Iran has formed a comprehensive sys-tem of social welfare and security based on the principles of public welfare and social security ob-jectives. The fulfillment of these objectives con-stitutes an effective step towards social justice, as several studies reveled that inequality can nega-tively influence on health condition (2-4).Identifying the degree of capability in achieving the goals and the quality of medical insurance sys-tem performance of the country could direct the future plans of the country in this area; the per-ception of authorities and officials of the country on the effects and success of these efforts will serve as grounds for better evaluation and promo-tion of processes, planning and executive actions for the optimization of medical insurance and re-sponding to the inalienable rights of people (5-8).This cross-sectional study conducted from Febru-ary 2001 to February 2002 by using the non-ran-dom sampling method. The study population was 250 patients attended at Shahid Mostafa Kho-meini, Shohadaye Tajrish and Imam Hossein hos-pitals in Tehran. Following data collection, the study population was divided into two groups, including insured and uninsured subjects. In this manuscript we are presenting our preliminary findings. One hundred and fifty seven of the study subjects were insured and ninety three were not under any insurance coverage. The insured sub-jects were individuals who had coverage from at least one of the medical insurance systems in the country whereas the uninsured subjects had no medical insurance coverage. Subsequently, the ability to pay and accessibility of the individuals of the two insured and uninsured groups were com-pared in different diagnostic and medical parts, including physicians, pharmacies, medical labora-tories, radiology (plain-film radiograph), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomo-graphic (CT) scan, hospitalization (for medical treatment) and internment in surgical wards.Of the 250 patients, one hundred and fifty five patients were male and the rest were female. The youngest and oldest patient had 15 year-old and 78 year-old respectively. The patients had medical insurance coverage from 6 months to 22 years. By comparing between the ability to pay medical costs in different diagnostic and medical sections, a statistically significant difference was found be-tween the insured and uninsured subjects, the mean of those potentials in different sections was as follows: Twenty seven percent of the insured subjects expressed their ability to pay as very low, 68% as moderate and high and a very limited number mentioned very high. Whereas, sixty per-cent of the insured subjects expressed their abil-ity to pay as very low, thirty two percent as mod-erate and high and a very limited number men-tioned very high. The analysis showed significant difference (PNinety seven percent of the insured subjects and 90% of the uninsured subjects believed that medi-cal insurance brings peace of mind and reduces stress in the insured people; however, 18% of the insured subjects claimed that effect to be very low, 61% as moderate and high and 21% as very high. …

https://openalex.org/W2132155740

Islam, Civil Society and Social Work : Muslim Voluntary Welfare Associations in Jordan between Patronage and Empowerment

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This dissertation analyzes the religious discourse and the social work practices of Muslim voluntary welfare associations in Jordan on the basis of civil society theory. The need to react to western political, economic as well as cultural hegemony gave rise to relatively dogmatic and fundamentalist Islamic currents in Muslim/Arab civil societies. However, repressive legislation and state policies limit voluntary welfare associations in their possibilities of political mobilization. The Jordanian Hashemite regime allows the existence of civil society forces only insofar as they contribute to the stability of prevalent sociopolitical order. This political impotence makes Muslim associations to pursue the strategy of giving expression to a set of sociocultural values derived from the Islamic sources as an alternative. The idea that helping the poor must be done for the sake of God rather then for one's self-interest is dominant among Islamist as well as among other Muslim NGOs. The Islamist ideology espoused by many Muslim associations calls for defending the integrity of Muslim society against the onslaught of western globalization and materialism. There are also more progressive Muslim NGOs whose main aim is the empowerment of the needy. They cooperate with non-Islamic development actors and promote more liberal interpretations of the Islamic message. In their educational activities, Muslim NGOs often express, in the name of Islam, criticism of the impact of western-dominated global culture in their society but also of traditional habits seen as hindrances to the development of modern Muslim societies. This comes most clearly to the fore in their discourse on gender. Muslim NGOs reinforce social networks and contribute to relatively autonomous social spheres in which also oppositional views can be expressed. They represent, therefore, a highly imperfect and frustrated but nevertheless real, changing and motivated civil society.

https://openalex.org/W2288217742

A Comment on ‘Theory and Practice in Social Work’

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A Comment on ‘Theory and Practice in Social Work’ BILL JORDAN BILL JORDAN Bill Jordan who has been a lecturer in social work at Exeter University since 1969, was a probation officer from 1965 to 1969. He continued on a part-time basis in the probation service until 1974 and since 1975 has worked part-time as a social worker at a psychiatric hospital in Exeter. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Social Work, Volume 8, Issue 1, 1978, Pages 23–25, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a056919 Published: 01 January 1978

https://openalex.org/W2110527479

Differences in Proprietary Institutions Caring for Affluent and Nonaffluent Elderly

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Journal Article Differences in Proprietary Institutions Caring for Affluent and Nonaffluent Elderly Get access Jordan I. Kosberg, PhD Jordan I. Kosberg, PhD 2School of Social Welfare, Florida State Univ.Tallahassee 32306 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Gerontologist, Volume 13, Issue 3_Part_1, Autumn 1973, Pages 299–304, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/13.3_Part_1.299 Published: 01 October 1973

https://openalex.org/W2255599163

Counselling, Advocacy and Negotiation

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Counselling, Advocacy and Negotiation Get access BILL JORDAN BILL JORDAN Bill Jordan is Reader in Social Studies at Exeter University. He worked for ten years in the probation service, and another ten years (part-time) in a social services department. He is the author of two recent books on social policy. The State: Authority and Autonomy and Rethinking Welfare, both published by Basil Blackwell. Correspondence to Mr. Bill Jordan, Reader in Social Studies, Department of Sociology, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Social Work, Volume 17, Issue 2, April 1987, Pages 135–146, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a055320 Published: 01 April 1987

https://openalex.org/W4207041765

Welfare and Well-being

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In this original book, Bill Jordan presents a new analysis of well-being in terms of its social value, and outlines ways in which this could be incorporated into public policy decisions.

https://openalex.org/W1964660464

The Future of European Welfare: A New Social Contract?

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Acknowledgements Notes on the Contributors List of Tables and Charts Introduction: Europe's Social Contract under Stress M. Rhodes & Y. Meny PART ONE: INTERPRETATIONS Unemployment and Social Exclusion: An Economic View P. Ormerod Poverty and Social Exclusion: A Sociological View S. Paugam Against Exclusion: the Poor and the Social Sciences G. Procacci PART TWO: WELFARE SYSTEMS UNDER STRESS The Four 'Social Europes': Between Universalism and Selectivity M. Ferrera The Evolution of Financial Poverty in Western Europe K. Van Den Bosch In Defence of Welfare: Social Protection and Social Reform in Eastern Europe U. Gotting PART THREE: WELFARE AND THE GLOBAL ARENA Negative and Positive Integration in the Political Economy of European Welfare States F. Scharpf Globalisation, Labour Markets and Welfare States: A Future of 'Competitive Corporatism'? M. Rhodes Global and Regional Agencies and the Making of Post-Communist Social Policy in Eastern Europe B. Deacon PART FOUR: THE SEARCH FOR A NEW SOCIAL CONTRACT The Social Contract and the Problem of the Firm C. Crouch European Social Citizenship: Why a New Social Contract Will (Probably) Not Happen B. Jordan Some Sceptical Reflections on EU Citizenship as the Basis of a New Social Contract C. Closa Index

https://openalex.org/W2796659577

Adult Day Care Services: Directions for Moving Forward

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This paper aims to discuss Jordan's desperate need to establish adult day care services. More specifically it aims to address the benefits and social transformation that necessitate the establishment of adult day care services. In terms of background, the unprecedented social transformation and the deficient prioritization of social care services for older Jordanian adults have deleteriously impacted on the care provided for them. Despite versatile citations in multiple religious sources, the family support system for older adults in Jordan is inadequate and the duty of providing for their needs is left to governmental institutions. Regarding design, this is a discussion paper to clarify the importance of establishing adult day care services in Jordan. The implications mean that health care professionals are in a prime position to improve awareness about the importance and the benefits of adult day care services. Health care professionals are required to clarify their perspectives on social care issues and to be involved in prospective policies and legislations regarding planning, establishing and managing adult day care services. In conclusion, establishing adult day care services in Jordan needs an interdisciplinary collaborative approach among governmental and non-governmental organizations. These organizations need to contribute significantly in terms of offering the support needed to ensure quality of care for this vulnerable age group.

https://openalex.org/W2944425687

Jordanian Nursing Homes: Admission Policy Analysis

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DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM SITUATION: Although the elderly have many physical, mental, and psychosocial needs, nursing homes are still a new emergent concept in Jordan. Moreover, the elderly who have access to nursing homes, are often not admitted, based on specific criteria, nor have access to governmental funds. The elderly that are admitted to nursing homes are admitted for a myriad of reasons, such as families’ desires, referrals from the ministry of social welfare due to socioeconomic issues, health issues (i.e. disability), and absence of caregivers (Al-Qudah, 2011). What is lacking in Jordan, is a well-defined admission and screening tool that clearly defines eligibility for nursing home admission
 
 POLICY ALTERNATIVE: The policy alternative is leaving Jordanian elderly with special needs in their homes without receiving appropriate care predisposing the elderly to a higher risk of health complications. North Carolina has been chosen as an example of a state that implements a screening tool for admission. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS: The Ministry of Social Development might tailor the NC Medicaid forms (Level I and Katz and MoCA, and Level II of the NC Medicaid screening tool) as an admission screening policy that could be successful in identifying the eligible older adults to admit to nursing homes and receive designated aids from the Jordanian governmental organizations.

https://openalex.org/W1997665345

The First U.S. Food Stamp Program: An Example of Rent Seeking and Avoiding

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A bstract . Rent seeking involves the wasteful expenses incurred to secure, acquire, or maintain a monopoly position. Rent avoiding involves the expenditures undertaken to avoid the imposition of rent‐seeking costs. Each represents a social cost of Tullock rectangle loss in addition to the dead‐weight or Harberger triangle loss that combined to form the Harberger‐Tullock trapezoid social cost. The first Food Stamp Program in the United States came about through the rent‐seeking and/or rent‐avoiding efforts of farmers, grocers, bankers, and other economic agents and did not lead to the promotion of social welfare. The evidence of these self‐interested efforts was gleaned from articles in the New York Times and government documents. The first Food Stamp Program also fits the economic theory of regulation developed by Stigler, Jordan, Peltzman and others, and it involved imposed costs on economic agents as the program evolved.

https://openalex.org/W2752291344

SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT OF INDIVIDUALS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

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The aim of this study is to investigate the contribution of services and programs of special education centers (SECs) to the social empowerment of individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID). The social empowerment survey was prepared and distributed to 94 administrators and employees at SECs in the northern region of Jordan. Results indicated that there are a moderate contribution of Jordanian SECs services and programs to the social empowerment of individuals with ID according to the perspectives of administrators and employees in the northern region of Jordan. Article visualizations:

https://openalex.org/W3172334817

Arabization of social work in Israel’s native Arab minority: potential and obstacles

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In 2006, the Israeli Ministry of Welfare recognized the BSW degrees of two Palestinian and one Jordanian institutions, which enables their Israeli-Arab graduates to work in Israel’s social services and thus potentially assist in indigenizing social work in the country’s minority Arab society. Based on 38 interviews with some of these graduates, their supervisors and colleagues, this research found that such indigenization is indeed beneficial to many of the people they assist but encounters substantial obstacles in gaining ground. It is suggested that introducing studies on Arab society into Israel’s schools of social work, stressing its religious base and the interventions derived thereof, and increasing the number of their Arab lecturers would help advance this indigenization process.

https://openalex.org/W77268305

The Provision of Women's Social Welfare Needs in Jordan:: Why the State has Failed

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This thesis answers the question as to how, and to what extent, women’s social welfare needs are provided for in Jordan. Using a liberal feminist approach to social welfare policy, and acknowledging the role played by the specific historical and political experiences of states in the developing world, the thesis examines the provision of Jordanian women’s social welfare needs by the state in the public arena, by the family in the private arena and by Civil Society Organisations which negotiate the space between the two arenas. The thesis demonstrates that the state has systematically failed to translate constitutional commitments to women as equitable citizens deserving of equitable social welfare provisions into reality. Its symbiotic relationship with traditional social forces has ensured that patriarchal social norms and practices have infused public social policy and created internal contradictions in the legal institutions and processes of implementation. These same patriarchal norms and practices continue to prevail within Jordanian family and tribal life, creating a situation in which women exchange the provision of their basic social needs by the family in return for subordinating themselves to a second-class status of dependency and vulnerability. Civil Society Organisations are similarly constrained by the patriarchal influences within the state, and have developed strategies which acknowledge that women’s social welfare provision in the long term is dependent on democratisation processes which build direct relations between the state and its citizens, unmediated by vested tribal interests and protected by the rule of law. The thesis concludes that liberal feminist understandings of women’s social welfare provisions as being located within the state-citizenship dichotomy enable us to identify the particular issues arising for developing states in meeting women’s needs.

