lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.

Question: What did Einstein discover a resolution to?
Answer: the paradox of specific heats

Question: What theory did Einstein have reservations about?
Answer: quantum field theory
In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Question: What is the federation of Australia?
Answer: six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation.

Question: What was the federal Government responsible for?
Answer: matters concerning the whole nation.

Question: When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth of Australia?
Answer: When the Constitution of Australia came into force
Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, which was modified by the mid-19th century's nationalistic revolutions. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later. More immediate to the time, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine (which was later divided into two regions: Palestine and Transjordan). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen.

Question: In what century did the Nationalistic revolutions occur?
Answer: mid-19th century's

Question: How many years after world war I did world war II start?
Answer: 20 years later.

Question: What withdrew the political boundaries of West Asia?
Answer: partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

Question: Who did The League of Nations grant France mandates over?
Answer: Syria and Lebanon

Question: What did the partitioning of the Otto Empire bring about?
Answer: the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey.
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power, first in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and then in other places. In the wake of the October Revolution, the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized; the volunteer-based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks' main military force, augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka, the Bolshevik state security apparatus. There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army. Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. Former Tsarist officers were utilized as "military specialists" (voenspetsy), taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty. At the start of the war, three-fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers. By its end, 83% of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers.

Question: Where did Soviets under the rule of the Bolshevik first assume power during the Russian Civil War?
Answer: Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

Question: In the wake of the October resolution, what happened to the Russian Imperial Army?
Answer: demobilized

Question: What was Bolshevik's main military force?
Answer: volunteer-based Red Guard

Question: How did the Red red Army overcome their foes?
Answer: by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance.

Question: How were former Tsarist Officers utilized?
Answer: as "military specialists"
The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution. In 1917 Sun Yat-sen had become commander-in-chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords. Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored, however, and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union, which had recently achieved its own revolution. The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism. But for political expediency, the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Question: What did the May Fourth movement help do?
Answer: rekindle the then-fading cause of republican revolution.

Question: Sun Yat-Sen became the leader of what military group.
Answer: a rival military government in Guangzhou

Question: What did Sun Yat-Sen hope to get from western democracies?
Answer: aid

Question: Who did Sun Yet-Sen turn in 1930 for help?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: How did the Soviets try to befriend the Chinese Revolutionist?
Answer: by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism.
In North America, especially the first half of this period, people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties. The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The Roaring Twenties, often called "The Jazz Age", saw an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. 'Normalcy' returned to politics, jazz music blossomed, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked. The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology. New technologies, especially automobiles, movies and radio proliferated 'modernity' to a large part of the population. The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality, in architecture as well as in daily life. The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries, extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle.

Question: What is the "Roaring Twenties" ?
Answer: social and societal upheaval

Question: What is the "Roaring Twenties" also known as?
Answer: The Jazz Age

Question: Where did the "Roaring Twenties" begin?
Answer: North America

Question: Where did the "Roaring Twenties" spread to after the war?
Answer: Europe

Question: what did the "Jazz Age" usher in?
Answer: an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.
Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict. The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe. In Germany, the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil, which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year. When Germany could no longer afford war payments, Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass-produced goods. By the middle of the decade, economic development soared in Europe, and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany, Britain and France, the second half of the decade becoming known as the "Golden Twenties". In France and francophone Canada, they were also called the "années folles" ("Crazy Years").

Question: When did the hyperinflation of 1923 occur?
Answer: 1923

Question: Who invested in European debts?
Answer: Wall Street

Question: Europe has a large market for what?
Answer: American mass-produced goods
The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order, away from the balance of power that had dominated pre–World War I Europe. One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations, which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries. The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States, leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.

Question: When was The League of Nations created?
Answer: after the First World War

Question: What was the Interwar period marked by?
Answer: radical change in the international order

Question: What institution was meant to bring stability?
Answer: the League of Nations

Question: What effect did the undermining of The league of Nations have on the people?
Answer: leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy.

