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Which team did the player Jesús Tato belong to from 2007 to 2008?

/wiki/Jesús_Tato#P54#1

Jesús Tato Jesús Rodríguez Tato ( born 12 July 1983 ) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker . He is currently working as an assistant coach for an Isl club Mumbai City FC He spent most of his career in Segunda División , totalling 191 games and 35 goals in total of seven teams across nine seasons . He also competed professionally in Morocco and India . Club career . Murcia . Born in Murcia , Tato began his development at Real Murcia and concluded it at FC Barcelona , where he made his senior debut for the reserves in Tercera División . In 2004 , he returned to his hometown team in La Liga and made his professional debut on 28 March in a 2–0 home win against RCD Mallorca , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Juanma ; he made six further appearances off the bench , as the season ended with relegation . Tato scored his first professional goal on 6 May 2006 , a consolation in a 1–2 away loss against CD Castellón for the Segunda División championship . He followed it eight days later with a brace in a 3–1 victory over CD Numancia at the Estadio de La Condomina , also assisting Nacho Garro . Halfway through Murcias promotion-winning season , Tato returned to Catalonia by joining Segunda División B team UE Lleida on loan . The following campaign , he remained in the same level at AD Ceuta , helping them to the play-offs . Journeyman . In 2008 , Tato signed with neighbours FC Cartagena , and renewed his link after winning promotion to division two via the play-offs in his first season . After a second campaign at the Estadio Cartagonova he moved to Albacete Balompié , where he netted a career-best 13 goals in his only season , which ended in relegation from the second tier . Tato joined Xerez CD in June 2011 , being officially presented on 8 July and hoping to help them gain promotion to the top flight , but he left in January 2013 for fellow second division side UD Las Palmas for the same reason . He extended his contract at the latter club in the summer , after helping it to the play-offs . In February 2014 , Tato signed for Girona FC for the remainder of the season , and remained a free agent from then until September , when he joined Real Zaragoza still in the second tier . In July 2015 , Tato moved abroad for the first time in his career at the age of 32 , joining Moroccos Moghreb Tétouan alongside compatriot José Manuel Rueda . He switched to a third continent in September 2016 , signing for FC Pune City ahead of the Indian Super League season . He played all but four games for the latter , who missed out on the play-offs , and headed the opening goal of a 1–1 draw at Delhi Dynamos FC on 27 October . After retiring , Tato worked as assistant manager under his compatriot Sergio Lobera at FC Goa . On 31 January 2020 , the pair left the Fatorda Stadium .

easy

Which team did the player Jesús Tato belong to from 2008 to 2010?

/wiki/Jesús_Tato#P54#2

Jesús Tato Jesús Rodríguez Tato ( born 12 July 1983 ) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker . He is currently working as an assistant coach for an Isl club Mumbai City FC He spent most of his career in Segunda División , totalling 191 games and 35 goals in total of seven teams across nine seasons . He also competed professionally in Morocco and India . Club career . Murcia . Born in Murcia , Tato began his development at Real Murcia and concluded it at FC Barcelona , where he made his senior debut for the reserves in Tercera División . In 2004 , he returned to his hometown team in La Liga and made his professional debut on 28 March in a 2–0 home win against RCD Mallorca , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Juanma ; he made six further appearances off the bench , as the season ended with relegation . Tato scored his first professional goal on 6 May 2006 , a consolation in a 1–2 away loss against CD Castellón for the Segunda División championship . He followed it eight days later with a brace in a 3–1 victory over CD Numancia at the Estadio de La Condomina , also assisting Nacho Garro . Halfway through Murcias promotion-winning season , Tato returned to Catalonia by joining Segunda División B team UE Lleida on loan . The following campaign , he remained in the same level at AD Ceuta , helping them to the play-offs . Journeyman . In 2008 , Tato signed with neighbours FC Cartagena , and renewed his link after winning promotion to division two via the play-offs in his first season . After a second campaign at the Estadio Cartagonova he moved to Albacete Balompié , where he netted a career-best 13 goals in his only season , which ended in relegation from the second tier . Tato joined Xerez CD in June 2011 , being officially presented on 8 July and hoping to help them gain promotion to the top flight , but he left in January 2013 for fellow second division side UD Las Palmas for the same reason . He extended his contract at the latter club in the summer , after helping it to the play-offs . In February 2014 , Tato signed for Girona FC for the remainder of the season , and remained a free agent from then until September , when he joined Real Zaragoza still in the second tier . In July 2015 , Tato moved abroad for the first time in his career at the age of 32 , joining Moroccos Moghreb Tétouan alongside compatriot José Manuel Rueda . He switched to a third continent in September 2016 , signing for FC Pune City ahead of the Indian Super League season . He played all but four games for the latter , who missed out on the play-offs , and headed the opening goal of a 1–1 draw at Delhi Dynamos FC on 27 October . After retiring , Tato worked as assistant manager under his compatriot Sergio Lobera at FC Goa . On 31 January 2020 , the pair left the Fatorda Stadium .

easy

Which team did the player Jesús Tato belong to from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Jesús_Tato#P54#3

Jesús Tato Jesús Rodríguez Tato ( born 12 July 1983 ) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker . He is currently working as an assistant coach for an Isl club Mumbai City FC He spent most of his career in Segunda División , totalling 191 games and 35 goals in total of seven teams across nine seasons . He also competed professionally in Morocco and India . Club career . Murcia . Born in Murcia , Tato began his development at Real Murcia and concluded it at FC Barcelona , where he made his senior debut for the reserves in Tercera División . In 2004 , he returned to his hometown team in La Liga and made his professional debut on 28 March in a 2–0 home win against RCD Mallorca , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Juanma ; he made six further appearances off the bench , as the season ended with relegation . Tato scored his first professional goal on 6 May 2006 , a consolation in a 1–2 away loss against CD Castellón for the Segunda División championship . He followed it eight days later with a brace in a 3–1 victory over CD Numancia at the Estadio de La Condomina , also assisting Nacho Garro . Halfway through Murcias promotion-winning season , Tato returned to Catalonia by joining Segunda División B team UE Lleida on loan . The following campaign , he remained in the same level at AD Ceuta , helping them to the play-offs . Journeyman . In 2008 , Tato signed with neighbours FC Cartagena , and renewed his link after winning promotion to division two via the play-offs in his first season . After a second campaign at the Estadio Cartagonova he moved to Albacete Balompié , where he netted a career-best 13 goals in his only season , which ended in relegation from the second tier . Tato joined Xerez CD in June 2011 , being officially presented on 8 July and hoping to help them gain promotion to the top flight , but he left in January 2013 for fellow second division side UD Las Palmas for the same reason . He extended his contract at the latter club in the summer , after helping it to the play-offs . In February 2014 , Tato signed for Girona FC for the remainder of the season , and remained a free agent from then until September , when he joined Real Zaragoza still in the second tier . In July 2015 , Tato moved abroad for the first time in his career at the age of 32 , joining Moroccos Moghreb Tétouan alongside compatriot José Manuel Rueda . He switched to a third continent in September 2016 , signing for FC Pune City ahead of the Indian Super League season . He played all but four games for the latter , who missed out on the play-offs , and headed the opening goal of a 1–1 draw at Delhi Dynamos FC on 27 October . After retiring , Tato worked as assistant manager under his compatriot Sergio Lobera at FC Goa . On 31 January 2020 , the pair left the Fatorda Stadium .

easy

Which team did the player Jesús Tato belong to from 2011 to 2013?

/wiki/Jesús_Tato#P54#4

Jesús Tato Jesús Rodríguez Tato ( born 12 July 1983 ) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker . He is currently working as an assistant coach for an Isl club Mumbai City FC He spent most of his career in Segunda División , totalling 191 games and 35 goals in total of seven teams across nine seasons . He also competed professionally in Morocco and India . Club career . Murcia . Born in Murcia , Tato began his development at Real Murcia and concluded it at FC Barcelona , where he made his senior debut for the reserves in Tercera División . In 2004 , he returned to his hometown team in La Liga and made his professional debut on 28 March in a 2–0 home win against RCD Mallorca , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Juanma ; he made six further appearances off the bench , as the season ended with relegation . Tato scored his first professional goal on 6 May 2006 , a consolation in a 1–2 away loss against CD Castellón for the Segunda División championship . He followed it eight days later with a brace in a 3–1 victory over CD Numancia at the Estadio de La Condomina , also assisting Nacho Garro . Halfway through Murcias promotion-winning season , Tato returned to Catalonia by joining Segunda División B team UE Lleida on loan . The following campaign , he remained in the same level at AD Ceuta , helping them to the play-offs . Journeyman . In 2008 , Tato signed with neighbours FC Cartagena , and renewed his link after winning promotion to division two via the play-offs in his first season . After a second campaign at the Estadio Cartagonova he moved to Albacete Balompié , where he netted a career-best 13 goals in his only season , which ended in relegation from the second tier . Tato joined Xerez CD in June 2011 , being officially presented on 8 July and hoping to help them gain promotion to the top flight , but he left in January 2013 for fellow second division side UD Las Palmas for the same reason . He extended his contract at the latter club in the summer , after helping it to the play-offs . In February 2014 , Tato signed for Girona FC for the remainder of the season , and remained a free agent from then until September , when he joined Real Zaragoza still in the second tier . In July 2015 , Tato moved abroad for the first time in his career at the age of 32 , joining Moroccos Moghreb Tétouan alongside compatriot José Manuel Rueda . He switched to a third continent in September 2016 , signing for FC Pune City ahead of the Indian Super League season . He played all but four games for the latter , who missed out on the play-offs , and headed the opening goal of a 1–1 draw at Delhi Dynamos FC on 27 October . After retiring , Tato worked as assistant manager under his compatriot Sergio Lobera at FC Goa . On 31 January 2020 , the pair left the Fatorda Stadium .

easy

Which team did the player Jesús Tato belong to from 2014 to 2015?

/wiki/Jesús_Tato#P54#5

Jesús Tato Jesús Rodríguez Tato ( born 12 July 1983 ) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker . He is currently working as an assistant coach for an Isl club Mumbai City FC He spent most of his career in Segunda División , totalling 191 games and 35 goals in total of seven teams across nine seasons . He also competed professionally in Morocco and India . Club career . Murcia . Born in Murcia , Tato began his development at Real Murcia and concluded it at FC Barcelona , where he made his senior debut for the reserves in Tercera División . In 2004 , he returned to his hometown team in La Liga and made his professional debut on 28 March in a 2–0 home win against RCD Mallorca , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Juanma ; he made six further appearances off the bench , as the season ended with relegation . Tato scored his first professional goal on 6 May 2006 , a consolation in a 1–2 away loss against CD Castellón for the Segunda División championship . He followed it eight days later with a brace in a 3–1 victory over CD Numancia at the Estadio de La Condomina , also assisting Nacho Garro . Halfway through Murcias promotion-winning season , Tato returned to Catalonia by joining Segunda División B team UE Lleida on loan . The following campaign , he remained in the same level at AD Ceuta , helping them to the play-offs . Journeyman . In 2008 , Tato signed with neighbours FC Cartagena , and renewed his link after winning promotion to division two via the play-offs in his first season . After a second campaign at the Estadio Cartagonova he moved to Albacete Balompié , where he netted a career-best 13 goals in his only season , which ended in relegation from the second tier . Tato joined Xerez CD in June 2011 , being officially presented on 8 July and hoping to help them gain promotion to the top flight , but he left in January 2013 for fellow second division side UD Las Palmas for the same reason . He extended his contract at the latter club in the summer , after helping it to the play-offs . In February 2014 , Tato signed for Girona FC for the remainder of the season , and remained a free agent from then until September , when he joined Real Zaragoza still in the second tier . In July 2015 , Tato moved abroad for the first time in his career at the age of 32 , joining Moroccos Moghreb Tétouan alongside compatriot José Manuel Rueda . He switched to a third continent in September 2016 , signing for FC Pune City ahead of the Indian Super League season . He played all but four games for the latter , who missed out on the play-offs , and headed the opening goal of a 1–1 draw at Delhi Dynamos FC on 27 October . After retiring , Tato worked as assistant manager under his compatriot Sergio Lobera at FC Goa . On 31 January 2020 , the pair left the Fatorda Stadium .

easy

Who was Heidi Klum 's spouse from 1997 to 2002?

/wiki/Heidi_Klum#P26#0

Heidi Klum Heidi Klum ( , born 1 June 1973 ) is a German-American model , television host , producer , and businesswoman . She appeared on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in 1998 and was the first German model to become a Victorias Secret Angel . Following a successful modeling career , Klum became the host and a judge of Germanys Next Topmodel and the reality show Project Runway , which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program ( shared with co-host Tim Gunn ) . Klum has been nominated for six Emmy Awards . She has worked as a spokesmodel for Dannon and H&M and has appeared in numerous commercials for McDonalds , Volkswagen and others . In 2009 , Klum became Barbies official ambassador on Barbies 50th anniversary . As an occasional actress , she had supporting roles in movies including Blow Dry ( 2001 ) , Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) , and made cameo appearances in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , Perfect Stranger ( 2007 ) and Oceans 8 ( 2018 ) . She has also made guest appearances on TV shows including Sex and the City , How I Met Your Mother , Desperate Housewives and Parks and Recreation . From 2013 to 2018 and since 2020 , Klum has been a judge on NBC reality show Americas Got Talent . In May 2011 , Forbes magazine estimated Klums total earnings for that year as US$20 million . She was ranked second on Forbes list of the Worlds Top-Earning Models . Forbes noted that since ending her 13-year run as a Victorias Secret Angel , Klum has become more of a businesswoman than a model . In 2008 , she became an American citizen while maintaining her native German citizenship . Early life and discovery . Klum was born and raised in Bergisch Gladbach , a city near Cologne , West Germany . She is the daughter of Erna , a hairdresser , and Günther Klum , a cosmetics company executive . A friend convinced her to enroll in a national modeling contest called Model 92 . Out of 25,000 contestants , Klum was voted the winner on 29 April 1992 , and she was offered a modeling contract worth by Thomas Zeumer , CEO of Metropolitan Models New York . After winning , she appeared on the Gottschalk Late Night Show , a German television show with host Thomas Gottschalk . She accepted the contract a few months later , after graduating from school , and decided not to try for an apprentice position at a fashion design school . Career . Modeling and acting . Klum has been featured on the cover of French , German , Portuguese and Spanish Vogue magazines , as well as Elle , InStyle , Marie Claire , Glamour and Russian Harpers Bazaar magazines . She became widely known after appearing on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and for her work with Victorias Secret as an Angel . Klum hosted the 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 Victorias Secret Fashion Shows . On 1 October 2010 , the New York Post reported in its Page Six gossip column that Klum would be leaving Victorias Secret , which was later confirmed by Klum . In addition to working with well-known photographers on her first husbands Sports Illustrated shoots , she was the object and subject of Joanne Gair body painting works in several editions from 1997 to 2010 . She wrote the foreword to Gairs book of body paint work , Body Painting , Masterpieces . Other magazines covers include GQ , Cosmopolitan , Photo , Glamour , Stuff , Joy , Esquire , Max , Mens Journal , Time and Shape . Klums modeling work includes advertising campaigns for brands like Pringle of Scotland , Liz Claiborne and – alongside fellow German supermodels Nadja Auermann , Veruschka von Lehndorff and Tatjana Patitz – for the New York jersey label Kathleen Madden . Beauty campaigns include makeup brands Bobbi Brown and Astor , as well as Givenchys Amarige fragrance . She also appeared in special ad campaigns by designers like Marc Jacobs ( Protect The Skin You′e In to raise awareness for skin cancer ) and Jean-Paul Gaultier ( summer tote in collaboration with and to benefit amfAR ) . Her runway appearances include next to numerous of Victorias Secret Anual Fashion Shows , walking for various designers and brands of New York Fashion Week like Zac Posen ( 2004 ) , Escada , Vera Wang , Structure , Victor Alfaro , Imitation Of Christ as well as working the catwalk for Philip Treacy at Brown Thomas International Fashion Show in Dublin . As a photo model she worked for retail clothing brands such as H & M , Ann Taylor and Peek & Cloppenburg and since 2007 , she has been a celebrity spokesmodel for Jordache . International tech , food and internet brands up to the automotive industry asked for Klum as their celebrity spokesperson and produced ad campaigns and TV commercials for Braun epilizer , McDonalds salad , Dannon , Carls Jr./Hardees ( Jim Beam Bourbon Burger ) , the Wix website building program and , together with then-husband Seal for the Volkswagen SUV Tiguan . In addition to modeling , she has appeared in several TV shows , including Spin City , Sex and the City , Yes , Dear , and How I Met Your Mother . She had a role as an ill-tempered hair model in the movie Blow Dry , played a giantess in the movie Ella Enchanted and was cast as Ursula Andress in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers . She had cameo appearances in the films The Devil Wears Prada and Perfect Stranger . Her other projects include dance and video games . She is featured in the 2003 video game , where she plays the villain Dr . Katya Nadanova . She has appeared in several music videos , including Jamiroquais video Love Foolosophy from their album A Funk Odyssey , Keliss Young , Fresh n New , off her second 2001 album Wanderland and , most recently , the second video for her then husband Seals song Secret off his 2010 album Seal 6 : Commitment . The latter video depicts the married couple sharing intimate moments while naked in bed ; the concept was Klums idea . In July 2007 , having earned in the previous 16months , Klum was named by Forbes as third on the list of the Worlds 15 Top-Earning Supermodels . In 2008 , Forbes estimated her income at , putting Klum in first place . For 2007 , Forbes estimated her income at . Klum is signed to IMG Models in New York City . In 2008 , Klum was a featured guest on an American Volkswagen commercial , where she was interviewed by a black Beetle . When she commented that German engineering is so sexy , she caused the Beetle to blush and turn red . She has been a part of several commercials for Volkswagen and McDonalds on German television . In November 2008 , Klum appeared in two versions of a Guitar Hero World Tour commercial , wherein she did a take on Tom Cruises iconic underwear dancing scene in Risky Business . In both versions , she lip-synced to Bob Segers Old Time Rock and Roll while dancing around the living room with the wireless guitar controller . In October 2009 , Klum was the often-nude one-woman subject of Heidilicious , a photo book by photographer Rankin . Klum ventured into web-based videos , starring in SPIKED HEEL : Supermodels Battle the Forces of Evil . The web-series starred model Coco Rocha and was directed by fashion documentarian Doug Keeve . In the story , Klum aka The Kluminator , and her stylish sidekick Coco The Sassy Superhero Rocha battle the evil Dr . Faux Pas who is plotting to destroy Fashion Week . The heroines employ everything from blow-dryer guns to fist fights , in order to thwart Dr . Faux Pas dastardly plans . The Kluminator and Girl Wonder avoid a chain of fashion disasters to neutralize a death ray that threatens to vaporize the community of fashionistas gathered in Bryant Park . In 2010 , Klum became the new face and creative advisor for European cosmetics brand Astor , for which she sets artistic direction and designs new products and fashion forward color collections . In October 2010 , Klum parted ways with Victorias Secret after 13 years of working with the brand . She provided a simple explanation in her official statement , stating : All good things have to come to an end . I will always love Victoria and never tell her secret . Its been an absolute amazing time ! It was reported in May 2011 that Klum ranked second with estimated earnings of on Forbes list of the Worlds Top-Earning Models ( 2010–2011 ) . Forbes noted that since ending her 13-year run as a Victorias Secret Angel , Klum has become more of a businesswoman than a model . She partnered with New Balance and Amazon.com to launch a clothing line and signed a 20-episode deal to host a new show on Lifetime , called Seriously Funny Kids . In fact , some noted fashion designers have long been commenting on Klums limited role as a fashion model . Karl Lagerfeld , for example , in 2009 agreed with German designer Wolfgang Joop , who called Klum after she had posed naked on the cover of the German edition of GQ magazine , no runway model . She is simply too heavy and has too big a bust . Lagerfeld observed that neither he nor Claudia Schiffer knew Klum , as she has never worked in Paris and was insignificant in the world of fashion , being more bling bling and glamorous than current fashion . Producing . In December 2004 , Klum became the host , judge and executive producer of the reality show Project Runway on the U.S . cable television channel Bravo ( airing on Lifetime television beginning in 2009 ) , in which fashion designers compete for the opportunity to show their line at New York Fashion Week and receive money to launch their own fashion line . She received an Emmy Award nomination for the show for each of the first four seasons . In 2008 , Klum and Project Runway received a Peabody Award , the first time a reality show won the award . Klum was nominated for an Emmy in 2008 for outstanding host of a reality or reality-competition show for Project Runway , the first year that category was recognized by the Emmys . Klum has been the host , judge and co-producer of Germanys Next Topmodel , the German version of the internationally successful reality television show , since 2006 . All twelve seasons aired on the German TV station ProSieben . In 2013 , Klum , along with her co-host Tim Gunn won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program . On 7 September 2018 , it was confirmed that Klum , along with Tim Gunn would not be returning to Project Runway for a 17th season on Bravo as they both signed a deal to helm another fashion competition show on Amazon Video . Design and other business ventures . Klum designed clothing lines ( one for men ) , featured in the German mail-order catalog Otto . She designed shoes for Birkenstock , jewelry for Mouawad , a clothing line for Jordache , and swimsuits – featured in the 2002 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . She was one of the designers of the Victorias Secret lingerie line The Body , named after the nickname she received following her first Victorias Secret Fashion Show appearance . Her Mouawad jewelry collection debuted on the cable shopping network QVC on 14 September 2006 , and 14 of the 16 styles sold out after 36 minutes . Klums clothing line for Jordache launched on 30 April 2008 . Klum has two fragrances , called Heidi Klum and Me . She designed makeup for Victorias Secret as part of their Very Sexy Makeup Collection , titled The Heidi Klum Collection . The first run debuted in Fall 2007 . A second run was released in Fall 2008 . Klum was involved in the development of a namesake rose , the Heidi Klum rose , which is available in Germany . For the 2008 US Open , Klum designed a screen print T-shirt which was sold at the US Open shop . It featured childlike butterfly pictures . Proceeds will go to a non-profit organization maintaining the park that is home to the US Open . Klum became Barbies official ambassador for the dolls 50th anniversary in 2009 , even having made a Barbie doll out of herself . On 1 April that same year , she appeared on the CBS television special , I Get That a Lot , as a girl working at a pizza shop . That same year , she appeared in advertising for Dannons Light & Fit brand . Klum and husband Seal announced in June 2010 that they would be making a reality series on Lifetime titled Loves Divine ( after Seals song of the same name. ) In January 2010 , Klum launched two lines of maternity wear : Lavish by Heidi Klum for A Pea in the Pod , and Loved by Heidi Klum for Motherhood Maternity . Klum stated , I experienced fashion challenges during my four pregnancies and combined my knowledge of what works in terms of style , comfort and practicality to create these lines . In October 2010 , Klum with New Balance , HKNB , launched a line of active womans wear fashion clothing on Amazon.com . In January 2015 , Klum launched her lingerie line Heidi Klum Intimates in Melbourne , Australia . She launched her Intimates collection in collaboration with Bendon in March 2015 . Klum is a Real Celebrity on the website Stardoll , where she has a line of virtual jewelry , and a virtual clothing line called Jordache . Users can go to Klums suite and interact with her by doing interviews , sending pending requests or dressing Klums doll . In 2015 , she appeared in Australian singer Sias music video Fire Meet Gasoline , to promote her lingerie line . In 2017 , Klum released the fashion line Heidi & the city for exclusive sale in Lidl Grocery Stores . It was first presented with a show at the New York Fashion Week . Americas Got Talent . In March 2013 , it was announced that Klum would be joining Americas Got Talent replacing Sharon Osbourne as a judge . She judged seasons 8 through 13 and the first season of before her departure was announced in February 2019 . In February 2020 , it was announced she would be back on the panel for the fifteenth season of the main series . Other work . Klum is an artist , and she had several of her paintings appear in various art magazines in the U.S . On 27 September 2002 , she dedicated a sculpture she painted called Dog with Butterflies to commemorate the role of rescue dogs in the aftermath of 11 September . In 2004 , Klum co-authored Heidi Klums Body of Knowledge with Elle magazine editor Alexandra Postman . The book gives Klums biography as well as her advice on becoming successful . Prior to that , Klum had been an occasional guest columnist for the German television network RTLs website . She wrote an essay for the German newspaper Die Zeit . In November 2006 , Klum released her debut single Wonderland , written for a series of television advertisements for the German retailer Douglas . Proceeds were given to a childrens charity in her hometown of Bergisch Gladbach . She contributed to her husband Seals 2007 album System , singing the duet Wedding Day , a song that Seal wrote for their wedding . Personal life . In 1997 , Klum married stylist Ric Pipino . The couple divorced in 2002 . In March 2003 , Klum began a relationship with Flavio Briatore , the Italian managing director of Renault’s Formula One team . In December she announced her pregnancy . Soon after , the two split and Klum began dating the musician Seal . Klum gave birth to daughter Leni in May 2004 in New York City . Seal was present for Lenis birth , and according to Klum , Briatore is not involved in Lenis life ; she has stated emphatically that Seal is Lenis father . Klum and Seal got engaged in December 2004 on a glacier in Whistler , British Columbia and married on 10 May 2005 on a beach in Mexico . They have three biological children together : sons born in September 2005 and November 2006 , and a daughter born in October 2009 . On 21 November 2009 , Klum officially adopted Seals surname and became legally known as Heidi Samuel . Soon after , in December 2009 , Seal officially adopted Leni , and her last name was changed to Samuel . During their marriage , Klum and Seal renewed their vows to one another each year on their anniversary in front of family and friends . On 22 January 2012 , the couple announced that they were separating after almost seven years of marriage . She filed for divorce from Seal three months later on 6 April 2012 . She also requested that her name be restored to her birth name of Heidi Klum . Their divorce was finalized on 14 October 2014 . Klum dated her bodyguard , Martin Kirsten , from 2012 to 2014 . She started dating art curator Vito Schnabel in 2014 . They broke up in 2017 after three years of dating . In May 2018 , Klum made public her relationship with Tokio Hotel guitarist Tom Kaulitz through Instagram posts and appearances at Cannes Film Festival . The two were first romantically linked in March of the same year . On 24 December 2018 , after approximately one year of dating , Klum announced on her Instagram that she and Kaulitz were engaged and posted a picture of the couple where the ring was showing with the caption I SAID YES followed with a red heart emoji . Klum privately married Kaulitz in February 2019 . The couples wedding ceremony was held on the yacht Christina O in Italy in August 2019 . In an interview with Ocean View , Klum has described herself as a nudist , stating I grew up very free.. . not hiding or feeling insecure about myself or my body . As much as I love wearing beautiful lingerie and clothes , I also love not wearing too much . Its a free feeling that Ive had since being a small child growing up in Germany . I had parents that never hid from me when they changed clothing or when I walked into the room . When we would go to the beach , my mom would sunbathe topless . Bomb threat during GNTM live finale . During the live finale of the 10th season of Germanys Next Top Model in the Mannheim SAP Arena on 14 May 2015 , a telephone call by a woman came in at 9:07 pm , threatening that a bomb would go off during the live show . The organizer decided to have the hall evacuated and then to call the police . In the meantime , the live broadcast had been canceled and a note was shown to the television viewers , stating that the show had been interrupted due to technical issues . Later on , a man was arrested after he came near Klum , issuing another bomb threat . Thereupon , she was evacuated along with her daughter Leni and the two other judges . A suspicious suitcase was found , which turned out to be a hoax . Philanthropy . On 30 April 2011 , Klum led Walk for Kids , a community 5K walk to raise funds as part of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles community awareness efforts . In May 2014 , Klum was honoured with the Crystal Cross Award of the American Red Cross for her charity work , most notably for her contributions to the Red Cross after Hurricane Sandy . External links . - AOL Books interview about the book Body of Knowledge - Interview in Der Spiegel ( 12 February 2006 )

easy

Who was Heidi Klum 's spouse from 2005 to Oct 2014?

