lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in possessing membranes around their nuclear material). It has recently been shown that Gemmata obscuriglobus is able to take in large molecules via a process that in some ways resembles endocytosis, the process used by eukaryotic cells to engulf external items.

Question: What chemical process helps bacteria to absorb raw materials?
Answer: diffusion

Question: How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment?
Answer: in the form of relatively small molecules

Question: What process is used by eukaryotic cells to absorb external items?
Answer: endocytosis

Question: What part of bacteria cell is used during diffusion?
Answer: molecular channels in cell membranes
The Gram stain, developed in 1884 by Hans Christian Gram, characterises bacteria based on the structural characteristics of their cell walls. The thick layers of peptidoglycan in the "Gram-positive" cell wall stain purple, while the thin "Gram-negative" cell wall appears pink. By combining morphology and Gram-staining, most bacteria can be classified as belonging to one of four groups (Gram-positive cocci, Gram-positive bacilli, Gram-negative cocci and Gram-negative bacilli). Some organisms are best identified by stains other than the Gram stain, particularly mycobacteria or Nocardia, which show acid-fastness on Ziehl–Neelsen or similar stains. Other organisms may need to be identified by their growth in special media, or by other techniques, such as serology.

Question: What was developed by Hans Christian Gram?
Answer: The Gram stain

Question: What year was the Grahm stain was developed?
Answer: 1884

Question: What color do Gram positive bacteria cell walls turn to after being stained?
Answer: purple

Question: What color is typical for Gram-negative bacteria after staining?
Answer: pink

Question: What stain shows better test results on Norcadia bacteria?
Answer: Ziehl–Neelsen
Each species of pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions with its human hosts. Some organisms, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even overwhelming sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response producing shock, massive vasodilation and death. Yet these organisms are also part of the normal human flora and usually exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease at all. Other organisms invariably cause disease in humans, such as the Rickettsia, which are obligate intracellular parasites able to grow and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms. One species of Rickettsia causes typhus, while another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Chlamydia, another phylum of obligate intracellular parasites, contains species that can cause pneumonia, or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease. Finally, some species, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium, are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis.

Question: How pathogenes interact with it's human host?
Answer: pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions

Question: Can all bacteria in human body be harmful?
Answer: exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease

Question: Which bacteria cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever disiease?
Answer: species of Rickettsia
The hole walls for boards with two or more layers can be made conductive and then electroplated with copper to form plated-through holes. These holes electrically connect the conducting layers of the PCB. For multi-layer boards, those with three layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature decomposition products of bonding agent in the laminate system. Before the holes can be plated through, this smear must be removed by a chemical de-smear process, or by plasma-etch. The de-smear process ensures that a good connection is made to the copper layers when the hole is plated through. On high reliability boards a process called etch-back is performed chemically with a potassium permanganate based etchant or plasma. The etch-back removes resin and the glass fibers so that the copper layers extend into the hole and as the hole is plated become integral with the deposited copper.

Question: What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?
Answer: conductive

Question: What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered "multi-layer"?
Answer: three

Question: What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?
Answer: de-smear

Question: What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?
Answer: high reliability

Question: Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?
Answer: resin
Areas that should not be soldered may be covered with solder resist (solder mask). One of the most common solder resists used today is called "LPI" (liquid photoimageable solder mask). A photo-sensitive coating is applied to the surface of the PWB, then exposed to light through the solder mask image film, and finally developed where the unexposed areas are washed away. Dry film solder mask is similar to the dry film used to image the PWB for plating or etching. After being laminated to the PWB surface it is imaged and develop as LPI. Once common but no longer commonly used because of its low accuracy and resolution is to screen print epoxy ink. Solder resist also provides protection from the environment.

Question: If part of a PCB isn't solderable, what can be used instead?
Answer: solder resist

Question: What's another term used for "solder resist"?
Answer: solder mask

Question: What solder resist with a four-word name is a popular choice in the industry?
Answer: liquid photoimageable solder mask

Question: What kind of coating gets applied to the PWB before light exposure?
Answer: photo-sensitive

Question: What solder resist is so inaccurate that few choose it anymore?
Answer: screen print epoxy ink
At the inception of the Premier League in 1992–93, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland. By 2000–01, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total. In the 2004–05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent. On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up, and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match. By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English.