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Social work and social welfare yearbook

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Locking up our daughters, Pat Carlen and Julia Wardaugh social work, justice and the common good, Bill Jordan clearing a path through the undergrowth - a feminist reading of recent literature on child sexual abuse, Mary Macleod and Ester Saraga a model for child care, Andrew Kerslake and Julia Cramp family centres, Hilary Walker analyzing policy-practice links in preventive child care, Pauline Hardiker, Ken Exton and Mary Barker blinded by family feeling? - child protection, feminism and countertransference, Janet Sayers race, social work and child care, Mark R.D.Johnson drug problems and social work, Geoffrey Pearson the last days of juvenile justice, Mike Nellis care in the community - the social security issues, Geoff Fimister how social fund officers make decisions, Robert Walker the new managerialism in the social services, Aidan Kelly residential care after Wagner - developments in policy and training, Ian Sinclair and John Brown a diploma for social work or Dunkirk as total victory, Noel Timms.

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Minimizing Pediatric Traumatic Stress Through a Trauma-informed Approach in the Emergency Department

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Crimes against children, particularly abuse and neglect, can lead to distressing lifelong physical, psychological, and social consequences for a child. The US Department of Health and Human Services reports that child maltreatment is one of the greatest threats facing the health, welfare, and social well-being of children. 1 Children’s Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, US Department of Health & Human Services. Child maltreatment, 2016https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/child-maltreatment-2016 Google Scholar In 2016, state and local child protective services received approximately 4 million referrals involving the alleged maltreatment of 7.2 million children. 1 Children’s Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, US Department of Health & Human Services. Child maltreatment, 2016https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/child-maltreatment-2016 Google Scholar Children who experience any type of abuse or neglect are vulnerable, defenseless, and powerless in the worst of situations. Kathleen S. Jordan is Clinical Associate Professor, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, and Nurse Practitioner/APP Fellowship Director at Mid-Atlantic Emergency Medical Associates, Charlotte, NC.

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Service User Perspectives on the ‘Ethically Good Practitioner’

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This short paper is based on a presentation delivered by four young people from Sunderland Children Services—Amy, Claire, Jordan and Glen (supported by Grace Roddam, Young People's Training and Development Mentor, and Dave Laverick, Workforce Development Consultant)—at the ‘Learning Professional Wisdom: Courage and Compassion’ Ethics and Social Welfare conference, which took place on 15 May 2009 at St Mary's College, Durham University, UK. The conference was organized by the newly formed Ethics and Social Welfare network, with support from the Social Work and Policy Subject Centre (SWAP), Durham University and Ethics & Social Welfare journal. The conference focused on the contested nature of ‘moral character’ in professional education, whether this can be learnt and developed and how it links with judgements about ‘suitability for practice’. The four young people, drawing on their specific experiences of the looked after system, provided a valuable contribution which will assist understanding of what is meant by the term ‘ethical practitioner’ and the values and attributes they believe practitioners should have in order to fulfil their ethical obligations.

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Islamic Voluntary Welfare Activism in Jordan

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During the last two decades the voluntary welfare associations' role in providing social services to the underprivileged in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has been significantly enhanced. Important contributing factors to this development have been the process of political liberalization since 1989, increased economic hardship and rising levels of poverty (which were partly due to continuous state withdrawal from the domain of social welfare). Religious revival has also been a key factor and has greatly strengthened the role of voluntary associations with an Islamic background.

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Welfare and Well-being: Social Value in Public Policy - by Bill Jordan, Well-being: In Search of a Good Life? - by Beverley A. Searle and Well-being in Developing Countries: From Theory to Research - Edited by Ian Gough and J. Allister McGregor

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Social Policy & AdministrationVolume 43, Issue 3 p. 311-316 Welfare and Well-being: Social Value in Public Policy - by Bill Jordan, Well-being: In Search of a Good Life? - by Beverley A. Searle and Well-being in Developing Countries: From Theory to Research - Edited by Ian Gough and J. Allister McGregor Hartley Dean, Hartley DeanSearch for more papers by this author Hartley Dean, Hartley DeanSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 May 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2009.663_1.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume43, Issue3June 2009Pages 311-316 RelatedInformation

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The patterns and determinants of household welfare growth in Jordan: 2002-2010

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Jordan's economic growth in the past decade has translated into a significant rise in household consumption and a decline in poverty and inequality indicators. Yet, the sentiment of the overall population seems to point to worsening disparities. Using official household expenditure surveys for 2002, 2008, and 2010, this paper analyzes the patterns and determinants of household welfare growth and examines the extent to which economic growth has been inclusive of the more vulnerable groups. Using counterfactual decompositions, the paper dwells first on the dynamics observed behind the drop in poverty and inequality. It then carries out regression analysis using re-centered influence functions to examine the economic determinants of household welfare growth throughout the decade. The paper finds that welfare growth as opposed to welfare distribution was the main driver behind poverty reduction, and that the drop in inequality was primarily driven by a regional catching-up effect. In addition, the analysis identifies rent, access to human capital services, and more importantly employment in the services sector and the public sector as the major determinants of welfare growth in Jordan. Public hiring in particular was used extensively as a tool for poverty alleviation, especially for residents outside the capital.

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Welfare Reform, Accumulation and Social Exclusion in the United Kingdom

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Jordan (2000) notes how while there is a possible confluence between social work practice and New Labour’s social inclusion agenda, social work has been excluded from it. The explanation for this lays in the narrow definition, focusing almost entirely on exclusion from paid employment that frames political concerns with social exclusion in the UK. However, the policies designed to tackle social exclusion even in this rather narrow approach should be of concern to social work because it is possible that they will exacerbate rather than tackle the exclusion that many social work clients face. To explore these issues this paper draws upon Penna’s (2001) argument that there is a tension between the desire to tackle social exclusion at a national level and global economic governance that constructs neo-liberalism as being the only way forward to economic prosperity and stability because the operation of neo-liberal political economy creates social exclusion. The paper examines these tensions by focusing upon what Adler (2004) identifies as a new model – the employment model – for the relief of poverty in the UK. The paper discusses the antecedents of the employment model in the shift from Keynesianism to neo-liberalism. The paper demonstrates that the employment model is concerned with regulating a number dilemmas related to labour power and the wage relation that have emerged from the acceptance of the global neo-liberal economy as being the only viable economic paradigm. It then goes on to discuss the contingent nature of this process, highlighting the contradictions raised by the employment models in terms of economic development and the tackling of social exclusion.

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REVIEW ARTICLES

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Book Reviewed in this article The Impact of Social Policy BY VIC GEORGE AND PAUL WILDING Routledge and Kegan Paul, London Invitation on Social Work by B. Jordan The Political Dimensions of social Work by B. Jordan and N. Parton The Political Dimensions of Social Work By B. JORDAN and N. PARTON The Welfare State in Crisis: Social Thought and Social Change By RAMESH MISHRA Contradictions of the Welfare State By CLAW OFFE Social Planning: A Strategy for Socialist Welfare By ALAN WALKER Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth By STEWARTJ. BROWN

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Charities and Social Welfare Organizations in Jordan: Negotiating the Islamic Modern

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Jordanian charities and social welfare organizations have—as previously indicated—a long history, even preceding the foundation of the modern Jordanian state. While most of the earliest charities limited their activities to serving specific ethnic or religious communities, the first organizations with a broader reach emerged during the interwar period. The Jordanian Youth League, for instance, was established in 1937 and the Women’s Social Solidarity Society in 1944 (Harmsen 2008, 155). Following the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948 and the influx of hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees, the country witnessed a pronounced increase in voluntary activism and the foundation of numerous new social welfare organizations, among others the Jordanian Red Crescent, which was established in 1951. Since then the number of charities has grown steadily, reaching an estimated figure of more than 800 organizations in 2006 (Kassim 2006).

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PERAN SOSIAL BANK SYARIAH BERDASARKAN INDEKS MAQASHID SYARIAH (STUDI KASUS DI JORDAN)

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This study aims to determine the implementation of Islamic bank social values as they should have been implemented. This study uses the Maqashid Syariah Index with three main social indicators, namely education, justice, and social welfare. The object of this research are three Islamic banks in Jordan (Jordan Islamic Bank, Safwa, and International Islamic Arab Bank). The results showed that all the banks have a low Maqashid Syariah Index for all indicators, which meant that the practice of implementing the social values of Islamic banks in Jordan are not close to what people have expected especially for indicators of justice and social welfare. In the future, Islamic banks need to increase social contributions, especially on indicators of justice and social welfare.Â

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Charity and the Construction of Modern Muslim Subjectivities in Jordan

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The activists, volunteers, and employees we met in Jordanian charities and social welfare organizations make up a very diverse group of people. Some organizations are run entirely by volunteers, others by paid staff, and yet others by a mixture of volunteers and staff. In a few organizations, the members are young, while in most, they are older. Some come from the lower middle class, a few may even have experienced poverty themselves, and others have very wealthy backgrounds. Most of our interlocutors had a formal education, whether as electricians or doctors. A number of them had studied at expensive universities abroad, but most had received their qualifications from local schools and universities. The majority of social welfare activists in Jordan are men, in particular at the management level, but there is an increasing number of female activists especially in the royal NGOs. In the following chapter, we treat our four social welfare organizations as institutional sites for individual processes of modern subjectivity formation, asking the question of how employees and volunteers construct specific forms of meaningful selfhoods as modern Muslims through their engagement in Islamic charities and social welfare organizations in Jordan.

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Book Reviews

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Journal Article Book Reviews Get access Talking About Welfare. Readings in Philosophy and Social Policy , Noel Timms and David Watson (eds). Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1976 . Pp. 306 . £5.95, £2.95 (paperback). BILL JORDAN BILL JORDAN Lecturer in Social Work Exeter University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of Social Work, Volume 7, Issue 1, 1977, Pages 116–117, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjsw.a056799 Published: 01 March 1977

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NEOLIBERAL ECONOMIC POLICIES AND CHILDREN IN THE UK: A CRISIS UNFOLDING

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The UK has been a leader in the promotion of neoliberal economic policies (Couldry, 2010).  Global economic change and the last financial crisis have enabled the imposition of “austerity” (Jordan & Drakeford, 2012) and reductions to the UK welfare state. The consequences of these “austerity” policies have been increased numbers of citizens dependent on food banks, visible increases to homelessness and reductions in expenditure on education, social welfare and health services (Strier, 2013).

