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Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company's goal for Windows to be "everywhere on every kind of device without compromise." Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed "Jupiter", which would be used to make "immersive" applications using XAML (similarly to Windows Phone and Silverlight) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored application store.

question: Who is Windows division president?, answer: Steven Sinofsky | question: When did Microsoft start creating Windows 8?, answer: before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009 | question: What is jupiter?, answer: new application framework for Windows 8 | question: Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?, answer: Consumer Electronics Show | question: Who is Microsofts CEO?, answer: Steve Ballmer

Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's "Metro" design language, the Start screen (which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input, integration with online services (including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices), and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing new software. Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process.

question: Who are Windows main operating system competitors?, answer: Android and iOS | question: What new security features does Windows 8 have?, answer: built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot | question: What USB version is Windows 8 compatible with?, answer: 3.0 | question: What services does the Windows Store provide?, answer: an online store for downloading and purchasing new software | question: What can be found on the Start screen?, answer: displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles

Windows 8 introduces a new style of application, Windows Store apps. According to Microsoft developer Jensen Harris, these apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications. Apps can run either in a full-screen mode, or be snapped to the side of a screen. Apps can provide toast notifications on screen or animate their tiles on the Start screen with dynamic content. Apps can use "contracts"; a collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps, including search and sharing. Apps can also provide integration with other services; for example, the People app can connect to a variety of different social networks and services (such as Facebook, Skype, and People service), while the Photos app can aggregate photos from services such as Facebook and Flickr.

question: Who is Jensen Harris?, answer: Microsoft developer | question: What apps can one expect the People app to match with?, answer: Facebook, Skype, and People service | question: What apps can one expect the Photos app to match with?, answer: Facebook and Flickr | question: What makes Windows Store apps unique?, answer: apps are to be optimized for touchscreen environments and are more specialized than current desktop applications. | question: What are contracts?, answer: collection of hooks to provide common functionality that can integrate with other apps

Windows 8 introduces significant changes to the operating system's user interface, many of which are aimed at improving its experience on tablet computers and other touchscreen devices. The new user interface is based on Microsoft's Metro design language, and uses a Start screen similar to that of Windows Phone 7 as the primary means of launching applications. The Start screen displays a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs, some of which can display constantly updated information and content through "live tiles". As a form of multi-tasking, apps can be snapped to the side of a screen. Alongside the traditional Control Panel, a new simplified and touch-optimized settings app known as "PC Settings" is used for basic configuration and user settings. It does not include many of the advanced options still accessible from the normal Control Panel.

question: What is found on the Start Screen?, answer: a customizable array of tiles linking to various apps and desktop programs | question: What do live tiles do?, answer: display constantly updated information and content | question: What is the primary function of the PC Settings app?, answer: used for basic configuration and user settings | question: Where can advanced settings options be found?, answer: Control Panel | question: What is the new System User interface built on?, answer: Microsoft's Metro design language

Windows 8 is available in three different editions, of which the lowest version, branded simply as Windows 8, and Windows 8 Pro, were sold at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Each edition of Windows 8 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and add additional features oriented towards their market segments. For example, Pro added BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on. Users of Windows 8 can purchase a "Pro Pack" license that upgrades their system to Windows 8 Pro through Add features to Windows. This license also includes Windows Media Center. Windows 8 Enterprise contains additional features aimed towards business environments, and is only available through volume licensing. A port of Windows 8 for ARM architecture, Windows RT, is marketed as an edition of Windows 8, but was only included as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it.

question: How many Windows 8 editions are there?, answer: three | question: What extras does Windows 8 Pro have?, answer: BitLocker, Hyper-V, the ability to join a domain, and the ability to install Windows Media Center as a paid add-on | question: What extras do Windows 8 Enterprise have?, answer: features aimed towards business environments | question: How would one get Windows RT?, answer: as pre-loaded software on devices specifically developed for it

Windows 8 provides heavier integration with online services from Microsoft and others. A user can now log in to Windows with a Microsoft account, which can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices. Windows 8 also ships with a client app for Microsoft's SkyDrive cloud storage service, which also allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive. A SkyDrive client for the desktop and File Explorer is not included in Windows 8, and must be downloaded separately. Bundled multimedia apps are provided under the Xbox brand, including Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass companion for use with an Xbox 360 console. Games can integrate into an Xbox Live hub app, which also allows users to view their profile and gamerscore. Other bundled apps provide the ability to link Flickr and Facebook. Due to Facebook Connect service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015.

question: What is SkyDrive?, answer: cloud storage service | question: When was Facebook support turned off?, answer: June 8, 2015 | question: What features does Xbox Live hub offer?, answer: allows users to view their profile and gamerscore | question: What Xbox apps were bundled together?, answer: Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass | question: What service options does Windows online now offer?, answer: can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices.

Windows 8 supports a feature of the UEFI specification known as "Secure boot", which uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system and prevent unauthorized programs such as bootkits from infecting the device's boot process. Some pre-built devices may be described as "certified" by Microsoft; these must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature. ARM-based Windows RT devices must have secure boot permanently enabled.

question: How does secure boot help avert boot process infections?, answer: uses a public-key infrastructure to verify the integrity of the operating system | question: What requirements do Microsoft certified devices have?, answer: must have secure boot enabled by default, and provide ways for users to disable or re-configure the feature | question: What must always be enable in ARM-based Windows RT devices?, answer: secure boot

Windows 8 surpassed Windows Vista in market share with a 5.1% usage rate according to numbers posted in July 2013 by Net Applications, with usage on a steady upward trajectory. However, intake of Windows 8 still lags behind that of Windows Vista and Windows 7 at the same point in their release cycles. Windows 8's tablet market share has also been growing steadily, with 7.4% of tablets running Windows in Q1 2013 according to Strategy Analytics, up from nothing just a year before. However, this is still well below Android and iOS, which posted 43.4% and 48.2% market share respectively, although both operating systems have been on the market much longer than Windows 8. Strategy Analytics also noted "a shortage of top tier apps" for Windows tablets despite Microsoft strategy of paying developers to create apps for the operating system (in addition to for Windows Phone).

question: What percent of tablets were running Windows in Q1 2013/, answer: 7.4 | question: What was Androids market share in 2013?, answer: 43.4% | question: What was teh iOS market share in 2013?, answer: 48.2% | question: What does Strategy Analytics say Windows tablets are lacking?, answer: top tier apps | question: When did Windows 8 surpass Windows Vistas market share?, answer: July 2013

Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on DVD, and through a digital download that could be converted into DVD or USB install media. As part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31, 2013; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99. Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012 and January 31, 2013 could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99. Several PC manufacturers offered rebates and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through the promotion on select models, such as Hewlett-Packard (in the U.S. and Canada on select models), and Acer (in Europe on selected Ultrabook models). During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free.

question: During it's launch how much was a Windows 8 upgrade?, answer: $39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box | question: What is the Windows 8 price?, answer: $119.99 | question: What is the Windows 8 Pro price?, answer: $199.99 | question: Which PC owners could purchase a Windows 8 Pro uprgrade for $14.99?, answer: PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate | question: How much was the Windows Media Center add-on during the original Windows 8 promotion?, answer: free

Windows 8 was released to a mixed critical reception. Although reaction towards its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices was positive, the new user interface of the operating system was widely criticized for being potentially confusing and difficult to learn (especially when used with a keyboard and mouse instead of a touchscreen). Despite these shortcomings, 60 million Windows 8 licenses have been sold through January 2013, a number which included both upgrades and sales to OEMs for new PCs.

question: What about Windows 8 was well received?, answer: its performance improvements, security enhancements, and improved support for touchscreen devices | question: What were the perceived problems with the new Windows 8 user interface?, answer: being potentially confusing and difficult to learn | question: How many Windows 8 licenses were purchased by January 2013?, answer: 60 million

Windows Explorer, which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files. A new "File History" function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device, while Storage Spaces allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis.

question: What replaced the Windows Explorer comman bar?, answer: a ribbon | question: What is the new name of Windows Explorer?, answer: File Explorer | question: What does file history make possible?, answer: allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device | question: What did the update of operation dalog boxes help with?, answer: provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files

Windows RT, the only edition of Windows 8 for systems with ARM processors, only supports applications included with the system (such as a special version of Office 2013), supplied through Windows Update, or Windows Store apps, to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture. Windows RT does not support running IA-32 or x64 applications. Windows Store apps can either support both the x86 and ARM architectures, or compiled to support a specific architecture.

