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Mapping MENA 1

https://openalex.org/W2084073417

Recruitment and retention of nursing students in Kuwait

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This study describes the problems of recruiting and retaining student nurses in Kuwait. Based on a social definition paradigm, a convenience sample of 54 respondents made up of 25 final year high school students, 20 adults from the community and 9 nursing students who dropped out of the program were interviewed. Data were analyzed by comparing the responses of the three groups. Constant comparative analysis yielded one major societal proposition on which the recruitment and retention behaviors are anchored. This proposition states that nursing is a low status and non-respectable profession in Kuwait. Five key defining characteristics of the proposition were also identified. Furthermore, findings also showed that two prominent barriers to recruitment were lack of social support and lack of information about nursing. Similarly, social pressure, poor staff welfare and academic problems were some of the major factors responsible for poor retention of students. Suggestions for improvement include provision of awareness programs, career guidance and innovative policy on staff welfare.

https://openalex.org/W1949069503

Anatomy of an oil-based welfare state: rent distribution in Kuwait

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Oil wealth has transformed Kuwait within decades from a modest, trade-based desert emirate into a modern city-state. It has also created a relatively egalitarian economy based on an extensive distributive system that provides Kuwaiti citizens with essential services including free healthcare, education and social security. Therefore, the most important fact about Kuwait’s oil wealth is that it has been successfully used to benefit its citizens. This feat has been achieved through a broad distributive welfare state. Nevertheless, Kuwait’s policies of rent distribution have developed in an ad hoc manner into an uncoordinated system. Some of Kuwait’s policies of rent distribution, such as subsidizing utilities and providing public employment, have resulted in substantial distortions, inefficiencies and institutional deficiencies, and thus there remains substantial scope for improvement.

https://openalex.org/W2089933851

GLOBALIZATION AND POLITICAL ISLAM: THE SOCIAL BASES OF TURKEY'S WELFARE PARTY

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Political Islam has gained heightened visibility in recent decades in Turkey. Large numbers of female students have begun to demonstrate their commitment by wearing the banned Islamic headdress on university campuses, and influential pro-Islamist TV channels have proliferated. This paper focuses on the Welfare ( Refah ) Party as the foremost institutional representative of political Islam in Turkey.

https://openalex.org/W2162357652

Religion, politics and social assistance in Turkey: The rise of religiously motivated associations

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Religiously motivated welfare provisioning has played an increasingly important role in the Turkish social welfare arena over the previous two decades. This paper investigates the society-specific mechanisms behind the contemporary proliferation of religiously motivated associations (RMAs) in Turkey. The historical analysis of the development of the Turkish welfare regime demonstrates that the spread of RMAs cannot be attributed to retrenchments within the welfare state. In fact, the provision of social assistance by central and local state institutions has expanded over the same time period. The paper claims that the rise of RMAs is not only a response to increasing liberalization and economic deregulation, but also an outcome of the rise of religion as a principle line of cleavage within the political sphere.

https://openalex.org/W2130835337

Straddling Two Continents: Social Policy and Welfare Politics in Turkey

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There has been an increasing academic interest in understanding the dynamics of social policy in the Middle East and developing a conceptual ‘model’ to account for the particular characteristics of welfare arrangements in the countries of the region. While part of this framework, Turkey represents an exceptional case due to the Europeanization processes the country is undergoing in various policy areas, including social policy. The influence of the European Union on the shape of Turkish social policy, as illustrated by the government's recent reforms in the labour market and social security domains, is hereby used to outline the position of Turkey vis-à-vis both the Southern European welfare regime and the Middle Eastern pattern. This article seeks to assess the dynamics of Turkish social policy in light of the country's political, and socio-economic dynamics, as well as the external influence exerted by the EU and international financial institutions. The aim is to examine Turkish welfare arrangements in a comparative manner and consider its suitability with reference to either of the two models. Looking at major trends in social security and the labour market, the article argues for a Turkish ‘hybrid’ model embodying the characteristics of both. Subject to EU explicit pressures for reform absent elsewhere in the Middle East, the data nevertheless show that Turkey has yet to make the qualitative leap forward that could place it firmly within the Southern European welfare group.

https://openalex.org/W2490171913

Social Policy Change in Countries without Mature Welfare States: The Case of Turkey

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Abstract As part of the institutional changes in Turkey since the 1980s that laid down the foundations of a market economy, the transformation of the social security system has recently come on the agenda. This article discusses the possible outcome of this transformation by situating the case of Turkey in the context of the contemporary international social policy environment shaped by neo-liberal globalization. It is possible to suggest that throughout the world a new system of welfare governance has recently emerged, which is characterized, first, by a novel emphasis on workfare as opposed to welfare. It modifies, second, redistributive action by the state through diverse partnerships between the state, private sector and voluntary initiatives in the provision of social care and public services. The impact of this new system of welfare governance on social policy is especially important in less developed countries where the role of the state in welfare provision is recently being taken more seriously. With the new emphasis on workfare accompanied by the increasing role of non-state actors, the newly introduced social policy measures might not necessarily consolidate the basis of citizenship rights but they might mainly serve to keep under control the socio-economic insecurity aggravated by the expansion of market relations. This observation is of particular significance for the analysis of the contemporary social policy environment in Turkey that this article presents.

https://openalex.org/W2395239688

The prospects of egalitarian capitalism in the global South: Turkish social neoliberalism in comparative perspective

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Abstract This paper studies the transformation of economic and social policy in Turkey during the 2000s. The policy mix that has emerged can be usefully conceptualized as social neoliberalism, combining relatively orthodox neoliberal economic policies and retrenchment of the protective welfare state (e.g. labour market institutions) with a significant expansion, both in terms of public spending and population coverage, of the productive welfare state (e.g. public health care). Therefore, social neoliberalism as a development model is distinct both from social democracy and orthodox neoliberalism. Its rise in Turkey during the 2000s is arguably best understood with reference to the interests of the AKP's support coalition, the salience of inequalities in access to public services, and the disconnect of social policy-making from civil society mobilization. Turkey's experience with social neoliberalism provides an important reference point for theorizing the ‘social turn’ that since the 2000s has occurred in many late-developing countries with now maturing welfare states, including Brazil, South Africa, Mexico and Chile.

https://openalex.org/W2903594399

The Emerging Welfare Mix for Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Interplay between Humanitarian Assistance Programmes and the Turkish Welfare System

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Abstract This paper explores the key features of the emerging welfare mix for Syrian refugees in Turkey and identifies the modes of interaction between humanitarian assistance programmes, domestic policy responses and the Turkish welfare system. The welfare mix for Syrian refugees is a joint product of humanitarian assistance programmes implemented by international and domestic non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and domestic social policy programmes. Three policy domains are considered: social assistance schemes, employment and health care services. The paper suggests that granting of temporary protection status to Syrian migrants in Turkey and the agreement between Turkey and the EU shaped the welfare mix by empowering the public sector mandate vis-à-vis the humanitarian actors. As a result, the role of the public sector increases at the expense of NGOs, especially in social assistance and health care, while NGOs are increasingly specialised in protection work (especially in mental health support), where the Turkish welfare system has been weak. Employment has been essentially disregarded, in both humanitarian and social policy programmes, which casts doubt on the prospect of successful economic integration. Finally, this paper argues that the convergence of the rights of immigrants and citizens may well occur in mature components of less comprehensive welfare systems.

https://openalex.org/W2620201613

Social Classes and the Neo-Liberal Poverty Regime in Turkey, 2002–2011

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The Justice and Development Party (or AKP) era in Turkey has witnessed the emergence of a new welfare regime resting on voluntary public and private transfers. This system has been replacing the former welfare system in which the right to social welfare benefits was constitutionally guaranteed. The new welfare system has tended to distribute transfers on a selective and unequal basis. This article analyses the size and effects of this system using a social class-based analytical framework. In explaining class structure in Turkey, we use the official Household Budget Survey database. The results indicate a massive process of proletarianisation has taken place. Our results indicate that the working classes have constituted the majority of the poor. In this environment, the shares of voluntary public and private transfers in the incomes of households have been rising. For some classes, like rural unemployed, urban unemployed and agricultural labourers, these transfers have captured a very high share of the incomes. These transfers have also been distributed very unequally. Their share in the central budget has also been rising. All these point to the emergence of a new neo-liberal welfare (poverty) regime as part of a new labour control regime.

https://openalex.org/W1995659317

Budgetary trade-offs of security expenditures in Turkey

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This paper investigates the budgetary trade-off structure of security (defence+internal security) expenditures in Turkey for the period 1983-1998. A modified version of Todaro's distributive share index of social welfare is used to quantify the impacts on the growth of primary budget expenditures of Security, Education, Health, General Administration, Infrastructure, and Social Services. We find that defence expenditures dominate overall security expenditures and are less affected in times of bottlenecks in the economy. A systematic pattern of negative budgetary trade-offs of security expenditures in terms of other components is not identified. We also analyse the expenditures of the Defence Industry Support Fund in an attempt to find the cost of the modernisation program to the economy. Keywords: Trade-offTurkeyBudgetDefence ExpendituresDefence Industry Support Fund

https://openalex.org/W1723225174

Religion and Social Policy in the Middle East: The (Re)Constitution of an Old-New Partnership

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This article reports back on the key preliminary findings and developing arguments of research which has been funded by the UK's Economic and Social Research Council in four politically and culturally significant countries of the Middle East: Lebanon, Iran, Turkey and Egypt (more limited research in this country). Focusing primarily on Islam and Christianity, the article critically examines what it denotes as an old-new partnership between religious actors or institutions and social policy, understood broadly as both state and non-state interventions in the public sphere aimed at influencing social welfare and development. At a time of increasing interest in Middle Eastern social policy, driven in great part by multilateral aid agencies such as the UN and World Bank, the article offers a descriptive overview of the key dynamics of social policy in the Muslim-populated countries of the region. It then engages in discussion of how religion provides an impetus for social action by introducing a typology of religious welfare. The article thus makes a contribution to the theoretical literature in this area by departing from the conventional model of social policy in the Middle East known as the ‘rentier state’. However, in recognizing that social policy in the Middle East remains subsidiary to concerns with economic development, the article (1) critically examines the contemporary make-up of the relationship between religion and social welfare action in the region, and (2) presents a preliminary argument for reconstituting future social policy in the region by taking better account of how religious values and ideals influence social welfare.

https://openalex.org/W2799742429

Retrenchment of Social Policy by Other Means: A Comparison of Agricultural and Housing Policy in Turkey

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In many low- and middle-income countries, conventional welfare state institutions provide social protection only for the formally employed. In contrast, the rural and urban poor are often protected by “social policy by other means”. Based on a comparative analysis of two major unconventional welfare programs in Turkey, agricultural state support and access to squatter housing, this article explains retrenchment of social policy by other means. Agricultural retrenchment was the result of coercive policy transfer from international organizations in a post-crisis context, while the retrenchment of squatter housing was driven by domestic political entrepreneurs responding to decreases in the availability of urban land and the number of informal squatters. In both cases, retrenchment became politically sustainable due to functional replacement with more conventional welfare programs. This analysis challenges the narrow focus of mainstream welfare state research, provides an explanation of retrenchment of social policy by other means, and enhances our understanding of Turkey’s uneven welfare state development.

https://openalex.org/W2092010517

The Relation between Education and Economic Crime: An Assessment for Turkey

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Crime has been perceived as a distortion in social rest and order since people had started living as a community and still keeps its importance. For that reason, societies have been trying to specify the reasons that drive people to commit crimes and to eliminate those reasons. Social sciences’ concerns about the crime are generally limited to the reasons and the consequences of crimes, both theoretically and empirically. The fight against crime is crucial especially for its effects on social welfare. In this sense education level and welfare of a society is important for crime types and crime rates. Hereunder, convict statistics of age, education and occupation from justice statistics from Turkish Statistics Institute and their relation between economic crimes will be investigated. Since there are limited studies on crime for Turkey, this study is an expected contribution to the literature. Further, it is aimed to find connections between reasons of economic crime and age, education and occupation statistics and to prevent crimes by helping the policies of the fight for crime.

https://openalex.org/W2164627651

Ethnic Health Care Advisors: A Good Strategy to Improve the Access to Health Care and Social Welfare Services for Ethnic Minorities?