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<i>Freedom and the Welfare State</i>. Bill Jordan

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Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsFreedom and the Welfare State. Bill Jordan Frederic G. ReamerFrederic G. Reamer Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Social Service Review Volume 51, Number 3Sep., 1977 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/643548 Views: 1Total views on this site Copyright 1977 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

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Social Welfare and Human Rights

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ACT Alliance: Ecumenical Centre, 150 route de Ferney, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; tel. 227916434; e-mail actcomactalliance.org; internet https://actalliance.org; f. 2009; the Alliance (Action by Churches Together—ACT’) aims to bring together churches and orgs affiliated to the World Council of Churches and the Lutheran World Federation to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian assistance and work in support of sustainable devt; administrative offices are based in Geneva, Amman (Jordan), Bangkok (Thailand), Brussels (Belgium), San Salvador (El Salvador), Nairobi (Kenya) and New York (USA); mems:135 churches or related orgs in more than 120 countries; Gen. Sec. Rudelmar Bueno DE Faria (Switzerland).

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Book Reviews

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Abstract The Law of Social Security. A. I. Ogus and E. M. Barendt. Butterworth. 1982. 664 pp. Hardback $ 27.00. Gays and the Law. Paul Crane. Pluto Press. 1982. pp. $ 4.95. Divorce Conciliation. A study of services in England and abroad with implications for Scotland. Jane Forster. Scottish Council for Single Parents Publication 1983. 99 pp. $ 1.50. Abuse and Maltreatment of the Elderly. Causes and Interventions. Jordan I. KosBerg (Ed.) John Wright 1983. 448 pp. $ 25.50. Approaches to Welfare. Philip Bean and Stewart MacPherson (eds.). London R.K.P. 1983. 301 pp. Paperback $ 6.95.

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Who Needs Legal Aid Services? Addressing Demand in Jordan

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With the launch of two World Bank-funded programs, Jordan is stepping where few countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have gone before the development of comprehensive legal aid services based more closely on demand. For many poor persons, regular avenues of dispute resolution may prove inaccessible due to the costs involved, the complicated nature of procedures, the inability to procure legal information and representation, and a general lack of knowledge about rights and the means to enforce them. Legal aid services information, counseling and representation in court can help poor persons overcome these obstacles. They are not only important as services themselves, but are gateway services they may ultimately lead to access to other services, such as social welfare benefits or basic services.

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Jordan - Integrated Social Services for Vulnerable Youth Project : grant

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The objective of the Integrated Social Services for Vulnerable Youth Project for Jordan is to improve the quality of life of vulnerable youth by increasing the provision of services to young people, by increasing the participation of youth in decision-making related to these services, and by empowering local NGOs/service providers and communities. The project has three components: the first component being capacity-building for civil society partners serving youth. Under this component, the project will enhance the capacity of NGOs and CBOs to provide services to youth through workshops and other learning events and exchanges. The second component is the support for youth empowerment. This component will provide small sub-grants of up to US$ 40,000 to CBOs and service providers to empower youth and to improve the lives of vulnerable young people through civic participation, youth development, positive behavioral-change activities, improved social services and support to employability. Finally, the third component is the project management.

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Who needs legal aid services? Addressing demand in Jordan

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With the launch of two World Bank-funded programs, Jordan is stepping where few countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have gone before the development of comprehensive legal aid services based more closely on demand. For many poor persons, regular avenues of dispute resolution may prove inaccessible due to the costs involved, the complicated nature of procedures, the inability to procure legal information and representation, and a general lack of knowledge about rights and the means to enforce them. Legal aid services information, counseling and representation in court can help poor persons overcome these obstacles. They are not only important as services themselves, but are gateway services they may ultimately lead to access to other services, such as social welfare benefits or basic services.

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BOOK REVIEWS

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Book review in this Article FREEDOM AND THE WELFARE STATE by Bill Jordan. ADMINISTERING BRITAIN by Jeffrey Stanyer and Brian Smith. THE STATE, ADMINISTRATION AND THE INDIVIDUAL. by Michael Hill. PROBATION AND AFTER‐CARE: ITS DEVELOPMENT IN ENGLAND AND WALES. by Dorothy Bochel. THE CONSUMER CAUSE: A SHORT ACCOUNT OF ITS ORGANISATION, DEVELOPMENT, POWER AND IMPORTANCE. by Ronald Wraith THE SALE OF COUNCIL HOUSES: A STUDY IN SOCIAL POLICY by Alan Murie HOUSING AND MORTGAGE MARKETS BY G. Hadjimatheou. SLUM CLEARANCE by John English, Ruth Madigan and Peter Norman. NEED AND THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE by A.J. Culyer. THE POLITICS OF CONSUMER REPRESENTATION: A STUDY OF COMMUNITY HEALTH COUNCILS by Rudolf Klein and Janet Lewis. HEALTH CARE IN THE SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN EUROPE by Michael Kaser. GOVERNMENTS AND GROWTH by F. Knox. IN SEARCH OF THE SCROUNGER: THE ADMINISTRATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE IN BRITAIN, 1921–31. by Alan Deacon.

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Unreasonable Subjects

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Some fundamental questions are being asked of the welfare state in many European societies at the moment. From the political right, the magnitude of welfare spending and the balance between public and private provision has been consistently questioned since the impact of neo-liberalism in the early 1980s. From the so-called ‘radical centre’ the independence of social policy from economic policy has been questioned as attempts have been made to replace the idea of welfare as a means of redistribution with one which sees the value of welfare limited primarily to its contribution to wealth creation, that is, as something whose primary purpose is to construct a subject who is ‘fit for labour’. Neither of these perspectives seems to offer an expansive vision of welfare, both assume that the ‘onward march of welfare’ has been halted. This is cause for much concern because, to the extent that the idea of common welfare draws attention to the intrinsic dignity and value of a society’s citizens irrespective of their economic function, a welfare society can represent a different kind of social order, one in which decommodifying effects are maximised (Esping-Anderson, 1990). Thus while much intellectual effort has gone in to the defence of welfare, and rightly so, some voices have recently been heard calling for a new vision for welfare, a fundamental rethinking of the values and strategies on which welfare is based (Jordan, 1987; Doyal & Gough, 1991; Giddens, 1994; Leonard, 1997; Williams, 1998, 2000).

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Book reviews

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Making Fathers Pay: The Enforcement of Child Support. By David L. Chambers. Chicago and London: The University Press, 1979. 282 pages plus 62 page methodological appendix. $25.00 Hispanic Families: Critical Issues for Policy and Programs in Human Services. Edited by Miguel Montiel. Washington, D.C.: National Coalition of Hispanic Mental Health and Human Services Organizations—COSSMHO, 1978, 127 pp. $5.00 Understanding Social Welfare. By Ralph Dolgoff and Donald Feldstein. New York: Harper & Row, 1980, 352 pp. Healing the Dying. By Sister Mary Jane Linn, Father Dennis Linn, and Father Matthew Linn. New York: Paulist Press. 1979, 128 pp., $2.95 (paper). People Not Cases. By Nicholas M. Ragg. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1977, 152 pages, $10.25. Philosophy in Social Work. Edited by Noel Timms and David Watson. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. 1978, 224 pages, $13.95 and $6.95 (paper). Working With and For the Aged. Edited by Jordan I. Kosberg. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Social Workers, 1979. 26 reprints, $12.50.

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Reflections on CalSWEC as a Catalyst for Change

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by Nancy S. Dickinson, M.S.S.W,Ph.D. Executive Director, Jordan Insfitute for Families, Uruversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. I am looking at the letter on CalSWEC stationery soliciting papers for this special issue of Reflections, and the words focusing on public social and partnership for leap out at me. These phrases represent, for me, the vision of Harry Specht and the intent of those of us fortunate enough to be associated with CalSWEC at some fime during the last 10 years. I live in North Carolina now, about 20 miles from the Durham County Department of Social Services, where I first began my public child welfare career more than 20 years ago. That first work experience left me with a lasting commitment to public social services that has framed my social work career. Visiting with my first client on an unpaved street within the city limits, I realized that I had the privilege and the responsibility of working with the city's most troubled and vulnerable people who were virtually unknown to other cifizens living on the paved streets around the corner. I do not romanficize the experience. Working in public social services has been one of the most difficult professional challenges I have ever experienced. And yet that environment, which demanded my best practice skills, also rewarded me with moments of success and a strong connection to the history and values of social work. And so I resonated with Harry's vision to develop an educafional program that would introduce to students the passion and challenge of public social services and provide to agencies, families, and children the best educated and most skilled social work pracfifioners that they deserved. As the second CalSWEC Director, I was fortunate to reap the benefits of Bart Grossman's hard work implementing the program and ironing out all the rough start-up edges. I was able to focus, instead, on moving CalSWEC forward as partnership for change. The list of partners in this change effort is impressive—universities, county and state agencies, associations and foundafions. I realize now that the partnership should also include families. We ask fan:ulies to change and yet fail to include them among the change agents. Because of our commitment to change, CalSWEC was more than a stipend program. California graduate schools of social work were among the first in the covmtry to add and adapt curriculum to support public child welfare practice. Social work deans and directors struggled with the challenges of making graduate sodal work educafion accessible to distant comers of the state and through new technologies, while protecting the

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Special review: Welfare, social work, and case work

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Journal of the History of the Behavioral SciencesVolume 4, Issue 3 p. 283-288 Book Review Special review: Welfare, social work, and case work Charles Mark, Charles Mark Queens College of the City, University of New YorkSearch for more papers by this author Charles Mark, Charles Mark Queens College of the City, University of New YorkSearch for more papers by this author First published: July 1968 https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6696(196807)4:3<283::AID-JHBS2300040311>3.0.CO;2-VAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Chambers, Clarke A.: Seedtime of Reform; American Social Service and Social Action, 1918–1933. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1963, p. 117. Google Scholar 2 Seedtime of Reform; American Social Service and Social Action, 1918–1933. p. 190. Google Scholar 3 Garton, Nina R. and Herbert A. Otto: The Development of Theory and Practice in Social Casework. Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1964. p. 133. Google Scholar 4 The Development of Theory and Practice in Social Casework. p. 56. Google Scholar 5 The Development of Theory and Practice in Social Casework. pp. 64–65. Google Scholar 6 The Development of Theory and Practice in Social Casework. p. 134. Google Scholar 7 Timms, Noel: Psychiatric Social Work in Great Britain (1939–1962). London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Google Scholar ( International Library of Sociology & Social Reconstruction), and New York, Humanities Press, 1964. p. 161. Google Scholar 8 Krapf, E. E. and J. Moser: “Changes of Emphasis and Accomplishments in Mental Health Work, 1948–1960.” Mental Hygiene, Vol. 46, April 1962. PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Cited by Timms, op. cit., p. 52. For comparable data in the United States, Google Scholar see Encyclopedia of Social Work, 15th issue, New York, National Association of Social Workers, 1965. p. 899. When the National Association of Social Workers was formed in 1955 to replace seven organizations, its membership of 22,027 as of January 1, 1956 included 2,300 members of the American Association of Psychiatric Social Workers. Google Scholar 9 See Jordan, W. K.: Philanthropy in England, 1480 to 1660. New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1959; and Google Scholar Owen, David: English Philanthropy, 1660–1960. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1964. 10.4159/harvard.9780674183193 Google Scholar 10 Roy Lubove (editor): Social Welfare in Transition; Selected English Documents, 1834–1909. Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1966. p. 40. Google Scholar 11 Lubove, Roy: The Professional Altruist; the Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880–1930. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1965. p. 5. 10.4159/harvard.9780674420939 Google Scholar 12 The Professional Altruist; the Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880–1930. p. 11. Google Scholar 13 The Professional Altruist; the Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880–1930. p. 168. Google Scholar 14 The Professional Altruist; the Emergence of Social Work as a Career, 1880–1930. p. 172. Google Scholar 15 Vakharia, Parin: “ Social Work and Social Welfare Organizations in Other Parts of the World.” In Encyclopedia of Social Work, 15th Issue. New York, National Association of Social Workers, 1965. pp. 741–749; p. 746. Google Scholar 16 For a discussion of the Welfare State, see Marshall, T. H.: “The Right to Welfare.” The Sociological Review, Vol. 13, November 1965, pp. 261–272. 10.1111/j.1467-954X.1965.tb01140.x PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume4, Issue3July 1968Pages 283-288 ReferencesRelatedInformation