question: What Windows version is compatible with ARM processors?, answer: Windows RT | question: What apps work on Windows RT?, answer: only supports applications included with the system | question: Why does Windows RT only work with apps included with the system?, answer: to ensure that the system only runs applications that are optimized for the architecture

Windows Store apps run within a new set of APIs known as Windows Runtime, which supports programming languages such as C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript. If written in some "high-level" languages, apps written for Windows Runtime can be compatible with both Intel and ARM versions of Windows, otherwise they are not binary code compatible. Components may be compiled as Windows Runtime Components, permitting consumption by all compatible languages. To ensure stability and security, apps run within a sandboxed environment, and require permissions to access certain functionality, such as accessing the Internet or a camera.

question: What programming languages does Windows Runtime work with?, answer: C, C++, Visual Basic .NET, C#, along with HTML5 and JavaScript | question: What makes Windows apps binary code compatible?, answer: If written in some "high-level" languages | question: What does compiling components as Windows Runtime make possible?, answer: permitting consumption by all compatible languages | question: What kind of environment provides Windows apps extra security?, answer: sandboxed environment

Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize window tax, which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the sash window, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread. Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses.

question: What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?, answer: window tax | question: When was the sash window developed?, answer: the 1670s | question: What plans became universal inside larger houses?, answer: Corridor plans | question: What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?, answer: the internal plan and function of the rooms | question: What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?, answer: Their height

Wine was considered the basic drink, consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive. Cato the Elder once advised cutting his rations in half to conserve wine for the workforce. Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well. Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for alcoholism, the debilitating physical and psychological effects of which were known to the Romans. An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals. Prominent Roman alcoholics included Mark Antony, and Cicero's own son Marcus (Cicero Minor). Even Cato the Younger was known to be a heavy drinker.[citation needed]

question: What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?, answer: Wine | question: What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?, answer: An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic | question: During what meals was wine commonly drank?, answer: all meals | question: What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic?, answer: Drinking on an empty stomach

Winners receive the FA Cup trophy, of which there have been two designs and five actual cups; the latest is a 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911. Winners also qualify for European football and a place in the FA Community Shield match. Arsenal are the current holders, having beaten Aston Villa 4–0 in the 2015 final to win the cup for the second year in a row. It was their 12th FA Cup title overall, making Arsenal the FA Cup's most successful club ahead of Manchester United on 11.

question: What do winners receive?, answer: the FA Cup trophy | question: How many FA cup designs have there been?, answer: two | question: How many FA cups have there been?, answer: five actual cups | question: When was the latest design intoduced?, answer: 2014 replica of the second design, introduced in 1911

Winston Churchill, on forming his government in 1940, created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlee's government introduced the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946. The new ministry was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed a seat in the Cabinet. The three existing service Ministers—the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air—remained in direct operational control of their respective services, but ceased to attend Cabinet.

question: Who created the office of Minister of Defence?, answer: Winston Churchill | question: When was the Ministry of Defence Act introduced?, answer: 1946 | question: When did Winstron Churchill form his government?, answer: 1940 | question: The new ministry, according to the Act of 1946, was headed by a Minister of Defence who possessed what?, answer: a seat in the Cabinet | question: Who stopped attending Cabinet with the passage of the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946?, answer: the Secretary of State for War, the First Lord of the Admiralty, and the Secretary of State for Air

Winter, and a deteriorating supply situation on both sides of troops and materiel, led to a halt in ground operations. Sevastopol remained invested by the allies, while the allied armies were hemmed in by the Russian army in the interior. On 14 November a storm sank thirty allied transport ships including HMS Prince which was carrying a cargo of winter clothing.:435 The storm and heavy traffic caused the road from the coast to the troops to disintegrate into a quagmire, requiring engineers to devote most of their time to its repair including quarrying stone. A tramroad was ordered. It arrived in January with a civilian engineering crew, however it was March before it was sufficiently advanced to be of any appreciable value.:439 An Electrical telegraph was also ordered, but the frozen ground delayed its installation until March, when communications from the base port of Balaklava to the British HQ was established. The Pipe-and-cable-laying plough failed because of the hard frozen soil, but even so 21 miles of cable were laid.:449

question: What stopped ground operations during the winter?, answer: a deteriorating supply situation | question: What caused the HMS Prince to sink?, answer: a storm | question: What was the HMS Prince carrying when it sunk?, answer: a cargo of winter clothing | question: What arrived in January with an engineering crew?, answer: A tramroad | question: What caused the electrical telegraph to be delayed for some time?, answer: the frozen ground

Winters in Tucson are mild relative to other parts of the United States. Daytime highs in the winter range between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C), with overnight lows between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C). Tucson typically averages one hard freeze per winter season, with temperatures dipping to the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C), but this is typically limited to only a very few nights. Although rare, snow has been known to fall in Tucson, usually a light dusting that melts within a day. The most recent snowfall was on February 20, 2013 when 2.0 inches of snow blanketed the city, the largest snowfall since 1987.

question: What are Tucson's typical winter high temperatures?, answer: between 64 and 75 °F (18 and 24 °C) | question: What are Tucson's typical winter low temperatures?, answer: between 30 and 44 °F (−1 and 7 °C) | question: What do Tucson's hard freeze temperatures dip to?, answer: the mid or low-20s (−7 to −4 °C) | question: How much snow did Tucson get on Feb 20, 2013?, answer: 2.0 inches | question: When had Tucson last had as much snow as 2013?, answer: 1987

Wisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is not the same as intelligence: adolescents do not improve substantially on IQ tests since their scores are relative to others in their same age group, and relative standing usually does not change—everyone matures at approximately the same rate in this way.

question: How is wisdom defined?, answer: capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience | question: Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what?, answer: twenty-five | question: Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence?, answer: not | question: Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups?, answer: not | question: What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience?, answer: Wisdom

With $18.8 million spent in 2013, Comcast has the seventh largest lobbying budget of any individual company or organization in the United States. Comcast employs multiple former US Congressmen as lobbyists. The National Cable & Telecommunications Association, which has multiple Comcast executives on its board, also represents Comcast and other cable companies as the fifth largest lobbying organization in the United States, spending $19.8 million in 2013. Comcast was among the top backers of Barack Obama's presidential runs, with Comcast vice president David Cohen raising over $2.2 million from 2007 to 2012. Cohen has been described by many sources as influential in the US government, though he is no longer a registered lobbyist, as the time he spends lobbying falls short of the 20% which requires official registration. Comcast's PAC, the Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee, is the among the largest PACs in the US, raising about $3.7 million from 2011-2012 for the campaigns of various candidates for office in the United States Federal Government. Comcast is also a major backer of the National Cable and Telecommunications Association Political Action Committee, which raised $2.6 million from 2011-2012. Comcast spent the most money of any organization in support of the Stop Online Piracy and PROTECT IP bills, spending roughly $5 million to lobby for their passage.

question: What was Comcast's lobbying budget in 2013?, answer: $18.8 million | question: Where did this lobbying budget place the company among all entities in the country?, answer: seventh largest | question: What is the name of the industry association that represents all cable companies in Washington?, answer: The National Cable & Telecommunications Association | question: What is the name of Comcast's affiliated political action committee?, answer: Comcast Corporation and NBCUniversal Political Action Committee | question: How much did this PAC raise for candidates in US elections from 2011 through 2012?, answer: $3.7 million

With 120,000 students in London, the federal University of London is the largest contact teaching university in the UK. It includes four large multi-faculty universities – King's College London, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway and UCL – and a number of smaller and more specialised institutions including Birkbeck, the Courtauld Institute of Art, Goldsmiths, Guildhall School of Music and Drama, the Institute of Education, the London Business School, the London School of Economics, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the Royal Academy of Music, the Central School of Speech and Drama, the Royal Veterinary College and the School of Oriental and African Studies. Members of the University of London have their own admissions procedures, and some award their own degrees.

question: What school within the University of London would a student seeking a degree in the veterinary medicine likely attend?, answer: the Royal Veterinary College | question: What major university is comprised of four multi-faculty universities and several schools specialized schools?, answer: University of London | question: From what school in London would a student receive an MBA?, answer: the London Business School | question: What is the average student population at the University of London?, answer: 120,000

With 19.48 inches of rainfall, May 2015 was by far Oklahoma City's record-wettest month since record keeping began in 1890. Across Oklahoma and Texas generally, there was record flooding in the latter part of the month

question: When was the most rainfall for Oklahoma city?, answer: May 2015

With 39,000 acres (158 km2), the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area, once covering 14 states. In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers 31,300 acres (127 km2) of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2).