Question: Which team in 1999 had a line-up for starting that was consisted of all foreign players?
Answer: On 26 December 1999, Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line-up,

Question: At the beginning of the Premier League how many foreign players were there for the first round of games?
Answer: At the inception of the Premier League in 1992–93, just eleven players named in the starting line-ups for the first round of matches

Question: By the 2000-1 season what was the percentage of foreign players?
Answer: By 2000–01, the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total.

Question: Which team in 2005 had all-foreign team players?
Answer: on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16-man squad for a match

Question: In 2009, what percent of the players were English in the Premier League?
Answer: By 2009, under 40% of the players in the Premier League were English.

Question: How many of the original Premier League players in the 1992-93 season hailed from outside the UK or Ireland?
Answer: eleven

Question: By 2000-01, what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland?
Answer: 36

Question: By 2004-05, what percentage of players in the Premier League were from outside the UK and Ireland?
Answer: 45

Question: On which date did Chelsea host an entirely foreign starting line-up and therefore become the first team to do so?
Answer: 26 December 1999

Question: On which date did Arsenal name a fully foreign 16-man squad for a match?
Answer: 14 February 2005
During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle. After his term as consul in 59 BC, he was appointed to a five-year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul (part of current northern Italy), Transalpine Gaul (current southern France) and Illyria (part of the modern Balkans). Not content with an idle governorship, Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul (modern France and Belgium), which would give him the dramatic military success he sought. When two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars, fought between 58 BC and 49 BC.

Question: Who held a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula?
Answer: Julius Caesar

Question: Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul?
Answer: would give him the dramatic military success he sought

Question: When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end?
Answer: 59 BC

Question: What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of?
Answer: Pompey

Question: What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars?
Answer: two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul
Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state, enforcing and entrenching his powers. His enemies feared that he had ambitions to become an autocratic ruler. Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger, a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC. Mark Antony, Caesar's lieutenant, condemned Caesar's assassination, and war broke out between the two factions. Antony was denounced as a public enemy, and Caesar's adopted son and chosen heir, Gaius Octavianus, was entrusted with the command of the war against him. At the Battle of Mutina Mark Antony was defeated by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who were both killed.

Question: Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?
Answer: Caesar

Question: Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?
Answer: senators

Question: Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated?
Answer: Mark Antony

Question: When did Julius Caesar die?
Answer: March 44 BC

Question: Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated?
Answer: the Roman Republic was in danger
In mainland China, the Japanese 3rd, 6th, and 40th Divisions massed at Yueyang and advanced southward in three columns and crossed the Xinqiang River, and tried again to cross the Miluo River to reach Changsha. In January 1942, Chinese forces got a victory at Changsha which was the first Allied success against Japan. After the Doolittle Raid, the Japanese army conducted a massive sweep through Zhejiang and Jiangxi of China, now known as the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, with the goal of searching out the surviving American airmen, applying retribution on the Chinese who aided them and destroying air bases. This operation started on 15 May 1942 with 40 infantry battalions and 15–16 artillery battalions but was repelled by Chinese forces in September. During this campaign, The Imperial Japanese Army left behind a trail of devastation and had also spread cholera, typhoid, plague and dysentery pathogens. Chinese estimates put the death toll at 250,000 civilians. Around 1,700 Japanese troops died out of a total 10,000 Japanese soldiers who fell ill with disease when their own biological weapons attack rebounded on their own forces. On 2 November 1943, Isamu Yokoyama, commander of the Imperial Japanese 11th Army, deployed the 39th, 58th, 13th, 3rd, 116th and 68th divisions, a grand total of around 100,000 troops, to attack Changde of China. During the seven-week Battle of Changde, the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. Although the Japanese army initially successfully captured the city, the Chinese 57th division was able to pin them down long enough for reinforcements to arrive and encircle the Japanese. The Chinese army then cut off the Japanese supply lines, forcing them into retreat, whereupon the Chinese pursued their enemy. During the battle, in an act of desperation, Japan used chemical weapons. In the aftermath of the Japanese conquest of Burma, there was widespread disorder in eastern India, and a disastrous famine in Bengal, which ultimately caused up to 3 million deaths. In spite of these, and inadequate lines of communication, British and Indian forces attempted limited counter-attacks in Burma in early 1943. An offensive in Arakan failed, while a long distance raid mounted by the Chindits under Brigadier Orde Wingate suffered heavy losses, but was publicized to bolster Allied morale. It also provoked the Japanese to mount major offensives themselves the following year.