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EGYPTIAN BY ASSOCIATION: CHARITABLE STATES AND SERVICE SOCIETIES, CIRCA 1850–1945

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Abstract In this article I argue that the Egyptian state emerged as a welfare provider in the mid-20th century, first by depending on the services of charitable societies to feed, educate, and provide medical assistance to the poor, and later by imitating and harnessing the activities of charitable societies. Drawing on correspondence between the state and service societies from the 1880s to 1945, when King Faruq (r. 1936–52) granted the Egyptian Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA) the authority to define and to circumscribe the activities of social welfare organizations, the article illustrates the interactions of and the similarities between private and state-sponsored charity. The article further suggests that the establishment of MOSA helped to consolidate the hegemony of the Egyptian state over society and, at the same time, exemplified a dialectical process of state formation engaged in by Egyptian heads of state, service organizations, and the Egyptians whose needs they served.

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Silent No More: Special Needs People in Egypt

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Disability knows no boundaries of ethnicity, religion, gender, or social background. Silent No More highlights the many developments that have taken place, especially during the past decade, in social perceptions of disability and disabled persons in Egypt and in the services that enhance their quality of life. The survey begins with a short overview of Egypt's prominent role in providing medical care for the disabled from the Middle Ages to the present, and looks at how Egypt has today become the front runner in the Arab world in developing educational programs, services, and support for the mentally and physically disabled. Drawing on extensive interviews, Lesley Lababidi charts the changes of the present era by letting the disabled and their families, teachers and therapists, directors of government schools, and leaders in nongovernmental organizations speak for themselves. Their stories tell alternately of frustration, commitment, anger, progress, and courage. Most importantly, each person has a message that speaks to the future and the challenges that face Egyptians.

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Growth-promoting social safety nets

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Publicly funded, noncontributory transfer programs targeted to the poor and vulnerable have a long history. Free food distribution was a feature of Egypt in the time of the Pharaohs and of Rome during its Imperial age. England had a succession of “Poor Laws” dating from the 16th century that provided assistance to those unable to work, while Germany inaugurated components of the modern welfare state in the late 19th century. These programs, typically referred to as social safety nets or social protection programs, are now ubiquitous in developed countries and are becoming more common in developing countries. They are, however, controversial. While proponents of such programs see them as a means of ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are shared widely, critics see them as squandering scarce public resources and doing little to promote longer term development, while at the same time discouraging work and investment. Overlooked in this often polemical debate is the contribution that social safety nets can make in promoting economic growth. This instrumental dimension of social safety nets is the focus of this brief.

https://openalex.org/W2745467844

The Social Question and State Formation in British Africa

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Abstract The paper explores governmental perceptions and reactions to “social questions” in British colonial Africa, c. 1880-1950. By comparing three different political entities, Egypt, South Africa and Uganda, we find that authorities across cases have been acutely aware of potentially destabilising social change. Some social problems actually resulted from colonial projects themselves, giving rise to rather contradictory interpretations and policies. However, the intensity of political reactions to social questions varied widely, ranging from a largely passive approach in Egypt to the introduction of modern welfare in South Africa. We argue that perceptions and responses to social dislocation had a long-term impact on patterns of state formation and social policy development.

https://openalex.org/W3205694759

Public Sector Employment as a Social Welfare Policy: The “Social Contract” and Failed Job Creation for Youth in Egypt

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Although the IMF and the World Bank have advocated public sector reforms for market-oriented economic development, Egyptian authoritarian leaders have avoided such reforms. Egypt maintains a large public sector with a significant number of young Egyptians among its ranks. However, the public sector has shortcomings such as overstaffed government departments, deteriorating working conditions, and employee protests. This study uses the “social contract” concept to understand why Egypt’s political leaders have preserved this inefficient institution. The logic of the “social contract” works under two conditions: generous welfare as the main source of the regime’s legitimacy and a lack of accurate information concerning the extent to which people can tolerate painful reforms under authoritarian rule. Contrary to the conventional understanding, a lack of democratic institutions imposes “shackles” upon authoritarian leaders rather than giving them wide discretion regarding policymaking and the manipulation of institutions for their survival. The findings thus offer important insights into the dynamics of authoritarianism.

https://openalex.org/W2196783943

Family Planning for Low-Income African American Families: Contributions of Social Work Pioneer Ophelia Settle Egypt: Table 1:

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Historically, African Americans made huge contributions to the field of social welfare and the social work profession, yet little has been written about them in the professional literature. This article explores the contributions of pioneering social worker Ophelia Settle Egypt. A thorough assessment of her pioneering role would reveal her unique work as an educator, researcher, and grassroots social worker, but the focus here is on her innovative commitment to the Planned Parenthood movement. Egypt's work around population control in her Southeast Washington, DC, neighborhood with low-income African American families in the early 1950s became a labor of love in her community that can help inform current practice approaches in urban environments with African American populations.

https://openalex.org/W2533473192

Análisis de la transición política y social en la plaza Tahrir, epicentro de la revolución egipcia

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Egypt is one of the states of North Africa in 2011, began a process of political and social transition, because young people tired of the dictatorial regime of their governments who for many years had forgotten the people's welfare, they rebelled against this situation. The inconsistency of young Egyptians to their governments united to perform demonstrations in Tahrir Square in Cairo, which was the epicenter of the protests in Egypt. These events marked the beginning of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, and managed to show the ability of the population to raise new political ideals that generate a political transition to a better country. By chronological monitoring of the most important social movements, this investigation tries to describe the process of political and social transition experienced by the Egyptian nation, framed in political psychology, which will become the theoretical support to review the facts raised in 2011 and generated elements of collective action in Tahrir Square as the focus of the revolution, in its attempt to get a positive government develop effective policies to Egypt.

https://openalex.org/W2806353022

Public Financial Management and Its Impact On Egyptian National Railway

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The study focuses on improving the quality of public financial management (PFM) over governmental entities to attain public welfare. Thus, local authorities, which are public bodies deal with numerous products and services offered to society at social prices, face deficiencies such as accumulated losses and low employees productivity. In Egypt, local authorities are known as Economic Authorities (EA)s. As an example, Egyptian National Railway (ENR) is the sole economic authority responsible for rail network, yet it undergoes deteriorating financial position over decades.

https://openalex.org/W3150930870

Comparative Human Development: Egypt, Middle East, and the Developing World

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The objective of this research is to derive a comparative human development index by which to study the social welfare position of the Egyptian economy relative to the Middle East region and developing countries. This includes a comprehensive set of economic development indicators: per-capita income, poverty ratio, poverty gap, inequality of income, inequality of gender, and multiple dimensions of social entitlements as inverse measure of social deprivation. Taking water access, health access, education enrolment, and life expectancy as social entitlements, a new human development index is derived based on different works in the literature, most notably the works of Bergson, Samuelson, Atkinson, and Sen. This formulation is then applied to the Egyptian economy, the MENA region, and to a regional set of 79 developing countries. This gives rise to achievements, constraints, and future challenges on a comparative scale.

https://openalex.org/W2485216446

New Youth Organizations in Egypt: Charity and the “Muslim Professional”

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Religious social welfare organizations in Egypt have a long tradition, and from the beginning they have been critically observed and have stood in competition with policies of poor relief made by the Egyptian state (cf. Ener 2003). The first Muslim and Coptic charitable associations appeared in the nineteenth century,1 and in the twenty-first century this religious part of Egyptian civil society comprises a broad variety of organizations, ranging from small-scale charities related to local mosques and community-based associations to large national organizations with branches all over the country. In addition, there are numerous zakat committees, religious schools, health clinics, orphanages, women’s organizations, and so on.2 In 1939, the state established the ministry of social affairs, bringing the state back into the center of charity and countering responses to the needs of Egypt’s poor made by the Muslim Brotherhood and leftist movements (Ener 2003, 134). In their activities, self-image and discursive representations, the new youth organizations very much draw on this tradition and its interlacement in state affairs. However, they also differ in more than one respect from Egypt’s traditional religious social welfare organizations. These differences have been manifested in four new trends.

https://openalex.org/W2888392489

Social health insurance reform in Egypt : implementation challenges and the way forward

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The Government of Egypt aims to achieve health equity, or social justice in health care, by reorganizing the health system through financial protection, the expansion of services to all, better quality of services, and also greater accountability and monitoring of results and governance. Two of the reform's priorities are to increase financial protection and ensure efficiency in the provision of services, and mobilize resources ensuring financial sustainability. Egypt only spends 5.1 percent of its GDP towards health care, while out-of-pocket expenditures is high (69.7 percent of the total health expenditures). Article 18 of the Constitution sets a target of 3 percent of the GDP, demanding a shift in resource mobilization and improving the effectiveness of the health system to deliver services.

https://openalex.org/W3176092527

Measuring inclusive growth in Egypt over a decade

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Despite the many papers examining inclusive growth in relation to poverty, inequality and growth, studies measuring inclusive growth have remained relatively limited. Looking at the inequality of income, this paper is the first published paper that measures inclusive growth in Egypt, adopting a new approach based on the social opportunity function that is analogous to the idea of a social welfare function. The paper uses the last five rounds of the Household Income, Expenditure and Consumption Surveys (HIEVSs) covering the period 2004/05-2015. The paper concludes that Egyptians suffered from no welfare growth and no equity, especially during the period 2008/09-2010/11; i.e. there was no inclusive growth. Afterwards, although there was no welfare growth, equity distribution improved drastically to overweigh the negative welfare growth, resulting in high inclusive growth.

https://openalex.org/W126235578

Valuing Water in the Agricultural Environmental of Egypt: Some Estimation and Policy Considerations

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The purpose of this paper is to offer some preliminary estimates of the marginal value of water in Egyptian agriculture— or its shadow price. The shadow price of a commodity or factor of production is simply its social value, or alternatively, the social opportunity cost of doing without it. There are essentially two approaches to the empirical estimation of shadow prices. The first method begins with the market price, and the analyst attempts to adjust this market price to take account of externalities in consumption and production, the effects of income distribution on the price structure, and consumers' surpluses. The second entails solving the dual of a programming problem in which at least in theory, the maximand is some social welfare function.

https://openalex.org/W4388367131

Occupational health services for agricultural workers

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Abstract Agriculture is one of the oldest occupations; perhaps as old as human civilization. The ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, for example, flourished on agriculture. Even today, with industrialization, in the space and information ages, the security of a nation mainly depends on how much of its food needs can be produced internally. The low economic status of developing nations has had a negative influence on the pace of provision of social and welfare services, especially health care and education. Consequently, occupational health care has largely not been extended to include the majority of workers in developing countries, who work in the agricultural sector. Other reasons for the low consideration of agriculture workers for occupational health care are historical.