question: How large is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?, answer: 39,000 acres | question: What part of Oklahoma is the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in?, answer: north-central | question: The Tallgrass Prairie Preserve is the largest protected tallgrass prairie in what area?, answer: the world | question: How many states were originally covered by the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve?, answer: 14 | question: How many national wildlife refuges are in Oklahoma?, answer: nine

With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging Tenasserim (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with British India.

question: What was the event called that caused Ayutthaya to reclaim lost territories ?, answer: the Chinese threat | question: In what year did Ayutthaya capture Lan Na ?, answer: 1776. | question: What country was Burma at war with with until 1855 ?, answer: Arakan | question: Who managed to eventually control the territory of Arakan, answer: King Bodawpaya

With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

question: What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?, answer: Constantinople | question: What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?, answer: lands around the Mediterranean basin | question: When did the Ottoman empire decline?, answer: into the late nineteenth century | question: What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?, answer: Germany | question: What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?, answer: military setbacks against European powers

With Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now a chief military advisor to the Seleucid emperor, and the two were believed to be planning an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself. The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been, because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire, and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great's former empire.

question: Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid?, answer: Hannibal | question: What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?, answer: an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself | question: Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire?, answer: Seleucids | question: Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great?, answer: Seleucids | question: Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans?, answer: Philip

With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out."

question: Who was the director of the CIA?, answer: Dulles | question: What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?, answer: Operation Ajax | question: What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?, answer: Pbsuccess | question: What company made the U-2?, answer: Lockheed | question: Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?, answer: John F. Kennedy

With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear her husband's name, becoming the House of Mountbatten, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband's surname on marriage. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, and so on 9 April 1952 Elizabeth issued a declaration that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house. The Duke complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children." In 1960, after the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and the resignation of Churchill in 1955, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.

question: What name was it assumed Elizabeth would take upon her marriage to Philip?, answer: Mountbatten, | question: What Prime Minister objected to the name change?, answer: Winston Churchill | question: What name did Elizabeth keep as her married name?, answer: House of Windsor | question: What name was adopted for Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not have royal titles?, answer: Mountbatten-Windsor | question: When did Elizabeth decree the use of Mountbatten-Windsor as the surname?, answer: 1960

With French, Belgian and Portuguese activity in the lower Congo River region undermining orderly incursion of tropical Africa, the Berlin Conference of 1884–85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the "Scramble for Africa" by defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims. The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from Sudan. A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the Mahdist Army in 1896, and rebuffed a French attempted invasion at Fashoda in 1898. Sudan was nominally made an Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, but a British colony in reality.

question: Where did France try to invade in 1898?, answer: Fashoda | question: What army did Britain and Egypt defeat together?, answer: Mahdist | question: When did Britain withdraw from Sudan?, answer: 1885 | question: What was the period of European empires competing to control Africa called?, answer: the "Scramble for Africa" | question: Where was a conference held in 1884 to regulate European competition for Africa?, answer: Berlin

With Japanese and Allied forces occupying various parts of the island, over the following six months both sides poured resources into an escalating battle of attrition on land, at sea, and in the sky. Most of the Japanese aircraft based in the South Pacific were redeployed to the defense of Guadalcanal. Many were lost in numerous engagements with the Allied air forces based at Henderson Field as well as carrier based aircraft. Meanwhile, Japanese ground forces launched repeated attacks on heavily defended US positions around Henderson Field, in which they suffered appalling casualties. To sustain these offensives, resupply was carried out by Japanese convoys, termed the "Tokyo Express" by the Allies. The convoys often faced night battles with enemy naval forces in which they expended destroyers that the IJN could ill-afford to lose. Later fleet battles involving heavier ships and even daytime carrier battles resulted in a stretch of water near Guadalcanal becoming known as "Ironbottom Sound" from the multitude of ships sunk on both sides. However, the Allies were much better able to replace these losses. Finally recognizing that the campaign to recapture Henderson Field and secure Guadalcanal had simply become too costly to continue, the Japanese evacuated the island and withdrew in February 1943. In the sixth month war of attrition, the Japanese had lost as a result of failing to commit enough forces in sufficient time.

question: Where were most of the Japanese aircraft in the South Pacific redeployed to defend?, answer: Guadalcanal | question: Where did Japanese ground attack repeatedly?forces, answer: Henderson Field | question: What did the Allies call the Japanese convoys supplying the ground forces attacking Henderson Field?, answer: "Tokyo Express" | question: What was the reason for the name "Ironbottom Sound" of the water stretches new Guadalcanal?, answer: the multitude of ships sunk | question: When did the Japanese give up trying to recapture Henderson Field?, answer: February 1943

With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive (also known as the "Chinese New Year's Offensive") on New Year's Eve of 1950. Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise, the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy. UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic, and as a result some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south. The Chinese New Year's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951.

question: What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as?, answer: Chinese New Year's Offensive | question: Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA's use gongs during these attacks?, answer: facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy | question: How did some UN troops react to the use of noise?, answer: some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south | question: What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive, answer: Seoul | question: Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive?, answer: Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway

With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. Three years later, he was appointed shogun in Kyoto. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne. Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate.

question: What was the term used to describe military governors?, answer: daimyos | question: What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?, answer: jito | question: What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?, answer: Go-Toba

With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics. He reasoned that going to war would be unreasonable and costly, especially when noting that the Qing government had a goal for constitutional monarchy. Similarly, Sun Yat-sen's government wanted a republican constitutional reform, both aiming for the benefit of China's economy and populace. With permission from Empress Dowager Longyu, Yuan Shikai began negotiating with Sun Yat-sen, who decided that his goal had been achieved in forming a republic, and that therefore he could allow Yuan to step into the position of President of the Republic of China.

question: Who led the Qing?, answer: Yuan Shikai | question: Who negotiated with Yuan Shikai to prevent war?, answer: Sun Yat-sen | question: Who led the Republic of China?, answer: Sun Yat-sen, | question: Who became the President?, answer: Yuan

With a population of 518,000, Hanover is a major centre of Northern Germany and the country's thirteenth largest city. Hanover also hosts annual commercial trade fairs such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. Every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the world's largest marksmen's festival, and the Oktoberfest Hannover, the second largest Oktoberfest in the world (beside Oktoberfest of Blumenau). In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000. The Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions, especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. Hanover is of national importance because of its universities and medical school, its international airport and its large zoo. The city is also a major crossing point of railway lines and highways (Autobahnen), connecting European main lines in both the east-west (Berlin–Ruhr area) and north-south (Hamburg–Munich, etc.) directions.

question: What is Hanover's population?, answer: 518,000 | question: What is Hanover's ranking in terms of size in Germany?, answer: thirteenth largest | question: What is the largest Oktoberfest in the world?, answer: Oktoberfest of Blumenau | question: In which year did Hanover host the Expo?, answer: 2000 | question: What is "highways" in German?, answer: Autobahnen

With a total area of 42.7 km2 (16.5 sq mi), New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area. Because the city is located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the Aravalli Range; all that is left of those mountains is the Delhi Ridge, which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the Yamuna River, it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of Shahdara. New Delhi falls under the seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.

question: What is the total area of New Delhi in square miles?, answer: 16.5 sq mi | question: On what plain is New Delhi located?, answer: the Indo-Gangetic Plain | question: The Delhi Ridge is also referred to by what name?, answer: the Lungs of Delhi | question: New Delhi is located on the floodplains of what river?, answer: Yamuna River | question: What seismic zone does New Delhi fall under?, answer: seismic zone-IV

With an economy larger than all the Balkan economies combined, Greece is the largest economy in the Balkans, and an important regional investor. Greece is the number-two foreign investor of capital in Albania, the number-three foreign investor in Bulgaria, at the top-three of foreign investors in Romania and Serbia and the most important trading partner and largest foreign investor of the Republic of Macedonia. Greek banks open a new branch somewhere in the Balkans on an almost weekly basis. The Greek telecommunications company OTE has become a strong investor in Yugoslavia and other Balkan countries.

question: Greece's economy is what size?, answer: larger than all the Balkan economies combined | question: What rank does Greece hold as an Albania investor?, answer: number-two | question: What rank does Greece hold as an Bulgaria investor?, answer: number-three | question: Greece is the largest foreign investor of what area?, answer: Republic of Macedonia | question: OTE is known as what?, answer: Greek telecommunications company

With an educational system made up of public school districts and independent private institutions, Oklahoma had 638,817 students enrolled in 1,845 public primary, secondary, and vocational schools in 533 school districts as of 2008[update]. Oklahoma has the highest enrollment of Native American students in the nation with 126,078 students in the 2009-10 school year. Ranked near the bottom of states in expenditures per student, Oklahoma spent $7,755 for each student in 2008, 47th in the nation, though its growth of total education expenditures between 1992 and 2002 ranked 22nd.

