{ "paragraph": [ "A\n", "A (named , plural \"As\", \"A's\", \"a\"s, \"a's\" or \"aes\") is the first letter and the first vowel of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is similar to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type.\n", "In the English grammar, \"a\", and its variant \"an\", is an indefinite article.\n", "Section::::History.\n", "The earliest certain ancestor of \"A\" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet, which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also called an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet). In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with two horns extended.\n", "By 1600 BC, the Phoenician alphabet letter had a linear form that served as the base for some later forms. Its name is thought to have corresponded closely to the Paleo-Hebrew or Arabic aleph.\n", "When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to represent the glottal stop—the consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the first phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the letter—so they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel , and called it by the similar name of alpha. In the earliest Greek inscriptions after the Greek Dark Ages, dating to the 8th century BC, the letter rests upon its side, but in the Greek alphabet of later times it generally resembles the modern capital letter, although many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set.\n", "The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilization in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter unchanged. The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting letter was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English.\n", "Section::::History.:Typographic variants.\n", "During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter \"A\". First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other \"permanent\" media. There was also a cursive style used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the \"perishable\" nature of these surfaces, there are not as many examples of this style as there are of the monumental, but there are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule. Variants also existed that were intermediate between the monumental and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial, the uncial, and the later semi-uncial.\n", "At the end of the Roman Empire (5th century AD), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Among these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon majuscule of Great Britain. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-day form, was the principal form used in book-making, before the advent of the printing press. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms.\n", "15th-century Italy saw the formation of the two main variants that are known today. These variants, the \"Italic\" and \"Roman\" forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form, also called \"script a,\" is used in most current handwriting and consists of a circle and vertical stroke. This slowly developed from the fifth-century form resembling the Greek letter tau in the hands of medieval Irish and English writers. The Roman form is used in most printed material; it consists of a small loop with an arc over it (\"a\"). Both derive from the majuscule (capital) form. In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form.\n", "Italic type is commonly used to mark emphasis or more generally to distinguish one part of a text from the rest (set in Roman type). There are some other cases aside from italic type where \"script a\" (\"ɑ\"), also called Latin alpha, is used in contrast with Latin \"a\" (such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet).\n", "Section::::Use in writing systems.\n", "Section::::Use in writing systems.:English.\n", "In modern English orthography, the letter represents at least seven different vowel sounds:\n", "BULLET::::- the near-open front unrounded vowel as in \"pad\";\n", "BULLET::::- the open back unrounded vowel as in \"father\", which is closer to its original Latin and Greek sound;\n", "BULLET::::- the diphthong as in \"ace\" and \"major\" (usually when is followed by one, or occasionally two, consonants and then another vowel letter) – this results from Middle English lengthening followed by the Great Vowel Shift;\n", "BULLET::::- the modified form of the above sound that occurs before, as in \"square\" and \"Mary\";\n", "BULLET::::- the rounded vowel of \"water\";\n", "BULLET::::- the shorter rounded vowel (not present in General American) in \"was\" and \"what\";\n", "BULLET::::- a schwa, in many unstressed syllables, as in \"about\", \"comma\", \"solar\".\n", "The double sequence does not occur in native English words, but is found in some words derived from foreign languages such as \"Aaron\" and \"aardvark\". However, occurs in many common digraphs, all with their own sound or sounds, particularly , , , , and .\n", "Section::::Use in writing systems.:Other languages.\n", "In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as , , or . An exception is Saanich, in which (and the glyph Á) stands for a close-mid front unrounded vowel .\n", "Section::::Use in writing systems.:Other systems.\n", "In phonetic and phonemic notation:\n", "BULLET::::- in the International Phonetic Alphabet, is used for the open front unrounded vowel, is used for the open central unrounded vowel, and is used for the open back unrounded vowel.\n", "BULLET::::- in X-SAMPA, is used for the open front unrounded vowel and is used for the open back unrounded vowel.\n", "Section::::Other uses.\n", "In algebra, the letter \"a\" along with other letters at the beginning of the alphabet is used to represent known quantities, whereas the letters at the end of the alphabet (\"x\", \"y\", \"z\") are used to denote unknown quantities.\n", "In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to denote segments, lines, rays, etc. A capital A is also typically used as one of the letters to represent an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.\n", "\"A\" is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A-, A or A+, the best grade that can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; \"A grade\" for clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, etc. Such associations can have a motivating effect, as exposure to the letter A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other letters.\n", "\"A\" is used as a prefix on some words, such as asymmetry, to mean \"not\" or \"without\" (from Greek).\n", "In English grammar, \"a\", and its variant \"an\", is an indefinite article.\n", "Finally, the letter A is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe, or a small cup size in a brassiere.\n", "Section::::Related characters.\n", "Section::::Related characters.:Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet.\n", "BULLET::::- Æ æ : Latin \"AE\" ligature\n", "BULLET::::- A with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ\n", "BULLET::::- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):\n", "BULLET::::- Ɑ ɑ : Latin letter alpha / script A, which represents an open back unrounded vowel in the IPA\n", "BULLET::::- ᶐ : Latin small letter alpha with retroflex hook\n", "BULLET::::- Ɐ ɐ : Turned A, which represents a near-open central vowel in the IPA\n", "BULLET::::- Λ ʌ : Turned V (also called a wedge, a caret, or a hat), which represents an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the IPA\n", "BULLET::::- Ɒ ɒ : Turned alpha / script A, which represents an open back rounded vowel in the IPA\n", "BULLET::::- ᶛ : Modifier letter small turned alpha\n", "BULLET::::- ᴀ : Small capital A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent various sounds (mainly open vowels)\n", "BULLET::::- ᴬ ᵃ ᵄ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA)\n", "BULLET::::- ₐ : Subscript small a is used in Indo-European studies\n", "BULLET::::- ꬱ : Small letter a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system\n", "BULLET::::- Ꞻ ꞻ : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic\n", "Section::::Related characters.:Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations.\n", "BULLET::::- ª : an ordinal indicator\n", "BULLET::::- Å : Ångström sign\n", "BULLET::::- ∀ : a turned capital letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification (\"for all\")\n", "BULLET::::- @ : At sign\n", "BULLET::::- ₳ : Argentine austral\n", "Section::::Related characters.:Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets.\n", "BULLET::::- 𐤀 : Semitic letter Aleph, from which the following symbols originally derive\n", "BULLET::::- Α α : Greek letter Alpha, from which the following letters derive\n", "BULLET::::- А а : Cyrillic letter A\n", "BULLET::::- : Coptic letter Alpha\n", "BULLET::::- 𐌀 : Old Italic A, which is the ancestor of modern Latin A\n", "BULLET::::- : Runic letter ansuz, which probably derives from old Italic A\n", "BULLET::::- : Gothic letter aza/asks\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- History of the Alphabet\n" ] }

{ "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 15, 16, 17, 18, 18, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 23, 25, 25, 25, 28, 28, 28, 28, 29, 29, 29, 31, 32, 32, 32, 32, 32, 33, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 41, 41, 42, 42, 44, 44, 45, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 56, 57, 58, 60, 60, 61, 61, 62, 62, 63, 64, 65, 65, 66 ], "start": [ 3, 66, 87, 100, 132, 179, 200, 574, 57, 40, 93, 142, 192, 228, 286, 313, 349, 163, 179, 186, 9, 92, 152, 173, 215, 370, 422, 512, 4, 70, 148, 179, 241, 198, 508, 527, 698, 18, 171, 182, 216, 252, 354, 244, 380, 798, 0, 219, 283, 10, 16, 16, 16, 167, 210, 61, 54, 14, 139, 169, 113, 146, 162, 19, 68, 112, 162, 15, 40, 87, 3, 3, 53, 63, 70, 165, 220, 274, 47, 53, 97, 18, 19, 31, 35, 39, 43, 45, 49, 53, 57, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81, 85, 89, 93, 97, 101, 105, 109, 113, 117, 121, 125, 129, 133, 137, 141, 151, 155, 177, 12, 56, 18, 69, 18, 47, 18, 89, 63, 36, 53, 45, 61, 60, 19, 16, 51, 78, 16, 16, 16, 31, 18, 31, 18, 34, 14, 16, 14, 27, 14 ], "end": [ 8, 72, 92, 123, 156, 199, 205, 585, 75, 45, 112, 151, 197, 236, 295, 334, 369, 175, 185, 191, 23, 104, 162, 190, 222, 375, 437, 526, 13, 87, 165, 193, 255, 205, 517, 536, 709, 30, 176, 200, 233, 259, 369, 255, 383, 803, 11, 230, 314, 29, 47, 41, 25, 193, 227, 67, 70, 19, 147, 189, 120, 147, 193, 50, 94, 140, 187, 22, 66, 112, 10, 11, 60, 67, 74, 173, 226, 284, 56, 71, 106, 28, 28, 34, 38, 42, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80, 84, 88, 92, 96, 100, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, 128, 132, 136, 140, 144, 154, 158, 178, 29, 87, 47, 94, 26, 70, 26, 118, 86, 106, 77, 66, 72, 68, 36, 24, 66, 102, 23, 33, 23, 36, 23, 36, 26, 35, 20, 26, 19, 32, 20 ], "text": [ "named", "letter", "vowel", "modern English alphabet", "ISO basic Latin alphabet", "Ancient Greek letter", "alpha", "italic type", "indefinite article", "aleph", "Phoenician alphabet", "consonant", "abjad", "alphabet", "pictogram", "proto-Sinaitic script", "Egyptian hieroglyphs", "Paleo-Hebrew", "Arabic", "aleph", "ancient Greeks", "glottal stop", "Phoenician", "Semitic languages", "phoneme", "alpha", "Greek Dark Ages", "Greek alphabet", "Etruscans", "Italian Peninsula", "Etruscan alphabet", "Latin language", "Latin alphabet", "cursive", "majuscule", "minuscule", "semi-uncial", "Roman Empire", "Italy", "Merovingian script", "Visigothic script", "Insular", "Caroline script", "handwriting", "tau", "serif", "Italic type", "Latin alpha", "International Phonetic Alphabet", "English orthography", "near-open front unrounded vowel", "open back unrounded vowel", "diphthong", "Middle English lengthening", "Great Vowel Shift", "before", "General American", "schwa", "aardvark", "many common digraphs", "Saanich", "Á", "close-mid front unrounded vowel", "International Phonetic Alphabet", "open front unrounded vowel", "open central unrounded vowel", "open back unrounded vowel", "X-SAMPA", "open front unrounded vowel", "open back unrounded vowel", "algebra", "geometry", "segment", "line", "rays", "triangle", "A-list", "motivating", "asymmetry", "indefinite article", "brassiere", "Latin \"AE\"", "diacritic", "Å å", "Ǻ ǻ", "Ḁ ḁ", "ẚ", "Ă ă", "Ặ ặ", "Ắ ắ", "Ằ ằ", "Ẳ ẳ", "Ẵ ẵ", "Ȃ ȃ", "Â â", "Ậ ậ", "Ấ ấ", "Ầ ầ", "Ẫ ẫ", "Ẩ ẩ", "Ả ả", "Ǎ ǎ", "Ⱥ ⱥ", "Ȧ ȧ", "Ǡ ǡ", "Ạ ạ", "Ä ä", "Ǟ ǟ", "À à", "Ȁ ȁ", "Á á", "Ā ā", "Ã ã", "Ą ą", "ᶏ", "Phonetic alphabet", "International Phonetic Alphabet", "Latin letter alpha / script A", "open back unrounded vowel", "Turned A", "near-open central vowel", "Turned V", "open-mid back unrounded vowel", "open back rounded vowel", "obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet", "Uralic Phonetic Alphabet", "Indo-European studies", "Teuthonista", "Ugaritic", "ordinal indicator", "Ångström", "predicate logic", "universal quantification", "At sign", "Argentine austral", "Semitic", "Aleph", "Greek", "Alpha", "Cyrillic", "A", "Coptic", "Old Italic", "Runic", "ansuz", "Gothic" ], "href": [ "English%20alphabet%23Letter%20names", "Letter%20%28alphabet%29", "vowel", "English%20alphabet", "ISO%20basic%20Latin%20alphabet", "Greek_alphabet%23History", "alpha", "italic%20type", "Article%20%28grammar%29%23Indefinite%20article", "aleph", "Phoenician%20alphabet", "consonant", "abjad", "alphabet", "pictogram", "proto-Sinaitic%20script", "Egyptian%20hieroglyphs", "Paleo-Hebrew%20alphabet", "Arabic%20script", "aleph", "Ancient%20Greece", "glottal%20stop", "Phoenician%20language", "Semitic%20languages", "phoneme", "alpha", "Greek%20Dark%20Ages", "Greek%20alphabet", "Etruscan%20civilization", "Italian%20Peninsula", "Old%20Italic%20script", "Latin", "Latin%20script", "cursive", "letter%20case", "letter%20case", "Uncial%20script%23Half-uncial", "Roman%20Empire", "Italy", "Merovingian%20script", "Visigothic%20script", "Insular%20script", "Carolingian%20minuscule", "handwriting", "tau", "serif", "Italic%20type", "Latin%20alpha", "International%20Phonetic%20Alphabet", "English%20orthography", "near-open%20front%20unrounded%20vowel", "open%20back%20unrounded%20vowel", "diphthong", "Middle%20English%20lengthening", "Great%20Vowel%20Shift", "English-language%20vowel%20changes%20before%20historic%20/r/", "General%20American", "schwa", "aardvark", "List%20of%20Latin-script%20digraphs", "Saanich%20dialect", "%C3%81", "close-mid%20front%20unrounded%20vowel", "International%20Phonetic%20Alphabet", "open%20front%20unrounded%20vowel", "open%20central%20unrounded%20vowel", "open%20back%20unrounded%20vowel", "X-SAMPA", "open%20front%20unrounded%20vowel", "open%20back%20unrounded%20vowel", "algebra", "geometry", "Line%20segment", "line%20%28geometry%29", "Line%20%28geometry%29%23Ray", "triangle", "A-list", "motivation", "asymmetry", "Article%20%28grammar%29%23Indefinite%20article", "brassiere", "%C3%86", "diacritic", "%C3%85", "%C7%BA", "Ring%20%28diacritic%29", "%E1%BA%9A", "%C4%82", "%E1%BA%B6", "%E1%BA%AE", "%E1%BA%B0", "%E1%BA%B2", "%E1%BA%B4", "%C8%82", "%C3%82", "%E1%BA%AC", "%E1%BA%A4", "%E1%BA%A6", "%E1%BA%AA", "%E1%BA%A8", "%E1%BA%A2", "Caron", "Bar%20%28diacritic%29", "Dot%20%28diacritic%29", "%C7%A0", "Dot%20%28diacritic%29", "%C3%84", "%C7%9E", "%C3%80", "%C8%80", "%C3%81", "%C4%80", "%C3%83", "%C4%84", "%E1%B6%8F", "Phonetic%20transcription%23Alphabetic", "International%20Phonetic%20Alphabet", "Latin%20alpha", "open%20back%20unrounded%20vowel", "Turned%20A", "near-open%20central%20vowel", "Turned%20V", "open-mid%20back%20unrounded%20vowel", "open%20back%20rounded%20vowel", "Obsolete%20and%20nonstandard%20symbols%20in%20the%20International%20Phonetic%20Alphabet", "Uralic%20Phonetic%20Alphabet", "Indo-European%20studies", "Teuthonista", "Ugaritic", "ordinal%20indicator", "%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m", "predicate%20logic", "universal%20quantification", "At%20sign", "Argentine%20austral", "Phoenician%20alphabet", "Aleph", "Greek%20alphabet", "Alpha", "Cyrillic", "A%20%28Cyrillic%29", "Coptic%20alphabet", "Old%20Italic%20script", "Runes", "Ansuz%20%28rune%29", "Gothic%20alphabet" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "English alphabet", "Letter (alphabet)", "Vowel", "English alphabet", "ISO basic Latin alphabet", "Greek alphabet", "Alpha", "Italic type", "Article (grammar)", "Aleph", "Phoenician alphabet", "Consonant", "Abjad", "Alphabet", "Pictogram", "Proto-Sinaitic script", "Egyptian hieroglyphs", "Paleo-Hebrew alphabet", "Arabic script", "Aleph", "Ancient Greece", "Glottal stop", "Phoenician language", "Semitic languages", "Phoneme", "Alpha", "Greek Dark Ages", "Greek alphabet", "Etruscan civilization", "Italian Peninsula", "Old Italic scripts", "Latin", "Latin script", "Cursive", "Letter case", "Letter case", "Uncial script", "Roman Empire", "Italy", "Merovingian script", "Visigothic script", "Insular script", "Carolingian minuscule", "Handwriting", "Tau", "Serif", "Italic type", "Latin alpha", "International Phonetic Alphabet", "English orthography", "Near-open front unrounded vowel", "Open back unrounded vowel", "Diphthong", "Middle English phonology", "Great Vowel Shift", "English-language vowel changes before historic /r/", "General American", "Schwa", "Aardvark", "List of Latin-script digraphs", "Saanich dialect", "Á", "Close-mid front unrounded vowel", "International Phonetic Alphabet", "Open front unrounded vowel", "Open central unrounded vowel", "Open back unrounded vowel", "X-SAMPA", "Open front unrounded vowel", "Open back unrounded vowel", "Algebra", "Geometry", "Line segment", "Line (geometry)", "Line (geometry)", "Triangle", "A-list", "Motivation", "Asymmetry", "Article (grammar)", "Bra", "Æ", "Diacritic", "Å", "Ring (diacritic)", "Ring (diacritic)", "Modifier letter right half ring", "Ă", "Ă", "Ă", "Ă", "Ă", "Ă", "Inverted breve", "Â", "Â", "Â", "Â", "Â", "Â", "Hook above", "Caron", "Bar (diacritic)", "Dot (diacritic)", "Ȧ", "Dot (diacritic)", "Ä", "Ä", "À", "Double grave accent", "Á", "Ā", "Ã", "Ą", "R-colored vowel", "Phonetic transcription", "International Phonetic Alphabet", "Latin alpha", "Open back unrounded vowel", "Turned A", "Near-open central vowel", "Turned v", "Open-mid back unrounded vowel", "Open back rounded vowel", "Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet", "Uralic Phonetic Alphabet", "Indo-European studies", "Teuthonista", "Ugaritic", "Ordinal indicator", "Angstrom", "First-order logic", "Universal quantification", "At sign", "Argentine austral", "Phoenician alphabet", "Aleph", "Greek alphabet", "Alpha", "Cyrillic script", "A (Cyrillic)", "Coptic alphabet", "Old Italic scripts", "Runes", "Ansuz (rune)", "Gothic alphabet" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "378194", "3675310", "32693", "378194", "21440570", "715909", "929", "265914", "48203", "1780316", "69874", "5641", "877", "670", "168313", "1818955", "50953", "1703597", "6685329", "1780316", "66540", "172450", "414942", "26919", "22980", "929", "340510", "715909", "37353", "378368", "54045", "17730", "6683766", "514932", "625125", "625125", "100824", "25507", "14532", "1274031", "1273818", "1273671", "204495", "369505", "166710", "64100", "265914", "2651594", "14761", "10081", "597263", "597014", "44629", "28177800", "12872", "1925926", "103973", "104433", "680", "22469831", "3777072", "249005", "597169", "14761", "596998", "1432325", "597014", "496721", "596998", "597014", "18716923", "18973446", "22634860", "946975", "946975", "30654", "301257", "232495", "344913", "48203", "13502823", "184309", "8439", "184311", "530787", "530787", "4949347", "2247682", "2247682", "2247682", "2247682", "2247682", "2247682", "28925155", "249007", "249007", "249007", "249007", "249007", "249007", "1933157", "236552", "427748", "428693", "6096938", "428693", "194818", "194818", "249004", "7027480", "249005", "1581567", "249009", "1463198", "1586113", "248274", "14761", "2651594", "597014", "17147358", "597269", "3860486", "597207", "597025", "5928072", "2320536", "931796", "27944241", "212342", "470447", "25739045", "10983", "76174", "710197", "3125326", "69874", "1780316", "715909", "929", "5639", "748872", "55456", "54045", "822093", "3707804", "722963" ] }