https://openalex.org/W4385999553

Migrants, welfare and social citizenship in postcolonial Europe

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Welfare landscapes are key sites for the everyday enactment and negotiation of citizenship, but they have remained relatively marginal in debates about migrants’ belonging in postcolonial Europe. Drawing on ethnographic studies of Egyptian migrant parents’ engagements with the welfare state in Paris, Amsterdam and Milan, this paper examines how citizenship is enacted, negotiated and experienced in welfare encounters. In contrast to the racialised citizenship produced by public discourses and bordering institutions, such welfare encounters articulate a social citizenship built on the idea that all citizens and legalised residents have a right to social welfare. This social citizenship is worked out in concrete encounters that revolve around material provisions and assistance, which are often deeply personal and intimate. Such encounters do not transact abstract notions of the citizen but draw on dense ideas and valuations of good lives, roles, responsibilities and deservingness on the part of welfare actors and beneficiaries.

https://openalex.org/W3101744837

Welfare States in the Middle East

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The chapter analyzes the origins and development of welfare provision in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). It provides a three-pronged typology of existing welfare regimes in the region along the dimensions of welfare generosity and accessibility. This is followed by a historical institutionalist account of the emergence of Middle Eastern welfare states, which emphasizes the importance of different types of coalitions formed at the critical juncture of regime formation. The chapter then hones in on three major areas of social policy (education, health, and social security) and outlines their development over time. The final section analyzes the effect of war-making on welfare provision in MENA and introduces the concept of “cheap social policies,” using Egypt as an example. The conclusion summarizes the main points and adumbrates future research agendas.

https://openalex.org/W2109422252

Growth-promoting social safety nets

https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2109422252

Publicly funded, noncontributory transfer programs targeted to the poor and vulnerable have a long history. Free food distribution was a feature of Egypt in the time of the Pharaohs and of Rome during its Imperial age. England had a succession of “Poor Laws” dating from the 16th century that provided assistance to those unable to work, while Germany inaugurated components of the modern welfare state in the late 19th century. These programs, typically referred to as social safety nets or social protection programs, are now ubiquitous in developed countries and are becoming more common in developing countries. They are, however, controversial. While proponents of such programs see them as a means of ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are shared widely, critics see them as squandering scarce public resources and doing little to promote longer term development, while at the same time discouraging work and investment. Overlooked in this often polemical debate is the contribution that social safety nets can make in promoting economic growth. This instrumental dimension of social safety nets is the focus of this brief.

https://openalex.org/W2922623264

Social Shock Sharing and Stochastic Dominance

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Since the seminal paper of Atkinson and Bourguignon (1982), little decisive progress has been achieved in developing empirically efficient stochastic dominance criteria for multidimensional social welfare analysis. By proposing new axioms of 'Social Shock Sharing', this paper provides new intuitive justifications to imposing sign restrictions on partial derivatives of individual von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions. These new breakthrough findings are exploited to derive necessary and sufficient stochastic dominance criteria for multidimensional social welfare comparisons, up to the sixth order, at least. Equivalent results are derived in terms of multidimensional poverty conditions. Empirically powerful discriminatory criteria are obtained by combining all social shock sharing axioms up to some high order and by deriving a dimension reduction property. An application to Egypt at the beginning of the XXIst century demonstrates the practical substantial gain in discriminating power of the approach by revealing a unambiguous continual improvement in bivariate income-education social welfare over the studied period.

https://openalex.org/W4210767498

SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH-RELATED SERVICES A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN THE GOVERNORATES OF BEHEIRA AND KAFR EL-SHEIKH

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This study aimed to make a comparison of the social and environmental assessment of services related to education and health in the governorates of Beheira and Kafr El Sheikh, where regional communities within the Egyptian country suffer from inequalities in the distribution of educational and health care services and infrastructure due to many obstacles that limit the efficiency and quality of these services and their provision and access For all citizens as well as to know the importance of applying the social and environmental assessment of services related to education and health to eliminate deficiencies and weaknesses in educational and health services provided to citizens to reach a mechanism to provide The service was of high quality and high efficiency, and the study was conducted on (10) public schools and (1) public university and (4) government hospitals and health centers in the two governorates The study sample, namely the lake and Kafr El Sheikh, and the study relied on the inductive and deductive approach and descriptive analytical approach to reach its specific goals, This curriculum was based on the combination of theoretical study and field study, and the theoretical framework was formed by compiling the scientific material related to the subject under study, as well as using statistical tests to answer the questions and hypotheses of the study.

https://openalex.org/W1762599503

Rural development policies in Egypt: historical background and evolution of the institutional framework.

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The population of Egypt has increased 11-fold since 1882, growing from 6.7 to 73.6 million persons. Egypt's crucial water resource comes almost only from the Nile. Among other things, it enables the irrigation of nearly 9 million feddan, including 3.2 million in the new territories. Today, the farming sector accounts for 31% of the working population and, with EGP96.5 bn, earns 16.5% of the GDP. Rural development policies have evolved in time and distinction can be made between several periods. The first was from 1882 to 1923. During the British protectorate, development consisted mainly of intensive irrigated cotton growing to supply the British textile mills. A welfare framework was made available to the farm workers who were essential for cotton production (prevention of epidemics). These actions were completed by the founding of the first cooperative and a farmers' union to protect very small farmers (the 5-feddan law). During the second period (1923-1952), the law on cooperatives, the setting up of a credit system for small farmers, the emergence of a social reform movement and the creation of social centres completed by the creation of a Ministry of Social Affairs (1939) showed the beginning of the institutionalisation of new development agencies for the rural world. Health, education and aid for rural communities and extension were increasingly important concerns. In 1946, the first attempt made to coordinate these basic services with a central role awarded to social centres failed nonetheless because of competition and disputes between services and resulted in a poor geographic distribution of the bodies. The third phase (1952-1973) was

https://openalex.org/W2523932951

Social Welfare under Authoritarian Rule: Change and Path Dependence in the Social Welfare System in Mubarak's Egypt

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This thesis is an attempt to answer the following question: how and why was the social welfare system in Egypt altered under the government of Hosni Mubarak (1981-2011)? Literatures on the determinants, objectives and structures of social welfare regimes predominantly assume democratic systems of government. They claim that the political influence of organised labour is the most important driving force for the expansion of social welfare systems. This driving force is effective only in open, democratic political arena. This thesis therefore argues that the case of Egypt requires us to consider social welfare regimes within the context of authoritarian resilience. According to this corpus of work, institutional change under authoritarian regimes can best be explained as a product of government survival strategies, strategies which seek to maximise the interests of the ruling elite, especially their political leaders (rather than the political influence of organised labour which drives social welfare systems in democratic countries). Although the ruling elite under authoritarian rule use social welfare systems in their survival strategies, the strategies differ in their context or ideology. Egypt’s first President, Gamal Abdul Nasser, designed and introduced a social welfare system which supported his primary goal of industrialisation. The income-redistribution aspects of his social welfare system were designed to mobilise popular political support for his regime from the middle and low-income classes, especially urban workers. His successor, Anwar al Sadat, relied still further on the income-redistribution function of the social welfare system, as a means of partially compensating those elements of society which could be considered ‘losers’ from his policy of economic opening (infitah). Whereas his policies expanded the economic base of regime support from the working class and the public sector to the growing business elites, he fortunately obtained several external resources, such as economic aid (from the United States, in particular), fees from the Suez Canal and oil exports. By exploiting these resources as sources to expand the social welfare system, Sadat was able to compensate the ‘losers’ and to maintain political legitimacy with these lower classes through welfare re-distribution instruments. His strategy strengthened the populist feature of the social welfare system. This thesis argues that change in the social welfare system during the Mubarak era was bounded by the logic of the ‘social contract’, which was reinforced by the expansion of populist welfare provision during the Sadat era. Sadat’s strategy led to fiscal deficit and prevented economic growth in the Mubarak era. Rationalisation of the programmes was indeed advocated by the international financial institutions and the Mubarak government did appear to initiate reforms. However, when looked at closely, the thesis reveals that these reforms did not result in significant reductions in government expenditures on social welfare as was supposedly intended. Despite a decline in external resources, the regime maintained expenditures, ‘thinning’ out the benefits of the welfare system where it could, but never fully engaging in deep structural reform. Mubarak’s government was caught in an unresolvable dilemma. Economic liberalisation in general created a new alliance between the ruling elite and the growing class of businessmen. However, the authoritarian regime still relied on a legacy of claims to redistributive justice for its legitimacy. As a decline in external resources cut away the regime’s capacity to deliver this through structural aspects of the economy, the regime increasingly relied on social welfare programmes to alleviate poverty and assuage political grievances. Regime fear of direct political protests increasingly drove social welfare policy, with the regime compensating for the effects of liberalisation in one side of the economy by spending money it could ill afford in another. The strategy was itself a fundamental contradiction and inherently unsustainable. As a result, a decline in distributive resources revealed a failure in the social welfare system – enduring fiscal misallocation and neglecting social problems (such as poverty and unemployment).

https://openalex.org/W2047562022

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child as Policy and Strategy for Social Work Action in Child Welfare in the United States

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The United States and Somalia are the only two countries in the world that have not ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Opposition in the United States stems from the CRC's demand for a cultural change in how a society cares for children and a political hesitancy to become involved in binding international agreements. An earlier analysis for understanding the CRC is reviewed and replaced with one that uses a policy analysis model. This new model provides a basis for uniform child welfare policy and strategy throughout the nation. Although NASW has been supportive, it has not actively studied the consequences of implementation of the CRC, nor has it incorporated the CRC into its policy statements as a fundamental tenet. This article recommends that the NASW use the CRC as a basis for all child welfare policy statements and reference the CRS in future articles on child welfare issues. It also urges social workers to become politically active on behalf of the CRC to achieve ratification. Finally, it recommends a national committee to not only coordinate efforts toward ratification, but also oversee implementation of the CRC once it is ratified.

https://openalex.org/W601172493

Immigrants, welfare reform, and the poverty of policy

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Acknowledgments Foreword by Ronald Walters Abbreviations and Terms Tables Overview Introduction by Philip Kretsedemas and Ana Aparicio Welfare Reform and Immigrants: A Policy Review by Audrey Singer No Safe Haven: Work, Welfare, and the Growth of Immigrant Exclusion by John Sheilds Immigrant Communities after Welfare Reform Una Puerta Abierta y Puerta Cerrada. Citizenship, Healthcare, and Welfare Reform in New Mexico by Lisa Cacari Stone and Ana Quiroz Disparate Welfare Needs and Impacts of Welfare Reform Among Illinois Immigrants by Rob Paral Avoiding the State: Haitian Immigrants and Welfare Services in Miami-Dade County by Philip Kretsedemas Immigrant Women after Welfare Reform Immigrants' Access to Public Health Care Systems in New York's Post-Reform Era by Ana Aparicio Welfare Reform in Santa Clara California: The Experiences of Mexican and Vietnamese Immigrant Women by Doris Ng Refugees and Resettlement Community-Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR): Offering Hmong Welfare Recipients' Voices for Dialogue and Change by Kalyani Rai Resettlement Experiences of Somali Refugee Women in Toronto by Arlene Herman and Neita Kay Israelite Welfare and Immigration Reform on the U.S.-Mexico Border Border Residents Manage the U.S. Immigration and Welfare Reforms by Randy Capps, Jacqueline Hagan, and Nestor Rodriguez Con la ayuda de dios? El Pasoans at the Border by Kathleen Staudt and Randy Capps Closing Remarks Reflections on Immigrant Hardships after Welfare Reform: New Challenges and Changing Trends by Kalyani Rai, Philip Kretsedemas, and Ana Aparicio About the Contributors

https://openalex.org/W3178992005

Developing a conceptual framework on establishing zakat institution to achieve social welfare and well-being of zakat recipients in Somalia