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Empirical studies indicate that ethnic minorities have limited access to health care and welfare services compared with the host population. To improve this access, ethnic health care (HC) advisors were introduced in four districts in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. HC advisors work for all health care and welfare services and their main task is to provide information on health care and welfare to individuals and groups and refer individuals to services. Action research was carried out over a period of 2 years to find out whether and how this function can contribute to improve access to services for ethnic minorities. Information was gathered by semi-structured interviews, analysing registration forms and reports, and attending meetings. The function’s implementation and characteristics differed per district. The ethnicity of the health care advisors corresponded to the main ethnic groups in the district: Moroccan and Turkish (three districts) and sub-Sahara African and Surinamese (one district). HC advisors reached many ethnic inhabitants (n = 2,224) through individual contacts. Half of them were referred to health care and welfare services. In total, 576 group classes were given. These were mostly attended by Moroccan and Turkish females. Outreach activities and office hours at popular locations appeared to be important characteristics for actually reaching ethnic minorities. Furthermore, direct contact with a well-organized back office seems to be important. HC advisors were able to reach many ethnic minorities, provide information about the health care and welfare system, and refer them to services. Besides adapting the function to the local situation, some general aspects for success can be indicated: the ethnic background of the HC advisor should correspond to the main ethnic minority groups in the district, HC advisors need to conduct outreach work, there must be a well-organized back office to refer clients to, and there needs to be enough commitment among professionals of local health and welfare services.

https://openalex.org/W229359955

Shadow prices for project appraisal in Turkey

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The analytical and empirical basis for the estimation of shadow prices, which may be used for the evaluation of projects in Turkey in the next five years, are described. Shadow prices are defined as the increase in welfare resulting from any marginal change in the availability of commodities or factors of production. Until recently, traditional appraisal methods have emphasized the growth objectives of a project and have been concerned primarily with the national income parameter. More recently however, it has been argued that the operational assumption that all units of income make the same contribution to growth may be untenable. The World Bank and others advocate a more consistent estimation method that takes explicit account of the impact of the project on the distribution of income, both between investment and consumption and among different groups in society. Estimates of various efficiency pricing and social pricing parameters are generated, taking into account Turkish import and export strategies and government objectives.

https://openalex.org/W2562477347

The Place and Future of Social Work in Palliative Care Services in Turkey: State of the Art

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Palliative care, which is a special type of care including alleviation of physical and psychosocial symptoms of individuals with life-limiting serious diseases, has long been neglected in Turkey. This has also affected the activity of social work and social workers in the presentation of health services. In the present study, the present status of social work in palliative care services in Turkey was analyzed. It has also been attempted to explain the historical place of social work in palliative care services from 2002 on under the guidance of the World Health Organization and Ministry of Health. In the present study, an analysis is carried out of stages social work profession went through in social care services, its strong and weak aspects, and its future perspectives. It is thought that the experience gained and accumulation of knowledge in this process as it has occurred in Turkey may serve as guidance for other countries that have only recently started to implement palliative care services, which are evaluated in the context of human rights at present.

https://openalex.org/W2146150549

Turkey, the EU and Social Policy

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This paper considers what we might expect to be the effect on social policy of Turkish accession to the EU by reviewing the impact of EU membership on social policy in other new member and candidate countries. This effect begins long before membership is finalised, and continues long after membership has been achieved. The patterns of impact can be divided along a number of dimensions: between ‘accession’ and ‘enlargement’; state and civil society; centre and periphery; formal and substantive; and different welfare institutions. In the course of reviewing these variations, the paper reflects upon the nature of social policy itself, and in particular the nature of the European Social Model.

https://openalex.org/W1981978233

Turkish Migration and Workforce Participation in Sydney, Australia

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The structure of labor markets and the nature of the participation in them of various social groups such as migrants has increasingly become an area of concern for planners in social welfare and migration policy as well as for those concerned with the broader theoretical questions of the nature and changes in the patterns of class relations and stratification. This article presents a detailed qualitative analysis of individual patterns of workforce participation. In particular, it focuses on the work experiences of a group of Turkish women and their husbands in Sydney, Australia.

https://openalex.org/W2331203840

Transatlantic Connections in the Making of a Socialist–Feminist Framework for Social Welfare in Turkey

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Sabiha Zekeriya Sertel (1895–1968) was one of Turkey’s most prominent advocates for the rights of children, women, the working class, and the poor. This article focuses on her training in community organizing at the New York School of Social Work in the early 1920s and her subsequent shift to social realist journalism and political advocacy in Turkey. Sertel’s biography offers evidence of transatlantic connections during the early years of professionalization and an early critique of liberal paradigms for addressing social welfare in the United States and Turkey.

https://openalex.org/W3048114418

Contentious welfare: The Kurdish conflict and social policy as counterinsurgency in Turkey

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Abstract The period since the 1990s has witnessed the expanding political influence of the Kurdish movement across the country as well as a transformation in the welfare system, manifesting itself mainly in the emergence of extensive social assistance programs. While Turkish social assistance policy has been formally neutral regarding who is entitled to state aid, Kurds have been de facto singled out by these new welfare programs, as is shown by existing quantitative work. Based on a discourse analysis of legislation, parliamentary proceedings, and news media, this article examines the ways in which Turkish governments and policymakers consider the Kurdish question in designing welfare policies. We illustrate that Kurdish mobilization has become a central theme that informed the transformation of Turkish welfare system over the past three decades.

https://openalex.org/W2080937316

The social valuation of income: a survey approach

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate survey-based values of the elasticity of marginal social valuation of income, an important welfare parameter in cost-benefit analysis. Design/methodology/approach – A model relating equity welfare weights to income is developed, and iso-elasticity of marginal valuation of income is tested using survey data obtained from a sample of Turkish politicians who are instrumental in policy making. Findings – Based on the survey feedback, formal statistical testing indicates that Turkish politicians, regardless of party allegiance, reveal preferences consistent with an iso-elastic marginal social valuation of income. The estimated value of the elasticity measure is close to unity for each of the political parties. Originality/value – The originality of the paper is in terms of the survey method used to obtain from Turkish politicians estimates of the marginal social valuation of income. This welfare parameter is needed in the calculation of both social discount rates and welfare weights. The paper will be of interest to academics in the field of welfare economics as well as to practitioners involved in the appraisal of social projects and policies.

https://openalex.org/W2054145075

Social Discount Rates and Welfare Weights for Public Investment Decisions under Budgetary Restrictions: The Case of Cyprus*

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Abstract This paper focuses on the estimation of key welfare parameters for incorporation into social cost–benefit analysis (CBA) with special reference to Cyprus and its unique regional problems. In particular, the theory and application of social discount rates and regional welfare weights are considered from the perspective of the European Commission as both supranational planner and provider of major funding for investment in the EU‐12 area. The aim is to provide answers to three main questions. First, should different discount rates be applied in the appraisal of projects impacting on the Turkish and Greek regions of the island? Second, if different discount rates apply, then what approach should be taken in the discounting of costs and benefits for projects impacting on the entire island? Finally, what is the best method to estimate regional welfare weights for Cyprus and how should these weights be applied in social CBA in order to take proper account of the considerably lower average standard of living in North Cyprus? This particular case study serves to highlight a practical procedure, with suitable theoretical underpinnings, for the calculation and incorporation of regional welfare weights in social CBA more generally and especially with regard to Europe.

https://openalex.org/W3215732544

No Common Ground? Public Knowledge about Welfare Spending in Turkey and its Social Divisions

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Social policy research examining citizens’ welfare knowledge, which offers a gateway to their understanding of the policy context, has remained limited. Adapting the opportunity–motivation–ability framework borrowed from the literature on political knowledge to welfare knowledge, this article offers an analysis of new data from a nationwide survey to explore Turkish society’s knowledge of the composition of public social spending. Corroborating earlier findings in the literature, the article maintains that most people in Turkey overestimate the relative size of social assistance spending for the poor. However, different from previous findings, the majority and most pensioners are also ill-informed about the rank of public spending on old-age pensions, the most widely used social benefit absorbing the largest share of welfare spending. The article provides evidence of the social division of welfare knowledge in Turkish society based mostly on three opportunity-related variables: city of residence, gender and income.

https://openalex.org/W2053318322

INTERNATIONAL CHILD WELFARE: GUIDELINES FOR EDUCATORS AND A CASE STUDY FROM CYPRUS

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This article outlines challenges and opportunities educators and students face while attempting to develop a global perspective in social work. It discusses the need for more international focus in the classroom and increased field placements in non-Western countries. Exercises using an in-depth case study of the historic and current dynamics of Cyprus are proposed. After centuries of strife, Cyprus remains divided between Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities. This case provides social work educators with classroom material lending itself to both student self-reflection and a greater understanding of imperialism, colonization, and marginalization by Western nations and how those elements affect student ideologies. Particular attention is paid to the need for culturally informed and self-reflective international approaches to child welfare.

https://openalex.org/W2897451757

Introduction: social policies and social inequalities in contemporary Turkey

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Turkey undertook a series of social policy reforms in the 2000s, including a large-scale transformation in health care, recalibration of its pension system, the introduction of a new industrial relations regime, reconstruction of its labour market, the launch of a wide range of social assistance programs and alterations in social care arrangements. This wide range of social policy changes and their impact on the patterns of social inequalities in Turkey has created a highly fruitful research agenda that has attracted the considerable interest of academics from different social science disciplines. This special issue contributes to this literature by offering a critical analysis of recent social policy changes and the changing patterns of social inequalities covering an impressive range of issues: social care, child labour, youth unemployment, young women's employment, the role of faith-based organizations in social welfare and the pension reform. This introduction to this special issue briefly reviews the history of social policy development in Turkey and scholarly debates on the direction of social policy changes in the last decade. Then the article examines contemporary policy trends and the patterns of social inequalities in three policy areas, namely, employment and income generation, education, and housing, which are also selected to reveal the changing character of social policy arrangements and to complement the comprehensive picture that this special issue sketches.

