lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period – although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.

Question: What peoples where in the Balkans?
Answer: Paleo-Balkan peoples

Question: Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?
Answer: The Thracians and Illyrians
Southampton became a spa town in 1740. It had also become a popular site for sea bathing by the 1760s, despite the lack of a good quality beach. Innovative buildings specifically for this purpose were built at West Quay, with baths that were filled and emptied by the flow of the tide.

Question: When did Southampton turn into a spa town?
Answer: 1740

Question: Despite not having a good beach, what decade saw Southampton become popular for sea bathing?
Answer: 1760s

Question: Where in Southampton were special baths filled by seawater constructed?
Answer: West Quay

Question: What change in flow of the sea controlled the innovative baths at West Quay?
Answer: the tide
Southampton is home to Southampton Football Club—nicknamed "The Saints"—who play in the Premier League at St Mary's Stadium, having relocated in 2001 from their 103-year-old former stadium, "The Dell". They reached the top flight of English football (First Division) for the first time in 1966, staying there for eight years. They lifted the FA Cup with a shock victory over Manchester United in 1976, returned to the top flight two years later, and stayed there for 27 years (becoming founder members of the Premier League in 1992) before they were relegated in 2005. The club was promoted back to the Premier League in 2012 following a brief spell in the third-tier and severe financial difficulties. In 2015, "The Saints" finished 7th in the Premier League, their highest league finish in 30 years, after a remarkable season under new manager Ronald Koeman. Their highest league position came in 1984 when they were runners-up in the old First Division. They were also runners-up in the 1979 Football League Cup final and 2003 FA Cup final. Notable former managers include Ted Bates, Lawrie McMenemy, Chris Nicholl, Ian Branfoot and Gordon Strachan. There is a strong rivalry between Portsmouth F.C. ("South Coast derby") which is located only about 30 km (19 mi) away.

Question: What's the nickname of the Southampton Football Club?
Answer: The Saints

Question: What stadium has been home to The Saints since 2001?
Answer: St Mary's Stadium

Question: What year did Southampton Football Club first reach the top level of English football?
Answer: 1966

Question: Who did The Saints beat in 1976 to win the FA Cup?
Answer: Manchester United

Question: What league did Southampton Football Club become founding members of in 1992?
Answer: the Premier League
The signatures of the parties' representatives follow at the very end. When the text of a treaty is later reprinted, such as in a collection of treaties currently in effect, an editor will often append the dates on which the respective parties ratified the treaty and on which it came into effect for each party.

Question: Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty?
Answer: the parties' representatives

Question: Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?
Answer: in a collection of treaties currently in effect

Question: Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect?
Answer: an editor

Question: Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect?
Answer: ratified the treaty

Question: Even if signed and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?
Answer: came into effect
The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against the Banu Qaynuqa tribe known as the Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa in February 624 Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being stripped naked As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.:122 The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa.

Question: The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624?
Answer: the Banu Qaynuqa tribe

Question: Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty?
Answer: the Constitution of Medina

Question: Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them?
Answer: Abdullah ibn Ubayy

Question: Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina?
Answer: stripped naked

Question: What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews?
Answer: revenge killings
Consent is also invalid if it is given by a representative who ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign during the negotiations, if the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing.[citation needed]

Question: If a state's representative ignored restrictions he is subject to by his sovereign, what might that state's consent to a treaty be considered to be?
Answer: invalid

Question: Who might place restrictions on a representative during negotiation of a treaty?
Answer: his sovereign

Question: What must be true of the ignored restrictions placed on a representative by his sovereign in order for a state's consent to a treaty to be considered invalid?
Answer: the other parties to the treaty were notified of those restrictions prior to his signing

Question: Who must have been notified of the ignored restrictions placed by a sovereign on his representative prior to the signing of a treaty in order for a state's consent to be considered invalid?
Answer: the other parties
Consent will also be invalidated if it was induced by the fraudulent conduct of another party, or by the direct or indirect "corruption" of its representative by another party to the treaty. Coercion of either a representative, or the state itself through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent.

Question: What type of conduct of a party to a treaty can invalidate the consent of another party?
Answer: fraudulent conduct

Question: What type of action, either direct or indirect, of a state's representative by another type of party to a treaty can invalidate a state's consent?
Answer: corruption

Question: Coercion of a representative or a state itself will result in what happening to its consent to a treaty?
Answer: invalidate that consent

Question: Coercion of a state or its what through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent?
Answer: representative

Question: What must be true of coercion through the threat or use of force of a party to treaty for it to invalidate the state's consent to a treaty?
Answer: used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty
Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.

Question: In what year did Josip Broz Tito die?
Answer: 1980

Question: During World War II what resistance movement did he lead?
Answer: the Partisans,

Question: For what country is Tito viewed as unifying figure?
Answer: Yugoslavia

Question: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Egyptian leader did Tito work with?
Answer: Gamal Abdel Nasser

Question: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Indonesian leader did Tito work with?
Answer: Sukarno
The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class.:211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia, Podolian and Ruthenian lands.

Question: What class was slackta in Poland?
Answer: noble class

Question: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?
Answer: King Casimir III the Great

Question: WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?
Answer: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland

Question: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?
Answer: 1569–1795

Question: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith.
Answer: Ducal Prussia
Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings.

Question: What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?
Answer: German "schlachten"

Question: What does schlachtan mean in german?
Answer: ("to slaughter" or "to butcher")

Question: What German word is also suggestive deriving from szlachta?
Answer: Schlacht

Question: What does schlacht mean?
Answer: battle

Question: The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?
Answer: legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech
Some powerful Polish nobles were referred to as "magnates" (Polish singular: "magnat", plural: "magnaci") and "możny" ("magnate", "oligarch"; plural: "możni"); see Magnates of Poland and Lithuania.

