lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Community Training Centres (CTCs) have been established within the primary schools on each atoll. The CTCs provide vocational training to students who do not progress beyond Class 8 because they failed the entry qualifications for secondary education. The CTCs offer training in basic carpentry, gardening and farming, sewing and cooking. At the end of their studies the graduates can apply to continue studies either at Motufoua Secondary School or the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute (TMTI). Adults can also attend courses at the CTCs.

Question: What type of school has Tuvalu set up on each atoll?
Answer: Community Training Centres

Question: For what have CTC students failed to qualify ?
Answer: secondary education

Question: What from of education do Community Training Centres provide?
Answer: vocational training

Question: Besides children, who can Take CTC classes?
Answer: Adults

Question: What kind of training classes are offered at CTC?
Answer: basic
The women of Tuvalu use cowrie and other shells in traditional handicrafts. The artistic traditions of Tuvalu have traditionally been expressed in the design of clothing and traditional handicrafts such as the decoration of mats and fans. Crochet (kolose) is one of the art forms practiced by Tuvaluan women. The material culture of Tuvalu uses traditional design elements in artefacts used in everyday life such as the design of canoes and fish hooks made from traditional materials. The design of women's skirts (titi), tops (teuga saka), headbands, armbands, and wristbands, which continue to be used in performances of the traditional dance songs of Tuvalu, represents contemporary Tuvaluan art and design.

Question: What sea creatures were used in traditional handicrafts?
Answer: shells

Question: In what item has Tuvalu traditional design been produced?
Answer: clothing

Question: What type of decorative items use traditional Tuvalu designs?
Answer: mats and fans

Question: For what have objects having traditional design been used?
Answer: everyday life

Question: What traditional purpose are Tuvalu designs still used?
Answer: dance songs
The cuisine of Tuvalu is based on the staple of coconut and the many species of fish found in the ocean and lagoons of the atolls. Desserts made on the islands include coconut and coconut milk, instead of animal milk. The traditional foods eaten in Tuvalu are pulaka, taro, bananas, breadfruit and coconut. Tuvaluans also eat seafood, including coconut crab and fish from the lagoon and ocean. A traditional food source is seabirds (taketake or black noddy and akiaki or white tern), with pork being eaten mostly at fateles (or parties with dancing to celebrate events).

Question: What is the stable protein of Tuvalu?
Answer: fish

Question: What vegetable features in the Tuvalu diet?
Answer: coconut

Question: What kind of milk has been replaced with coconut milk on Tuvalu?
Answer: animal

Question: What type of meat is eaten on Tuvalu?
Answer: seabirds

Question: At what event is pork traditionally eaten on Tuvalu?
Answer: fateles
The popular sports in Tuvalu include kilikiti, Ano, football, futsal, volleyball, handball, basketball and rugby union. Tuvalu has sports organisations for athletics, badminton, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, football, basketball, rugby union, weightlifting and powerlifting. At the 2013 Pacific Mini Games, Tuau Lapua Lapua won Tuvalu's first gold medal in an international competition in the weightlifting 62 kilogram male snatch. (He also won bronze in the clean and jerk, and obtained the silver medal overall for the combined event.) In 2015 Telupe Iosefa received the first gold medal won by Tuvalu at the Pacific Games in the powerlifting 120 kg male division.

Question: What athlete won Tuvalu's first gold metal in competition?
Answer: Tuau Lapua Lapua

Question: In which competition did Lapua win a metal for Tuvalu?
Answer: Pacific Mini Games

Question: In what contests did Lapua win metals for Tuvalu?
Answer: weightlifting

Question: Who won a gold metal at the Pacific Games?
Answer: Telupe Iosefa

Question: In what type of competition did Telupe losefa win in 2015?
Answer: powerlifting
Government revenues largely come from sales of fishing licenses, income from the Tuvalu Trust Fund, and from the lease of its highly fortuitous .tv Internet Top Level Domain (TLD). In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving revenue from the use of its area code for premium-rate telephone numbers and from the commercialisation of its ".tv" Internet domain name, which is now managed by Verisign until 2021. The ".tv" domain name generates around $2.2 million each year from royalties, which is about ten per cent of the government's total revenue. Domain name income paid most of the cost of paving the streets of Funafuti and installing street lighting in mid-2002. Tuvalu also generates income from stamps by the Tuvalu Philatelic Bureau and income from the Tuvalu Ship Registry.