/wiki/Heidi_Klum#P26#1

Heidi Klum Heidi Klum ( , born 1 June 1973 ) is a German-American model , television host , producer , and businesswoman . She appeared on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in 1998 and was the first German model to become a Victorias Secret Angel . Following a successful modeling career , Klum became the host and a judge of Germanys Next Topmodel and the reality show Project Runway , which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program ( shared with co-host Tim Gunn ) . Klum has been nominated for six Emmy Awards . She has worked as a spokesmodel for Dannon and H&M and has appeared in numerous commercials for McDonalds , Volkswagen and others . In 2009 , Klum became Barbies official ambassador on Barbies 50th anniversary . As an occasional actress , she had supporting roles in movies including Blow Dry ( 2001 ) , Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) , and made cameo appearances in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , Perfect Stranger ( 2007 ) and Oceans 8 ( 2018 ) . She has also made guest appearances on TV shows including Sex and the City , How I Met Your Mother , Desperate Housewives and Parks and Recreation . From 2013 to 2018 and since 2020 , Klum has been a judge on NBC reality show Americas Got Talent . In May 2011 , Forbes magazine estimated Klums total earnings for that year as US$20 million . She was ranked second on Forbes list of the Worlds Top-Earning Models . Forbes noted that since ending her 13-year run as a Victorias Secret Angel , Klum has become more of a businesswoman than a model . In 2008 , she became an American citizen while maintaining her native German citizenship . Early life and discovery . Klum was born and raised in Bergisch Gladbach , a city near Cologne , West Germany . She is the daughter of Erna , a hairdresser , and Günther Klum , a cosmetics company executive . A friend convinced her to enroll in a national modeling contest called Model 92 . Out of 25,000 contestants , Klum was voted the winner on 29 April 1992 , and she was offered a modeling contract worth by Thomas Zeumer , CEO of Metropolitan Models New York . After winning , she appeared on the Gottschalk Late Night Show , a German television show with host Thomas Gottschalk . She accepted the contract a few months later , after graduating from school , and decided not to try for an apprentice position at a fashion design school . Career . Modeling and acting . Klum has been featured on the cover of French , German , Portuguese and Spanish Vogue magazines , as well as Elle , InStyle , Marie Claire , Glamour and Russian Harpers Bazaar magazines . She became widely known after appearing on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and for her work with Victorias Secret as an Angel . Klum hosted the 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 Victorias Secret Fashion Shows . On 1 October 2010 , the New York Post reported in its Page Six gossip column that Klum would be leaving Victorias Secret , which was later confirmed by Klum . In addition to working with well-known photographers on her first husbands Sports Illustrated shoots , she was the object and subject of Joanne Gair body painting works in several editions from 1997 to 2010 . She wrote the foreword to Gairs book of body paint work , Body Painting , Masterpieces . Other magazines covers include GQ , Cosmopolitan , Photo , Glamour , Stuff , Joy , Esquire , Max , Mens Journal , Time and Shape . Klums modeling work includes advertising campaigns for brands like Pringle of Scotland , Liz Claiborne and – alongside fellow German supermodels Nadja Auermann , Veruschka von Lehndorff and Tatjana Patitz – for the New York jersey label Kathleen Madden . Beauty campaigns include makeup brands Bobbi Brown and Astor , as well as Givenchys Amarige fragrance . She also appeared in special ad campaigns by designers like Marc Jacobs ( Protect The Skin You′e In to raise awareness for skin cancer ) and Jean-Paul Gaultier ( summer tote in collaboration with and to benefit amfAR ) . Her runway appearances include next to numerous of Victorias Secret Anual Fashion Shows , walking for various designers and brands of New York Fashion Week like Zac Posen ( 2004 ) , Escada , Vera Wang , Structure , Victor Alfaro , Imitation Of Christ as well as working the catwalk for Philip Treacy at Brown Thomas International Fashion Show in Dublin . As a photo model she worked for retail clothing brands such as H & M , Ann Taylor and Peek & Cloppenburg and since 2007 , she has been a celebrity spokesmodel for Jordache . International tech , food and internet brands up to the automotive industry asked for Klum as their celebrity spokesperson and produced ad campaigns and TV commercials for Braun epilizer , McDonalds salad , Dannon , Carls Jr./Hardees ( Jim Beam Bourbon Burger ) , the Wix website building program and , together with then-husband Seal for the Volkswagen SUV Tiguan . In addition to modeling , she has appeared in several TV shows , including Spin City , Sex and the City , Yes , Dear , and How I Met Your Mother . She had a role as an ill-tempered hair model in the movie Blow Dry , played a giantess in the movie Ella Enchanted and was cast as Ursula Andress in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers . She had cameo appearances in the films The Devil Wears Prada and Perfect Stranger . Her other projects include dance and video games . She is featured in the 2003 video game , where she plays the villain Dr . Katya Nadanova . She has appeared in several music videos , including Jamiroquais video Love Foolosophy from their album A Funk Odyssey , Keliss Young , Fresh n New , off her second 2001 album Wanderland and , most recently , the second video for her then husband Seals song Secret off his 2010 album Seal 6 : Commitment . The latter video depicts the married couple sharing intimate moments while naked in bed ; the concept was Klums idea . In July 2007 , having earned in the previous 16months , Klum was named by Forbes as third on the list of the Worlds 15 Top-Earning Supermodels . In 2008 , Forbes estimated her income at , putting Klum in first place . For 2007 , Forbes estimated her income at . Klum is signed to IMG Models in New York City . In 2008 , Klum was a featured guest on an American Volkswagen commercial , where she was interviewed by a black Beetle . When she commented that German engineering is so sexy , she caused the Beetle to blush and turn red . She has been a part of several commercials for Volkswagen and McDonalds on German television . In November 2008 , Klum appeared in two versions of a Guitar Hero World Tour commercial , wherein she did a take on Tom Cruises iconic underwear dancing scene in Risky Business . In both versions , she lip-synced to Bob Segers Old Time Rock and Roll while dancing around the living room with the wireless guitar controller . In October 2009 , Klum was the often-nude one-woman subject of Heidilicious , a photo book by photographer Rankin . Klum ventured into web-based videos , starring in SPIKED HEEL : Supermodels Battle the Forces of Evil . The web-series starred model Coco Rocha and was directed by fashion documentarian Doug Keeve . In the story , Klum aka The Kluminator , and her stylish sidekick Coco The Sassy Superhero Rocha battle the evil Dr . Faux Pas who is plotting to destroy Fashion Week . The heroines employ everything from blow-dryer guns to fist fights , in order to thwart Dr . Faux Pas dastardly plans . The Kluminator and Girl Wonder avoid a chain of fashion disasters to neutralize a death ray that threatens to vaporize the community of fashionistas gathered in Bryant Park . In 2010 , Klum became the new face and creative advisor for European cosmetics brand Astor , for which she sets artistic direction and designs new products and fashion forward color collections . In October 2010 , Klum parted ways with Victorias Secret after 13 years of working with the brand . She provided a simple explanation in her official statement , stating : All good things have to come to an end . I will always love Victoria and never tell her secret . Its been an absolute amazing time ! It was reported in May 2011 that Klum ranked second with estimated earnings of on Forbes list of the Worlds Top-Earning Models ( 2010–2011 ) . Forbes noted that since ending her 13-year run as a Victorias Secret Angel , Klum has become more of a businesswoman than a model . She partnered with New Balance and Amazon.com to launch a clothing line and signed a 20-episode deal to host a new show on Lifetime , called Seriously Funny Kids . In fact , some noted fashion designers have long been commenting on Klums limited role as a fashion model . Karl Lagerfeld , for example , in 2009 agreed with German designer Wolfgang Joop , who called Klum after she had posed naked on the cover of the German edition of GQ magazine , no runway model . She is simply too heavy and has too big a bust . Lagerfeld observed that neither he nor Claudia Schiffer knew Klum , as she has never worked in Paris and was insignificant in the world of fashion , being more bling bling and glamorous than current fashion . Producing . In December 2004 , Klum became the host , judge and executive producer of the reality show Project Runway on the U.S . cable television channel Bravo ( airing on Lifetime television beginning in 2009 ) , in which fashion designers compete for the opportunity to show their line at New York Fashion Week and receive money to launch their own fashion line . She received an Emmy Award nomination for the show for each of the first four seasons . In 2008 , Klum and Project Runway received a Peabody Award , the first time a reality show won the award . Klum was nominated for an Emmy in 2008 for outstanding host of a reality or reality-competition show for Project Runway , the first year that category was recognized by the Emmys . Klum has been the host , judge and co-producer of Germanys Next Topmodel , the German version of the internationally successful reality television show , since 2006 . All twelve seasons aired on the German TV station ProSieben . In 2013 , Klum , along with her co-host Tim Gunn won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program . On 7 September 2018 , it was confirmed that Klum , along with Tim Gunn would not be returning to Project Runway for a 17th season on Bravo as they both signed a deal to helm another fashion competition show on Amazon Video . Design and other business ventures . Klum designed clothing lines ( one for men ) , featured in the German mail-order catalog Otto . She designed shoes for Birkenstock , jewelry for Mouawad , a clothing line for Jordache , and swimsuits – featured in the 2002 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . She was one of the designers of the Victorias Secret lingerie line The Body , named after the nickname she received following her first Victorias Secret Fashion Show appearance . Her Mouawad jewelry collection debuted on the cable shopping network QVC on 14 September 2006 , and 14 of the 16 styles sold out after 36 minutes . Klums clothing line for Jordache launched on 30 April 2008 . Klum has two fragrances , called Heidi Klum and Me . She designed makeup for Victorias Secret as part of their Very Sexy Makeup Collection , titled The Heidi Klum Collection . The first run debuted in Fall 2007 . A second run was released in Fall 2008 . Klum was involved in the development of a namesake rose , the Heidi Klum rose , which is available in Germany . For the 2008 US Open , Klum designed a screen print T-shirt which was sold at the US Open shop . It featured childlike butterfly pictures . Proceeds will go to a non-profit organization maintaining the park that is home to the US Open . Klum became Barbies official ambassador for the dolls 50th anniversary in 2009 , even having made a Barbie doll out of herself . On 1 April that same year , she appeared on the CBS television special , I Get That a Lot , as a girl working at a pizza shop . That same year , she appeared in advertising for Dannons Light & Fit brand . Klum and husband Seal announced in June 2010 that they would be making a reality series on Lifetime titled Loves Divine ( after Seals song of the same name. ) In January 2010 , Klum launched two lines of maternity wear : Lavish by Heidi Klum for A Pea in the Pod , and Loved by Heidi Klum for Motherhood Maternity . Klum stated , I experienced fashion challenges during my four pregnancies and combined my knowledge of what works in terms of style , comfort and practicality to create these lines . In October 2010 , Klum with New Balance , HKNB , launched a line of active womans wear fashion clothing on Amazon.com . In January 2015 , Klum launched her lingerie line Heidi Klum Intimates in Melbourne , Australia . She launched her Intimates collection in collaboration with Bendon in March 2015 . Klum is a Real Celebrity on the website Stardoll , where she has a line of virtual jewelry , and a virtual clothing line called Jordache . Users can go to Klums suite and interact with her by doing interviews , sending pending requests or dressing Klums doll . In 2015 , she appeared in Australian singer Sias music video Fire Meet Gasoline , to promote her lingerie line . In 2017 , Klum released the fashion line Heidi & the city for exclusive sale in Lidl Grocery Stores . It was first presented with a show at the New York Fashion Week . Americas Got Talent . In March 2013 , it was announced that Klum would be joining Americas Got Talent replacing Sharon Osbourne as a judge . She judged seasons 8 through 13 and the first season of before her departure was announced in February 2019 . In February 2020 , it was announced she would be back on the panel for the fifteenth season of the main series . Other work . Klum is an artist , and she had several of her paintings appear in various art magazines in the U.S . On 27 September 2002 , she dedicated a sculpture she painted called Dog with Butterflies to commemorate the role of rescue dogs in the aftermath of 11 September . In 2004 , Klum co-authored Heidi Klums Body of Knowledge with Elle magazine editor Alexandra Postman . The book gives Klums biography as well as her advice on becoming successful . Prior to that , Klum had been an occasional guest columnist for the German television network RTLs website . She wrote an essay for the German newspaper Die Zeit . In November 2006 , Klum released her debut single Wonderland , written for a series of television advertisements for the German retailer Douglas . Proceeds were given to a childrens charity in her hometown of Bergisch Gladbach . She contributed to her husband Seals 2007 album System , singing the duet Wedding Day , a song that Seal wrote for their wedding . Personal life . In 1997 , Klum married stylist Ric Pipino . The couple divorced in 2002 . In March 2003 , Klum began a relationship with Flavio Briatore , the Italian managing director of Renault’s Formula One team . In December she announced her pregnancy . Soon after , the two split and Klum began dating the musician Seal . Klum gave birth to daughter Leni in May 2004 in New York City . Seal was present for Lenis birth , and according to Klum , Briatore is not involved in Lenis life ; she has stated emphatically that Seal is Lenis father . Klum and Seal got engaged in December 2004 on a glacier in Whistler , British Columbia and married on 10 May 2005 on a beach in Mexico . They have three biological children together : sons born in September 2005 and November 2006 , and a daughter born in October 2009 . On 21 November 2009 , Klum officially adopted Seals surname and became legally known as Heidi Samuel . Soon after , in December 2009 , Seal officially adopted Leni , and her last name was changed to Samuel . During their marriage , Klum and Seal renewed their vows to one another each year on their anniversary in front of family and friends . On 22 January 2012 , the couple announced that they were separating after almost seven years of marriage . She filed for divorce from Seal three months later on 6 April 2012 . She also requested that her name be restored to her birth name of Heidi Klum . Their divorce was finalized on 14 October 2014 . Klum dated her bodyguard , Martin Kirsten , from 2012 to 2014 . She started dating art curator Vito Schnabel in 2014 . They broke up in 2017 after three years of dating . In May 2018 , Klum made public her relationship with Tokio Hotel guitarist Tom Kaulitz through Instagram posts and appearances at Cannes Film Festival . The two were first romantically linked in March of the same year . On 24 December 2018 , after approximately one year of dating , Klum announced on her Instagram that she and Kaulitz were engaged and posted a picture of the couple where the ring was showing with the caption I SAID YES followed with a red heart emoji . Klum privately married Kaulitz in February 2019 . The couples wedding ceremony was held on the yacht Christina O in Italy in August 2019 . In an interview with Ocean View , Klum has described herself as a nudist , stating I grew up very free.. . not hiding or feeling insecure about myself or my body . As much as I love wearing beautiful lingerie and clothes , I also love not wearing too much . Its a free feeling that Ive had since being a small child growing up in Germany . I had parents that never hid from me when they changed clothing or when I walked into the room . When we would go to the beach , my mom would sunbathe topless . Bomb threat during GNTM live finale . During the live finale of the 10th season of Germanys Next Top Model in the Mannheim SAP Arena on 14 May 2015 , a telephone call by a woman came in at 9:07 pm , threatening that a bomb would go off during the live show . The organizer decided to have the hall evacuated and then to call the police . In the meantime , the live broadcast had been canceled and a note was shown to the television viewers , stating that the show had been interrupted due to technical issues . Later on , a man was arrested after he came near Klum , issuing another bomb threat . Thereupon , she was evacuated along with her daughter Leni and the two other judges . A suspicious suitcase was found , which turned out to be a hoax . Philanthropy . On 30 April 2011 , Klum led Walk for Kids , a community 5K walk to raise funds as part of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles community awareness efforts . In May 2014 , Klum was honoured with the Crystal Cross Award of the American Red Cross for her charity work , most notably for her contributions to the Red Cross after Hurricane Sandy . External links . - AOL Books interview about the book Body of Knowledge - Interview in Der Spiegel ( 12 February 2006 )

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Who was Heidi Klum 's spouse from 2019 to 2020?

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Heidi Klum Heidi Klum ( , born 1 June 1973 ) is a German-American model , television host , producer , and businesswoman . She appeared on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue in 1998 and was the first German model to become a Victorias Secret Angel . Following a successful modeling career , Klum became the host and a judge of Germanys Next Topmodel and the reality show Project Runway , which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program ( shared with co-host Tim Gunn ) . Klum has been nominated for six Emmy Awards . She has worked as a spokesmodel for Dannon and H&M and has appeared in numerous commercials for McDonalds , Volkswagen and others . In 2009 , Klum became Barbies official ambassador on Barbies 50th anniversary . As an occasional actress , she had supporting roles in movies including Blow Dry ( 2001 ) , Ella Enchanted ( 2004 ) , and made cameo appearances in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , Perfect Stranger ( 2007 ) and Oceans 8 ( 2018 ) . She has also made guest appearances on TV shows including Sex and the City , How I Met Your Mother , Desperate Housewives and Parks and Recreation . From 2013 to 2018 and since 2020 , Klum has been a judge on NBC reality show Americas Got Talent . In May 2011 , Forbes magazine estimated Klums total earnings for that year as US$20 million . She was ranked second on Forbes list of the Worlds Top-Earning Models . Forbes noted that since ending her 13-year run as a Victorias Secret Angel , Klum has become more of a businesswoman than a model . In 2008 , she became an American citizen while maintaining her native German citizenship . Early life and discovery . Klum was born and raised in Bergisch Gladbach , a city near Cologne , West Germany . She is the daughter of Erna , a hairdresser , and Günther Klum , a cosmetics company executive . A friend convinced her to enroll in a national modeling contest called Model 92 . Out of 25,000 contestants , Klum was voted the winner on 29 April 1992 , and she was offered a modeling contract worth by Thomas Zeumer , CEO of Metropolitan Models New York . After winning , she appeared on the Gottschalk Late Night Show , a German television show with host Thomas Gottschalk . She accepted the contract a few months later , after graduating from school , and decided not to try for an apprentice position at a fashion design school . Career . Modeling and acting . Klum has been featured on the cover of French , German , Portuguese and Spanish Vogue magazines , as well as Elle , InStyle , Marie Claire , Glamour and Russian Harpers Bazaar magazines . She became widely known after appearing on the cover of the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue and for her work with Victorias Secret as an Angel . Klum hosted the 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 Victorias Secret Fashion Shows . On 1 October 2010 , the New York Post reported in its Page Six gossip column that Klum would be leaving Victorias Secret , which was later confirmed by Klum . In addition to working with well-known photographers on her first husbands Sports Illustrated shoots , she was the object and subject of Joanne Gair body painting works in several editions from 1997 to 2010 . She wrote the foreword to Gairs book of body paint work , Body Painting , Masterpieces . Other magazines covers include GQ , Cosmopolitan , Photo , Glamour , Stuff , Joy , Esquire , Max , Mens Journal , Time and Shape . Klums modeling work includes advertising campaigns for brands like Pringle of Scotland , Liz Claiborne and – alongside fellow German supermodels Nadja Auermann , Veruschka von Lehndorff and Tatjana Patitz – for the New York jersey label Kathleen Madden . Beauty campaigns include makeup brands Bobbi Brown and Astor , as well as Givenchys Amarige fragrance . She also appeared in special ad campaigns by designers like Marc Jacobs ( Protect The Skin You′e In to raise awareness for skin cancer ) and Jean-Paul Gaultier ( summer tote in collaboration with and to benefit amfAR ) . Her runway appearances include next to numerous of Victorias Secret Anual Fashion Shows , walking for various designers and brands of New York Fashion Week like Zac Posen ( 2004 ) , Escada , Vera Wang , Structure , Victor Alfaro , Imitation Of Christ as well as working the catwalk for Philip Treacy at Brown Thomas International Fashion Show in Dublin . As a photo model she worked for retail clothing brands such as H & M , Ann Taylor and Peek & Cloppenburg and since 2007 , she has been a celebrity spokesmodel for Jordache . International tech , food and internet brands up to the automotive industry asked for Klum as their celebrity spokesperson and produced ad campaigns and TV commercials for Braun epilizer , McDonalds salad , Dannon , Carls Jr./Hardees ( Jim Beam Bourbon Burger ) , the Wix website building program and , together with then-husband Seal for the Volkswagen SUV Tiguan . In addition to modeling , she has appeared in several TV shows , including Spin City , Sex and the City , Yes , Dear , and How I Met Your Mother . She had a role as an ill-tempered hair model in the movie Blow Dry , played a giantess in the movie Ella Enchanted and was cast as Ursula Andress in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers . She had cameo appearances in the films The Devil Wears Prada and Perfect Stranger . Her other projects include dance and video games . She is featured in the 2003 video game , where she plays the villain Dr . Katya Nadanova . She has appeared in several music videos , including Jamiroquais video Love Foolosophy from their album A Funk Odyssey , Keliss Young , Fresh n New , off her second 2001 album Wanderland and , most recently , the second video for her then husband Seals song Secret off his 2010 album Seal 6 : Commitment . The latter video depicts the married couple sharing intimate moments while naked in bed ; the concept was Klums idea . In July 2007 , having earned in the previous 16months , Klum was named by Forbes as third on the list of the Worlds 15 Top-Earning Supermodels . In 2008 , Forbes estimated her income at , putting Klum in first place . For 2007 , Forbes estimated her income at . Klum is signed to IMG Models in New York City . In 2008 , Klum was a featured guest on an American Volkswagen commercial , where she was interviewed by a black Beetle . When she commented that German engineering is so sexy , she caused the Beetle to blush and turn red . She has been a part of several commercials for Volkswagen and McDonalds on German television . In November 2008 , Klum appeared in two versions of a Guitar Hero World Tour commercial , wherein she did a take on Tom Cruises iconic underwear dancing scene in Risky Business . In both versions , she lip-synced to Bob Segers Old Time Rock and Roll while dancing around the living room with the wireless guitar controller . In October 2009 , Klum was the often-nude one-woman subject of Heidilicious , a photo book by photographer Rankin . Klum ventured into web-based videos , starring in SPIKED HEEL : Supermodels Battle the Forces of Evil . The web-series starred model Coco Rocha and was directed by fashion documentarian Doug Keeve . In the story , Klum aka The Kluminator , and her stylish sidekick Coco The Sassy Superhero Rocha battle the evil Dr . Faux Pas who is plotting to destroy Fashion Week . The heroines employ everything from blow-dryer guns to fist fights , in order to thwart Dr . Faux Pas dastardly plans . The Kluminator and Girl Wonder avoid a chain of fashion disasters to neutralize a death ray that threatens to vaporize the community of fashionistas gathered in Bryant Park . In 2010 , Klum became the new face and creative advisor for European cosmetics brand Astor , for which she sets artistic direction and designs new products and fashion forward color collections . In October 2010 , Klum parted ways with Victorias Secret after 13 years of working with the brand . She provided a simple explanation in her official statement , stating : All good things have to come to an end . I will always love Victoria and never tell her secret . Its been an absolute amazing time ! It was reported in May 2011 that Klum ranked second with estimated earnings of on Forbes list of the Worlds Top-Earning Models ( 2010–2011 ) . Forbes noted that since ending her 13-year run as a Victorias Secret Angel , Klum has become more of a businesswoman than a model . She partnered with New Balance and Amazon.com to launch a clothing line and signed a 20-episode deal to host a new show on Lifetime , called Seriously Funny Kids . In fact , some noted fashion designers have long been commenting on Klums limited role as a fashion model . Karl Lagerfeld , for example , in 2009 agreed with German designer Wolfgang Joop , who called Klum after she had posed naked on the cover of the German edition of GQ magazine , no runway model . She is simply too heavy and has too big a bust . Lagerfeld observed that neither he nor Claudia Schiffer knew Klum , as she has never worked in Paris and was insignificant in the world of fashion , being more bling bling and glamorous than current fashion . Producing . In December 2004 , Klum became the host , judge and executive producer of the reality show Project Runway on the U.S . cable television channel Bravo ( airing on Lifetime television beginning in 2009 ) , in which fashion designers compete for the opportunity to show their line at New York Fashion Week and receive money to launch their own fashion line . She received an Emmy Award nomination for the show for each of the first four seasons . In 2008 , Klum and Project Runway received a Peabody Award , the first time a reality show won the award . Klum was nominated for an Emmy in 2008 for outstanding host of a reality or reality-competition show for Project Runway , the first year that category was recognized by the Emmys . Klum has been the host , judge and co-producer of Germanys Next Topmodel , the German version of the internationally successful reality television show , since 2006 . All twelve seasons aired on the German TV station ProSieben . In 2013 , Klum , along with her co-host Tim Gunn won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program . On 7 September 2018 , it was confirmed that Klum , along with Tim Gunn would not be returning to Project Runway for a 17th season on Bravo as they both signed a deal to helm another fashion competition show on Amazon Video . Design and other business ventures . Klum designed clothing lines ( one for men ) , featured in the German mail-order catalog Otto . She designed shoes for Birkenstock , jewelry for Mouawad , a clothing line for Jordache , and swimsuits – featured in the 2002 Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . She was one of the designers of the Victorias Secret lingerie line The Body , named after the nickname she received following her first Victorias Secret Fashion Show appearance . Her Mouawad jewelry collection debuted on the cable shopping network QVC on 14 September 2006 , and 14 of the 16 styles sold out after 36 minutes . Klums clothing line for Jordache launched on 30 April 2008 . Klum has two fragrances , called Heidi Klum and Me . She designed makeup for Victorias Secret as part of their Very Sexy Makeup Collection , titled The Heidi Klum Collection . The first run debuted in Fall 2007 . A second run was released in Fall 2008 . Klum was involved in the development of a namesake rose , the Heidi Klum rose , which is available in Germany . For the 2008 US Open , Klum designed a screen print T-shirt which was sold at the US Open shop . It featured childlike butterfly pictures . Proceeds will go to a non-profit organization maintaining the park that is home to the US Open . Klum became Barbies official ambassador for the dolls 50th anniversary in 2009 , even having made a Barbie doll out of herself . On 1 April that same year , she appeared on the CBS television special , I Get That a Lot , as a girl working at a pizza shop . That same year , she appeared in advertising for Dannons Light & Fit brand . Klum and husband Seal announced in June 2010 that they would be making a reality series on Lifetime titled Loves Divine ( after Seals song of the same name. ) In January 2010 , Klum launched two lines of maternity wear : Lavish by Heidi Klum for A Pea in the Pod , and Loved by Heidi Klum for Motherhood Maternity . Klum stated , I experienced fashion challenges during my four pregnancies and combined my knowledge of what works in terms of style , comfort and practicality to create these lines . In October 2010 , Klum with New Balance , HKNB , launched a line of active womans wear fashion clothing on Amazon.com . In January 2015 , Klum launched her lingerie line Heidi Klum Intimates in Melbourne , Australia . She launched her Intimates collection in collaboration with Bendon in March 2015 . Klum is a Real Celebrity on the website Stardoll , where she has a line of virtual jewelry , and a virtual clothing line called Jordache . Users can go to Klums suite and interact with her by doing interviews , sending pending requests or dressing Klums doll . In 2015 , she appeared in Australian singer Sias music video Fire Meet Gasoline , to promote her lingerie line . In 2017 , Klum released the fashion line Heidi & the city for exclusive sale in Lidl Grocery Stores . It was first presented with a show at the New York Fashion Week . Americas Got Talent . In March 2013 , it was announced that Klum would be joining Americas Got Talent replacing Sharon Osbourne as a judge . She judged seasons 8 through 13 and the first season of before her departure was announced in February 2019 . In February 2020 , it was announced she would be back on the panel for the fifteenth season of the main series . Other work . Klum is an artist , and she had several of her paintings appear in various art magazines in the U.S . On 27 September 2002 , she dedicated a sculpture she painted called Dog with Butterflies to commemorate the role of rescue dogs in the aftermath of 11 September . In 2004 , Klum co-authored Heidi Klums Body of Knowledge with Elle magazine editor Alexandra Postman . The book gives Klums biography as well as her advice on becoming successful . Prior to that , Klum had been an occasional guest columnist for the German television network RTLs website . She wrote an essay for the German newspaper Die Zeit . In November 2006 , Klum released her debut single Wonderland , written for a series of television advertisements for the German retailer Douglas . Proceeds were given to a childrens charity in her hometown of Bergisch Gladbach . She contributed to her husband Seals 2007 album System , singing the duet Wedding Day , a song that Seal wrote for their wedding . Personal life . In 1997 , Klum married stylist Ric Pipino . The couple divorced in 2002 . In March 2003 , Klum began a relationship with Flavio Briatore , the Italian managing director of Renault’s Formula One team . In December she announced her pregnancy . Soon after , the two split and Klum began dating the musician Seal . Klum gave birth to daughter Leni in May 2004 in New York City . Seal was present for Lenis birth , and according to Klum , Briatore is not involved in Lenis life ; she has stated emphatically that Seal is Lenis father . Klum and Seal got engaged in December 2004 on a glacier in Whistler , British Columbia and married on 10 May 2005 on a beach in Mexico . They have three biological children together : sons born in September 2005 and November 2006 , and a daughter born in October 2009 . On 21 November 2009 , Klum officially adopted Seals surname and became legally known as Heidi Samuel . Soon after , in December 2009 , Seal officially adopted Leni , and her last name was changed to Samuel . During their marriage , Klum and Seal renewed their vows to one another each year on their anniversary in front of family and friends . On 22 January 2012 , the couple announced that they were separating after almost seven years of marriage . She filed for divorce from Seal three months later on 6 April 2012 . She also requested that her name be restored to her birth name of Heidi Klum . Their divorce was finalized on 14 October 2014 . Klum dated her bodyguard , Martin Kirsten , from 2012 to 2014 . She started dating art curator Vito Schnabel in 2014 . They broke up in 2017 after three years of dating . In May 2018 , Klum made public her relationship with Tokio Hotel guitarist Tom Kaulitz through Instagram posts and appearances at Cannes Film Festival . The two were first romantically linked in March of the same year . On 24 December 2018 , after approximately one year of dating , Klum announced on her Instagram that she and Kaulitz were engaged and posted a picture of the couple where the ring was showing with the caption I SAID YES followed with a red heart emoji . Klum privately married Kaulitz in February 2019 . The couples wedding ceremony was held on the yacht Christina O in Italy in August 2019 . In an interview with Ocean View , Klum has described herself as a nudist , stating I grew up very free.. . not hiding or feeling insecure about myself or my body . As much as I love wearing beautiful lingerie and clothes , I also love not wearing too much . Its a free feeling that Ive had since being a small child growing up in Germany . I had parents that never hid from me when they changed clothing or when I walked into the room . When we would go to the beach , my mom would sunbathe topless . Bomb threat during GNTM live finale . During the live finale of the 10th season of Germanys Next Top Model in the Mannheim SAP Arena on 14 May 2015 , a telephone call by a woman came in at 9:07 pm , threatening that a bomb would go off during the live show . The organizer decided to have the hall evacuated and then to call the police . In the meantime , the live broadcast had been canceled and a note was shown to the television viewers , stating that the show had been interrupted due to technical issues . Later on , a man was arrested after he came near Klum , issuing another bomb threat . Thereupon , she was evacuated along with her daughter Leni and the two other judges . A suspicious suitcase was found , which turned out to be a hoax . Philanthropy . On 30 April 2011 , Klum led Walk for Kids , a community 5K walk to raise funds as part of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles community awareness efforts . In May 2014 , Klum was honoured with the Crystal Cross Award of the American Red Cross for her charity work , most notably for her contributions to the Red Cross after Hurricane Sandy . External links . - AOL Books interview about the book Body of Knowledge - Interview in Der Spiegel ( 12 February 2006 )

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Who was the head of Scottish National Party from Sep 1990 to Sep 2000?