question: How many students were in Oklahoma's public schools in 2008?, answer: 638,817 | question: How many school districts are in Oklahoma?, answer: 533 | question: How many Native American students are in Oklahoma's public schools?, answer: 126,078 | question: What does Oklahoma spend per student in public schools as of 2008?, answer: $7,755 | question: How many public schools does Oklahoma have?, answer: 1,845

With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center.

question: Which city in Mexico does San Diego border?, answer: Tijuana | question: Aside from healthcare, which employment sector has strongly emerged in San Diego?, answer: biotechnology development | question: Of all military branches, which one has the strongest presence in San Diego?, answer: United States Navy | question: What is unique about San Diego's harbors?, answer: deep-water | question: Of the top 10 largest cities in the country, which place does San Diego rank?, answer: eighth

With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the "Chronicon Athanasianum" (XXXV) as a "philosopher", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence. On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but Athanasius urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration.

question: What position did Ecdicius hold?, answer: Prefect of Egypt | question: Did he think he would be gone a long time?, answer: short duration | question: Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?, answer: Julian | question: What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?, answer: expulsion | question: Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?, answer: urged them to submit

With continuing European integration, the European Union is increasingly being seen as a great power in its own right, with representation at the WTO and at G8 and G-20 summits. This is most notable in areas where the European Union has exclusive competence (i.e. economic affairs). It also reflects a non-traditional conception of Europe's world role as a global "civilian power", exercising collective influence in the functional spheres of trade and diplomacy, as an alternative to military dominance. The European Union is a supranational union and not a sovereign state, and has limited scope in the areas of foreign affairs and defence policy. These remain largely with the member states of the European Union, which include the three great powers of France, Germany and the United Kingdom (referred to as the "EU three").

question: What organization is often seen as a great power in addition to member counties?, answer: European Union | question: What other tools are used as alternative to military force?, answer: trade and diplomacy | question: How many great powers are members of Europian Union?, answer: three | question: What summits does EU have membership?, answer: WTO and at G8 and G-20

With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.

question: What was Libya's main export?, answer: crude oil | question: How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?, answer: In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. | question: What was the main export of Libya?, answer: crude oil | question: How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?, answer: $1 billion | question: What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?, answer: OPEC | question: Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?, answer: Jalloud

With financial support from Sanders and Hubbard, Bell hired Thomas Watson as his assistant,[N 15] and the two of them experimented with acoustic telegraphy. On June 2, 1875, Watson accidentally plucked one of the reeds and Bell, at the receiving end of the wire, heard the overtones of the reed; overtones that would be necessary for transmitting speech. That demonstrated to Bell that only one reed or armature was necessary, not multiple reeds. This led to the "gallows" sound-powered telephone, which could transmit indistinct, voice-like sounds, but not clear speech.

question: Who did Bell take on to work with him?, answer: Thomas Watson | question: What month and day did Watson and Bell have a breakthrough?, answer: June 2 | question: How many reeds did Bell conclude he needed?, answer: 1 | question: What name was given to the telephone that sort of worked?, answer: gallows | question: Who gave money to Bell and Watson?, answer: Sanders and Hubbard

With high cost of labor in developed countries, production automation has become increasingly popular. Rather than being assembled by hand, mosaics designed using computer aided design (CAD) software can be assembled by a robot. Production can be greater than 10 times faster with higher accuracy. But these "computer" mosaics have a different look than hand-made "artisanal" mosaics. With robotic production, colored tiles are loaded into buffers, and then the robot picks and places tiles individually according to a command file from the design software.

question: Why has production automation become popular?, answer: high cost of labor in developed countries | question: Which software can aid in the design of robotically created mosaics?, answer: CAD | question: How much faster is automated creation over handmade?, answer: 10 times faster | question: How does the robot pick the tiles it places?, answer: a command file | question: What is not the same between hand made and robotic amde mosaics?, answer: different look

With house music already massive on the '80s dance-scene it was only a matter of time before it would penetrate the UK pop charts.[citation needed] The record generally credited as the first house hit in the UK was Farley "Jackmaster" Funk's "Love Can't Turn Around" which reached #10 in the UK singles chart in September 1986.

question: what is credited as the first house hit in the UK?, answer: Farley "Jackmaster" Funk's "Love Can't Turn Around" | question: what did "Love Can't Turn Around" peak at in the UK charts?, answer: #10 | question: what year did Farley Funk have his first UK hit?, answer: 1986

With increasing environmental concerns about synthetic coatings (such as PFOA) and the higher prices of hydrocarbon based petrochemicals, there is a focus on zein (corn protein) as a coating for paper in high grease applications such as popcorn bags.

question: What is newly used as a coating in high grease applications?, answer: corn protein | question: Popcorn bags produced modernly are likely to use what type of coating?, answer: corn protein | question: PFOA is what type of coating?, answer: synthetic

With its growing popularity, professional wrestling has attracted attention as a subject of serious academic study and journalistic criticism. Many courses, theses, essays, and dissertations have analyzed wrestling's conventions, content, and its role in modern society. It is often included as part of studies on theatre, sociology, performance, and media. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed a course of study on the cultural significance of professional wrestling, and anthropologist Heather Levi has written an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre in Mexico.

question: What other areas has wrestling garnered interest from?, answer: academic study and journalistic criticism | question: What areas of study is wrestling talked about in?, answer: theatre, sociology, performance, and media | question: What did Heather Levi write?, answer: an ethnography about the culture of lucha libre | question: What college has a course about the cultural impact of wrestling?, answer: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

With its myriad islands, Alaska has nearly 34,000 miles (54,720 km) of tidal shoreline. The Aleutian Islands chain extends west from the southern tip of the Alaska Peninsula. Many active volcanoes are found in the Aleutians and in coastal regions. Unimak Island, for example, is home to Mount Shishaldin, which is an occasionally smoldering volcano that rises to 10,000 feet (3,048 m) above the North Pacific. It is the most perfect volcanic cone on Earth, even more symmetrical than Japan's Mount Fuji. The chain of volcanoes extends to Mount Spurr, west of Anchorage on the mainland. Geologists have identified Alaska as part of Wrangellia, a large region consisting of multiple states and Canadian provinces in the Pacific Northwest, which is actively undergoing continent building.

question: How much tidal shoreline does Alaska have in miles?, answer: nearly 34,000 miles | question: On which island is Mount Shishaldin located?, answer: Unimak Island | question: What do geoligists believe is unique about Wrangellia?, answer: actively undergoing continent building | question: What is most impressive about Mount Shishaldin in comparison to Mount Fuji?, answer: most perfect volcanic cone on Earth | question: How high does Mount Shishaldin rise above sea level?, answer: 10,000 feet (3,048 m)

With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.

question: What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?, answer: Maysum | question: What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?, answer: Kalb | question: Where was the Kalb tribe based?, answer: Syria | question: What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?, answer: Christian | question: What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?, answer: Arab

With nearly a third of Bostonians using public transit for their commute to work, Boston has the fifth-highest rate of public transit usage in the country. Boston's subway system, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA—known as the "T") operates the oldest underground rapid transit system in the Americas, and is the fourth-busiest rapid transit system in the country, with 65.5 miles (105 km) of track on four lines. The MBTA also operates busy bus and commuter rail networks, and water shuttles.

question: How many people in Boston use public transportation?, answer: nearly a third | question: Where does Boston rank nationally in terms of public transportation use?, answer: fifth-highest | question: What is the name of Bostons subway system?, answer: MBTA | question: The MBTA is also known as the what?, answer: T | question: How long is bostons subway system?, answer: 65.5 miles

With nitrides containing aluminium, most often AlGaN and AlGaInN, even shorter wavelengths are achievable. Ultraviolet LEDs in a range of wavelengths are becoming available on the market. Near-UV emitters at wavelengths around 375–395 nm are already cheap and often encountered, for example, as black light lamp replacements for inspection of anti-counterfeiting UV watermarks in some documents and paper currencies. Shorter-wavelength diodes, while substantially more expensive, are commercially available for wavelengths down to 240 nm. As the photosensitivity of microorganisms approximately matches the absorption spectrum of DNA, with a peak at about 260 nm, UV LED emitting at 250–270 nm are to be expected in prospective disinfection and sterilization devices. Recent research has shown that commercially available UVA LEDs (365 nm) are already effective disinfection and sterilization devices. UV-C wavelengths were obtained in laboratories using aluminium nitride (210 nm), boron nitride (215 nm) and diamond (235 nm).