https://openalex.org/W3092778519

Social welfare impact from enhanced Trans-Asian electricity trade

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Long distance power transmission is commonly considered as an option for reducing carbon footprint in future electricity systems. Accordingly, this article presents economic insights in a transcontinental power interconnection linking four Asian countries with Europe. Enhanced electricity trade through the interconnected countries is assessed via techno-economic modelling. For this purpose two electricity system scenarios are developed for the year 2040: (i) a Reference Scenario, where electricity system development follows the plans of the involved system operators and (ii) a so-called Trans-Asia Scenario, where additional power transmission capacities are added to strengthen the electricity trading route crossing the interconnected countries: Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan. Economic benefits arising from the proposed Trans-Asia Scenario are estimated as a change in social welfare in the electricity system. Modelling results show a 140 M€ increase in annual social welfare for the Trans-Asia Scenario. The subsequent cost-benefit analysis results in a net present value in the range of −221 M€ to 534 M€, at a discount rate of 4%. This implies that over a life-cycle period of 40 years, the evaluated economic benefit may compensate investments between 1598 M€ and 3251 M€ needed for the additional power transmission capacities.

https://openalex.org/W3024657665

Integrated social and health care services among societies in transition: Insights from Turkey

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Societies experiencing rapid demographic transition may expect to face challenges such as accelerated population aging and increasing care-related needs. Decentralization of welfare states and resultant fragmentation of services is gaining increasing attention. In this study, we offer suggestions of how developing countries might move from fragmentation to integration of social and health care services. Using the Health Survey of Turkey (HST-2012) data with 15,000 households of populations' age 15 and older, we explore challenges to integrating social and health care service strategies in Turkey. Findings include inequities in material and service accessibility between rural and urban settings. Increasing numbers of older widowed women, especially in rural environments, will require direct income assistance over the coming decades. Additional findings include the need for primary and preventative health care services for middle age groups and strategies to address both unemployment among younger generations and barriers to work force participation for women. In conclusion, among rapid transition societies, it will take time to resolve decentralization-related regional inequalities in social and health services. Therefore, information and communications technologies (ICT) should be employed from an intersectionality perspective to more quickly bridge the services integration – regional inequalities gap in Turkey and possibly other societies in transition.

https://openalex.org/W2116454198

Good jobs in Turkey

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This joint study, by the World Bank and the Turkish Ministry of Development, explores the status and effects of good jobs in Turkey’s current economy. After a brief account of economic events, it examines the relationship between growth and employment in Turkey, with a particular regard to the participation of different social groups in the labor market, such as women and youth. It then analyzes where jobs are being created and which activities are the most productive for the Turkish economy, and assesses if jobs have moved to more productive activities in recent years. Finally, the report proceeds to measure the impact of different types of jobs on the welfare of an entire household and on the household’s relative position in the overall income distribution.

https://openalex.org/W2956274296

Impact Of Social Security Expenditures On Income Distribution: Case Of Turkey

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Income inequality is a significant hindrance to the growth and expansion of social welfare. Modern societies use many tools to overcome this hindrance. Social security system is one of the most known tools. The fact that social security spending improves the income distribution differently in each country, originating from the diversity of social security methods. In this study, the influence of social security expenditure on income distribution in Turkey is examined by Johansen and Juselius (JJ) Cointegration test for the period 1975-2010. The findings of the unit root tests show that all the variables are stationary at first difference and the findings of the cointegration test display that variables have a long run relationship. In addition, it is found that social security expenditure has a negative effect on income distribution in Turkey in the studied period, while economic growth has a positive effect on it.

https://openalex.org/W2345634834

Social texture map and Social Information Center design and integration for social welfare in the city of Konya, Turkey

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Metropolitan municipalities are responsible for social services in Turkey. This study is built on two main points that affect each other: (1) the creation of a social texture map with the help of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and (2) the establishment of a Social Information Center (SIC) in the city of Konya, Turkey, within the scope of Konya Metropolitan Municipality. The SIC Project includes the relation of the local government services to the public and can be described as an important project. As the scope of this project is conceived on a model scale of Konya Province, it includes important steps where inferences can be made on the scale of Turkey.

https://openalex.org/W2790804267

Food Banks and Food Insecurity: Cases of Brazil and Turkey

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The ascendency of global neoliberal economic policies seriously challenged universalist and right-based welfare policies and promoted the idea of targeted and selective allocations to the poor with private provision for the better of in both high-income and developing countries since the mid-1980s. This article focuses on food banking as an example of targeted social provisioning and provides contrasting observations from food bank programs in Brazil and Turkey. The article traces some different approaches and practices of food banks, and argues that food banks could be part of the progressive social policies that address the root causes of hunger among developing countries within neoliberal economic restructuring.

https://openalex.org/W4220921232

Emigration and the Transnationalization of Sending States’ Welfare Regimes

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How does emigration affect sending states’ welfare policies? Existing migration literature has identified numerous political, economic, and institutional variables that influence sending states’ approaches towards emigrants’ welfare. However, this literature has neglected broader processes of social transformation in sending states. Using the concept of welfare regime transnationalization, we show more precisely how emigration transforms welfare regimes in their functional, distributive, normative, and politico‐institutional dimensions. This process is nonetheless strongly constrained by domestic politics. To illustrate our analytical framework, we discuss the transnationalization of health policies in Turkey and Mexico.

https://openalex.org/W2008500283

A Historical Synopsis of Over-feminized Local Governance in Neoliberal Turkey

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In Turkey, important decentralization measures were taken after the 1980s. The new administrative model gave local governments the role of dealing with social exclusion while financing social welfare expenditures through entrepreneurial investment of their non-material resources. This study is an attempt to discuss how such a challenge for local governments has been resolved through the analysis of gendering impacts of three decentralization reform programs.

https://openalex.org/W3161763373

Transformation in the Delivery of Public Social Services and E-Government Systems

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The foremost aim of this study is to examine the role and substantiality of digitalization in public services in Turkey. In this context, public services provided by the Turkish Ministry of Family, Labor, and Social Services in digital environment through e-government have been examined. Under the Law on the Right to Act, information on the aforementioned subject was requested from the Turkish Ministry of Family, Labor, and Social Services. Based on the information acquired, it has been discussed the transformation in the delivery of public services at the ministry with the impact of digitalization. As a result of this study, it has been determined that the ministry benefits from digitalization in the delivery of public services through the e-government due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, it has been determined that the ministry would like to transfer all of its services to digital environment in the future.

https://openalex.org/W4309977315

Old but Resilient Story: Impact of Decentralization on Social Welfare

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This paper analyzes the fiscal performance of Turkey and Argentina during the period 2000–2021, when both countries faced rapid economic growth with the consequent impact on social welfare. This work explored two different systems: Centralization in Turkey and Federalism in Argentina and, in general, studied the decentralization impact of both the systems on social welfare. This study intended to create new social welfare indexes in other regions to analyze the resource allocation in different regions of these countries. As a first step, we built a regional human development index (HDI) for each region. This attempt is considered a new contribution to the literature and intended to fill the gap in this field. Afterward, this index was compared with the fiscal resources allocation (FRA), used as a proxy of fiscal decentralization in an econometric panel data model. By using this method, we concluded that the social welfare indexes have a positive relationship with the fiscal resource allocation in the Federal system, such as in Argentina, but not in the centralized system such as in Turkey during the period analyzed from 2000 to 2020.

https://openalex.org/W2969716225

Avrupa Refah Rejimleri ve Türkiye’de Öznel İyi Oluş

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The aim of this study is to analyze the subjective well-being levels of Europeans and Turkish citizens within the context of welfare-regime typology using the European Quality of Life Survey’s (EQLS) 2012 data. Subjective well-being, which consists of cognitive factors such as life satisfaction and affective factors such as happiness, is affected by individual factors such as personality, gender, age, income, and marital status, as well as macro factors such as macroeconomic indicators, political institutions, and quality of society. Welfare-state types and the quality of social policies are also related to subjective well-being. This study demonstrates that the subjective well-being levels in institutionalized welfare regimes are higher through high levels of social expenditures and developed social services. Furthermore, differences between the lowest and highest income quartiles for subjective well-being are lowest in social-democratic welfare regimes.

https://openalex.org/W2995719396

Exclusion from Welfare Services in Turkey as a Social Exclusion Form

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The welfare regime of Turkey is classified in South European Welfare Modal. One of the main characteristics of this regime is lack of the inclusion of entire population. The aim of this presentation is analysing the exclusion of citizens from four main welfare services: health care, education, social security and social assistance. Datas of Turkey Staistics Institution’s (TURKSTAT) 2010 Household Budget Survey are used to examine the population excluded from basic welfare services. This study has found that %13,5 of the population is excluded from health insurance. %8,6 of the population are not completed any school. Furtheremore, %49,8 of theemployees are not under the covereage of social security system. % 3,3 of the population can access to social assistance.

https://openalex.org/W2945741266

Afet Odaklı Acil Manevi Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamaları Bağlamında Türkiye’ye Yönelik Bir Model Önerisi

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Disasters, which are suddenly being developed an important turning point in human life, have been a subject for many researchs from past to the present. These researchs indicate that disaster focused social services are rapidly widespread both Europe and Turkey. In this contex, disaster based social services display similarities with organizational construction, the content of the services and application etc. In contrast, when the topic of disaster based spiritual social service come to agenda in an integrated approach in social services, there are some differences. Sociocultural structure, dissimilarities between religions and/or belief systems are the most important reasons for the formation of these differences. Although differences exist for all situations, each country needs its own specific applications for situations that require immediate intervention, such as disaster. Moving from the point of view, in this study, firstly the organizational structure, content and basic features of spiritual social services have been expressed for Germany and UK from European countries. In this frame, presentation of disaster based spiritual social service model which is institutionaly similar to Germany, but practicaly original interms of religious structure is aimed for Turkey. To gain an institutional dimension, to disseminate and, the most important one, to provide benefits in practical term, is aimed in this model which is proposed for Turkey

https://openalex.org/W1464813630

Comparison of the Public Aids between 1986 and 2014

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All over the world as a result of financial crisis that occurred in the last quarter of the 20th century, passed again liberal economy policies. So, welfare policies were restrained by governments. These type of policies brought discussions on social exclusion of poverty. Especially, politics of Thatcherism and Reaganomics instead of cash transfers and service providing, supported private communities and foundations to help poors. In Turkey, on 24 January 1980 with announcement of neo-liberal politics, in spite of the expectations the governments continued to protect poor people. Particularly, in 1984 with the establishment of the “Social Aid And Solidarity Promotion Fund” with Code numbered 3294, government and local authorities had an important role to protect poor people and struggle with poverty.Nowadays in Turkey, help transfers are made by Directorate General For Social Aids that belongs to Families and Social Policies Minister and they show differences from year by year. Today's help transfer are very different from the old one's that provided in the late 80's. Government make social cash transfers for poor people, to support education of their children, family, disabled people, widow woman and military families, to use health services, to have accomodation, to serve free meal and to help in the case of natural disasters. In addition to these, municipalities make cash transfers, provide home care services, give family aids to woman, and give educations on special areas etc. from their budget. In Turkey, despite of neo-liberal politics, providing these helps are explained by many scholars with the historical perspectives, however others argue that these helps are being made for the clientelism.In this study it is aimed to explain the differences of benefits in terms of quality and quantity that are provided by Social Assistance and Solidarity Encouragement Fund from 1986 to 2014.