/wiki/Scottish_National_Party#P488#0

Scottish National Party The Scottish National Party ( SNP ; , ) is a Scottish nationalist , regionalist , and social-democratic political party in Scotland . The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from the United Kingdom and for membership of the European Union , with a platform based on civic nationalism . The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland , where it has the most seats in the Scottish Parliament and 45 out of the 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons at Westminster , and it is the third-largest political party by membership in the United Kingdom , behind the Labour Party and the Conservative Party . The current Scottish National Party leader , Nicola Sturgeon , has served as First Minister of Scotland since 20 November 2014 . Founded in 1934 with the amalgamation of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party , the party has had continuous parliamentary representation in Westminster since Winnie Ewing won the 1967 Hamilton by-election . With the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999 , the SNP became the second-largest party , serving two terms as the opposition . The SNP gained power under Alex Salmond at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election , forming a minority government , before going on to win the 2011 Parliament election , after which it formed Holyroods first majority government . After losing the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , Salmond resigned and was succeeded by Sturgeon . The SNP was reduced back to being a minority government at the 2016 election . The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland in terms of both seats in the Westminster and Holyrood parliaments , and membership , reaching 125,691 members as of March 2021 , 45 Members of Parliament ( MPs ) , 64 Members of the Scottish Parliament ( MSPs ) and 400 local councillors . The SNP is a member of the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) . The party does not have any members of the House of Lords , as it has always maintained a position of objecting to an unelected upper house . History . Foundation and early breakthroughs ( 1934–1970 ) . The SNP was formed in 1934 through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party , with the Duke of Montrose and Cunninghame Graham as its first , joint , presidents . Sir Alexander MacEwen was its first chairman . Professor Douglas Young , who was the leader of the Scottish National Party from 1942 to 1945 campaigned for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Axis powers . Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted . The party suffered its first split during this period with John MacCormick leaving the party in 1942 , owing to his failure to change the partys policy from supporting all-out independence to Home Rule at that years conference in Glasgow . McCormick went on to form the Scottish Covenant Association , a non-partisan political organisation campaigning for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly . However , wartime conditions also enabled the SNPs first parliamentary success at the Motherwell by-election in 1945 , but Robert McIntyre MP lost the seat at the general election three months later . The 1950s were characterised by similarly low levels of support , and this made it difficult for the party to advance . Indeed , in most general elections they were unable to put up more than a handful of candidates . The 1960s , however , offered more electoral successes , with candidates polling credibly at Glasgow Bridgeton in 1961 , West Lothian in 1962 and Glasgow Pollok in 1967 . Indeed , this foreshadowed Winnie Ewings surprise victory in a by-election at the previously safe Labour seat of Hamilton . This brought the SNP to national prominence , leading to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission . Becoming a major force ( 1970s ) . Despite this breakthrough , the 1970 general election was to prove a disappointment for the party as , despite an increase in vote share , Ewing failed to retain her seat in Hamilton . The party did receive some consolation with the capture of the Western Isles , making Donald Stewart the partys only MP . This was to be the case until the 1973 by-election at Glasgow Govan where a hitherto safe Labour seat was claimed by Margo MacDonald . 1974 was to prove something of an annus mirabilis for the party as it deployed its highly effective Its Scotlands oil campaign . The SNP gained 6 seats at the February general election before hitting a high point in the October re-run , polling almost a third of all votes in Scotland and returning 11 MPs to Westminster . Furthermore , during that years local elections the party claimed overall control of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth . This success was to continue for much of the decade , and at the 1977 district elections the SNP saw victories at councils including East Kilbride and Falkirk and held the balance of power in Glasgow . However , this level of support was not to last and by 1978 Labour revival was evident at three by-elections ( Glasgow Garscadden , Hamilton and Berwick and East Lothian ) as well as the regional elections . This was to culminate when the party experienced a large drop in its support at the 1979 general election , precipitated by the party bringing down the incumbent Labour minority government following the controversial failure of that years devolution referendum . Reduced to just 2 MPs , the successes of October 1974 were not to be surpassed until the 2015 general election . Factional divisions and infighting ( 1980s ) . Following this defeat , a period of internal strife occurred within the party , culminating with the formation of two internal groups : the ultranationalist Siol nan Gaidheal and left-wing 79 Group . Traditionalists within the party , centred around Winnie Ewing , by this time an MEP , responded by establishing the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland which sought to ensure that the primary objective of the SNP was campaigning for independence outwith a traditional left-right orientation , even though this would have undone the work of figures such as William Wolfe , who developed a clearly social democratic policy platform throughout the 1970s . These events ensured the success of a leadership motion at the partys annual conference of 1982 , in Ayr , despite the 79 Group being bolstered by the merger of Jim Sillars Scottish Labour Party ( SLP ) although this influx of ex-SLP members further shifted the characteristics of the party leftwards . Despite this , traditionalist figure Gordon Wilson remained party leader through the electoral disappointments of 1983 and 1987 , where he lost his own Dundee East seat won 13 years prior . Through this period , Sillars grew influence in the party , developing a clear socio-economic platform including Independence in Europe , reversing the SNPs previous opposition to membership of the then-EEC which had been unsuccessful in a 1975 referendum . This position was enhanced further by Sillars reclaiming Glasgow Govan in a by-election in 1988 . Despite this moderation , the party did not join Labour , the Liberal Democrats and the Greens as well as civil society in the Scottish Constitutional Convention which developed a blueprint for a devolved Scottish Parliament due to the unwillingness of the convention to discuss independence as a constitutional option . First Salmond era ( 1990s ) . Alex Salmond had been elected MP for Banff and Buchan in 1987 , after the re-admittance of 79 Group members , and was able to seize the party leadership after Wilsons resignation in 1990 after a contest with Margaret Ewing . This was a surprise victory as Ewing had the backing of much of the party establishment , including Sillars and then-Party Secretary John Swinney . The defection of Labour MP Dick Douglas further evidenced the partys clear left-wing positioning , particularly regarding opposition to the poll tax . Despite this , Salmonds leadership was unable to avert a fourth successive general election disappointment in 1992 with the party reduced back from 5 to 3 MPs . The mid-90s offered some successes for the party , with North East Scotland being gained at the 1994 European elections and the party securing a by-election at Perth and Kinross in 1995 after a near-miss at Monklands East the previous year . 1997 offered the partys most successful general election for 23 years , although in the face of the Labour landslide the party was unable to match either 1974 election . That September , the party joined with the members of the Scottish Constitutional Convention in the successful Yes-Yes campaign in the devolution referendum which lead to the establishment of a Scottish Parliament with tax-varying powers . By 1999 , the first elections to the parliament were being held , although the party suffered a disappointing result , gaining just 35 MSPs in the face of Salmonds unpopular Kosovo Broadcast which opposed NATO intervention in the country . Opposing Labour-Liberal Democrat coalitions ( 1999–2007 ) . This meant that the party began as the official opposition in the parliament to a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government . Salmond found the move to a more consensual politics difficult and sought a return to Westminster , resigning the leadership in 2000 with John Swinney , like Salmond a gradualist , victorious in the ensuring leadership election . Swinneys leadership proved ineffectual , with a loss of one MP in 2001 and a further reduction to 27 MSPs in 2003 despite the Officegate scandal unseating previous First Minister Henry McLeish . However , the only parties to gain seats in that election were the Scottish Greens and the Scottish Socialist Party ( SSP ) which like the SNP support independence . After an unsuccessful leadership challenge in 2003 , Swinney stepped down following disappointing results in the European elections of 2004 with Salmond victorious in the subsequent leadership contest despite initially refusing to be candidate . Nicola Sturgeon was elected Depute Leader and became the partys leader in the Scottish Parliament until Salmond was able to return at the next parliamentary election . Salmond governments ( 2007–2014 ) . In 2007 , the SNP emerged as the largest party in the Scottish Parliament with 47 of 129 seats , narrowly ousting the Scottish Labour Party with 46 seats and Alex Salmond becoming First Minister after ousting the Liberal Democrats in Gordon . The Scottish Green Party supported Salmonds election as First Minister , and his subsequent appointments of ministers , in return for early tabling of the climate change bill and the SNP nominating a Green MSP to chair a parliamentary committee . Despite this , Salmonds minority government tended to strike budget deals with the Conservatives to stay in office . In May 2011 , the SNP won an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament with 69 seats . This was a significant feat as the additional member system used for Scottish Parliament elections was specifically designed to prevent one party from winning an outright majority . This was followed by a reverse in the partys previous opposition to NATO membership at the partys annual conference in 2012 despite Salmonds refusal to apologise for the Kosovo broadcast on the occasion of the Kosovo Declaration of Independence . This majority enabled the SNP government to hold a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014 . The No vote prevailed in a close-fought campaign , prompting the resignation of First Minister Alex Salmond . Forty-five percent of Scottish voters cast their ballots for independence , with the Yes side receiving less support than late polling predicted . This was suggested as due to Salmonds unpopularity among women and Nicola Sturgeon won that years leadership election unopposed . Sturgeon years ( 2014 onwards ) . The SNP rebounded from the loss in the independence referendum at the 2015 UK general election , led by Nicola Sturgeon . The party went from holding six seats in the House of Commons to 56 , mostly at the expense of the Labour Party . All but three of the fifty-nine constituencies in the country elected an SNP candidate in the partys most comprehensive electoral victory at any level . At the 2016 Scottish election , the SNP lost a net total of 6 seats , losing its overall majority in the Scottish Parliament , but returning for a third consecutive term as a minority government despite gaining an additional 1.1% of the constituency vote , for the partys best-ever result , from the 2011 election however 2.3% of the regional list vote . On the constituency vote , the SNP gained 11 seats from Labour , but lost the Edinburgh Southern constituency to the party . The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats each gained two constituency seats from the SNP on 2011 ( Aberdeenshire West and Edinburgh Central for the Conservatives and Edinburgh Western and North East Fife for the Liberal Democrats ) . This election was followed by the 2016 European Union referendum after which the SNP joined with the Liberal Democrats and Greens to call for continued membership of the EU . Despite a consequential increase in the Conservative vote at the 2017 local elections the SNP for the first time became the largest party in each of Scotlands four city councils : Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh and Glasgow , where a Labour administration was ousted after 37 years . At the 2017 UK general election the SNP underperformed compared to polling expectations , losing 21 seats to bring their number of Westminster MPs down to 35 – however this was still the partys second best result ever at the time . This was largely attributed by many , including former Deputy First Minister John Swinney , to their stance on holding a second Scottish independence referendum and saw a swing to the Unionist parties , with seats being picked up by the Conservatives , Labour and the Liberal Democrats and a reduction in their majorities in the other seats . Stephen Gethins , MP for North East Fife , came out of this election with a majority of just 2 to the Liberal Democrat candidate . High-profile losses included SNP Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon . The SNP went on to achieve its best-ever European Parliament result in the final election before Brexit , the party taking its MEP total to 3 or half of Scottish seats and achieving a record vote share for the party . This was also the best performance of any party in the era of proportional elections to the European Parliament in Scotland . This was suggested as being due to the partys europhile sentiment during what amounted to a single-issue election , with parties that lacked a clear message performing poorly , such as Labour finishing in 5th place and losing all of their Scottish MEPs for the first time . Later that year the SNP experienced a surge in the 2019 general election , winning 45.0% of the vote and 48 seats , its second-best result ever . Although the party suffered a loss to the Liberal Democrats , it gained the seat of its then UK leader Jo Swinson , along with 7 from the Conservatives and 6 from Labour . This victory was generally attributed to Sturgeons cautious approach regarding holding a second independence referendum and a strong emphasis on EU membership during the election . The following January , the UK-wide Conservative majority ensured that the UK left the EU . At the 2021 Scottish election , the SNP won 64 seats , one seat short of a majority , and leading to another minority government led by the SNP . Sturgeon emphasized after her partys win that it would focus on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic as well as pushing for a second referendum on independence . Constitution and structure . The local Branches are the primary level of organisation in the SNP . All of the Branches within each Scottish Parliament constituency form a Constituency Association , which coordinates the work of the Branches within the constituency , coordinates the activities of the party in the constituency and acts as a point of liaison between an MSP or MP and the party . Constituency Associations are composed of delegates from all of the Branches within the constituency . The annual National Conference is the supreme governing body of the SNP and is responsible for determining party policy and electing the National Executive Committee . The National Conference is composed of : - delegates from every Branch and Constituency Association - the members of the National Executive Committee - every SNP MSP and MP - all SNP councillors - delegates from each of the SNPs Affiliated Organisations ( Young Scots for Independence , SNP Students , SNP Trade Union Group , the Association of Nationalist Councillors , the Disabled Members Group , the SNP BAME Network , Scots Asians for Independence , and Out for Independence ) There are also regular meetings of the National Assembly , which provides a forum for detailed discussions of party policy by party members . Membership . Since 18 September 2014 ( the day of the Scottish independence referendum ) , party membership more than quadrupled ( from around 25,000 ) , surpassing the Liberal Democrats to become the third-largest of any political party in the United Kingdom . As of December 2018 , the Party had 125,482 members . European affiliation . The SNP retains close links with Plaid Cymru , its counterpart in Wales . MPs from both parties co-operate closely with each other and work as a single parliamentary group within the House of Commons . Both the SNP and Plaid Cymru are members of the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) , a European political party comprising regionalist political parties . The EFA co-operates with the larger European Green Party to form The Greens–European Free Alliance ( Greens/EFA ) group in the European Parliament . Before its affiliation with The Greens–European Free Alliance , the SNP had previously been allied with the European Progressive Democrats ( 1979–1984 ) , Rainbow Group ( 1989–1994 ) and European Radical Alliance ( 1994–1999 ) . As the UK is no longer a member of the EU , the SNP has no MEPs . Policies . Ideological foundations . The Scottish National Party did not have a clear ideological position until the 1970s , when it sought to explicitly present itself as a social democratic party in terms of party policy and publicity . During the period from its foundation until the 1960s , the SNP was essentially a moderate centrist party . Debate within the party focused more on the SNP being distinct as an all-Scotland national movement , with it being neither of the left nor the right , but constituting a new politics that sought to put Scotland first . The SNP was formed through the merger of the centre-left National Party of Scotland ( NPS ) and the centre-right Scottish Party . The SNPs founders were united over self-determination in principle , though not its exact nature , or the best strategic means to achieve self-government . From the mid-1940s onwards , SNP policy was radical and redistributionist concerning land and in favour of the diffusion of economic power , including the decentralisation of industries such as coal to include the involvement of local authorities and regional planning bodies to control industrial structure and development . Party policies supported the economic and social policy status quo of the post-war welfare state . By the 1960s , the SNP was starting to become defined ideologically , with a social democratic tradition emerging as the party grew in urban , industrial Scotland , and its membership experienced an influx of social democrats from the Labour Party , the trade unions and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . The emergence of Billy Wolfe as a leading figure in the SNP also contributed to the leftwards shift . By this period , the Labour Party was also the dominant party in Scotland , in terms of electoral support and representation . Targeting Labour through emphasising left-of-centre policies and values was therefore electorally logical for the SNP , as well as tying in with the ideological preferences of many new party members . In 1961 , the SNP conference expressed the partys opposition to the siting of the US Polaris submarine base at the Holy Loch . This policy was followed in 1963 by a motion opposed to nuclear weapons : a policy that has remained in place ever since . The 1964 policy document , SNP & You , contained a clear centre-left policy platform , including commitments to full employment , government intervention in fuel , power and transport , a state bank to guide economic development , encouragement of cooperatives and credit unions , extensive building of council houses ( social housing ) by central and local government , pensions adjusted to cost of living , a minimum wage and an improved national health service . The 1960s also saw the beginnings of the SNPs efforts to establish an industrial organisation and mobilise amongst trade unionists in Scotland , with the establishment of the SNP Trade Union Group , and identifying the SNP with industrial campaigns , such as the Upper-Clyde Shipbuilders Work-in and the attempt of the workers at the Scottish Daily Express to run as a co-operative . For the party manifestos for the two 1974 general elections , the SNP finally self-identified as a social democratic party , and proposed a range of social democratic policies . There was also an unsuccessful proposal at the 1975 party conference to rename the party as the Scottish National Party ( Social Democrats ) . In the UK-wide referendum on Britains membership of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) in the same year as the aforementioned attempted name change , the SNP campaigned for Britain to leave the EEC . There were further ideological and internal struggles after 1979 , with the 79 Group attempting to move the SNP further to the left , away from being what could be described a social-democratic party , to an expressly socialist party . Members of the 79 Group – including future party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond – were expelled from the party . This produced a response in the shape of the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland from those who wanted the SNP to remain a broad church , apart from arguments of left vs . right . The 1980s saw the SNP further define itself as a party of the political left , such as campaigning against the introduction of the poll tax in Scotland in 1989 ; one year before the tax was imposed on the rest of the UK . Ideological tensions inside the SNP are further complicated by arguments between the so-called SNP gradualists and SNP fundamentalists . In essence , gradualists seek to advance Scotland to independence through further devolution , in a step-by-step strategy . They tend to be in the moderate left grouping , though much of the 79 Group was gradualist in approach . However , this 79 Group gradualism was as much a reaction against the fundamentalists of the day , many of whom believed the SNP should not take a clear left or right position . Economic policies . The Sturgeon Government in 2017 adjusted income tax rates so that low earners would pay less and those earning more than £33,000 a year would pay more . Previously the party had replaced the flat rate Stamp Duty with the LBTT , which uses a graduated tax rate . Whilst in government , the party was also responsible for the establishment of Revenue Scotland to administer devolved taxation . Having previously defined itself in opposition to the poll tax the SNP has also championed progressive taxation at a local level . Despite pledging to introduce a local income tax the Salmond Government found itself unable to replace the council tax and the party has , particularly since the ending of the council tax freeze under Nicola Sturgeons leadership , committing to increasing the graduated nature of the tax . Conversely , the party has also supported capping and reducing Business Rates in an attempt to support small businesses . It has been noted that the party contains a broader spectrum of opinion regarding economic policy than most political parties in the UK due to its status as the only viable vehicle for Scottish independence , with the partys parliamentary group at Westminster in 2016 including socialists such as Tommy Sheppard and Mhairi Black , capitalists such as Stewart Hosie and former Conservative , Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh . Social policies . Under Sturgeons leadership , Scotland was twice in succession named the best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality . Party policy aims to introduce gender self-identification to allow an easier process of gender recognition for transgender community . This is in stark contrast to Scotlands recent history as a deeply socially conservative country although this transformation can be seen to have taken place in the countrys other main political parties largely simultaneously . Particularly since Nicola Sturgeons elevation to First Minister the party has highlighted its commitments to gender equality – with her first act being to appoint a gender balanced cabinet . The SNP have also taken steps to implement all-women shortlists whilst Sturgeon has introduced a mentoring scheme to encourage womens political engagement . The SNP supports multiculturalism with Scotland receiving thousands of refugees from the Syrian Civil War . To this end it has been claimed that refugees in Scotland are better supported than those in England . More generally , the SNP seeks to increase immigration to combat a declining population and calling for a separate Scottish visa even within the UK . Foreign and defence policies . Despite traditionally supporting military neutrality the SNPs policy has in recent years moved to support both the Atlanticist and Europeanist traditions . This is particularly evident in the conclusion of the NATO debate within the party in favour of those who support membership of the military alliance . This is despite the partys continuing opposition to Scotland hosting nuclear weapons and then-leader Salmonds criticism of both the Kosovo intervention and the Iraq War . The party has placed an emphasis on developing positive relations with the United States in recent years despite a lukewarm reaction to the election of Scottish American Donald Trump as President due to long running legal disputes . Having opposed membership in the 1975 referendum , the party has supported membership of the European Union since the adoption of the Independence in Europe policy during the 1980s . Consequentially , the SNP supported remaining within the EU during the 2016 referendum where every Scottish council area backed this position . Consequently , the party opposed Brexit and sought a further referendum on the withdrawal agreement , ultimately unsuccessfully . The SNP would like to see an independent Scotland as a member of the European Union and NATO and has left open the prospect of an independent Scotland joining the Euro . The SNP has also taken a stance against Russian interference abroad – the party supporting the enlargement of the EU and NATO to areas such as the Western Balkans and Ukraine to counter this influence . The party called for repercussions for Russia regarding the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and has criticised former leader Alex Salmond for broadcasting a chat show on Kremlin-backed network RT . Consequently , party representatives have expressed support for movements such as Euromaidan that support the independence of countries across Eastern Europe . The party have supported measures including foreign aid which seek to facilitate international development through various charitable organisations . In recognition of Scotlands historic links to the country , these programmes are mostly focused in Malawi in common with previous Scottish governments . With local authorities across the country , including Glasgow City Council being involved in this partnership since before the SNP took office in 2007 . Health and education policies . The SNP have pledged to uphold the public service nature of NHS Scotland and are consequently opposed to any attempts at privatisation of the health service , including any inclusion in a post-Brexit trade deal with the United States . The party has been fond of increasing provision under the NHS with the introduction of universal baby boxes based on the Finnish scheme . This supported child development alongside other commitments including the expansion of free childcare for children younger than school age and the introduction of universal free school meals in the first three years of school . Previously , SNP governments have abolished hospital parking charges as well as prescription charges in efforts to promote enhanced public health outcomes by increasing access to care and treatment . Furthermore , during Sturgeons premiership , Scotland became the first country in the world to introduce alcohol minimum unit pricing to counter alcohol problems . Recently , the party has also committed to providing universal access to sanitary products and the liberalisation of drugs policy through devolution , in an effort to increase access to treatment and improve public health outcomes . The party also promotes universal access to education , with one of the first acts of the Salmond government being to abolish tuition fees . More recently , the party has turned its attention to widening access to higher education with Nicola Sturgeon stating that education is her number one priority . At school level , the Curriculum for Excellence is currently undergoing a review . Constitution policies . The foundations of the SNP are a belief that Scotland would be more prosperous by being governed independently from the United Kingdom , although the party was defeated in the 2014 referendum on this issue . The party has since sought to hold a second referendum at some point in the future , perhaps related to the outcome of Brexit , as the party sees a referendum as the only route to independence . The party is constitutionalist and as such rejects holding such a referendum unilaterally or any course of actions that could lead to comparisons with cases such as Catalonia with the party seeing independence as a process that should be undertaken through a consensual process alongside the UK Government . As part of this process towards independence , the party supports increased devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government , particularly in areas such as welfare and immigration . Official SNP policy is supportive of the monarchy however members are divided on the issue . The party does propose reducing the funds spent on the royal family . Separately , the SNP has always opposed the UKs unelected upper house and would like to see both it and the House of Commons elected by a form of proportional representation . The party also supports the introduction of a written constitution , either for an independent Scotland or the UK as a whole , going as far as producing a proposed interim constitution for Scotland during the independence referendum campaign . Fundamentalists and gradualists . With how to achieve independence , the party was traditionally split between fundamentalists and gradualists . The SNP leadership generally subscribe to the gradualist viewpoint , that being the idea that Scottish independence can be won by the accumulation by the Scottish Parliament of powers that the UK Parliament currently has over time . Fundamentalism stands in opposition to the so-called gradualist point of view , which believes that the SNP should emphasise independence more widely to achieve it . The argument goes that if the SNP is unprepared to argue for its central policy then it is unlikely ever to persuade the public of its worthiness . Leadership . President of the Scottish National Party . - James Graham , 6th Duke of Montrose and Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham ( joint ) , 1934–1936 - Roland Muirhead , 1936–1950 - Tom Gibson , 1950–1958 - Robert McIntyre , 1958–1980 - William Wolfe , 1980–1982 - Donald Stewart , 1982–1987 - Winnie Ewing , 1987–2005 - Ian Hudghton , 2005–2020 - Michael Russell , 2020–present National Secretary of the Scottish National Party . - John MacCormick , 1934–1942 - Robert McIntyre , 1942–1947 - Mary Fraser Dott , 1947–1951 - Robert Curran , 1951–1954 - John Smart , 1954–1963 - Malcolm Shaw , 1963–1964 - Gordon Wilson , 1964–1971 - Muriel Gibson , 1971–1972 - Rosemary Hall , 1972–1975 - Muriel Gibson , 1975–1977 - Chrissie MacWhirter , 1977–1979 - Iain Murray , 1979–1981 - Neil MacCallum , 1981–1986 - John Swinney , 1986–1992 - Alasdair Morgan , 1992–1997 - Stewart Hosie , 1999–2003 - Alasdair Allan , 2003–2006 - Duncan Ross , 2006–2009 - William Henderson , 2009–2012 - Patrick Grady , 2012–2016 - Angus MacLeod , 2016–2020 - Stewart Stevenson , 2020–present Leader of the parliamentary party , Scottish Parliament . - Alex Salmond 1999–2000 - John Swinney 2000–2004 - Nicola Sturgeon 2004–2007 - Alex Salmond 2007–2014 - Nicola Sturgeon 2014–present Leader of the parliamentary party , House of Commons . - Donald Stewart 1974–1987 - Margaret Ewing 1987–1999 - Alasdair Morgan 1999–2001 - Alex Salmond 2001–2007 - Angus Robertson 2007–2017 - Ian Blackford 2017–present Chief Executive Officer . - Michael Russell , 1994–1999 - Peter Murrell , 1999–present Current SNP Council Leaders . - Clackmannanshire : Les Sharp since 2017 - Dundee City : John Alexander since 2017 - East Ayrshire : Douglas Reid since 2007 - East Renfrewshire : Tony Buchanan since 2017 - City of Edinburgh : Adam McVey since 2017 - Falkirk : Cecil Meiklejohn since 2017 - Fife : David Alexander since 2017 - Glasgow City : Susan Aitken since 2017 - Moray : Graham Leadbitter since 2018 - Renfrewshire : Iain Nicolson since 2017 - South Ayrshire : Douglas Campbell since 2017 - South Lanarkshire : John Ross since 2017 - Stirling : Scott Farmer since 2017 - West Dunbartonshire : Jonathon McColl since 2017 Government Ministers and Shadow Cabinet . Scottish Parliament . , the Cabinet of the Scottish Government is as follows : House of Commons . As of February 2021 , the Shadow Cabinet of the SNP in Westminster is as follows . Present elected representatives . Councillors . The SNP had 431 councillors in Local Government elected from the 2017 Scottish local elections .

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Who was the chair of Scottish National Party from Sep 2000 to Sep 2004?

/wiki/Scottish_National_Party#P488#1

Scottish National Party The Scottish National Party ( SNP ; , ) is a Scottish nationalist , regionalist , and social-democratic political party in Scotland . The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from the United Kingdom and for membership of the European Union , with a platform based on civic nationalism . The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland , where it has the most seats in the Scottish Parliament and 45 out of the 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons at Westminster , and it is the third-largest political party by membership in the United Kingdom , behind the Labour Party and the Conservative Party . The current Scottish National Party leader , Nicola Sturgeon , has served as First Minister of Scotland since 20 November 2014 . Founded in 1934 with the amalgamation of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party , the party has had continuous parliamentary representation in Westminster since Winnie Ewing won the 1967 Hamilton by-election . With the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999 , the SNP became the second-largest party , serving two terms as the opposition . The SNP gained power under Alex Salmond at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election , forming a minority government , before going on to win the 2011 Parliament election , after which it formed Holyroods first majority government . After losing the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , Salmond resigned and was succeeded by Sturgeon . The SNP was reduced back to being a minority government at the 2016 election . The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland in terms of both seats in the Westminster and Holyrood parliaments , and membership , reaching 125,691 members as of March 2021 , 45 Members of Parliament ( MPs ) , 64 Members of the Scottish Parliament ( MSPs ) and 400 local councillors . The SNP is a member of the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) . The party does not have any members of the House of Lords , as it has always maintained a position of objecting to an unelected upper house . History . Foundation and early breakthroughs ( 1934–1970 ) . The SNP was formed in 1934 through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party , with the Duke of Montrose and Cunninghame Graham as its first , joint , presidents . Sir Alexander MacEwen was its first chairman . Professor Douglas Young , who was the leader of the Scottish National Party from 1942 to 1945 campaigned for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Axis powers . Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted . The party suffered its first split during this period with John MacCormick leaving the party in 1942 , owing to his failure to change the partys policy from supporting all-out independence to Home Rule at that years conference in Glasgow . McCormick went on to form the Scottish Covenant Association , a non-partisan political organisation campaigning for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly . However , wartime conditions also enabled the SNPs first parliamentary success at the Motherwell by-election in 1945 , but Robert McIntyre MP lost the seat at the general election three months later . The 1950s were characterised by similarly low levels of support , and this made it difficult for the party to advance . Indeed , in most general elections they were unable to put up more than a handful of candidates . The 1960s , however , offered more electoral successes , with candidates polling credibly at Glasgow Bridgeton in 1961 , West Lothian in 1962 and Glasgow Pollok in 1967 . Indeed , this foreshadowed Winnie Ewings surprise victory in a by-election at the previously safe Labour seat of Hamilton . This brought the SNP to national prominence , leading to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission . Becoming a major force ( 1970s ) . Despite this breakthrough , the 1970 general election was to prove a disappointment for the party as , despite an increase in vote share , Ewing failed to retain her seat in Hamilton . The party did receive some consolation with the capture of the Western Isles , making Donald Stewart the partys only MP . This was to be the case until the 1973 by-election at Glasgow Govan where a hitherto safe Labour seat was claimed by Margo MacDonald . 1974 was to prove something of an annus mirabilis for the party as it deployed its highly effective Its Scotlands oil campaign . The SNP gained 6 seats at the February general election before hitting a high point in the October re-run , polling almost a third of all votes in Scotland and returning 11 MPs to Westminster . Furthermore , during that years local elections the party claimed overall control of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth . This success was to continue for much of the decade , and at the 1977 district elections the SNP saw victories at councils including East Kilbride and Falkirk and held the balance of power in Glasgow . However , this level of support was not to last and by 1978 Labour revival was evident at three by-elections ( Glasgow Garscadden , Hamilton and Berwick and East Lothian ) as well as the regional elections . This was to culminate when the party experienced a large drop in its support at the 1979 general election , precipitated by the party bringing down the incumbent Labour minority government following the controversial failure of that years devolution referendum . Reduced to just 2 MPs , the successes of October 1974 were not to be surpassed until the 2015 general election . Factional divisions and infighting ( 1980s ) . Following this defeat , a period of internal strife occurred within the party , culminating with the formation of two internal groups : the ultranationalist Siol nan Gaidheal and left-wing 79 Group . Traditionalists within the party , centred around Winnie Ewing , by this time an MEP , responded by establishing the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland which sought to ensure that the primary objective of the SNP was campaigning for independence outwith a traditional left-right orientation , even though this would have undone the work of figures such as William Wolfe , who developed a clearly social democratic policy platform throughout the 1970s . These events ensured the success of a leadership motion at the partys annual conference of 1982 , in Ayr , despite the 79 Group being bolstered by the merger of Jim Sillars Scottish Labour Party ( SLP ) although this influx of ex-SLP members further shifted the characteristics of the party leftwards . Despite this , traditionalist figure Gordon Wilson remained party leader through the electoral disappointments of 1983 and 1987 , where he lost his own Dundee East seat won 13 years prior . Through this period , Sillars grew influence in the party , developing a clear socio-economic platform including Independence in Europe , reversing the SNPs previous opposition to membership of the then-EEC which had been unsuccessful in a 1975 referendum . This position was enhanced further by Sillars reclaiming Glasgow Govan in a by-election in 1988 . Despite this moderation , the party did not join Labour , the Liberal Democrats and the Greens as well as civil society in the Scottish Constitutional Convention which developed a blueprint for a devolved Scottish Parliament due to the unwillingness of the convention to discuss independence as a constitutional option . First Salmond era ( 1990s ) . Alex Salmond had been elected MP for Banff and Buchan in 1987 , after the re-admittance of 79 Group members , and was able to seize the party leadership after Wilsons resignation in 1990 after a contest with Margaret Ewing . This was a surprise victory as Ewing had the backing of much of the party establishment , including Sillars and then-Party Secretary John Swinney . The defection of Labour MP Dick Douglas further evidenced the partys clear left-wing positioning , particularly regarding opposition to the poll tax . Despite this , Salmonds leadership was unable to avert a fourth successive general election disappointment in 1992 with the party reduced back from 5 to 3 MPs . The mid-90s offered some successes for the party , with North East Scotland being gained at the 1994 European elections and the party securing a by-election at Perth and Kinross in 1995 after a near-miss at Monklands East the previous year . 1997 offered the partys most successful general election for 23 years , although in the face of the Labour landslide the party was unable to match either 1974 election . That September , the party joined with the members of the Scottish Constitutional Convention in the successful Yes-Yes campaign in the devolution referendum which lead to the establishment of a Scottish Parliament with tax-varying powers . By 1999 , the first elections to the parliament were being held , although the party suffered a disappointing result , gaining just 35 MSPs in the face of Salmonds unpopular Kosovo Broadcast which opposed NATO intervention in the country . Opposing Labour-Liberal Democrat coalitions ( 1999–2007 ) . This meant that the party began as the official opposition in the parliament to a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government . Salmond found the move to a more consensual politics difficult and sought a return to Westminster , resigning the leadership in 2000 with John Swinney , like Salmond a gradualist , victorious in the ensuring leadership election . Swinneys leadership proved ineffectual , with a loss of one MP in 2001 and a further reduction to 27 MSPs in 2003 despite the Officegate scandal unseating previous First Minister Henry McLeish . However , the only parties to gain seats in that election were the Scottish Greens and the Scottish Socialist Party ( SSP ) which like the SNP support independence . After an unsuccessful leadership challenge in 2003 , Swinney stepped down following disappointing results in the European elections of 2004 with Salmond victorious in the subsequent leadership contest despite initially refusing to be candidate . Nicola Sturgeon was elected Depute Leader and became the partys leader in the Scottish Parliament until Salmond was able to return at the next parliamentary election . Salmond governments ( 2007–2014 ) . In 2007 , the SNP emerged as the largest party in the Scottish Parliament with 47 of 129 seats , narrowly ousting the Scottish Labour Party with 46 seats and Alex Salmond becoming First Minister after ousting the Liberal Democrats in Gordon . The Scottish Green Party supported Salmonds election as First Minister , and his subsequent appointments of ministers , in return for early tabling of the climate change bill and the SNP nominating a Green MSP to chair a parliamentary committee . Despite this , Salmonds minority government tended to strike budget deals with the Conservatives to stay in office . In May 2011 , the SNP won an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament with 69 seats . This was a significant feat as the additional member system used for Scottish Parliament elections was specifically designed to prevent one party from winning an outright majority . This was followed by a reverse in the partys previous opposition to NATO membership at the partys annual conference in 2012 despite Salmonds refusal to apologise for the Kosovo broadcast on the occasion of the Kosovo Declaration of Independence . This majority enabled the SNP government to hold a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014 . The No vote prevailed in a close-fought campaign , prompting the resignation of First Minister Alex Salmond . Forty-five percent of Scottish voters cast their ballots for independence , with the Yes side receiving less support than late polling predicted . This was suggested as due to Salmonds unpopularity among women and Nicola Sturgeon won that years leadership election unopposed . Sturgeon years ( 2014 onwards ) . The SNP rebounded from the loss in the independence referendum at the 2015 UK general election , led by Nicola Sturgeon . The party went from holding six seats in the House of Commons to 56 , mostly at the expense of the Labour Party . All but three of the fifty-nine constituencies in the country elected an SNP candidate in the partys most comprehensive electoral victory at any level . At the 2016 Scottish election , the SNP lost a net total of 6 seats , losing its overall majority in the Scottish Parliament , but returning for a third consecutive term as a minority government despite gaining an additional 1.1% of the constituency vote , for the partys best-ever result , from the 2011 election however 2.3% of the regional list vote . On the constituency vote , the SNP gained 11 seats from Labour , but lost the Edinburgh Southern constituency to the party . The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats each gained two constituency seats from the SNP on 2011 ( Aberdeenshire West and Edinburgh Central for the Conservatives and Edinburgh Western and North East Fife for the Liberal Democrats ) . This election was followed by the 2016 European Union referendum after which the SNP joined with the Liberal Democrats and Greens to call for continued membership of the EU . Despite a consequential increase in the Conservative vote at the 2017 local elections the SNP for the first time became the largest party in each of Scotlands four city councils : Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh and Glasgow , where a Labour administration was ousted after 37 years . At the 2017 UK general election the SNP underperformed compared to polling expectations , losing 21 seats to bring their number of Westminster MPs down to 35 – however this was still the partys second best result ever at the time . This was largely attributed by many , including former Deputy First Minister John Swinney , to their stance on holding a second Scottish independence referendum and saw a swing to the Unionist parties , with seats being picked up by the Conservatives , Labour and the Liberal Democrats and a reduction in their majorities in the other seats . Stephen Gethins , MP for North East Fife , came out of this election with a majority of just 2 to the Liberal Democrat candidate . High-profile losses included SNP Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon . The SNP went on to achieve its best-ever European Parliament result in the final election before Brexit , the party taking its MEP total to 3 or half of Scottish seats and achieving a record vote share for the party . This was also the best performance of any party in the era of proportional elections to the European Parliament in Scotland . This was suggested as being due to the partys europhile sentiment during what amounted to a single-issue election , with parties that lacked a clear message performing poorly , such as Labour finishing in 5th place and losing all of their Scottish MEPs for the first time . Later that year the SNP experienced a surge in the 2019 general election , winning 45.0% of the vote and 48 seats , its second-best result ever . Although the party suffered a loss to the Liberal Democrats , it gained the seat of its then UK leader Jo Swinson , along with 7 from the Conservatives and 6 from Labour . This victory was generally attributed to Sturgeons cautious approach regarding holding a second independence referendum and a strong emphasis on EU membership during the election . The following January , the UK-wide Conservative majority ensured that the UK left the EU . At the 2021 Scottish election , the SNP won 64 seats , one seat short of a majority , and leading to another minority government led by the SNP . Sturgeon emphasized after her partys win that it would focus on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic as well as pushing for a second referendum on independence . Constitution and structure . The local Branches are the primary level of organisation in the SNP . All of the Branches within each Scottish Parliament constituency form a Constituency Association , which coordinates the work of the Branches within the constituency , coordinates the activities of the party in the constituency and acts as a point of liaison between an MSP or MP and the party . Constituency Associations are composed of delegates from all of the Branches within the constituency . The annual National Conference is the supreme governing body of the SNP and is responsible for determining party policy and electing the National Executive Committee . The National Conference is composed of : - delegates from every Branch and Constituency Association - the members of the National Executive Committee - every SNP MSP and MP - all SNP councillors - delegates from each of the SNPs Affiliated Organisations ( Young Scots for Independence , SNP Students , SNP Trade Union Group , the Association of Nationalist Councillors , the Disabled Members Group , the SNP BAME Network , Scots Asians for Independence , and Out for Independence ) There are also regular meetings of the National Assembly , which provides a forum for detailed discussions of party policy by party members . Membership . Since 18 September 2014 ( the day of the Scottish independence referendum ) , party membership more than quadrupled ( from around 25,000 ) , surpassing the Liberal Democrats to become the third-largest of any political party in the United Kingdom . As of December 2018 , the Party had 125,482 members . European affiliation . The SNP retains close links with Plaid Cymru , its counterpart in Wales . MPs from both parties co-operate closely with each other and work as a single parliamentary group within the House of Commons . Both the SNP and Plaid Cymru are members of the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) , a European political party comprising regionalist political parties . The EFA co-operates with the larger European Green Party to form The Greens–European Free Alliance ( Greens/EFA ) group in the European Parliament . Before its affiliation with The Greens–European Free Alliance , the SNP had previously been allied with the European Progressive Democrats ( 1979–1984 ) , Rainbow Group ( 1989–1994 ) and European Radical Alliance ( 1994–1999 ) . As the UK is no longer a member of the EU , the SNP has no MEPs . Policies . Ideological foundations . The Scottish National Party did not have a clear ideological position until the 1970s , when it sought to explicitly present itself as a social democratic party in terms of party policy and publicity . During the period from its foundation until the 1960s , the SNP was essentially a moderate centrist party . Debate within the party focused more on the SNP being distinct as an all-Scotland national movement , with it being neither of the left nor the right , but constituting a new politics that sought to put Scotland first . The SNP was formed through the merger of the centre-left National Party of Scotland ( NPS ) and the centre-right Scottish Party . The SNPs founders were united over self-determination in principle , though not its exact nature , or the best strategic means to achieve self-government . From the mid-1940s onwards , SNP policy was radical and redistributionist concerning land and in favour of the diffusion of economic power , including the decentralisation of industries such as coal to include the involvement of local authorities and regional planning bodies to control industrial structure and development . Party policies supported the economic and social policy status quo of the post-war welfare state . By the 1960s , the SNP was starting to become defined ideologically , with a social democratic tradition emerging as the party grew in urban , industrial Scotland , and its membership experienced an influx of social democrats from the Labour Party , the trade unions and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . The emergence of Billy Wolfe as a leading figure in the SNP also contributed to the leftwards shift . By this period , the Labour Party was also the dominant party in Scotland , in terms of electoral support and representation . Targeting Labour through emphasising left-of-centre policies and values was therefore electorally logical for the SNP , as well as tying in with the ideological preferences of many new party members . In 1961 , the SNP conference expressed the partys opposition to the siting of the US Polaris submarine base at the Holy Loch . This policy was followed in 1963 by a motion opposed to nuclear weapons : a policy that has remained in place ever since . The 1964 policy document , SNP & You , contained a clear centre-left policy platform , including commitments to full employment , government intervention in fuel , power and transport , a state bank to guide economic development , encouragement of cooperatives and credit unions , extensive building of council houses ( social housing ) by central and local government , pensions adjusted to cost of living , a minimum wage and an improved national health service . The 1960s also saw the beginnings of the SNPs efforts to establish an industrial organisation and mobilise amongst trade unionists in Scotland , with the establishment of the SNP Trade Union Group , and identifying the SNP with industrial campaigns , such as the Upper-Clyde Shipbuilders Work-in and the attempt of the workers at the Scottish Daily Express to run as a co-operative . For the party manifestos for the two 1974 general elections , the SNP finally self-identified as a social democratic party , and proposed a range of social democratic policies . There was also an unsuccessful proposal at the 1975 party conference to rename the party as the Scottish National Party ( Social Democrats ) . In the UK-wide referendum on Britains membership of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) in the same year as the aforementioned attempted name change , the SNP campaigned for Britain to leave the EEC . There were further ideological and internal struggles after 1979 , with the 79 Group attempting to move the SNP further to the left , away from being what could be described a social-democratic party , to an expressly socialist party . Members of the 79 Group – including future party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond – were expelled from the party . This produced a response in the shape of the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland from those who wanted the SNP to remain a broad church , apart from arguments of left vs . right . The 1980s saw the SNP further define itself as a party of the political left , such as campaigning against the introduction of the poll tax in Scotland in 1989 ; one year before the tax was imposed on the rest of the UK . Ideological tensions inside the SNP are further complicated by arguments between the so-called SNP gradualists and SNP fundamentalists . In essence , gradualists seek to advance Scotland to independence through further devolution , in a step-by-step strategy . They tend to be in the moderate left grouping , though much of the 79 Group was gradualist in approach . However , this 79 Group gradualism was as much a reaction against the fundamentalists of the day , many of whom believed the SNP should not take a clear left or right position . Economic policies . The Sturgeon Government in 2017 adjusted income tax rates so that low earners would pay less and those earning more than £33,000 a year would pay more . Previously the party had replaced the flat rate Stamp Duty with the LBTT , which uses a graduated tax rate . Whilst in government , the party was also responsible for the establishment of Revenue Scotland to administer devolved taxation . Having previously defined itself in opposition to the poll tax the SNP has also championed progressive taxation at a local level . Despite pledging to introduce a local income tax the Salmond Government found itself unable to replace the council tax and the party has , particularly since the ending of the council tax freeze under Nicola Sturgeons leadership , committing to increasing the graduated nature of the tax . Conversely , the party has also supported capping and reducing Business Rates in an attempt to support small businesses . It has been noted that the party contains a broader spectrum of opinion regarding economic policy than most political parties in the UK due to its status as the only viable vehicle for Scottish independence , with the partys parliamentary group at Westminster in 2016 including socialists such as Tommy Sheppard and Mhairi Black , capitalists such as Stewart Hosie and former Conservative , Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh . Social policies . Under Sturgeons leadership , Scotland was twice in succession named the best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality . Party policy aims to introduce gender self-identification to allow an easier process of gender recognition for transgender community . This is in stark contrast to Scotlands recent history as a deeply socially conservative country although this transformation can be seen to have taken place in the countrys other main political parties largely simultaneously . Particularly since Nicola Sturgeons elevation to First Minister the party has highlighted its commitments to gender equality – with her first act being to appoint a gender balanced cabinet . The SNP have also taken steps to implement all-women shortlists whilst Sturgeon has introduced a mentoring scheme to encourage womens political engagement . The SNP supports multiculturalism with Scotland receiving thousands of refugees from the Syrian Civil War . To this end it has been claimed that refugees in Scotland are better supported than those in England . More generally , the SNP seeks to increase immigration to combat a declining population and calling for a separate Scottish visa even within the UK . Foreign and defence policies . Despite traditionally supporting military neutrality the SNPs policy has in recent years moved to support both the Atlanticist and Europeanist traditions . This is particularly evident in the conclusion of the NATO debate within the party in favour of those who support membership of the military alliance . This is despite the partys continuing opposition to Scotland hosting nuclear weapons and then-leader Salmonds criticism of both the Kosovo intervention and the Iraq War . The party has placed an emphasis on developing positive relations with the United States in recent years despite a lukewarm reaction to the election of Scottish American Donald Trump as President due to long running legal disputes . Having opposed membership in the 1975 referendum , the party has supported membership of the European Union since the adoption of the Independence in Europe policy during the 1980s . Consequentially , the SNP supported remaining within the EU during the 2016 referendum where every Scottish council area backed this position . Consequently , the party opposed Brexit and sought a further referendum on the withdrawal agreement , ultimately unsuccessfully . The SNP would like to see an independent Scotland as a member of the European Union and NATO and has left open the prospect of an independent Scotland joining the Euro . The SNP has also taken a stance against Russian interference abroad – the party supporting the enlargement of the EU and NATO to areas such as the Western Balkans and Ukraine to counter this influence . The party called for repercussions for Russia regarding the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and has criticised former leader Alex Salmond for broadcasting a chat show on Kremlin-backed network RT . Consequently , party representatives have expressed support for movements such as Euromaidan that support the independence of countries across Eastern Europe . The party have supported measures including foreign aid which seek to facilitate international development through various charitable organisations . In recognition of Scotlands historic links to the country , these programmes are mostly focused in Malawi in common with previous Scottish governments . With local authorities across the country , including Glasgow City Council being involved in this partnership since before the SNP took office in 2007 . Health and education policies . The SNP have pledged to uphold the public service nature of NHS Scotland and are consequently opposed to any attempts at privatisation of the health service , including any inclusion in a post-Brexit trade deal with the United States . The party has been fond of increasing provision under the NHS with the introduction of universal baby boxes based on the Finnish scheme . This supported child development alongside other commitments including the expansion of free childcare for children younger than school age and the introduction of universal free school meals in the first three years of school . Previously , SNP governments have abolished hospital parking charges as well as prescription charges in efforts to promote enhanced public health outcomes by increasing access to care and treatment . Furthermore , during Sturgeons premiership , Scotland became the first country in the world to introduce alcohol minimum unit pricing to counter alcohol problems . Recently , the party has also committed to providing universal access to sanitary products and the liberalisation of drugs policy through devolution , in an effort to increase access to treatment and improve public health outcomes . The party also promotes universal access to education , with one of the first acts of the Salmond government being to abolish tuition fees . More recently , the party has turned its attention to widening access to higher education with Nicola Sturgeon stating that education is her number one priority . At school level , the Curriculum for Excellence is currently undergoing a review . Constitution policies . The foundations of the SNP are a belief that Scotland would be more prosperous by being governed independently from the United Kingdom , although the party was defeated in the 2014 referendum on this issue . The party has since sought to hold a second referendum at some point in the future , perhaps related to the outcome of Brexit , as the party sees a referendum as the only route to independence . The party is constitutionalist and as such rejects holding such a referendum unilaterally or any course of actions that could lead to comparisons with cases such as Catalonia with the party seeing independence as a process that should be undertaken through a consensual process alongside the UK Government . As part of this process towards independence , the party supports increased devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government , particularly in areas such as welfare and immigration . Official SNP policy is supportive of the monarchy however members are divided on the issue . The party does propose reducing the funds spent on the royal family . Separately , the SNP has always opposed the UKs unelected upper house and would like to see both it and the House of Commons elected by a form of proportional representation . The party also supports the introduction of a written constitution , either for an independent Scotland or the UK as a whole , going as far as producing a proposed interim constitution for Scotland during the independence referendum campaign . Fundamentalists and gradualists . With how to achieve independence , the party was traditionally split between fundamentalists and gradualists . The SNP leadership generally subscribe to the gradualist viewpoint , that being the idea that Scottish independence can be won by the accumulation by the Scottish Parliament of powers that the UK Parliament currently has over time . Fundamentalism stands in opposition to the so-called gradualist point of view , which believes that the SNP should emphasise independence more widely to achieve it . The argument goes that if the SNP is unprepared to argue for its central policy then it is unlikely ever to persuade the public of its worthiness . Leadership . President of the Scottish National Party . - James Graham , 6th Duke of Montrose and Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham ( joint ) , 1934–1936 - Roland Muirhead , 1936–1950 - Tom Gibson , 1950–1958 - Robert McIntyre , 1958–1980 - William Wolfe , 1980–1982 - Donald Stewart , 1982–1987 - Winnie Ewing , 1987–2005 - Ian Hudghton , 2005–2020 - Michael Russell , 2020–present National Secretary of the Scottish National Party . - John MacCormick , 1934–1942 - Robert McIntyre , 1942–1947 - Mary Fraser Dott , 1947–1951 - Robert Curran , 1951–1954 - John Smart , 1954–1963 - Malcolm Shaw , 1963–1964 - Gordon Wilson , 1964–1971 - Muriel Gibson , 1971–1972 - Rosemary Hall , 1972–1975 - Muriel Gibson , 1975–1977 - Chrissie MacWhirter , 1977–1979 - Iain Murray , 1979–1981 - Neil MacCallum , 1981–1986 - John Swinney , 1986–1992 - Alasdair Morgan , 1992–1997 - Stewart Hosie , 1999–2003 - Alasdair Allan , 2003–2006 - Duncan Ross , 2006–2009 - William Henderson , 2009–2012 - Patrick Grady , 2012–2016 - Angus MacLeod , 2016–2020 - Stewart Stevenson , 2020–present Leader of the parliamentary party , Scottish Parliament . - Alex Salmond 1999–2000 - John Swinney 2000–2004 - Nicola Sturgeon 2004–2007 - Alex Salmond 2007–2014 - Nicola Sturgeon 2014–present Leader of the parliamentary party , House of Commons . - Donald Stewart 1974–1987 - Margaret Ewing 1987–1999 - Alasdair Morgan 1999–2001 - Alex Salmond 2001–2007 - Angus Robertson 2007–2017 - Ian Blackford 2017–present Chief Executive Officer . - Michael Russell , 1994–1999 - Peter Murrell , 1999–present Current SNP Council Leaders . - Clackmannanshire : Les Sharp since 2017 - Dundee City : John Alexander since 2017 - East Ayrshire : Douglas Reid since 2007 - East Renfrewshire : Tony Buchanan since 2017 - City of Edinburgh : Adam McVey since 2017 - Falkirk : Cecil Meiklejohn since 2017 - Fife : David Alexander since 2017 - Glasgow City : Susan Aitken since 2017 - Moray : Graham Leadbitter since 2018 - Renfrewshire : Iain Nicolson since 2017 - South Ayrshire : Douglas Campbell since 2017 - South Lanarkshire : John Ross since 2017 - Stirling : Scott Farmer since 2017 - West Dunbartonshire : Jonathon McColl since 2017 Government Ministers and Shadow Cabinet . Scottish Parliament . , the Cabinet of the Scottish Government is as follows : House of Commons . As of February 2021 , the Shadow Cabinet of the SNP in Westminster is as follows . Present elected representatives . Councillors . The SNP had 431 councillors in Local Government elected from the 2017 Scottish local elections .