question: What substance does nitrides contain?, answer: aluminium | question: What sort of LEDs are becoming more available on the market?, answer: Ultraviolet | question: What is the range of wavelengths for cheap UV LEDs?, answer: 375–395 nm | question: Shorter wavelength diodes provide wavelengths as low as what?, answer: 240 nm | question: What UV wavelengths are found in sterilization devices?, answer: 250–270 nm

With over 90 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab World, the third-most populous in Africa (after Nigeria and Ethiopia), and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypt's territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.

question: How many inhabitants does Egypt have?, answer: over 90 million | question: What is the rank of Egypt popultaion among African nations?, answer: third-most populous in Africa | question: Majority of Egypt people live near what river?, answer: Nile River | question: What desert constitutes most of Egypt territory?, answer: Sahara desert

With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. That year, Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship.

question: What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?, answer: Qur'an | question: What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?, answer: protection of private property | question: What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?, answer: commercial | question: What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?, answer: shirk | question: Who won a border war with Libya?, answer: Egypt

With regard to a safety net, Hayek advocated "some provision for those threatened by the extremes of indigence or starvation, be if only in the interest of those who require protection against acts of desperation on the part of the needy." As referenced in the section on "The economic calculation problem," Hayek wrote that "there is no reason why... the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance." Summarizing on this topic, Wapshott writes "[Hayek] advocated mandatory universal health care and unemployment insurance, enforced, if not directly provided, by the state." Bernard Harcourt says that "Hayek was adamant about this." In the 1973 Law, Legislation, and Liberty, Hayek wrote:

question: According to Wapshott, who was promoting the implementation of universal health care?, answer: Hayek | question: Who did Hayek say should provide a safety net for society?, answer: the state | question: In which of Hayek's works did he make his statements regarding social insurance?, answer: The economic calculation problem | question: Who made the claim that Hayek was particularly determined regarding his beliefs on social insurance and a safety net?, answer: Bernard Harcourt

With regards to Mexican drug cartels, Oklahoma City has traditionally been the territory of the notorious Juárez Cartel, but the Sinaloa Cartel has been reported as trying to establish a foothold in Oklahoma City. There are many rival gangs in Oklahoma City, one whose headquarters has been established in the city, the Southside Locos, traditionally known as Sureños.

question: What cartel has been known to be in Oklahoma city?, answer: Juárez Cartel

With respect to Pakistan's territories (i.e. FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)) the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas, while ICT generally functions the same as provinces. Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan.

question: What are some of the territories within Pakistan?, answer: FATA, Azad Kashmir, Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) | question: What type of cases may Pakistan's Supreme Court hear from FATA?, answer: appeals only of a constitutional nature | question: What Pakistani territory's own courts retain supremacy?, answer: Azad Kashmir | question: What is the relationship between Pakistan's Constitution and Azad Kashmir?, answer: does not apply to it

With respect to these outer regions, the Qing maintained imperial control, with the emperor acting as Mongol khan, patron of Tibetan Buddhism and protector of Muslims. However, Qing policy changed with the establishment of Xinjiang province in 1884. During The Great Game era, taking advantage of the Dungan revolt in northwest China, Yaqub Beg invaded Xinjiang from Central Asia with support from the British Empire, and made himself the ruler of the kingdom of Kashgaria. The Qing court sent forces to defeat Yaqub Beg and Xinjiang was reconquered, and then the political system of China proper was formally applied onto Xinjiang. The Kumul Khanate, which was incorporated into the Qing empire as a vassal after helping Qing defeat the Zunghars in 1757, maintained its status after Xinjiang turned into a province through the end of the dynasty in the Xinhai Revolution up until 1930. In early 20th century, Britain sent an expedition force to Tibet and forced Tibetans to sign a treaty. The Qing court responded by asserting Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, resulting in the 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention signed between Britain and China. The British agreed not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet, while China engaged not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. Furthermore, similar to Xinjiang which was converted into a province earlier, the Qing government also turned Manchuria into three provinces in the early 20th century, officially known as the "Three Northeast Provinces", and established the post of Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces to oversee these provinces, making the total number of regional viceroys to nine.

question: What title did the emperor hold in Mongolia?, answer: khan | question: Who ruled Kashgaria?, answer: Yaqub Beg | question: Who supported Beg?, answer: British | question: When did the British invade Tibet?, answer: early 20th century | question: What was the name of the agreement between Britain and the Chinese that kept the British out of Tibet?, answer: 1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention

With roots dating back to 1909 in the university's School of Social Economy, the George Warren Brown School of Social Work (commonly called the Brown School or Brown) was founded in 1925. Brown's academic degree offerings include a Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences. It is currently ranked first among Master of Social Work programs in the United States. The school was endowed by Bettie Bofinger Brown and named for her husband, George Warren Brown, a St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company. The school was the first in the country to have a building for the purpose of social work education, and it is also a founding member of the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health. The school is housed within Brown and Goldfarb Halls, but a third building expansion is currently in progress and slated to be completed in summer 2015. The new building, adjacent to Brown and Goldfarb Halls, targets LEED Gold certification and will add approximately 105,000 square feet, more than doubling the school's teaching, research, and program space.

question: When was the George Warren Brown School of Social Work founded?, answer: 1925 | question: By what other names is the George Warren Brown School of Social Work known?, answer: Brown School or Brown | question: What degree programs are offered by the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?, answer: Master of Social Work (MSW), a Master of Public Health (MPH), a PhD in Social Work, and a PhD in Public Health Sciences | question: What roles was George Warren Brown known?, answer: St. Louis philanthropist and co-founder of the Brown Shoe Company | question: What facilities house the George Warren Brown School of Social Work?, answer: Brown and Goldfarb Halls

With successive Persian rule, the region, divided between Syria-Coele province and later the autonomous Yehud Medinata, was gradually developing back into urban society, largely dominated by Judeans. The Greek conquests largely skipped the region without any resistance or interest. Incorporated into Ptolemaic and finally Seleucid Empires, the southern Levant was heavily hellenized, building the tensions between Judeans and Greeks. The conflict erupted in 167 BCE with the Maccabean Revolt, which succeeded in establishing an independent Hasmonean Kingdom in Judah, which later expanded over much of modern Israel, as the Seleucids gradually lost control in the region.

question: When did the conflict between Judeans and Greeks erupt?, answer: 167 BCE | question: What was established in the Maccabean Revolt?, answer: Hasmonean Kingdom | question: Who dominated the society?, answer: Judeans

With such a high percentage of children working, the rising of illiteracy, and the lack of a formal education became a widespread issue for many children who worked to provide for their families. Due to this problematic trend, many parents developed a change of opinion when deciding whether or not to send their children to work. Other factors that lead to the decline of child labour included financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation.

question: What became an issue for the working child?, answer: illiteracy | question: Was illiteracy a factor in changing the minds of parents of child labourers?, answer: many parents developed a change of opinion | question: What are the reasons that lead to a decline of child labour?, answer: financial changes in the economy, changes in the development of technology, raised wages, and continuous regulations on factory legislation

With support from the British abolitionist movement, Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807, which abolished the slave trade in the empire. In 1808, Sierra Leone was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. The Slavery Abolition Act passed in 1833 abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834 (with the exception of St. Helena, Ceylon and the territories administered by the East India Company, though these exclusions were later repealed). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of 4 to 6 years of "apprenticeship".

question: When was the Slave Trade Act enacted?, answer: 1807 | question: What abolished the British slave trade?, answer: the Slave Trade Act | question: Which colony was the official British colony for freed slaves?, answer: Sierra Leone | question: What abolished slavery throughout the British Empire?, answer: The Slavery Abolition Act | question: How long of an 'apprenticeship' did slaves need to have before being fully freed?, answer: 4 to 6 years

With the Japanese CAP out of position and the carriers at their most vulnerable, SBD Dauntlesses from Enterprise and Yorktown appeared at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) and commenced their attack, quickly dealing fatal blows to three fleet carriers: Sōryū, Kaga, and Akagi. Within minutes, all three were ablaze and had to be abandoned with great loss of life. Hiryū managed to survive the wave of dive bombers and launched a counter-attack against the American carriers which caused severe damage to Yorktown (which was later finished off by a Japanese submarine). However, a second attack from the U.S. carriers a few hours later found and destroyed Hiryū, the last remaining fleet carrier available to Nagumo. With his carriers lost and the Americans withdrawn out of range of his powerful battleships, Yamamoto was forced to call off the operation, leaving Midway in American hands. The battle proved to be a decisive victory for the Allies. For the second time, Japanese expansion had been checked and its formidable Combined Fleet was significantly weakened by the loss of four fleet carriers and many highly trained, virtually irreplaceable, personnel. Japan would be largely on the defensive for the rest of the war.