Question: What were some powerful Polish nobles referred too?
Answer: magnates

Question: What is the singular version of magnates?
Answer: magnat

Question: What is another name referring polish nobles?
Answer: możny

Question: What is the plural version of mozny?
Answer: możni

Question: What other country besides Poland were polish nobles most likely found?
Answer: Lithuania
On 23 October 1501, at Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union was reformed at the Union of Mielnik (Polish: unia mielnicka, unia piotrkowsko-mielnicka). It was there that the tradition of the coronation Sejm (Polish: "Sejm koronacyjny") was founded. Once again the middle nobility (middle in wealth, not in rank) attempted to reduce the power of the magnates with a law that made them impeachable before the Senate for malfeasance. However the Act of Mielno (Polish: Przywilej mielnicki) of 25 October did more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility. The nobles were given the right to disobey the King or his representatives—in the Latin, "non praestanda oboedientia"—and to form confederations, an armed rebellion against the king or state officers if the nobles thought that the law or their legitimate privileges were being infringed.

Question: When did the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union reform?
Answer: 23 October 1501

Question: Where was the Mielnik Polish–Lithuanian union refromed?
Answer: Union of Mielnik

Question: Where was the coronation Sejm founded?
Answer: Union of Mielnik

Question: What did the actof of milno do?
Answer: more to strengthen the magnate dominated Senate of Poland then the lesser nobility

Question: What right was given to the nobles?
Answer: disobey the King or his representatives
Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.

Question: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?
Answer: 10–12%

Question: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?
Answer: 8%

Question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
Answer: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania

Question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?
Answer: 1–3%

Question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
Answer: March Constitution of Poland
Also, the tradition of differentiating between the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women did not develop in Poland. Usually men inherited the coat of arms from their fathers. Also, the brisure was rarely used.

Question: What was rarely used?
Answer: brisure

Question: Where did the coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
Answer: Poland

Question: Where did men get their coat of arms usually?
Answer: their fathers
In simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an example of the ongoing orogeny and shows evidence of great folding. The tip of the mountain consists of gneisses from the African plate; the base of the peak, below the glaciated area, consists of European basement rock. The sequence of Tethyan marine sediments and their oceanic basement is sandwiched between rock derived from the African and European plates.

Question: Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?
Answer: the structure of the Alps

Question: What is the origin of the bottom nappe structure?
Answer: continental Europe

Question: Where are the top of the nappes derived from?
Answer: the African plate

Question: What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?
Answer: The Matterhorn
Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction. This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes, sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication. It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance, virulence, and adaptive metabolic functions. Although horizontal gene transfer is rare in eukaryotes, likely examples have been identified of protist and alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin.

Question: What is the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction known as?
Answer: Horizontal gene transfer

Question: In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer a common source of new genes?
Answer: prokaryotes

Question: What is one trait that horizontal gene transfer is a common means of spreading?
Answer: antibiotic resistance

Question: In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer rare?
Answer: eukaryotes

Question: What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes?
Answer: alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin
Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.

Question: What has become a common research tool with model organisms?
Answer: Genetic engineering

Question: What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene's function disrupted?
Answer: that gene's function

Question: What is an application for which organisms have been modified for?
Answer: agriculture

Question: What is another for which organisms have been modified for?
Answer: industrial biotechnology

Question: What is yet another application for which organisms have been modified for?
Answer: medicine
For a brief period in the 1790s, the British tried to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also up north in part of present South Senegal.

Question: Who tried to establish a rival foothold at Bolama?
Answer: the British

Question: When was a rival foothold attempted at Bolama?
Answer: the 1790s

Question: Who regarded Bolama as their own in the 19th century?
Answer: the Portuguese

Question: What other area did the Portuguese regard as their special territory?
Answer: part of present South Senegal

Question: What rival did the Portuguese fend off in Guinea-Bissau?
Answer: the British
Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity. The most common subjects are mice, because of the availability of technical tools. It is now possible with relative ease to "knock out" or mutate a wide variety of genes, and then examine the effects on brain function. More sophisticated approaches are also being used: for example, using Cre-Lox recombination it is possible to activate or deactivate genes in specific parts of the brain, at specific times.

Question: What is the most common test subjects for studying of the brain?
Answer: mice
The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain, and theorized in some depth about how it might work. Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain, nerves, and muscles, demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves. He postulated that nerves activate muscles mechanically by carrying a mysterious substance he called pneumata psychikon, usually translated as "animal spirits". Galen's ideas were widely known during the Middle Ages, but not much further progress came until the Renaissance, when detailed anatomical study resumed, combined with the theoretical speculations of René Descartes and those who followed him. Descartes, like Galen, thought of the nervous system in hydraulic terms. He believed that the highest cognitive functions are carried out by a non-physical res cogitans, but that the majority of behaviors of humans, and all behaviors of animals, could be explained mechanistically.

Question: The physician Galen was from which country in history?
Answer: Roman

Question: What period in history was anatomical studies of nerves greatly increased?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: Who coined the term pneumata psychikon?
Answer: The Roman physician Galen

Question: Penumata psychikon is usually translated as what?
Answer: animal spirits
If the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already formed in 1882), which were in part a cause of World War I. By its end in 1918 three empires were gone, a fourth was about to fall to revolution, and two more, the British and French, were forced to yield in revolutions started under the aegis of their own ideologies.

Question: The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?
Answer: Austro-Hungarian Empire

Question: Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?
Answer: the German Empire

Question: Who did the British Empire side with?
Answer: the Russian Empire

Question: The formation of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance partly caused what?
Answer: World War I

Question: By what year were three empires gone?
Answer: 1918