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Who was the chair of Scottish National Party from Sep 2004 to Nov 2014?

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Scottish National Party The Scottish National Party ( SNP ; , ) is a Scottish nationalist , regionalist , and social-democratic political party in Scotland . The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from the United Kingdom and for membership of the European Union , with a platform based on civic nationalism . The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland , where it has the most seats in the Scottish Parliament and 45 out of the 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons at Westminster , and it is the third-largest political party by membership in the United Kingdom , behind the Labour Party and the Conservative Party . The current Scottish National Party leader , Nicola Sturgeon , has served as First Minister of Scotland since 20 November 2014 . Founded in 1934 with the amalgamation of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party , the party has had continuous parliamentary representation in Westminster since Winnie Ewing won the 1967 Hamilton by-election . With the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999 , the SNP became the second-largest party , serving two terms as the opposition . The SNP gained power under Alex Salmond at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election , forming a minority government , before going on to win the 2011 Parliament election , after which it formed Holyroods first majority government . After losing the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , Salmond resigned and was succeeded by Sturgeon . The SNP was reduced back to being a minority government at the 2016 election . The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland in terms of both seats in the Westminster and Holyrood parliaments , and membership , reaching 125,691 members as of March 2021 , 45 Members of Parliament ( MPs ) , 64 Members of the Scottish Parliament ( MSPs ) and 400 local councillors . The SNP is a member of the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) . The party does not have any members of the House of Lords , as it has always maintained a position of objecting to an unelected upper house . History . Foundation and early breakthroughs ( 1934–1970 ) . The SNP was formed in 1934 through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party , with the Duke of Montrose and Cunninghame Graham as its first , joint , presidents . Sir Alexander MacEwen was its first chairman . Professor Douglas Young , who was the leader of the Scottish National Party from 1942 to 1945 campaigned for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Axis powers . Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted . The party suffered its first split during this period with John MacCormick leaving the party in 1942 , owing to his failure to change the partys policy from supporting all-out independence to Home Rule at that years conference in Glasgow . McCormick went on to form the Scottish Covenant Association , a non-partisan political organisation campaigning for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly . However , wartime conditions also enabled the SNPs first parliamentary success at the Motherwell by-election in 1945 , but Robert McIntyre MP lost the seat at the general election three months later . The 1950s were characterised by similarly low levels of support , and this made it difficult for the party to advance . Indeed , in most general elections they were unable to put up more than a handful of candidates . The 1960s , however , offered more electoral successes , with candidates polling credibly at Glasgow Bridgeton in 1961 , West Lothian in 1962 and Glasgow Pollok in 1967 . Indeed , this foreshadowed Winnie Ewings surprise victory in a by-election at the previously safe Labour seat of Hamilton . This brought the SNP to national prominence , leading to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission . Becoming a major force ( 1970s ) . Despite this breakthrough , the 1970 general election was to prove a disappointment for the party as , despite an increase in vote share , Ewing failed to retain her seat in Hamilton . The party did receive some consolation with the capture of the Western Isles , making Donald Stewart the partys only MP . This was to be the case until the 1973 by-election at Glasgow Govan where a hitherto safe Labour seat was claimed by Margo MacDonald . 1974 was to prove something of an annus mirabilis for the party as it deployed its highly effective Its Scotlands oil campaign . The SNP gained 6 seats at the February general election before hitting a high point in the October re-run , polling almost a third of all votes in Scotland and returning 11 MPs to Westminster . Furthermore , during that years local elections the party claimed overall control of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth . This success was to continue for much of the decade , and at the 1977 district elections the SNP saw victories at councils including East Kilbride and Falkirk and held the balance of power in Glasgow . However , this level of support was not to last and by 1978 Labour revival was evident at three by-elections ( Glasgow Garscadden , Hamilton and Berwick and East Lothian ) as well as the regional elections . This was to culminate when the party experienced a large drop in its support at the 1979 general election , precipitated by the party bringing down the incumbent Labour minority government following the controversial failure of that years devolution referendum . Reduced to just 2 MPs , the successes of October 1974 were not to be surpassed until the 2015 general election . Factional divisions and infighting ( 1980s ) . Following this defeat , a period of internal strife occurred within the party , culminating with the formation of two internal groups : the ultranationalist Siol nan Gaidheal and left-wing 79 Group . Traditionalists within the party , centred around Winnie Ewing , by this time an MEP , responded by establishing the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland which sought to ensure that the primary objective of the SNP was campaigning for independence outwith a traditional left-right orientation , even though this would have undone the work of figures such as William Wolfe , who developed a clearly social democratic policy platform throughout the 1970s . These events ensured the success of a leadership motion at the partys annual conference of 1982 , in Ayr , despite the 79 Group being bolstered by the merger of Jim Sillars Scottish Labour Party ( SLP ) although this influx of ex-SLP members further shifted the characteristics of the party leftwards . Despite this , traditionalist figure Gordon Wilson remained party leader through the electoral disappointments of 1983 and 1987 , where he lost his own Dundee East seat won 13 years prior . Through this period , Sillars grew influence in the party , developing a clear socio-economic platform including Independence in Europe , reversing the SNPs previous opposition to membership of the then-EEC which had been unsuccessful in a 1975 referendum . This position was enhanced further by Sillars reclaiming Glasgow Govan in a by-election in 1988 . Despite this moderation , the party did not join Labour , the Liberal Democrats and the Greens as well as civil society in the Scottish Constitutional Convention which developed a blueprint for a devolved Scottish Parliament due to the unwillingness of the convention to discuss independence as a constitutional option . First Salmond era ( 1990s ) . Alex Salmond had been elected MP for Banff and Buchan in 1987 , after the re-admittance of 79 Group members , and was able to seize the party leadership after Wilsons resignation in 1990 after a contest with Margaret Ewing . This was a surprise victory as Ewing had the backing of much of the party establishment , including Sillars and then-Party Secretary John Swinney . The defection of Labour MP Dick Douglas further evidenced the partys clear left-wing positioning , particularly regarding opposition to the poll tax . Despite this , Salmonds leadership was unable to avert a fourth successive general election disappointment in 1992 with the party reduced back from 5 to 3 MPs . The mid-90s offered some successes for the party , with North East Scotland being gained at the 1994 European elections and the party securing a by-election at Perth and Kinross in 1995 after a near-miss at Monklands East the previous year . 1997 offered the partys most successful general election for 23 years , although in the face of the Labour landslide the party was unable to match either 1974 election . That September , the party joined with the members of the Scottish Constitutional Convention in the successful Yes-Yes campaign in the devolution referendum which lead to the establishment of a Scottish Parliament with tax-varying powers . By 1999 , the first elections to the parliament were being held , although the party suffered a disappointing result , gaining just 35 MSPs in the face of Salmonds unpopular Kosovo Broadcast which opposed NATO intervention in the country . Opposing Labour-Liberal Democrat coalitions ( 1999–2007 ) . This meant that the party began as the official opposition in the parliament to a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government . Salmond found the move to a more consensual politics difficult and sought a return to Westminster , resigning the leadership in 2000 with John Swinney , like Salmond a gradualist , victorious in the ensuring leadership election . Swinneys leadership proved ineffectual , with a loss of one MP in 2001 and a further reduction to 27 MSPs in 2003 despite the Officegate scandal unseating previous First Minister Henry McLeish . However , the only parties to gain seats in that election were the Scottish Greens and the Scottish Socialist Party ( SSP ) which like the SNP support independence . After an unsuccessful leadership challenge in 2003 , Swinney stepped down following disappointing results in the European elections of 2004 with Salmond victorious in the subsequent leadership contest despite initially refusing to be candidate . Nicola Sturgeon was elected Depute Leader and became the partys leader in the Scottish Parliament until Salmond was able to return at the next parliamentary election . Salmond governments ( 2007–2014 ) . In 2007 , the SNP emerged as the largest party in the Scottish Parliament with 47 of 129 seats , narrowly ousting the Scottish Labour Party with 46 seats and Alex Salmond becoming First Minister after ousting the Liberal Democrats in Gordon . The Scottish Green Party supported Salmonds election as First Minister , and his subsequent appointments of ministers , in return for early tabling of the climate change bill and the SNP nominating a Green MSP to chair a parliamentary committee . Despite this , Salmonds minority government tended to strike budget deals with the Conservatives to stay in office . In May 2011 , the SNP won an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament with 69 seats . This was a significant feat as the additional member system used for Scottish Parliament elections was specifically designed to prevent one party from winning an outright majority . This was followed by a reverse in the partys previous opposition to NATO membership at the partys annual conference in 2012 despite Salmonds refusal to apologise for the Kosovo broadcast on the occasion of the Kosovo Declaration of Independence . This majority enabled the SNP government to hold a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014 . The No vote prevailed in a close-fought campaign , prompting the resignation of First Minister Alex Salmond . Forty-five percent of Scottish voters cast their ballots for independence , with the Yes side receiving less support than late polling predicted . This was suggested as due to Salmonds unpopularity among women and Nicola Sturgeon won that years leadership election unopposed . Sturgeon years ( 2014 onwards ) . The SNP rebounded from the loss in the independence referendum at the 2015 UK general election , led by Nicola Sturgeon . The party went from holding six seats in the House of Commons to 56 , mostly at the expense of the Labour Party . All but three of the fifty-nine constituencies in the country elected an SNP candidate in the partys most comprehensive electoral victory at any level . At the 2016 Scottish election , the SNP lost a net total of 6 seats , losing its overall majority in the Scottish Parliament , but returning for a third consecutive term as a minority government despite gaining an additional 1.1% of the constituency vote , for the partys best-ever result , from the 2011 election however 2.3% of the regional list vote . On the constituency vote , the SNP gained 11 seats from Labour , but lost the Edinburgh Southern constituency to the party . The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats each gained two constituency seats from the SNP on 2011 ( Aberdeenshire West and Edinburgh Central for the Conservatives and Edinburgh Western and North East Fife for the Liberal Democrats ) . This election was followed by the 2016 European Union referendum after which the SNP joined with the Liberal Democrats and Greens to call for continued membership of the EU . Despite a consequential increase in the Conservative vote at the 2017 local elections the SNP for the first time became the largest party in each of Scotlands four city councils : Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh and Glasgow , where a Labour administration was ousted after 37 years . At the 2017 UK general election the SNP underperformed compared to polling expectations , losing 21 seats to bring their number of Westminster MPs down to 35 – however this was still the partys second best result ever at the time . This was largely attributed by many , including former Deputy First Minister John Swinney , to their stance on holding a second Scottish independence referendum and saw a swing to the Unionist parties , with seats being picked up by the Conservatives , Labour and the Liberal Democrats and a reduction in their majorities in the other seats . Stephen Gethins , MP for North East Fife , came out of this election with a majority of just 2 to the Liberal Democrat candidate . High-profile losses included SNP Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon . The SNP went on to achieve its best-ever European Parliament result in the final election before Brexit , the party taking its MEP total to 3 or half of Scottish seats and achieving a record vote share for the party . This was also the best performance of any party in the era of proportional elections to the European Parliament in Scotland . This was suggested as being due to the partys europhile sentiment during what amounted to a single-issue election , with parties that lacked a clear message performing poorly , such as Labour finishing in 5th place and losing all of their Scottish MEPs for the first time . Later that year the SNP experienced a surge in the 2019 general election , winning 45.0% of the vote and 48 seats , its second-best result ever . Although the party suffered a loss to the Liberal Democrats , it gained the seat of its then UK leader Jo Swinson , along with 7 from the Conservatives and 6 from Labour . This victory was generally attributed to Sturgeons cautious approach regarding holding a second independence referendum and a strong emphasis on EU membership during the election . The following January , the UK-wide Conservative majority ensured that the UK left the EU . At the 2021 Scottish election , the SNP won 64 seats , one seat short of a majority , and leading to another minority government led by the SNP . Sturgeon emphasized after her partys win that it would focus on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic as well as pushing for a second referendum on independence . Constitution and structure . The local Branches are the primary level of organisation in the SNP . All of the Branches within each Scottish Parliament constituency form a Constituency Association , which coordinates the work of the Branches within the constituency , coordinates the activities of the party in the constituency and acts as a point of liaison between an MSP or MP and the party . Constituency Associations are composed of delegates from all of the Branches within the constituency . The annual National Conference is the supreme governing body of the SNP and is responsible for determining party policy and electing the National Executive Committee . The National Conference is composed of : - delegates from every Branch and Constituency Association - the members of the National Executive Committee - every SNP MSP and MP - all SNP councillors - delegates from each of the SNPs Affiliated Organisations ( Young Scots for Independence , SNP Students , SNP Trade Union Group , the Association of Nationalist Councillors , the Disabled Members Group , the SNP BAME Network , Scots Asians for Independence , and Out for Independence ) There are also regular meetings of the National Assembly , which provides a forum for detailed discussions of party policy by party members . Membership . Since 18 September 2014 ( the day of the Scottish independence referendum ) , party membership more than quadrupled ( from around 25,000 ) , surpassing the Liberal Democrats to become the third-largest of any political party in the United Kingdom . As of December 2018 , the Party had 125,482 members . European affiliation . The SNP retains close links with Plaid Cymru , its counterpart in Wales . MPs from both parties co-operate closely with each other and work as a single parliamentary group within the House of Commons . Both the SNP and Plaid Cymru are members of the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) , a European political party comprising regionalist political parties . The EFA co-operates with the larger European Green Party to form The Greens–European Free Alliance ( Greens/EFA ) group in the European Parliament . Before its affiliation with The Greens–European Free Alliance , the SNP had previously been allied with the European Progressive Democrats ( 1979–1984 ) , Rainbow Group ( 1989–1994 ) and European Radical Alliance ( 1994–1999 ) . As the UK is no longer a member of the EU , the SNP has no MEPs . Policies . Ideological foundations . The Scottish National Party did not have a clear ideological position until the 1970s , when it sought to explicitly present itself as a social democratic party in terms of party policy and publicity . During the period from its foundation until the 1960s , the SNP was essentially a moderate centrist party . Debate within the party focused more on the SNP being distinct as an all-Scotland national movement , with it being neither of the left nor the right , but constituting a new politics that sought to put Scotland first . The SNP was formed through the merger of the centre-left National Party of Scotland ( NPS ) and the centre-right Scottish Party . The SNPs founders were united over self-determination in principle , though not its exact nature , or the best strategic means to achieve self-government . From the mid-1940s onwards , SNP policy was radical and redistributionist concerning land and in favour of the diffusion of economic power , including the decentralisation of industries such as coal to include the involvement of local authorities and regional planning bodies to control industrial structure and development . Party policies supported the economic and social policy status quo of the post-war welfare state . By the 1960s , the SNP was starting to become defined ideologically , with a social democratic tradition emerging as the party grew in urban , industrial Scotland , and its membership experienced an influx of social democrats from the Labour Party , the trade unions and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . The emergence of Billy Wolfe as a leading figure in the SNP also contributed to the leftwards shift . By this period , the Labour Party was also the dominant party in Scotland , in terms of electoral support and representation . Targeting Labour through emphasising left-of-centre policies and values was therefore electorally logical for the SNP , as well as tying in with the ideological preferences of many new party members . In 1961 , the SNP conference expressed the partys opposition to the siting of the US Polaris submarine base at the Holy Loch . This policy was followed in 1963 by a motion opposed to nuclear weapons : a policy that has remained in place ever since . The 1964 policy document , SNP & You , contained a clear centre-left policy platform , including commitments to full employment , government intervention in fuel , power and transport , a state bank to guide economic development , encouragement of cooperatives and credit unions , extensive building of council houses ( social housing ) by central and local government , pensions adjusted to cost of living , a minimum wage and an improved national health service . The 1960s also saw the beginnings of the SNPs efforts to establish an industrial organisation and mobilise amongst trade unionists in Scotland , with the establishment of the SNP Trade Union Group , and identifying the SNP with industrial campaigns , such as the Upper-Clyde Shipbuilders Work-in and the attempt of the workers at the Scottish Daily Express to run as a co-operative . For the party manifestos for the two 1974 general elections , the SNP finally self-identified as a social democratic party , and proposed a range of social democratic policies . There was also an unsuccessful proposal at the 1975 party conference to rename the party as the Scottish National Party ( Social Democrats ) . In the UK-wide referendum on Britains membership of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) in the same year as the aforementioned attempted name change , the SNP campaigned for Britain to leave the EEC . There were further ideological and internal struggles after 1979 , with the 79 Group attempting to move the SNP further to the left , away from being what could be described a social-democratic party , to an expressly socialist party . Members of the 79 Group – including future party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond – were expelled from the party . This produced a response in the shape of the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland from those who wanted the SNP to remain a broad church , apart from arguments of left vs . right . The 1980s saw the SNP further define itself as a party of the political left , such as campaigning against the introduction of the poll tax in Scotland in 1989 ; one year before the tax was imposed on the rest of the UK . Ideological tensions inside the SNP are further complicated by arguments between the so-called SNP gradualists and SNP fundamentalists . In essence , gradualists seek to advance Scotland to independence through further devolution , in a step-by-step strategy . They tend to be in the moderate left grouping , though much of the 79 Group was gradualist in approach . However , this 79 Group gradualism was as much a reaction against the fundamentalists of the day , many of whom believed the SNP should not take a clear left or right position . Economic policies . The Sturgeon Government in 2017 adjusted income tax rates so that low earners would pay less and those earning more than £33,000 a year would pay more . Previously the party had replaced the flat rate Stamp Duty with the LBTT , which uses a graduated tax rate . Whilst in government , the party was also responsible for the establishment of Revenue Scotland to administer devolved taxation . Having previously defined itself in opposition to the poll tax the SNP has also championed progressive taxation at a local level . Despite pledging to introduce a local income tax the Salmond Government found itself unable to replace the council tax and the party has , particularly since the ending of the council tax freeze under Nicola Sturgeons leadership , committing to increasing the graduated nature of the tax . Conversely , the party has also supported capping and reducing Business Rates in an attempt to support small businesses . It has been noted that the party contains a broader spectrum of opinion regarding economic policy than most political parties in the UK due to its status as the only viable vehicle for Scottish independence , with the partys parliamentary group at Westminster in 2016 including socialists such as Tommy Sheppard and Mhairi Black , capitalists such as Stewart Hosie and former Conservative , Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh . Social policies . Under Sturgeons leadership , Scotland was twice in succession named the best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality . Party policy aims to introduce gender self-identification to allow an easier process of gender recognition for transgender community . This is in stark contrast to Scotlands recent history as a deeply socially conservative country although this transformation can be seen to have taken place in the countrys other main political parties largely simultaneously . Particularly since Nicola Sturgeons elevation to First Minister the party has highlighted its commitments to gender equality – with her first act being to appoint a gender balanced cabinet . The SNP have also taken steps to implement all-women shortlists whilst Sturgeon has introduced a mentoring scheme to encourage womens political engagement . The SNP supports multiculturalism with Scotland receiving thousands of refugees from the Syrian Civil War . To this end it has been claimed that refugees in Scotland are better supported than those in England . More generally , the SNP seeks to increase immigration to combat a declining population and calling for a separate Scottish visa even within the UK . Foreign and defence policies . Despite traditionally supporting military neutrality the SNPs policy has in recent years moved to support both the Atlanticist and Europeanist traditions . This is particularly evident in the conclusion of the NATO debate within the party in favour of those who support membership of the military alliance . This is despite the partys continuing opposition to Scotland hosting nuclear weapons and then-leader Salmonds criticism of both the Kosovo intervention and the Iraq War . The party has placed an emphasis on developing positive relations with the United States in recent years despite a lukewarm reaction to the election of Scottish American Donald Trump as President due to long running legal disputes . Having opposed membership in the 1975 referendum , the party has supported membership of the European Union since the adoption of the Independence in Europe policy during the 1980s . Consequentially , the SNP supported remaining within the EU during the 2016 referendum where every Scottish council area backed this position . Consequently , the party opposed Brexit and sought a further referendum on the withdrawal agreement , ultimately unsuccessfully . The SNP would like to see an independent Scotland as a member of the European Union and NATO and has left open the prospect of an independent Scotland joining the Euro . The SNP has also taken a stance against Russian interference abroad – the party supporting the enlargement of the EU and NATO to areas such as the Western Balkans and Ukraine to counter this influence . The party called for repercussions for Russia regarding the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and has criticised former leader Alex Salmond for broadcasting a chat show on Kremlin-backed network RT . Consequently , party representatives have expressed support for movements such as Euromaidan that support the independence of countries across Eastern Europe . The party have supported measures including foreign aid which seek to facilitate international development through various charitable organisations . In recognition of Scotlands historic links to the country , these programmes are mostly focused in Malawi in common with previous Scottish governments . With local authorities across the country , including Glasgow City Council being involved in this partnership since before the SNP took office in 2007 . Health and education policies . The SNP have pledged to uphold the public service nature of NHS Scotland and are consequently opposed to any attempts at privatisation of the health service , including any inclusion in a post-Brexit trade deal with the United States . The party has been fond of increasing provision under the NHS with the introduction of universal baby boxes based on the Finnish scheme . This supported child development alongside other commitments including the expansion of free childcare for children younger than school age and the introduction of universal free school meals in the first three years of school . Previously , SNP governments have abolished hospital parking charges as well as prescription charges in efforts to promote enhanced public health outcomes by increasing access to care and treatment . Furthermore , during Sturgeons premiership , Scotland became the first country in the world to introduce alcohol minimum unit pricing to counter alcohol problems . Recently , the party has also committed to providing universal access to sanitary products and the liberalisation of drugs policy through devolution , in an effort to increase access to treatment and improve public health outcomes . The party also promotes universal access to education , with one of the first acts of the Salmond government being to abolish tuition fees . More recently , the party has turned its attention to widening access to higher education with Nicola Sturgeon stating that education is her number one priority . At school level , the Curriculum for Excellence is currently undergoing a review . Constitution policies . The foundations of the SNP are a belief that Scotland would be more prosperous by being governed independently from the United Kingdom , although the party was defeated in the 2014 referendum on this issue . The party has since sought to hold a second referendum at some point in the future , perhaps related to the outcome of Brexit , as the party sees a referendum as the only route to independence . The party is constitutionalist and as such rejects holding such a referendum unilaterally or any course of actions that could lead to comparisons with cases such as Catalonia with the party seeing independence as a process that should be undertaken through a consensual process alongside the UK Government . As part of this process towards independence , the party supports increased devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government , particularly in areas such as welfare and immigration . Official SNP policy is supportive of the monarchy however members are divided on the issue . The party does propose reducing the funds spent on the royal family . Separately , the SNP has always opposed the UKs unelected upper house and would like to see both it and the House of Commons elected by a form of proportional representation . The party also supports the introduction of a written constitution , either for an independent Scotland or the UK as a whole , going as far as producing a proposed interim constitution for Scotland during the independence referendum campaign . Fundamentalists and gradualists . With how to achieve independence , the party was traditionally split between fundamentalists and gradualists . The SNP leadership generally subscribe to the gradualist viewpoint , that being the idea that Scottish independence can be won by the accumulation by the Scottish Parliament of powers that the UK Parliament currently has over time . Fundamentalism stands in opposition to the so-called gradualist point of view , which believes that the SNP should emphasise independence more widely to achieve it . The argument goes that if the SNP is unprepared to argue for its central policy then it is unlikely ever to persuade the public of its worthiness . Leadership . President of the Scottish National Party . - James Graham , 6th Duke of Montrose and Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham ( joint ) , 1934–1936 - Roland Muirhead , 1936–1950 - Tom Gibson , 1950–1958 - Robert McIntyre , 1958–1980 - William Wolfe , 1980–1982 - Donald Stewart , 1982–1987 - Winnie Ewing , 1987–2005 - Ian Hudghton , 2005–2020 - Michael Russell , 2020–present National Secretary of the Scottish National Party . - John MacCormick , 1934–1942 - Robert McIntyre , 1942–1947 - Mary Fraser Dott , 1947–1951 - Robert Curran , 1951–1954 - John Smart , 1954–1963 - Malcolm Shaw , 1963–1964 - Gordon Wilson , 1964–1971 - Muriel Gibson , 1971–1972 - Rosemary Hall , 1972–1975 - Muriel Gibson , 1975–1977 - Chrissie MacWhirter , 1977–1979 - Iain Murray , 1979–1981 - Neil MacCallum , 1981–1986 - John Swinney , 1986–1992 - Alasdair Morgan , 1992–1997 - Stewart Hosie , 1999–2003 - Alasdair Allan , 2003–2006 - Duncan Ross , 2006–2009 - William Henderson , 2009–2012 - Patrick Grady , 2012–2016 - Angus MacLeod , 2016–2020 - Stewart Stevenson , 2020–present Leader of the parliamentary party , Scottish Parliament . - Alex Salmond 1999–2000 - John Swinney 2000–2004 - Nicola Sturgeon 2004–2007 - Alex Salmond 2007–2014 - Nicola Sturgeon 2014–present Leader of the parliamentary party , House of Commons . - Donald Stewart 1974–1987 - Margaret Ewing 1987–1999 - Alasdair Morgan 1999–2001 - Alex Salmond 2001–2007 - Angus Robertson 2007–2017 - Ian Blackford 2017–present Chief Executive Officer . - Michael Russell , 1994–1999 - Peter Murrell , 1999–present Current SNP Council Leaders . - Clackmannanshire : Les Sharp since 2017 - Dundee City : John Alexander since 2017 - East Ayrshire : Douglas Reid since 2007 - East Renfrewshire : Tony Buchanan since 2017 - City of Edinburgh : Adam McVey since 2017 - Falkirk : Cecil Meiklejohn since 2017 - Fife : David Alexander since 2017 - Glasgow City : Susan Aitken since 2017 - Moray : Graham Leadbitter since 2018 - Renfrewshire : Iain Nicolson since 2017 - South Ayrshire : Douglas Campbell since 2017 - South Lanarkshire : John Ross since 2017 - Stirling : Scott Farmer since 2017 - West Dunbartonshire : Jonathon McColl since 2017 Government Ministers and Shadow Cabinet . Scottish Parliament . , the Cabinet of the Scottish Government is as follows : House of Commons . As of February 2021 , the Shadow Cabinet of the SNP in Westminster is as follows . Present elected representatives . Councillors . The SNP had 431 councillors in Local Government elected from the 2017 Scottish local elections .