{ "description": "", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q9659", "wikidata_label": "", "wikipedia_title": "", "aliases": { "alias": [] } }

{ "pageid": 290, "parentid": 906725792, "revid": 907008348, "pre_dump": true, "timestamp": "2019-07-19T20:25:53Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A&oldid=907008348" }

{ "paragraph": [ "Albedo\n", "Albedo () (, meaning 'whiteness') is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by an astronomical body (e.g. a planet like Earth). It is dimensionless and measured on a scale from 0 (corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation) to 1 (corresponding to a body that reflects all incident radiation).\n", "Surface albedo is defined as the ratio of radiosity to the irradiance (flux per unit area) received by a surface. The proportion reflected is not only determined by properties of the surface itself, but also by the spectral and angular distribution of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. These factors vary with atmospheric composition, geographic location and time (see position of the Sun). While bi-hemispherical reflectance is calculated for a single angle of incidence (i.e., for a given position of the Sun), albedo is the directional integration of reflectance over all solar angles in a given period. The temporal resolution may range from seconds (as obtained from flux measurements) to daily, monthly, or annual averages.\n", "Unless given for a specific wavelength (spectral albedo), albedo refers to the entire spectrum of solar radiation. Due to measurement constraints, it is often given for the spectrum in which most solar energy reaches the surface (between 0.3 and 3 μm). This spectrum includes visible light (0.39–0.7 μm), which explains why surfaces with a low albedo appear dark (e.g., trees absorb most radiation), whereas surfaces with a high albedo appear bright (e.g., snow reflects most radiation).\n", "Albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and environmental management (e.g., as part of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program for sustainable rating of buildings). The average albedo of the Earth from the upper atmosphere, its \"planetary albedo\", is 30–35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.\n", "The term albedo was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work \"Photometria\".\n", "Section::::Terrestrial albedo.\n", "Any albedo in visible light falls within a range of about 0.9 for fresh snow to about 0.04 for charcoal, one of the darkest substances. Deeply shadowed cavities can achieve an effective albedo approaching the zero of a black body. When seen from a distance, the ocean surface has a low albedo, as do most forests, whereas desert areas have some of the highest albedos among landforms. Most land areas are in an albedo range of 0.1 to 0.4. The average albedo of Earth is about 0.3. This is far higher than for the ocean primarily because of the contribution of clouds.\n", "Earth's surface albedo is regularly estimated via Earth observation satellite sensors such as NASA's MODIS instruments on board the Terra and Aqua satellites, and the CERES instrument on the Suomi NPP and JPSS. As the amount of reflected radiation is only measured for a single direction by satellite, not all directions, a mathematical model is used to translate a sample set of satellite reflectance measurements into estimates of directional-hemispherical reflectance and bi-hemispherical reflectance (e.g.,). These calculations are based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which describes how the reflectance of a given surface depends on the view angle of the observer and the solar angle. BDRF can facilitate translations of observations of reflectance into albedo.\n", "Earth's average surface temperature due to its albedo and the greenhouse effect is currently about 15 °C. If Earth were frozen entirely (and hence be more reflective), the average temperature of the planet would drop below −40 °C. If only the continental land masses became covered by glaciers, the mean temperature of the planet would drop to about 0 °C. In contrast, if the entire Earth was covered by water — a so-called ocean planet — the average temperature on the planet would rise to almost 27 °C.\n", "Section::::Terrestrial albedo.:White-sky, black-sky, and blue-sky albedo.\n", "For land surfaces, it has been shown that the albedo at a particular solar zenith angle \"θ\" can be approximated by the proportionate sum of two terms: \n", "BULLET::::- the directional-hemispherical reflectance at that solar zenith angle, formula_1, sometimes referred to as black-sky albedo, and\n", "BULLET::::- the bi-hemispherical reflectance, formula_2, sometimes referred to as white-sky albedo.\n", "with formula_3 being the proportion of direct radiation from a given solar angle, and formula_4 being the proportion of diffuse illumination, the actual albedo formula_5 (also called blue-sky albedo) can then be given as:\n", "This formula is important because it allows the albedo to be calculated for any given illumination conditions from a knowledge of the intrinsic properties of the surface.\n", "Section::::Astronomical albedo.\n", "The albedos of planets, satellites and minor planets such as asteroids can be used to infer much about their properties. The study of albedos, their dependence on wavelength, lighting angle (\"phase angle\"), and variation in time comprises a major part of the astronomical field of photometry. For small and far objects that cannot be resolved by telescopes, much of what we know comes from the study of their albedos. For example, the absolute albedo can indicate the surface ice content of outer Solar System objects, the variation of albedo with phase angle gives information about regolith properties, whereas unusually high radar albedo is indicative of high metal content in asteroids.\n", "Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, has one of the highest known albedos of any body in the Solar System, with 99% of EM radiation reflected. Another notable high-albedo body is Eris, with an albedo of 0.96. Many small objects in the outer Solar System and asteroid belt have low albedos down to about 0.05. A typical comet nucleus has an albedo of 0.04. Such a dark surface is thought to be indicative of a primitive and heavily space weathered surface containing some organic compounds.\n", "The overall albedo of the Moon is measured to be around 0.136, but it is strongly directional and non-Lambertian, displaying also a strong opposition effect. Although such reflectance properties are different from those of any terrestrial terrains, they are typical of the regolith surfaces of airless Solar System bodies.\n", "Two common albedos that are used in astronomy are the (V-band) geometric albedo (measuring brightness when illumination comes from directly behind the observer) and the Bond albedo (measuring total proportion of electromagnetic energy reflected). Their values can differ significantly, which is a common source of confusion.\n", "In detailed studies, the directional reflectance properties of astronomical bodies are often expressed in terms of the five Hapke parameters which semi-empirically describe the variation of albedo with phase angle, including a characterization of the opposition effect of regolith surfaces.\n", "The correlation between astronomical (geometric) albedo, absolute magnitude and diameter is:\n", "formula_7,\n", "where formula_8 is the astronomical albedo, formula_9 is the diameter in kilometers, and formula_10 is the absolute magnitude.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Illumination.\n", "Albedo is not directly dependent on illumination because changing the amount of incoming light proportionally changes the amount of reflected light, except in circumstances where a change in illumination induces a change in the Earth's surface at that location (e.g. through albedo-temperature feedback). That said, albedo and illumination both vary by latitude. Albedo is highest near the poles and lowest in the subtropics, with a local maximum in the tropics.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Insolation effects.\n", "The intensity of albedo temperature effects depends on the amount of albedo and the level of local insolation (solar irradiance); high albedo areas in the arctic and antarctic regions are cold due to low insolation, where areas such as the Sahara Desert, which also have a relatively high albedo, will be hotter due to high insolation. Tropical and sub-tropical rainforest areas have low albedo, and are much hotter than their temperate forest counterparts, which have lower insolation. Because insolation plays such a big role in the heating and cooling effects of albedo, high insolation areas like the tropics will tend to show a more pronounced fluctuation in local temperature when local albedo changes.\n", "Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth. This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space. This feedback loop results in a reduced albedo effect.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Climate and weather.\n", "Albedo affects climate by determining how much radiation a planet absorbs. The uneven heating of Earth from albedo variations between land, ice, or ocean surfaces can drive weather.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Albedo–temperature feedback.\n", "When an area's albedo changes due to snowfall, a snow–temperature feedback results. A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling. In principle, if no outside temperature change affects this area (e.g., a warm air mass), the raised albedo and lower temperature would maintain the current snow and invite further snowfall, deepening the snow–temperature feedback. However, because local weather is dynamic due to the change of seasons, eventually warm air masses and a more direct angle of sunlight (higher insolation) cause melting. When the melted area reveals surfaces with lower albedo, such as grass or soil, the effect is reversed: the darkening surface lowers albedo, increasing local temperatures, which induces more melting and thus reducing the albedo further, resulting in still more heating.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Snow.\n", "Snow albedo is highly variable, ranging from as high as 0.9 for freshly fallen snow, to about 0.4 for melting snow, and as low as 0.2 for dirty snow. Over Antarctica snow albedo averages a little more than 0.8. If a marginally snow-covered area warms, snow tends to melt, lowering the albedo, and hence leading to more snowmelt because more radiation is being absorbed by the snowpack (the ice–albedo positive feedback).\n", "Just as fresh snow has a higher albedo than does dirty snow, the albedo of snow-covered sea ice is far higher than that of sea water. Sea water absorbs more solar radiation than would the same surface covered with reflective snow. When sea ice melts, either due to a rise in sea temperature or in response to increased solar radiation from above, the snow-covered surface is reduced, and more surface of sea water is exposed, so the rate of energy absorption increases. The extra absorbed energy heats the sea water, which in turn increases the rate at which sea ice melts. As with the preceding example of snowmelt, the process of melting of sea ice is thus another example of a positive feedback. Both positive feedback loops have long been recognized as important to the modern theory of Global warming.\n", "Cryoconite, powdery windblown dust containing soot, sometimes reduces albedo on glaciers and ice sheets.\n", "The dynamical nature of albedo in response to positive feedback, together with the effects of small errors in the measurement of albedo, can lead to large errors in energy estimates. Because of this, in order to reduce the error of energy estimates, it is important to measure the albedo of snow-covered areas through remote sensing techniques rather than applying a single value for albedo over broad regions.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Small-scale effects.\n", "Albedo works on a smaller scale, too. In sunlight, dark clothes absorb more heat and light-coloured clothes reflect it better, thus allowing some control over body temperature by exploiting the albedo effect of the colour of external clothing.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Solar photovoltaic effects.\n", "Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences between the spectrally weighted albedo of solar photovoltaic technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based compared to traditional spectral-integrated albedo predictions. Research showed impacts of over 10%. More recently, the analysis was extended to the effects of spectral bias due to the specular reflectivity of 22 commonly occurring surface materials (both human-made and natural) and analyzes the albedo effects on the performance of seven photovoltaic materials covering three common photovoltaic system topologies: industrial (solar farms), commercial flat rooftops and residential pitched-roof applications.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Trees.\n", "Because forests generally have a low albedo, (the majority of the ultraviolet and visible spectrum is absorbed through photosynthesis), some scientists have suggested that greater heat absorption by trees could offset some of the carbon benefits of afforestation (or offset the negative climate impacts of deforestation). In the case of evergreen forests with seasonal snow cover albedo reduction may be great enough for deforestation to cause a net cooling effect. Trees also impact climate in extremely complicated ways through evapotranspiration. The water vapor causes cooling on the land surface, causes heating where it condenses, acts a strong greenhouse gas, and can increase albedo when it condenses into clouds. Scientists generally treat evapotranspiration as a net cooling impact, and the net climate impact of albedo and evapotranspiration changes from deforestation depends greatly on local climate.\n", "In seasonally snow-covered zones, winter albedos of treeless areas are 10% to 50% higher than nearby forested areas because snow does not cover the trees as readily. Deciduous trees have an albedo value of about 0.15 to 0.18 whereas coniferous trees have a value of about 0.09 to 0.15. Variation in summer albedo across both forest types is correlated with maximum rates of photosynthesis because plants with high growth capacity display a greater fraction of their foliage for direct interception of incoming radiation in the upper canopy. The result is that wavelengths of light not used in photosynthesis are more likely to be reflected back to space rather than being absorbed by other surfaces lower in the canopy.\n", "Studies by the Hadley Centre have investigated the relative (generally warming) effect of albedo change and (cooling) effect of carbon sequestration on planting forests. They found that new forests in tropical and midlatitude areas tended to cool; new forests in high latitudes (e.g., Siberia) were neutral or perhaps warming.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Water.\n", "Water reflects light very differently from typical terrestrial materials. The reflectivity of a water surface is calculated using the Fresnel equations (see graph).\n", "At the scale of the wavelength of light even wavy water is always smooth so the light is reflected in a locally specular manner (not diffusely). The glint of light off water is a commonplace effect of this. At small angles of incident light, waviness results in reduced reflectivity because of the steepness of the reflectivity-vs.-incident-angle curve and a locally increased average incident angle.\n", "Although the reflectivity of water is very low at low and medium angles of incident light, it becomes very high at high angles of incident light such as those that occur on the illuminated side of Earth near the terminator (early morning, late afternoon, and near the poles). However, as mentioned above, waviness causes an appreciable reduction. Because light specularly reflected from water does not usually reach the viewer, water is usually considered to have a very low albedo in spite of its high reflectivity at high angles of incident light.\n", "Note that white caps on waves look white (and have high albedo) because the water is foamed up, so there are many superimposed bubble surfaces which reflect, adding up their reflectivities. Fresh 'black' ice exhibits Fresnel reflection.\n", "Snow on top of this sea ice increases the albedo to 0.9.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Clouds.\n", "Cloud albedo has substantial influence over atmospheric temperatures. Different types of clouds exhibit different reflectivity, theoretically ranging in albedo from a minimum of near 0 to a maximum approaching 0.8. \"On any given day, about half of Earth is covered by clouds, which reflect more sunlight than land and water. Clouds keep Earth cool by reflecting sunlight, but they can also serve as blankets to trap warmth.\"\n", "Albedo and climate in some areas are affected by artificial clouds, such as those created by the contrails of heavy commercial airliner traffic. A study following the burning of the Kuwaiti oil fields during Iraqi occupation showed that temperatures under the burning oil fires were as much as 10 °C colder than temperatures several miles away under clear skies.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Aerosol effects.\n", "Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth's radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indirect effect (the particles act as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby change cloud properties) is less certain. As per Spracklen et al. the effects are:\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aerosol direct effect.\" Aerosols directly scatter and absorb radiation. The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Aerosol indirect effect.\" Aerosols modify the properties of clouds through a subset of the aerosol population called cloud condensation nuclei. Increased nuclei concentrations lead to increased cloud droplet number concentrations, which in turn leads to increased cloud albedo, increased light scattering and radiative cooling (\"first indirect effect\"), but also leads to reduced precipitation efficiency and increased lifetime of the cloud (\"second indirect effect\").\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Black carbon.\n", "Another albedo-related effect on the climate is from black carbon particles. The size of this effect is difficult to quantify: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that the global mean radiative forcing for black carbon aerosols from fossil fuels is +0.2 W m, with a range +0.1 to +0.4 W m. Black carbon is a bigger cause of the melting of the polar ice cap in the Arctic than carbon dioxide due to its effect on the albedo.\n", "Section::::Examples of terrestrial albedo effects.:Human activities.\n", "Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect on the global scale is difficult.\n", "Section::::Other types of albedo.\n", "Single-scattering albedo is used to define scattering of electromagnetic waves on small particles. It depends on properties of the material (refractive index); the size of the particle or particles; and the wavelength of the incoming radiation.\n", "Section::::Acquisition.\n", "Albedo can be measured by an Albedometer.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Cool roof\n", "BULLET::::- Daisyworld\n", "BULLET::::- Emissivity\n", "BULLET::::- Exitance\n", "BULLET::::- Global dimming\n", "BULLET::::- Irradiance\n", "BULLET::::- Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation\n", "BULLET::::- Opposition surge\n", "BULLET::::- Polar see-saw\n", "BULLET::::- Solar radiation management\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Albedo Project\n", "BULLET::::- Albedo – Encyclopedia of Earth\n", "BULLET::::- NASA MODIS BRDF/albedo product site\n", "BULLET::::- Surface albedo derived from Meteosat observations\n", "BULLET::::- A discussion of Lunar albedos\n", "BULLET::::- reflectivity of metals (chart)\n" ] }

