lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.

Question: Of what is Hinduism a combination?
Answer: Indian cultures and traditions

Question: How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: two millennia

Question: What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?
Answer: independence movement
Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. From the 3rd century BC onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish. Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BC and was exported to foreign countries. Various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or "Golden Age of India". During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Greater India).

Question: What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC?
Answer: Maurya Empire

Question: After the 3rd century BC, what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent?
Answer: Prakrit and Pali

Question: What form of metal was developed and exported from southern India?
Answer: Wootz steel

Question: What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called?
Answer: Golden Age of India

Question: What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period?
Answer: Gupta
The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.

Question: For what culture is the Vedic period named?
Answer: Indo-Aryan

Question: Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?
Answer: north-west India

Question: In what language did the Vedic culture speak?
Answer: Vedic Sanskrit

Question: What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?
Answer: The Vedas

Question: What was the duration of the Vedic culture?
Answer: 1750 to 500 BCE
Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The Hindu-Arabic numerals, a positional numeral system, originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India.

Question: By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?
Answer: Classical India

Question: What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?
Answer: c. 320–550 CE

Question: What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?
Answer: Golden Age of India

Question: What philosophy formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?
Answer: Hindu culture

Question: What numeral system originated in India?
Answer: Hindu-Arabic
From the 8th to the 10th century, three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa, the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. The Sena dynasty would later assume control of the Pala Empire, and the Gurjara Pratiharas fragmented into various states. These were the first of the Rajput states. The first recorded Rajput kingdoms emerged in Rajasthan in the 6th century, and small Rajput dynasties later ruled much of northern India. One Gurjar Rajput of the Chauhan clan, Prithvi Raj Chauhan, was known for bloody conflicts against the advancing Turkic sultanates. The Chola empire emerged as a major power during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I who successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in the 11th century. Lalitaditya Muktapida (r. 724 CE–760 CE) was an emperor of the Kashmiri Karkoṭa dynasty, which exercised influence in northwestern India from 625 CE until 1003, and was followed by Lohara dynasty. He is known primarily for his successful battles against the Muslim and Tibetan advances into Kashmiri-dominated regions. Kalhana in his Rajatarangini credits king Lalitaditya with leading an aggressive military campaign in Northern India and Central Asia. He broke into the Uttarapatha and defeated the rebellious tribes of the Kambojas, Tukharas (Turks in Turkmenistan and Tocharians in Badakhshan), Bhautas (Tibetans in Baltistan and Tibet) and Daradas (Dards). His campaign then led him to subjugate the kingdoms of Pragjyotisha, Strirajya and the Uttarakurus. The Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century.

Question: How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?
Answer: three

Question: When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?
Answer: 6th century

Question: What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?
Answer: Prithvi Raj Chauhan

Question: In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?
Answer: 11th century

Question: Who was emperor of the Kashmiri Karkota dynasty?
Answer: Lalitaditya Muktapida
The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as "the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:

Question: The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?
Answer: Maratha suzerainty

Question: What founding was of importance in the decline of the Mughals?
Answer: Maratha confederacy

Question: Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?
Answer: Chatrapati Shivaji

Question: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?
Answer: great constructive genius

Question: Who made the Marathas a strong power?
Answer: Peshwa Bajirao I
During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus. It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent.

Question: What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?
Answer: Renaissance in Europe

Question: What did the Movement question?
Answer: existing orthodoxies

Question: What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?
Answer: Young Bengal

Question: What factors did the Young Bengal movement say were needed for civil conduct?
Answer: rationalism and atheism

Question: What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?
Answer: minds and intellect
The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.

Question: What appointments were the first step in Indian self-rule?
Answer: councillors

Question: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?
Answer: 1909

Question: What more local councils were set up?
Answer: Provincial Councils

Question: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?
Answer: British

Question: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?
Answer: minority groups
According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into "a nonstop shouting match". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser–Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions.