Question: How much money does Tuvalu's tv domain name earn each year?
Answer: $2.2 million

Question: What si Tuvalu's tv domain?
Answer: Top Level Domain

Question: What company is managing Tuvalu's tv domain?
Answer: Verisign

Question: How much of the total government revenue comes from the domain name?
Answer: ten per cent

Question: What income source does Tuvalu earn from shipping?
Answer: Tuvalu Ship Registry
The eastern shoreline of Funafuti Lagoon was modified during World War II when the airfield (what is now Funafuti International Airport) was constructed. The coral base of the atoll was used as fill to create the runway. The resulting borrow pits impacted the fresh-water aquifer. In the low areas of Funafuti the sea water can be seen bubbling up through the porous coral rock to form pools with each high tide. Since 1994 a project has been in development to assess the environmental impact of transporting sand from the lagoon to fill all the borrow pits and low-lying areas on Fongafale. In 2014 the Tuvalu Borrow Pits Remediation (BPR) project was approved in order to fill 10 borrow pits, leaving Tafua Pond, which is a natural pond. The New Zealand Government funded the BPR project. The project was carried out in 2015 with 365,000 sqm of sand being dredged from the lagoon to fill the holes and improve living conditions on the island. This project increase the usable land space on Fongafale by eight per cent.

Question: What is the modern name for the air field built during WWII?
Answer: Funafuti International Airport

Question: What was damaged by building of the war time air field?
Answer: Funafuti Lagoon

Question: What has the pits from the Tuvalu air runways construction impacted?
Answer: fresh-water aquifer

Question: What government funded the restoration of the borrow pits on Tuvalu?
Answer: New Zealand Government

Question: How much increase in land space did the filling of the borrow pits cause?
Answer: eight per cent
Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.

Question: What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?
Answer: Reverse osmosis

Question: How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?
Answer: 40 m3 per day

Question: At what storage point is R/O water production meant to be used?
Answer: below 30%

Question: What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?
Answer: government

Question: What is the cost of R/O produced water?
Answer: A$3.50 per m3
In July 2012 a United Nations Special Rapporteur called on the Tuvalu Government to develop a national water strategy to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation. In 2012, Tuvalu developed a National Water Resources Policy under the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Project and the Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change (PACC) Project, which are sponsored by the Global Environment Fund/SOPAC. Government water planning has established a target of between 50 and 100L of water per person per day accounting for drinking water, cleaning, community and cultural activities.

Question: When did the UN ask Tuvalu to come up with a plan to improve drinking water?
Answer: July 2012

Question: What did Tuvalu develop as a safe water strategy?
Answer: National Water Resources Policy

Question: What is the per person per day targeted use of water for Tuvalu?
Answer: 50 and 100L

Question: What organization called for Tuvalu to improve its water and sanitation systems?
Answer: United Nations

Question: What group ultimately sponsored the Tuvalu water resources policy?
Answer: Global Environment Fund
Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.

Question: What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?
Answer: Cyclone Bebe

Question: How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97 cyclone season?
Answer: three

Question: What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?
Answer: Cyclone Ofa

Question: What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?
Answer: Cyclone Gavin

Question: What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?
Answer: Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili
In March 2015, the winds and storm surge created by Cyclone Pam resulted in waves of 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft) breaking over the reef of the outer islands caused damage to houses, crops and infrastructure. On Nui the sources of fresh water were destroyed or contaminated. The flooding in Nui and Nukufetau caused many families to shelter in evacuation centres or with other families. Nui suffered the most damage of the three central islands (Nui, Nukufetau and Vaitupu); with both Nui and Nukufetau suffering the loss of 90% of the crops. Of the three northern islands (Nanumanga, Niutao, Nanumea), Nanumanga suffered the most damage, with 60-100 houses flooded, with the waves also causing damage to the health facility. Vasafua islet, part of the Funafuti Conservation Area, was severely damaged by Cyclone Pam. The coconut palms were washed away, leaving the islet as a sand bar.