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Who was the head of Scottish National Party from Nov 2014 to Nov 2015?

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Scottish National Party The Scottish National Party ( SNP ; , ) is a Scottish nationalist , regionalist , and social-democratic political party in Scotland . The SNP supports and campaigns for Scottish independence from the United Kingdom and for membership of the European Union , with a platform based on civic nationalism . The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland , where it has the most seats in the Scottish Parliament and 45 out of the 59 Scottish seats in the House of Commons at Westminster , and it is the third-largest political party by membership in the United Kingdom , behind the Labour Party and the Conservative Party . The current Scottish National Party leader , Nicola Sturgeon , has served as First Minister of Scotland since 20 November 2014 . Founded in 1934 with the amalgamation of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party , the party has had continuous parliamentary representation in Westminster since Winnie Ewing won the 1967 Hamilton by-election . With the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999 , the SNP became the second-largest party , serving two terms as the opposition . The SNP gained power under Alex Salmond at the 2007 Scottish Parliament election , forming a minority government , before going on to win the 2011 Parliament election , after which it formed Holyroods first majority government . After losing the 2014 Scottish independence referendum , Salmond resigned and was succeeded by Sturgeon . The SNP was reduced back to being a minority government at the 2016 election . The SNP is the largest political party in Scotland in terms of both seats in the Westminster and Holyrood parliaments , and membership , reaching 125,691 members as of March 2021 , 45 Members of Parliament ( MPs ) , 64 Members of the Scottish Parliament ( MSPs ) and 400 local councillors . The SNP is a member of the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) . The party does not have any members of the House of Lords , as it has always maintained a position of objecting to an unelected upper house . History . Foundation and early breakthroughs ( 1934–1970 ) . The SNP was formed in 1934 through the merger of the National Party of Scotland and the Scottish Party , with the Duke of Montrose and Cunninghame Graham as its first , joint , presidents . Sir Alexander MacEwen was its first chairman . Professor Douglas Young , who was the leader of the Scottish National Party from 1942 to 1945 campaigned for the Scottish people to refuse conscription and his activities were popularly vilified as undermining the British war effort against the Axis powers . Young was imprisoned for refusing to be conscripted . The party suffered its first split during this period with John MacCormick leaving the party in 1942 , owing to his failure to change the partys policy from supporting all-out independence to Home Rule at that years conference in Glasgow . McCormick went on to form the Scottish Covenant Association , a non-partisan political organisation campaigning for the establishment of a devolved Scottish Assembly . However , wartime conditions also enabled the SNPs first parliamentary success at the Motherwell by-election in 1945 , but Robert McIntyre MP lost the seat at the general election three months later . The 1950s were characterised by similarly low levels of support , and this made it difficult for the party to advance . Indeed , in most general elections they were unable to put up more than a handful of candidates . The 1960s , however , offered more electoral successes , with candidates polling credibly at Glasgow Bridgeton in 1961 , West Lothian in 1962 and Glasgow Pollok in 1967 . Indeed , this foreshadowed Winnie Ewings surprise victory in a by-election at the previously safe Labour seat of Hamilton . This brought the SNP to national prominence , leading to the establishment of the Kilbrandon Commission . Becoming a major force ( 1970s ) . Despite this breakthrough , the 1970 general election was to prove a disappointment for the party as , despite an increase in vote share , Ewing failed to retain her seat in Hamilton . The party did receive some consolation with the capture of the Western Isles , making Donald Stewart the partys only MP . This was to be the case until the 1973 by-election at Glasgow Govan where a hitherto safe Labour seat was claimed by Margo MacDonald . 1974 was to prove something of an annus mirabilis for the party as it deployed its highly effective Its Scotlands oil campaign . The SNP gained 6 seats at the February general election before hitting a high point in the October re-run , polling almost a third of all votes in Scotland and returning 11 MPs to Westminster . Furthermore , during that years local elections the party claimed overall control of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth . This success was to continue for much of the decade , and at the 1977 district elections the SNP saw victories at councils including East Kilbride and Falkirk and held the balance of power in Glasgow . However , this level of support was not to last and by 1978 Labour revival was evident at three by-elections ( Glasgow Garscadden , Hamilton and Berwick and East Lothian ) as well as the regional elections . This was to culminate when the party experienced a large drop in its support at the 1979 general election , precipitated by the party bringing down the incumbent Labour minority government following the controversial failure of that years devolution referendum . Reduced to just 2 MPs , the successes of October 1974 were not to be surpassed until the 2015 general election . Factional divisions and infighting ( 1980s ) . Following this defeat , a period of internal strife occurred within the party , culminating with the formation of two internal groups : the ultranationalist Siol nan Gaidheal and left-wing 79 Group . Traditionalists within the party , centred around Winnie Ewing , by this time an MEP , responded by establishing the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland which sought to ensure that the primary objective of the SNP was campaigning for independence outwith a traditional left-right orientation , even though this would have undone the work of figures such as William Wolfe , who developed a clearly social democratic policy platform throughout the 1970s . These events ensured the success of a leadership motion at the partys annual conference of 1982 , in Ayr , despite the 79 Group being bolstered by the merger of Jim Sillars Scottish Labour Party ( SLP ) although this influx of ex-SLP members further shifted the characteristics of the party leftwards . Despite this , traditionalist figure Gordon Wilson remained party leader through the electoral disappointments of 1983 and 1987 , where he lost his own Dundee East seat won 13 years prior . Through this period , Sillars grew influence in the party , developing a clear socio-economic platform including Independence in Europe , reversing the SNPs previous opposition to membership of the then-EEC which had been unsuccessful in a 1975 referendum . This position was enhanced further by Sillars reclaiming Glasgow Govan in a by-election in 1988 . Despite this moderation , the party did not join Labour , the Liberal Democrats and the Greens as well as civil society in the Scottish Constitutional Convention which developed a blueprint for a devolved Scottish Parliament due to the unwillingness of the convention to discuss independence as a constitutional option . First Salmond era ( 1990s ) . Alex Salmond had been elected MP for Banff and Buchan in 1987 , after the re-admittance of 79 Group members , and was able to seize the party leadership after Wilsons resignation in 1990 after a contest with Margaret Ewing . This was a surprise victory as Ewing had the backing of much of the party establishment , including Sillars and then-Party Secretary John Swinney . The defection of Labour MP Dick Douglas further evidenced the partys clear left-wing positioning , particularly regarding opposition to the poll tax . Despite this , Salmonds leadership was unable to avert a fourth successive general election disappointment in 1992 with the party reduced back from 5 to 3 MPs . The mid-90s offered some successes for the party , with North East Scotland being gained at the 1994 European elections and the party securing a by-election at Perth and Kinross in 1995 after a near-miss at Monklands East the previous year . 1997 offered the partys most successful general election for 23 years , although in the face of the Labour landslide the party was unable to match either 1974 election . That September , the party joined with the members of the Scottish Constitutional Convention in the successful Yes-Yes campaign in the devolution referendum which lead to the establishment of a Scottish Parliament with tax-varying powers . By 1999 , the first elections to the parliament were being held , although the party suffered a disappointing result , gaining just 35 MSPs in the face of Salmonds unpopular Kosovo Broadcast which opposed NATO intervention in the country . Opposing Labour-Liberal Democrat coalitions ( 1999–2007 ) . This meant that the party began as the official opposition in the parliament to a Labour-Liberal Democrat coalition government . Salmond found the move to a more consensual politics difficult and sought a return to Westminster , resigning the leadership in 2000 with John Swinney , like Salmond a gradualist , victorious in the ensuring leadership election . Swinneys leadership proved ineffectual , with a loss of one MP in 2001 and a further reduction to 27 MSPs in 2003 despite the Officegate scandal unseating previous First Minister Henry McLeish . However , the only parties to gain seats in that election were the Scottish Greens and the Scottish Socialist Party ( SSP ) which like the SNP support independence . After an unsuccessful leadership challenge in 2003 , Swinney stepped down following disappointing results in the European elections of 2004 with Salmond victorious in the subsequent leadership contest despite initially refusing to be candidate . Nicola Sturgeon was elected Depute Leader and became the partys leader in the Scottish Parliament until Salmond was able to return at the next parliamentary election . Salmond governments ( 2007–2014 ) . In 2007 , the SNP emerged as the largest party in the Scottish Parliament with 47 of 129 seats , narrowly ousting the Scottish Labour Party with 46 seats and Alex Salmond becoming First Minister after ousting the Liberal Democrats in Gordon . The Scottish Green Party supported Salmonds election as First Minister , and his subsequent appointments of ministers , in return for early tabling of the climate change bill and the SNP nominating a Green MSP to chair a parliamentary committee . Despite this , Salmonds minority government tended to strike budget deals with the Conservatives to stay in office . In May 2011 , the SNP won an overall majority in the Scottish Parliament with 69 seats . This was a significant feat as the additional member system used for Scottish Parliament elections was specifically designed to prevent one party from winning an outright majority . This was followed by a reverse in the partys previous opposition to NATO membership at the partys annual conference in 2012 despite Salmonds refusal to apologise for the Kosovo broadcast on the occasion of the Kosovo Declaration of Independence . This majority enabled the SNP government to hold a referendum on Scottish independence in 2014 . The No vote prevailed in a close-fought campaign , prompting the resignation of First Minister Alex Salmond . Forty-five percent of Scottish voters cast their ballots for independence , with the Yes side receiving less support than late polling predicted . This was suggested as due to Salmonds unpopularity among women and Nicola Sturgeon won that years leadership election unopposed . Sturgeon years ( 2014 onwards ) . The SNP rebounded from the loss in the independence referendum at the 2015 UK general election , led by Nicola Sturgeon . The party went from holding six seats in the House of Commons to 56 , mostly at the expense of the Labour Party . All but three of the fifty-nine constituencies in the country elected an SNP candidate in the partys most comprehensive electoral victory at any level . At the 2016 Scottish election , the SNP lost a net total of 6 seats , losing its overall majority in the Scottish Parliament , but returning for a third consecutive term as a minority government despite gaining an additional 1.1% of the constituency vote , for the partys best-ever result , from the 2011 election however 2.3% of the regional list vote . On the constituency vote , the SNP gained 11 seats from Labour , but lost the Edinburgh Southern constituency to the party . The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats each gained two constituency seats from the SNP on 2011 ( Aberdeenshire West and Edinburgh Central for the Conservatives and Edinburgh Western and North East Fife for the Liberal Democrats ) . This election was followed by the 2016 European Union referendum after which the SNP joined with the Liberal Democrats and Greens to call for continued membership of the EU . Despite a consequential increase in the Conservative vote at the 2017 local elections the SNP for the first time became the largest party in each of Scotlands four city councils : Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh and Glasgow , where a Labour administration was ousted after 37 years . At the 2017 UK general election the SNP underperformed compared to polling expectations , losing 21 seats to bring their number of Westminster MPs down to 35 – however this was still the partys second best result ever at the time . This was largely attributed by many , including former Deputy First Minister John Swinney , to their stance on holding a second Scottish independence referendum and saw a swing to the Unionist parties , with seats being picked up by the Conservatives , Labour and the Liberal Democrats and a reduction in their majorities in the other seats . Stephen Gethins , MP for North East Fife , came out of this election with a majority of just 2 to the Liberal Democrat candidate . High-profile losses included SNP Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon . The SNP went on to achieve its best-ever European Parliament result in the final election before Brexit , the party taking its MEP total to 3 or half of Scottish seats and achieving a record vote share for the party . This was also the best performance of any party in the era of proportional elections to the European Parliament in Scotland . This was suggested as being due to the partys europhile sentiment during what amounted to a single-issue election , with parties that lacked a clear message performing poorly , such as Labour finishing in 5th place and losing all of their Scottish MEPs for the first time . Later that year the SNP experienced a surge in the 2019 general election , winning 45.0% of the vote and 48 seats , its second-best result ever . Although the party suffered a loss to the Liberal Democrats , it gained the seat of its then UK leader Jo Swinson , along with 7 from the Conservatives and 6 from Labour . This victory was generally attributed to Sturgeons cautious approach regarding holding a second independence referendum and a strong emphasis on EU membership during the election . The following January , the UK-wide Conservative majority ensured that the UK left the EU . At the 2021 Scottish election , the SNP won 64 seats , one seat short of a majority , and leading to another minority government led by the SNP . Sturgeon emphasized after her partys win that it would focus on controlling the COVID-19 pandemic as well as pushing for a second referendum on independence . Constitution and structure . The local Branches are the primary level of organisation in the SNP . All of the Branches within each Scottish Parliament constituency form a Constituency Association , which coordinates the work of the Branches within the constituency , coordinates the activities of the party in the constituency and acts as a point of liaison between an MSP or MP and the party . Constituency Associations are composed of delegates from all of the Branches within the constituency . The annual National Conference is the supreme governing body of the SNP and is responsible for determining party policy and electing the National Executive Committee . The National Conference is composed of : - delegates from every Branch and Constituency Association - the members of the National Executive Committee - every SNP MSP and MP - all SNP councillors - delegates from each of the SNPs Affiliated Organisations ( Young Scots for Independence , SNP Students , SNP Trade Union Group , the Association of Nationalist Councillors , the Disabled Members Group , the SNP BAME Network , Scots Asians for Independence , and Out for Independence ) There are also regular meetings of the National Assembly , which provides a forum for detailed discussions of party policy by party members . Membership . Since 18 September 2014 ( the day of the Scottish independence referendum ) , party membership more than quadrupled ( from around 25,000 ) , surpassing the Liberal Democrats to become the third-largest of any political party in the United Kingdom . As of December 2018 , the Party had 125,482 members . European affiliation . The SNP retains close links with Plaid Cymru , its counterpart in Wales . MPs from both parties co-operate closely with each other and work as a single parliamentary group within the House of Commons . Both the SNP and Plaid Cymru are members of the European Free Alliance ( EFA ) , a European political party comprising regionalist political parties . The EFA co-operates with the larger European Green Party to form The Greens–European Free Alliance ( Greens/EFA ) group in the European Parliament . Before its affiliation with The Greens–European Free Alliance , the SNP had previously been allied with the European Progressive Democrats ( 1979–1984 ) , Rainbow Group ( 1989–1994 ) and European Radical Alliance ( 1994–1999 ) . As the UK is no longer a member of the EU , the SNP has no MEPs . Policies . Ideological foundations . The Scottish National Party did not have a clear ideological position until the 1970s , when it sought to explicitly present itself as a social democratic party in terms of party policy and publicity . During the period from its foundation until the 1960s , the SNP was essentially a moderate centrist party . Debate within the party focused more on the SNP being distinct as an all-Scotland national movement , with it being neither of the left nor the right , but constituting a new politics that sought to put Scotland first . The SNP was formed through the merger of the centre-left National Party of Scotland ( NPS ) and the centre-right Scottish Party . The SNPs founders were united over self-determination in principle , though not its exact nature , or the best strategic means to achieve self-government . From the mid-1940s onwards , SNP policy was radical and redistributionist concerning land and in favour of the diffusion of economic power , including the decentralisation of industries such as coal to include the involvement of local authorities and regional planning bodies to control industrial structure and development . Party policies supported the economic and social policy status quo of the post-war welfare state . By the 1960s , the SNP was starting to become defined ideologically , with a social democratic tradition emerging as the party grew in urban , industrial Scotland , and its membership experienced an influx of social democrats from the Labour Party , the trade unions and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . The emergence of Billy Wolfe as a leading figure in the SNP also contributed to the leftwards shift . By this period , the Labour Party was also the dominant party in Scotland , in terms of electoral support and representation . Targeting Labour through emphasising left-of-centre policies and values was therefore electorally logical for the SNP , as well as tying in with the ideological preferences of many new party members . In 1961 , the SNP conference expressed the partys opposition to the siting of the US Polaris submarine base at the Holy Loch . This policy was followed in 1963 by a motion opposed to nuclear weapons : a policy that has remained in place ever since . The 1964 policy document , SNP & You , contained a clear centre-left policy platform , including commitments to full employment , government intervention in fuel , power and transport , a state bank to guide economic development , encouragement of cooperatives and credit unions , extensive building of council houses ( social housing ) by central and local government , pensions adjusted to cost of living , a minimum wage and an improved national health service . The 1960s also saw the beginnings of the SNPs efforts to establish an industrial organisation and mobilise amongst trade unionists in Scotland , with the establishment of the SNP Trade Union Group , and identifying the SNP with industrial campaigns , such as the Upper-Clyde Shipbuilders Work-in and the attempt of the workers at the Scottish Daily Express to run as a co-operative . For the party manifestos for the two 1974 general elections , the SNP finally self-identified as a social democratic party , and proposed a range of social democratic policies . There was also an unsuccessful proposal at the 1975 party conference to rename the party as the Scottish National Party ( Social Democrats ) . In the UK-wide referendum on Britains membership of the European Economic Community ( EEC ) in the same year as the aforementioned attempted name change , the SNP campaigned for Britain to leave the EEC . There were further ideological and internal struggles after 1979 , with the 79 Group attempting to move the SNP further to the left , away from being what could be described a social-democratic party , to an expressly socialist party . Members of the 79 Group – including future party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond – were expelled from the party . This produced a response in the shape of the Campaign for Nationalism in Scotland from those who wanted the SNP to remain a broad church , apart from arguments of left vs . right . The 1980s saw the SNP further define itself as a party of the political left , such as campaigning against the introduction of the poll tax in Scotland in 1989 ; one year before the tax was imposed on the rest of the UK . Ideological tensions inside the SNP are further complicated by arguments between the so-called SNP gradualists and SNP fundamentalists . In essence , gradualists seek to advance Scotland to independence through further devolution , in a step-by-step strategy . They tend to be in the moderate left grouping , though much of the 79 Group was gradualist in approach . However , this 79 Group gradualism was as much a reaction against the fundamentalists of the day , many of whom believed the SNP should not take a clear left or right position . Economic policies . The Sturgeon Government in 2017 adjusted income tax rates so that low earners would pay less and those earning more than £33,000 a year would pay more . Previously the party had replaced the flat rate Stamp Duty with the LBTT , which uses a graduated tax rate . Whilst in government , the party was also responsible for the establishment of Revenue Scotland to administer devolved taxation . Having previously defined itself in opposition to the poll tax the SNP has also championed progressive taxation at a local level . Despite pledging to introduce a local income tax the Salmond Government found itself unable to replace the council tax and the party has , particularly since the ending of the council tax freeze under Nicola Sturgeons leadership , committing to increasing the graduated nature of the tax . Conversely , the party has also supported capping and reducing Business Rates in an attempt to support small businesses . It has been noted that the party contains a broader spectrum of opinion regarding economic policy than most political parties in the UK due to its status as the only viable vehicle for Scottish independence , with the partys parliamentary group at Westminster in 2016 including socialists such as Tommy Sheppard and Mhairi Black , capitalists such as Stewart Hosie and former Conservative , Tasmina Ahmed-Sheikh . Social policies . Under Sturgeons leadership , Scotland was twice in succession named the best country in Europe for LGBTI legal equality . Party policy aims to introduce gender self-identification to allow an easier process of gender recognition for transgender community . This is in stark contrast to Scotlands recent history as a deeply socially conservative country although this transformation can be seen to have taken place in the countrys other main political parties largely simultaneously . Particularly since Nicola Sturgeons elevation to First Minister the party has highlighted its commitments to gender equality – with her first act being to appoint a gender balanced cabinet . The SNP have also taken steps to implement all-women shortlists whilst Sturgeon has introduced a mentoring scheme to encourage womens political engagement . The SNP supports multiculturalism with Scotland receiving thousands of refugees from the Syrian Civil War . To this end it has been claimed that refugees in Scotland are better supported than those in England . More generally , the SNP seeks to increase immigration to combat a declining population and calling for a separate Scottish visa even within the UK . Foreign and defence policies . Despite traditionally supporting military neutrality the SNPs policy has in recent years moved to support both the Atlanticist and Europeanist traditions . This is particularly evident in the conclusion of the NATO debate within the party in favour of those who support membership of the military alliance . This is despite the partys continuing opposition to Scotland hosting nuclear weapons and then-leader Salmonds criticism of both the Kosovo intervention and the Iraq War . The party has placed an emphasis on developing positive relations with the United States in recent years despite a lukewarm reaction to the election of Scottish American Donald Trump as President due to long running legal disputes . Having opposed membership in the 1975 referendum , the party has supported membership of the European Union since the adoption of the Independence in Europe policy during the 1980s . Consequentially , the SNP supported remaining within the EU during the 2016 referendum where every Scottish council area backed this position . Consequently , the party opposed Brexit and sought a further referendum on the withdrawal agreement , ultimately unsuccessfully . The SNP would like to see an independent Scotland as a member of the European Union and NATO and has left open the prospect of an independent Scotland joining the Euro . The SNP has also taken a stance against Russian interference abroad – the party supporting the enlargement of the EU and NATO to areas such as the Western Balkans and Ukraine to counter this influence . The party called for repercussions for Russia regarding the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal and has criticised former leader Alex Salmond for broadcasting a chat show on Kremlin-backed network RT . Consequently , party representatives have expressed support for movements such as Euromaidan that support the independence of countries across Eastern Europe . The party have supported measures including foreign aid which seek to facilitate international development through various charitable organisations . In recognition of Scotlands historic links to the country , these programmes are mostly focused in Malawi in common with previous Scottish governments . With local authorities across the country , including Glasgow City Council being involved in this partnership since before the SNP took office in 2007 . Health and education policies . The SNP have pledged to uphold the public service nature of NHS Scotland and are consequently opposed to any attempts at privatisation of the health service , including any inclusion in a post-Brexit trade deal with the United States . The party has been fond of increasing provision under the NHS with the introduction of universal baby boxes based on the Finnish scheme . This supported child development alongside other commitments including the expansion of free childcare for children younger than school age and the introduction of universal free school meals in the first three years of school . Previously , SNP governments have abolished hospital parking charges as well as prescription charges in efforts to promote enhanced public health outcomes by increasing access to care and treatment . Furthermore , during Sturgeons premiership , Scotland became the first country in the world to introduce alcohol minimum unit pricing to counter alcohol problems . Recently , the party has also committed to providing universal access to sanitary products and the liberalisation of drugs policy through devolution , in an effort to increase access to treatment and improve public health outcomes . The party also promotes universal access to education , with one of the first acts of the Salmond government being to abolish tuition fees . More recently , the party has turned its attention to widening access to higher education with Nicola Sturgeon stating that education is her number one priority . At school level , the Curriculum for Excellence is currently undergoing a review . Constitution policies . The foundations of the SNP are a belief that Scotland would be more prosperous by being governed independently from the United Kingdom , although the party was defeated in the 2014 referendum on this issue . The party has since sought to hold a second referendum at some point in the future , perhaps related to the outcome of Brexit , as the party sees a referendum as the only route to independence . The party is constitutionalist and as such rejects holding such a referendum unilaterally or any course of actions that could lead to comparisons with cases such as Catalonia with the party seeing independence as a process that should be undertaken through a consensual process alongside the UK Government . As part of this process towards independence , the party supports increased devolution to the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Government , particularly in areas such as welfare and immigration . Official SNP policy is supportive of the monarchy however members are divided on the issue . The party does propose reducing the funds spent on the royal family . Separately , the SNP has always opposed the UKs unelected upper house and would like to see both it and the House of Commons elected by a form of proportional representation . The party also supports the introduction of a written constitution , either for an independent Scotland or the UK as a whole , going as far as producing a proposed interim constitution for Scotland during the independence referendum campaign . Fundamentalists and gradualists . With how to achieve independence , the party was traditionally split between fundamentalists and gradualists . The SNP leadership generally subscribe to the gradualist viewpoint , that being the idea that Scottish independence can be won by the accumulation by the Scottish Parliament of powers that the UK Parliament currently has over time . Fundamentalism stands in opposition to the so-called gradualist point of view , which believes that the SNP should emphasise independence more widely to achieve it . The argument goes that if the SNP is unprepared to argue for its central policy then it is unlikely ever to persuade the public of its worthiness . Leadership . President of the Scottish National Party . - James Graham , 6th Duke of Montrose and Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham ( joint ) , 1934–1936 - Roland Muirhead , 1936–1950 - Tom Gibson , 1950–1958 - Robert McIntyre , 1958–1980 - William Wolfe , 1980–1982 - Donald Stewart , 1982–1987 - Winnie Ewing , 1987–2005 - Ian Hudghton , 2005–2020 - Michael Russell , 2020–present National Secretary of the Scottish National Party . - John MacCormick , 1934–1942 - Robert McIntyre , 1942–1947 - Mary Fraser Dott , 1947–1951 - Robert Curran , 1951–1954 - John Smart , 1954–1963 - Malcolm Shaw , 1963–1964 - Gordon Wilson , 1964–1971 - Muriel Gibson , 1971–1972 - Rosemary Hall , 1972–1975 - Muriel Gibson , 1975–1977 - Chrissie MacWhirter , 1977–1979 - Iain Murray , 1979–1981 - Neil MacCallum , 1981–1986 - John Swinney , 1986–1992 - Alasdair Morgan , 1992–1997 - Stewart Hosie , 1999–2003 - Alasdair Allan , 2003–2006 - Duncan Ross , 2006–2009 - William Henderson , 2009–2012 - Patrick Grady , 2012–2016 - Angus MacLeod , 2016–2020 - Stewart Stevenson , 2020–present Leader of the parliamentary party , Scottish Parliament . - Alex Salmond 1999–2000 - John Swinney 2000–2004 - Nicola Sturgeon 2004–2007 - Alex Salmond 2007–2014 - Nicola Sturgeon 2014–present Leader of the parliamentary party , House of Commons . - Donald Stewart 1974–1987 - Margaret Ewing 1987–1999 - Alasdair Morgan 1999–2001 - Alex Salmond 2001–2007 - Angus Robertson 2007–2017 - Ian Blackford 2017–present Chief Executive Officer . - Michael Russell , 1994–1999 - Peter Murrell , 1999–present Current SNP Council Leaders . - Clackmannanshire : Les Sharp since 2017 - Dundee City : John Alexander since 2017 - East Ayrshire : Douglas Reid since 2007 - East Renfrewshire : Tony Buchanan since 2017 - City of Edinburgh : Adam McVey since 2017 - Falkirk : Cecil Meiklejohn since 2017 - Fife : David Alexander since 2017 - Glasgow City : Susan Aitken since 2017 - Moray : Graham Leadbitter since 2018 - Renfrewshire : Iain Nicolson since 2017 - South Ayrshire : Douglas Campbell since 2017 - South Lanarkshire : John Ross since 2017 - Stirling : Scott Farmer since 2017 - West Dunbartonshire : Jonathon McColl since 2017 Government Ministers and Shadow Cabinet . Scottish Parliament . , the Cabinet of the Scottish Government is as follows : House of Commons . As of February 2021 , the Shadow Cabinet of the SNP in Westminster is as follows . Present elected representatives . Councillors . The SNP had 431 councillors in Local Government elected from the 2017 Scottish local elections .

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What position did Diane Abbott take from May 1997 to May 2001?