{ "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 18, 19, 19, 19, 20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 22, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 29, 30, 30, 30, 32, 32, 32, 34, 34, 34, 34, 34, 36, 36, 37, 38, 38, 43, 43, 45, 45, 45, 45, 46, 46, 47, 47, 49, 50, 50, 50, 50, 51, 55, 56, 58, 58, 60, 62, 62, 62, 66, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 ], "start": [ 56, 78, 111, 142, 168, 180, 194, 259, 42, 59, 381, 426, 276, 34, 47, 109, 312, 46, 88, 219, 461, 50, 94, 101, 132, 142, 191, 205, 433, 549, 62, 424, 69, 16, 16, 15, 24, 39, 61, 281, 497, 584, 680, 0, 171, 250, 311, 423, 463, 26, 139, 273, 63, 169, 124, 202, 272, 57, 99, 155, 166, 240, 336, 349, 362, 427, 104, 156, 368, 15, 47, 173, 66, 259, 435, 475, 555, 155, 401, 791, 0, 30, 22, 56, 82, 119, 306, 530, 166, 233, 15, 128, 134, 112, 133, 216, 242, 212, 0, 97, 0, 228, 130, 53, 131, 204, 0, 141, 29, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "end": [ 74, 93, 126, 159, 174, 185, 207, 269, 51, 69, 400, 437, 289, 45, 56, 154, 323, 69, 99, 229, 466, 67, 98, 106, 137, 146, 200, 209, 470, 603, 79, 436, 87, 53, 44, 21, 34, 51, 69, 291, 509, 592, 688, 9, 175, 263, 324, 438, 479, 30, 156, 281, 79, 180, 140, 213, 280, 75, 109, 161, 175, 253, 344, 361, 372, 443, 109, 160, 381, 22, 56, 180, 74, 267, 442, 481, 565, 165, 418, 805, 10, 34, 39, 75, 98, 133, 319, 548, 181, 249, 28, 148, 151, 127, 142, 234, 250, 222, 12, 105, 8, 253, 155, 65, 172, 221, 24, 157, 40, 21, 22, 22, 20, 26, 22, 48, 28, 25, 38 ], "text": [ "diffuse reflection", "solar radiation", "solar radiation", "astronomical body", "planet", "Earth", "dimensionless", "black body", "radiosity", "irradiance", "position of the Sun", "reflectance", "visible light", "climatology", "astronomy", "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design", "cloud cover", "Johann Heinrich Lambert", "Photometria", "black body", "Earth", "Earth observation", "NASA", "MODIS", "Terra", "Aqua", "Suomi NPP", "JPSS", "directional-hemispherical reflectance", "bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)", "greenhouse effect", "ocean planet", "solar zenith angle", "directional-hemispherical reflectance", "bi-hemispherical reflectance", "planet", "satellites", "minor planet", "asteroid", "photometry", "Solar System", "regolith", "asteroid", "Enceladus", "Eris", "asteroid belt", "comet nucleus", "space weathered", "organic compound", "Moon", "opposition effect", "regolith", "geometric albedo", "Bond albedo", "Hapke parameters", "phase angle", "regolith", "absolute magnitude", "insolation", "arctic", "antarctic", "Sahara Desert", "Tropical", "sub-tropical", "rainforest", "temperate forest", "Earth", "snow", "feedback loop", "climate", "radiation", "weather", "feedback", "air mass", "weather", "season", "insolation", "Antarctica", "positive feedback", "Global warming", "Cryoconite", "dust", "electrical energy", "photovoltaic device", "visible spectrum", "photosynthesis", "deforestation", "evapotranspiration", "Deciduous trees", "coniferous trees", "Hadley Centre", "carbon sequestration", "Fresnel equations", "specular manner", "diffusely", "angles of incident", "waviness", "terminator", "Cloud albedo", "contrail", "Aerosols", "cloud condensation nuclei", "cloud condensation nuclei", "black carbon", "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "radiative forcing", "Single-scattering albedo", "refractive index", "Albedometer", "Cool roof", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Exitance", "Global dimming", "Irradiance", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Opposition surge", "Polar see-saw", "Solar radiation management" ], "href": [ "diffuse%20reflection", "sunlight", "solar%20radiation", "astronomical%20body", "planet", "Earth", "dimensionless%20number", "black%20body", "Radiosity%20%28radiometry%29", "irradiance", "position%20of%20the%20Sun", "reflectance", "visible%20spectrum", "climatology", "astronomy", "Leadership%20in%20Energy%20and%20Environmental%20Design", "cloud%20cover", "Johann%20Heinrich%20Lambert", "Photometria", "black%20body", "Earth", "Earth%20observation", "NASA", "MODIS", "Terra%20%28satellite%29", "Aqua%20%28satellite%29", "Suomi%20NPP", "Joint%20Polar%20Satellite%20System", "directional-hemispherical%20reflectance", "Bidirectional%20reflectance%20distribution%20function", "greenhouse%20effect", "ocean%20planet", "solar%20zenith%20angle", "directional-hemispherical%20reflectance", "bi-hemispherical%20reflectance", "planet", "Natural%20satellite", "minor%20planet", "asteroid", "photometry%20%28astronomy%29", "Solar%20System", "regolith", "asteroid", "Enceladus", "Eris%20%28dwarf%20planet%29", "asteroid%20belt", "comet%20nucleus", "space%20weathering", "organic%20compound", "Moon", "opposition%20effect", "regolith", "geometric%20albedo", "Bond%20albedo", "Hapke%20parameters", "phase%20angle%20%28astronomy%29", "regolith", "Absolute%20magnitude%23Absolute%20magnitude%20for%20planets%20%28H%29", "insolation", "arctic", "antarctic", "Sahara%20Desert", "Tropical", "sub-tropical", "rainforest", "temperate%20forest", "Earth", "snow", "Ice-albedo%20feedback", "climate", "radiation", "weather", "feedback", "air%20mass", "weather", "season", "insolation", "Antarctica", "positive%20feedback", "Global%20warming", "Cryoconite", "dust", "electrical%20energy", "photovoltaic%20system", "visible%20spectrum", "photosynthesis", "deforestation", "evapotranspiration", "Deciduous%20trees", "coniferous%20trees", "Hadley%20Centre", "carbon%20sequestration", "Fresnel%20equations", "specular%20reflection", "Diffuse%20reflection", "angle%20of%20incidence%20%28optics%29", "waviness", "terminator%20%28solar%29", "Cloud%20albedo", "contrail", "Aerosols", "cloud%20condensation%20nuclei", "cloud%20condensation%20nuclei", "black%20carbon", "Intergovernmental%20Panel%20on%20Climate%20Change", "radiative%20forcing", "Single-scattering%20albedo", "refractive%20index", "Albedometer", "Cool%20roof", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Exitance", "Global%20dimming", "Irradiance", "Kirchhoff%27s%20law%20of%20thermal%20radiation", "Opposition%20surge", "Polar%20see-saw", "Solar%20radiation%20management" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Diffuse reflection", "Sunlight", "Solar irradiance", "Astronomical object", "Planet", "Earth", "Dimensionless quantity", "Black body", "Radiosity (radiometry)", "Irradiance", "Position of the Sun", "Reflectance", "Visible spectrum", "Climatology", "Astronomy", "Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design", "Cloud cover", "Johann Heinrich Lambert", "Photometria", "Black body", "Earth", "Earth observation", "NASA", "Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer", "Terra (satellite)", "Aqua (satellite)", "Suomi NPP", "Joint Polar Satellite System", "Directional-hemispherical reflectance", "Bidirectional reflectance distribution function", "Greenhouse effect", "Ocean planet", "Solar zenith angle", "Directional-hemispherical reflectance", "Bi-hemispherical reflectance", "Planet", "Natural satellite", "Minor planet", "Asteroid", "Photometry (astronomy)", "Solar System", "Regolith", "Asteroid", "Enceladus", "Eris (dwarf planet)", "Asteroid belt", "Comet nucleus", "Space weathering", "Organic compound", "Moon", "Opposition surge", "Regolith", "Geometric albedo", "Bond albedo", "Hapke parameters", "Phase angle (astronomy)", "Regolith", "Absolute magnitude", "Solar irradiance", "Arctic", "Antarctic", "Sahara", "Tropics", "Subtropics", "Rainforest", "Temperate forest", "Earth", "Snow", "Ice–albedo feedback", "Climate", "Radiation", "Weather", "Feedback", "Air mass", "Weather", "Season", "Solar irradiance", "Antarctica", "Positive feedback", "Global warming", "Cryoconite", "Dust", "Electrical energy", "Photovoltaic system", "Visible spectrum", "Photosynthesis", "Deforestation", "Evapotranspiration", "Deciduous", "Pinophyta", "Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research", "Carbon sequestration", "Fresnel equations", "Specular reflection", "Diffuse reflection", "Angle of incidence (optics)", "Waviness", "Terminator (solar)", "Cloud albedo", "Contrail", "Aerosol", "Cloud condensation nuclei", "Cloud condensation nuclei", "Black carbon", "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "Radiative forcing", "Single-scattering albedo", "Refractive index", "Albedometer", "Reflective surfaces (climate engineering)", "Daisyworld", "Emissivity", "Radiant exitance", "Global dimming", "Irradiance", "Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation", "Opposition surge", "Polar see-saw", "Solar radiation management" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "679294", "27979", "1748563", "206542", "22915", "9228", "51331", "44364", "11709182", "556970", "35553026", "41644", "41464", "142440", "50650", "3923230", "154576", "93085", "38063419", "44364", "9228", "4650693", "18426568", "471174", "470910", "830227", "34540265", "31362604", "5597613", "1687038", "12395", "9284004", "1029711", "5597613", "5597628", "22915", "53306", "17001425", "791", "207560", "26903", "204967", "791", "208430", "6554225", "47264", "3899771", "4709501", "22203", "19331", "22858502", "204967", "5139283", "5777979", "10180397", "3169278", "204967", "1963", "1748563", "36971", "2926", "325363", "66577", "402679", "50047", "1678438", "9228", "28191", "21435575", "5999", "25856", "33978", "11545", "261690", "33978", "24873453", "1748563", "18959138", "213354", "5042951", "27977618", "162714", "1343597", "15677755", "41464", "24544", "8103", "78481", "66722", "68085", "478741", "4535852", "11149", "679297", "679294", "48934192", "24059399", "87945", "47514", "47525", "57763", "567472", "567472", "3797013", "15030", "467147", "7572284", "25880", "57840089", "3178571", "216410", "902820", "3188240", "407233", "556970", "591280", "22858502", "13794551", "20694764" ] }