Question: What were the wave heights during Cyclone Pam on Tuvalu?
Answer: 3 metres (9.8 ft) to 5 metres (16 ft)

Question: In what year did Cyclone Pam strike Tuvalu?
Answer: March 2015

Question: During Cyclone Pam which island had the most damage?
Answer: Nui

Question: What percentage of Tuvalu crops were destroyed during Cyclone Pam?
Answer: 90%

Question: The loss of what caused the Vasafua islet to become a sand bar due to Cyclone Pam?
Answer: coconut palms
The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema."

Question: Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?
Answer: makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin

Question: How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ?
Answer: the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal

Question: What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in regards to the decision on Mary ?
Answer: let him be anathema."

Question: What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?
Answer: The Council of Trent
The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.

Question: Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?
Answer: doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus

Question: What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?
Answer: Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother

Question: When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?
Answer: since the 4th century

Question: When were contradictory views to the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?
Answer: 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,

Question: Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?
Answer: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne
Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race. In Luke 1:47, Mary proclaims: "My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour." This is referred to as Mary's pre-redemption by Christ. Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism, the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.

Question: What was explained by the man Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ?
Answer: dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime

Question: What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ?
Answer: Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour

Question: According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?
Answer: Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.

Question: What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ?
Answer: Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race.
Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

Question: What Empire held Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?
Answer: Greek theologians of Byzantium

Question: Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?
Answer: St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary

Question: What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?
Answer: the circumcision

Question: Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?
Answer: Luke

Question: What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ?
Answer: purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception
It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that "no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture". But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are, it is pointed out, so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her; she is compared to Eve before the fall, as ancestress of a redeemed people; she is "the earth before it was accursed". The well-known words of St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin." It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin. But his argument is that all men are sinners; that they are so through original depravity; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God, and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin "of every sort" (omni ex parte).

Question: What proof do some believe is offered as to proof of Mary being the ultimate concept of pure?
Answer: include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "

Question: What phrases were used to describe Mary ?
Answer: in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her

Question: Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ?
Answer: Eve before the fall

Question: Who refused to hear any contradictory views about Mary and her perceived inception ?
Answer: St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin.

Question: What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions ?
Answer: his argument is that all men are sinners;
Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justinian I, were accustomed to call Mary "prepurified" in their poetic and credal statements, the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem. In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate, when she was "purified" at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally "holier than all 'Men' born of woman" since Mary's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero. Sophronius' teaching is augmented and incorporated by St. John Damascene (d. 749/750). John, besides many passages wherein he extolls the Theotokos for her purification at the Annunciation, grants her the unique honor of "purifying the waters of baptism by touching them." This honor was most famously and firstly attributed to Christ, especially in the legacy of Nazianzen. As such, Nazianzen's assertion of parallel holiness between the prepurified Mary and purified Jesus of the New Testament is made even more explicit in Damascene in his discourse on Mary's holiness to also imitate Christ's baptism at the Jordan. The Damascene's hymnongraphy and De fide Orthodoxa explicitly use Mary's "pre purification" as a key to understanding her absolute holiness and unsullied human nature. In fact, Damascene (along with Nazianzen) serves as the source for nearly all subsequent promotion of Mary's complete holiness from her Conception by the "all pure seed" of Joachim and the womb "wider than heaven" of St. Ann.

Question: Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary's birth show themselves the most ?
Answer: Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians

Question: In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary in his writings ?
Answer: to call Mary "prepurified"

Question: What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?
Answer: Emperor Justinian I,

Question: What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?
Answer: she was "purified" at the Annunciation

Question: How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible?
Answer: holier than all 'Men' born of woman