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Diane Abbott Diane Julie Abbott ( born 27 September 1953 ) is a British politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hackney North and Stoke Newington since 1987 . A socialist member of the Labour Party , she served in Jeremy Corbyn’s Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Home Secretary from 2016 to 2020 . Abbott is the first black woman elected to Parliament , and the longest-serving black MP in the House of Commons . Born in Paddington , London W2 , to a British Jamaican family , Abbott attended Harrow County Grammar School before going up to read History at Newnham College , Cambridge . After joining the Civil Service , she worked as a reporter for Thames Television and TV-am before becoming a press officer for the Greater London Council . Joining Labour , she was elected as a Councillor on Westminster City Council in 1982 and then as an MP in 1987 , being returned in every general election since . She was a member of the Labour Party Black Sections , the same as fellow MPs Paul Boateng , Bernie Grant and Keith Vaz , who were also elected in 1987 . Critical of Tony Blairs New Labour project which pushed the party to the centre during the 1990s , in the House of Commons Abbott voted against several Blairite policies , including the launching of the Iraq War and the proposed introduction of ID cards . She stood for the Labour Party leadership on a leftist platform in 2010 , losing to Ed Miliband , who appointed her Shadow Minister for Public Health . A supporter of Jeremy Corbyns bid to become Labour Leader in 2015 , Abbott became Shadow Secretary of State for International Development , then Shadow Health Secretary , and eventually Shadow Home Secretary . As a key Corbyn ally , she supported his leftward push of the Labour Party . She unsuccessfully attempted to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 London mayoral election , and backed the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign to retain UK membership of the European Union . Early life and career . Abbott was born to Jamaican parents in Paddington , City of Westminster , London , in 1953 . Her father was a welder and her mother was a nurse . Both of her parents left school at the age of 14 . She attended Harrow County School for Girls ( a grammar school ) and then Newnham College , Cambridge , where she read history , achieving a lower second class degree ( 2:2 ) . At Cambridge , she was supervised by Sir Simon Schama . After university , Abbott became an administration trainee ( a fast-track route to senior positions in HM Civil Service ) at the Home Office ( 1976 to 1978 ) , and then a Race Relations Officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties ( 1978 to 1980 ) . She was a researcher and reporter at Thames Television from 1980 to 1983 , and then a researcher at the breakfast television company TV-am from 1983 to 1985 . She was a press officer at the Greater London Council under Ken Livingstone from 1985 to 1986 , and Head of Press and Public Relations at Lambeth Council from 1986 to 1987 . Political career . Abbotts career in politics began in 1982 when she was elected to Westminster City Council , serving until 1986 . In 1983 , she was active in the Labour Party Black Sections movement , alongside Bernie Grant , Paul Boateng and Keith Vaz , campaigning for greater African Caribbean and Asian political representation . In 1985 , she unsuccessfully fought to be selected in Brent East , losing out to Ken Livingstone . In 1987 , Abbott was elected to the House of Commons , replacing the deselected serving Labour MP Ernie Roberts as MP for Hackney North & Stoke Newington . She was the first black woman to become an MP . Abbotts speech on civil liberties , in the debate on the Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 , won The Spectator magazines Parliamentary Speech of the Year award , and further recognition at the 2008 Human Rights awards . A speech by Abbott in a House of Commons debate on the Caribbean is included in Margaret Busbys 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa . Abbott has served on a number of parliamentary committees on social and international issues and held shadow ministerial positions in successive Shadow Cabinets . For most of the 1990s , she also served on the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons . She went on to serve on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . She gave birth to her son in October 1991 , one year before the House of Commons introduced a crèche . She did not have maternity leave and was obliged to attend Parliament and vote throughout her pregnancy . Giving birth on a Monday , she was made to work until the Thursday before , and returned to parliament eight days later . Abbott chairs the All-Party Parliamentary British-Caribbean Group and the All-Party Sickle Cell and Thalassemia Group . She is the founder of the London Schools and the Black Child initiative , which aims to raise educational achievement levels amongst black children . In May 2010 , Abbott was returned as MP for the constituency of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , with a doubled majority on an increased turn-out . She was again re-elected in 2015 with 62% of the vote . At Goldsmiths College , on 26 October 2012 , a jubilee celebration was held to honour Abbotts 25 years in parliament , with a series of contributions by Linton Kwesi Johnson , Kadija Sesay , Tunday Akintan and others . 2010 leadership election and frontbench role . On 20 May 2010 , Abbott announced her intention to stand in the Labour leadership contest . She secured the necessary 33 nominations by 9 June , assisted by the withdrawal of left-wing candidate John McDonnell and support from David Miliband and Jack Straw , among others . On Saturday , 25 September 2010 , Ed Miliband was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party , Abbott having been eliminated in the first round of voting after securing 7.24% of votes . Abbott was later appointed Shadow Minister for Public Health by Ed Miliband , taking shadow responsibility for a range of issues including childrens health , maternity services , sexual health , tobacco , nursing , obesity and alcohol abuse . Following her move onto the front bench , the Telegraph said on 27 September 2011 that Abbott had become one of Labours best front bench performers . On the issue of abortion , Abbott has become a vocal pro-choice supporter , opposing moves towards changing abortion counselling policy , and reducing the abortion time limit . She resigned from a cross-party group on abortion counselling saying it was no more than a front to push forward an anti-abortion agenda without debate in parliament . On 5 February 2013 , following the Second Reading , Abbott voted in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Removal from the frontbench and 2015 London mayoral election . On 8 October 2013 , Abbott was sacked as shadow public health minister in a reshuffle by Labour leader Ed Miliband , and replaced as Shadow Public Health Minister by Luciana Berger . On 23 June 2014 , Abbott had stated she would consider standing in the 2016 London mayoral election as Mayor of London . On 30 November 2014 , Abbott announced her intention to put herself forward to become Labours candidate at the London mayoral elections in 2016 . She was unsuccessful in her bid for Labours 2015 London mayoral election nomination . She was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity , take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements . Return to the frontbench . A close ally of Jeremy Corbyn , Abbott was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate him as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . Following Corbyns election as Labour leader , Abbott was appointed to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for International Development . On 27 June 2016 , after the resignations of many of Labours ministerial team in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum , Abbott was promoted to the position of Shadow Health Secretary . On 6 October 2016 , after the resignation of Andy Burnham , Abbott was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . She was sworn of the Privy Council on 15 February 2017 . 2017 general election . On 2 May 2017 , during that years general election campaign , Labours pledge to recruit an extra 10,000 police officers was overshadowed by Abbotts inability to give accurate funding figures . In an interview on LBC Radio with Nick Ferrari , she repeatedly struggled to explain how the promise would be funded . In the interview , Abbott frequently paused , shuffled her papers and gave out the wrong figures . When asked about her performance , the Labour leader , Jeremy Corbyn , insisted he was not embarrassed by what many pundits called a car crash interview . In a further interview conducted by ITV on 5 May 2017 , as the 2017 local elections results were being announced , Abbott was again unable to give accurate figures on the Labour partys performance suggesting that the party had a net loss of 50 seats . However , her figure was corrected by the interviewer who stated that Labour had in fact lost 125 seats , at which point Abbott said that the last figures she had seen were a net loss of around 100 . Appearing on Andrew Marrs Sunday morning programme for the BBC on 28 May , Abbotts apparent support for the IRA nearly 35 years ago came up , along with some parliamentary votes Marr thought questionable . These included her advocacy of the abolition of conspiratorial groups such as MI5 and Special Branch in the late 1980s , both of which she said had been successfully reformed . She defended a vote opposing the proscription of a list of groups , including al-Qaida , on the basis that some of the others had the status of dissidents in their country of origin and Abbott would have voted to ban al-Qaida in isolation . According to Sam Coates in The Times , this appearance was arranged without the consent of Labours campaign team . On 5 June 2017 , during a Sky News interview , Abbott was unable to answer questions about the Harris report on how to protect London from terror attacks . She insisted that she had read the report , but was unable to recall any of the 127 recommendations . When asked if she could remember the specific recommendations , Abbott said : I think it was an important review and we should act on it . Abbott also denied reports that Corbyn and shadow chancellor John McDonnell were attempting to stop her from making broadcasts . The next day , Abbott withdrew at the last minute – citing illness – from a joint interview on Womans Hour on 6 June , in which she had been due to face her Conservative frontbench opposite number Amber Rudd . On 7 June , Corbyn announced that Abbott was not well and had stepped aside in her role as Shadow Home Secretary . Lyn Brown was temporarily assigned to replace her . Barry Gardiner said in a radio interview on LBC that Abbott had been diagnosed with having a long-term medical condition , and was coming to terms with that . In spite of these controversies , Abbott was re-elected in her seat of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , receiving 75% of the constituencys votes with an increased majority of over 35,000 . The following week it became known that Abbott had been diagnosed as suffering from type 2 diabetes in 2015 . During the election campaign , everything went crazy – and the diabetes was out of control , the blood sugar was out of control , she told The Guardian . Dealing with six or seven interviews in a row became problematic because she was not eating enough food which forced a break upon her . The condition is back under control . Abbott returned to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on 18 June . Since 2017 . On 2 October 2019 , Abbott became the first black MP at the dispatch box at Prime Ministers Questions . She served as a temporary stand-in for the Leader of the Opposition , Jeremy Corbyn , while First Secretary of State Dominic Raab stood in for Prime Minister Boris Johnson . Abbott was a supporter of Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow , and defended him from bullying allegations made by David Leakey . She was re-elected at the snap 2019 general election . On 23 February 2020 , Abbott said she would be standing down as Shadow Home Secretary and leave the frontbench upon the election of a new Labour leader . She stood down on 5 April and was succeeded by Nick Thomas-Symonds . In April 2020 , she was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . In May 2021 , Abbott criticised the 2021 shadow cabinet reshuffle carried out by Keir Starmer . She wrote in The Guardian that if Labour was to lose the Batley and Spen by-election , Starmer should resign as Labour Leader . Memoirs . Abbotts memoirs , A Woman Like Me , will be published by Viking in summer 2022 , to mark her 35 years in parliament and to tell her story as the first black woman to become an MP . Media work . Until her appointment as a shadow minister in October 2010 , Abbott appeared alongside media personality and former Conservative politician Michael Portillo on the BBCs weekly politics digest This Week . Abbott and Portillo have known each other since their schooldays , during which they appeared in joint school productions of Romeo and Juliet ( although not in the title roles ) , and of Macbeth as Lady Macduff and Macduff respectively . In August 2012 , the BBC Trust ruled that payments to Abbott for her appearances on This Week were made in breach of BBC guidelines that banned payments to MPs who were representing their political parties . For her part , Abbott had correctly declared the payments in the Parliamentary Register of Members Interests . The Trust also said that Abbott had appeared on the show too often . Abbott is a frequent public speaker , newspaper contributor and TV performer , appearing on programmes including Have I Got News for You , Celebrity Come Dine with Me and Cash in the Celebrity Attic . Abbott was shortlisted for the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for her work on London Schools and the Black Child , and remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Whos Who publication . Political positions . Abbott has a record of differing from some party policies , voting against the Iraq War , opposing ID cards and campaigning against the renewal of Britains Trident nuclear weapons . Abortion rights . Abbott supported a number of pro-choice amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill ( now Act ) ( along with Katy Clark MP and John McDonnell MP ) – including in 2008 leading on the NC30 Amendment of the Abortion Act 1967 : Application to Northern Ireland . Writing for The Guardian , Abbott argued that When it comes to the right to choose , women in Northern Ireland are second-class citizens . They are denied the NHS treatment and funding for abortion that is permitted to every other woman in the United Kingdom . It was reported that the Labour Government at the time ( in particular Harriet Harman ) asked MPs not to table these pro-choice amendments ( and at least until Third Reading ) and then allegedly used parliamentary mechanisms in order to prevent a vote accordingly . Speaking in the debate in Parliament , Abbott criticised these manoeuvres : I speak against the programme motion because—and I say this with no pleasure—it and the order of discussion appear to be a shabby manoeuvre by Ministers to stop the full debate of some very important matters . I appreciate that Ministers did not intend this to be a Bill about abortion . I am open to the argument that we should have another piece of legislation that would enable a full debate on most of the matters in relation to abortion that have been raised as amendments and new clauses to the Bill , but there is a special case for debating and voting on the particular new clause that I tabled to extend the 1967 Act to Northern Ireland . Saudi Arabia . Abbott criticised David Camerons government for its continued support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen . In March 2016 , Abbott wrote : over the past year alone , Britain has sold around £6bn worth of weapons to Saudi Arabia , whose campaign in Yemen is targeting civilians – 191 such attacks have collectively been reported by the UN , HRW and Amnesty . European Union . Abbott voted against the Maastricht Treaty . Abbott campaigned and supported the Labour Partys official preference for the remain campaign in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . However , in January 2017 , Abbott stated that Labour could oppose the bill to trigger Article 50 if Labours amendments were rejected . She abstained from voting on the second reading of the Brexit Bill , after becoming ill hours before the vote , and later voted in favour at the third and final reading . Israel and Palestine conflict . During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis , Abbott spoke at a Free Palestine rally in London condemning the Israeli Occupation of Palestine . Windrush scandal . Abbott wrote to Sajid Javid demanding that he publish the figures for people caught up in the Windrush scandal , and also tell how many Commonwealth citizens lost their jobs , became homeless and were prevented from using public services . She wrote that warm words are not enough , and maintained that transparency was needed to give the Windrush generation confidence ministers have come to grips with what is clearly a systemic problem at the Home Office . In order to make good on your promise to do right by the Windrush generation and begin to right this historic wrong , you must stop covering up the extent of the Windrush crisis and publish these figures . ( ... ) It is unacceptable and frankly scandalous that the extent of the Windrush crisis is yet to be revealed and that the home secretary is still to publish these figures . As the Windrush scandal shows , the hostile environment inevitably catches our fellow citizens who are legally entitled to be here in its net . The government now needs to stop covering up the true human cost of the hostile environment . In August 2018 , Abbott complained that there were still delays in settling Windrush claims , saying : From the Windrush scandal to immigration detention , to these outrageous delays – it is long past time that the government takes responsibility for leaving people distressed and destitute . Comments about Mao Zedong . In 2008 , during a BBC One This Week interview between Abbott , Michael Portillo and Andrew Neil about who was historys worst dictator , Abbott said about the Chinese leader Mao Zedong : I suppose some people will judge that on balance Mao did more good than harm.. . He led his country from feudalism , he helped to defeat the Japanese and he left his country on the verge of the great economic success they are having now . She finished by saying : I was just putting the case for Mao . Political controversies . Education of Abbotts son . Abbotts decision in 2003 to send her son to the private City of London School after criticising colleagues for sending their children to selective schools , which she herself described as indefensible and intellectually incoherent , caused controversy and criticism . According to the Daily Mirror , she said : Id done a lot of work on how black boys underachieve in secondary schools so I knew what a serious problem it was . I knew what could happen to my son if he was sent to the wrong school and got in with the wrong crowd . I realised they were subjected to peer pressure and when that happens it’s very hard for a mother to save her son . Once a black boy is lost to the world of gangs its very hard to get them back and I was genuinely very fearful of what could happen . Her son contacted a radio phone-in to say that his mother was following his own wishes : Shes not a hypocrite , she just put what I wanted first instead of what people thought , he told LBC . He added that he had wanted to go private rather than attend a local state school in Abbotts Hackney constituency . Register of Members Interests . In 2004 , following a complaint made by Conservative MP Andrew Rosindell , Abbott was investigated by the Committee on Standards and Privileges regarding payments she had received from the BBC . The committee found that she had failed to declare earnings of £17,300 in the Register of Members Interests she had received for appearances on the television programme This Week . The Committee upheld the complaint and required Abbott to apologise to the House . Comments on race . In 1996 , Abbott was criticised after she claimed that at her local hospital blonde , blue-eyed Finnish girls were unsuitable as nurses because they had never met a black person before . In response , Marc Wadsworth , founder of the Anti-Racist Alliance , whose mother is Finnish , pointed out that the then-current Miss Finland , Lola Odusoga , was black , of Nigerian and Finnish descent . Shes a black Finn like me , he said . Abbotts position was supported by fellow Labour MP Bernie Grant : Bringing someone here from Finland who has never seen a black person before and expecting them to have some empathy with black people is nonsense . Scandinavian people dont know black people—they probably dont know how to take their temperature . In 2010 , defending her decision to send her son to a private school , she asserted that West Indian mums will go to the wall for their children , prompting criticism about this perceived slight on white mothers . On 4 January 2012 , Abbott tweeted that : White people love playing divide and rule . We should not play their game , which again led to widespread criticism , including accusations of racism . Abbott later apologised for any offence caused , claiming that she had not intended to make generalisations about white people . Abbott also stated in an interview with Andrew Neil that her tweet referred to the history of the British Empire . The Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg called her comments a stupid and crass generalisation . Nadhim Zahawi , Conservative MP , said : This is racism . If this was a white member of Parliament saying that all black people want to do bad things to us he would have resigned within the hour or been sacked . Members of the public lodged complaints , but the Metropolitan Police stated that no investigation would be launched , and no charges would be brought against her , saying she did not commit a criminal offence . On 11 May 2020 , video evidence surfaced of Abbott making another very similar remark during an online conference call . She said : We need unity between black , Asian , minority ethnic and Muslim people – we need the maximum public show of unity . Because time after time , in the past 32 years , I’ve seen efforts of people to organise disrupted by white people playing the divide and rule card , and this time we cant allow that to happen . IRA . In May 2017 , The Sunday Times reported that Abbott backed the IRA in a 1984 interview with Labour and Ireland , a pro-republican journal . In the 1984 interview , Abbott criticised the Unionist population of Northern Ireland as an enclave of white supremacist ideology comparable to white settlers in Zimbabwe , and called for their views to be ignored on the question of Unification , adding Ireland is our struggle — every defeat of the British state is a victory for all of us . A defeat in Northern Ireland would be a defeat indeed . In May 2017 , while Shadow Home Secretary , she was asked by Andrew Marr whether she regretted her comments on the IRA . Abbott replied that [ i ] t was 34 years ago and Ive moved on . Charging fees for speeches to students . In 2017 , Abbott was criticised after it emerged that in 2011 , she charged the University of Birmingham £1,750 for a 50-minute speech . An online petition called on Abbott to repay the money to be used for educational purposes . Appearance alongside Chinese human rights abuse denier . In November 2020 , Abbott apologised for appearing on a livestream with Li Jingjing , a journalist who works for the Chinese state-owned CGTN , who denied human rights abuses against the Uyghurs and suggested they were a fiction cooked up to try and start a racial war . Abbott failed to challenge these remarks . Online abuse . In a Guardian article in February 2017 , Abbott wrote about receiving racist and sexist abuse online every day , such as threats of rape . A few days later , in an interview with Sophy Ridge on Sky News , Abbott proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the sexist and racist abuse of MPs in social media and the way Twitter and Facebook investigate cases which arise . An Amnesty International report found that Abbott was the subject of almost half of all abusive tweets about female MPs on Twitter during the 2017 election campaign , receiving ten times more abuse than any other MP . Personal life . Abbott had a brief relationship with Jeremy Corbyn , who later became the Labour leader , when he was a councillor in north London in the late 1970s . In 1991 , she married David P . Ayensu-Thompson , a Ghanaian architect . They had one son together , James ( born October 1991 or 1992 ) , before divorcing in 1993 . Abbott chose her Conservative MP voting pair , Jonathan Aitken , as her sons godfather . In 2007 , Abbott began learning the piano under the tutelage of Paul Roberts , Professor of Piano at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama , for the BBC documentary TV programme Play It Again . She performed Frédéric Chopins Prelude No . 4 in E minor before an audience . In 2015 , Abbott was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . In September 2020 , an authorised biography of Diane Abbott was released , Diane Abbott : The Authorised Biography , by Robin Bunce and Samara Linton , published by Biteback . In 2020 , Abbott was invited to participate in Strictly Come Dancing . Speaking on BBC Radio Fours Today Programme , she said that she refused the invitation , pausing only for about sixty seconds . Instead , she said that she will continue to do what she has done all of her life , speaking up on human rights , civil liberties , womens rights , and representing the people of Hackney . External links . - Diane Abbott MP . Official constituency website - Diane Abbott : You Ask The Questions The Independent , February 2010 - Diane Abbott profile , New Statesman - Interview with The Third Estate - An Interview with Diane Abbott

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Diane Abbott took which position from Jun 2001 to Apr 2005?

/wiki/Diane_Abbott#P39#1

Diane Abbott Diane Julie Abbott ( born 27 September 1953 ) is a British politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hackney North and Stoke Newington since 1987 . A socialist member of the Labour Party , she served in Jeremy Corbyn’s Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Home Secretary from 2016 to 2020 . Abbott is the first black woman elected to Parliament , and the longest-serving black MP in the House of Commons . Born in Paddington , London W2 , to a British Jamaican family , Abbott attended Harrow County Grammar School before going up to read History at Newnham College , Cambridge . After joining the Civil Service , she worked as a reporter for Thames Television and TV-am before becoming a press officer for the Greater London Council . Joining Labour , she was elected as a Councillor on Westminster City Council in 1982 and then as an MP in 1987 , being returned in every general election since . She was a member of the Labour Party Black Sections , the same as fellow MPs Paul Boateng , Bernie Grant and Keith Vaz , who were also elected in 1987 . Critical of Tony Blairs New Labour project which pushed the party to the centre during the 1990s , in the House of Commons Abbott voted against several Blairite policies , including the launching of the Iraq War and the proposed introduction of ID cards . She stood for the Labour Party leadership on a leftist platform in 2010 , losing to Ed Miliband , who appointed her Shadow Minister for Public Health . A supporter of Jeremy Corbyns bid to become Labour Leader in 2015 , Abbott became Shadow Secretary of State for International Development , then Shadow Health Secretary , and eventually Shadow Home Secretary . As a key Corbyn ally , she supported his leftward push of the Labour Party . She unsuccessfully attempted to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 London mayoral election , and backed the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign to retain UK membership of the European Union . Early life and career . Abbott was born to Jamaican parents in Paddington , City of Westminster , London , in 1953 . Her father was a welder and her mother was a nurse . Both of her parents left school at the age of 14 . She attended Harrow County School for Girls ( a grammar school ) and then Newnham College , Cambridge , where she read history , achieving a lower second class degree ( 2:2 ) . At Cambridge , she was supervised by Sir Simon Schama . After university , Abbott became an administration trainee ( a fast-track route to senior positions in HM Civil Service ) at the Home Office ( 1976 to 1978 ) , and then a Race Relations Officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties ( 1978 to 1980 ) . She was a researcher and reporter at Thames Television from 1980 to 1983 , and then a researcher at the breakfast television company TV-am from 1983 to 1985 . She was a press officer at the Greater London Council under Ken Livingstone from 1985 to 1986 , and Head of Press and Public Relations at Lambeth Council from 1986 to 1987 . Political career . Abbotts career in politics began in 1982 when she was elected to Westminster City Council , serving until 1986 . In 1983 , she was active in the Labour Party Black Sections movement , alongside Bernie Grant , Paul Boateng and Keith Vaz , campaigning for greater African Caribbean and Asian political representation . In 1985 , she unsuccessfully fought to be selected in Brent East , losing out to Ken Livingstone . In 1987 , Abbott was elected to the House of Commons , replacing the deselected serving Labour MP Ernie Roberts as MP for Hackney North & Stoke Newington . She was the first black woman to become an MP . Abbotts speech on civil liberties , in the debate on the Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 , won The Spectator magazines Parliamentary Speech of the Year award , and further recognition at the 2008 Human Rights awards . A speech by Abbott in a House of Commons debate on the Caribbean is included in Margaret Busbys 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa . Abbott has served on a number of parliamentary committees on social and international issues and held shadow ministerial positions in successive Shadow Cabinets . For most of the 1990s , she also served on the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons . She went on to serve on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . She gave birth to her son in October 1991 , one year before the House of Commons introduced a crèche . She did not have maternity leave and was obliged to attend Parliament and vote throughout her pregnancy . Giving birth on a Monday , she was made to work until the Thursday before , and returned to parliament eight days later . Abbott chairs the All-Party Parliamentary British-Caribbean Group and the All-Party Sickle Cell and Thalassemia Group . She is the founder of the London Schools and the Black Child initiative , which aims to raise educational achievement levels amongst black children . In May 2010 , Abbott was returned as MP for the constituency of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , with a doubled majority on an increased turn-out . She was again re-elected in 2015 with 62% of the vote . At Goldsmiths College , on 26 October 2012 , a jubilee celebration was held to honour Abbotts 25 years in parliament , with a series of contributions by Linton Kwesi Johnson , Kadija Sesay , Tunday Akintan and others . 2010 leadership election and frontbench role . On 20 May 2010 , Abbott announced her intention to stand in the Labour leadership contest . She secured the necessary 33 nominations by 9 June , assisted by the withdrawal of left-wing candidate John McDonnell and support from David Miliband and Jack Straw , among others . On Saturday , 25 September 2010 , Ed Miliband was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party , Abbott having been eliminated in the first round of voting after securing 7.24% of votes . Abbott was later appointed Shadow Minister for Public Health by Ed Miliband , taking shadow responsibility for a range of issues including childrens health , maternity services , sexual health , tobacco , nursing , obesity and alcohol abuse . Following her move onto the front bench , the Telegraph said on 27 September 2011 that Abbott had become one of Labours best front bench performers . On the issue of abortion , Abbott has become a vocal pro-choice supporter , opposing moves towards changing abortion counselling policy , and reducing the abortion time limit . She resigned from a cross-party group on abortion counselling saying it was no more than a front to push forward an anti-abortion agenda without debate in parliament . On 5 February 2013 , following the Second Reading , Abbott voted in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Removal from the frontbench and 2015 London mayoral election . On 8 October 2013 , Abbott was sacked as shadow public health minister in a reshuffle by Labour leader Ed Miliband , and replaced as Shadow Public Health Minister by Luciana Berger . On 23 June 2014 , Abbott had stated she would consider standing in the 2016 London mayoral election as Mayor of London . On 30 November 2014 , Abbott announced her intention to put herself forward to become Labours candidate at the London mayoral elections in 2016 . She was unsuccessful in her bid for Labours 2015 London mayoral election nomination . She was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity , take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements . Return to the frontbench . A close ally of Jeremy Corbyn , Abbott was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate him as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . Following Corbyns election as Labour leader , Abbott was appointed to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for International Development . On 27 June 2016 , after the resignations of many of Labours ministerial team in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum , Abbott was promoted to the position of Shadow Health Secretary . On 6 October 2016 , after the resignation of Andy Burnham , Abbott was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . She was sworn of the Privy Council on 15 February 2017 . 2017 general election . On 2 May 2017 , during that years general election campaign , Labours pledge to recruit an extra 10,000 police officers was overshadowed by Abbotts inability to give accurate funding figures . In an interview on LBC Radio with Nick Ferrari , she repeatedly struggled to explain how the promise would be funded . In the interview , Abbott frequently paused , shuffled her papers and gave out the wrong figures . When asked about her performance , the Labour leader , Jeremy Corbyn , insisted he was not embarrassed by what many pundits called a car crash interview . In a further interview conducted by ITV on 5 May 2017 , as the 2017 local elections results were being announced , Abbott was again unable to give accurate figures on the Labour partys performance suggesting that the party had a net loss of 50 seats . However , her figure was corrected by the interviewer who stated that Labour had in fact lost 125 seats , at which point Abbott said that the last figures she had seen were a net loss of around 100 . Appearing on Andrew Marrs Sunday morning programme for the BBC on 28 May , Abbotts apparent support for the IRA nearly 35 years ago came up , along with some parliamentary votes Marr thought questionable . These included her advocacy of the abolition of conspiratorial groups such as MI5 and Special Branch in the late 1980s , both of which she said had been successfully reformed . She defended a vote opposing the proscription of a list of groups , including al-Qaida , on the basis that some of the others had the status of dissidents in their country of origin and Abbott would have voted to ban al-Qaida in isolation . According to Sam Coates in The Times , this appearance was arranged without the consent of Labours campaign team . On 5 June 2017 , during a Sky News interview , Abbott was unable to answer questions about the Harris report on how to protect London from terror attacks . She insisted that she had read the report , but was unable to recall any of the 127 recommendations . When asked if she could remember the specific recommendations , Abbott said : I think it was an important review and we should act on it . Abbott also denied reports that Corbyn and shadow chancellor John McDonnell were attempting to stop her from making broadcasts . The next day , Abbott withdrew at the last minute – citing illness – from a joint interview on Womans Hour on 6 June , in which she had been due to face her Conservative frontbench opposite number Amber Rudd . On 7 June , Corbyn announced that Abbott was not well and had stepped aside in her role as Shadow Home Secretary . Lyn Brown was temporarily assigned to replace her . Barry Gardiner said in a radio interview on LBC that Abbott had been diagnosed with having a long-term medical condition , and was coming to terms with that . In spite of these controversies , Abbott was re-elected in her seat of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , receiving 75% of the constituencys votes with an increased majority of over 35,000 . The following week it became known that Abbott had been diagnosed as suffering from type 2 diabetes in 2015 . During the election campaign , everything went crazy – and the diabetes was out of control , the blood sugar was out of control , she told The Guardian . Dealing with six or seven interviews in a row became problematic because she was not eating enough food which forced a break upon her . The condition is back under control . Abbott returned to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on 18 June . Since 2017 . On 2 October 2019 , Abbott became the first black MP at the dispatch box at Prime Ministers Questions . She served as a temporary stand-in for the Leader of the Opposition , Jeremy Corbyn , while First Secretary of State Dominic Raab stood in for Prime Minister Boris Johnson . Abbott was a supporter of Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow , and defended him from bullying allegations made by David Leakey . She was re-elected at the snap 2019 general election . On 23 February 2020 , Abbott said she would be standing down as Shadow Home Secretary and leave the frontbench upon the election of a new Labour leader . She stood down on 5 April and was succeeded by Nick Thomas-Symonds . In April 2020 , she was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . In May 2021 , Abbott criticised the 2021 shadow cabinet reshuffle carried out by Keir Starmer . She wrote in The Guardian that if Labour was to lose the Batley and Spen by-election , Starmer should resign as Labour Leader . Memoirs . Abbotts memoirs , A Woman Like Me , will be published by Viking in summer 2022 , to mark her 35 years in parliament and to tell her story as the first black woman to become an MP . Media work . Until her appointment as a shadow minister in October 2010 , Abbott appeared alongside media personality and former Conservative politician Michael Portillo on the BBCs weekly politics digest This Week . Abbott and Portillo have known each other since their schooldays , during which they appeared in joint school productions of Romeo and Juliet ( although not in the title roles ) , and of Macbeth as Lady Macduff and Macduff respectively . In August 2012 , the BBC Trust ruled that payments to Abbott for her appearances on This Week were made in breach of BBC guidelines that banned payments to MPs who were representing their political parties . For her part , Abbott had correctly declared the payments in the Parliamentary Register of Members Interests . The Trust also said that Abbott had appeared on the show too often . Abbott is a frequent public speaker , newspaper contributor and TV performer , appearing on programmes including Have I Got News for You , Celebrity Come Dine with Me and Cash in the Celebrity Attic . Abbott was shortlisted for the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for her work on London Schools and the Black Child , and remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Whos Who publication . Political positions . Abbott has a record of differing from some party policies , voting against the Iraq War , opposing ID cards and campaigning against the renewal of Britains Trident nuclear weapons . Abortion rights . Abbott supported a number of pro-choice amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill ( now Act ) ( along with Katy Clark MP and John McDonnell MP ) – including in 2008 leading on the NC30 Amendment of the Abortion Act 1967 : Application to Northern Ireland . Writing for The Guardian , Abbott argued that When it comes to the right to choose , women in Northern Ireland are second-class citizens . They are denied the NHS treatment and funding for abortion that is permitted to every other woman in the United Kingdom . It was reported that the Labour Government at the time ( in particular Harriet Harman ) asked MPs not to table these pro-choice amendments ( and at least until Third Reading ) and then allegedly used parliamentary mechanisms in order to prevent a vote accordingly . Speaking in the debate in Parliament , Abbott criticised these manoeuvres : I speak against the programme motion because—and I say this with no pleasure—it and the order of discussion appear to be a shabby manoeuvre by Ministers to stop the full debate of some very important matters . I appreciate that Ministers did not intend this to be a Bill about abortion . I am open to the argument that we should have another piece of legislation that would enable a full debate on most of the matters in relation to abortion that have been raised as amendments and new clauses to the Bill , but there is a special case for debating and voting on the particular new clause that I tabled to extend the 1967 Act to Northern Ireland . Saudi Arabia . Abbott criticised David Camerons government for its continued support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen . In March 2016 , Abbott wrote : over the past year alone , Britain has sold around £6bn worth of weapons to Saudi Arabia , whose campaign in Yemen is targeting civilians – 191 such attacks have collectively been reported by the UN , HRW and Amnesty . European Union . Abbott voted against the Maastricht Treaty . Abbott campaigned and supported the Labour Partys official preference for the remain campaign in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . However , in January 2017 , Abbott stated that Labour could oppose the bill to trigger Article 50 if Labours amendments were rejected . She abstained from voting on the second reading of the Brexit Bill , after becoming ill hours before the vote , and later voted in favour at the third and final reading . Israel and Palestine conflict . During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis , Abbott spoke at a Free Palestine rally in London condemning the Israeli Occupation of Palestine . Windrush scandal . Abbott wrote to Sajid Javid demanding that he publish the figures for people caught up in the Windrush scandal , and also tell how many Commonwealth citizens lost their jobs , became homeless and were prevented from using public services . She wrote that warm words are not enough , and maintained that transparency was needed to give the Windrush generation confidence ministers have come to grips with what is clearly a systemic problem at the Home Office . In order to make good on your promise to do right by the Windrush generation and begin to right this historic wrong , you must stop covering up the extent of the Windrush crisis and publish these figures . ( ... ) It is unacceptable and frankly scandalous that the extent of the Windrush crisis is yet to be revealed and that the home secretary is still to publish these figures . As the Windrush scandal shows , the hostile environment inevitably catches our fellow citizens who are legally entitled to be here in its net . The government now needs to stop covering up the true human cost of the hostile environment . In August 2018 , Abbott complained that there were still delays in settling Windrush claims , saying : From the Windrush scandal to immigration detention , to these outrageous delays – it is long past time that the government takes responsibility for leaving people distressed and destitute . Comments about Mao Zedong . In 2008 , during a BBC One This Week interview between Abbott , Michael Portillo and Andrew Neil about who was historys worst dictator , Abbott said about the Chinese leader Mao Zedong : I suppose some people will judge that on balance Mao did more good than harm.. . He led his country from feudalism , he helped to defeat the Japanese and he left his country on the verge of the great economic success they are having now . She finished by saying : I was just putting the case for Mao . Political controversies . Education of Abbotts son . Abbotts decision in 2003 to send her son to the private City of London School after criticising colleagues for sending their children to selective schools , which she herself described as indefensible and intellectually incoherent , caused controversy and criticism . According to the Daily Mirror , she said : Id done a lot of work on how black boys underachieve in secondary schools so I knew what a serious problem it was . I knew what could happen to my son if he was sent to the wrong school and got in with the wrong crowd . I realised they were subjected to peer pressure and when that happens it’s very hard for a mother to save her son . Once a black boy is lost to the world of gangs its very hard to get them back and I was genuinely very fearful of what could happen . Her son contacted a radio phone-in to say that his mother was following his own wishes : Shes not a hypocrite , she just put what I wanted first instead of what people thought , he told LBC . He added that he had wanted to go private rather than attend a local state school in Abbotts Hackney constituency . Register of Members Interests . In 2004 , following a complaint made by Conservative MP Andrew Rosindell , Abbott was investigated by the Committee on Standards and Privileges regarding payments she had received from the BBC . The committee found that she had failed to declare earnings of £17,300 in the Register of Members Interests she had received for appearances on the television programme This Week . The Committee upheld the complaint and required Abbott to apologise to the House . Comments on race . In 1996 , Abbott was criticised after she claimed that at her local hospital blonde , blue-eyed Finnish girls were unsuitable as nurses because they had never met a black person before . In response , Marc Wadsworth , founder of the Anti-Racist Alliance , whose mother is Finnish , pointed out that the then-current Miss Finland , Lola Odusoga , was black , of Nigerian and Finnish descent . Shes a black Finn like me , he said . Abbotts position was supported by fellow Labour MP Bernie Grant : Bringing someone here from Finland who has never seen a black person before and expecting them to have some empathy with black people is nonsense . Scandinavian people dont know black people—they probably dont know how to take their temperature . In 2010 , defending her decision to send her son to a private school , she asserted that West Indian mums will go to the wall for their children , prompting criticism about this perceived slight on white mothers . On 4 January 2012 , Abbott tweeted that : White people love playing divide and rule . We should not play their game , which again led to widespread criticism , including accusations of racism . Abbott later apologised for any offence caused , claiming that she had not intended to make generalisations about white people . Abbott also stated in an interview with Andrew Neil that her tweet referred to the history of the British Empire . The Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg called her comments a stupid and crass generalisation . Nadhim Zahawi , Conservative MP , said : This is racism . If this was a white member of Parliament saying that all black people want to do bad things to us he would have resigned within the hour or been sacked . Members of the public lodged complaints , but the Metropolitan Police stated that no investigation would be launched , and no charges would be brought against her , saying she did not commit a criminal offence . On 11 May 2020 , video evidence surfaced of Abbott making another very similar remark during an online conference call . She said : We need unity between black , Asian , minority ethnic and Muslim people – we need the maximum public show of unity . Because time after time , in the past 32 years , I’ve seen efforts of people to organise disrupted by white people playing the divide and rule card , and this time we cant allow that to happen . IRA . In May 2017 , The Sunday Times reported that Abbott backed the IRA in a 1984 interview with Labour and Ireland , a pro-republican journal . In the 1984 interview , Abbott criticised the Unionist population of Northern Ireland as an enclave of white supremacist ideology comparable to white settlers in Zimbabwe , and called for their views to be ignored on the question of Unification , adding Ireland is our struggle — every defeat of the British state is a victory for all of us . A defeat in Northern Ireland would be a defeat indeed . In May 2017 , while Shadow Home Secretary , she was asked by Andrew Marr whether she regretted her comments on the IRA . Abbott replied that [ i ] t was 34 years ago and Ive moved on . Charging fees for speeches to students . In 2017 , Abbott was criticised after it emerged that in 2011 , she charged the University of Birmingham £1,750 for a 50-minute speech . An online petition called on Abbott to repay the money to be used for educational purposes . Appearance alongside Chinese human rights abuse denier . In November 2020 , Abbott apologised for appearing on a livestream with Li Jingjing , a journalist who works for the Chinese state-owned CGTN , who denied human rights abuses against the Uyghurs and suggested they were a fiction cooked up to try and start a racial war . Abbott failed to challenge these remarks . Online abuse . In a Guardian article in February 2017 , Abbott wrote about receiving racist and sexist abuse online every day , such as threats of rape . A few days later , in an interview with Sophy Ridge on Sky News , Abbott proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the sexist and racist abuse of MPs in social media and the way Twitter and Facebook investigate cases which arise . An Amnesty International report found that Abbott was the subject of almost half of all abusive tweets about female MPs on Twitter during the 2017 election campaign , receiving ten times more abuse than any other MP . Personal life . Abbott had a brief relationship with Jeremy Corbyn , who later became the Labour leader , when he was a councillor in north London in the late 1970s . In 1991 , she married David P . Ayensu-Thompson , a Ghanaian architect . They had one son together , James ( born October 1991 or 1992 ) , before divorcing in 1993 . Abbott chose her Conservative MP voting pair , Jonathan Aitken , as her sons godfather . In 2007 , Abbott began learning the piano under the tutelage of Paul Roberts , Professor of Piano at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama , for the BBC documentary TV programme Play It Again . She performed Frédéric Chopins Prelude No . 4 in E minor before an audience . In 2015 , Abbott was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . In September 2020 , an authorised biography of Diane Abbott was released , Diane Abbott : The Authorised Biography , by Robin Bunce and Samara Linton , published by Biteback . In 2020 , Abbott was invited to participate in Strictly Come Dancing . Speaking on BBC Radio Fours Today Programme , she said that she refused the invitation , pausing only for about sixty seconds . Instead , she said that she will continue to do what she has done all of her life , speaking up on human rights , civil liberties , womens rights , and representing the people of Hackney . External links . - Diane Abbott MP . Official constituency website - Diane Abbott : You Ask The Questions The Independent , February 2010 - Diane Abbott profile , New Statesman - Interview with The Third Estate - An Interview with Diane Abbott

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What position did Diane Abbott take from May 2005 to Apr 2010?

