lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Historical aspects of the Expo line route are noteworthy. It uses the right-of-way for the Santa Monica Air Line that provided electric-powered freight and passenger service between Los Angeles and Santa Monica beginning in the 1920s. Service was discontinued in 1953 but diesel-powered freight deliveries to warehouses along the route continued until March 11, 1988. The abandonment of the line spurred concerns within the community and the entire right-of-way was purchased from Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The line was built in 1875 as the steam-powered Los Angeles and Independence Railroad to bring mining ore to ships in Santa Monica harbor and as a passenger excursion train to the beach.

Question: Beginning in what decade did the Santa Monica Expo Air Line host freight and passenger services?
Answer: 1920s

Question: What year did the Santa Monica freight and passenger service stop running?
Answer: 1953

Question: Diesel powered freight deliveries continued through what date?
Answer: March 11, 1988

Question: What was the result from the discontinuation of using the line for deliveries?
Answer: was purchased

Question: Who bought the Expo line from Southern Pacific?
Answer: Southern Pacific by Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Although Chancellor Wrighton had noted after the 2004 debate that it would be "improbable" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility, he subsequently changed his view and the university submitted a bid for the 2008 debates. "These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues, and they allow us to help bring national and international attention to the St. Louis region as one of America's great metropolitan areas," said Wrighton.

Question: What was Chancellor Wrighton's initial sentiment to hosting another presidential debate at Washington University after 2004?
Answer: it would be "improbable" that the university will host another debate and was not eager to commit to the possibility

Question: What did Chancellor Wrighton state as one of the reasons for hosting another debate at Washington University?
Answer: These one-of-a-kind events are great experiences for our students, they contribute to a national understanding of important issues

Question: What year did Chancellor Wrighton submit another bid for a presidential debate at Washington University after 2004?
Answer: 2008
Graduate schools include the School of Medicine, currently ranked sixth in the nation, and the George Warren Brown School of Social Work, currently ranked first. The program in occupational therapy at Washington University currently occupies the first spot for the 2016 U.S. News & World Report rankings, and the program in physical therapy is ranked first as well. For the 2015 edition, the School of Law is ranked 18th and the Olin Business School is ranked 19th. Additionally, the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design was ranked ninth in the nation by the journal DesignIntelligence in its 2013 edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools."

Question: What is the current national rank of the School of Medicine at Washington University?
Answer: sixth in the nation

Question: What is the current national rank of Brown School of Social Work?
Answer: currently ranked first

Question: What program at Washington University ranks first in the 2016 in the U.S. News & World Reports rankings?
Answer: The program in occupational therapy

Question: Where did the School of Law rank in 2015 by the U.S. News & World Reports?
Answer: 18th

Question: What year did the Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Design rank ninth by Designintellence?
Answer: 2013
Olin has a network of more than 16,000 alumni worldwide. Over the last several years, the school’s endowment has increased to $213 million (2004) and annual gifts average $12 million per year.[citation needed] Simon Hall was opened in 1986 after a donation from John E. Simon. On May 2, 2014, the $90 million conjoined Knight and Bauer Halls were dedicated, following a $15 million gift from Charles F. Knight and Joanne Knight and a $10 million gift from George and Carol Bauer through the Bauer Foundation.

Question: How many alumni does Olin Business School have worldwide?
Answer: more than 16,000 alumni

Question: When was Simon Hall opened?
Answer: 1986

Question: What is the amount of Olin Business School's endowment as of 2004?
Answer: $213 million

Question: Who provided the donation that enabled the opening Simon Hall?
Answer: John E. Simon

Question: When were Knight and Bauer Halls dedicated?
Answer: May 2, 2014
In the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools, the law school is ranked 18th nationally, out of over 180 law schools. In particular, its Clinical Education Program is currently ranked 4th in the nation. This year, the median score placed the average student in the 96th percentile of test takers. The law school offers a full-time day program, beginning in August, for the J.D. degree. The law school is located in a state-of-the-art building, Anheuser-Busch Hall (opened in 1997). The building combines traditional architecture, a five-story open-stacks library, an integration of indoor and outdoor spaces, and the latest wireless and other technologies. National Jurist ranked Washington University 4th among the "25 Most Wired Law Schools."