{ "description": "ratio of reflected radiation to incident radiation", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q101038", "wikidata_label": "albedo", "wikipedia_title": "Albedo", "aliases": { "alias": [] } }

{ "pageid": 39, "parentid": 906382973, "revid": 906500850, "pre_dump": true, "timestamp": "2019-07-16T07:59:36Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albedo&oldid=906500850" }

{ "paragraph": [ "Academy Award for Best Production Design\n", "The Academy Award for Best Production Design recognizes achievement for art direction in film. The category's original name was Best Art Direction, but was changed to its current name in 2012 for the 85th Academy Awards. This change resulted from the Art Director's branch of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) being renamed the Designer's branch. Since 1947, the award is shared with the set decorator(s). It is awarded to the best interior design in a film.\n", "The films below are listed with their production year (for example, the 2000 Academy Award for Best Art Direction is given to a film from 1999). In the lists below, the winner of the award for each year is shown first, followed by the other nominees in alphabetical order.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- BAFTA Award for Best Production Design\n", "BULLET::::- Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Art Direction\n" ] }

{ "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 4, 5 ], "start": [ 4, 72, 89, 200, 280, 375, 72, 12, 12 ], "end": [ 17, 85, 93, 219, 323, 379, 90, 50, 62 ], "text": [ "Academy Award", "art direction", "film", "85th Academy Awards", "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences", "1947", "2000 Academy Award", "BAFTA Award for Best Production Design", "Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Art Direction" ], "href": [ "Academy%20Awards", "art%20direction", "art%20director%23In%20film", "85th%20Academy%20Awards", "Academy%20of%20Motion%20Picture%20Arts%20and%20Sciences", "19th%20Academy%20Awards", "72nd%20Academy%20Awards", "BAFTA%20Award%20for%20Best%20Production%20Design", "Critics%27%20Choice%20Movie%20Award%20for%20Best%20Art%20Direction" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Academy Awards", "Art director", "Art director", "85th Academy Awards", "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences", "19th Academy Awards", "72nd Academy Awards", "BAFTA Award for Best Production Design", "Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Art Direction" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "324", "631159", "631159", "26208244", "39842", "6268055", "633217", "11147020", "30082312" ] }

{ "description": "award", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q277751", "wikidata_label": "Academy Award for Best Production Design", "wikipedia_title": "Academy Award for Best Production Design", "aliases": { "alias": [] } }

{ "pageid": 316, "parentid": 904077177, "revid": 908566888, "pre_dump": true, "timestamp": "2019-07-30T14:56:37Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academy%20Award%20for%20Best%20Production%20Design&oldid=908566888" }

{ "paragraph": [ "Actrius\n", "Actresses (Catalan: Actrius) is a 1997 Catalan language Spanish drama film produced and directed by Ventura Pons and based on the award-winning stage play \"E.R.\" by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet. The film has no male actors, with all roles played by females. The film was produced in 1996.\n", "Section::::Synopsis.\n", "In order to prepare herself to play a role commemorating the life of legendary actress Empar Ribera, young actress (Mercè Pons) interviews three established actresses who had been the Ribera's pupils: the international diva Glòria Marc (Núria Espert), the television star Assumpta Roca (Rosa Maria Sardà), and dubbing director Maria Caminal (Anna Lizaran).\n", "Section::::Cast.\n", "BULLET::::- Núria Espert as Glòria Marc\n", "BULLET::::- Rosa Maria Sardà as Assumpta Roca\n", "BULLET::::- Anna Lizaran as Maria Caminal\n", "BULLET::::- Mercè Pons as Estudiant\n", "Section::::Recognition.\n", "Section::::Recognition.:Screenings.\n", "\"Actrius\" screened in 2001 at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in an American Cinematheque retrospective of the works of its director. The film had first screened at the same location in 1998. It was also shown at the 1997 Stockholm International Film Festival.\n", "Section::::Recognition.:Reception.\n", "In \"Movie - Film - Review\", \"Daily Mail\" staffer Christopher Tookey wrote that though the actresses were \"competent in roles that may have some reference to their own careers\", the film \"is visually unimaginative, never escapes its stage origins, and is almost totally lacking in revelation or surprising incident\". Noting that there were \"occasional, refreshing moments of intergenerational bitchiness\", they did not \"justify comparisons to \"All About Eve\"\", and were \"insufficiently different to deserve critical parallels with \"Rashomon\"\". He also wrote that \"The Guardian\" called the film a \"slow, stuffy chamber-piece\", and that \"The Evening Standard\" stated the film's \"best moments exhibit the bitchy tantrums seething beneath the threesome's composed veneers\". MRQE wrote \"This cinematic adaptation of a theatrical work is true to the original, but does not stray far from a theatrical rendering of the story.\"\n", "Section::::Recognition.:Awards and nominations.\n", "BULLET::::- 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film' at Butaca Awards for Ventura Pons\n", "BULLET::::- 1997, won 'Best Catalan Film Actress' at Butaca Awards, shared by Núria Espert, Rosa Maria Sardà, Anna Lizaran, and Mercè Pons\n", "BULLET::::- 1998, nominated for 'Best Screenplay' at Goya Awards, shared by Josep Maria Benet i Jornet and Ventura Pons\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- as archived February 17, 2009 (Spanish)\n" ] }

{ "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 11, 11, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 19 ], "start": [ 11, 39, 100, 165, 116, 237, 287, 342, 12, 12, 12, 12, 34, 67, 221, 29, 443, 531, 563, 635, 769, 45, 63, 78, 92, 110, 128, 53, 76, 12 ], "end": [ 18, 55, 112, 191, 126, 249, 303, 354, 24, 28, 24, 22, 60, 88, 258, 39, 456, 539, 575, 655, 773, 58, 75, 90, 108, 122, 138, 64, 102, 41 ], "text": [ "Catalan", "Catalan language", "Ventura Pons", "Josep Maria Benet i Jornet", "Mercè Pons", "Núria Espert", "Rosa Maria Sardà", "Anna Lizaran", "Núria Espert", "Rosa Maria Sardà", "Anna Lizaran", "Mercè Pons", "Grauman's Egyptian Theatre", "American Cinematheque", "Stockholm International Film Festival", "Daily Mail", "All About Eve", "Rashomon", "The Guardian", "The Evening Standard", "MRQE", "Butaca Awards", "Ventura Pons", "Núria Espert", "Rosa Maria Sardà", "Anna Lizaran", "Mercè Pons", "Goya Awards", "Josep Maria Benet i Jornet", "as archived February 17, 2009" ], "href": [ "Catalan%20language", "Catalan%20language", "Ventura%20Pons", "Josep%20Maria%20Benet%20i%20Jornet", "Merc%C3%A8%20Pons", "N%C3%BAria%20Espert", "Rosa%20Maria%20Sard%C3%A0", "Anna%20Lizaran", "N%C3%BAria%20Espert", "Rosa%20Maria%20Sard%C3%A0", "Anna%20Lizaran", "Merc%C3%A8%20Pons", "Grauman%27s%20Egyptian%20Theatre", "American%20Cinematheque", "Stockholm%20International%20Film%20Festival", "Daily%20Mail", "All%20About%20Eve", "Rashomon", "The%20Guardian", "The%20Evening%20Standard", "MRQE", "Butaca%20Awards", "Ventura%20Pons", "N%C3%BAria%20Espert", "Rosa%20Maria%20Sard%C3%A0", "Anna%20Lizaran", "Merc%C3%A8%20Pons", "Goya%20Awards", "Josep%20Maria%20Benet%20i%20Jornet", "Wayback%20Machine" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Catalan language", "Catalan language", "Ventura Pons", "Josep Maria Benet i Jornet", "Mercè Pons", "Núria Espert", "Rosa Maria Sardà", "Anna Lizaran", "Núria Espert", "Rosa Maria Sardà", "Anna Lizaran", "Mercè Pons", "Grauman's Egyptian Theatre", "American Cinematheque", "Stockholm International Film Festival", "Daily Mail", "All About Eve", "Rashomon", "The Guardian", "Evening Standard", "Movie Review Query Engine", "Butaca Awards", "Ventura Pons", "Núria Espert", "Rosa Maria Sardà", "Anna Lizaran", "Mercè Pons", "Goya Awards", "Josep Maria Benet i Jornet", "Wayback Machine" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "5282", "5282", "2005352", "14851243", "7645794", "7513173", "6685836", "7484079", "7513173", "6685836", "7484079", "7645794", "450022", "9337977", "4140629", "177181", "41881", "187603", "19344515", "58959", "1743562", "9235807", "2005352", "7513173", "6685836", "7484079", "7645794", "975073", "14851243", "23538754" ] }

{ "description": "1996 film by Ventura Pons", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q2823770", "wikidata_label": "Actrius", "wikipedia_title": "Actrius", "aliases": { "alias": [] } }

{ "pageid": 330, "parentid": 883290952, "revid": 903407765, "pre_dump": true, "timestamp": "2019-06-25T14:37:13Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Actrius&oldid=903407765" }

{ "paragraph": [ "Animalia (book)\n", "Animalia is an illustrated children's book by Graeme Base. It was originally published in 1986, followed by a tenth anniversary edition in 1996, and a 25th anniversary edition in 2012. Over four million copies have been sold worldwide. A special numbered and signed anniversary edition was also published in 1996, with an embossed gold jacket.\n", "Section::::Synopsis.\n", "\"Animalia\" is an alliterative alphabet book and contains twenty-six illustrations, one for each letter of the alphabet. Each illustration features an animal from the animal kingdom (A is for alligator, B is for butterfly, etc.) along with a short poem utilizing the letter of the page for many of the words. The illustrations contain many other objects beginning with that letter that the reader can try to identify. As an additional challenge, the author has hidden a picture of himself as a child in every picture.\n", "Section::::Related products.\n", "Julia MacRae Books published an \"Animalia\" colouring book in 2008. H. N. Abrams also published a wall calendar colouring book version for children the same year.\n", "H. N. Abrams published \"The Animalia Wall Frieze\", a fold-out over 26 feet in length, in which the author created new riddles for each letter.\n", "The Great American Puzzle Factory created a 300-piece jigsaw puzzle based on the book's cover.\n", "Section::::Adaptations.\n", "A television series was also created, based on the book, which airs in the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway and Venezuela. It also airs on Minimax for the Czech Republic and Slovakia. And recently in Greece on the channel ET1. The Australian Children's Television Foundation released a teaching resource DVD-ROM in 2011 to accompany the TV series with teaching aids for classroom use.\n", "In 2010, The Base Factory and AppBooks released Animalia as an application for iPad and iPhone/iPod Touch.\n", "Section::::Awards.\n", "\"Animalia\" won the Young Australian's Best Book Award in 1987 for Best Picture Story Book.\n", "The Children's Book Council of Australia designated \"Animalia\" a 1987 : Honour Book.\n", "Kid's Own Australian Literature Awards named \"Animalia\" the 1988 Picture Book Winner.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Graeme Base's official website\n", "BULLET::::- A Learning Time activity guide for \"Animalia\" created by The Little Big Book Club\n" ] }

{ "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 13 ], "start": [ 27, 46, 17, 30, 191, 211, 43, 67, 2, 140, 167, 183, 202, 228, 250, 259, 79, 88, 95, 4 ], "end": [ 42, 57, 29, 38, 200, 220, 57, 79, 19, 149, 174, 197, 210, 234, 253, 302, 83, 94, 105, 40 ], "text": [ "children's book", "Graeme Base", "alliterative", "alphabet", "alligator", "butterfly", "colouring book", "H. N. Abrams", "television series", "Venezuela", "Minimax", "Czech Republic", "Slovakia", "Greece", "ET1", "Australian Children's Television Foundation", "iPad", "iPhone", "iPod Touch", "Children's Book Council of Australia" ], "href": [ "Children%27s%20literature", "Graeme%20Base", "alliteration", "alphabet", "alligator", "butterfly", "colouring%20book", "Abrams%20Books", "Animalia%20%28TV%20series%29", "Venezuela", "Minimax%20%28TV%20channel%29", "Czech%20Republic", "Slovakia", "Greece", "ET1%20%28Greece%29", "Australian%20Children%27s%20Television%20Foundation", "iPad", "iPhone", "iPod%20Touch", "Children%27s%20Book%20Council%20of%20Australia" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Children's literature", "Graeme Base", "Alliteration", "Alphabet", "Alligator", "Butterfly", "Coloring book", "Abrams Books", "Animalia (TV series)", "Venezuela", "Minimax (TV channel)", "Czech Republic", "Slovakia", "Greece", "ERT1", "Australian Children's Television Foundation", "IPad", "IPhone", "IPod Touch", "Children's Book Council of Australia" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "52847", "2511084", "58533", "670", "267370", "48338", "1619976", "21325115", "14149608", "32374", "9593459", "5321", "26830", "12108", "3754957", "4794905", "25970423", "8841749", "13111239", "13783276" ] }

{ "description": "illustrated children's book by Graeme Base", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q4765006", "wikidata_label": "Animalia", "wikipedia_title": "Animalia (book)", "aliases": { "alias": [] } }

{ "pageid": 332, "parentid": 901621714, "revid": 901731223, "pre_dump": true, "timestamp": "2019-06-13T22:04:15Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animalia%20(book)&oldid=901731223" }