question: At what altitude did the American dive bombers commence their attck on the Japanese carriers?, answer: 10,000 feet | question: Which Japanese carrier survived the first wave of American dive bombers in the Battle of Midway., answer: Hiryū | question: Who won the Battle of Midway?, answer: Allies | question: How many fleet carriers were lost by the Japanese in the Battle of Midway?, answer: four

With the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.

question: When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees?, answer: 1659 | question: What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France?, answer: northern part | question: Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France?, answer: Treaty of the Pyrenees | question: What language began to influence Catalan?, answer: French | question: When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia?, answer: 1700

With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:

question: Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?, answer: St. Jerome | question: To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?, answer: peace of God | question: With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?, answer: "pagan" emperors | question: What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?, answer: Donatists | question: What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church?, answer: Constantine I

With the abolition of the charters of Valencia and most of its institutions, and the conformation of the kingdom and its capital to the laws and customs of Castile, top civil officials were no longer elected, but instead were appointed directly from Madrid, the king's court city, the offices often filled by foreign aristocrats. Valencia had to become accustomed to being an occupied city, living with the presence of troops quartered in the Citadel near the convent of Santo Domingo and in other buildings such as the Lonja, which served as a barracks until 1762.

question: What type of people often held Valencia's offices?, answer: foreign aristocrats | question: From where were Valencia's officials chosen?, answer: Madrid | question: What convent was close to the area where troops lived?, answer: Santo Domingo | question: Until when was the Lonja used to quarter troops?, answer: 1762

With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things." Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms "materialism" and "physicalism" interchangeably.

question: Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?, answer: things

With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britain experienced higher standards of living. Its spiralling cycle of prosperity, demand and production had a profound influence on overseas trade. The company became the single largest player in the British global market. William Henry Pyne notes in his book The Microcosm of London (1808) that:

question: what was the type of Revolution that allowed Britian to move ahead of its European rivals?, answer: Industrial Revolution | question: What was the name of William Henry Pyne book from 1808?, answer: The Microcosm of London | question: What became the largest player in the British global market according to William Henry Pyne?, answer: The company | question: What country was the home to the Industrial Revolution?, answer: Britain | question: The industrial revoluntion gave raise to the access to what type of material?, answer: raw

With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is now Oklahoma and Texas. Today this is known as the De Soto Trail. The Spanish thought the Great Plains were the location of the mythological Quivira and Cíbola, a place said to be rich in gold.

question: who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans?, answer: Francisco Vázquez de Coronado | question: who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas?, answer: Hernando de Soto | question: what is the section of oklahoma and texas that Hernando de Soto traveled?, answer: the De Soto Trail | question: who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola?, answer: The Spanish | question: what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in?, answer: gold

With the automobile being the primary means of transportation for over 80 percent of its residents, San Diego is served by a network of freeways and highways. This includes Interstate 5, which runs south to Tijuana and north to Los Angeles; Interstate 8, which runs east to Imperial County and the Arizona Sun Corridor; Interstate 15, which runs northeast through the Inland Empire to Las Vegas and Salt Lake City; and Interstate 805, which splits from I-5 near the Mexican border and rejoins I-5 at Sorrento Valley.

question: What major interstate runs from Tijuana to Los Angeles?, answer: Interstate 8 | question: Where does Interstate 805 split from I-5?, answer: near the Mexican border | question: Which interstate directly connects the east with the Arizona Sun Corridor and Imperial County?, answer: Interstate 8 | question: What two major cities are Inland Empire connected to via Interstate 15?, answer: Las Vegas and Salt Lake City | question: What percentage of San Diego's residents rely on theri automobile as a primary source of transportation?, answer: over 80 percent

With the building of Christian basilicas in the late 4th century, wall and ceiling mosaics were adopted for Christian uses. The earliest examples of Christian basilicas have not survived, but the mosaics of Santa Constanza and Santa Pudenziana, both from the 4th century, still exist. The winemaking putti in the ambulatory of Santa Constanza still follow the classical tradition in that they represent the feast of Bacchus, which symbolizes transformation or change, and are thus appropriate for a mausoleum, the original function of this building. In another great Constantinian basilica, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem the original mosaic floor with typical Roman geometric motifs is partially preserved. The so-called Tomb of the Julii, near the crypt beneath St Peter's Basilica, is a 4th-century vaulted tomb with wall and ceiling mosaics that are given Christian interpretations. The Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki, converted into a Christian church during the course of the 4th century, was embellished with very high artistic quality mosaics. Only fragments survive of the original decoration, especially a band depicting saints with hands raised in prayer, in front of complex architectural fantasies.

question: Around what century were mosaics adapted for Christian churches?, answer: the late 4th century | question: What Christian church besides the Santa Costanza was built in the 4th century?, answer: Santa Pudenziana | question: What was the original function of the Santa Costanza church?, answer: a mausoleum | question: In which basilica is the Tomb of Julii?, answer: St Peter's Basilica | question: Under what period were the 4th century churches built?, answer: Constantinian

With the collapse of Roman rule in the early 5th century, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued in the St Martin-in-the-Fields area until around 450. From around 500, an Anglo-Saxon settlement known as Lundenwic developed in the same area, slightly to the west of the old Roman city. By about 680, it had revived sufficiently to become a major port, although there is little evidence of large-scale production of goods. From the 820s the town declined because of repeated Viking invasions. There are three recorded Viking assaults on London; two of which were successful in 851 and 886 AD, although they were defeated during the attack of 994 AD.

question: What area continued to exist after Londinium was abandoned following the end of Roman rule?, answer: St Martin-in-the-Fields | question: What was responsible for the decline of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Lundenwic?, answer: repeated Viking invasions | question: How many known attacks on London did the Vikings commit?, answer: three | question: By the late 7th century, what was a main function of Lundenwic?, answer: a major port | question: Of the three recorded Viking assaults on London, how many were successful?, answer: two

With the continued miniaturization of computing resources, and advancements in portable battery life, portable computers grew in popularity in the 2000s. The same developments that spurred the growth of laptop computers and other portable computers allowed manufacturers to integrate computing resources into cellular phones. These so-called smartphones and tablets run on a variety of operating systems and have become the dominant computing device on the market, with manufacturers reporting having shipped an estimated 237 million devices in 2Q 2013.

question: Computing resources that are created in cell phones are called what?, answer: smartphones | question: How many tablets were sold in 2Q 2013?, answer: 237 million devices

With the continuing controversy that had surrounded the military service of George W. Bush since the 2000 Presidential election (when he was accused of having used his father's political influence to gain entrance to the Texas Air National Guard, thereby protecting himself from conscription into the United States Army, and possible service in the Vietnam War), John Kerry's contrasting status as a decorated Vietnam War veteran posed a problem for Bush's re-election campaign, which Republicans sought to counter by calling Kerry's war record into question. As the presidential campaign of 2004 developed, approximately 250 members of a group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth (SBVT, later renamed Swift Vets and POWs for Truth) opposed Kerry's campaign. The group held press conferences, ran ads and endorsed a book questioning Kerry's service record and his military awards. The group included several members of Kerry's unit, such as Larry Thurlow, who commanded a swift boat alongside of Kerry's, and Stephen Gardner, who served on Kerry's boat. The campaign inspired the widely used political pejorative 'swiftboating', to describe an unfair or untrue political attack. Most of Kerry's former crewmates have stated that SBVT's allegations are false.

question: Who kept George W. Bush out of Vietnam?, answer: his father | question: What military branch was George W. Bush in?, answer: the Texas Air National Guard | question: How did Republicans attack Kerry?, answer: by calling Kerry's war record into question | question: What did SBVT change its name to?, answer: Swift Vets and POWs for Truth | question: What term was inspired by the attacks on Kerry?, answer: swiftboating

With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

question: How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?, answer: one every four years | question: What class does the USS America belong to?, answer: America-class amphibious assault ships | question: How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?, answer: 10 | question: What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?, answer: F-35Bs | question: Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?, answer: USS Tripoli

With the decline of Herodians, Judea, transformed into a Roman province, became the site of a violent struggle of Jews against Greco-Romans, culminating in the Jewish-Roman Wars, ending in wide-scale destruction, expulsions, and genocide. Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled after the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire in 132 CE. Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence and Galilee became its religious center. The Mishnah and part of the Talmud, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE in Tiberias and Jerusalem. The region came to be populated predominantly by Greco-Romans on the coast and Samaritans in the hill-country. Christianity was gradually evolving over Roman paganism, when the area stood under Byzantine rule. Through the 5th and 6th centuries, the dramatic events of the repeated Samaritan revolts reshaped the land, with massive destruction to Byzantine Christian and Samaritan societies and a resulting decrease of the population. After the Persian conquest and the installation of a short-lived Jewish Commonwealth in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire reconquered the country in 628.