Question: Where do students in the Washington University School of Law place among test takers on average?
Answer: 96th percentile

Question: Where is the Washington University School of Law ranked in the 2015 US News & World Report America's Best Graduate Schools?
Answer: 18th

Question: When does full-time coursework J.D. begin at the Washington University School of Law begin?
Answer: August

Question: Where does the Washington University School of Law rank among "25 Most Wired Law Schools"?
Answer: 4th

Question: What building provides the location of the Washington University School of Law?
Answer: Anheuser-Busch Hall
With roots dating back to 1909 in the university's School of Social Economy, the George Warren Brown School of Social Work (commonly called the Brown School or Brown) was founded in 1925. Brown's academic degree offerings include a Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences. It is currently ranked first among Master of Social Work programs in the United States. The school was endowed by Bettie Bofinger Brown and named for her husband, George Warren Brown, a St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company. The school was the first in the country to have a building for the purpose of social work education, and it is also a founding member of the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. The school is housed within Brown and Goldfarb Halls, but a third building expansion is currently in progress and slated to be completed in summer 2015. The new building, adjacent to Brown and Goldfarb Halls, targets LEED Gold certification and will add approximately 105,000 square feet, more than doubling the school's teaching, research, and program space.

Question: When was the George Warren Brown School of Social Work founded?
Answer: 1925

Question: By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known?
Answer: Brown School or Brown

Question: What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?
Answer: Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences

Question: What roles was George Warren Brown known?
Answer: St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company

Question: What facilities house the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?
Answer: Brown and Goldfarb Halls
The Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, established in 1881, is one of the oldest teaching museums in the country. The collection includes works from 19th, 20th, and 21st century American and European artists, including George Caleb Bingham, Thomas Cole, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst, Alexander Calder, Jackson Pollock, Rembrandt, Robert Rauschenberg, Barbara Kruger, and Christian Boltanski. Also in the complex is the 3,000 sq ft (300 m2) Newman Money Museum. In October 2006, the Kemper Art Museum moved from its previous location, Steinberg Hall, into a new facility designed by former faculty member Fumihiko Maki. Interestingly, the new Kemper Art Museum is located directly across from Steinberg Hall, which was Maki's very first commission in 1959.

Question: When was the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum established?
Answer: 1881

Question: From what centuries does the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum have collections?
Answer: 19th, 20th, and 21st century

Question: When did the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum changed locations?
Answer: 2006

Question: Who designed the new location of the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum?
Answer: Fumihiko Maki

Question: What facility was Fumihiko Maki's first commission?
Answer: Steinberg Hall
During fiscal year 2007, $537.5 million was received in total research support, including $444 million in federal obligations. The University has over 150 National Institutes of Health funded inventions, with many of them licensed to private companies. Governmental agencies and non-profit foundations such as the NIH, United States Department of Defense, National Science Foundation, and NASA provide the majority of research grant funding, with Washington University being one of the top recipients in NIH grants from year-to-year. Nearly 80% of NIH grants to institutions in the state of Missouri went to Washington University alone in 2007. Washington University and its Medical School play a large part in the Human Genome Project, where it contributes approximately 25% of the finished sequence. The Genome Sequencing Center has decoded the genome of many animals, plants, and cellular organisms, including the platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn.

Question: How much money in financial support did Washington University receive in 2007?
Answer: $537.5 million

Question: How many inventions does Washington University have funded by the National Institute of health?
Answer: 150

Question: What percentage of NH grants in Missouri went to Washington University?
Answer: 80%

Question: What percentage of the sequencing did the Washington University Medical School contribute to the Human Genome Project?
Answer: 25%

Question: What are some organisms for which the Genome Sequencing Center at Washington University Medical provided genome decoding?
Answer: platypus, chimpanzee, cat, and corn
Washington University has a large number of student-run musical groups on campus, including 12 official a cappella groups. The Pikers, an all-male group, is the oldest such group on campus. The Greenleafs, an all-female group is the oldest (and only) female group on campus. The Mosaic Whispers, founded in 1991, is the oldest co-ed group on campus. They have produced 9 albums and have appeared on a number of compilation albums, including Ben Folds' Ben Folds Presents: University A Cappella! The Amateurs, who also appeared on this album, is another co-ed a cappella group on campus, founded in 1991. They have recorded seven albums and toured extensively. After Dark is a co-ed a cappella group founded in 2001. It has released three albums and has won several Contemporary A Capella Recording (CARA) awards. In 2008 the group performed on MSNBC during coverage of the vice presidential debate with specially written songs about Joe Biden and Sarah Palin. The Ghost Lights, founded in 2010, is the campus's newest and only Broadway, Movies, and Television soundtrack group. They have performed multiple philanthropic concerts in the greater St. Louis area and were honored in November 2010 with the opportunity to perform for Nobel Laureate Douglass North at his birthday celebration.