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This study aimed to propose a conceptual framework on an effective model for establishing a zakat institution to work efficient and effective zakat collection and distribution in Somalia to achieve social welfare and well-being of asnaf. However, due to the absence of zakat institutions to collect zakat efficiently and distribute in an effective way, the social welfare and well-being of zakat recipients are not visible among society. This study adopted an exploratory method in developing a conceptual framework by using the literature and content analysis technique. The result of this study stressed that the effective components model for establishing a zakat institution in Somalia consists of seven elements such as Administrative affairs, Disclosure practices, Good governance, Budgeting, Technology usage, the law, and Islamic ruling (Fatwa). Thus, the outcomes of the study might help the authority for establishing a zakat institution to enhance social welfare among the society in Somalia.

https://openalex.org/W4323364863

Donor Funded Projects and Social Economic Welfare in Rural Communities in Hiiraan-Somalia

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The study sought to establish the relationship between extent of Donor Funded Projects and social economic welfare in rural communities in Hiiraan, Somalia. The study was guided by three specific objectives, that include (i) determining the extent of donor funded projects;( ii) level of social economic welfare and (iii) the relationship between donor funded projects and social economic welfare in rural communities in hiiraan, Somalia, the study used a total population of 200 and a sample size of 133 respondents, and the questionnaire was used as the research instrument. Descriptive statistics used in this study included frequencies, means and PLCC on correlation of variables. The findings revealed the following: majority of respondents in this sample ranged between 31-40 years and these were male (68.4%) and had only attained diploma as their highest academic qualification (60.9%) and had an experience of 6-9 years (33.8%). Data analysis using means showed that extent of donor funded projects in rural communities in hiiraan, Somalia was found to be satisfactory (over all mean=2.88), and the level of social economic welfare was found to be high, and this was indicated by the overall mean (mean=2.74). The extents of donor funded projects and social economic welfare in rural communities in Hiiraan, Somalia are positive and significantly correlated.

https://openalex.org/W4379010596

Transmission of child removal stories Among Norwegian Somalis: An interactionist analysis of ethnic minority parents’ fears of child welfare services

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Ethnic minority parents who are fearful of child welfare services (CWS) is an acknowledged social problem, but the existing academic understanding is limited. Interpretations in previous research have tended to highlight people's ‘dispositions’, typically cultural backgrounds, and lack of knowledge, or ‘structures’ like welfare and penal systems. More neglected is how CWS fears can be generated from interactional processes within groups. Building on extensive ethnography with Norwegian Somalis, a marginalized migrant group, we extend the sociological understanding of ethnic minority parents’ CWS fears. Relying on an interactionist theoretical framework, we centre Erving Goffman's interaction ritual (e.g., facework) and stigma, which we combine with Robert Putnam's bonding social capital. From this vantage point, we construct a ‘bottom-up’ theoretical model highlighting transmission of child removal stories in tight-knit social networks. Among Norwegian Somalis, fears emanate from a social process with four interconnected factors: (A) adversities and ‘tribal stigma’; (B) bonding social capital, for coping and self-respect; (C) children as a ‘lifeline’. Together these generate (D) wide diffusion of child removal stories, which perpetuates pervasive CWS fears. This model should productively inform comparative research.

https://openalex.org/W1980477480

The Liberalization of Young Evangelicals: A Research Note

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Media outlets and observers of American religion suggest that young evangelicals are retreating from the ranks of the “Christian right” and are embracing more liberal positions on controversial social issues. We test this hypothesis using the Baylor Religion Survey. We examine two separate measures of evangelical identity as well as a wide variety of political identifications and attitudes. Our study indicates that young evangelicals (1) are significantly more likely than older evangelicals to think that more should be done to protect the environment; (2) hold views similar to older evangelicals regarding abortion, same-sex marriage, stem cell research, marijuana use, government welfare spending, spending on the nation's health, and the war in Iraq; and (3) remain significantly more conservative than nonevangelicals on these same social issues. We find no strong evidence to support the notion that young evangelicals are retreating from traditional positions or increasingly adopting more liberal positions on hot-button or controversial social issues.

https://openalex.org/W2062285786

Public Awareness of UK Veterans’ Charities

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Since the First World War, veterans’ charities have played an important role in the provision of health and welfare services for former military personnel and their families. With the recent Iraq and Afghanistan campaigns, the number of charities for veterans in the UK has grown rapidly, leading to concerns about quality, co-ordination of services and potential competition for public recognition and voluntary financial donations. This article uses data from the 2011 British Social Attitudes survey to measure levels of familiarity with veterans’ charities amongst the British public; knowledge of individual veterans’ charities; and purchases of poppies for the annual Poppy Appeal. On this basis, it suggests areas where veterans’ charities may wish to improve public engagement and knowledge.

https://openalex.org/W2973509555

Social protection, political mobilization and Muslim Shi’a NGOs in Iraq post-2003

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This chapter offers a novel insight into the new political settlement that is emerging in Iraq after the demise of Saddam Hussein’s regime in 2003 through the lens of social welfare and social protection. Its main argument is that the Iraqi experience shows that Muslim Shi’a NGOs are playing an intrinsic role in the development of the new political order of Iraq, whereby social welfare and social protection services remain intrinsic to their identity as political actors. The chapter maps out the role of Shi’a NGOs in Iraq as social protection providers. It critically examines how they are engaged in protecting and mobilizing the Shi’a denomination, through providing social welfare services and consolidating the role of the Shi’a-led government. To this end, Shi’a welfare NGOs in Iraq favour charity- and social assistance-based services which draw upon their religious identity and hence, promote an understanding of Iraqi citizenship that is rooted in Shi’a or sectarian identity. Thus, the subject matter of the chapter also addresses a wider issue about the place of religious groups and which actors are to be involved in social protection in the post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda.

https://openalex.org/W2127361123

Neighbourhood Choice Factors And Residents Satisfaction In Old And New Neighbourhoods Of Slemani City, Kurdistan-Iraq

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The concern about the quality of life in urban centres has led to an increasing interest among policymakers and planners on how to measure those variables that influence the perceived neighbourhood satisfaction amongst residents. This study examines the perception of residential environmental satisfaction, of old (Malkendi) and new (Bakhtiari nwe) neighbourhood in Slemani city, Kurdistan-Iraq. Through a household survey, 200 respondents were randomly sampled in each of the two neighbourhoods. Spear man rank correlation technique was used to test the relationship that exists between some neighbourhood choice factors and level of satisfaction of residents. Findings showed that the respondents’ choice of neighbourhood with respect to safety, provision of facilities/services and social environment was significantly related to their level of neighbourhood satisfaction. This suggests that the quality of physical and social environment to a certain level fulfill the intentions of residents in choosing to live in the neighbourhoods, but the new neighbourhood tended to perform better. There is need for policy makers and planners to revitalize the infrastructures especially road networks and building structures in the old neighbourhood to ensure that residents’ welfare and satisfaction are adequately met. Keywords: Neighbourhood satisfaction, Physical environment, Social environment, Old and New neighbourhood

https://openalex.org/W3125206465

Returning Veterans and Disability Law

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Federal laws and policies as they relate to the employment of people with disabilities are at war with themselves. Antidiscrimination law, primarily through the Americans with Disabilities Act, is premised on the empowering idea that people with disabilities can and should work once discriminatory societal barriers are removed. But antidiscrimination law does not work alone. There is a separate sphere of social welfare policies that provides more affirmative forms of assistance to people with disabilities. These older programs contain significant work disincentives and are often conditioned on detachment from the labor force. These divergent views of disability and employment have contributed to the low success rate in moving and keeping people with disabilities in the workforce. The federal laws and programs for veterans with disabilities demonstrate that a more coherent policy is possible. Federal employment policy for veterans with disabilities is more integrated and encourages workforce participation through both antidiscrimination law and social welfare policies. The occasion of the largest wave of returning veterans with disabilities in recent history, combined with the renewed need to create employment opportunities for all groups in light of rising unemployment rates, creates a unique opportunity to analyze what can be learned from this more coherent framework. INTRODUCTION I. THE INCONSISTENT STRATEGIES OF EMPLOYMENT POLICY FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES II. DIFFERENT POPULATIONS AND A TWO-TIERED LEGAL AND POLICY SCHEME A. Different Populations B. Two-Tiered Employment Policy C. Two-Tiered Results? III. LOOKING AHEAD CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION These are interesting times in disability law. Disability has not always occupied center stage in the struggle for civil fights. Yet with the return of veterans with disabilities from Iraq and Afghanistan--the largest such wave in recent history--the disability experience is much more in the public consciousness. The outrage over conditions at the Walter Reed Medical Center was an expression of public support for the cause of wounded veterans. (1) Similarly, anyone reading the newspaper or listening to the radio recognizes the large number of human interest stories of veterans with disabilities trying to reintegrate into society. This focus on disability comes at an important moment. In the current economic climate, policymakers will be focusing renewed attention on increasing the national employment rate. This is therefore a crucial time to be considering how to remove barriers that keep people with disabilities out of the workforce. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (2) (ADA) has certainly created a more accessible society that has made people with disabilities a more visible presence in public life. But there is near uniform consensus that insofar as the ADA was intended to increase employment levels for people with disabilities, it has failed. This is the biggest current challenge in disability law and policy. (3) The ADA, of course, does not stand alone. The federal government's policy scheme relating to the employment of people with disabilities also contains a host of social support programs that provide cash payments, access to healthcare and medical goods, and job training programs. Yet the ADA and social support programs operate from very different premises. The ADA, like most employment discrimination statutes, rests on the assumption that many people with disabilities can and should work. (4) It stakes out the normative ground that disability is socially constructed, and focuses on removing discriminatory barriers that keep people with disabilities out of the workplace (and other spheres of public life). Federal social support policies, in contrast, start from a different place. As older programs, they tend to treat people with disabilities through a medical model, seeking to objectively evaluate whether their medical situation entitles them to governmental benefits. …

https://openalex.org/W3123211086

Veterans Who Apply for Social Security Disabled-Worker Benefits after Receiving a Department of Veterans Affairs Rating of "Total Disability" for Service-Connected Impairments: Characteristics and Outcomes