{ "paragraph": [ "An American in Paris\n", "An American in Paris is a jazz-influenced orchestral piece by American composer George Gershwin first performed in 1928. It was inspired by the time that Gershwin had spent in Paris and evokes the sights and energy of the French capital in the 1920s.\n", "Walter Damrosch had asked Gershwin to write a full concerto following the success of \"Rhapsody in Blue\" (1924). Gershwin scored the piece for the standard instruments of the symphony orchestra plus celesta, saxophones, and automobile horns. He brought back four Parisian taxi horns for the New York premiere of the composition, which took place on December 13, 1928, in Carnegie Hall, with Damrosch conducting the New York Philharmonic. He completed the orchestration on November 18, less than four weeks before the work's premiere. He collaborated on the original program notes with critic and composer Deems Taylor.\n", "Section::::Background.\n", "Although the story is likely apocryphal, Gershwin is said to have been attracted by Maurice Ravel's unusual chords, and Gershwin went on his first trip to Paris in 1926 ready to study with Ravel. After his initial student audition with Ravel turned into a sharing of musical theories, Ravel said he could not teach him, saying, \"Why be a second-rate Ravel when you can be a first-rate Gershwin?\" That 1926 trip, however, resulted in a snippet of melody entitled \"Very Parisienne\", that the initial musical motive of \"An American in Paris\", written as a 'thank you note' to Gershwin's hosts, Robert and Mabel Schirmer. Gershwin called it \"a rhapsodic ballet\"; it is written freely and in a much more modern idiom than his prior works.\n", "Gershwin strongly encouraged Ravel to come to the United States for a tour. To this end, upon his return to New York, Gershwin joined the efforts of Ravel's friend Robert Schmitz, a pianist Ravel had met during the war, to urge Ravel to tour the U.S. Schmitz was the head of Pro Musica, promoting Franco-American musical relations, and was able to offer Ravel a $10,000 fee for the tour, an enticement Gershwin knew would be important to Ravel.\n", "Gershwin greeted Ravel in New York in March 1928 during a party held for Ravel's birthday by Éva Gauthier. Ravel's tour reignited Gershwin's desire to return to Paris which he and his brother Ira did after meeting Ravel. Ravel's high praise of Gershwin in an introductory letter to Nadia Boulanger caused Gershwin to seriously consider taking much more time to study abroad in Paris. Yet after playing for her, she told him she could not teach him. Nadia Boulanger gave Gershwin basically the same advice she gave all of her accomplished master students: \"What could I give you that you haven't already got?\" This did not set Gershwin back, as his real intent abroad was to complete a new work based on Paris and perhaps a second rhapsody for piano and orchestra to follow his \"Rhapsody in Blue\". Paris at this time hosted many expatriate writers, among them Ezra Pound, W. B. Yeats, Ernest Hemingway; and artist Pablo Picasso.\n", "Section::::Composition.\n", "Gershwin based \"An American in Paris\" on a melodic fragment called \"Very Parisienne\", written in 1926 on his first visit to Paris as a gift to his hosts, Robert and Mabel Schirmer. He described the piece as a \"rhapsodic ballet\" because it was written freely and is more modern than his previous works. Gershwin explained in \"Musical America\", \"My purpose here is to portray the impressions of an American visitor in Paris as he strolls about the city, listens to the various street noises, and absorbs the French atmosphere.\"\n", "The piece is structured into five sections, which culminate in a loose ABA format. Gershwin's first A episode introduces the two main \"walking\" themes in the \"Allegretto grazioso\" and develops a third theme in the \"Subito con brio\". The style of this A section is written in the typical French style of composers Claude Debussy and Les Six. This A section featured duple meter, singsong rhythms, and diatonic melodies with the sounds of oboe, English horn, and taxi horns. The B section's \"Andante ma con ritmo deciso\" introduces the American Blues and spasms of homesickness. The \"Allegro\" that follows continues to express homesickness in a faster twelve-bar blues. In the B section, Gershwin uses common time, syncopated rhythms, and bluesy melodies with the sounds of trumpet, saxophone, and snare drum. \"Moderato con grazia\" is the last A section that returns to the themes set in A. After recapitulating the \"walking\" themes, Gershwin overlays the slow blues theme from section B in the final \"Grandioso\".\n", "Section::::Instrumentation.\n", "\"An American in Paris\" is scored for 3 flutes (3rd doubling on piccolo), 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets in B-flat, bass clarinet in B-flat, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in B-flat, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, snare drum, bass drum, triangle, wood block, ratchet, cymbals, low and high tom-toms, xylophone, glockenspiel, celesta, 4 taxi horns labeled as A, B, C and D with circles around them, alto saxophone/soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone/soprano saxophone/alto saxophone, baritone saxophone/soprano saxophone/alto saxophone, and strings. Although most modern audiences have heard the taxi horns using the notes A, B, C and D, it has recently come to light that Gershwin's intention was to have used the notes A, B, D, and A. It is likely that in labeling the taxi horns as A, B, C and D with circles, he may have been referring to the use of the four different horns and not the notes that they played.\n", "The revised edition by F. Campbell-Watson calls for three saxophones, alto, tenor and baritone. In this arrangement the soprano and alto doublings have been rewritten to avoid changing instruments. In 2000, Gershwin specialist Jack Gibbons made his own restoration of the original orchestration of An American in Paris, working directly from Gershwin's original manuscript, including the restoration of Gershwin's soprano saxophone parts removed in F. Campbell-Watson's revision; Gibbons' restored orchestration of An American in Paris was performed at London's Queen Elizabeth Hall on July 9, 2000 by the City of Oxford Orchestra conducted by Levon Parikian\n", "William Daly arranged the score for piano solo which was published by New World Music in 1929.\n", "Section::::Response.\n", "Gershwin did not particularly like Walter Damrosch's interpretation at the world premiere of \"An American in Paris\". He stated that Damrosch's sluggish, dragging tempo caused him to walk out of the hall during a matinee performance of this work. The audience, according to Edward Cushing, responded with \"a demonstration of enthusiasm impressively genuine in contrast to the conventional applause which new music, good and bad, ordinarily arouses.\" Critics believed that \"An American in Paris\" was better crafted than his lukewarm Concerto in F. Some did not think it belonged in a program with classical composers César Franck, Richard Wagner, or Guillaume Lekeu on its premiere. Gershwin responded to the critics, \"It's not a Beethoven Symphony, you know... It's a humorous piece, nothing solemn about it. It's not intended to draw tears. If it pleases symphony audiences as a light, jolly piece, a series of impressions musically expressed, it succeeds.\"\n", "Section::::Preservation status.\n", "On September 22, 2013, it was announced that a musicological critical edition of the full orchestral score will be eventually released. The Gershwin family, working in conjunction with the Library of Congress and the University of Michigan, are working to make scores available to the public that represent Gershwin's true intent. It is unknown if the critical score will include the four minutes of material Gershwin later deleted from the work (such as the restatement of the blues theme after the faster 12 bar blues section), or if the score will document changes in the orchestration during Gershwin's composition process.\n", "The score to \"An American in Paris\" is currently scheduled to be issued first in a series of scores to be released. The entire project may take 30 to 40 years to complete, but \"An American in Paris\" will be an early volume in the series.\n", "Two urtext editions of the work were published by the German publisher B-Note Music in 2015. The changes made by Campbell-Watson have been withdrawn in both editions. In the extended urtext, 120 bars of music have been re-integrated. Conductor Walter Damrosch had cut them shortly before the first performance.\n", "Section::::Recordings.\n", "\"An American in Paris\" has been frequently recorded. The first recording was made for RCA Victor in 1929 with Nathaniel Shilkret conducting the RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra, drawn from members of the Philadelphia Orchestra. Gershwin was on hand to \"supervise\" the recording; however, Shilkret was reported to be in charge and eventually asked the composer to leave the recording studio. Then, a little later, Shilkret discovered there was no one to play the brief celesta solo during the slow section, so he hastily asked Gershwin if he might play the solo; Gershwin said he could and so he briefly participated in the actual recording. This recording is believed to use the taxi horns in the way that Gershwin had intended using the notes A-flat, B-flat, a higher D and a lower A. The radio broadcast of the September 8, 1937 Hollywood Bowl George Gershwin Memorial Concert, in which \"An American in Paris,\" also conducted by Shilkret, was second on the program, was recorded and was released in 1998 in a two-CD set. Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra recorded the work for RCA Victor, including one of the first stereo recordings of the music. In 1945, Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra recorded the piece for RCA Victor, one of the few commercial recordings Toscanini made of music by an American composer. The Seattle Symphony also recorded a version in 1990 of Gershwin's original score, before he made numerous edits resulting in the score as we hear it today. Harry James released a version of the blues section on his 1953 album \"One Night Stand,\" recorded live at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago (Columbia GL 522 and CL 522).\n", "Section::::Use in film.\n", "In 1951, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer released the musical film \"An American in Paris\", featuring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron. Winning the 1951 Best Picture Oscar and numerous other awards, the film was directed by Vincente Minnelli, featured many tunes of Gershwin, and concluded with an extensive, elaborate dance sequence built around the \"An American in Paris\" symphonic poem (arranged for the film by Johnny Green), costing $500,000.\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Rimler, Walter. \"George Gershwin – An Intimate Portrait\". Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 2009. 29–33.\n", "BULLET::::- Pollack, Howard. \"George Gershwin – His Life and Work\". Berkeley, University of California Press, 2006. 431–42.\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- 1944 recording by the New York Philharmonic conducted by Artur Rodziński\n", "BULLET::::- , New York Philharmonic, Leonard Bernstein, 1959.\n" ] }

{ "paragraph_id": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 11, 12, 13, 15, 15, 15, 15, 17, 17, 17, 19, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 21, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 28, 28, 29 ], "start": [ 80, 0, 86, 198, 370, 414, 604, 84, 164, 93, 192, 282, 778, 859, 871, 884, 913, 325, 71, 313, 332, 543, 650, 39, 63, 75, 82, 98, 111, 119, 146, 158, 172, 194, 205, 211, 220, 232, 243, 253, 265, 274, 296, 306, 317, 331, 342, 404, 419, 438, 488, 545, 227, 0, 531, 615, 629, 648, 61, 189, 217, 4, 86, 110, 144, 201, 465, 1020, 1043, 1167, 1199, 1245, 1347, 1500, 1610, 1638, 9, 56, 89, 104, 206, 397, 34, 69, 37 ], "end": [ 95, 15, 102, 205, 383, 435, 616, 97, 178, 105, 195, 297, 794, 869, 882, 900, 926, 340, 81, 327, 339, 548, 666, 44, 70, 79, 94, 106, 117, 132, 153, 163, 179, 202, 209, 218, 230, 241, 251, 263, 272, 280, 304, 315, 329, 338, 352, 418, 436, 453, 506, 552, 239, 12, 544, 627, 643, 663, 77, 208, 239, 18, 96, 128, 173, 223, 472, 1034, 1064, 1183, 1221, 1255, 1363, 1511, 1636, 1646, 28, 76, 99, 116, 223, 409, 55, 84, 54 ], "text": [ "George Gershwin", "Walter Damrosch", "Rhapsody in Blue", "celesta", "Carnegie Hall", "New York Philharmonic", "Deems Taylor", "Maurice Ravel", "Robert Schmitz", "Éva Gauthier", "Ira", "Nadia Boulanger", "Rhapsody in Blue", "Ezra Pound", "W. B. Yeats", "Ernest Hemingway", "Pablo Picasso", "Musical America", "ABA format", "Claude Debussy", "Les Six", "Blues", "twelve-bar blues", "flute", "piccolo", "oboe", "English horn", "clarinet", "B-flat", "bass clarinet", "bassoon", "horns", "trumpet", "trombone", "tuba", "timpani", "snare drum", "bass drum", "triangle", "wood block", "ratchet", "cymbal", "tom-toms", "xylophone", "glockenspiel", "celesta", "taxi horns", "alto saxophone", "soprano saxophone", "tenor saxophone", "baritone saxophone", "strings", "Jack Gibbons", "William Daly", "Concerto in F", "César Franck", "Richard Wagner", "Guillaume Lekeu", "critical edition", "Library of Congress", "University of Michigan", "urtext edition", "RCA Victor", "Nathaniel Shilkret", "RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra", "Philadelphia Orchestra", "celesta", "Arthur Fiedler", "Boston Pops Orchestra", "Arturo Toscanini", "NBC Symphony Orchestra", "RCA Victor", "Seattle Symphony", "Harry James", "Aragon Ballroom in Chicago", "Columbia", "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer", "An American in Paris", "Gene Kelly", "Leslie Caron", "Vincente Minnelli", "Johnny Green", "New York Philharmonic", "Artur Rodziński", "Leonard Bernstein" ], "href": [ "George%20Gershwin", "Walter%20Damrosch", "Rhapsody%20in%20Blue", "celesta", "Carnegie%20Hall", "New%20York%20Philharmonic", "Deems%20Taylor", "Maurice%20Ravel", "E.%20Robert%20Schmitz", "%C3%89va%20Gauthier", "Ira%20Gershwin", "Nadia%20Boulanger", "Rhapsody%20in%20Blue", "Ezra%20Pound", "W.%20B.%20Yeats", "Ernest%20Hemingway", "Pablo%20Picasso", "Musical%20America", "Ternary%20form", "Claude%20Debussy", "Les%20Six", "Blues", "twelve-bar%20blues", "flute", "piccolo", "oboe", "English%20horn", "clarinet", "soprano%20clarinet", "bass%20clarinet", "bassoon", "French%20horn", "trumpet", "trombone", "tuba", "timpani", "snare%20drum", "bass%20drum", "Triangle%20%28musical%20instrument%29", "wood%20block", "Ratchet%20%28instrument%29", "cymbal", "Tom-tom%20drum", "xylophone", "glockenspiel", "celesta", "vehicle%20horn", "alto%20saxophone", "soprano%20saxophone", "tenor%20saxophone", "baritone%20saxophone", "String%20section", "Jack%20Gibbons", "William%20Merrigan%20Daly", "Concerto%20in%20F%20%28Gershwin%29", "C%C3%A9sar%20Franck", "Richard%20Wagner", "Guillaume%20Lekeu", "Historical%20editions%20%28music%29", "Library%20of%20Congress", "University%20of%20Michigan", "urtext%20edition", "RCA%20Victor", "Nathaniel%20Shilkret", "RCA%20Victor%20Symphony%20Orchestra", "Philadelphia%20Orchestra", "celesta", "Arthur%20Fiedler", "Boston%20Pops%20Orchestra", "Arturo%20Toscanini", "NBC%20Symphony%20Orchestra", "RCA%20Victor", "Seattle%20Symphony", "Harry%20James", "Aragon%20Ballroom%20%28Chicago%29", "Columbia%20Records", "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer", "An%20American%20in%20Paris%20%28film%29", "Gene%20Kelly", "Leslie%20Caron", "Vincente%20Minnelli", "Johnny%20Green", "New%20York%20Philharmonic", "Artur%20Rodzi%C5%84ski", "Leonard%20Bernstein" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "George Gershwin", "Walter Damrosch", "Rhapsody in Blue", "Celesta", "Carnegie Hall", "New York Philharmonic", "Deems Taylor", "Maurice Ravel", "E. Robert Schmitz", "Éva Gauthier", "Ira Gershwin", "Nadia Boulanger", "Rhapsody in Blue", "Ezra Pound", "W. B. Yeats", "Ernest Hemingway", "Pablo Picasso", "Musical America", "Ternary form", "Claude Debussy", "Les Six", "Blues", "Twelve-bar blues", "Flute", "Piccolo", "Oboe", "Cor anglais", "Clarinet", "Soprano clarinet", "Bass clarinet", "Bassoon", "French horn", "Trumpet", "Trombone", "Tuba", "Timpani", "Snare drum", "Bass drum", "Triangle (musical instrument)", "Wood block", "Ratchet (instrument)", "Cymbal", "Tom-tom drum", "Xylophone", "Glockenspiel", "Celesta", "Vehicle horn", "Alto saxophone", "Soprano saxophone", "Tenor saxophone", "Baritone saxophone", "String section", "Jack Gibbons", "William Merrigan Daly", "Concerto in F (Gershwin)", "César Franck", "Richard Wagner", "Guillaume Lekeu", "Historical editions (music)", "Library of Congress", "University of Michigan", "Urtext edition", "RCA Records", "Nathaniel Shilkret", "RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra", "Philadelphia Orchestra", "Celesta", "Arthur Fiedler", "Boston Pops Orchestra", "Arturo Toscanini", "NBC Symphony Orchestra", "RCA Records", "Seattle Symphony", "Harry James", "Aragon Ballroom (Chicago)", "Columbia Records", "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer", "An American in Paris (film)", "Gene Kelly", "Leslie Caron", "Vincente Minnelli", "Johnny Green", "New York Philharmonic", "Artur Rodziński", "Leonard Bernstein" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "13066", "2402349", "152506", "52875", "169321", "88849", "917876", "48068", "16837878", "12567981", "15489", "466207", "152506", "44203", "33684", "9428", "24176", "27689663", "104543", "6260", "144057", "3352", "30603", "10553", "82848", "22206", "87950", "6433", "975498", "399942", "4207", "11456", "30353", "29837", "30961", "140758", "27188", "42279", "159494", "306682", "546085", "5671", "23788331", "52867", "52873", "52875", "25409626", "556372", "954691", "926172", "926360", "10696096", "1558042", "38349185", "591777", "292471", "25452", "2520726", "10912741", "18944081", "31740", "324994", "177256", "1178548", "21743068", "156272", "52875", "284290", "200414", "153560", "150698", "177256", "155538", "189700", "15974459", "165108", "58819", "1587300", "12209", "17505", "414384", "3634591", "88849", "1255949", "43282" ] }