Question: How many a cappella groups does Washington University have?
Answer: 12

Question: What is the name of the oldest a cappella group at Washington University?
Answer: The Pikers

Question: What is the oldest female a cappella group at Washington University?
Answer: The Greenleafs

Question: When was the oldest co-ed a cappella group at Washington University founded?
Answer: 1991

Question: When did the group After Dark perform MSNBC?
Answer: 2008
Another group of residences, known as the Village, is located in the northwest corner of Danforth Campus. Only open to upperclassmen and January Scholars, the North Side consists of Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments, and all fraternity houses except the Zeta Beta Tau house, which is off campus and located just northwest of the South 40. Sororities at Washington University do not have houses by their own accord. The Village is a group of residences where students who have similar interests or academic goals apply as small groups of 4 to 24, known as BLOCs, to live together in clustered suites along with non-BLOCs. Like the South 40, the residences around the Village also surround a recreational lawn.

Question: Where is the Village located at Washington University?
Answer: the northwest corner of Danforth Campus

Question: What students are allowed in the North Side residences at Washington University?
Answer: upperclassmen and January Scholars

Question: How many students are composed in Blocs?
Answer: groups of 4 to 24

Question: What residences comprise the North Side of Washington University?
Answer: Millbrook Apartments, The Village, Village East on-campus apartments

Question: How are students grouped in BLOCS at the Village residences?
Answer: students who have similar interests or academic goals
In 1955, DC Sinclair and G Weddell developed peripheral pattern theory, based on a 1934 suggestion by John Paul Nafe. They proposed that all skin fiber endings (with the exception of those innervating hair cells) are identical, and that pain is produced by intense stimulation of these fibers. Another 20th-century theory was gate control theory, introduced by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall in the 1965 Science article "Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory". The authors proposed that both thin (pain) and large diameter (touch, pressure, vibration) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell, the less pain is felt. Both peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory have been superseded by more modern theories of pain[citation needed].

Question: What year was peripheral pattern theory developed?
Answer: 1955

Question: Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?
Answer: John Paul Nafe

Question: What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?
Answer: nerve fibers

Question: What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?
Answer: identical

Question: Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?
Answer: superseded by more modern theories of pain
IBM started working on a prototype system loosely based on Codd's concepts as System R in the early 1970s. The first version was ready in 1974/5, and work then started on multi-table systems in which the data could be split so that all of the data for a record (some of which is optional) did not have to be stored in a single large "chunk". Subsequent multi-user versions were tested by customers in 1978 and 1979, by which time a standardized query language – SQL[citation needed] – had been added. Codd's ideas were establishing themselves as both workable and superior to CODASYL, pushing IBM to develop a true production version of System R, known as SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2).

Question: What is the system IBM created using Codd's research?
Answer: System R

Question: When was IBM's system released?
Answer: 1974/5

Question: What did System R work on to change the way data was stored?
Answer: multi-table systems

Question: When customers first tested IBM's system, what computer language had been added?
Answer: SQL

Question: What was the name of the database product created by IBM?
Answer: SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2)
Tucson (/ˈtuːsɒn/ /tuːˈsɒn/) is a city and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, and home to the University of Arizona. The 2010 United States Census put the population at 520,116, while the 2013 estimated population of the entire Tucson metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was 996,544. The Tucson MSA forms part of the larger Tucson-Nogales combined statistical area (CSA), with a total population of 980,263 as of the 2010 Census. Tucson is the second-largest populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix, both of which anchor the Arizona Sun Corridor. The city is located 108 miles (174 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 mi (97 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. Tucson is the 33rd largest city and the 59th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Roughly 150 Tucson companies are involved in the design and manufacture of optics and optoelectronics systems, earning Tucson the nickname Optics Valley.

