lmqg/qg_squad huggingface dataset:
The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [bɛrn] ( listen); French: Berne [bɛʁn]; Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna [ˈbɛrnɐ] (help·info); Bernese German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or "federal city".[note 1] With a population of 140,634 (November 2015), Bern is the fifth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000. Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons.

Question: What city is the de facto capital of Switserland?
Answer: Berne

Question: What is the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons?
Answer: Canton of Bern

Question: Which canton is Berne the capital?
Answer: Canton of Bern

Question: How many municipalities are in the Berne agglomeration?
Answer: 36 municipalities

Question: What is the population of Berne?
Answer: 140,634

Question: Where is Bern located?
Answer: Switzerland

Question: How many municiplaities are in Bern?
Answer: 36

Question: Bern is the capitol of which canton?
Answer: Canton of Bern

Question: Where does Bern rank in population in Switzerland?
Answer: second
Tristan da Cunha /ˈtrɪstən də ˈkuːnjə/, colloquially Tristan, is both a remote group of volcanic islands in the south Atlantic Ocean and the main island of that group. It is the most remote inhabited archipelago in the world, lying 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the nearest inhabited land, Saint Helena, 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) from the nearest continental land, South Africa, and 3,360 kilometres (2,090 mi) from South America. The territory consists of the main island, also named Tristan da Cunha, which has a north–south length of 11.27 kilometres (7.00 mi) and has an area of 98 square kilometres (38 sq mi), along with the smaller, uninhabited Nightingale Islands and the wildlife reserves of Inaccessible and Gough Islands.

Question: what type of islands are the Tristan da Cunha
Answer: volcanic

Question: where are the islands of Tristan da Cunha located?
Answer: south Atlantic Ocean

Question: how many square kilometres is the island?
Answer: 98

Question: what type of island group are the islands?
Answer: archipelago
Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.

Question: What do you call government officials using power for illicit private gain?
Answer: political corruption

Question: Who benefits from political corruption?
Answer: government officials

Question: It is only considered political corruption if the act directly relates to what?
Answer: their official duties

Question: Trading in what is considered political corruption?
Answer: influence

Question: What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?
Answer: Political corruption
Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.

Question: Another for of corruption is what?
Answer: institutional corruption

Question: A form of corruption that does not involve personal gain is known as what?
Answer: institutional corruption

Question: Bribery is an example of corruption that involves what type of gain?
Answer: personal gain

Question: What are some forms of corruption now called?
Answer: institutional corruption

Question: Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?
Answer: bribery

Question: This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?
Answer: the primary purpose of the institution
European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity.

Question: How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?
Answer: its system of staff notation

Question: What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?
Answer: Western staff notation

Question: What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?
Answer: jazz and blues

Question: Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what?
Answer: complexity

Question: How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?
Answer: its system of staff notation

Question: How long has the system of staff notation been in use?
Answer: since about the 16th century

Question: Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation?
Answer: improvisation

Question: Classic music can a attain a high level of what?
Answer: complexity
In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers." New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles and even wind machines for sound effects.

Question: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?
Answer: fortepiano

Question: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?
Answer: two

Question: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?
Answer: the standard orchestral palette

Question: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?
Answer: sound

Question: What is a celestes?
Answer: a bell-like keyboard instrument
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.

Question: Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music?
Answer: Baroque

Question: What does basso continuo mean?
Answer: a continuous bass line

Question: What did music become during the Baroque era in comparison with earlier periods?
Answer: more complex

Question: What form began to take shape during the Baroque era?
Answer: the sonata form

Question: Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?
Answer: tonalities
Almost all of the composers who are described in music textbooks on classical music and whose works are widely performed as part of the standard concert repertoire are male composers, even though there has been a large number of women composers throughout the classical music period. Musicologist Marcia Citron has asked "[w]hy is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received 'canon' of performed musical works." She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. In the "...Concise Oxford History of Music, Clara Shumann [sic] is one of the only [sic] female composers mentioned." Abbey Philips states that "[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts."

Question: What gender are most composers described in music textbooks?
Answer: male

Question: Who asked why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?
Answer: Musicologist Marcia Citron

Question: Why were women composers deemed not notable?
Answer: did not write many symphonies

Question: Who is one of the only female composers mentioned?
Answer: Clara Shumann

Question: What type of music did women composers typically write?
Answer: art songs
^1 Also considered part of Rusyns ^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians ^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad ^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language). ^5 Also considered Poles. ^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).

Question: Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?
Answer: the Lemkos

Question: The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?
Answer: Transcarpathia and abroad

Question: Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?
Answer: Czechs

Question: What group is considered part of the Poles?
Answer: Silesians
Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period – although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.

Question: What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?
Answer: Ukraine

Question: Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?
Answer: Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths

Question: After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?
Answer: non-Slavic peoples