{ "description": "symphonic tone poem by George Gershwin", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q853997", "wikidata_label": "An American in Paris", "wikipedia_title": "An American in Paris", "aliases": { "alias": [] } }

{ "pageid": 309, "parentid": 908060611, "revid": 908061778, "pre_dump": true, "timestamp": "2019-07-27T05:16:43Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An%20American%20in%20Paris&oldid=908061778" }

{ "paragraph": [ "International Atomic Time\n", "International Atomic Time (TAI, from the French name ) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid. It is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time (with a fixed offset of epoch). It is also the basis for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface. , when another leap second was added, TAI is exactly 37 seconds ahead of UTC. The 37 seconds results from the initial difference of 10 seconds at the start of 1972, plus 27 leap seconds in UTC since 1972.\n", "TAI may be reported using traditional means of specifying days, carried over from non-uniform time standards based on the rotation of the Earth. Specifically, both Julian Dates and the Gregorian calendar are used. TAI in this form was synchronised with Universal Time at the beginning of 1958, and the two have drifted apart ever since, due to the changing motion of the Earth.\n", "Section::::Operation.\n", "TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 400 atomic clocks in over 50 national laboratories worldwide. The majority of the clocks involved are caesium clocks; the International System of Units (SI) definition of the second is based on caesium. The clocks are compared using GPS signals and two-way satellite time and frequency transfer. Due to the signal averaging TAI is an order of magnitude more stable than its best constituent clock.\n", "The participating institutions each broadcast, in real time, a frequency signal with timecodes, which is their estimate of TAI. Time codes are usually published in the form of UTC, which differs from TAI by a well-known integer number of seconds. These time scales are denoted in the form \"UTC(NPL)\" in the UTC form, where \"NPL\" in this case identifies the National Physical Laboratory, UK. The TAI form may be denoted \"TAI(NPL)\". The latter is not to be confused with \"TA(NPL)\", which denotes an independent atomic time scale, not synchronised to TAI or to anything else.\n", "The clocks at different institutions are regularly compared against each other. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, France), combines these measurements to retrospectively calculate the weighted average that forms the most stable time scale possible. This combined time scale is published monthly in \"Circular T\", and is the canonical TAI. This time scale is expressed in the form of tables of differences UTC − UTC(\"k\") (equivalent to TAI − TAI(\"k\")) for each participating institution \"k\". The same circular also gives tables of TAI − TA(\"k\"), for the various unsynchronised atomic time scales.\n", "Errors in publication may be corrected by issuing a revision of the faulty Circular T or by errata in a subsequent Circular T. Aside from this, once published in Circular T, the TAI scale is not revised. In hindsight it is possible to discover errors in TAI, and to make better estimates of the true proper time scale. Since the published circulars are definitive, better estimates do not create another version of TAI; it is instead considered to be creating a better realisation of Terrestrial Time (TT).\n", "Section::::History.\n", "Early atomic time scales consisted of quartz clocks with frequencies calibrated by a single atomic clock; the atomic clocks were not operated continuously. Atomic timekeeping services started experimentally in 1955, using the first caesium atomic clock at the National Physical Laboratory, UK (NPL). It was used as a basis for calibrating the quartz clocks at the Royal Greenwich Observatory and to establish a time scale, called Greenwich Atomic (GA). The United States Naval Observatory began the A.1 scale on 13 September 1956, using an Atomichron commercial atomic clock, followed by the NBS-A scale at the National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado on 9 October 1957.\n", "The International Time Bureau (BIH) began a time scale, T or AM, in July 1955, using both local caesium clocks and comparisons to distant clocks using the phase of VLF radio signals. The BIH scale, A.1, and NBS-A were defined by an epoch at the beginning of 1958 The procedures used by the BIH evolved, and the name for the time scale changed: \"A3\" in 1964 and \"TA(BIH)\" in 1969.\n", "The SI second was defined in terms of the caesium atom in 1967. From 1971 to 1975 the General Conference on Weights and Measures and the International Committee for Weights and Measures made a series of decisions which designated the BIPM time scale International Atomic Time (TAI). \n", "In the 1970s, it became clear that the clocks participating in TAI were ticking at different rates due to gravitational time dilation, and the combined TAI scale therefore corresponded to an average of the altitudes of the various clocks. Starting from Julian Date 2443144.5 (1 January 1977 00:00:00), corrections were applied to the output of all participating clocks, so that TAI would correspond to proper time at mean sea level (the geoid). Because the clocks were, on average, well above sea level, this meant that TAI slowed down, by about one part in a trillion. The former uncorrected time scale continues to be published, under the name \"EAL\" (\"Echelle Atomique Libre\", meaning \"Free Atomic Scale\").\n", "The instant that the gravitational correction started to be applied serves as the epoch for Barycentric Coordinate Time (TCB), Geocentric Coordinate Time (TCG), and Terrestrial Time (TT), which represent three fundamental time scales in the solar system. All three of these time scales were defined to read JD 2443144.5003725 (1 January 1977 00:00:32.184) exactly at that instant. TAI was henceforth a realisation of TT, with the equation TT(TAI) = TAI + 32.184 s.\n", "The continued existence of TAI was questioned in a 2007 letter from the BIPM to the ITU-R which stated, \"In the case of a redefinition of UTC without leap seconds, the CCTF would consider discussing the possibility of suppressing TAI, as it would remain parallel to the continuous UTC.\"\n", "Section::::Relation to UTC.\n", "UTC is a discontinuous time scale. It is regularly adjusted by leap seconds. Between these adjustments it is composed from segments that are linear transformations of atomic time. From its beginning in 1961 through December 1971 the adjustments were made regularly in fractional leap seconds so that UTC approximated UT2. Afterwards these adjustments were made only in whole seconds to approximate UT1. This was a compromise arrangement in order to enable a publicly broadcast time scale; the post-1971 more linear transformation of the BIH's atomic time meant that the time scale would be more stable and easier to synchronize internationally. The fact that it continues to approximate UT1 means that tasks such as navigation which require a source of Universal Time continue to be well served by the public broadcast of UTC.\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Clock synchronization\n", "BULLET::::- Network Time Protocol\n", "BULLET::::- Precision Time Protocol\n", "BULLET::::- Time and frequency transfer\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures: TAI\n", "BULLET::::- Time and Frequency Section - National Physical Laboratory, UK\n", "BULLET::::- IERS website\n", "BULLET::::- NIST Web Clock FAQs\n", "BULLET::::- History of time scales\n", "BULLET::::- NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock\n", "BULLET::::- Japan Standard Time Project, NICT, Japan\n", "BULLET::::- Standard of time definition: UTC, GPS, LORAN and TAI\n" ] }

{ "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 16, 16, 16, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 ], "start": [ 82, 93, 140, 155, 163, 205, 246, 394, 164, 185, 253, 9, 55, 153, 173, 226, 245, 284, 300, 358, 385, 50, 85, 357, 84, 345, 484, 38, 260, 364, 457, 540, 611, 641, 4, 164, 232, 86, 137, 106, 417, 437, 92, 127, 165, 9, 317, 398, 716, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "end": [ 92, 106, 151, 160, 168, 221, 251, 405, 175, 203, 267, 25, 67, 166, 202, 232, 252, 287, 345, 374, 403, 59, 93, 389, 128, 354, 500, 50, 298, 391, 488, 550, 639, 658, 29, 167, 237, 128, 185, 133, 431, 442, 119, 153, 181, 22, 320, 401, 726, 33, 33, 35, 39 ], "text": [ "coordinate", "time standard", "proper time", "Earth", "geoid", "Terrestrial Time", "epoch", "leap second", "Julian Date", "Gregorian calendar", "Universal Time", "weighted average", "atomic clock", "caesium clock", "International System of Units", "second", "caesium", "GPS", "two-way satellite time and frequency transfer", "signal averaging", "order of magnitude", "real time", "timecode", "National Physical Laboratory, UK", "International Bureau of Weights and Measures", "canonical", "Terrestrial Time", "quartz clock", "National Physical Laboratory, UK (NPL)", "Royal Greenwich Observatory", "United States Naval Observatory", "Atomichron", "National Bureau of Standards", "Boulder, Colorado", "International Time Bureau", "VLF", "epoch", "General Conference on Weights and Measures", "International Committee for Weights and Measures", "gravitational time dilation", "mean sea level", "geoid", "Barycentric Coordinate Time", "Geocentric Coordinate Time", "Terrestrial Time", "discontinuous", "UT2", "UT1", "navigation", "Clock synchronization", "Network Time Protocol", "Precision Time Protocol", "Time and frequency transfer" ], "href": [ "coordinate%20time", "time%20standard", "proper%20time", "Earth", "geoid", "Terrestrial%20Time", "epoch%20%28astronomy%29", "leap%20second", "Julian%20Date", "Gregorian%20calendar", "Universal%20Time", "weighted%20average", "atomic%20clock", "caesium%20clock", "International%20System%20of%20Units", "second", "caesium", "Global%20Positioning%20System", "two-way%20satellite%20time%20and%20frequency%20transfer", "signal%20averaging", "order%20of%20magnitude", "real-time%20data", "timecode", "National%20Physical%20Laboratory%2C%20UK", "International%20Bureau%20of%20Weights%20and%20Measures", "canonical%20form", "Terrestrial%20Time", "quartz%20clock", "National%20Physical%20Laboratory%20%28United%20Kingdom%29", "Royal%20Greenwich%20Observatory", "United%20States%20Naval%20Observatory", "Atomichron", "National%20Bureau%20of%20Standards", "Boulder%2C%20Colorado", "International%20Time%20Bureau", "VLF", "Epoch%20%28date%20reference%29", "General%20Conference%20on%20Weights%20and%20Measures", "International%20Committee%20for%20Weights%20and%20Measures", "gravitational%20time%20dilation", "mean%20sea%20level", "geoid", "Barycentric%20Coordinate%20Time", "Geocentric%20Coordinate%20Time", "Terrestrial%20Time", "discontinuous", "UT2", "UT1", "navigation", "Clock%20synchronization", "Network%20Time%20Protocol", "Precision%20Time%20Protocol", "Time%20and%20frequency%20transfer" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Coordinate time", "Time standard", "Proper time", "Earth", "Geoid", "Terrestrial Time", "Epoch (astronomy)", "Leap second", "Julian day", "Gregorian calendar", "Universal Time", "Weighted arithmetic mean", "Atomic clock", "Caesium standard", "International System of Units", "Second", "Caesium", "Global Positioning System", "Two-way satellite time and frequency transfer", "Signal averaging", "Order of magnitude", "Real-time data", "Timecode", "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)", "International Bureau of Weights and Measures", "Canonical form", "Terrestrial Time", "Quartz clock", "National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)", "Royal Observatory, Greenwich", "United States Naval Observatory", "Atomichron", "National Institute of Standards and Technology", "Boulder, Colorado", "International Time Bureau", "Very low frequency", "Epoch", "General Conference on Weights and Measures", "International Committee for Weights and Measures", "Gravitational time dilation", "Sea level", "Geoid", "Barycentric Coordinate Time", "Geocentric Coordinate Time", "Terrestrial Time", "Classification of discontinuities", "Universal Time", "Universal Time", "Navigation", "Clock synchronization", "Network Time Protocol", "Precision Time Protocol", "Time and frequency transfer" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "3434833", "41799", "494418", "9228", "176244", "31016", "200006", "18472", "38007", "23306251", "41835", "33274", "25453985", "40858", "26764", "26873", "5879", "11866", "23737949", "22564667", "22657", "4169615", "47697", "250381", "4739", "515096", "31016", "21304320", "250381", "43989", "43596", "17070368", "21888", "94341", "5833628", "160505", "41113", "7339", "1018993", "852089", "62529", "176244", "345322", "345332", "31016", "2661487", "41835", "41835", "21854", "1182359", "159886", "2142269", "144485" ] }

{ "description": "time standard", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q119395", "wikidata_label": "International Atomic Time", "wikipedia_title": "International Atomic Time", "aliases": { "alias": [ "TAI" ] } }

{ "pageid": 334, "parentid": 905687957, "revid": 905694249, "pre_dump": true, "timestamp": "2019-07-10T19:22:48Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International%20Atomic%20Time&oldid=905694249" }

{ "paragraph": [ "Alain Connes\n", "Alain Connes (; born 1 April 1947) is a French mathematician, currently Professor at the Collège de France, IHÉS, Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University. He was an Invited Professor at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (2000).\n", "Section::::Work.\n", "Alain Connes studies operator algebras. In his early work on von Neumann algebras in the 1970s, he succeeded in obtaining the almost complete classification of injective factors. He also formulated the Connes embedding problem. Following this, he made contributions in operator K-theory and index theory, which culminated in the Baum–Connes conjecture. He also introduced cyclic cohomology in the early 1980s as a first step in the study of noncommutative differential geometry. He was a member of Bourbaki.\n", "Connes has applied his work in areas of mathematics and theoretical physics, including number theory, differential geometry and particle physics.\n", "Section::::Awards and honours.\n", "Connes was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982, the Crafoord Prize in 2001\n", "Section::::Books.\n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes and Matilde Marcolli, \"Noncommutative Geometry, Quantum Fields and Motives\", Colloquium Publications, American Mathematical Society, 2007, \n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes, Andre Lichnerowicz, and Marcel Paul Schutzenberger, \"Triangle of Thought\", translated by Jennifer Gage, American Mathematical Society, 2001,\n", "BULLET::::- Jean-Pierre Changeux, and Alain Connes, \"Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathematics\", translated by M. B. DeBevoise, Princeton University Press, 1998,\n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes, \"Noncommutative Geometry\", Academic Press, 1994,\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Bost–Connes system\n", "BULLET::::- Cyclic homology\n", "BULLET::::- Factor (functional analysis)\n", "BULLET::::- Higgs boson\n", "BULLET::::- C*-algebra\n", "BULLET::::- M-theory\n", "BULLET::::- Groupoid\n", "BULLET::::- Criticism of non-standard analysis\n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes Official Web Site containing downloadable papers, and his book \"Non-commutative geometry\", .\n", "BULLET::::- Alain Connes' Standard Model\n", "BULLET::::- An interview with Alain Connes and a discussion about it\n" ] }