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This article examines the interactions between the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) disability compensation program and the Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) program for veterans rated by VA. We find that one-half of the veterans rated totally disabled during fiscal years 2000-2006 had already applied for DI benefits and over one-third had received them. Some veterans with VA total-disability ratings did not meet the Social Security Administration's disability standards because of differences in the two programs' purposes and disability criteria. Both programs tend to serve an older population, with more than two-thirds of VA total-disability awards going to Vietnam-era veterans older than age 50. We examine differences in the primary medical diagnoses for veterans with exposure to both programs and pay special attention to the diagnoses of posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury.Selected AbbreviationsALJ administrative law judgeDDS disability determination serviceDI Disability InsuranceFRA full retirement ageIU individual unemployabilityMC/WW military casualty/wounded warriorPTSD posttraumatic stress disorderSGA substantial gainful activitySGE substantially gainful employmentSSA Social Security AdministrationSSI Supplemental Security IncomeVA Department of Veterans AffairsIntroductionIn recent years, policymakers have examined the interaction of two federal programs that provide benefits to military personnel with service-connected disabilities. In September 2009, the Government Accountability Office issued a report recommend- ing that the Social Security Administration (SSA) increase its outreach and collaboration with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to improve access to Social Security disability benefits for military personnel wounded since October 2001 in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq (GAO 2009). Also in 2009, both houses of Congress introduced legisla- tion known as the BRAVE Act1 that would certify veterans judged by the VA to have total disability (that is, having a combined rating of 100%2 or a rat- ing of individual unemployability [IU]) as meeting the medical requirements of the disability programs administered by SSA. Essentially, a veteran with a rating of total disability would not have to undergo the medical portions of SSA's disability determina- tion to be eligible to receive Social Security disability benefits. The veteran would have to be insured for disability in order to qualify for Disability Insurance (DI) worker benefits and could not be engaged in substantial gainful activity (SGA).With a focus on DI, the research reported herein is part of SSA's work toward increasing coordination between the VA disability compensation program and SSA's disability programs. It is important to under- stand that DI and the VA disability program serve dif- ferent purposes, have different definitions of disability, and may not integrate well. This article highlights the intent and provisions of each program, and then presents data on the historical interactions between them using matched administrative records from the two programs. It also examines the probable outcomes had the BRAVE Act been enacted.VA Disability CompensationThe VA disability compensation program pays benefits to veterans who incur an injury or contract a disease that is service-connected-that is, the result of disabil- ity incurred in, presumptively related to, or aggravated by their military service. VA evaluates and rates each service-connected disability (injury or disease) with a percentage value from 0 to 100 according to a schedule established by regulation.3 For veterans with more than one disabling condition, VA combines the individual ratings into a single combined rating and rounds it to the nearest 10%. Disabled veterans with a combined rating of 10% or greater are entitled to compensation in the form of a cash benefit. …

https://openalex.org/W1548901018

Understanding Social Welfare : A Search for Social Justice

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IN THIS SECTION: 1.) BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.) FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter 1: Socioeconomic Structure, Human Needs, and Mutual Responsibility Chapter 2: Social Values and Social Welfare Chapter 3: Social Values and Social Welfare: England from the Middle Ages Onward Chapter 4: Social Values and Social Welfare: The American Experience I Chapter 5: America and Poverty: Two Paths: The American Experience II Chapter 6: Concepts for Social Welfare Chapter 7: Examining a Social Welfare Program within the Context of Social Justice: Structural Components, Alternative Program Characteristics, and Evaluation Chapter 8: The Welfare Society and Its Clients Chapter 9: Current Social Welfare Programs-Economic Security Chapter 10: Social Welfare Programs: Sustaining the Quality of Life Chapter 11: Nonprofit and Private Social Welfare Chapter 12: Social Work: The Emergence of a Profession Chapter 13: Social Work: Functions, Context, and Issues Chapter 14: Social Trends Affecting Social Welfare Chapter 15: Toward the General Welfare and Social Justice FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter 1: Socioeconomic Structure, Human Needs, and Mutual Responsibility Overview The Impact of Social and Economic Structures Cascading Effects Defining Social Welfare and Social Work The American Myth of the Hero Balancing Individual and Societal Responsibilities Human Rights, Social Justice, Social Work, and Social Welfare Equality of Opportunity The Authors' Perspective Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 2: Social Values and Social Welfare Overview Modern Views of Humanity Self-Actualization versus Irritation Response Theories Economics and Human Motivation An Overview of History Ancient Cultures Early Christianity Holy Poverty and Expectations of the Wealthy Eastern Cultures Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 3: Social Values and Social Welfare: England from the Middle Ages Onward Overview The Early Middle Ages The Middle Middle Ages The Late Middle Ages to Elizabethan Work and Religion The The Law Compilation of 1601 Speenhamland The Workhouse The Law of 1834 Principles of the Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 4: Social Values and Social Welfare: The American Experience I Overview American Law Mentality Settlements, Labor, and Imported Poor Laws The Early Spanish Influence, the Mexicans, and Other Hispanics Voluntary Mutual Aid Efforts Voluntary and Public Responsibilities The American Frontier: The Myth and Values Mutual Aid among Immigrant Groups Rugged Individualism and/or Cooperation? American Indians and U.S. History The Federal Role in Social Welfare The Freedmen's Bureau Veterans and a Suspension of the Ethic City, Town, and County: A Local Institution Social Darwinism The Coming of Social Insurance Society, Social Values, and Modern Views of Human Nature Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 5: America and Poverty: Two Paths: The American Experience II Overview Three Discoveries of Poverty The War on Poverty The Skirmish against Poverty Families, Children, and Poverty The Paths Forward Human Nature and the American Dream Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 6: Concepts for Social Welfare Overview What Is Social Welfare? Social Policy, Social Services, and Social Work Ideology, Social Policy, and Government Intervention The Federal and Pluralist System The Economic Sphere The Importance of Fiscal and Monetary Policy A Tarnished Business Sector? A Second Welfare System-Corporate and Individual Welfare Globalization and Social Justice The Bush Administration International and National Background Features and the Search for the Dream Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 7: Examining a Social Welfare Program within the Context of Social Justice: Structural Components, Alternative Program Characteristics, and Evaluation Overview Structural Components Alternative Program Characteristics Evaluating the Program Testing for Social Justice Views and Proponents The Social Work Clinical Practice Sphere and Social Justice Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 8: The Welfare Society and Its Clients Overview Who Is a Client of Social Welfare? What Is Poverty? A Description of the Other Views of Poverty Ideology Revisited The Second Bush Administration The Obama Administration Ideology Once Again Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 9: Current Social Welfare Programs-Economic Security Overview Social Insurance Programs Social Security (OASDI) Unemployment Insurance Temporary Disability Insurance Workers' Compensation Income Support Programs Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Supplemental Security Income General Assistance Earned Income Tax Credit Socioeconomic Asset Development Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 10: Social Welfare Programs: Sustaining the Quality of Life Overview Managed Care: A Radical Change Health Care Programs The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ObamaCare) Nutrition Programs Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Housing Veterans' Benefits Employment Programs Personal Social Services Mental Health Services Corrections Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 11: Nonprofit and Private Social Welfare Overview Early Patterns The Nonprofit Sector The Proprietary Private For-Profit Organization Services of the Nonprofit and Private Sectors Getting and Spending Privatization Private and Nonprofit Agencies as Social Welfare Programs Finances, Recessions, Budgets, and Mergers Leadership, Class, and Gender Private and Public Spheres The Marketplace and the Nonmarket Domain Family and Friends Toward the Future Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 12: Social Work: The Emergence of a Profession Overview The Workers of Good Works The Process of Professionalization A Brief History of Practice and Methods Development of the Professional Association Social Work with Groups Community Organization and Social Planning Toward a Unified Profession Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 13: Social Work: Functions, Context, and Issues Overview The Purposes of Social Work The Professional within Complex Organizations Society, the Functions of Social Work, and Services for People The Two Tracks of Social Work: Cause and Function Generic-Specific Social Work 2010 Social Work Congress Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 14: Social Trends Affecting Social Welfare Overview National Society Food Security The United States: A Changing Population, a Selected Social Welfare Agenda, and Social Justice Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes Chapter 15: Toward the General Welfare and Social Justice Overview Children and Poverty Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Elder Abuse What Are the Major Types of Elder Abuse? What is Known About Interventions? Social Policy Implications for Social Work Globalization, Privatization, Socially Just Services, and the Future of Social Welfare The Roles of Social Work Issues for Social Workers A Second Welfare System: Corporate and Taxpayer Welfare and Social Justice The Choices Before Us: Social Justice and the Baby-Boomer Generation Technology and Social Action Where We Are Coda: Two Views of the Future Summary Questions for Consideration MySearchLab Connections Notes APPENDIX: Sources of Information and Timeline Index

https://openalex.org/W1266638695

Constructing a welfare indicator for the analysis of poverty in Iraq

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In this paper we use the 2007 Iraq Household Socio-Economic Survey to construct a monetary welfare indicator that will measure the living standards of Iraqi households. We devote special attention to the treatment of rations distributed by the Public Distribution System and to the estimation of the consumption flow from durable goods.

https://openalex.org/W2747488878

Social Welfare: Between Poverty and Welfare With Reference To the Case of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region: A Field Study

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The United Nations and many interested countries recognized the human right to an acceptable or appropriate life through the right to an adequate income sufficient to meet the basic needs of food and medicine, in addition to the right to education. Therefore, many developed and developing countries have adopted welfare and social security systems to achieve this. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq, in turn, aims to achieve this by relying on the laws and regulations of the Republic of Iraq in addition to issuing its own new laws and regulations concerning recent situations of this matter (if required).

https://openalex.org/W2955930082

Investigation of the Supply Chain Strategy Effects on Substantive Legal Framework and Problems of Iraqi Local Authorities` Activity in the Social Sphere

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This article considers the legal norms regulating the activities of local governments in the field of social services at the federal, regional and municipal levels of government, the activities of municipal social services to provide social assistance and support and issues relating to the separation of powers between state authorities and local governments in social services. In recent years, many social problems have arisen or worsened, resulting in a decline in the population of Iraq. According to the latest data, August - December 2009, the number of Iraqis decreased by 30.4 thousand people. In comparison with the same months last year, Iraqis have died more than 11.5 thousand. Across the country, the number of deaths on the number of births was 2.6 times. Therefore, an active local social policy in the field of social services is one of the most important tasks of municipal development. It is at the municipal level that it is easier to identify social problems, determine the circle of people in need of social assistance, develop the system of social services, improve the quality of social services provided, thereby increasing the efficiency of social services at the local level.

https://openalex.org/W2936804989

The importance of accounting disclosure on social responsibility and its reflection in the role of enterprises in achieving social welfare A survey of the views of a number of financial analysts in the Iraqi market for securities

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The research aims to test the fact that there is an impact on the Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (CSRD) in achieving Social Welfare (SW) in the Iraqi environment. 69 questionnaires were used, including a number of financial analysts in the Iraq Stock Exchange, to test hypotheses. We find that is a very high correlation significant between Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure with social welfare. And that this disclosure positively affects the achievement of social welfare through the explain of the role it and contributions of these Corporate in support of the internal social base represented by individuals of the e Corporate, and external represented by individuals of society from the surrounding environment.

https://openalex.org/W3097830510

Social policy to develop the situation of the family in Iraq

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This research aims to discover and analyze the social situation of the Iraqi family, know the content of the social policy and reach the most important strategies suitable to develop this situation in sake of the social development which is the most important aim of the social policy. To achieve these aims, descriptive method is used according numbers and statistic percentages reports of formal and informal institutions. These reports gave a clear image to the family situation in our Iraqi society. It's good to know that the study is social and analytic. The most important conclusions achieved by the researcher supported by numbers and statistic percentages, formal and informal are. 1. Stooping of the educational level and escaping from school caused by poverty and children work on one hand, emigration and instability of security on other hand. 2. Stooping of the level of health services. 3. Increasing of the percentage of breadwinner women of the family in our Iraqi society reached to 11%. 4. Increasing of the percentage of divorce, orphanhood, widowhood and children work. Multiplication of reasons or factors of the diffusion of these social phenomena leading to structural disorganizations in family and society. Especially under the contemporary societal transformations. Finally, a reformatory model composed of number of convenient strategies and suitable to develop the situation of the family is suggested in order to realize the social welfare. These strategies are. 1. Strategy of fighting or limitation of poverty and impoverishing. 2. Strategy of enabling the woman and young men. 3. Strategy of protection of childhood and family.

https://openalex.org/W3034935366

Measuring the impact of environmental accounting activities on achieving social welfare and maximizing the value of Iraqi industrial companies