Question: Who undermined The League Of Nations?
Answer: bellicosity of Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, the Soviet Union, and Mussolini's Italy, and by the non-participation of the United States
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the "Four Policemen" or "Four Sheriffs" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan.

Question: Where did Japan attack the United States?
Answer: Pearl Harbor

Question: What countries were referred to as "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"?
Answer: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China

Question: When did the attack on Pearl Harbor occur?
Answer: December 7, 1941

Question: What did The United Nations name "The Trusteeship Of The Powerful"
Answer: "Four Policemen"

Question: Who were the victors of World War II?
Answer: The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China
The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm. International crises arose, such as the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949), the Korean War (1950–1953), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War (1959–1975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and NATO exercises in November 1983. There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought détente. Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons. In the Cold War era, the Generation of Love and the rise of computers changed society in very different, complex ways, including higher social and local mobility.

Question: Through what time period did the Berlin Blockade last?
Answer: 1948–1949

Question: What types of periods did the cold war see?
Answer: heightened tension and relative calm.

Question: Through what time period did the Korean War last?
Answer: 1950–1953)

Question: Through what time period did the Vietnam war last?
Answer: 1959–1975

Question: When did the Cuban Missile crisis happen?
Answer: 1962
The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressure on the Soviet Union, which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation. In the second half of the 1980s, newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power, though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal.

Question: During what time was the cold war close to happening?
Answer: 1980s and the early 1990s

Question: What did the Reagan administration increase on the Soviet Union?
Answer: diplomatic, military, and economic pressure

Question: What was the Soviet Union suffering from in the 1980's?
Answer: severe economic stagnation

Question: What did Mikhail Gorbachev introduce?
Answer: introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms.

Question: In what year did the Soviet Union collapse?
Answer: 1991
The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events. The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. This was the world's first artificial satellite, orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg. The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age. The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world's population. The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century. Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, public attention has largely moved to other areas.

Question: What is the space age?
Answer: a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events.

Question: Who launched Sputnik 1?
Answer: the Soviet Union.

Question: How long does did it take for the Sputnik 1 to orbit the earth?
Answer: 98.1 minutes

Question: What did Sputnik 1 usher in?
Answer: The Space Age

Question: How many people watched the Apollo 11 landing?
Answer: 500 million
Washington, D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No", denoting their lack of Congressional representation; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates (although a driver may choose to have the Washington, D.C. website address instead). President Bill Clinton's presidential limousine had the "Taxation without representation" license plate late in his term, while President George W. Bush had the vehicle's plates changed shortly after beginning his term in office. President Barack Obama had the license plates changed back to the protest style at the beginning of his second term.

Question: What Revolutionary War motto have Washington, D.C. statehood supporters modified and used?
Answer: "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No"

Question: What does the phrase protest?
Answer: their lack of Congressional representation

Question: In what way has the phrase been spread wide?
Answer: the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates

Question: When did Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?
Answer: at the beginning of his second term
At low frequencies (such as AM broadcast), arrays of vertical towers are used to achieve directionality and they will occupy large areas of land. For reception, a long Beverage antenna can have significant directivity. For non directional portable use, a short vertical antenna or small loop antenna works well, with the main design challenge being that of impedance matching. With a vertical antenna a loading coil at the base of the antenna may be employed to cancel the reactive component of impedance; small loop antennas are tuned with parallel capacitors for this purpose.

Question: For radio broadcast that one would hear in their car what type of towers are used?
Answer: vertical

Question: If one wished to take an antenna to different locations, which type would be best?
Answer: short vertical antenna

Question: Why is this specific antenna type used?
Answer: achieve directionality

Question: What is a problem one might encounter when using a portable antenna?
Answer: impedance matching
An antenna lead-in is the transmission line (or feed line) which connects the antenna to a transmitter or receiver. The antenna feed may refer to all components connecting the antenna to the transmitter or receiver, such as an impedance matching network in addition to the transmission line. In a so-called aperture antenna, such as a horn or parabolic dish, the "feed" may also refer to a basic antenna inside the entire system (normally at the focus of the parabolic dish or at the throat of a horn) which could be considered the one active element in that antenna system. A microwave antenna may also be fed directly from a waveguide in place of a (conductive) transmission line.