question: When did the Jewish presence dwindle in the region?, answer: 132 CE | question: Who conquered the country in 628?, answer: Byzantine Empire | question: What was evolving over Roman paganism?, answer: Christianity

With the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine (Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss). Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis' Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized. Alsace remained under Frankish control until the Frankish realm, following the Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 at the Treaty of Verdun; the grandsons of Charlemagne divided the realm into three parts. Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the youngest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts. The part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothar's son. The rest was shared between Lothar's brothers Charles the Bald (ruler of the West Frankish realm) and Louis the German (ruler of the East Frankish realm). The Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the stem duchy of Swabia.

question: Which three territories make up the Upper Rhine?, answer: Alsatian, Alemannian, Swabian, Swiss | question: Who forced Christianity upon the Alsace people?, answer: Clovis' Merovingian | question: What occurred at the treaty of Verdun?, answer: Oaths of Strasbourg of 842, was formally dissolved in 843 | question: In what year did Lothar past away?, answer: 855

With the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army of the Rhine at Gravelotte, the French were forced to retire to Metz, where they were besieged by over 150,000 Prussian troops of the First and Second Armies. Napoleon III and MacMahon formed the new French Army of Châlons, to march on to Metz to rescue Bazaine. Napoleon III personally led the army with Marshal MacMahon in attendance. The Army of Châlons marched northeast towards the Belgian border to avoid the Prussians before striking south to link up with Bazaine. The Prussians, under the command of Field Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, took advantage of this maneuver to catch the French in a pincer grip. He left the Prussian First and Second Armies besieging Metz, except three corps detached to form the Army of the Meuse under the Crown Prince of Saxony. With this army and the Prussian Third Army, Moltke marched northward and caught up with the French at Beaumont on 30 August. After a sharp fight in which they lost 5,000 men and 40 cannons, the French withdrew toward Sedan. Having reformed in the town, the Army of Châlons was immediately isolated by the converging Prussian armies. Napoleon III ordered the army to break out of the encirclement immediately. With MacMahon wounded on the previous day, General Auguste Ducrot took command of the French troops in the field.

question: What factor forced the French to retreat to Metz?, answer: the defeat of Marshal Bazaine's Army | question: At Metz, what was the approximate number of Prussian troops?, answer: over 150,000 | question: Who formed the new French Army of Chalons?, answer: Napoleon III and MacMahon | question: Along with the Army of the Meuse, what other army did Moltke march north with?, answer: the Prussian Third Army | question: How many casualties did Moltke suffer at Beaumont?, answer: 5,000 men

With the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865, the Reconstruction Era began. The United States abolished slavery without compensation to slaveholders or reparations to freedmen. A Republican Party coalition of black freedmen, northern carpetbaggers and local scalawags controlled state government for three years. The white conservative Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1870, in part by Ku Klux Klan violence and terrorism at the polls, to suppress black voting. Republicans were elected to the governorship until 1876, when the Red Shirts, a paramilitary organization that arose in 1874 and was allied with the Democratic Party, helped suppress black voting. More than 150 black Americans were murdered in electoral violence in 1876.

question: What year was the confederacy defeated?, answer: 1865 | question: What Era began following the defeat of the confederacy?, answer: Reconstruction Era | question: The US abolished slavery without giving what to slave owners?, answer: compensation | question: When did white Democrats regain control of the state legislature?, answer: 1870 | question: What did the KKK target with violence and terrorism at the polls?, answer: black voting

With the defeat of the First Army, Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too. At 19:00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat. At 20:00, the arrival of the Prussian 4th Infantry Division of the II Corps and with the Prussian right flank on Mance Ravine, the line stabilised. By then, the Prussians of the 1st Guards Infantry Division and the XII and II Corps captured St. Privat forcing the decimated French forces to withdraw. With the Prussians exhausted from the fighting, the French were now able to mount a counter-attack. General Bourbaki, however, refused to commit the reserves of the French Old Guard to the battle because, by that time, he considered the overall situation a 'defeat'. By 22:00, firing largely died down across the battlefield for the night. The next morning, the French Army of the Rhine, rather than resume the battle with an attack of its own against the battle-weary German armies, retreated to Metz where they were besieged and forced to surrender two months later.

question: Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert?, answer: Prince Frederick Charles | question: Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?, answer: defeat of the First Army, | question: As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?, answer: Roncourt | question: The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?, answer: ruins of St. Privat | question: Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?, answer: French Army of the Rhine

With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden Age, lasted until the 13th century. This scholarship was aided by several factors. The use of a single language, Arabic, allowed communication without need of a translator. Access to Greek texts from the Byzantine Empire, along with Indian sources of learning, provided Muslim scholars a knowledge base to build upon.

question: What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?, answer: the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past | question: Where was support found for Greek philosophy?, answer: Arab Empire | question: What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?, answer: the 7th and 8th centuries | question: How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?, answer: until the 13th century | question: What language did Muslim philosophers speak?, answer: Arabic

With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory.

question: What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?, answer: ISIL | question: What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?, answer: Sharia law | question: What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?, answer: kidnapping and decapitation | question: How did the US intervene against ISIL?, answer: airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories | question: What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?, answer: degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory

With the end of the war with Japan, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists. While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria, they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower. According to Chinese sources, the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of matériel while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) during the war. North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China.

question: Who supported the Chinese Communists during the civil war in Manchuria?, answer: North Korean government | question: What two groups were fighting in the Chinese Civil War?, answer: Chinese Communists and the Chinese Nationalists | question: What did the Chinese Communists want?, answer: supremacy in Manchuria | question: What army did North Koreans serve in during the civil war?, answer: Chinese People's Liberation Army | question: How much material did the North Koreans give to the Chinese communists?, answer: 2,000 railway cars worth

With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.

question: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?, answer: conquest of Constantinople | question: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?, answer: Byzantine | question: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?, answer: Timur | question: Timur was the founder of what?, answer: Timurid Empire | question: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?, answer: Battle of Ankara

With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between Church and State were clarified and contested in this period.

question: What allowed political studies to spread?, answer: the fall of the Western Roman Empire | question: What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?, answer: monotheism | question: Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?, answer: churches and courts | question: Who wrote The City of God?, answer: Augustine of Hippo | question: What did The City of God change?, answer: the borders between what was religious and what was political

With the financial expansion, trading rights became more jealously guarded by the commercial elite. Towns saw the growing power of guilds, while on a national level special companies would be granted monopolies on particular trades, like the English wool Staple. The beneficiaries of these developments would accumulate immense wealth. Families like the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England, and individuals like Jacques Coeur in France would help finance the wars of kings, and achieve great political influence in the process.

question: What privilege was granted to companies on a national level?, answer: monopolies | question: Which families financed the wars of kings?, answer: the Fuggers in Germany, the Medicis in Italy, the de la Poles in England | question: Which economic associations gained power in the towns?, answer: guilds | question: Where was Jacques Couer from?, answer: France

With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia became an exclave, being separated from mainland Germany. After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave; the Memelland was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen). Also Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreußen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia.

question: In what year did Germany become a republic?, answer: 1918 | question: What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?, answer: Treaty of Versailles | question: What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?, answer: The Seedienst Ostpreußen

With the gold rush largely over by 1860, Melbourne continued to grow on the back of continuing gold mining, as the major port for exporting the agricultural products of Victoria, especially wool, and a developing manufacturing sector protected by high tariffs. An extensive radial railway network centred on Melbourne and spreading out across the suburbs and into the countryside was established from the late 1850s. Further major public buildings were begun in the 1860s and 1870s such as the Supreme Court, Government House, and the Queen Victoria Market. The central city filled up with shops and offices, workshops, and warehouses. Large banks and hotels faced the main streets, with fine townhouses in the east end of Collins Street, contrasting with tiny cottages down laneways within the blocks. The Aboriginal population continued to decline with an estimated 80% total decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands.

question: When was the gold rush over in Melbourne?, answer: 1860 | question: How did Melbourne grow as major port for exporting the agricultural products?, answer: gold mining | question: What was protected by high tarriffs?, answer: wool | question: In 1863, why was Aboriginal population declining?, answer: diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands. | question: By what year was the gold rush largely over?, answer: 1860 | question: What was one of the major agricultural products of Victoria around 1860?, answer: wool | question: What were some of the reasons the Aboriginal population continued to recline?, answer: introduced diseases, particularly smallpox, frontier violence and dispossession from their lands | question: Which disease in particular caused the Aboriginal population to continue a decline?, answer: smallpox | question: The Aboriginal population declined by what estimated percentage by 1863?, answer: 80%