https://openalex.org/W4226214066

Who is (un)deserving? Differential healthcare access and the interplay between social and symbolic boundary-drawing towards Syrian refugees in Turkey

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Although the degree to which social services should be extended to migrant groups by the state has occupied migration and welfare scholars’ agenda for a long time, how perceptions of deservingness on migrant groups’ social welfare entitlements can show a constraining character and rigidify boundaries have not yet received the full attention it deserves. Based on a qualitative case study with Turkish citizens in Adana, this paper explores how differential policies on healthcare access can shape insiders’ narratives on outsiders and grounds for social and symbolic boundaries; and how boundary work interacts with insiders’ perceptions of welfare deservingness. The findings indicate that, facing unequal access to healthcare, host society members define institutionalised worthiness between Turkish citizens and Syrian refugees. The mobilisation of institutional worthiness with regards to differential healthcare access, therefore, not only forges host society members’ perspectives towards Syrians, but also the degree of deservingness regarding who contributes more to the national well-being and who deserves more benefits.

https://openalex.org/W3107574915

Varieties of Regulatory Welfare Regimes in Middle-Income Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey

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The expansion of social welfare regimes in middle-income countries (MICs) has become a global trend that has involved the adaption of robust social assistance programs aiming to alleviate poverty and diminish inequalities. We analyze conditional cash transfers in Brazil, Mexico, and Turkey, identifying the types of regulatory regimes that exist in each, namely “loose decentralism” in Brazil, “strict centralism” in Mexico, and “subcontracted dirigisme” in Turkey. We argue that regulatory design is key to understanding how the newly flourishing welfare regimes can control political manipulation, and that where manipulation occurs, social assistance programs can deviate from their initial objectives and endanger the welfare of the poor and hazard trust in the government and political institutions. However, when social welfare regimes work in line with their objectives and eschew political discretion, regulatory welfare states can enhance trust in and legitimacy of political institutions. Our analysis indicates that a centrally regulated social assistance governance nurtured by local knowledge is key to avoiding political manipulation and to alleviating poverty, major issues in MICs.

https://openalex.org/W2434710815

[Residential and living conditions of elderly women and men immigrants in Hamburg].

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In 1996 the Public Authority for Employment, Health and Social Welfare of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg did research on the living and health conditions of Hamburg's foreign senior citizens with the intention of providing general assistance in all areas of life including health care planning. The sampling (n = 1034) included six nationalities: Turkish (482), Yugoslavian (153), Italian (119), Portuguese (109), Polish (94), and Iranian (77). The foreigners interviewed said they felt older and considered themselves in worse health than their German counterparts. Their incomes were lower, their flats smaller and their lives less comfortable. Additionally, they had more children with a higher number of people per household. Only 17% wanted to return to their home countries after going into retirement. Most would rather live only part of the year in their home country and the other part in Germany. The results of the study show that it is preferable to integrate foreigners into Hamburg's elderly care system by modifying existing facilities instead of developing completely new ones and by providing information (booklets and videos) on the health care system.

https://openalex.org/W2940774527

Social Innovation in Translation: New Welfare Instruments in Turkey

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The concept of social innovation has grown in popularity in policy circles as a remedy both to government and market failure. We can usefully define social innovation as a new approach to meeting social needs by the empowerment of individuals through collaborative actions of governments, private enterprises, and civil society actors. The emergence of this new approach is best explained as a process of translation, by which we mean the movement of concepts across first sectoral and then national boundaries. In this process, imported elements are combined with existing ones to create new policy instruments. We first discuss the development of the social innovation approach through the translation of policy elements from the economic to the social sector.  We then illustrate the further translation of policy elements across national borders through two Turkish examples of the use of smart cards to deliver social benefits. 

https://openalex.org/W2417283851

Turkey: pressures on employment, housing, education and health care.

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High population growth rates in Turkey have exacerbated problems in the areas of employment, education, housing, and medical care. Rural unemployment has caused widespread migration to major cities, resulting in a deterioration of living conditions in these centers and increasing the demand for municipal services. Since 1940 population increases have consumed most of the rise in national income and hindered economic development. Employment opportunities have not kept pace with the excess supply of labor caused by population growth, especially in the modern industrial sector. Despite overall progress in increasing literacy, educational imbalances persist between regions, rural and urban areas, and males and females. Women with at least a primary school education have an average of 2.5 children compared with 5.2 children among illiterate women. Historically, large families have been encouraged by the Turkish government. From 1927-80, Turkey's population increased 350% to 45 million and is expected to reach 65-70 million by the year 2000. 38% of the population is currently under the age of 15 years, a fact that has implications for future population trends and economic development. The 1965 Population Planning Law gave responsibility for carrying out the country's family planning services to the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. A 1983 law legalized abortion, which had been a major cause of maternal mortality, up to 10 weeks or longer if there is a risk to the infant or mother. 1600 physicians and 6800 other health personnel have been trained to provide contraceptive services. By 1981, 4 million people had been educated in family planning and maternal-child health. As a result of all these measures, a marked decrease in fertility has been noted since 1965.

https://openalex.org/W2014153772

Examining ways in which contact opportunities associated with transfers might help identify vulnerable households and link them with social welfare services: A systematic review of the literature

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This review sets out to examine the published literature, exploring ways in which contact opportunities associated with cash transfers might help to identify vulnerable households and link them with social welfare services. Social welfare is a very broad construct, ranging from formalized social work provision to an array of service-type encounters, which could fall under the wide umbrella of social welfare, legal provision, family support services, child protective services and alternative care. A systematic review of published papers on cash transfer and social welfare generated 146 studies that were hand-sorted according to a series of inclusion criteria. These required availability of data, design competence and presence of a control group, from low/middle-income countries, cash transfers rather than other transfer types, accessible in the published literature in English reporting on developmental transfers as opposed to emergency transfers. Geographic and provision criteria were reached by 37 studies and only 12 of these included empirical data. Nine were evaluation studies, two used secondary analysis of existing data to explore childbearing and one presented a study synthesis. The majority emanated from South America (only one from South Africa). Two of the 12 were non-conditional pensions (Brazil and South Africa). The remainder were conditional transfers. The review showed that there is a lack of clearly identified, well-controlled, systematic studies from which to glean a sound evidence base on social welfare and cash transfer to guide policy. Studies reporting on nutritional status/child growth found positive effects of cash transfers (n = 6). Children benefiting from the programmes were healthier than those who were not enrolled in the programmes. Studies recorded positive effects of cash transfers on migration outcomes, psychological outcomes, preventative health-care participation, some health outcomes and school-related outcomes such as improved attendance, enhanced enrolment, reduced dropout and earlier enrolment. Cash transfers improved household consumption and expenditures (more spent on children's clothing, education and food – better quality food) to benefit children of the household. Programmes decreased or had no impact on fertility in Mexico, Nicaragua and Turkey. There were some increases in Honduras, which may or may not be related to the programme. No evaluations of cash transfer schemes reported on direct social welfare provision, legal and protective service access and provision. Grandparent residence and reductions in child labour were associated with cash transfers. In countries where there is a lack of traditional provision in terms of social work, there is a large gap in the provision of social support in general, including cash transfer schemes. The growing literature has shown the need for integration of social welfare into existing provision – be it the location of social welfare in general practice or the combining of government support through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based projects. The clear message is that stand-alone provision may, in itself, be a barrier to access. Studies should move beyond access to services to explore the implications of service provision for health and welfare gains. This review of studies shows multiple opportunities within existing cash transfer provision for social welfare contacts.

https://openalex.org/W263693933

The Capitalistic Function of Education-Directed Social Responsibility Projects in Turkey within the Context of Relationships between the Private Sector and NGOs.

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Similar to other underdeveloped countries, the Republic of Turkey is also faced with high levels of poverty and unemployment, and to ameliorate these problems the state has traditionally devoted much of its social welfare efforts towards improving health and education. Certain private sector corporations also recognize that to grow and advance their own organizations it is imperative that they too contribute to these welfare efforts. They are also cognizant of the fact that they have to preserve their prestige and win the sympathy of the society if they hope to preserve their economic lives. To this end many of these corporations are conducting social responsibility projects, generally doing so in collaboration with various non-governmental organizations (NGO's). The projects directed towards developing educational opportunities not only contribute-even if in a limited fashion

https://openalex.org/W1573992729

A discussion of different methods of constructing regional welfare weights

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Income per capita is an important and hence widely used measure in the construction of social welfare weights. This paper, however, aims to discuss the construction of social welfare weights based not merely on Income per capita but on equally distributed equivalent income (EDEI). For example, the use of EDEI allows the intra-regional distribution of income to be taken directly into account when constructing regional welfare weights. Based on the data regarding two contrasting geographical regions of Turkey, the paper aims to demonstrate the impact of using EDEI, as opposed to unadjusted per capita income, on the magnitudes of calculated regional welfare weights. The EDEI method would be useful for the purpose of constructing regional welfare weights for application in the appraisal of social projects within the EU

https://openalex.org/W2003317010

Why exporting countries agree to voluntary export restraints: the oligopolistic power of the foreign supplier

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Abstract This paper studies the impact of VER on an exporting country. It shows that a VER at the free‐trade level favours the concentration of industry, allows firms with an export licence to expand, causes the contraction of the size of the firms producing for the domestic market only, and raises the price mark‐up in the domestic market. The impact on welfare is indeterminate depending upon the effect on global efficiency. If a VER is binding, also the price mark‐up in the foreign market rises and this effect on terms of trade, ceteris paribus, is welfare improving. An applied general equilibrium model for Turkey supports the conjecture that with a VER the increased oligopolistic power of incumbent firms with an export licence, the higher price mark‐up in the domestic market and a possible social welfare gain, are the key elements in understanding the rationale behind VERs. However, if authorities induce firms to engage in unproductive profit‐seeking activities, rent dissipation occurs and the impact on social welfare becomes negative.

https://openalex.org/W4309852333

Caring Piously: New Institutionalisation of Childcare Services in Turkey

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In Turkey, Early Childcare and Education (ECCE) policy has never been prioritised in the social policy agenda and was even further pushed back with the welfare state’s weakening role in the 2000s. The private sector, inaccessible for many, particularly low-income households, has tried to fill the significant gap in the supply side of these services. Municipalities and the Presidency of Religious Affairs (PoRA) have also recently become new actors in the provision of low-cost ‘care services’. This article compares the quality of these services by examining the number of students served, regulations, infrastructure, curricula, cost, and staff. Although neoliberalism has had an impact on welfare regimes in the European Union (EU) context, more established welfare and gender equality regimes have modified those impacts, resulting in a new institutionalisation, based on non-institutionalisation, of childcare services in Turkey’s national policy frame.

https://openalex.org/W3009611621

Rescaling social care services: The case of district municipalities in Istanbul

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Social care is an immature welfare policy domain in Turkey, with three distinctive characteristics: the central role of the family, limited public expenditure, and low levels of institutionalization and professionalization. However, following local legislative reform in 2004, municipalities have become important actors in social care provision, initiating social care programs for local citizens. This article fills a gap in the existing literature by focusing on the smallest administrative units of the local welfare system: the district municipalities. The article explores and compares the emerging role of district municipalities in social care provision in selected districts of Istanbul to assess, in the context of an immature welfare system, how far they fulfill the principle of universal provision. It finds that while service provision capacity was increased by localization to an extent, the social care provision capacity that district municipalities developed is not sufficient to transform social care policies into one that conforms to the principle of universalism. Due to coordination problems and the wide service area defined by the law, district municipalities ‘pick and choose’ service beneficiaries, instead of ensuring equal access for all local citizens.