{ "paragraph_id": [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 ], "start": [ 89, 108, 114, 140, 198, 21, 61, 170, 202, 269, 291, 329, 372, 441, 498, 56, 87, 102, 128, 23, 49, 29, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "end": [ 106, 112, 135, 161, 240, 37, 80, 176, 226, 286, 303, 351, 389, 477, 506, 75, 100, 123, 144, 35, 63, 45, 32, 30, 27, 40, 23, 22, 20, 20, 46 ], "text": [ "Collège de France", "IHÉS", "Ohio State University", "Vanderbilt University", "Conservatoire national des arts et métiers", "operator algebra", "von Neumann algebra", "factor", "Connes embedding problem", "operator K-theory", "index theory", "Baum–Connes conjecture", "cyclic cohomology", "noncommutative differential geometry", "Bourbaki", "theoretical physics", "number theory", "differential geometry", "particle physics", "Fields Medal", "Crafoord Prize", "Matilde Marcolli", "Jean-Pierre Changeux", "Bost–Connes system", "Cyclic homology", "Factor (functional analysis)", "Higgs boson", "C*-algebra", "M-theory", "Groupoid", "Criticism of non-standard analysis" ], "href": [ "Coll%C3%A8ge%20de%20France", "IH%C3%89S", "Ohio%20State%20University", "Vanderbilt%20University", "Conservatoire%20national%20des%20arts%20et%20m%C3%A9tiers", "operator%20algebra", "von%20Neumann%20algebra", "Von%20Neumann%20algebra%23Factors", "Connes%20embedding%20problem", "K-theory", "index%20theory", "Baum%E2%80%93Connes%20conjecture", "cyclic%20homology", "noncommutative%20geometry", "Nicolas%20Bourbaki", "theoretical%20physics", "number%20theory", "differential%20geometry", "particle%20physics", "Fields%20Medal", "Crafoord%20Prize", "Matilde%20Marcolli", "Jean-Pierre%20Changeux", "Bost%E2%80%93Connes%20system", "Cyclic%20homology", "Factor%20%28functional%20analysis%29", "Higgs%20boson", "C%2A-algebra", "M-theory", "Groupoid", "Criticism%20of%20non-standard%20analysis" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Collège de France", "Institut des hautes études scientifiques", "Ohio State University", "Vanderbilt University", "Conservatoire national des arts et métiers", "Operator algebra", "Von Neumann algebra", "Von Neumann algebra", "Connes embedding problem", "K-theory", "Atiyah–Singer index theorem", "Baum–Connes conjecture", "Cyclic homology", "Noncommutative geometry", "Nicolas Bourbaki", "Theoretical physics", "Number theory", "Differential geometry", "Particle physics", "Fields Medal", "Crafoord Prize", "Matilde Marcolli", "Jean-Pierre Changeux", "Bost–Connes system", "Cyclic homology", "Von Neumann algebra", "Higgs boson", "C*-algebra", "M-theory", "Groupoid", "Criticism of non-standard analysis" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "295691", "14527", "22217", "282250", "434493", "455987", "294185", "294185", "25228957", "246748", "324752", "11774498", "1460172", "295917", "167394", "19594028", "21527", "8625", "23259", "10859", "256390", "29213286", "1798741", "31890842", "1460172", "294185", "20556903", "7184", "20406", "12543", "19172369" ] }

{ "description": "French mathematician", "enwikiquote_title": "Alain Connes", "wikidata_id": "Q313590", "wikidata_label": "Alain Connes", "wikipedia_title": "Alain Connes", "aliases": { "alias": [] } }

{ "pageid": 340, "parentid": 902410706, "revid": 905370794, "pre_dump": true, "timestamp": "2019-07-08T18:04:25Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alain%20Connes&oldid=905370794" }

{ "paragraph": [ "Allan Dwan\n", "Allan Dwan (3 April 1885 – 28 December 1981) was a pioneering Canadian-born American motion picture director, producer, and screenwriter.\n", "Section::::Early life.\n", "Born Joseph Aloysius Dwan in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Dwan, was the younger son of commercial traveler of woolen clothing Joseph Michael Dwan (1857–1917) and his wife Mary Jane Dwan, née Hunt. The family moved to the United States when he was seven years old on 4 December 1892 by ferry from Windsor to Detroit, according to his naturalization petition of August 1939. His elder brother, Leo Garnet Dwan (1883–1964), became a physician.\n", "Allan Dwan studied engineering at the University of Notre Dame and then worked for a lighting company in Chicago. He had a strong interest in the fledgling motion picture industry, and when Essanay Studios offered him the opportunity to become a scriptwriter, he took the job. At that time, some of the East Coast movie makers began to spend winters in California where the climate allowed them to continue productions requiring warm weather. Soon, a number of movie companies worked there year-round, and in 1911, Dwan began working part-time in Hollywood. While still in New York, in 1917 he was the founding president of the East Coast chapter of the Motion Picture Directors Association.\n", "Section::::Career.\n", "Dwan operated Flying A Studios in La Mesa, California from August 1911 to July 1912. Flying A was one of the first motion pictures studios in California history. On 12 August 2011, a plaque was unveiled on the Wolff building at Third Avenue and La Mesa Boulevard commemorating Dwan and the Flying A Studios origins in La Mesa, California.\n", "After making a series of westerns and comedies, Dwan directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in several very successful movies as well as her husband, Douglas Fairbanks, notably in the acclaimed 1922 \"Robin Hood\". Dwan directed Gloria Swanson in eight feature films, and one short film made in the short-lived sound-on-film process Phonofilm. This short, also featuring Thomas Meighan and Henri de la Falaise, was produced as a joke, for the 26 April 1925 \"Lambs' Gambol\" for The Lambs, with the film showing Swanson crashing the all-male club.\n", "Following the introduction of the talkies, Dwan directed child-star Shirley Temple in \"Heidi\" (1937) and \"Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm\" (1938).\n", "Dwan helped launch the career of two other successful Hollywood directors, Victor Fleming, who went on to direct \"The Wizard of Oz\" and \"Gone With the Wind\", and Marshall Neilan, who became an actor, director, writer and producer. Over a long career spanning almost 50 years, Dwan directed 125 motion pictures, some of which were highly acclaimed, such as the 1949 box office hit, \"Sands of Iwo Jima\". He directed his last movie in 1961.\n", "He died in Los Angeles at the age of ninety-six, and is interred in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery, Mission Hills, California.\n", "Dwan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6263 Hollywood Boulevard.\n", "Daniel Eagan of \"Film Journal International\" described Dwan as one of the early pioneers of cinema, stating that his style \"is so basic as to seem invisible, but he treats his characters with uncommon sympathy and compassion.\"\n", "Section::::Partial filmography as director.\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gold Lust\" (1911)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Picket Guard\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Restless Spirit\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Back to Life\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bloodhounds of the North\" (1913)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lie\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Honor of the Mounted\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Remember Mary Magdalen\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Discord and Harmony\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Embezzler\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The End of the Feud\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Tragedy of Whispering Creek\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Unlawful Trade\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Forbidden Room\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Hopes of Blind Alley\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Richelieu\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wildflower\" (1914)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Small Town Girl\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"David Harum\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Girl of Yesterday\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Pretty Sister of Jose\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Jordan Is a Hard Road\" (1915)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Betty of Graystone\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Habit of Happiness\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Good Bad Man\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"An Innocent Magdalene\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Half-Breed\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manhattan Madness\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Accusing Evidence\" (1916)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Panthea\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Modern Musketeer\" (1917)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Bound in Morocco\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Headin' South\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Mr. Fix-It\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"He Comes Up Smiling\" (1918)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cheating Cheaters\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Dark Star\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Getting Mary Married\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Soldiers of Fortune\" (1919)\n", "BULLET::::- \"In The Heart of a Fool\" (1920) also producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Forbidden Thing\" (1920) also producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Splendid Hazard\" (1920)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Perfect Crime\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Sin of Martha Queed\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"A Broken Doll\" (1921)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Robin Hood\" (1922)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Zaza\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Big Brother\" (1923)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Manhandled\" (1924)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Argentine Love\" (1924)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Coast of Folly\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Night Life of New York\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Stage Struck\" (1925)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Gloria Swanson Dialogue\" (1925) short film made in Phonofilm for The Lambs annual \"Gambol\" held at Metropolitan Opera House\n", "BULLET::::- \"Padlocked\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sea Horses\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Summer Bachelors\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tin Gods\" (1926)\n", "BULLET::::- \"French Dressing\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Joy Girl\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"East Side, West Side\" (1927)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Big Noise\" (1928)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frozen Justice\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Iron Mask\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tide of Empire\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Far Call\" (1929)\n", "BULLET::::- \"What a Widow!\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Man to Man\" (1930)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Chances\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wicked\" (1931)\n", "BULLET::::- \"While Paris Sleeps\" (1932)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Counsel's Opinion\" (1933)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Black Sheep\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Navy Wife\" (1935)\n", "BULLET::::- \"High Tension\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"15 Maiden Lane\" (1936)\n", "BULLET::::- \"One Mile from Heaven\" (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Heidi\" (1937)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm\" (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Suez\" (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Josette\" (1938)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Three Musketeers\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Gorilla\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Frontier Marshal\" (1939)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sailor's Lady\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Young People\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Trail of the Vigilantes\" (1940)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Look Who's Laughing\" (1941) also producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rise and Shine\" (1941)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Friendly Enemies\" (1942)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Around the World\" (1943) also producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"Up in Mabel's Room\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Abroad with Two Yanks\" (1944)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Getting Gertie's Garter\" (1945) also screenwriter\n", "BULLET::::- \"Brewster's Millions\" (1945)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rendezvous with Annie\" (1946)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Driftwood\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Calendar Girl\" (1947)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Northwest Outpost\" (1947) also associate producer\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Inside Story\" (1948)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Angel in Exile\" (1948) (with Philip Ford)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sands of Iwo Jima\" (1949)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Surrender\" (1950)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Belle Le Grand\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Wild Blue Yonder\" (1951)\n", "BULLET::::- \"I Dream of Jeanie\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Montana Belle\" (1952)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Woman They Almost Lynched\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Sweethearts on Parade\" (1953)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Silver Lode\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Passion\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Cattle Queen of Montana\" (1954)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Tennessee's Partner\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Pearl of the South Pacific\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Escape to Burma\" (1955)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Slightly Scarlet\" (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Hold Back the Night\" (1956)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The Restless Breed\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"The River's Edge\" (1957)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Enchanted Island\" (1958)\n", "BULLET::::- \"Most Dangerous Man Alive\" (1961)\n", "Section::::See also.\n", "BULLET::::- Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood\n", "Section::::Further reading.\n", "BULLET::::- Brownlow, Kevin, \"The Parade's Gone By...\" (1968)\n", "BULLET::::- Bogdanovich, Peter, \"Allan Dwan: The Last Pioneer\" (1971)\n", "BULLET::::- Foster, Charles, \"Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood\" (2000)\n", "BULLET::::- Lombardi, Frederic, \"Allan Dwan and the Rise and Decline of the Hollywood Studios\" (2013)\n", "Print E-book \n", "Section::::External links.\n", "BULLET::::- Allan Dwan profile, virtual-history.com; accessed 16 June 2014\n" ] }