Question: What is mainly responsible for the connection of the antenna to its end destinations?
Answer: antenna lead-in

Question: What is the group of elements used to join the elements of an antenna?
Answer: antenna feed

Question: What are the type of antennas used with satellite television called?
Answer: aperture antenna

Question: What can be used in place of a standard transmission line?
Answer: microwave antenna
Gain is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of the antenna's radiation pattern. A high-gain antenna will radiate most of its power in a particular direction, while a low-gain antenna will radiate over a wider angle. The antenna gain, or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity (power per unit surface area) radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output, at an arbitrary distance, divided by the intensity radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic antenna which radiates equal power in all directions. This dimensionless ratio is usually expressed logarithmically in decibels, these units are called "decibels-isotropic" (dBi)

Question: What is an acknowledgement of the range of possible direction for and antenna?
Answer: gain

Question: What is another way to refer to an antennas gain?
Answer: power gain

Question: What is the meaning of intensity?
Answer: power per unit surface area

Question: What type of an antenna would offer the same level of power to each possible destination?
Answer: isotropic
Reflections generally affect polarization. For radio waves, one important reflector is the ionosphere which can change the wave's polarization. Thus for signals received following reflection by the ionosphere (a skywave), a consistent polarization cannot be expected. For line-of-sight communications or ground wave propagation, horizontally or vertically polarized transmissions generally remain in about the same polarization state at the receiving location. Matching the receiving antenna's polarization to that of the transmitter can make a very substantial difference in received signal strength.

Question: What mostly affects polarization?
Answer: Reflections

Question: What reflector can change the waves polarization?
Answer: ionosphere

Question: What will you be matching with the receiving antenna's polarization?
Answer: transmitter

Question: What stays the same regarding polarization state at the recieving location?
Answer: polarized transmissions

Question: What is the name used for signals recieved following reflection by the ionosphere?
Answer: a skywave
The phase of reflection of electromagnetic waves depends on the polarization of the incident wave. Given the larger refractive index of the ground (typically n=2) compared to air (n=1), the phase of horizontally polarized radiation is reversed upon reflection (a phase shift of radians or 180°). On the other hand, the vertical component of the wave's electric field is reflected at grazing angles of incidence approximately in phase. These phase shifts apply as well to a ground modelled as a good electrical conductor.

Question: What is the refractive index of the ground?
Answer: n=2

Question: When is polarized radiation reversed?
Answer: reflection

Question: What is the refractive index of air?
Answer: n=1

Question: Besides a ground, what has these phases apply well to?
Answer: electrical conductor
This is a consequence of Lorentz reciprocity. For an antenna element not connected to anything (open circuited) one can write . But for an element which is short circuited, a current is generated across that short but no voltage is allowed, so the corresponding . This is the case, for instance, with the so-called parasitic elements of a Yagi-Uda antenna where the solid rod can be viewed as a dipole antenna shorted across its feedpoint. Parasitic elements are unpowered elements that absorb and reradiate RF energy according to the induced current calculated using such a system of equations.

Question: a antenna element not connected to anything is circuited how?
Answer: open circuited

Question: When is the element not allowed voltage?
Answer: short circuited

Question: What element absorbs and reradiate RF-energy?
Answer: Parasitic

Question: What antenna can the solid rod be viewed as a dipole antenna?
Answer: Yagi-Uda

Question: Where can this solid rod be viewed?
Answer: feedpoint
Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education and follow a "10+2+3" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions. Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with a higher secondary facility. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).

Question: What entity controls the schools in Hyderabad?
Answer: Central Board of Secondary Education

Question: What percentage of students are in private schools in Hyderabad?
Answer: two-thirds

Question: Which languages are used for teaching in the schools of Hyderabad?
Answer: English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu

Question: What type of educational plan does the Central Board of Secondary Education use in Hyderabad?
Answer: a "10+2+3" plan

Question: Students in Hyderabad may be required to acquire one of two different certificates, one is the Secondary School Certificate, what is the other?
Answer: Indian Certificate of Secondary Education