/wiki/Diane_Abbott#P39#2

Diane Abbott Diane Julie Abbott ( born 27 September 1953 ) is a British politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hackney North and Stoke Newington since 1987 . A socialist member of the Labour Party , she served in Jeremy Corbyn’s Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Home Secretary from 2016 to 2020 . Abbott is the first black woman elected to Parliament , and the longest-serving black MP in the House of Commons . Born in Paddington , London W2 , to a British Jamaican family , Abbott attended Harrow County Grammar School before going up to read History at Newnham College , Cambridge . After joining the Civil Service , she worked as a reporter for Thames Television and TV-am before becoming a press officer for the Greater London Council . Joining Labour , she was elected as a Councillor on Westminster City Council in 1982 and then as an MP in 1987 , being returned in every general election since . She was a member of the Labour Party Black Sections , the same as fellow MPs Paul Boateng , Bernie Grant and Keith Vaz , who were also elected in 1987 . Critical of Tony Blairs New Labour project which pushed the party to the centre during the 1990s , in the House of Commons Abbott voted against several Blairite policies , including the launching of the Iraq War and the proposed introduction of ID cards . She stood for the Labour Party leadership on a leftist platform in 2010 , losing to Ed Miliband , who appointed her Shadow Minister for Public Health . A supporter of Jeremy Corbyns bid to become Labour Leader in 2015 , Abbott became Shadow Secretary of State for International Development , then Shadow Health Secretary , and eventually Shadow Home Secretary . As a key Corbyn ally , she supported his leftward push of the Labour Party . She unsuccessfully attempted to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 London mayoral election , and backed the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign to retain UK membership of the European Union . Early life and career . Abbott was born to Jamaican parents in Paddington , City of Westminster , London , in 1953 . Her father was a welder and her mother was a nurse . Both of her parents left school at the age of 14 . She attended Harrow County School for Girls ( a grammar school ) and then Newnham College , Cambridge , where she read history , achieving a lower second class degree ( 2:2 ) . At Cambridge , she was supervised by Sir Simon Schama . After university , Abbott became an administration trainee ( a fast-track route to senior positions in HM Civil Service ) at the Home Office ( 1976 to 1978 ) , and then a Race Relations Officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties ( 1978 to 1980 ) . She was a researcher and reporter at Thames Television from 1980 to 1983 , and then a researcher at the breakfast television company TV-am from 1983 to 1985 . She was a press officer at the Greater London Council under Ken Livingstone from 1985 to 1986 , and Head of Press and Public Relations at Lambeth Council from 1986 to 1987 . Political career . Abbotts career in politics began in 1982 when she was elected to Westminster City Council , serving until 1986 . In 1983 , she was active in the Labour Party Black Sections movement , alongside Bernie Grant , Paul Boateng and Keith Vaz , campaigning for greater African Caribbean and Asian political representation . In 1985 , she unsuccessfully fought to be selected in Brent East , losing out to Ken Livingstone . In 1987 , Abbott was elected to the House of Commons , replacing the deselected serving Labour MP Ernie Roberts as MP for Hackney North & Stoke Newington . She was the first black woman to become an MP . Abbotts speech on civil liberties , in the debate on the Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 , won The Spectator magazines Parliamentary Speech of the Year award , and further recognition at the 2008 Human Rights awards . A speech by Abbott in a House of Commons debate on the Caribbean is included in Margaret Busbys 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa . Abbott has served on a number of parliamentary committees on social and international issues and held shadow ministerial positions in successive Shadow Cabinets . For most of the 1990s , she also served on the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons . She went on to serve on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . She gave birth to her son in October 1991 , one year before the House of Commons introduced a crèche . She did not have maternity leave and was obliged to attend Parliament and vote throughout her pregnancy . Giving birth on a Monday , she was made to work until the Thursday before , and returned to parliament eight days later . Abbott chairs the All-Party Parliamentary British-Caribbean Group and the All-Party Sickle Cell and Thalassemia Group . She is the founder of the London Schools and the Black Child initiative , which aims to raise educational achievement levels amongst black children . In May 2010 , Abbott was returned as MP for the constituency of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , with a doubled majority on an increased turn-out . She was again re-elected in 2015 with 62% of the vote . At Goldsmiths College , on 26 October 2012 , a jubilee celebration was held to honour Abbotts 25 years in parliament , with a series of contributions by Linton Kwesi Johnson , Kadija Sesay , Tunday Akintan and others . 2010 leadership election and frontbench role . On 20 May 2010 , Abbott announced her intention to stand in the Labour leadership contest . She secured the necessary 33 nominations by 9 June , assisted by the withdrawal of left-wing candidate John McDonnell and support from David Miliband and Jack Straw , among others . On Saturday , 25 September 2010 , Ed Miliband was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party , Abbott having been eliminated in the first round of voting after securing 7.24% of votes . Abbott was later appointed Shadow Minister for Public Health by Ed Miliband , taking shadow responsibility for a range of issues including childrens health , maternity services , sexual health , tobacco , nursing , obesity and alcohol abuse . Following her move onto the front bench , the Telegraph said on 27 September 2011 that Abbott had become one of Labours best front bench performers . On the issue of abortion , Abbott has become a vocal pro-choice supporter , opposing moves towards changing abortion counselling policy , and reducing the abortion time limit . She resigned from a cross-party group on abortion counselling saying it was no more than a front to push forward an anti-abortion agenda without debate in parliament . On 5 February 2013 , following the Second Reading , Abbott voted in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Removal from the frontbench and 2015 London mayoral election . On 8 October 2013 , Abbott was sacked as shadow public health minister in a reshuffle by Labour leader Ed Miliband , and replaced as Shadow Public Health Minister by Luciana Berger . On 23 June 2014 , Abbott had stated she would consider standing in the 2016 London mayoral election as Mayor of London . On 30 November 2014 , Abbott announced her intention to put herself forward to become Labours candidate at the London mayoral elections in 2016 . She was unsuccessful in her bid for Labours 2015 London mayoral election nomination . She was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity , take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements . Return to the frontbench . A close ally of Jeremy Corbyn , Abbott was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate him as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . Following Corbyns election as Labour leader , Abbott was appointed to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for International Development . On 27 June 2016 , after the resignations of many of Labours ministerial team in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum , Abbott was promoted to the position of Shadow Health Secretary . On 6 October 2016 , after the resignation of Andy Burnham , Abbott was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . She was sworn of the Privy Council on 15 February 2017 . 2017 general election . On 2 May 2017 , during that years general election campaign , Labours pledge to recruit an extra 10,000 police officers was overshadowed by Abbotts inability to give accurate funding figures . In an interview on LBC Radio with Nick Ferrari , she repeatedly struggled to explain how the promise would be funded . In the interview , Abbott frequently paused , shuffled her papers and gave out the wrong figures . When asked about her performance , the Labour leader , Jeremy Corbyn , insisted he was not embarrassed by what many pundits called a car crash interview . In a further interview conducted by ITV on 5 May 2017 , as the 2017 local elections results were being announced , Abbott was again unable to give accurate figures on the Labour partys performance suggesting that the party had a net loss of 50 seats . However , her figure was corrected by the interviewer who stated that Labour had in fact lost 125 seats , at which point Abbott said that the last figures she had seen were a net loss of around 100 . Appearing on Andrew Marrs Sunday morning programme for the BBC on 28 May , Abbotts apparent support for the IRA nearly 35 years ago came up , along with some parliamentary votes Marr thought questionable . These included her advocacy of the abolition of conspiratorial groups such as MI5 and Special Branch in the late 1980s , both of which she said had been successfully reformed . She defended a vote opposing the proscription of a list of groups , including al-Qaida , on the basis that some of the others had the status of dissidents in their country of origin and Abbott would have voted to ban al-Qaida in isolation . According to Sam Coates in The Times , this appearance was arranged without the consent of Labours campaign team . On 5 June 2017 , during a Sky News interview , Abbott was unable to answer questions about the Harris report on how to protect London from terror attacks . She insisted that she had read the report , but was unable to recall any of the 127 recommendations . When asked if she could remember the specific recommendations , Abbott said : I think it was an important review and we should act on it . Abbott also denied reports that Corbyn and shadow chancellor John McDonnell were attempting to stop her from making broadcasts . The next day , Abbott withdrew at the last minute – citing illness – from a joint interview on Womans Hour on 6 June , in which she had been due to face her Conservative frontbench opposite number Amber Rudd . On 7 June , Corbyn announced that Abbott was not well and had stepped aside in her role as Shadow Home Secretary . Lyn Brown was temporarily assigned to replace her . Barry Gardiner said in a radio interview on LBC that Abbott had been diagnosed with having a long-term medical condition , and was coming to terms with that . In spite of these controversies , Abbott was re-elected in her seat of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , receiving 75% of the constituencys votes with an increased majority of over 35,000 . The following week it became known that Abbott had been diagnosed as suffering from type 2 diabetes in 2015 . During the election campaign , everything went crazy – and the diabetes was out of control , the blood sugar was out of control , she told The Guardian . Dealing with six or seven interviews in a row became problematic because she was not eating enough food which forced a break upon her . The condition is back under control . Abbott returned to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on 18 June . Since 2017 . On 2 October 2019 , Abbott became the first black MP at the dispatch box at Prime Ministers Questions . She served as a temporary stand-in for the Leader of the Opposition , Jeremy Corbyn , while First Secretary of State Dominic Raab stood in for Prime Minister Boris Johnson . Abbott was a supporter of Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow , and defended him from bullying allegations made by David Leakey . She was re-elected at the snap 2019 general election . On 23 February 2020 , Abbott said she would be standing down as Shadow Home Secretary and leave the frontbench upon the election of a new Labour leader . She stood down on 5 April and was succeeded by Nick Thomas-Symonds . In April 2020 , she was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . In May 2021 , Abbott criticised the 2021 shadow cabinet reshuffle carried out by Keir Starmer . She wrote in The Guardian that if Labour was to lose the Batley and Spen by-election , Starmer should resign as Labour Leader . Memoirs . Abbotts memoirs , A Woman Like Me , will be published by Viking in summer 2022 , to mark her 35 years in parliament and to tell her story as the first black woman to become an MP . Media work . Until her appointment as a shadow minister in October 2010 , Abbott appeared alongside media personality and former Conservative politician Michael Portillo on the BBCs weekly politics digest This Week . Abbott and Portillo have known each other since their schooldays , during which they appeared in joint school productions of Romeo and Juliet ( although not in the title roles ) , and of Macbeth as Lady Macduff and Macduff respectively . In August 2012 , the BBC Trust ruled that payments to Abbott for her appearances on This Week were made in breach of BBC guidelines that banned payments to MPs who were representing their political parties . For her part , Abbott had correctly declared the payments in the Parliamentary Register of Members Interests . The Trust also said that Abbott had appeared on the show too often . Abbott is a frequent public speaker , newspaper contributor and TV performer , appearing on programmes including Have I Got News for You , Celebrity Come Dine with Me and Cash in the Celebrity Attic . Abbott was shortlisted for the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for her work on London Schools and the Black Child , and remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Whos Who publication . Political positions . Abbott has a record of differing from some party policies , voting against the Iraq War , opposing ID cards and campaigning against the renewal of Britains Trident nuclear weapons . Abortion rights . Abbott supported a number of pro-choice amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill ( now Act ) ( along with Katy Clark MP and John McDonnell MP ) – including in 2008 leading on the NC30 Amendment of the Abortion Act 1967 : Application to Northern Ireland . Writing for The Guardian , Abbott argued that When it comes to the right to choose , women in Northern Ireland are second-class citizens . They are denied the NHS treatment and funding for abortion that is permitted to every other woman in the United Kingdom . It was reported that the Labour Government at the time ( in particular Harriet Harman ) asked MPs not to table these pro-choice amendments ( and at least until Third Reading ) and then allegedly used parliamentary mechanisms in order to prevent a vote accordingly . Speaking in the debate in Parliament , Abbott criticised these manoeuvres : I speak against the programme motion because—and I say this with no pleasure—it and the order of discussion appear to be a shabby manoeuvre by Ministers to stop the full debate of some very important matters . I appreciate that Ministers did not intend this to be a Bill about abortion . I am open to the argument that we should have another piece of legislation that would enable a full debate on most of the matters in relation to abortion that have been raised as amendments and new clauses to the Bill , but there is a special case for debating and voting on the particular new clause that I tabled to extend the 1967 Act to Northern Ireland . Saudi Arabia . Abbott criticised David Camerons government for its continued support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen . In March 2016 , Abbott wrote : over the past year alone , Britain has sold around £6bn worth of weapons to Saudi Arabia , whose campaign in Yemen is targeting civilians – 191 such attacks have collectively been reported by the UN , HRW and Amnesty . European Union . Abbott voted against the Maastricht Treaty . Abbott campaigned and supported the Labour Partys official preference for the remain campaign in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . However , in January 2017 , Abbott stated that Labour could oppose the bill to trigger Article 50 if Labours amendments were rejected . She abstained from voting on the second reading of the Brexit Bill , after becoming ill hours before the vote , and later voted in favour at the third and final reading . Israel and Palestine conflict . During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis , Abbott spoke at a Free Palestine rally in London condemning the Israeli Occupation of Palestine . Windrush scandal . Abbott wrote to Sajid Javid demanding that he publish the figures for people caught up in the Windrush scandal , and also tell how many Commonwealth citizens lost their jobs , became homeless and were prevented from using public services . She wrote that warm words are not enough , and maintained that transparency was needed to give the Windrush generation confidence ministers have come to grips with what is clearly a systemic problem at the Home Office . In order to make good on your promise to do right by the Windrush generation and begin to right this historic wrong , you must stop covering up the extent of the Windrush crisis and publish these figures . ( ... ) It is unacceptable and frankly scandalous that the extent of the Windrush crisis is yet to be revealed and that the home secretary is still to publish these figures . As the Windrush scandal shows , the hostile environment inevitably catches our fellow citizens who are legally entitled to be here in its net . The government now needs to stop covering up the true human cost of the hostile environment . In August 2018 , Abbott complained that there were still delays in settling Windrush claims , saying : From the Windrush scandal to immigration detention , to these outrageous delays – it is long past time that the government takes responsibility for leaving people distressed and destitute . Comments about Mao Zedong . In 2008 , during a BBC One This Week interview between Abbott , Michael Portillo and Andrew Neil about who was historys worst dictator , Abbott said about the Chinese leader Mao Zedong : I suppose some people will judge that on balance Mao did more good than harm.. . He led his country from feudalism , he helped to defeat the Japanese and he left his country on the verge of the great economic success they are having now . She finished by saying : I was just putting the case for Mao . Political controversies . Education of Abbotts son . Abbotts decision in 2003 to send her son to the private City of London School after criticising colleagues for sending their children to selective schools , which she herself described as indefensible and intellectually incoherent , caused controversy and criticism . According to the Daily Mirror , she said : Id done a lot of work on how black boys underachieve in secondary schools so I knew what a serious problem it was . I knew what could happen to my son if he was sent to the wrong school and got in with the wrong crowd . I realised they were subjected to peer pressure and when that happens it’s very hard for a mother to save her son . Once a black boy is lost to the world of gangs its very hard to get them back and I was genuinely very fearful of what could happen . Her son contacted a radio phone-in to say that his mother was following his own wishes : Shes not a hypocrite , she just put what I wanted first instead of what people thought , he told LBC . He added that he had wanted to go private rather than attend a local state school in Abbotts Hackney constituency . Register of Members Interests . In 2004 , following a complaint made by Conservative MP Andrew Rosindell , Abbott was investigated by the Committee on Standards and Privileges regarding payments she had received from the BBC . The committee found that she had failed to declare earnings of £17,300 in the Register of Members Interests she had received for appearances on the television programme This Week . The Committee upheld the complaint and required Abbott to apologise to the House . Comments on race . In 1996 , Abbott was criticised after she claimed that at her local hospital blonde , blue-eyed Finnish girls were unsuitable as nurses because they had never met a black person before . In response , Marc Wadsworth , founder of the Anti-Racist Alliance , whose mother is Finnish , pointed out that the then-current Miss Finland , Lola Odusoga , was black , of Nigerian and Finnish descent . Shes a black Finn like me , he said . Abbotts position was supported by fellow Labour MP Bernie Grant : Bringing someone here from Finland who has never seen a black person before and expecting them to have some empathy with black people is nonsense . Scandinavian people dont know black people—they probably dont know how to take their temperature . In 2010 , defending her decision to send her son to a private school , she asserted that West Indian mums will go to the wall for their children , prompting criticism about this perceived slight on white mothers . On 4 January 2012 , Abbott tweeted that : White people love playing divide and rule . We should not play their game , which again led to widespread criticism , including accusations of racism . Abbott later apologised for any offence caused , claiming that she had not intended to make generalisations about white people . Abbott also stated in an interview with Andrew Neil that her tweet referred to the history of the British Empire . The Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg called her comments a stupid and crass generalisation . Nadhim Zahawi , Conservative MP , said : This is racism . If this was a white member of Parliament saying that all black people want to do bad things to us he would have resigned within the hour or been sacked . Members of the public lodged complaints , but the Metropolitan Police stated that no investigation would be launched , and no charges would be brought against her , saying she did not commit a criminal offence . On 11 May 2020 , video evidence surfaced of Abbott making another very similar remark during an online conference call . She said : We need unity between black , Asian , minority ethnic and Muslim people – we need the maximum public show of unity . Because time after time , in the past 32 years , I’ve seen efforts of people to organise disrupted by white people playing the divide and rule card , and this time we cant allow that to happen . IRA . In May 2017 , The Sunday Times reported that Abbott backed the IRA in a 1984 interview with Labour and Ireland , a pro-republican journal . In the 1984 interview , Abbott criticised the Unionist population of Northern Ireland as an enclave of white supremacist ideology comparable to white settlers in Zimbabwe , and called for their views to be ignored on the question of Unification , adding Ireland is our struggle — every defeat of the British state is a victory for all of us . A defeat in Northern Ireland would be a defeat indeed . In May 2017 , while Shadow Home Secretary , she was asked by Andrew Marr whether she regretted her comments on the IRA . Abbott replied that [ i ] t was 34 years ago and Ive moved on . Charging fees for speeches to students . In 2017 , Abbott was criticised after it emerged that in 2011 , she charged the University of Birmingham £1,750 for a 50-minute speech . An online petition called on Abbott to repay the money to be used for educational purposes . Appearance alongside Chinese human rights abuse denier . In November 2020 , Abbott apologised for appearing on a livestream with Li Jingjing , a journalist who works for the Chinese state-owned CGTN , who denied human rights abuses against the Uyghurs and suggested they were a fiction cooked up to try and start a racial war . Abbott failed to challenge these remarks . Online abuse . In a Guardian article in February 2017 , Abbott wrote about receiving racist and sexist abuse online every day , such as threats of rape . A few days later , in an interview with Sophy Ridge on Sky News , Abbott proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the sexist and racist abuse of MPs in social media and the way Twitter and Facebook investigate cases which arise . An Amnesty International report found that Abbott was the subject of almost half of all abusive tweets about female MPs on Twitter during the 2017 election campaign , receiving ten times more abuse than any other MP . Personal life . Abbott had a brief relationship with Jeremy Corbyn , who later became the Labour leader , when he was a councillor in north London in the late 1970s . In 1991 , she married David P . Ayensu-Thompson , a Ghanaian architect . They had one son together , James ( born October 1991 or 1992 ) , before divorcing in 1993 . Abbott chose her Conservative MP voting pair , Jonathan Aitken , as her sons godfather . In 2007 , Abbott began learning the piano under the tutelage of Paul Roberts , Professor of Piano at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama , for the BBC documentary TV programme Play It Again . She performed Frédéric Chopins Prelude No . 4 in E minor before an audience . In 2015 , Abbott was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . In September 2020 , an authorised biography of Diane Abbott was released , Diane Abbott : The Authorised Biography , by Robin Bunce and Samara Linton , published by Biteback . In 2020 , Abbott was invited to participate in Strictly Come Dancing . Speaking on BBC Radio Fours Today Programme , she said that she refused the invitation , pausing only for about sixty seconds . Instead , she said that she will continue to do what she has done all of her life , speaking up on human rights , civil liberties , womens rights , and representing the people of Hackney . External links . - Diane Abbott MP . Official constituency website - Diane Abbott : You Ask The Questions The Independent , February 2010 - Diane Abbott profile , New Statesman - Interview with The Third Estate - An Interview with Diane Abbott