Question: What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?
Answer: Sharm el-Sheikh

Question: What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing in the war?
Answer: Nasser–Amer

Question: What did Nasser dismiss during the war?
Answer: rational analysis
St. John's is one of the oldest settlements in North America, with year-round settlement beginning sometime after 1630 and seasonal habitation long before that. It is not, however, the oldest surviving English settlement in North America or Canada, having been preceded by the Cuper's Cove colony at Cupids, founded in 1610, and the Bristol's Hope colony at Harbour Grace, founded in 1618. In fact, although English fishermen had begun setting up seasonal camps in Newfoundland in the 16th Century, they were expressly forbidden by the British government, at the urging of the West Country fishing industry, from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast, hence the town of St. John's was not established as a permanent community until after the 1630s at the earliest. Other permanent English settlements in the Americas that predate St. John's include: St. George's, Bermuda (1612) and Jamestown, Virginia (1607).

Question: Which city is considered one of the oldest settlements in North America?
Answer: St. John's

Question: Around what year did settlement begin to occur in St. John's?
Answer: 1630

Question: When was Cuper's Cove colony founded?
Answer: 1610

Question: What year was Bristol's Hope colony founded?
Answer: 1618

Question: Who forbade the english fisherman to setup seasonal camps in Newfoundland?
Answer: British government
St. John's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province in 1949. The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador, therefore the provincial legislature is located in the city. The Confederation Building, located on Confederation Hill, is home to the House of Assembly along with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly (MHAs) and Ministers. The city is represented by ten MHAs, four who are members of the governing Progressive Conservative Party, three that belong to the New Democratic Party (NDP), and three that belong to the Liberal Party. Lorraine Michael, leader of the NDP since 2006, represents the district of Signal Hill-Quidi Vidi.

Question: What was Canada's tenth province?
Answer: Newfoundland

Question: In what year did Newfoundland become a province?
Answer: 1949

Question: What is the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador?
Answer: St. John's

Question: Where is the House of Assembly?
Answer: The Confederation Building

Question: Who has been the leader of the NDP since 2006?
Answer: Lorraine Michael
The system displays the What's New screen by default instead of the [Games] menu (or [Video] menu, if a movie was inserted) when starting up. What's New has four sections: "Our Pick", "Recently Played", latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store. There are four kinds of content the What's New screen displays and links to, on the sections. "Recently Played" displays the user's recently played games and online services only, whereas, the other sections can contain website links, links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store.

Question: How many different sections does What's New have?
Answer: four

Question: What section of What's New would a user visit to find the games they've played lately?
Answer: "Recently Played"

Question: Before What's New existed, what default screen would show when a user put a movie in their PS3?
Answer: Video

Question: What section of What's New can't show links to websites?
Answer: "Recently Played"

Question: Other than the Video default screen for movies, what menu would the PS3 default to before What's New?
Answer: Games
Instead, the monarch directly grants royal assent by Order in Council. Assent is granted or refused on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. A recent example when assent was refused (or, more correctly, when the Lord Chancellor declined to present the law for assent) was in 2007, concerning reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark. (A revised version of the proposed reforms was subsequently given assent.) In 2011, campaigners against a law that sought to reduce the number of senators in the states of Jersey petitioned the Privy Council to advise the Queen to refuse royal assent. An Order in Council of 13 July 2011 established new rules for the consideration of petitions against granting royal assent.

Question: The sovereign grants assent by which order?
Answer: Order in Council

Question: Who advises the sovereign in this decision?
Answer: Lord Chancellor

Question: Which recent petition for reforms to the constitution led to assent being refused?
Answer: Chief Pleas of Sark

Question: Who advises a bill to be granted or refused?
Answer: Lord Chancellor

Question: When was an Order in Counil passed that laid out new rules for consideration of petitions against the royal assent?
Answer: 13 July 2011

Question: In what year did the Lord Chancellor refuse to present a law concerning constituational reform for assent?
Answer: 2007

Question: What was the subject of the bill that the Lord Chancellor refused to present for royal assent in 2007?
Answer: reforms to the constitution of the Chief Pleas of Sark
The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka; French: République centrafricaine pronounced: [ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn], or Centrafrique [sɑ̃tʀafʁik]) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the south and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi) and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million as of 2014[update].