Question: Where were the 40th, 3rd, and 6th divisions massed at in China?
Answer: Yueyang

Question: What is the first river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions crossed while advancing southward?
Answer: Xinqiang River

Question: How many Chinese civilians were estimated to have died during the Japanese Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign?
Answer: 250,000

Question: What is the river that the 40th, 3rd, and 6th Japanese divisions tried crossing to reach Changsha?
Answer: Miluo River

Question: Who commanded the Imperial Japanese 11th Army on November, 1943?
Answer: Isamu Yokoyama
Midway proved to be the last great naval battle for two years. The United States used the ensuing period to turn its vast industrial potential into increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew. At the same time, Japan, lacking an adequate industrial base or technological strategy, a good aircrew training program, or adequate naval resources and commerce defense, fell further and further behind. In strategic terms the Allies began a long movement across the Pacific, seizing one island base after another. Not every Japanese stronghold had to be captured; some, like Truk, Rabaul, and Formosa, were neutralized by air attack and bypassed. The goal was to get close to Japan itself, then launch massive strategic air attacks, improve the submarine blockade, and finally (only if necessary) execute an invasion.

Question: What did the United States turn it's industry to in the two years folloing the Battle of Midway?
Answer: increased numbers of ships, planes, and trained aircrew

Question: How were the bypassed Japanese strongholds neutralized?
Answer: air attack

Question: What blockade against Japan was to be improved on?
Answer: submarine blockade
In mid-1944 Japan mobilized over 500,000 men and launched a massive operation across China under the code name Operation Ichi-Go, their largest offensive of World War II, with the goal of connecting Japanese-controlled territory in China and French Indochina and capturing airbases in southeastern China where American bombers were based. During this time, many of the newest American-trained Chinese units and supplies were forcibly locked in the Burmese theater under Joseph Stilwell set by terms of the Lend-Lease Agreement. Though Japan suffered about 100,000 casualties, these attacks, the biggest in several years, gained much ground for Japan before Chinese forces stopped the incursions in Guangxi. Despite major tactical victories, the operation overall failed to provide Japan with any significant strategic gains. A great majority of the Chinese forces were able to retreat out of the area, and later come back to attack Japanese positions such as Battle of West Hunan. Japan was not any closer in defeating China after this operation, and the constant defeats the Japanese suffered in the Pacific meant that Japan never got the time and resources needed to achieve final victory over China. Operation Ichi-go created a great sense of social confusion in the areas of China that it affected. Chinese Communist guerrillas were able to exploit this confusion to gain influence and control of greater areas of the countryside in the aftermath of Ichi-go.

Question: What was the code name for the mid-1944 offensive across China?
Answer: Operation Ichi-Go

Question: Where did the Chinese stop the Operation Ichi-Go incursion?
Answer: Guangxi

Question: What was the largest Japanese offensive in World War II?
Answer: Operation Ichi-Go

Question: Who was able to take advantage of the social confusion created by Operation Ichi-Go?
Answer: Chinese Communist guerrillas