https://openalex.org/W2977797502

RUH SAĞLIĞI ALANINDA SOSYAL HİZMET UZMANLARININ ROL VE SORUMLULUKLARI

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Individuals who are defined as having mental health problems according to the Social Work profession and the relationship with their families and groups falls not only within the area of psychiatric treatment but it is also based on many corporate structures and services outside of it. Psychosocial interventions are administered and welfare services are offered in order to improve the lives of those in the community who need to be protected and those with special needs and risk groups where a substantial proportion of the children, youth, elderly and disabled are victims of abuse or neglect. Psychosocial work has been done with marginalized minorities who are exposed to social stigmatization, gays, children pushed into crime, offenders and addicts for the past hundred years. Psychiatric social work continues to Show its effectiveness in many areas of health and social welfare through using practice methods such as individual counseling, community work, group work, social action, social planning and social policy. Extensive mental health knowledge is required in order to administer professional interventions with the groups mentioned above. Courses offered in social work education prepare graduates to practice in various areas and the comprehensiveness of the interventions brings Professional advantages in the field of mental health. This paper discusses the place of psychiatric social work in Turkey and the various aspects of the basic functions of social work profession in psychiatry.

https://openalex.org/W3037234313

Refah Sisteminin Dönüşümü Sürecinde Bakım Politikalarının Yörüngesi: Muhafazakâr Refah Rejimi Temelinde Bir Değerlendirme

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The concept of care has gone beyond being an issue attributed to the private sphere in line with the social service policies undertaken by the modern welfare state since its emergence and its scope has been discussed in a wider framework covering the public sphere. The inclusion of the concept of care in welfare regime analyses is important in terms of how care responsibilities are shared between the state, the market and the family in society and how this sharing affects the social and economic relations of the society. In line with the transformation in the welfare system with the economic, social and demographic developments since 1970s, the family institution’s efficiency, which has traditionally played an active role in welfare provision, especially in care services, has started to decrease. Thus, with the loss of functionality of the “familialism” principle, which is explicitly or implicitly accepted in most of the European welfare states, various reforms in care policies have been brought to the agenda. These reforms are shaped in line with the economic conditions of the countries and especially the situation in the labor markets within the framework of the characteristics of welfare regimes. The aim of this study is to present the reforms in care policies on the axis of the conservative welfare regime through the examples of Germany, France and Belgium which are thought to have the general characteristics of this regime. The evaluation shows that care policies in these countries in the post-1980 period have been implemented for similar purposes as a result of similar stimuli in two main periods: (i) 1980-2000 and (ii) 2000 and beyond. Finally, the study tried to draw a general policy framework for care in the last decade in Turkey and highlight different and similar spots in the conservative welfare regime. 

https://openalex.org/W4294190139

Change in Social Protection Regime for Migrants in Turkey and Its Effects on Labor Markets

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Turkey has been exposed to constant migration flows in the historical process, and Anatolia has been shaped as a migration geography. The civil war in Syria in 2011 became a turning point in migration to Turkey. The Turkish social welfare regime, which mostly covers immigrants from Europe, has been reshaped after the influx of Syrian refugees. This study deals with the impact of the change in the social welfare regime on the migration movements towards Turkey. On the other hand, the effect of opportunity areas in the labor market in Turkey on foreign migration, which has been in a constantly increasing trend after 2011, is evaluated. The welfare regime models to which the countries belong are shown among the main motivations of the migration mobility to that country. In this respect, the access of immigrants to a range of social rights is evaluated according to the welfare regime of immigrant country. In this context, the social protection regime for immigrants is analyzed based on Turkey's welfare regime model. The literature on migration in Turkey mostly tends to deal with Syrian migrants and the problem of mutual integration and exclusion of this group. However, increasing migration movements in recent years put forward labor migration in migration from different geographies to Turkey. In this respect, the reasons of why immigrants prefer Turkey are discussed based on both the scope of the social protection regime and the opportunities in the labor market. While the social protection regime tends to cover mostly Syrians under Temporary Protection, the increased mobility of other migrants to Turkey is largely due to opportunities in the labor market.

https://openalex.org/W2957281804

Turkish Social Work Sector in Post 1990s

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This study scrutinizes the state-civil society partnerships in the Turkish Social Services Sector after the 1990s.This approach is embraced in Turkey parallel to the approaches of the international organizations such as the World Bank. In this new model, state is one of the partners rather than a regulator who provides public services. In Europe this new model of welfare meant the destructuration of an existing welfare system. However Turkish social policy environment in general and the Turkish social services in particular had a different structure. The Turkish social work sector since its early days in the early 20th Century was considered to be within the realm of the civil society and voluntariness. This new welfare model after the 1990s was integrated into the existing structure of social services as a strategy to cope with the new poverty. This study argues that the discomfort of the social workers, manifested as a loss of institutional trust and not being able to define their role in the institution, is not resulting from a new structure, rather it stems from the new form of poverty they try to respond with the vaguely defined borders between the state and civil society.

https://openalex.org/W335244785

Turkiye de iyi isler

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This joint study, by the World Bank and the Turkish Ministry of Development, explores the status and effects of good jobs in Turkey’s current economy. After a brief account of economic events, it examines the relationship between growth and employment in Turkey, with a particular regard to the participation of different social groups in the labor market, such as women and youth. It then analyzes where jobs are being created and which activities are the most productive for the Turkish economy, and assesses if jobs have moved to more productive activities in recent years. Finally, the report proceeds to measure the impact of different types of jobs on the welfare of an entire household and on the household’s relative position in the overall income distribution.

https://openalex.org/W1996520691

Development of Social Services and Psychiatric Social Work in Turkey

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This paper focuses on the development of social work in Turkey and its application in mental health. Since the establishment of Turkish republic in 1923, the legal and organizational structure of social work has been planned to follow the approaches of developed countries very closely. However, the religious and traditional effects of the daily routine of Turkish people, which is primarily based on supporting each other, seem to cause some disadvantages as well as advantages. Because the care of elderly, disabled, and psychiatric patients was traditionally provided by the family, the demand for governmental institualization in social work increased very slowly, causing a deceleration in the development of social work in health services, specificly in psychiatric services.

https://openalex.org/W2793949556

CHANGES IN VALUES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SUBJECTIVE WELFARE (CASE STUDY OF THREE GENERATIONS IN IRAN)

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In Turkey, policies are mainly based on strengthening family ties which actually weaken women's positions in every aspect of life and there is still no gender equality in law especially in practice. Social policies and institutions in Turkey are not so much supportive of women or focusing on the needs of women. This stems from the social structure which mostly concerns men's needs. Raping women is a part of systematic and political violence in Turkey. Our research aims to examine what conditions women are in and suffer through in Turkey when they have been raped or exposed to sexual violence.A woman has to deal with the patriarchal structure in every step of reporting procedure to the police and prosecution officer in the process of forensics to get a report when she has been raped. It means that she experiences the same trauma over and over again. Women are questioned as offenders rather than victims. Hence, women avoid reporting their cases in the first place, and of course this happens when the case did not end with death However, lack of emergency response plan for rape survivors in Turkey is the main issue of this work. We need rape crisis centres established under the Ministry of Family and Social Policies (ASPB) and Ministry of Health or a network of NGOs and research centres in universities. However, Turkish government does not set budget for such centres. This is another concern of our research. This study mainly aims to investigate the legislation of rape crime and to argue the issues on implementations of international conventions on preventing and combating violence against women. It also presents the results of the interviews carried out with NGOs working on sexual violence.

https://openalex.org/W124601478

Turkish speaking mothers in Hackney: an investigation of needs and use of health provision and a trial of a volunteer visiting scheme for first-time mothers.

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The aim of the project was to assess first time Turkish spaking mothers' rating on social support which has been identified as a contributing factor to post-natal depression in addition to the bio-medical model of depression. Semi-structured interviews with participants were conducted while pregnant and after giving birth to evaluate their psychological welfare on other scales, e.g. Rosenberg’s self-esteem, and also to evaluate whether their needs are adequately met by the health services. The report concluded that Turkish speaking mothers do not exhibit social isolation and do not suffer from mental health issues.

https://openalex.org/W2003385293

EFFECTS OF CUSTOM UNION ON TURKEY'S SOCIAL WELFARE

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In this article, the social welfare effects of the customs union between Turkey and the European Union on Turkish economy have been studied by utilizing the partial equilibrium analysis.As the first step, the degree of sensitivity of Turkey’s imports to price changes has been estimated. The regression analysis results showed that Turkey’s imports has a demand-price elasticity of about (-0,56) for the period 1996-2003. This elasticity coefficient has been used to compute the increase in Turkey’s imports due to customs union. The numerical results of the study point out an increase of about 30 billion dollars in consumer surplus for 2006, which is equivalent to 7.33% of GNP. This number does of course not take into account welfare loss faced by producers and government. When taken into consideration, social welfare increase falls to 0.88% of GNP, which is a relatively moderate rate. However, it would have been 1,75 times larger if Turkish currency would not have overappreciated in past few years. It can be concluded that although not as much as expected, custom union had some positive effects on Turkish economy, particularly in increasing social welfare.

https://openalex.org/W4387317085

Aging and Social Protection in a Familialist Welfare Regime: Elderly Poverty and Social Pensions in Turkey

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Turkey is experiencing a rapid aging process at a faster pace than many developing countries. Within its familialist welfare regime, institutional care provision is rather limited and care is primarily provided by informal networks, mostly within the family and by women. However, the elderly poverty rate is high and it keeps increasing. Due to lifelong economic and social disadvantages such as exclusion from the labor market, interrupted employment history, informal employment, and care responsibilities, women are more likely to experience poverty in old age in Turkey. The reliance on the family regarding care in line with the familialist welfare regime of Turkey coupled with consistently high rates of elderly poverty calls the social protection of elderly individuals in Turkey into question. While the public pension system is far from being universal and particularly not widely accessed by women, universal social pensions have the potential to provide social protection to elderly people. However, research suggests that social pensions exist as means-tested and targeted social assistance mechanisms which are offered only in the absence of the support of family members, within the familialist welfare regime of Turkey. Besides, social pensions are not inclusive: barely around 10% of the elderly population draw means-tested old-age pensions. In this picture, the existing social protection mechanisms are not sufficient to address the upcoming challenges posed by rapid population aging in the country.

https://openalex.org/W2115422664

THE ASPECT OF SOCIAL SERVICES IN TURKEY

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In Turkey, social services term is used in the sense of “social welfare” and “social assistance services” provided to socially or economically disadvantaged citizens. The Social Services and Child Protection Agency (SSCPA) has a biggest responsibility for copying out social services in Turkey. Social services has need to extend by the government, priority in this region. In this context helping the clients to maintain a quality of life in different stage of life is increasingly accepted as a goal of SSCPA.

https://openalex.org/W2154928840

THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION AND USAGE OF HIGH-TECH GOODS TO THE WELFARE OF A COUNTRY: COMPARISON OF FINLAND AND TURKEY