Question: Where is the Central African Republic located?
Answer: Central Africa

Question: What country borders CAR in the North?
Answer: Chad

Question: What Country borders CAR in the South?
Answer: the Republic of the Congo

Question: What Country borders CAR in the West?
Answer: Cameroon

Question: What is the population of CAR approximately?
Answer: 4.7 million
Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system. Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research.

Question: How is asthma clinically classified?
Answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate

Question: How else is asthma classified?
Answer: as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)

Question: When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what?
Answer: atopic

Question: What is asthma usually classified based on?
Answer: severity

Question: What is a important goal of asthma research?
Answer: Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments
Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare. Polychaetes' fossil record consists mainly of the jaws that some species had and the mineralized tubes that some secreted. Some Ediacaran fossils such as Dickinsonia in some ways resemble polychaetes, but the similarities are too vague for these fossils to be classified with confidence. The small shelly fossil Cloudina, from 549 to 542 million years ago, has been classified by some authors as an annelid, but by others as a cnidarian (i.e. in the phylum to which jellyfish and sea anemones belong). Until 2008 the earliest fossils widely accepted as annelids were the polychaetes Canadia and Burgessochaeta, both from Canada's Burgess Shale, formed about 505 million years ago in the early Cambrian. Myoscolex, found in Australia and a little older than the Burgess Shale, was possibly an annelid. However, it lacks some typical annelid features and has features which are not usually found in annelids and some of which are associated with other phyla. Then Simon Conway Morris and John Peel reported Phragmochaeta from Sirius Passet, about 518 million years old, and concluded that it was the oldest annelid known to date. There has been vigorous debate about whether the Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia was a mollusc or an annelid. Polychaetes diversified in the early Ordovician, about 488 to 474 million years ago. It is not until the early Ordovician that the first annelid jaws are found, thus the crown-group cannot have appeared before this date and probably appeared somewhat later. By the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago, fossils of most of the modern mobile polychaete groups had appeared. Many fossil tubes look like those made by modern sessile polychaetes , but the first tubes clearly produced by polychaetes date from the Jurassic, less than 199 million years ago.

Question: When did Cloudina exist?
Answer: 549 to 542 million years ago

Question: What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?
Answer: cnidarian

Question: How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada?
Answer: 505 million years

Question: What era was underway 505 million years ago?
Answer: early Cambrian

Question: Where was Myoscolex found?
Answer: Australia
U.S. President Barack Obama has rarely used the term, but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he stated "Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred." In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from "Global War on Terror" to "Overseas Contingency Operation" (OCO). In March 2009, the Obama administration requested that Pentagon staff members avoid use of the term, instead using "Overseas Contingency Operation". Basic objectives of the Bush administration "war on terror", such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place. In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, stated that the military fight will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University, predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective, and has been "effectively destroyed", and thus the conflict will not be an armed conflict under international law. In May 2013, Obama stated that the goal is "to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America"; which coincided with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget having changed the wording from "Overseas Contingency Operations" to "Countering Violent Extremism" in 2010.

Question: What did Obama say the US is at war with, in 2009?
Answer: a far-reaching network of violence and hatred

Question: What was the "Global War on Terror" officially renamed to in March 2009?
Answer: Overseas Contingency Operation

Question: What term did Obama want the government to stop using?
Answer: war on terror

Question: Who said in 2012 that the fight would change from military to law enforcement?
Answer: Jeh Johnson

Question: What was the "Overseas Contingency Operations" renamed to in 2010?
Answer: Countering Violent Extremism