lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477, in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary, without using the word "Immaculate", he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave, and he used the word "immaculate" of Mary, but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception. On 4 September 1483, referring to the feast as that of "the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin", he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the "glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin" and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that "the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin", since, he said, "up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See." This decree was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent.

Question: What happened on the final day of the month of love that was of significance was authorized by the Holy Roman Church leader ?
Answer: authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477

Question: Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ?
Answer: Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses

Question: What document made the authorization official ?
Answer: with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477

Question: What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary ?
Answer: but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception.

Question: What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type? It would be the most grave type of all .
Answer: mortally sinful
In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary], in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary's womb. Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching. Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867.

Question: What did a teacher of religion from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?
Answer: published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria

Question: What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?
Answer: appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867

Question: Who gave the teacher the new job ?
Answer: Pope Pius IX

Question: Who was the teacher who committed the act ?
Answer: Mariano Spada

Question: What problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed to do in response to the actions of the teacher ?
Answer: Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.
It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See. In doing so, he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless. It is doubtful, however, whether he was using the term "conception" in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX. Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation, for in his argument he says: "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?" and stronger expressions follow, showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child.

Question: Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?
Answer: St Bernard of Clairvaux

Question: Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?
Answer: St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.

Question: What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting the a virgin conception of Mary ?
Answer: How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?

Question: What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?
Answer: conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation

Question: Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?
Answer: instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See
Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person." Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

Question: Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?
Answer: Martin Luther

Question: What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church ?
Answer: Protestant Reformation

Question: What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?
Answer: Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her

Question: What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ?
Answer: this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.

Question: What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?
Answer: Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.
Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam. Thus, commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones", George Sale stated: "It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage. For according to a tradition of Mohammed, every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them. And for this reason they say, neither of them were guilty of any sin, like the rest of the children of Adam."

Question: What religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?
Answer: claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam.

Question: According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?
Answer: Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them.

Question: What does this other religion also state happens to everyone besides Mary and her First born child ?
Answer: every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil

Question: What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?
Answer: every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out,

Question: What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion ?
Answer: passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones
Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam. Moreover, Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan (Shayṭān) was said after it had already been born, not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have. The Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus. should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran, and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement. The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people, in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse [O Satan] surely thou shalt have no power over My servants, except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee (15:42)

Question: Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?
Answer: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam

Question: What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?
Answer: in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate

Question: Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?
Answer: her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam

Question: What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?
Answer: Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus.

Question: What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the the devil ?
Answer: Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan
The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception. An example is the antiphon that begins: "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in te" (You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. Your clothing is white as snow, and your face is like the sun. You are all beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [of sin] is not in you. You are the glory of Jerusalem, you are the joy of Israel, you give honour to our people. You are all beautiful, Mary.) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music, polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner, Pablo Casals, Maurice Duruflé, Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki, no:Ola Gjeilo, José Maurício Nunes Garcia, and Nikolaus Schapfl,

Question: What color garment is used in traditional chants to represent the purity of Mary's conception ?
Answer: Your clothing is white as snow,

Question: The rituals for the correct way to enjoy Mass is listed in what text ?
Answer: The Roman Missal

Question: What type of melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic changes have been made by composers but are based on the works that are monophonic and unaccompanied sacred song?
Answer: polyphonic settings have been composed

Question: What official writings give specific prayers for each hours of the day for Catholics ?
Answer: Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours
Namibia (i/nəˈmɪbiə/, /næˈ-/), officially the Republic of Namibia (German: Republik Namibia (help·info); Afrikaans: Republiek van Namibië) is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates it from that country. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Question: What is the Afrikaans name for Namibia?
Answer: Namibië

Question: Where in Africa is Namibia?
Answer: southern

Question: When did Namibia gain independence from South Africa?
Answer: 21 March 1990

Question: What ocean borders Namibia?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: How far away is Namibia to the Zambezi River?
Answer: 200 metres
On 5 June 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, accepted the resignations of both the Secretary of the Air Force, Michael Wynne, and the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General T. Michael Moseley. Gates in effect fired both men for "systemic issues associated with declining Air Force nuclear mission focus and performance." This followed an investigation into two embarrassing incidents involving mishandling of nuclear weapons: specifically a nuclear weapons incident aboard a B-52 flight between Minot AFB and Barksdale AFB, and an accidental shipment of nuclear weapons components to Taiwan. The resignations were also the culmination of disputes between the Air Force leadership, populated primarily by non-nuclear background fighter pilots, versus Gates. To put more emphasis on nuclear assets, the USAF established the nuclear-focused Air Force Global Strike Command on 24 October 2008.

Question: Who was Robert Gates?
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What Secretary of the Air Force resigned in 2008?
Answer: Michael Wynne