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After the industrial revolution there have been important transformations in every country and the economy of the world. However, some countries carried out rapid industrial development while others are still struggling with economic problems and trying to catch up with developed countries. This study is of a country like Turkey, faces numerous economic and social problems as it tries to catch up with its competitors and reach the level of a welfare society. The paper considers Turkey in relation to a country like Finland, one of the most competitive nations, with a hi-tech economy and a highly educated society. The aim is to carry out an international comparison of Turkey and Finland, to find out the importance, effect and change of welfare, especially social welfare, of using high technology goods and services both in a developed and developing country. To be able to show and compare two countries in different respects, the focus will be on some particular goods that are important evidence of an information society, such as usage of mobile phones, personal computers and access to the Internet. The reason of carrying out a comparative study and choosing Finland is the Finnish level of technological development, production and adaptation of high technology so that Finland can be placed as a model for Turkey. Also, Finland is known as one of the best welfare states and a good representative of “Nordic Welfare System”.

https://openalex.org/W2221057606

Welfare needs of Turkish and Kurdish communities in London: a community based research project

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This report presents key findings from a research project on the characteristics and needs of Turkish and Kurdish communities in London and the effects of the recent economic crisis and welfare restructuring. The study, conducted between 2012 and 2013, was commissioned by Day-Mer (Turkish and Kurdish Community Centre) to Middlesex University’s Social Policy Research Centre. The project’s budget is part of a Big Fund's 'Transition Fund' grant

https://openalex.org/W3124077638

Towards sustainable lignite consumption in Turkey and a welfare analysis

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Sustainable consumption is at the center of sustainable development that every country seems to want. One of the great challenges of this century must be to understand what drives the consumption and how we can reduce consumption through increased efficiency. However consumption is not simply determined by population growth, which is commonly assumed to be a key cause of unsustainable consumption, but also by economic activity, technology choices, social values, institutions and policies. In this paper, we focus our analysis on lignite consumption in Turkey as an exhaustible natural resource and we assume that the consumption is only the ultimate end of the economic activity. Some improvments of the Weitzman model (1976) are proposed by introducing an environmental preference parameter into the model to complement his interpretation of welfare. Our aim is to pass from theory to practical applications by presenting some modest empirical results. Our model is constructed under GAMS for the period 1980-2080 using Turkish data and leads to the interesting result that an environmental taxation policy can lead to a social welfare increase in Turkey.

https://openalex.org/W2055390710

Privatization of Social Security System and Its Consequences: The Turkish Case

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The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the efficiency of the private pension system in Turkey. Firstly, the social security system and the recent institutional reforms will be briefly evaluated. Secondly, the private pension system in Turkey will be examined as a government strategy to cut down on the economic cost of welfare provision and sharing the cost of social responsibility with the emerging private pension market. Thirdly, the efficiency of the private pension system will be evaluated with respect to the survey data collected in Mugla, Turkey. Finally, a comparative analysis on the private pension system and the public social security system will be carried out on a structural level, both empirically and theoretically. If the social responsibility of welfare provision is funneled to the market, what kind of social risks will emerge if the market is in crisis? The institutional responses together with social dynamics will contribute to an evaluation of policy alternatives under potential financial crisis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ss.78.4.3238

https://openalex.org/W2945304346

ACTORS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF WELFARE: POLITICS, ECONOMY, AND CULTURE

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This paper focuses on both the classic and recent debates concerning the welfare state. The goal is to determine the actors in the emergence of modern welfare states. I claim social and cultural elements in the social provision of welfare is relevant as a distinct category, and identify waqf as a religio-cultural institution and zakat as a religio-cultural practice that played and still plays influential role in the distribution of welfare in the case of Turkey. I suggest, if a welfare regime description of Turkey would be made, waqf and zakat are indispensable and must be analyzed.

https://openalex.org/W3217490698

No common ground? Public knowledge about welfarespending in Turkey and its social divisions

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Social policy research examining citizens’ welfare knowledge, which offers a gateway to their understanding of the policy context, has remained limited. Adapting the opportunity–motivation–ability framework borrowed from the literature on political knowledge to welfare knowledge, this article offers an analysis of new data from a nationwide survey to explore Turkish society’s knowledge of the composition of public social spending. Corroborating earlier findings in the literature, the article maintains that most people in Turkey overestimate the relative size of social assistance spending for the poor. However, different from previous findings, the majority and most pensioners are also ill-informed about the rank of public spending on old-age pensions, the most widely used social benefit absorbing the largest share of welfare spending. The article provides evidence of the social division of welfare knowledge in Turkish society based mostly on three opportunity-related variables: city of residence, gender and income.

https://openalex.org/W2271880544

HOMELESS PEOPLE IN TURKEY AND SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTIONS

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?Homelessness? has been a serious social problem in developed countries especially since the 1980s. It has been provoked by the increase in poverty, inadequate incomes, unemployment, lack of care for mentally retarded people, unemployment and the increase in the number of individuals and families who live below the normal standard of living. In Turkey, the low number of homeless people means that homelessness is not accepted as a social problem. The fact that homelessness is not accepted as a social problem causes some problems, including a lack of services, the inadequacy of the existing services, and the lack of social policy concerning homelessness. Today, in Turkey the homeless population is much more diverse than in the past, and includes more women (both with and without children), families, young persons, working poor, socially excluded peoples and those with diagnoses of mental illness. Services to the homeless in Turkey are given by ASPB [Ministry of Family and Social Policies] in Behice Eren Children?s and Youth Center and in some municipality. In this study the interventions of social workers to the homeless people in our country is discussed.

https://openalex.org/W2922648651

The Southern European Model in Welfare Regime Types and a Comparison Among The Health Care Provisions in Italy and Turkey

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The category of the Southern European welfare regime type has basically composed of four countries; Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece. Turkey’s place has been discussed in the Gough’s article (1996) because of its welfare regime, its division of social responsibilities among state, family and market analogous with the Southern European countries. In the field of health, as a part of social services, Italy and Turkey implemented a similar universal health reform package in 1978 and 2003, respectively, and the similarities and differences between these two countries should be analyzed within the framework of the Southern European welfare regime framework. In this point, the research question can be summarized as follows: How can these universal health systems of Turkey and Italy be compared in the framework of the Southern European welfare regime model? In this paper, we would like to focus on the Italian and the Turkish health care provisions under two dimensions: the provision of health care and the health care expenditure based upon OECD and WHO 2014 reports and with valuable contributions of the scope of related readings.

https://openalex.org/W3146970995

Homeless People In Turkey And Social Work Interventions

https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3146970995

?Homelessness? has been a serious social problem in developed countries especially since the 1980s. It has been provoked by the increase in poverty, inadequate incomes, unemployment, lack of care for mentally retarded people, unemployment and the increase in the number of individuals and families who live below the normal standard of living. In Turkey, the low number of homeless people means that homelessness is not accepted as a social problem. The fact that homelessness is not accepted as a social problem causes some problems, including a lack of services, the inadequacy of the existing services, and the lack of social policy concerning homelessness. Today, in Turkey the homeless population is much more diverse than in the past, and includes more women (both with and without children), families, young persons, working poor, socially excluded peoples and those with diagnoses of mental illness. Services to the homeless in Turkey are given by ASPB [Ministry of Family and Social Policies] in Behice Eren Children?s and Youth Center and in some municipality. In this study the interventions of social workers to the homeless people in our country is discussed.

https://openalex.org/W1780071025

The Effects of Population Growth on Social Welfare In LDC’s and Turkey

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The objective of this paper is to investigate problems created by rapid population growth They are grouped as unemployment urbanization rural urban migration income distribution poverty hunger and malnutrition and environmental degradation main indicators of social welfare Each problem is first examined in relation to LDCs in general and then in the context of Turkey in sepcific

https://openalex.org/W2490994454

Social Safety Nets in Southern Europe

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In the last few years serious research into the social welfare systems of southern Europe has taken off. Descriptive and historical studies have been complemented by analyses which seek to explain their particular patterns of welfare development in terms of the categories and concepts developed to understand the welfare states of northern Europe and other regions of the OECD. Others have argued that the southern countries of Western Europe constitute a distinct welfare regime (Leibfried, 1993) comprising extravagant constitutional promises alongside rudimentary social rights and weak public implementation, superimposed on a greater role of church, family and hidden economy than in the North. Membership of this group always includes Spain, Portugal and Greece; they are normally joined by southern Italy or all Italy, and sometimes by France. In this chapter I shall consider all these countries except France, but I shall also include Turkey. Though the major part of Turkey is strictly speaking not in Europe I shall use the term ‘southern Europe’ to describe this set of five countries.

https://openalex.org/W3114428288

Institutions and Individuals: Social Policies in Contemporary Turkey

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This chapter analyses the roles of four main institutions—namely the family, the state, the market, and non-governmental actors—in social welfare distribution shaped by the intersections of age, ethnicity, class, and gender relations in Turkey. Based on a nation-wide dataset, this chapter examines the effects of different welfare actors on welfare distribution and citizens’ levels of satisfaction with social policies. This study shows, first, that four main institutions determine the distribution of welfare, and second, that there are more generous social policies for the elderly, children, and men, than there are for young people, women, and the Romany. Even though important reforms aimed at achieving an advanced social policy strategy in the 2000s, social, economic, and demographic risks necessitate a more sustainable social welfare strategy in Turkey.

https://openalex.org/W4367680460

Erdem Yörük, The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey: How Social Movements and Elite Competition Created a Welfare State. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2022. xvi + 221 pages.

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Erdem Yörük, The Politics of the Welfare State in Turkey: How Social Movements and Elite Competition Created a Welfare State. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2022. xvi + 221 pages. - Volume 68

https://openalex.org/W3120406466

QUALITATIVE STUDY IN TURKEY: WHO ARE THE SOCIAL WORKERS?