Question: How many casualties did the Japanese suffer during Operation Ichi-Go?
Answer: about 100,000
Nishimura's force consisted of two battleships, one cruiser and four destroyers. Because they were observing radio silence, Nishimura was unable to synchronize with Shima and Kurita. Nishimura and Shima had failed to even coordinate their plans before the attacks – they were long-time rivals and neither wished to have anything to do with the other. When he entered the narrow Surigao Strait at about 02:00, Shima was 22 miles (40 km) behind him, and Kurita was still in the Sibuyan Sea, several hours from the beaches at Leyte. As they passed Panaon Island, Nishimura's force ran into a trap set for them by the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet Support Force. R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf had six battleships, four heavy cruisers, four light cruisers, 29 destroyers and 39 PT boats. To pass the strait and reach the landings, Nishimura had to run the gauntlet. At about 03:00 the Japanese battleship Fusō and three destroyers were hit by torpedoes and Fusō broke in two. At 03:50 the U.S. battleships opened fire. Radar fire control meant they could hit targets from a much greater distance than the Japanese. The battleship Yamashiro, a cruiser and a destroyer were crippled by 16-inch (406 mm) shells; Yamashiro sank at 04:19. Only one of Nishimura's force of seven ships survived the engagement. At 04:25 Shima's force of two cruisers and eight destroyers reached the battle. Seeing Fusō and believing her to be the wrecks of two battleships, Shima ordered a retreat, ending the last battleship-vs-battleship action in history.

Question: How many battleships were in Nishimura's force?
Answer: two

Question: Which Japanese admiral was a rival of Nishimura?
Answer: Shima

Question: How many miles was Shima's fleet behind Nishimura?
Answer: 22

Question: Who set the trap for the Japanese forces as they sailed by Panaon Island?
Answer: R. Adm. Jesse Oldendorf

Question: How many battleships did the U.S.-Australian 7th Fleet have?
Answer: six
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood.

Question: Richmond was an important city of what confederacy?
Answer: the Powhatan Confederacy

Question: Richmond was briefly settled by whom?
Answer: English colonists from Jamestown

Question: When did Jamestown Colonist settle in Richmond?
Answer: 1609, and in 1610–1611

Question: When was present day Richmond founded?
Answer: 1737

Question: what famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
Answer: Give me liberty or give me death

Question: When was Richmond first settled?
Answer: 1609

Question: When was the City of Richmond founded?
Answer: 1737

Question: What famous revolutionary war speech was given in Richmond? Where?
Answer: Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church

Question: What 'side' was Richmond on in the Civil War?
Answer: Confederate

Question: Who wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
Answer: Thomas Jefferson

Question: What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?
Answer: English

Question: In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?
Answer: 1737

Question: What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
Answer: Give me liberty or give me death

Question: In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?
Answer: St. John's Church

Question: Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
Answer: Thomas Jefferson
Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies, as well as notable legal and banking firms, located in the downtown area. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, are headquartered in the city, with others in the metropolitan area.

Question: What things are important to the economy of Richmond?
Answer: law, finance, and government, with federal, state, and local governmental agencies

Question: What judicial branches are located in Richmond?
Answer: The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals

Question: There is a Federal Reserve Bank located in Richmond. How many are there, total?
Answer: 12 Federal Reserve Banks

Question: Name a Fortune 500 company with it's headquarters in Richmond
Answer: Dominion Resources and MeadWestvaco

Question: Along with law and finance, what is a major component of Richmond's economy?
Answer: government

Question: What circuit of the US Court of Appeals is based in Richmond?
Answer: Fourth

Question: How many circuit courts of appeal are there in the United States?
Answer: 13

Question: How many Federal Reserve Banks exist?
Answer: 12

Question: Along with MeadWestvaco, what Fortune 500 company is based in Richmond?
Answer: Dominion Resources
In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $45,733, and the median income for a family was $53,060. Males had a median income of $36,984 versus $31,076 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,609. According to Forbes in 2005, San Diego was the fifth wealthiest U.S. city but about 10.6% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over. Nonetheless, San Diego was rated the fifth-best place to live in the United States in 2006 by Money magazine.

Question: What percentage of the population fell below the poverty line in San Diego in 2005?
Answer: 14.6%

Question: What did Money magazine rate San Diego as being in 2006?
Answer: fifth-best place to live in the United States

Question: What magazine rated San Diego as being the country's fifth wealthiest city?
Answer: Forbes

Question: In 2000, what was the median salary for females in San Diego?
Answer: $31,076

Question: What percentage of familes were below the poverty line in 2005?
Answer: 10.6%