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Based on the above in describing the problem of the study and the questions raised, the objectives that the study seeks to achieve are as follows: Study and analyze the relationship between the accounting dimensions of social welfare and its impact on maximizing the value of the company. Study the relationship between the accounting dimensions of social welfare and its impact on maximizing the value of Iraqi industrial companies. -           Study hypotheses In the light of the problem of the study and for the purpose of achieving the goals and objectives pursued by the study can determine the hypothesis of the research, which is the sub-hypotheses of the link between the dimensions of social welfare accounting and maximize the value of the company. -          Limits of the study The spatial limits of the study, which is the General Company for Cement Babylon, one of the formations of the Iraqi Ministry of Industry and Minerals. Time limits The time limits of the study for the financial period of 2018 were represented. - Accounting dimensions of social welfare This paper deals with the definition of the concept of social welfare from an economic and accounting perspective, as well as to identify the most important accounting dimensions of social welfare .

https://openalex.org/W2486328094

Human dignity and social policy

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This chapter considers the concepts of human dignity and social policy, starting with an example of the treatment of Iraqi prisoners at the hands of American soldiers. It moves on to a discussion of a study of dignity, which can help evaluate whether the current direction of social policy can actually promote human well-being. It introduces the concept of welfare-to-work programmes, comparative studies of welfare recipients, the Esping-Andersen model, and comparative social policy.

https://openalex.org/W3097304931

Administration Water Supply Gap for Residential Land Use in Baghdad City for the Period 1993-2010

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A service processing water supply for residential land use is a cornerstone to the success of all plans for economic and social development to bring it to the welfare of the required service, where the investment has been employed to improve the human and his service, lies in the attention to the safety of his health and social welfare, with a big return in increasing the productive capacity of society and development towards higher levels in human living. Problem lies in the lack of adoption of proper planning and successful completion of this vital service, task, and provided so as to ensure justice in the processing where not found in Iraq and in the study area, especially the standards and a real comprehensive studies planning cover all aspects of water supply service to residential areas, The city of Baghdad suffers from problems in justice processing water supply to revitalize the residential and scarves, and thus need to be clear and comprehensive study of this problem contributes to reducing the gap in the city of Baghdad and the rest of the provinces of the country.

https://openalex.org/W2890497729

Happiness on Tap: Piped Water Adoption in Urban Morocco

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We study the demand for household water connections in urban Morocco, and the effect of such connections on household welfare.In the northern city of Tangiers, among homeowners without a private connection to the city's water grid, a random subset was offered a simplified procedure to purchase a household connection on credit (at a zero percent interest rate).Take-up was high, at 69%.Because all households in our sample had access to the water grid through free public taps (often located fairly close to their homes), household connections did not lead to any improvement in the quality of the water households consumed; and despite significant increase in the quantity of water consumed, we find no change in the incidence of waterborne illnesses.Nevertheless, we find that households are willing to pay a substantial amount of money to have a private tap at home.Being connected generates important time gains, which are used for leisure and social activities, rather than productive activities.Because water is often a source of tension between households, household connections improve social integration and reduce conflict.Overall, within 6 months, self-reported well-being improved substantially among households in the treatment group, despite the financial cost of the connection.Our results suggest that facilitating access to credit for households to finance lump sum quality-of-life investments can significantly increase welfare, even if those investments do not result in income or health gains.

https://openalex.org/W2004175615

The Effect of Universal Service Delivery on the Integration of Moroccan Immigrants in Spain: A Case Study from an Anti-Oppressive Perspective

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The ‘progressive's dilemma’ questions the ability of public social services to facilitate the integration of immigrants into modern welfare states. The rationale is that majority groups react negatively towards minorities when they perceive their prerogatives threatened, which creates a backlash against immigrants' integration. In this article, we argue that universal social services, as opposed to means-tested programmes, can help to overcome the ‘progressive's dilemma’ by facilitating the interaction of immigrants and members of the receiving community. To illustrate our argument, we describe a structural coexistence initiative of universal service delivery designed to facilitate the integration of Moroccan immigrants into a rural municipality of Spain. The discussion examines the coexistence initiative from an anti-oppressive perspective of social work with immigrant minorities.

https://openalex.org/W2498749416

Economic Reform, Social Welfare, Civic Society and Islamists in Morocco

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Morocco, like many other Middle Eastern and North African states, has a long history of populist state welfare provision in the form of an implicit Social Contract whereby the state provides for its citizens in return for loyalty to the regime. However, although the country has made huge strides since independence in improving social welfare, most of its social welfare indicators remain below those of comparable lower middle-income countries. This is because state welfare provision, although based on a populist model, has been biased towards urban areas and the better off.

https://openalex.org/W3213359881

A SOCIOLOGICAL READING OF THE LEGAL ‎SYSTM OF SOCIAL WELFARE INSTITUTIONS‎

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This research derives its importance from the scientific framework that Is rich in theoretical ‎approaches in the field of sociology, management systems and governance,and then from ‎the field framework related to the reality of managing social welfare institutions in Morocco, its ‎developments in legal and financial aspects and the current repercussions on the level of ‎social welfare. it also aims to raise the level of social welfare for the beneficiary groups, by ‎evaluations the efforts made in managing these institutions based on an exact scientific ‎approach, method and tools. As a result, we will try to answer in this scientific study, the ‎answer to the following problematic question. «To what extent is the sociological approach ‎adopted in the current legal system of social welfare institutions in Morocco and what is ‎impact on the profitability of these institutions»‎ It is efforts that Is divided into two parts, the first is theoretical and the second is ‎methodological and field, in which we focus on the sociological study of the current reality of ‎the legal and financial system for the management, and evaluations of social welfare ‎institutions in Morocco and the reflection of this evaluations on the profitability of these ‎institutions, especially for the elderly and the time allotted for completion‎‎‎. Keywords: Socıologıcal Reading, Socıal Welfare Instıtutıons‎, Management Systems.

https://openalex.org/W2234342225

نظام الزكاة المالي وتحسين المعاش العام تقدير كمي شمولي في الاقتصاد المغربي [Zakat and Improved Public Welfare: A Global Estimation in the Moroccan Economy]

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Main papers on Zakat are focused on Shariah explanation to prove its important role to resolve social and economic problems of Islamic society. This paper aims to model the Zakat system to determine the volume and the effects of Zakat funds. We expect that this is the first empirical paper, using a large database covering all economic activities, leading to estimate the financial required rights to the poor and needy people and others inside the Moroccan society.

https://openalex.org/W1468380579

Human rights and the social welfare system in Morocco

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This article deals with human rights and social welfare systems in Morocco. This concept which is Western in origin is universal but the protection of non-western populations remains limited although in the context of contributions the Zakat was used to cover the needs of the most deprived categories among the people. As for western concepts and the realities of a poor country it should be underscored that a similar evolution is common to civilizations and cultures of other eras. People likewise speak of sectarian rights and freedoms. Paradoxically the impact of international law human rights and social welfare systems is limited; however in terms of these commitments there is no need to cite all the norms of international law that deal indirectly with social welfare systems. However the international norms on social welfare systems of which only 41 have been ratified by the Moroccan authorities are cited. In actuality the social welfare and insurance system exists only for a privileged minority and up to the present time there has not been any overall system of unemployment insurance even with a certain number of gaps. What is needed is an ethos based on human solidarity with equity for poor segments of the population both in the courts and other agencies of recourse outside the court system. In the last analysis human rights need to be seen as a source of power for the citizens and a means for holding accountable those who are supposed to serve them which requires contribution and total solidarity.

https://openalex.org/W1787331907

Decreasing social inequities through decentralization : Morocco Social Priorities 1 Health Project

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The Morocco Social Priorities Program incorporates three complementary projects, one of which is the Basic Health Project. These projects are being implemented simultaneously in the 14 poorest provinces, in which 27 percent of the total population and 43 percent of the rural population live. The overall objectives of the Social Priorities Project are to assist the government to implement its strategy to increase access of the poor to basic social services, enhance social protection, and create new opportunities for the poor to participate in economically productive activities. Social Development best practices were recognized as: the multi-dimensional approach to poverty reduction aimed at enhancing opportunities, capabilities, empowerment, and security of the poor; Participatory processes in implementation; organizational and institutional decentralization; and ongoing monitoring and evaluation of social development outcomes by the government and community.

https://openalex.org/W3123137103

Decreasing Social Inequities through Decentralization: Morocco Social Priorities 1-Health Project

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The Morocco Social Priorities Program incorporates three complementary projects, one of which is the Basic Health Project. These projects are being implemented simultaneously in the 14 poorest provinces, in which 27 percent of the total population and 43 percent of the rural population live. The overall objectives of the Social Priorities Project are to assist the government to implement its strategy to increase access of the poor to basic social services, enhance social protection, and create new opportunities for the poor to participate in economically productive activities. Social Development best practices were recognized as: the multi-dimensional approach to poverty reduction aimed at enhancing opportunities, capabilities, empowerment, and security of the poor; Participatory processes in implementation; organizational and institutional decentralization; and ongoing monitoring and evaluation of social development outcomes by the government and community.

https://openalex.org/W3021373347

THE ROLE OF CHILD WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS IN THE SOCIAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN

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The main objective of this study is to identify the types of protection offered to children from the perspective of the workers in the organizations of childhood welfare and protection in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).The research was guided by key questionssurrounding the welfare laws and types of protection available to childrenvia theseorganizations. The main findings were that all child protectionorganizations emphasize the importance of protecting children from violence in all its forms and at all levels, domestic violence, and that these organizations work to protect children from neglect and from physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.

https://openalex.org/W74382016

Developing Accessibility for Persons with Disability in Public Places and Transport

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Ministry of Social Affairs (MSA) in the United Arab Emirates is seeking to improve the quality of life for persons with disabilities. Therefore, the Department of Welfare and Rehabilitation of Persons with Disability (DWRPD) cooperated with many parties such as the Roads and Transport Authority in Dubai (RTA), Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing and Dubai Airport Authority to provide accessibility for persons with disabilities and the elderly. Today the Dubai Metro, which began construction in 9/9/2009, is very suitable for the use of persons with disabilities and the elderly, including wheelchairs, walkers, and crutches users, and is suitable for people with visual impairment or hearing disability. The new Dubai airport (terminal 3) has become very accessible for persons with disabilities and elderly, enabling them to travel easily. Shopping malls, hotels and some public parks are also suitable for use by persons with disabilities and the elderly. Officials dealing with building accessibility in public places and transportation, have been in close cooperation with persons with disabilities themselves, who proposed accessibility options they need in these places. Future plans include continue building and developing Accessibility in public places, schools and parks, gardens and picnic areas. The UAE was the first Arab country that worked on the issue of accessibility for the disabled and the elderly in Public Transport and outdoor spaces. In this presentation a summary of the experience of the Ministry of Social Affairs in building accessibility for persons with disabilities and elderly in public transport and buildings is described.

https://openalex.org/W2003610564

Intergenerational solidarity and the family–welfare state balance

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The article addresses the strength and character of intergenerational family solidarity under different family cultures and welfare state regimes in order to answer the following two questions: (1) Is intergenerational solidarity stronger under the more collectivist southern family tradition than under the more individualist northern tradition? (2) Is more generous access to social care services a risk or a resource for family care? These questions are explored with data from the OASIS project, a comparative study among the urban populations aged 25+ (n=6,106) in Norway, England, Germany, Spain, and Israel. The findings indicate that the welfare state has not crowded out the family in elder care, but has rather helped the generations establish more independent relationships. Intergenerational solidarity is substantial in both the northern and southern welfare state regimes, and seems to vary in character more than in strength.