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This study is a social policy criticism based on the perception of social workers by the state. Social workers seem to have an important role and authority in the implementation of social policies. In the study, through interviews with 21 social workers working in Turkey it has collected data on the role and powers. The interviews were conducted in the form of in-depth interviews. The study is part of a master's thesis. Throughout the study, narratives about how the state saw social workers were discussed. Social workers interviewed shared narratives that the state saw themselves as a mediator, passive policy enforcer and opponent. However, social workers are equipped to direct the policies to be implemented due to their professional formations. In addition to claiming that they should be active in politics, it is an important result of this study that they have aims to increase social welfare. In this context, this study, they exposed the social workers in Turkey by introducing the rat race argues that the social welfare policies need to be revised.

https://openalex.org/W4389618319

Negotiating Social Protection and Care: A Study of First-Generation Older Turkish Community in London

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Abstract Access to social protection in old age is crucial and yet contingent upon negotiations between the social structures of the welfare states and the personal networks within which individuals are embedded. International migration, changing family dynamics, and the transformation of care and other welfare policies in the global North make it challenging for older migrants to negotiate social protection. Drawing on 45 semi-structured interviews with first-generation older Turkish migrants in London and 13 semi-structured interviews with professional service providers for the community, the paper aims to investigate the assemblages of formal and informal social protection in the lives of older migrants. Findings indicate the complexity in accessing informal social protection and the navigation of formal care support in the UK for first generation older Turkish migrants and the contingency of access to formal care services on informal support networks for participants. It has been demonstrated that built infrastructure and policies aimed at older adults have great influence on assemblages of care, highlighting the need for more age-friendly and integrated policies to facilitate access to social protection for diverse groups of older adults.

https://openalex.org/W2346875204

Türkiye’de Kadın İstihdamı ve Sosyal Refah Uygulamaları

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The aim of this article is discussing effects of social welfare implementations, including social aids, early child care and education services, and services for old/handicapped people, on woman’s employment.Within the frame of mentioned goal the Labor Law, Civil Servants’ Law, 10th Development Plan, National Employment Strategy Document, Curricular Notice prepared by the Prime Ministry on 2010, and budgets of the Ministry of Family and Social Policies and the Ministry of National Education were analyzed. To be able to present situation of woman’s employment in Turkey, national and international statistics were taken into account. Furthermore, figures belonged to Spain, France, Netherllands and Sweden were used to present a comparative picture.From the establishment of the Turkish Republic, bread-winner family model has been taken as basis in every area of social life. By means of the AKP government, ruling Turkey for more than 12 years, familialism has become key element of all social services and aids. Yet, despite the emphasis on family, not only mothers but also female members of extended family have to shoulder care of children, and elder/handicapped people because of insufficient supports. The government has taken issue of increasing women’s employment into its agenda as a significant political object. However, instead of providing necessary services to be able solve problem of low woman’s employment, it tries to make part-time work as a norm. In other words, women are expected to work and execute care and other household responsibilities together. As a result, a quantitative increase has been targeted while quality and returns of jobs have been neglected. Moreover, gendered division of labor has strengthened

https://openalex.org/W2140456270

Social Welfare Practices of the State and NGOs in Turkey: New Trends and Necessities

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Th is study will discuss the changes in the social welfare practices of Turkey after the year 2000. In order to assess the extent of these changes, government practices and the activities of social welfare non-governmental organizations have been analyzed. Data has been collected through in-depth interviews and document analysis using the qualitative research method. In-depth interviews were carried out with people working in public institutions and in NGOs. As a result of this research, it can be concluded that there has been a quantitative and qualitative increase in both government and NGO activities compared to previous years. Also, contrary to popular belief, the total amount of fi nancial aid provided by NGOs in Turkey has been found to be less than that of public institu- tions. However, despite the quantitative increase, both groups appear to be insu ffi cient at producing mechanisms for eliminating social exclusion, one of the biggest causes for the manifestation of poverty. It is therefore recommended that social welfare providers in Tur- key, especially NGOs should work on the problem of social exclusion in the coming years.

https://openalex.org/W2953495697

The Relationship Between Social Welfare and Taxation in The Context of Welfare Economics: Evaluation of Turkish Revenue Tax

https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2953495697

Welfare Economics in normative economics emphasizes the preference of alternative situations by the society. The social welfare constitutes the main point of welfare economics. In this context, the main purpose of welfare economics, which puts forth what should be, is to provide social welfare at the highest level. It is considered that social welfare will rise to the highest level by providing a society-acceptable balance between efficiency and justice in resource allocation. Although there are many determining factors of social welfare, one of the most important is taxation. Because taxation affects the individual’s socio-economic quality of life through effect of income, substitution, and decision-making, while directly determining the budgetary means of the individual. The purpose of the study in this direction is determined the effect of income tax applied in Turkey on level of social welfare starting from relation between social welfare and taxation. Within the scope of this purpose, evaluations in terms of the effects of Turkish income tax applications on efficiency and justice in resource allocation have been made.

https://openalex.org/W2777549184

The Place and Importance of Foundations in Ottoman

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From past to present, foundations (Vakıfs), which are constituted in order to strengthen assistance and solidarity spirit and to increase social capital in social relations, have been one of the indispensable social institutions of everyday life. Although it is possible to assert the existence of foundations in Pre-Islamic era, they essentially rise as an institutional entity in the Arabic civilisation that embraced Islam. They become common also in Turkish world after Turks embraced Islam. The foundations and services they provide experienced the golden age after Islam spread to wide geographies and foundation culture developed within Turkish-Islamic synthesis. Throughout the centuries, they have maintained facilities that empower social solidarity such as sheltering, education and health services, that meet the social needs and that affect the economy directly or indirectly. Moreover, they have penetrated into political and social ground from state administration to urbanisation. Most of social services that are conducted by the foundations previously have turned into public service after social welfare state understanding dominated in 20th century. In this study, foundations in the Ottoman era and their services with content and reflections in social life are analysed.

https://openalex.org/W2468147931

Social Policy for Education: Assessing Needs of Turkey

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Social policies generally refer to the social welfare interventions aimed to resolve social problems on employment, housing, education, health and social services. Education, as a major field of welfare system, is quite significant for social policy framework. Hence, social welfare state has important responsibilities on providing education facilities and services for whole society. At this point, there is a strong need for effective policies which can resolve problems in education settings and optimise education processes for best learning and teaching. When examining the case of Turkey, it can be seen that there are some social policy practices in education which mainly consist of social assistance programs and social responsibility initiatives. Stipends, course materials and other supports for students, food and housing services of schools, preventive health services are some of welfare practices for education. There are also some education policies pursued by National Education Ministry to increase schooling rates at all education levels, decrease drop-out rates, bring more special education facilities into service and provide technical and material support for all government schools. Besides, some civil initiatives and private institutions conduct various projects to improve vocational education, promote school attending and provide needed equipments for schools. Unfortunately, all these efforts can not be an effective and holistic framework towards solution of school problems. It is obvious that there has been various ongoing social problems in school settings in Turkey such as violence, harassment, substance abuse, family-related problems, mental health problems. There is a remarkable lack of social policy in this field. This actually indicate a need for enhanced social services and social work in schools. In this regard, this study suggests some effective social policies for education and refers to the significance of school social work services in Turkish school settings.

https://openalex.org/W4301395158

A gendered analysis of trends in the faith‐based provision of social services: Evidence from Egypt and Turkey

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Abstract The involvement of faith‐based organizations in the provision of social welfare has been popular in discourse and policy over the last several decades. This policy is often recommended as a remedy to the underfunded and underdeveloped social welfare system in late industrializing countries. This paper aims to discuss the implications of this recommended policy on women in the MENA region. This question is significant because women in the MENA region need social services as they have the lowest labor market participation in the world and they have been disproportionately affected by poverty over the last decade, a trend exacerbated during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Based on fieldwork and utilizing both qualitative and quantitative sources, this paper discusses evidence from two country cases in the MENA region, Egypt and Turkey. The paper argues that the provision of social welfare by faith‐based organizations falls short in providing a substitute or alternative to publicly funded and universally provided social services for women because the provision of these services is inconsistent and unreliable and could be coopted by the government. Egypt represents a case in which the al‐Sisi regime adopted a confrontational strategy toward the Muslim Brotherhood and dismembered its services, while Turkey represents a case in which government coopts faith‐based organizations for political gain.

https://openalex.org/W4296112398

Appendix B: Social protection institutions and coverage

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As religion continues to regain its centrality in both academic and policy circles around the world, this book presents a new framework which examines the complex social and political dynamics shaping social welfare in the Middle East. Based on an in-depth study of the major Muslim and Christian religious welfare organisations in Lebanon (including Hezbollah), and drawing upon supplementary research conducted in Iran, Egypt, and Turkey, the book argues that religion is providing sophisticated solutions to the major social and economic problems of the Middle East.

https://openalex.org/W4295932795

Bibliography

https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4295932795

As religion continues to regain its centrality in both academic and policy circles around the world, this book presents a new framework which examines the complex social and political dynamics shaping social welfare in the Middle East. Based on an in-depth study of the major Muslim and Christian religious welfare organisations in Lebanon (including Hezbollah), and drawing upon supplementary research conducted in Iran, Egypt, and Turkey, the book argues that religion is providing sophisticated solutions to the major social and economic problems of the Middle East.

https://openalex.org/W2605705734

A Multilevel Analysis of Individuals' Attitudes Toward Welfare State Responsibilities

https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2605705734

Making use of data from the European Social Survey (ESS), we investigate the determinants of individuals’ attitudes towards welfare state policies in 29 European countries. Socio-demographic characteristics, income, employment and health statuses, and an indicator of egalitarian values are used to explain two welfare state attitude dimensions inquired about in the ESS. Complementing the micro data from the survey with country-level indicators of the quality of government, we aim to shed light on the contextual determinants of the attitudes being examined. Our multilevel model estimates reveal that individual-level characteristics influence attitudes in predictable ways, but the impact of the quality of government and how it interacts with egalitarianism depends on the specific attitude being examined. While the impact of egalitarian values on the attitudes towards more taxation and social spending by the government is larger in higher quality-of-government countries, the opposite is the case with regard to the provision of more specific redistributive policies that benefit certain groups. We also find that the patterns of association between personal characteristics and welfare state attitudes observed on the subsample of Turkish respondents are different than those obtained on the combined data set. We attribute the observed differences to cultural factors, the relatively low government quality, and common misconceptions about the welfare state especially among the less educated segments of the Turkish society.

https://openalex.org/W4296113135

Appendix A: Lebanon country profile

https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4296113135

As religion continues to regain its centrality in both academic and policy circles around the world, this book presents a new framework which examines the complex social and political dynamics shaping social welfare in the Middle East. Based on an in-depth study of the major Muslim and Christian religious welfare organisations in Lebanon (including Hezbollah), and drawing upon supplementary research conducted in Iran, Egypt, and Turkey, the book argues that religion is providing sophisticated solutions to the major social and economic problems of the Middle East.

https://openalex.org/W4380304496

Access to welfare policies by immigrants: comparing centralized and decentralized governance in the examples of Turkey and Spain

https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4380304496

This chapter reflects on the limits of the welfare state through a comparative perspective in societies with high immigration rates to improve social cohesion. As migrant-receiving Mediterranean welfare states, the centralized governance of Turkey and the decentralized governance of Spain are interesting cases to compare welfare policies designed to facilitate social cohesion. By focusing on three important areas of welfare - social support, healthcare, and education - we elaborate on these two cases’ existing rights and policies. The article highlights the challenges of both countries in the context of the numbers of immigrants and access to the welfare system for the immigrant population, as well as the challenges rural areas face.

https://openalex.org/W2291729582

Understanding Social Work In The Development Plans: Where We Were, Where We Are Now

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The objective of this research is to evaluate the development plans that are made so far with using qualitative research design in terms of social work. Development plans express that improving the social policy within the framework determined objectives. The first development plan was conducted in 1963 in Turkey and plans have conducted 10 times so far. Because the main purpose of the development plans is to increase the welfare of people, it is important to evaluate the plans in terms of social work. This study was designed based on qualitative research methods. During the evaluation of the data in the study, content and document analysis was made and the created themes were grouped as 'social services, integrity-disorganization and social justice'

https://openalex.org/W2253435251

Social Welfare Objectives and Distribution Weights in Public Health Planning in Turkey