With the gradual weakening of the Marathas in the aftermath of the three Anglo-Maratha wars, the British also secured the Ganges-Jumna Doab, the Delhi-Agra region, parts of Bundelkhand, Broach, some districts of Gujarat, the fort of Ahmmadnagar, province of Cuttack (which included Mughalbandi/the coastal part of Odisha, Garjat/the princely states of Odisha, Balasore Port, parts of Midnapore district of West Bengal), Bombay (Mumbai) and the surrounding areas, leading to a formal end of the Maratha empire and firm establishment of the British East India Company in India.

question: how many Anglo Maratha wars were there?, answer: three | question: What empire ended after the three Anglo- Maratha wars?, answer: Maratha empire | question: With the formal end of Maratha Empire the EIC created a firm hold on what country?, answer: India | question: Was the Maratha Empire ended quick or gradual?, answer: gradual | question: what country took over the fort of Ahmmadnagar that then became part of the cause for the Maratha Emprie to end?, answer: British

With the growing possibility of an Allied invasion in the Balkans, the Axis began to divert more resources to the destruction of the Partisans main force and its high command. This meant, among other things, a concerted German effort to capture Josip Broz Tito personally. On 25 May 1944, he managed to evade the Germans after the Raid on Drvar (Operation Rösselsprung), an airborne assault outside his Drvar headquarters in Bosnia.

question: Who diverted resources to the destruction of the Partisans?, answer: Axis | question: Who was the opponent of the Allies?, answer: Axis | question: Which group of people wanted to capture Tito personally?, answer: German | question: In 1944 where did Tito manage to avoid the Germans?, answer: Drvar | question: What type of assault was there in Bosnia?, answer: airborne

With the help of Charles Stearn, an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880.[dubious – discuss] On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society, and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879. It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead-in wires. Besides requiring too much current for a central station electric system to be practical, they had a very short lifetime. Swan turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce 'parchmentised thread' and obtained British Patent 4933 in 1880. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb and also the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectric power. In 1878 the home of Lord Armstrong at Cragside was also among the first houses to be lit by electricity. In the early 1880s he had started his company. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity.

question: Where did Joseph Swan demonstrate his lamp in January 1879?, answer: at a meeting of the Newcastle Chemical Society | question: Which vacuum pump expert helped Swan invent his lamp?, answer: Charles Stearn | question: Why was Swan's first lamp not commercially viable?, answer: 'parchmentised thread' | question: When did Swan receive a patent for parchmentised thread?, answer: 1880 | question: What was the first public building to install electric lighting?, answer: the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London

With the help of Mises, in the late 1920s Hayek founded and served as director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research, before joining the faculty of the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1931 at the behest of Lionel Robbins. Upon his arrival in London, Hayek was quickly recognised as one of the leading economic theorists in the world, and his development of the economics of processes in time and the co-ordination function of prices inspired the ground-breaking work of John Hicks, Abba Lerner, and many others in the development of modern microeconomics.

question: What position did Hayek gain at the Austrian Institute?, answer: director | question: Who requested that Hayek be employed by LSE?, answer: Lionel Robbins | question: What sort of recognition had Hayek received when he came to London?, answer: one of the leading economic theorists in the world | question: What subject did Hayek's works influence and inspire?, answer: modern microeconomics | question: In what year did Hayek come to London?, answer: 1931

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

question: What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?, answer: 50 | question: How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?, answer: 33,000 | question: How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?, answer: 11,000 | question: When was the Thames River Police made a public service?, answer: 28 July 180 | question: How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?, answer: £122,000

With the introduction of the blast furnace to Europe in the Middle Ages, pig iron was able to be produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron. Because pig iron could be melted, people began to develop processes of reducing the carbon in the liquid pig iron to create steel. Puddling was introduced during the 1700s, where molten pig iron was stirred while exposed to the air, to remove the carbon by oxidation. In 1858, Sir Henry Bessemer developed a process of steel-making by blowing hot air through liquid pig iron to reduce the carbon content. The Bessemer process was able to produce the first large scale manufacture of steel. Once the Bessemer process began to gain widespread use, other alloys of steel began to follow. Mangalloy, an alloy of steel and manganese exhibiting extreme hardness and toughness, was one of the first alloy steels, and was created by Robert Hadfield in 1882.

question: What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages?, answer: produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron | question: By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron, what was created?, answer: steel | question: When did puddling start occurring?, answer: 1700s | question: When was the Bessemer process developed?, answer: 1858 | question: Steel and manganese combines form to make what?, answer: Mangalloy

With the majority of Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have derived standardised languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominately in Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, and Benin City.

question: What is Nigerian Pidgin English often called?, answer: 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' | question: What regions is Nigerian English commonly spoken in?, answer: Niger Delta Regions | question: What type of region does a majority of Nigerians live in?, answer: rural | question: What type of languages are the most popular in Nigeria?, answer: indigenous

With the mixture of radio friendly AC tunes with some rock and pop fare also landing on the pop charts, mainstream songs won over many critics in the need to define AC, and appeared to change the tolerance and acceptance of AC music into mainstream day to day radio play. Part of the reason why more and more hot AC stations are forced to change is that less and less new music fits their bill; most new rock is too alternative for mainstream radio and most new pop is now influenced heavily by dance-pop and electronic dance music.

question: Who have hot AC format radio stations had to change the music they play?, answer: less and less new music fits their bill | question: By what two genres are modern pop songs heavily influenced?, answer: dance-pop and electronic dance music | question: Why is new rock not suitable for mainstream radio?, answer: too alternative

With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passages from the Enneads, "The only space or place of the world is the soul" and "Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul", Ludwig Noiré wrote: "For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus, However, Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects, unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers.

question: What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?, answer: neoplatonist | question: According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist?, answer: Plotinus | question: What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?, answer: whether we know external objects | question: What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?, answer: Time

With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean." This allowed it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had "32-bit dirty" ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing. The following year, the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs (6502s) dedicated to I/O processing.

question: What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?, answer: the Macintosh IIx | question: What was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean"?, answer: the Macintosh IIci | question: What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?, answer: US$9,900 | question: How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?, answer: two | question: How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?, answer: 40 MHz

With the new millennium, Marvel Comics emerged from bankruptcy and again began diversifying its offerings. In 2001, Marvel withdrew from the Comics Code Authority and established its own Marvel Rating System for comics. The first title from this era to not have the code was X-Force #119 (October 2001). Marvel also created new imprints, such as MAX (an explicit-content line) and Marvel Adventures (developed for child audiences). In addition, the company created an alternate universe imprint, Ultimate Marvel, that allowed the company to reboot its major titles by revising and updating its characters to introduce to a new generation.

question: What was the business state of Marvel by 2000?, answer: bankruptcy | question: When did Marvel withdraw from the Comics Code Authority?, answer: 2001 | question: What in-house standards system did Marvel replace the Comics Code with?, answer: Marvel Rating System | question: What was the first book published under this new ratings system?, answer: X-Force #119 | question: What was the name of the adult themed comics imprint for Marvel with more explicit content?, answer: MAX

With the new stadium, Barcelona participated in the inaugural version of the Pyrenees Cup, which, at the time, consisted of the best teams of Languedoc, Midi and Aquitaine (Southern France), the Basque Country and Catalonia; all were former members of the Marca Hispanica region. The contest was the most prestigious in that era. From the inaugural year in 1910 to 1913, Barcelona won the competition four consecutive times. Carles Comamala played an integral part of the four-time champion, managing the side along with Amechazurra and Jack Greenwell. The latter became the club's first full-time coach in 1917. The last edition was held in 1914 in the city of Barcelona, which local rivals Espanyol won.

question: How many times did Barcelona win the Pyrenees Cup?, answer: four | question: From what area were the participants of the Pyrenees Cup competition?, answer: Marca Hispanica | question: When was the Pyrenees Cup play begun?, answer: 1910 | question: Who was Barcelona's first full time coach?, answer: Jack Greenwell | question: When was the last Pyrenees Cup played?, answer: 1914

With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.

question: What year marked the onset of the Crusades?, answer: 1095 | question: As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?, answer: Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century) | question: What year were the expulsions from England?, answer: 1290 | question: What year were the expulsions from France?, answer: 1394 | question: After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?, answer: Jewish migration pushed eastward