{ "paragraph_id": [ 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 69, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 141, 142 ], "start": [ 29, 190, 303, 654, 14, 34, 290, 318, 87, 159, 209, 236, 340, 378, 397, 484, 34, 68, 87, 106, 75, 114, 137, 162, 382, 72, 103, 23, 54, 17, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 64, 78, 112, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 42, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 13, 12, 12, 12, 12 ], "end": [ 36, 205, 313, 690, 30, 53, 306, 337, 100, 176, 219, 250, 349, 392, 416, 493, 41, 82, 92, 132, 89, 130, 155, 177, 399, 101, 128, 45, 73, 43, 32, 25, 37, 20, 37, 37, 35, 32, 26, 42, 32, 44, 31, 31, 37, 22, 23, 30, 24, 32, 38, 34, 35, 29, 34, 27, 30, 20, 31, 29, 26, 23, 32, 30, 26, 33, 32, 35, 32, 30, 28, 36, 26, 23, 17, 24, 23, 27, 31, 35, 25, 73, 87, 136, 22, 23, 29, 21, 28, 25, 33, 26, 27, 26, 27, 25, 26, 23, 19, 31, 30, 24, 22, 25, 27, 33, 18, 39, 17, 20, 33, 24, 29, 26, 25, 36, 32, 27, 29, 29, 31, 34, 36, 32, 34, 22, 26, 30, 29, 27, 53, 30, 22, 27, 29, 30, 26, 38, 34, 24, 20, 36, 32, 39, 28, 29, 32, 31, 29, 29, 37, 48, 27, 30, 27 ], "text": [ "Toronto", "Essanay Studios", "East Coast", "Motion Picture Directors Association", "Flying A Studios", "La Mesa, California", "Flying A Studios", "La Mesa, California", "Mary Pickford", "Douglas Fairbanks", "Robin Hood", "Gloria Swanson", "Phonofilm", "Thomas Meighan", "Henri de la Falaise", "The Lambs", "talkies", "Shirley Temple", "Heidi", "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm", "Victor Fleming", "The Wizard of Oz", "Gone With the Wind", "Marshall Neilan", "Sands of Iwo Jima", "San Fernando Mission Cemetery", "Mission Hills, California", "Hollywood Walk of Fame", "Hollywood Boulevard", "Film Journal International", "The Restless Spirit", "Back to Life", "Bloodhounds of the North", "The Lie", "The Honor of the Mounted", "The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch", "Remember Mary Magdalen", "Discord and Harmony", "The Embezzler", "The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf", "The End of the Feud", "The Tragedy of Whispering Creek", "The Unlawful Trade", "The Forbidden Room", "The Hopes of Blind Alley", "Richelieu", "Wildflower", "A Small Town Girl", "David Harum", "A Girl of Yesterday", "The Pretty Sister of Jose", "Jordan Is a Hard Road", "The Habit of Happiness", "The Good Bad Man", "An Innocent Magdalene", "The Half-Breed", "Accusing Evidence", "Panthea", "A Modern Musketeer", "Bound in Morocco", "Headin' South", "Mr. Fix-It", "He Comes Up Smiling", "Cheating Cheaters", "The Dark Star", "Getting Mary Married", "Soldiers of Fortune", "In The Heart of a Fool", "The Forbidden Thing", "A Splendid Hazard", "A Perfect Crime", "The Sin of Martha Queed", "A Broken Doll", "Robin Hood", "Zaza", "Big Brother", "Manhandled", "Argentine Love", "The Coast of Folly", "Night Life of New York", "Stage Struck", "Phonofilm", "The Lambs", "Metropolitan Opera House", "Padlocked", "Sea Horses", "Summer Bachelors", "Tin Gods", "French Dressing", "The Joy Girl", "East Side, West Side", "The Big Noise", "Frozen Justice", "The Iron Mask", "Tide of Empire", "The Far Call", "What a Widow!", "Man to Man", "Wicked", "While Paris Sleeps", "Counsel's Opinion", "Black Sheep", "Navy Wife", "High Tension", "15 Maiden Lane", "One Mile from Heaven", "Heidi", "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm", "Suez", "Josette", "The Three Musketeers", "The Gorilla", "Frontier Marshal", "Sailor's Lady", "Young People", "Trail of the Vigilantes", "Look Who's Laughing", "Rise and Shine", "Friendly Enemies", "Around the World", "Up in Mabel's Room", "Abroad with Two Yanks", "Getting Gertie's Garter", "Brewster's Millions", "Rendezvous with Annie", "Driftwood", "Calendar Girl", "Northwest Outpost", "The Inside Story", "Angel in Exile", "Philip Ford", "Sands of Iwo Jima", "Surrender", "Belle Le Grand", "Wild Blue Yonder", "I Dream of Jeanie", "Montana Belle", "Woman They Almost Lynched", "Sweethearts on Parade", "Silver Lode", "Passion", "Cattle Queen of Montana", "Tennessee's Partner", "Pearl of the South Pacific", "Escape to Burma", "Slightly Scarlet", "Hold Back the Night", "The Restless Breed", "The River's Edge", "Enchanted Island", "Most Dangerous Man Alive", "Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood", "Brownlow, Kevin", "Bogdanovich, Peter", "Foster, Charles" ], "href": [ "Toronto", "Essanay%20Studios", "East%20Coast%20of%20the%20United%20States", "Motion%20Picture%20Directors%20Association", "Flying%20A%20Studios", "La%20Mesa%2C%20California", "Flying%20A%20Studios", "La%20Mesa%2C%20California", "Mary%20Pickford", "Douglas%20Fairbanks", "Robin%20Hood%20%281922%20film%29", "Gloria%20Swanson", "Phonofilm", "Thomas%20Meighan", "Henri%20de%20la%20Falaise", "The%20Lambs", "sound%20film", "Shirley%20Temple", "Heidi%20%281937%20film%29", "Rebecca%20of%20Sunnybrook%20Farm%20%281938%20film%29", "Victor%20Fleming", "The%20Wizard%20of%20Oz%20%281939%20film%29", "Gone%20with%20the%20Wind%20%28film%29", "Marshall%20Neilan", "Sands%20of%20Iwo%20Jima", "San%20Fernando%20Mission%20Cemetery", "Mission%20Hills%2C%20California", "Hollywood%20Walk%20of%20Fame", "Hollywood%20Boulevard", "Film%20Journal%20International", "The%20Restless%20Spirit", "Back%20to%20Life%20%281913%20film%29", "Bloodhounds%20of%20the%20North", "The%20Lie%20%281914%20film%29", "The%20Honor%20of%20the%20Mounted", "The%20Unwelcome%20Mrs.%20Hatch", "Remember%20Mary%20Magdalen", "Discord%20and%20Harmony", "The%20Embezzler%20%281914%20film%29", "The%20Lamb%2C%20the%20Woman%2C%20the%20Wolf", "The%20End%20of%20the%20Feud", "The%20Tragedy%20of%20Whispering%20Creek", "The%20Unlawful%20Trade", "The%20Forbidden%20Room%20%281914%20film%29", "The%20Hopes%20of%20Blind%20Alley", "Richelieu%20%28film%29", "Wildflower%20%281914%20film%29", "A%20Small%20Town%20Girl", "David%20Harum%20%281915%20film%29", "A%20Girl%20of%20Yesterday", "The%20Pretty%20Sister%20of%20Jose%20%281915%20film%29", "Jordan%20Is%20a%20Hard%20Road", "The%20Habit%20of%20Happiness", "The%20Good%20Bad%20Man", "An%20Innocent%20Magdalene", "The%20Half-Breed%20%281916%20film%29", "Accusing%20Evidence", "Panthea%20%281917%20film%29", "A%20Modern%20Musketeer", "Bound%20in%20Morocco", "Headin%27%20South", "Mr.%20Fix-It%20%281918%20film%29", "He%20Comes%20Up%20Smiling", "Cheating%20Cheaters%20%281919%20film%29", "The%20Dark%20Star%20%281919%20film%29", "Getting%20Mary%20Married", "Soldiers%20of%20Fortune%20%281919%20film%29", "In%20The%20Heart%20of%20a%20Fool", "The%20Forbidden%20Thing", "A%20Splendid%20Hazard%20%281920%29", "A%20Perfect%20Crime", "The%20Sin%20of%20Martha%20Queed", "A%20Broken%20Doll", "Robin%20Hood%20%281922%20film%29", "Zaza%20%281923%20film%29", "Big%20Brother%20%281923%20film%29", "Manhandled%20%281924%20film%29", "Argentine%20Love", "The%20Coast%20of%20Folly", "Night%20Life%20of%20New%20York", "Stage%20Struck%20%281925%20film%29", "Phonofilm", "The%20Lambs", "Metropolitan%20Opera%20House%20%2839th%20Street%29", "Padlocked", "Sea%20Horses", "Summer%20Bachelors", "Tin%20Gods", "French%20Dressing%20%281927%20film%29", "The%20Joy%20Girl", "East%20Side%2C%20West%20Side%20%281927%20film%29", "The%20Big%20Noise%20%281928%20film%29", "Frozen%20Justice", "The%20Iron%20Mask", "Tide%20of%20Empire", "The%20Far%20Call", "What%20a%20Widow%21", "Man%20to%20Man%20%281930%20film%29", "Wicked%20%281931%20film%29", "While%20Paris%20Sleeps%20%281932%20film%29", "Counsel%27s%20Opinion", "Black%20Sheep%20%281935%20film%29", "Navy%20Wife%20%281935%20film%29", "High%20Tension%20%281936%20film%29", "15%20Maiden%20Lane", "One%20Mile%20from%20Heaven", "Heidi%20%281937%20film%29", "Rebecca%20of%20Sunnybrook%20Farm%20%281938%20film%29", "Suez%20%28film%29", "Josette%20%281938%20film%29", "The%20Three%20Musketeers%20%281939%20film%29", "The%20Gorilla%20%281939%20film%29", "Frontier%20Marshal%20%281939%20film%29", "Sailor%27s%20Lady", "Young%20People%20%281940%20film%29", "Trail%20of%20the%20Vigilantes", "Look%20Who%27s%20Laughing", "Rise%20and%20Shine%20%28film%29", "Friendly%20Enemies", "Around%20the%20World%20%281943%20film%29", "Up%20in%20Mabel%27s%20Room%20%281944%20film%29", "Abroad%20with%20Two%20Yanks", "Getting%20Gertie%27s%20Garter", "Brewster%27s%20Millions%20%281945%20film%29", "Rendezvous%20with%20Annie", "Driftwood%20%281947%20film%29", "Calendar%20Girl%20%281947%20film%29", "Northwest%20Outpost", "The%20Inside%20Story%20%28film%29", "Angel%20in%20Exile", "Philip%20Ford%20%28film%20director%29", "Sands%20of%20Iwo%20Jima", "Surrender%20%281950%20film%29", "Belle%20Le%20Grand", "Wild%20Blue%20Yonder%20%28film%29", "I%20Dream%20of%20Jeanie%20%28film%29", "Montana%20Belle", "Woman%20They%20Almost%20Lynched", "Sweethearts%20on%20Parade", "Silver%20Lode%20%281954%20film%29", "Passion%20%281954%20film%29", "Cattle%20Queen%20of%20Montana", "Tennessee%27s%20Partner", "Pearl%20of%20the%20South%20Pacific", "Escape%20to%20Burma", "Slightly%20Scarlet%20%281956%20film%29", "Hold%20Back%20the%20Night%20%28film%29", "The%20Restless%20Breed", "The%20River%27s%20Edge", "Enchanted%20Island%20%28film%29", "Most%20Dangerous%20Man%20Alive", "Canadian%20pioneers%20in%20early%20Hollywood", "Kevin%20Brownlow", "Peter%20Bogdanovich", "Charles%20Foster%20%28writer%29" ], "wikipedia_title": [ "Toronto", "Essanay Studios", "East Coast of the United States", "Motion Picture Directors Association", "American Film Manufacturing Company", "La Mesa, California", "American Film Manufacturing Company", "La Mesa, California", "Mary Pickford", "Douglas Fairbanks", "Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood", "Gloria Swanson", "Phonofilm", "Thomas Meighan", "Henry de La Falaise", "The Lambs", "Sound film", "Shirley Temple", "Heidi (1937 film)", "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938 film)", "Victor Fleming", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)", "Gone with the Wind (film)", "Marshall Neilan", "Sands of Iwo Jima", "San Fernando Mission Cemetery", "Mission Hills, California", "Hollywood Walk of Fame", "Hollywood Boulevard", "Film Journal International", "The Restless Spirit", "Back to Life (1913 film)", "Bloodhounds of the North", "The Lie (1914 film)", "The Honor of the Mounted", "The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch", "Remember Mary Magdalen", "Discord and Harmony", "The Embezzler (1914 film)", "The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf", "The End of the Feud", "The Tragedy of Whispering Creek", "The Unlawful Trade", "The Forbidden Room (1914 film)", "The Hopes of Blind Alley", "Richelieu (film)", "Wildflower (1914 film)", "A Small Town Girl", "David Harum (1915 film)", "A Girl of Yesterday", "The Pretty Sister of Jose (1915 film)", "Jordan Is a Hard Road", "The Habit of Happiness", "The Good Bad-Man", "An Innocent Magdalene", "The Half-Breed (1916 film)", "Accusing Evidence", "Panthea (1917 film)", "A Modern Musketeer", "Bound in Morocco", "Headin' South", "Mr. Fix-It", "He Comes Up Smiling", "Cheating Cheaters (1919 film)", "The Dark Star (1919 film)", "Getting Mary Married", "Soldiers of Fortune (1919 film)", "In the Heart of a Fool", "The Forbidden Thing", "A Splendid Hazard", "A Perfect Crime", "The Sin of Martha Queed", "A Broken Doll", "Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood", "Zaza (1923 film)", "Big Brother (1923 film)", "Manhandled (1924 film)", "Argentine Love", "The Coast of Folly", "Night Life of New York", "Stage Struck (1925 film)", "Phonofilm", "The Lambs", "Metropolitan Opera House (39th Street)", "Padlocked", "Sea Horses", "Summer Bachelors", "Tin Gods", "French Dressing (1927 film)", "The Joy Girl", "East Side, West Side (1927 film)", "The Big Noise (1928 film)", "Frozen Justice", "The Iron Mask", "Tide of Empire", "The Far Call", "What a Widow!", "Man to Man (1930 film)", "Wicked (1931 film)", "While Paris Sleeps (1932 film)", "Counsel's Opinion", "Black Sheep (1935 film)", "Navy Wife (1935 film)", "High Tension (1936 film)", "15 Maiden Lane", "One Mile from Heaven", "Heidi (1937 film)", "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938 film)", "Suez (film)", "Josette (1938 film)", "The Three Musketeers (1939 film)", "The Gorilla (1939 film)", "Frontier Marshal (1939 film)", "Sailor's Lady", "Young People (1940 film)", "Trail of the Vigilantes", "Look Who's Laughing", "Rise and Shine (film)", "Friendly Enemies", "Around the World (1943 film)", "Up in Mabel's Room (1944 film)", "Abroad with Two Yanks", "Getting Gertie's Garter", "Brewster's Millions (1945 film)", "Rendezvous with Annie", "Driftwood (1947 film)", "Calendar Girl (1947 film)", "Northwest Outpost", "The Inside Story (film)", "Angel in Exile", "Philip Ford (film director)", "Sands of Iwo Jima", "Surrender (1950 film)", "Belle Le Grand", "The Wild Blue Yonder (1951 film)", "I Dream of Jeanie (film)", "Montana Belle", "Woman They Almost Lynched", "Sweethearts on Parade", "Silver Lode (film)", "Passion (1954 film)", "Cattle Queen of Montana", "Tennessee's Partner", "Pearl of the South Pacific", "Escape to Burma", "Slightly Scarlet (1956 film)", "Hold Back the Night", "The Restless Breed", "The River's Edge", "Enchanted Island (film)", "Most Dangerous Man Alive", "Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood", "Kevin Brownlow", "Peter Bogdanovich", "Charles Foster (writer)" ], "wikipedia_id": [ "64646", "189204", "89126", "1836516", "21599987", "108047", "21599987", "108047", "18823", "29818009", "1089042", "171993", "5614164", "6712860", "1315738", "7603329", "70318", "804602", "10539303", "5227373", "157822", "561315", "2804704", "3264738", "154699", "180426", "108136", "105776", "725872", "12514371", "17877680", "17956170", "17956466", "17956621", "17956857", "44766854", "17956990", "17957118", "18019954", "18019996", "18020061", "18020144", "18020227", "18020281", "18024188", "18037450", "30065780", "18056901", "36320233", "29157958", "29070623", "60494389", "35357088", "32770422", "14850587", "51992815", "18128311", "47572267", "34115178", "32490206", "15022609", "32477039", "33838268", "47864737", "53467415", "57862615", "47017331", "50729497", "61271081", "47016574", "48976792", "60813391", "61273799", "1089042", "33076497", "45286807", "32176706", "42551042", "27163420", "45318972", "27877448", "5614164", "7603329", "23380987", "45334515", "45332009", "38290231", "36562125", "39547008", "25198436", "39704999", "52487222", "34099266", "2376252", "11960580", "36285560", "38480934", "38887936", "24580945", "39900761", "28820585", "47235206", "48285311", "48023607", "9084534", "48049874", "10539303", "5227373", "17050837", "46511578", "28103347", "2109157", "9426146", "9382617", "31982675", "39720692", "26230441", "47161550", "9391540", "43873985", "31982706", "34594150", "39424363", "21388424", "39756119", "44461437", "3673598", "38131545", "48610993", "48619197", "15897806", "154699", "48662315", "48668801", "35786977", "7708618", "22834770", "45537350", "48696179", "2557050", "43926584", "9140961", "472897", "43935124", "37987914", "2381687", "30489874", "25413766", "7571304", "21774220", "53010948", "182797", "2166782", "43855", "3971240" ] }

{ "description": "film director, film producer, screenwriter", "enwikiquote_title": "", "wikidata_id": "Q959677", "wikidata_label": "Allan Dwan", "wikipedia_title": "Allan Dwan", "aliases": { "alias": [] } }

{ "pageid": 344, "parentid": 900043969, "revid": 906091463, "pre_dump": true, "timestamp": "2019-07-13T15:29:51Z", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan%20Dwan&oldid=906091463" }

{"paragraph":["Autism\n","Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with soci(...TRUNCATED)

{"paragraph_id":[1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,6,6,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,1(...TRUNCATED)

{"description":"neurodevelopmental condition","enwikiquote_title":"Autism","wikidata_id":"Q38404","w(...TRUNCATED)

{"pageid":25,"parentid":908206160,"revid":908372970,"pre_dump":true,"timestamp":"2019-07-29T09:08:56(...TRUNCATED)