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In order to estimate distribution weights for project appraisal, public investment decisions can be analysed in terms of revealed preferences underlying a social welfare function. Literature contributions show lack of consensus relative to theoretical framework, estimation techniques and interpretation of parameter estimates. Moreover, a social welfare objective, or a specific target, may be pursued to the detriment of another. Based on a multiobjective social welfare function suited to public health planning, this analysis applies censored regression models to new constructions of public hospitals in Turkey. Cross-province results highlight a number of trade-offs and inconsistencies, with some health care targets receiving priority over others in terms of both efficiency and distribution objectives. In five out of nine targets (expressed by ten proxy variables) expected signs are not matched by results.

https://openalex.org/W2301218824

Comparison of Frames for Choosing a Social Welfare Function

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Experiments test (a) whether the maximin rule (Rawls, 1971) or the utilitarian rule (Harsanyi, 1955) is preferred by subjects in concrete resource allocation decisions under some form of a veil of ignorance, and (b) whether an original position-like decision frame in which the subject is a veiled particpant (VP) leads to greater support for the maximin rule than does the stance of an impartial spectator (IS). An experiment in the U.S. with consumer items indicates that utilitarianism is generally competitive with the maximin rule and that a VP framing does not enhance support for the maximin rule when goods are of minor value (i.e., not primary). Early results from a second experiment in Turkey concerning health care resources indicate that support for the maximin rule significantly exceeds that for the utilitarian rule (for both VP and IS framings) when the goods to be distributed are clearly important, and that the VP framing may indeed amplify this preference. Further experiments are needed to test for cultural effects.

https://openalex.org/W2342394725

Social Welfare Provision at Local Level: A Case Study on Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality

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In this article I tried to find traces of a neo-conservative model the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in Turkey. Firstly I tried to explain significant collaboration between liberalism and conservatism in the neoliberal context. Subsequently, I tried to evaluate the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality to see the neoconservative administration’s effects on local administrations based on market-oriented administration rationale. I tried to explain that the gender discourse was strengthened because of such administration rationale. I tried to evaluate this matter profoundly. I mentioned the Ladies Commission of RP (Welfare Party) and Kadin Koordinasyon Merkezi (Women Coordination Center (WCC)) in the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality as examples of models of conservative women’s political organizations.

https://openalex.org/W2913883174

The role of intergroup relations and emotion in predicting the deservingness of welfare aid

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Previous literature suggests that the welfare policy judgments are often explained by psychological mechanisms, such as the deservingness heuristic which describe that people evaluate if the potential recipient deserves the benefit or not when they formulate welfare policy decisions. The present study aimed to investigate whether people favor their in-group members, and endorse the idea that their in-group members to deserve to receive welfare aid more compared to the members of other groups. The role of emotional reactions in the formation of people's social welfare opinions towards different social and political groups were also considered as an additional factor. The findings demonstrated that deservingness heuristic operates as a major factor for explaining welfare aid opinions in the Turkish context. The results are discussed within the framework of in-group vs. out-group distinction literature.

https://openalex.org/W1509314001

Faith-based organisations and Social Exclusion in Sweden

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This project concerns the present role of Faith-Based Organisations (FBOs) in matters of social exclusion in cities. Participating countries are: Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, UK, Turkey, Spain and Sweden. A FBO is any organisation that refers directly or indirectly to religion or religious values, and functions as a welfare provider or as a political actor. The central assumption is that FBOs tend to fill the gap left after the supposed withdrawal of the welfare state in several domains of public life, particularly in social welfare and in social protection. At first sight, this looks like a return to the charity of former times, when such associations occupied the fore of social help in many countries. But we might as well witness the beginning of a new type of welfare regime with a stronger focus on local policies and strategies and new interplays between local authorities and civil society organisations.

https://openalex.org/W2605399955

SOCIAL MUNICIPALISM APPLICATIONS IN TURKEY: A COMPARATIVE EVALUATION BETWEEN THE MUNICIPALITIES OF KEÇİÖREN and MERAM

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While the terms like social state, social policy and social municipalism are the terms frequently pronounced by the representatives of central administrations, the government and political parties, the matter is primarily concerned with local administrations which make necessary regulations within the framework of the Constitution so as to create solutions for the common needs and problems of people living in the places they have been commissioned. It is known that local administrations are the institutions closest to the people, in a way taking on the state’s task in the area. Currently, local administrations are in charge of locally providing basic social needs like educational, healthcare and housing services and enhancing the welfare of citizens living in their area of responsibility. Local administrations, while taking over the most significant duties like social assistance and services on one hand, they also have to find solutions to economic and social problems such as unemployment, migration, lack of housing and hardships of urban life, with which disadvantaged people are confronted. In this context, given the fact that social municipalism is the provision of services for those principally seen as social risk groups and disadvantaged segments in the community, involving women, children, elderly people and the needy ones as well as those who are unemployed or alienated due to reasons like ethnicity, gender or migration, the significance of relevant applications in this respect can much more clearly be conceived. Yet, in terms of enhancing the efficacy and efficiency of these services, it is essential that educational, monetary, legal, administrative, technical, moral and bureaucratic issues be scrutinized once again and permanent solutions be generated. In Turkey, though it is possible to see periods in history with various applications, it is clear that remarkable regulations have been introduced to social municipalism since 2004, with the reforms made in the field of local administrations. Thus, being regarded as an effective organ in resolving social problems, local administrations have taken over much more responsibilities. Several legal regulations, most prominent among them are Act 5393 on the Municipal Law and Act 5216 Law for Metropolitan Municipalities, have recently brought about broader authority and multiple duties to municipalities in terms of social municipalism applications. It can be said that a spectacular infrastructure has already been established in the field of social municipalism. The objective of this study is to exhibit the current position of municipalities in Turkey, which have a significant place in the local provision of common needs, within the framework of concepts of social state, social policy and social municipalism, through a practical and comparative study. In this respect, the study will be made up of three chapters. In the first part, the concept of social miunicipalism will be accentuated in detail with reference to the sense of social state and social policies. Following this conceptual introduction, certain aspects, functions and essential criteria of social municipalism will be discussed and how this concept has evolved up to now will be studied from a historical point of view on the application level. In the second part, the duties and authorities of municipalities in terms of social municipalism will be cited within the scope of legal arrangements in Turkey and certain successful examples that have been conducted in this field will be presented. In the third and final part, social municipalism applications being carried out in Kecioren (Ankara) and Meram (Konya) Municipalities will comparatively be introduced. To this end, a semi-structured interview will be conducted on employees and managers; the strategic plans of organizations, their performance programs and annual activity reports will be studied, and current positions of the abovementioned municipalities and their viewpoints towards the future will be worked out. Key Words: Local Governments, Municipality, Social Municipalism, Kecioren Municipality, Meram Municipality

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Specialized Social Services Offered to Individuals Living with Rare Disease in the World

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Rare diseases, defined as diseases seen in fewer individuals when compared to the general population, involve about eight diseases and new diseases are being added every day. In general, rare diseases characterized by lack of scientific knowledge, diagnosis and treatment are known to be serious chronic diseases. Having a rare disease is considered as a process with many physical, psychological, economic and social influences that must be tackled in many areas for patients and their relatives. Psycho-social support services are therefore important to help patients and their families manage the day-to-day difficulties of the illness. respite care services In this study, therapeutic recreation programs, adapted housing, resource centers EUCERD (2012) 's report of listed specialized social services provided in the health sector can make use of rare diseases in Turkey with psycho-social support services will be attempted to be discussed and compared.

https://openalex.org/W3122433715

TÜRKİYE’DE SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİ VE HASTANELERE ERİŞEBİLİRLİĞİN MEKANSAL PROFİLİ: SOSYAL REFAH AÇISINDAN BİR ANALİZ

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Health is regarded as an integral component of well-being that contributes to the development of human capital. Therefore, the emphasis on improving health and inclusiveness of health services is increasing day by day. In this research, health taken as a public service in this context the current situation in health services and the spatial profile of accessibility to hospitals in Turkey aimed to determine. Quantitative research techniques were used in the study. Introductory statistics were used to analyze the current situation in health services, and network analysis was used to determine accessibility to hospitals. Both the introductory indicators on health services and the findings regarding accessibility show that the north-northeast of the country, especially the east of the country, are disadvantageous areas in terms of health services. The existing insufficiencies in health services in the these areas are a limitation in terms of the social well being of the population residing in these areas. This insufficiency also leads to a decrease in satisfaction with services, resulting in a decrease in subjective well being in these regions.

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Notes on contributors

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At a time of extreme globalisation Ageing in the Mediterranean fills a key void in international literature on ageing societies. This important and timely volume brings together a distinguished set of international scholars who provide rich information about the social, economic, political, and historical factors responsible for shaping ageing policy in the Mediterranean region. It is a regional handbook that highlights the idiosyncrasies of overlapping ageing issues in one particular territory and presents a range of key issues and concerns including migration, care-giving, employment, and health care amongst others, whilst providing rich data from various countries such as Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Portugal, Tunisia and Turkey. Ageing in the Mediterranean will be warmly welcomed by researchers in social and public policy, gerontology and geriatrics, welfare economics, and health care. It will also be of interest to policy makers and NGOs involved in welfare and social care services.

https://openalex.org/W4312433479

Index

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At a time of extreme globalisation Ageing in the Mediterranean fills a key void in international literature on ageing societies. This important and timely volume brings together a distinguished set of international scholars who provide rich information about the social, economic, political, and historical factors responsible for shaping ageing policy in the Mediterranean region. It is a regional handbook that highlights the idiosyncrasies of overlapping ageing issues in one particular territory and presents a range of key issues and concerns including migration, care-giving, employment, and health care amongst others, whilst providing rich data from various countries such as Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Portugal, Tunisia and Turkey. Ageing in the Mediterranean will be warmly welcomed by researchers in social and public policy, gerontology and geriatrics, welfare economics, and health care. It will also be of interest to policy makers and NGOs involved in welfare and social care services.

https://openalex.org/W204060211

Political determinants of sub-national social spending: a statistical analysis of metropolitan municipality budgets in Turkey

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The main question of this thesis is whether incumbency affiliation and political competition have an effect on social spending decisions of the local governments in Turkey, especially through strategic allocation of sub-national resources. The findings provide partial support for strategic fiscal choices of social spending at the local level, especially for metropolitan municipalities that hold partisan ties with national incumbents. While mayors that have partisan ties with national incumbents tend to increase spending on social assistance services in their stronghold provinces, they tend to spend more on health services in face of political competition. Moreover, electoral analysis examines the effect of particularistic social spending decisions on the vote share of political parties at the elections. The spending on health services as well as spending on social assistance increases the vote shares of political parties that hold mayors' position at the national elections.

https://openalex.org/W4312227690

Front Matter

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At a time of extreme globalisation Ageing in the Mediterranean fills a key void in international literature on ageing societies. This important and timely volume brings together a distinguished set of international scholars who provide rich information about the social, economic, political, and historical factors responsible for shaping ageing policy in the Mediterranean region. It is a regional handbook that highlights the idiosyncrasies of overlapping ageing issues in one particular territory and presents a range of key issues and concerns including migration, care-giving, employment, and health care amongst others, whilst providing rich data from various countries such as Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Malta, Portugal, Tunisia and Turkey. Ageing in the Mediterranean will be warmly welcomed by researchers in social and public policy, gerontology and geriatrics, welfare economics, and health care. It will also be of interest to policy makers and NGOs involved in welfare and social care services.