Question: What is the largest populated city in Arizona?
Answer: Phoenix

Question: How many miles is Tuscon from the U.S.- Mexico border?
Answer: 60

Question: What nickname does Tuscon have because of their many companies involved in optics?
Answer: Optics Valley

Question: What was the population of Tuscon according to the 2010 U.S. Census?
Answer: 520,116

Question: What was the estimated population of the entire Tuscan area in 2013?
Answer: 996,544

Question: Which county is Tucson in?
Answer: Pima County

Question: Which university is in Tucson?
Answer: University of Arizona

Question: How far is Tucson from Phoenix?
Answer: 108 miles (174 km)

Question: How far is Tucson from Mexico?
Answer: 60 mi (97 km)

Question: What industry-based nickname does Tucson have?
Answer: Optics Valley
Tucson was probably first visited by Paleo-Indians, known to have been in southern Arizona about 12,000 years ago. Recent archaeological excavations near the Santa Cruz River have located a village site dating from 2100 BC.[citation needed] The floodplain of the Santa Cruz River was extensively farmed during the Early Agricultural period, circa 1200 BC to AD 150. These people constructed irrigation canals and grew corn, beans, and other crops while gathering wild plants and hunting. The Early Ceramic period occupation of Tucson saw the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage. The groups designated as the Hohokam lived in the area from AD 600 to 1450 and are known for their vast irrigation canal systems and their red-on-brown pottery.[citation needed]

Question: What was Tuscon known as 12,000 years ago?
Answer: southern Arizona

Question: What group lived in the area that were known for their red-on-brown pottery?
Answer: Hohokam

Question: Near what river was a village site dating from 2100 BC found?
Answer: Santa Cruz River

Question: Who were probably the first group of people in Tuscan?
Answer: Paleo-Indians

Question: How long ago did Tuscan have their first visitors?
Answer: 12,000 years ago

Question: How long ago were Paleo-Indians known to be in the Tucson area?
Answer: about 12,000 years ago

Question: How old was the village site found near the Santa Cruz River?
Answer: 2100 BC

Question: When was the Early Agricultural period?
Answer: 1200 BC to AD 150

Question: What happened in the Early Ceramic period?
Answer: the first extensive use of pottery vessels for cooking and storage

Question: When did the Hohokam live in the Tucson area?
Answer: from AD 600 to 1450
Tucson has a desert climate (Köppen BWh), with two major seasons, summer and winter; plus three minor seasons: fall, spring, and the monsoon. Tucson averages 11.8 inches (299.7 mm) of precipitation per year, more than most other locations with desert climates, but it still qualifies due to its high evapotranspiration; in other words, it experiences a high net loss of water. A similar scenario is seen in Alice Springs, Australia, which averages 11 inches (279.4 mm) a year, but has a desert climate.

Question: What kind of climate is Tuscon?
Answer: desert

Question: What other city is similar to Tuscon in precipitation and climate?
Answer: Alice Springs

Question: What is the average amount of yearly precipitation in Tuscon in inches?
Answer: 11.8

Question: What does Tuscon have more than most desert climates?
Answer: precipitation

Question: What does Tuscon have a high net loss of?
Answer: water

Question: What is Tucson's climate type?
Answer: desert

Question: How much rain does Tucson get each year?
Answer: 11.8 inches (299.7 mm)

Question: What is evapotranspiration?
Answer: net loss of water

Question: Which Australian town has a similar climate as Tucson?
Answer: Alice Springs

Question: What is Alice Springs's average rainfall?
Answer: 11 inches (279.4 mm)
The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina ( ). The ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία (Armenía) and Ἀρμένιοι (Arménioi, "Armenians") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk.

Question: What name did Armenia gain it's name from?
Answer: Aram

Question: When did Xenophon visit Armenia?
Answer: 401 BC

Question: Who first referenced the Armenians?
Answer: Hecataeus of Miletus

Question: What language does Armenias resemble most?
Answer: Persians
Although the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces commanded by Nikolai Yudenich and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by Andranik Ozanian and Tovmas Nazarbekian succeeded in gaining most of Ottoman Armenia during World War I, their gains were lost with the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.[citation needed] At the time, Russian-controlled Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan attempted to bond together in the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the First Republic of Armenia under the leadership of Aram Manukian.

Question: Who was in charge of the Russian Caucasus Army of Imperial forces?
Answer: Nikolai Yudenich

Question: Who was the leader of the Armenian militia?
Answer: Andranik Ozanian

Question: When was the Bolshevik Revolution?
Answer: 1917

Question: Who formed the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic?
Answer: Eastern Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan

Question: When did the Dashnaktsutyun declare independence?
Answer: May 1918
Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft.

Question: What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?
Answer: Bacteria

Question: What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?
Answer: spheres to rods and spirals

Question: When is the typical lenght for bacteria?
Answer: few micrometres

Question: What environments can bacteria live?
Answer: present in most of its habitats

Question: What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?
Answer: symbiotic and parasitic relationships