Add a GetFieldMapping API

This new API allows to get the mapping for a specific set of fields rather than get the whole index mapping and traverse it.
The fields to be retrieved can be specified by their full path, index name and field name and will be resolved in this order.
In case multiple field match, the first one will be returned.

Since we are now generating the output (rather then fall back to the stored mapping), you can specify `include_defaults`=true on the request to have default values returned.

Closes #3941