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Diane Abbott Diane Julie Abbott ( born 27 September 1953 ) is a British politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hackney North and Stoke Newington since 1987 . A socialist member of the Labour Party , she served in Jeremy Corbyn’s Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Home Secretary from 2016 to 2020 . Abbott is the first black woman elected to Parliament , and the longest-serving black MP in the House of Commons . Born in Paddington , London W2 , to a British Jamaican family , Abbott attended Harrow County Grammar School before going up to read History at Newnham College , Cambridge . After joining the Civil Service , she worked as a reporter for Thames Television and TV-am before becoming a press officer for the Greater London Council . Joining Labour , she was elected as a Councillor on Westminster City Council in 1982 and then as an MP in 1987 , being returned in every general election since . She was a member of the Labour Party Black Sections , the same as fellow MPs Paul Boateng , Bernie Grant and Keith Vaz , who were also elected in 1987 . Critical of Tony Blairs New Labour project which pushed the party to the centre during the 1990s , in the House of Commons Abbott voted against several Blairite policies , including the launching of the Iraq War and the proposed introduction of ID cards . She stood for the Labour Party leadership on a leftist platform in 2010 , losing to Ed Miliband , who appointed her Shadow Minister for Public Health . A supporter of Jeremy Corbyns bid to become Labour Leader in 2015 , Abbott became Shadow Secretary of State for International Development , then Shadow Health Secretary , and eventually Shadow Home Secretary . As a key Corbyn ally , she supported his leftward push of the Labour Party . She unsuccessfully attempted to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 London mayoral election , and backed the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign to retain UK membership of the European Union . Early life and career . Abbott was born to Jamaican parents in Paddington , City of Westminster , London , in 1953 . Her father was a welder and her mother was a nurse . Both of her parents left school at the age of 14 . She attended Harrow County School for Girls ( a grammar school ) and then Newnham College , Cambridge , where she read history , achieving a lower second class degree ( 2:2 ) . At Cambridge , she was supervised by Sir Simon Schama . After university , Abbott became an administration trainee ( a fast-track route to senior positions in HM Civil Service ) at the Home Office ( 1976 to 1978 ) , and then a Race Relations Officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties ( 1978 to 1980 ) . She was a researcher and reporter at Thames Television from 1980 to 1983 , and then a researcher at the breakfast television company TV-am from 1983 to 1985 . She was a press officer at the Greater London Council under Ken Livingstone from 1985 to 1986 , and Head of Press and Public Relations at Lambeth Council from 1986 to 1987 . Political career . Abbotts career in politics began in 1982 when she was elected to Westminster City Council , serving until 1986 . In 1983 , she was active in the Labour Party Black Sections movement , alongside Bernie Grant , Paul Boateng and Keith Vaz , campaigning for greater African Caribbean and Asian political representation . In 1985 , she unsuccessfully fought to be selected in Brent East , losing out to Ken Livingstone . In 1987 , Abbott was elected to the House of Commons , replacing the deselected serving Labour MP Ernie Roberts as MP for Hackney North & Stoke Newington . She was the first black woman to become an MP . Abbotts speech on civil liberties , in the debate on the Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 , won The Spectator magazines Parliamentary Speech of the Year award , and further recognition at the 2008 Human Rights awards . A speech by Abbott in a House of Commons debate on the Caribbean is included in Margaret Busbys 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa . Abbott has served on a number of parliamentary committees on social and international issues and held shadow ministerial positions in successive Shadow Cabinets . For most of the 1990s , she also served on the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons . She went on to serve on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . She gave birth to her son in October 1991 , one year before the House of Commons introduced a crèche . She did not have maternity leave and was obliged to attend Parliament and vote throughout her pregnancy . Giving birth on a Monday , she was made to work until the Thursday before , and returned to parliament eight days later . Abbott chairs the All-Party Parliamentary British-Caribbean Group and the All-Party Sickle Cell and Thalassemia Group . She is the founder of the London Schools and the Black Child initiative , which aims to raise educational achievement levels amongst black children . In May 2010 , Abbott was returned as MP for the constituency of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , with a doubled majority on an increased turn-out . She was again re-elected in 2015 with 62% of the vote . At Goldsmiths College , on 26 October 2012 , a jubilee celebration was held to honour Abbotts 25 years in parliament , with a series of contributions by Linton Kwesi Johnson , Kadija Sesay , Tunday Akintan and others . 2010 leadership election and frontbench role . On 20 May 2010 , Abbott announced her intention to stand in the Labour leadership contest . She secured the necessary 33 nominations by 9 June , assisted by the withdrawal of left-wing candidate John McDonnell and support from David Miliband and Jack Straw , among others . On Saturday , 25 September 2010 , Ed Miliband was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party , Abbott having been eliminated in the first round of voting after securing 7.24% of votes . Abbott was later appointed Shadow Minister for Public Health by Ed Miliband , taking shadow responsibility for a range of issues including childrens health , maternity services , sexual health , tobacco , nursing , obesity and alcohol abuse . Following her move onto the front bench , the Telegraph said on 27 September 2011 that Abbott had become one of Labours best front bench performers . On the issue of abortion , Abbott has become a vocal pro-choice supporter , opposing moves towards changing abortion counselling policy , and reducing the abortion time limit . She resigned from a cross-party group on abortion counselling saying it was no more than a front to push forward an anti-abortion agenda without debate in parliament . On 5 February 2013 , following the Second Reading , Abbott voted in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Removal from the frontbench and 2015 London mayoral election . On 8 October 2013 , Abbott was sacked as shadow public health minister in a reshuffle by Labour leader Ed Miliband , and replaced as Shadow Public Health Minister by Luciana Berger . On 23 June 2014 , Abbott had stated she would consider standing in the 2016 London mayoral election as Mayor of London . On 30 November 2014 , Abbott announced her intention to put herself forward to become Labours candidate at the London mayoral elections in 2016 . She was unsuccessful in her bid for Labours 2015 London mayoral election nomination . She was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity , take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements . Return to the frontbench . A close ally of Jeremy Corbyn , Abbott was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate him as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . Following Corbyns election as Labour leader , Abbott was appointed to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for International Development . On 27 June 2016 , after the resignations of many of Labours ministerial team in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum , Abbott was promoted to the position of Shadow Health Secretary . On 6 October 2016 , after the resignation of Andy Burnham , Abbott was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . She was sworn of the Privy Council on 15 February 2017 . 2017 general election . On 2 May 2017 , during that years general election campaign , Labours pledge to recruit an extra 10,000 police officers was overshadowed by Abbotts inability to give accurate funding figures . In an interview on LBC Radio with Nick Ferrari , she repeatedly struggled to explain how the promise would be funded . In the interview , Abbott frequently paused , shuffled her papers and gave out the wrong figures . When asked about her performance , the Labour leader , Jeremy Corbyn , insisted he was not embarrassed by what many pundits called a car crash interview . In a further interview conducted by ITV on 5 May 2017 , as the 2017 local elections results were being announced , Abbott was again unable to give accurate figures on the Labour partys performance suggesting that the party had a net loss of 50 seats . However , her figure was corrected by the interviewer who stated that Labour had in fact lost 125 seats , at which point Abbott said that the last figures she had seen were a net loss of around 100 . Appearing on Andrew Marrs Sunday morning programme for the BBC on 28 May , Abbotts apparent support for the IRA nearly 35 years ago came up , along with some parliamentary votes Marr thought questionable . These included her advocacy of the abolition of conspiratorial groups such as MI5 and Special Branch in the late 1980s , both of which she said had been successfully reformed . She defended a vote opposing the proscription of a list of groups , including al-Qaida , on the basis that some of the others had the status of dissidents in their country of origin and Abbott would have voted to ban al-Qaida in isolation . According to Sam Coates in The Times , this appearance was arranged without the consent of Labours campaign team . On 5 June 2017 , during a Sky News interview , Abbott was unable to answer questions about the Harris report on how to protect London from terror attacks . She insisted that she had read the report , but was unable to recall any of the 127 recommendations . When asked if she could remember the specific recommendations , Abbott said : I think it was an important review and we should act on it . Abbott also denied reports that Corbyn and shadow chancellor John McDonnell were attempting to stop her from making broadcasts . The next day , Abbott withdrew at the last minute – citing illness – from a joint interview on Womans Hour on 6 June , in which she had been due to face her Conservative frontbench opposite number Amber Rudd . On 7 June , Corbyn announced that Abbott was not well and had stepped aside in her role as Shadow Home Secretary . Lyn Brown was temporarily assigned to replace her . Barry Gardiner said in a radio interview on LBC that Abbott had been diagnosed with having a long-term medical condition , and was coming to terms with that . In spite of these controversies , Abbott was re-elected in her seat of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , receiving 75% of the constituencys votes with an increased majority of over 35,000 . The following week it became known that Abbott had been diagnosed as suffering from type 2 diabetes in 2015 . During the election campaign , everything went crazy – and the diabetes was out of control , the blood sugar was out of control , she told The Guardian . Dealing with six or seven interviews in a row became problematic because she was not eating enough food which forced a break upon her . The condition is back under control . Abbott returned to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on 18 June . Since 2017 . On 2 October 2019 , Abbott became the first black MP at the dispatch box at Prime Ministers Questions . She served as a temporary stand-in for the Leader of the Opposition , Jeremy Corbyn , while First Secretary of State Dominic Raab stood in for Prime Minister Boris Johnson . Abbott was a supporter of Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow , and defended him from bullying allegations made by David Leakey . She was re-elected at the snap 2019 general election . On 23 February 2020 , Abbott said she would be standing down as Shadow Home Secretary and leave the frontbench upon the election of a new Labour leader . She stood down on 5 April and was succeeded by Nick Thomas-Symonds . In April 2020 , she was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . In May 2021 , Abbott criticised the 2021 shadow cabinet reshuffle carried out by Keir Starmer . She wrote in The Guardian that if Labour was to lose the Batley and Spen by-election , Starmer should resign as Labour Leader . Memoirs . Abbotts memoirs , A Woman Like Me , will be published by Viking in summer 2022 , to mark her 35 years in parliament and to tell her story as the first black woman to become an MP . Media work . Until her appointment as a shadow minister in October 2010 , Abbott appeared alongside media personality and former Conservative politician Michael Portillo on the BBCs weekly politics digest This Week . Abbott and Portillo have known each other since their schooldays , during which they appeared in joint school productions of Romeo and Juliet ( although not in the title roles ) , and of Macbeth as Lady Macduff and Macduff respectively . In August 2012 , the BBC Trust ruled that payments to Abbott for her appearances on This Week were made in breach of BBC guidelines that banned payments to MPs who were representing their political parties . For her part , Abbott had correctly declared the payments in the Parliamentary Register of Members Interests . The Trust also said that Abbott had appeared on the show too often . Abbott is a frequent public speaker , newspaper contributor and TV performer , appearing on programmes including Have I Got News for You , Celebrity Come Dine with Me and Cash in the Celebrity Attic . Abbott was shortlisted for the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for her work on London Schools and the Black Child , and remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Whos Who publication . Political positions . Abbott has a record of differing from some party policies , voting against the Iraq War , opposing ID cards and campaigning against the renewal of Britains Trident nuclear weapons . Abortion rights . Abbott supported a number of pro-choice amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill ( now Act ) ( along with Katy Clark MP and John McDonnell MP ) – including in 2008 leading on the NC30 Amendment of the Abortion Act 1967 : Application to Northern Ireland . Writing for The Guardian , Abbott argued that When it comes to the right to choose , women in Northern Ireland are second-class citizens . They are denied the NHS treatment and funding for abortion that is permitted to every other woman in the United Kingdom . It was reported that the Labour Government at the time ( in particular Harriet Harman ) asked MPs not to table these pro-choice amendments ( and at least until Third Reading ) and then allegedly used parliamentary mechanisms in order to prevent a vote accordingly . Speaking in the debate in Parliament , Abbott criticised these manoeuvres : I speak against the programme motion because—and I say this with no pleasure—it and the order of discussion appear to be a shabby manoeuvre by Ministers to stop the full debate of some very important matters . I appreciate that Ministers did not intend this to be a Bill about abortion . I am open to the argument that we should have another piece of legislation that would enable a full debate on most of the matters in relation to abortion that have been raised as amendments and new clauses to the Bill , but there is a special case for debating and voting on the particular new clause that I tabled to extend the 1967 Act to Northern Ireland . Saudi Arabia . Abbott criticised David Camerons government for its continued support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen . In March 2016 , Abbott wrote : over the past year alone , Britain has sold around £6bn worth of weapons to Saudi Arabia , whose campaign in Yemen is targeting civilians – 191 such attacks have collectively been reported by the UN , HRW and Amnesty . European Union . Abbott voted against the Maastricht Treaty . Abbott campaigned and supported the Labour Partys official preference for the remain campaign in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . However , in January 2017 , Abbott stated that Labour could oppose the bill to trigger Article 50 if Labours amendments were rejected . She abstained from voting on the second reading of the Brexit Bill , after becoming ill hours before the vote , and later voted in favour at the third and final reading . Israel and Palestine conflict . During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis , Abbott spoke at a Free Palestine rally in London condemning the Israeli Occupation of Palestine . Windrush scandal . Abbott wrote to Sajid Javid demanding that he publish the figures for people caught up in the Windrush scandal , and also tell how many Commonwealth citizens lost their jobs , became homeless and were prevented from using public services . She wrote that warm words are not enough , and maintained that transparency was needed to give the Windrush generation confidence ministers have come to grips with what is clearly a systemic problem at the Home Office . In order to make good on your promise to do right by the Windrush generation and begin to right this historic wrong , you must stop covering up the extent of the Windrush crisis and publish these figures . ( ... ) It is unacceptable and frankly scandalous that the extent of the Windrush crisis is yet to be revealed and that the home secretary is still to publish these figures . As the Windrush scandal shows , the hostile environment inevitably catches our fellow citizens who are legally entitled to be here in its net . The government now needs to stop covering up the true human cost of the hostile environment . In August 2018 , Abbott complained that there were still delays in settling Windrush claims , saying : From the Windrush scandal to immigration detention , to these outrageous delays – it is long past time that the government takes responsibility for leaving people distressed and destitute . Comments about Mao Zedong . In 2008 , during a BBC One This Week interview between Abbott , Michael Portillo and Andrew Neil about who was historys worst dictator , Abbott said about the Chinese leader Mao Zedong : I suppose some people will judge that on balance Mao did more good than harm.. . He led his country from feudalism , he helped to defeat the Japanese and he left his country on the verge of the great economic success they are having now . She finished by saying : I was just putting the case for Mao . Political controversies . Education of Abbotts son . Abbotts decision in 2003 to send her son to the private City of London School after criticising colleagues for sending their children to selective schools , which she herself described as indefensible and intellectually incoherent , caused controversy and criticism . According to the Daily Mirror , she said : Id done a lot of work on how black boys underachieve in secondary schools so I knew what a serious problem it was . I knew what could happen to my son if he was sent to the wrong school and got in with the wrong crowd . I realised they were subjected to peer pressure and when that happens it’s very hard for a mother to save her son . Once a black boy is lost to the world of gangs its very hard to get them back and I was genuinely very fearful of what could happen . Her son contacted a radio phone-in to say that his mother was following his own wishes : Shes not a hypocrite , she just put what I wanted first instead of what people thought , he told LBC . He added that he had wanted to go private rather than attend a local state school in Abbotts Hackney constituency . Register of Members Interests . In 2004 , following a complaint made by Conservative MP Andrew Rosindell , Abbott was investigated by the Committee on Standards and Privileges regarding payments she had received from the BBC . The committee found that she had failed to declare earnings of £17,300 in the Register of Members Interests she had received for appearances on the television programme This Week . The Committee upheld the complaint and required Abbott to apologise to the House . Comments on race . In 1996 , Abbott was criticised after she claimed that at her local hospital blonde , blue-eyed Finnish girls were unsuitable as nurses because they had never met a black person before . In response , Marc Wadsworth , founder of the Anti-Racist Alliance , whose mother is Finnish , pointed out that the then-current Miss Finland , Lola Odusoga , was black , of Nigerian and Finnish descent . Shes a black Finn like me , he said . Abbotts position was supported by fellow Labour MP Bernie Grant : Bringing someone here from Finland who has never seen a black person before and expecting them to have some empathy with black people is nonsense . Scandinavian people dont know black people—they probably dont know how to take their temperature . In 2010 , defending her decision to send her son to a private school , she asserted that West Indian mums will go to the wall for their children , prompting criticism about this perceived slight on white mothers . On 4 January 2012 , Abbott tweeted that : White people love playing divide and rule . We should not play their game , which again led to widespread criticism , including accusations of racism . Abbott later apologised for any offence caused , claiming that she had not intended to make generalisations about white people . Abbott also stated in an interview with Andrew Neil that her tweet referred to the history of the British Empire . The Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg called her comments a stupid and crass generalisation . Nadhim Zahawi , Conservative MP , said : This is racism . If this was a white member of Parliament saying that all black people want to do bad things to us he would have resigned within the hour or been sacked . Members of the public lodged complaints , but the Metropolitan Police stated that no investigation would be launched , and no charges would be brought against her , saying she did not commit a criminal offence . On 11 May 2020 , video evidence surfaced of Abbott making another very similar remark during an online conference call . She said : We need unity between black , Asian , minority ethnic and Muslim people – we need the maximum public show of unity . Because time after time , in the past 32 years , I’ve seen efforts of people to organise disrupted by white people playing the divide and rule card , and this time we cant allow that to happen . IRA . In May 2017 , The Sunday Times reported that Abbott backed the IRA in a 1984 interview with Labour and Ireland , a pro-republican journal . In the 1984 interview , Abbott criticised the Unionist population of Northern Ireland as an enclave of white supremacist ideology comparable to white settlers in Zimbabwe , and called for their views to be ignored on the question of Unification , adding Ireland is our struggle — every defeat of the British state is a victory for all of us . A defeat in Northern Ireland would be a defeat indeed . In May 2017 , while Shadow Home Secretary , she was asked by Andrew Marr whether she regretted her comments on the IRA . Abbott replied that [ i ] t was 34 years ago and Ive moved on . Charging fees for speeches to students . In 2017 , Abbott was criticised after it emerged that in 2011 , she charged the University of Birmingham £1,750 for a 50-minute speech . An online petition called on Abbott to repay the money to be used for educational purposes . Appearance alongside Chinese human rights abuse denier . In November 2020 , Abbott apologised for appearing on a livestream with Li Jingjing , a journalist who works for the Chinese state-owned CGTN , who denied human rights abuses against the Uyghurs and suggested they were a fiction cooked up to try and start a racial war . Abbott failed to challenge these remarks . Online abuse . In a Guardian article in February 2017 , Abbott wrote about receiving racist and sexist abuse online every day , such as threats of rape . A few days later , in an interview with Sophy Ridge on Sky News , Abbott proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the sexist and racist abuse of MPs in social media and the way Twitter and Facebook investigate cases which arise . An Amnesty International report found that Abbott was the subject of almost half of all abusive tweets about female MPs on Twitter during the 2017 election campaign , receiving ten times more abuse than any other MP . Personal life . Abbott had a brief relationship with Jeremy Corbyn , who later became the Labour leader , when he was a councillor in north London in the late 1970s . In 1991 , she married David P . Ayensu-Thompson , a Ghanaian architect . They had one son together , James ( born October 1991 or 1992 ) , before divorcing in 1993 . Abbott chose her Conservative MP voting pair , Jonathan Aitken , as her sons godfather . In 2007 , Abbott began learning the piano under the tutelage of Paul Roberts , Professor of Piano at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama , for the BBC documentary TV programme Play It Again . She performed Frédéric Chopins Prelude No . 4 in E minor before an audience . In 2015 , Abbott was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . In September 2020 , an authorised biography of Diane Abbott was released , Diane Abbott : The Authorised Biography , by Robin Bunce and Samara Linton , published by Biteback . In 2020 , Abbott was invited to participate in Strictly Come Dancing . Speaking on BBC Radio Fours Today Programme , she said that she refused the invitation , pausing only for about sixty seconds . Instead , she said that she will continue to do what she has done all of her life , speaking up on human rights , civil liberties , womens rights , and representing the people of Hackney . External links . - Diane Abbott MP . Official constituency website - Diane Abbott : You Ask The Questions The Independent , February 2010 - Diane Abbott profile , New Statesman - Interview with The Third Estate - An Interview with Diane Abbott

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Diane Abbott took which position from May 2015 to May 2017?

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Diane Abbott Diane Julie Abbott ( born 27 September 1953 ) is a British politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hackney North and Stoke Newington since 1987 . A socialist member of the Labour Party , she served in Jeremy Corbyn’s Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Home Secretary from 2016 to 2020 . Abbott is the first black woman elected to Parliament , and the longest-serving black MP in the House of Commons . Born in Paddington , London W2 , to a British Jamaican family , Abbott attended Harrow County Grammar School before going up to read History at Newnham College , Cambridge . After joining the Civil Service , she worked as a reporter for Thames Television and TV-am before becoming a press officer for the Greater London Council . Joining Labour , she was elected as a Councillor on Westminster City Council in 1982 and then as an MP in 1987 , being returned in every general election since . She was a member of the Labour Party Black Sections , the same as fellow MPs Paul Boateng , Bernie Grant and Keith Vaz , who were also elected in 1987 . Critical of Tony Blairs New Labour project which pushed the party to the centre during the 1990s , in the House of Commons Abbott voted against several Blairite policies , including the launching of the Iraq War and the proposed introduction of ID cards . She stood for the Labour Party leadership on a leftist platform in 2010 , losing to Ed Miliband , who appointed her Shadow Minister for Public Health . A supporter of Jeremy Corbyns bid to become Labour Leader in 2015 , Abbott became Shadow Secretary of State for International Development , then Shadow Health Secretary , and eventually Shadow Home Secretary . As a key Corbyn ally , she supported his leftward push of the Labour Party . She unsuccessfully attempted to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 London mayoral election , and backed the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign to retain UK membership of the European Union . Early life and career . Abbott was born to Jamaican parents in Paddington , City of Westminster , London , in 1953 . Her father was a welder and her mother was a nurse . Both of her parents left school at the age of 14 . She attended Harrow County School for Girls ( a grammar school ) and then Newnham College , Cambridge , where she read history , achieving a lower second class degree ( 2:2 ) . At Cambridge , she was supervised by Sir Simon Schama . After university , Abbott became an administration trainee ( a fast-track route to senior positions in HM Civil Service ) at the Home Office ( 1976 to 1978 ) , and then a Race Relations Officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties ( 1978 to 1980 ) . She was a researcher and reporter at Thames Television from 1980 to 1983 , and then a researcher at the breakfast television company TV-am from 1983 to 1985 . She was a press officer at the Greater London Council under Ken Livingstone from 1985 to 1986 , and Head of Press and Public Relations at Lambeth Council from 1986 to 1987 . Political career . Abbotts career in politics began in 1982 when she was elected to Westminster City Council , serving until 1986 . In 1983 , she was active in the Labour Party Black Sections movement , alongside Bernie Grant , Paul Boateng and Keith Vaz , campaigning for greater African Caribbean and Asian political representation . In 1985 , she unsuccessfully fought to be selected in Brent East , losing out to Ken Livingstone . In 1987 , Abbott was elected to the House of Commons , replacing the deselected serving Labour MP Ernie Roberts as MP for Hackney North & Stoke Newington . She was the first black woman to become an MP . Abbotts speech on civil liberties , in the debate on the Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 , won The Spectator magazines Parliamentary Speech of the Year award , and further recognition at the 2008 Human Rights awards . A speech by Abbott in a House of Commons debate on the Caribbean is included in Margaret Busbys 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa . Abbott has served on a number of parliamentary committees on social and international issues and held shadow ministerial positions in successive Shadow Cabinets . For most of the 1990s , she also served on the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons . She went on to serve on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . She gave birth to her son in October 1991 , one year before the House of Commons introduced a crèche . She did not have maternity leave and was obliged to attend Parliament and vote throughout her pregnancy . Giving birth on a Monday , she was made to work until the Thursday before , and returned to parliament eight days later . Abbott chairs the All-Party Parliamentary British-Caribbean Group and the All-Party Sickle Cell and Thalassemia Group . She is the founder of the London Schools and the Black Child initiative , which aims to raise educational achievement levels amongst black children . In May 2010 , Abbott was returned as MP for the constituency of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , with a doubled majority on an increased turn-out . She was again re-elected in 2015 with 62% of the vote . At Goldsmiths College , on 26 October 2012 , a jubilee celebration was held to honour Abbotts 25 years in parliament , with a series of contributions by Linton Kwesi Johnson , Kadija Sesay , Tunday Akintan and others . 2010 leadership election and frontbench role . On 20 May 2010 , Abbott announced her intention to stand in the Labour leadership contest . She secured the necessary 33 nominations by 9 June , assisted by the withdrawal of left-wing candidate John McDonnell and support from David Miliband and Jack Straw , among others . On Saturday , 25 September 2010 , Ed Miliband was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party , Abbott having been eliminated in the first round of voting after securing 7.24% of votes . Abbott was later appointed Shadow Minister for Public Health by Ed Miliband , taking shadow responsibility for a range of issues including childrens health , maternity services , sexual health , tobacco , nursing , obesity and alcohol abuse . Following her move onto the front bench , the Telegraph said on 27 September 2011 that Abbott had become one of Labours best front bench performers . On the issue of abortion , Abbott has become a vocal pro-choice supporter , opposing moves towards changing abortion counselling policy , and reducing the abortion time limit . She resigned from a cross-party group on abortion counselling saying it was no more than a front to push forward an anti-abortion agenda without debate in parliament . On 5 February 2013 , following the Second Reading , Abbott voted in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Removal from the frontbench and 2015 London mayoral election . On 8 October 2013 , Abbott was sacked as shadow public health minister in a reshuffle by Labour leader Ed Miliband , and replaced as Shadow Public Health Minister by Luciana Berger . On 23 June 2014 , Abbott had stated she would consider standing in the 2016 London mayoral election as Mayor of London . On 30 November 2014 , Abbott announced her intention to put herself forward to become Labours candidate at the London mayoral elections in 2016 . She was unsuccessful in her bid for Labours 2015 London mayoral election nomination . She was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity , take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements . Return to the frontbench . A close ally of Jeremy Corbyn , Abbott was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate him as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . Following Corbyns election as Labour leader , Abbott was appointed to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for International Development . On 27 June 2016 , after the resignations of many of Labours ministerial team in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum , Abbott was promoted to the position of Shadow Health Secretary . On 6 October 2016 , after the resignation of Andy Burnham , Abbott was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . She was sworn of the Privy Council on 15 February 2017 . 2017 general election . On 2 May 2017 , during that years general election campaign , Labours pledge to recruit an extra 10,000 police officers was overshadowed by Abbotts inability to give accurate funding figures . In an interview on LBC Radio with Nick Ferrari , she repeatedly struggled to explain how the promise would be funded . In the interview , Abbott frequently paused , shuffled her papers and gave out the wrong figures . When asked about her performance , the Labour leader , Jeremy Corbyn , insisted he was not embarrassed by what many pundits called a car crash interview . In a further interview conducted by ITV on 5 May 2017 , as the 2017 local elections results were being announced , Abbott was again unable to give accurate figures on the Labour partys performance suggesting that the party had a net loss of 50 seats . However , her figure was corrected by the interviewer who stated that Labour had in fact lost 125 seats , at which point Abbott said that the last figures she had seen were a net loss of around 100 . Appearing on Andrew Marrs Sunday morning programme for the BBC on 28 May , Abbotts apparent support for the IRA nearly 35 years ago came up , along with some parliamentary votes Marr thought questionable . These included her advocacy of the abolition of conspiratorial groups such as MI5 and Special Branch in the late 1980s , both of which she said had been successfully reformed . She defended a vote opposing the proscription of a list of groups , including al-Qaida , on the basis that some of the others had the status of dissidents in their country of origin and Abbott would have voted to ban al-Qaida in isolation . According to Sam Coates in The Times , this appearance was arranged without the consent of Labours campaign team . On 5 June 2017 , during a Sky News interview , Abbott was unable to answer questions about the Harris report on how to protect London from terror attacks . She insisted that she had read the report , but was unable to recall any of the 127 recommendations . When asked if she could remember the specific recommendations , Abbott said : I think it was an important review and we should act on it . Abbott also denied reports that Corbyn and shadow chancellor John McDonnell were attempting to stop her from making broadcasts . The next day , Abbott withdrew at the last minute – citing illness – from a joint interview on Womans Hour on 6 June , in which she had been due to face her Conservative frontbench opposite number Amber Rudd . On 7 June , Corbyn announced that Abbott was not well and had stepped aside in her role as Shadow Home Secretary . Lyn Brown was temporarily assigned to replace her . Barry Gardiner said in a radio interview on LBC that Abbott had been diagnosed with having a long-term medical condition , and was coming to terms with that . In spite of these controversies , Abbott was re-elected in her seat of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , receiving 75% of the constituencys votes with an increased majority of over 35,000 . The following week it became known that Abbott had been diagnosed as suffering from type 2 diabetes in 2015 . During the election campaign , everything went crazy – and the diabetes was out of control , the blood sugar was out of control , she told The Guardian . Dealing with six or seven interviews in a row became problematic because she was not eating enough food which forced a break upon her . The condition is back under control . Abbott returned to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on 18 June . Since 2017 . On 2 October 2019 , Abbott became the first black MP at the dispatch box at Prime Ministers Questions . She served as a temporary stand-in for the Leader of the Opposition , Jeremy Corbyn , while First Secretary of State Dominic Raab stood in for Prime Minister Boris Johnson . Abbott was a supporter of Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow , and defended him from bullying allegations made by David Leakey . She was re-elected at the snap 2019 general election . On 23 February 2020 , Abbott said she would be standing down as Shadow Home Secretary and leave the frontbench upon the election of a new Labour leader . She stood down on 5 April and was succeeded by Nick Thomas-Symonds . In April 2020 , she was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . In May 2021 , Abbott criticised the 2021 shadow cabinet reshuffle carried out by Keir Starmer . She wrote in The Guardian that if Labour was to lose the Batley and Spen by-election , Starmer should resign as Labour Leader . Memoirs . Abbotts memoirs , A Woman Like Me , will be published by Viking in summer 2022 , to mark her 35 years in parliament and to tell her story as the first black woman to become an MP . Media work . Until her appointment as a shadow minister in October 2010 , Abbott appeared alongside media personality and former Conservative politician Michael Portillo on the BBCs weekly politics digest This Week . Abbott and Portillo have known each other since their schooldays , during which they appeared in joint school productions of Romeo and Juliet ( although not in the title roles ) , and of Macbeth as Lady Macduff and Macduff respectively . In August 2012 , the BBC Trust ruled that payments to Abbott for her appearances on This Week were made in breach of BBC guidelines that banned payments to MPs who were representing their political parties . For her part , Abbott had correctly declared the payments in the Parliamentary Register of Members Interests . The Trust also said that Abbott had appeared on the show too often . Abbott is a frequent public speaker , newspaper contributor and TV performer , appearing on programmes including Have I Got News for You , Celebrity Come Dine with Me and Cash in the Celebrity Attic . Abbott was shortlisted for the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for her work on London Schools and the Black Child , and remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Whos Who publication . Political positions . Abbott has a record of differing from some party policies , voting against the Iraq War , opposing ID cards and campaigning against the renewal of Britains Trident nuclear weapons . Abortion rights . Abbott supported a number of pro-choice amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill ( now Act ) ( along with Katy Clark MP and John McDonnell MP ) – including in 2008 leading on the NC30 Amendment of the Abortion Act 1967 : Application to Northern Ireland . Writing for The Guardian , Abbott argued that When it comes to the right to choose , women in Northern Ireland are second-class citizens . They are denied the NHS treatment and funding for abortion that is permitted to every other woman in the United Kingdom . It was reported that the Labour Government at the time ( in particular Harriet Harman ) asked MPs not to table these pro-choice amendments ( and at least until Third Reading ) and then allegedly used parliamentary mechanisms in order to prevent a vote accordingly . Speaking in the debate in Parliament , Abbott criticised these manoeuvres : I speak against the programme motion because—and I say this with no pleasure—it and the order of discussion appear to be a shabby manoeuvre by Ministers to stop the full debate of some very important matters . I appreciate that Ministers did not intend this to be a Bill about abortion . I am open to the argument that we should have another piece of legislation that would enable a full debate on most of the matters in relation to abortion that have been raised as amendments and new clauses to the Bill , but there is a special case for debating and voting on the particular new clause that I tabled to extend the 1967 Act to Northern Ireland . Saudi Arabia . Abbott criticised David Camerons government for its continued support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen . In March 2016 , Abbott wrote : over the past year alone , Britain has sold around £6bn worth of weapons to Saudi Arabia , whose campaign in Yemen is targeting civilians – 191 such attacks have collectively been reported by the UN , HRW and Amnesty . European Union . Abbott voted against the Maastricht Treaty . Abbott campaigned and supported the Labour Partys official preference for the remain campaign in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . However , in January 2017 , Abbott stated that Labour could oppose the bill to trigger Article 50 if Labours amendments were rejected . She abstained from voting on the second reading of the Brexit Bill , after becoming ill hours before the vote , and later voted in favour at the third and final reading . Israel and Palestine conflict . During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis , Abbott spoke at a Free Palestine rally in London condemning the Israeli Occupation of Palestine . Windrush scandal . Abbott wrote to Sajid Javid demanding that he publish the figures for people caught up in the Windrush scandal , and also tell how many Commonwealth citizens lost their jobs , became homeless and were prevented from using public services . She wrote that warm words are not enough , and maintained that transparency was needed to give the Windrush generation confidence ministers have come to grips with what is clearly a systemic problem at the Home Office . In order to make good on your promise to do right by the Windrush generation and begin to right this historic wrong , you must stop covering up the extent of the Windrush crisis and publish these figures . ( ... ) It is unacceptable and frankly scandalous that the extent of the Windrush crisis is yet to be revealed and that the home secretary is still to publish these figures . As the Windrush scandal shows , the hostile environment inevitably catches our fellow citizens who are legally entitled to be here in its net . The government now needs to stop covering up the true human cost of the hostile environment . In August 2018 , Abbott complained that there were still delays in settling Windrush claims , saying : From the Windrush scandal to immigration detention , to these outrageous delays – it is long past time that the government takes responsibility for leaving people distressed and destitute . Comments about Mao Zedong . In 2008 , during a BBC One This Week interview between Abbott , Michael Portillo and Andrew Neil about who was historys worst dictator , Abbott said about the Chinese leader Mao Zedong : I suppose some people will judge that on balance Mao did more good than harm.. . He led his country from feudalism , he helped to defeat the Japanese and he left his country on the verge of the great economic success they are having now . She finished by saying : I was just putting the case for Mao . Political controversies . Education of Abbotts son . Abbotts decision in 2003 to send her son to the private City of London School after criticising colleagues for sending their children to selective schools , which she herself described as indefensible and intellectually incoherent , caused controversy and criticism . According to the Daily Mirror , she said : Id done a lot of work on how black boys underachieve in secondary schools so I knew what a serious problem it was . I knew what could happen to my son if he was sent to the wrong school and got in with the wrong crowd . I realised they were subjected to peer pressure and when that happens it’s very hard for a mother to save her son . Once a black boy is lost to the world of gangs its very hard to get them back and I was genuinely very fearful of what could happen . Her son contacted a radio phone-in to say that his mother was following his own wishes : Shes not a hypocrite , she just put what I wanted first instead of what people thought , he told LBC . He added that he had wanted to go private rather than attend a local state school in Abbotts Hackney constituency . Register of Members Interests . In 2004 , following a complaint made by Conservative MP Andrew Rosindell , Abbott was investigated by the Committee on Standards and Privileges regarding payments she had received from the BBC . The committee found that she had failed to declare earnings of £17,300 in the Register of Members Interests she had received for appearances on the television programme This Week . The Committee upheld the complaint and required Abbott to apologise to the House . Comments on race . In 1996 , Abbott was criticised after she claimed that at her local hospital blonde , blue-eyed Finnish girls were unsuitable as nurses because they had never met a black person before . In response , Marc Wadsworth , founder of the Anti-Racist Alliance , whose mother is Finnish , pointed out that the then-current Miss Finland , Lola Odusoga , was black , of Nigerian and Finnish descent . Shes a black Finn like me , he said . Abbotts position was supported by fellow Labour MP Bernie Grant : Bringing someone here from Finland who has never seen a black person before and expecting them to have some empathy with black people is nonsense . Scandinavian people dont know black people—they probably dont know how to take their temperature . In 2010 , defending her decision to send her son to a private school , she asserted that West Indian mums will go to the wall for their children , prompting criticism about this perceived slight on white mothers . On 4 January 2012 , Abbott tweeted that : White people love playing divide and rule . We should not play their game , which again led to widespread criticism , including accusations of racism . Abbott later apologised for any offence caused , claiming that she had not intended to make generalisations about white people . Abbott also stated in an interview with Andrew Neil that her tweet referred to the history of the British Empire . The Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg called her comments a stupid and crass generalisation . Nadhim Zahawi , Conservative MP , said : This is racism . If this was a white member of Parliament saying that all black people want to do bad things to us he would have resigned within the hour or been sacked . Members of the public lodged complaints , but the Metropolitan Police stated that no investigation would be launched , and no charges would be brought against her , saying she did not commit a criminal offence . On 11 May 2020 , video evidence surfaced of Abbott making another very similar remark during an online conference call . She said : We need unity between black , Asian , minority ethnic and Muslim people – we need the maximum public show of unity . Because time after time , in the past 32 years , I’ve seen efforts of people to organise disrupted by white people playing the divide and rule card , and this time we cant allow that to happen . IRA . In May 2017 , The Sunday Times reported that Abbott backed the IRA in a 1984 interview with Labour and Ireland , a pro-republican journal . In the 1984 interview , Abbott criticised the Unionist population of Northern Ireland as an enclave of white supremacist ideology comparable to white settlers in Zimbabwe , and called for their views to be ignored on the question of Unification , adding Ireland is our struggle — every defeat of the British state is a victory for all of us . A defeat in Northern Ireland would be a defeat indeed . In May 2017 , while Shadow Home Secretary , she was asked by Andrew Marr whether she regretted her comments on the IRA . Abbott replied that [ i ] t was 34 years ago and Ive moved on . Charging fees for speeches to students . In 2017 , Abbott was criticised after it emerged that in 2011 , she charged the University of Birmingham £1,750 for a 50-minute speech . An online petition called on Abbott to repay the money to be used for educational purposes . Appearance alongside Chinese human rights abuse denier . In November 2020 , Abbott apologised for appearing on a livestream with Li Jingjing , a journalist who works for the Chinese state-owned CGTN , who denied human rights abuses against the Uyghurs and suggested they were a fiction cooked up to try and start a racial war . Abbott failed to challenge these remarks . Online abuse . In a Guardian article in February 2017 , Abbott wrote about receiving racist and sexist abuse online every day , such as threats of rape . A few days later , in an interview with Sophy Ridge on Sky News , Abbott proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the sexist and racist abuse of MPs in social media and the way Twitter and Facebook investigate cases which arise . An Amnesty International report found that Abbott was the subject of almost half of all abusive tweets about female MPs on Twitter during the 2017 election campaign , receiving ten times more abuse than any other MP . Personal life . Abbott had a brief relationship with Jeremy Corbyn , who later became the Labour leader , when he was a councillor in north London in the late 1970s . In 1991 , she married David P . Ayensu-Thompson , a Ghanaian architect . They had one son together , James ( born October 1991 or 1992 ) , before divorcing in 1993 . Abbott chose her Conservative MP voting pair , Jonathan Aitken , as her sons godfather . In 2007 , Abbott began learning the piano under the tutelage of Paul Roberts , Professor of Piano at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama , for the BBC documentary TV programme Play It Again . She performed Frédéric Chopins Prelude No . 4 in E minor before an audience . In 2015 , Abbott was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . In September 2020 , an authorised biography of Diane Abbott was released , Diane Abbott : The Authorised Biography , by Robin Bunce and Samara Linton , published by Biteback . In 2020 , Abbott was invited to participate in Strictly Come Dancing . Speaking on BBC Radio Fours Today Programme , she said that she refused the invitation , pausing only for about sixty seconds . Instead , she said that she will continue to do what she has done all of her life , speaking up on human rights , civil liberties , womens rights , and representing the people of Hackney . External links . - Diane Abbott MP . Official constituency website - Diane Abbott : You Ask The Questions The Independent , February 2010 - Diane Abbott profile , New Statesman - Interview with The Third Estate - An Interview with Diane Abbott

easy

Which position did Diane Abbott hold in May 2017?

/wiki/Diane_Abbott#P39#5

Diane Abbott Diane Julie Abbott ( born 27 September 1953 ) is a British politician who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Hackney North and Stoke Newington since 1987 . A socialist member of the Labour Party , she served in Jeremy Corbyn’s Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Home Secretary from 2016 to 2020 . Abbott is the first black woman elected to Parliament , and the longest-serving black MP in the House of Commons . Born in Paddington , London W2 , to a British Jamaican family , Abbott attended Harrow County Grammar School before going up to read History at Newnham College , Cambridge . After joining the Civil Service , she worked as a reporter for Thames Television and TV-am before becoming a press officer for the Greater London Council . Joining Labour , she was elected as a Councillor on Westminster City Council in 1982 and then as an MP in 1987 , being returned in every general election since . She was a member of the Labour Party Black Sections , the same as fellow MPs Paul Boateng , Bernie Grant and Keith Vaz , who were also elected in 1987 . Critical of Tony Blairs New Labour project which pushed the party to the centre during the 1990s , in the House of Commons Abbott voted against several Blairite policies , including the launching of the Iraq War and the proposed introduction of ID cards . She stood for the Labour Party leadership on a leftist platform in 2010 , losing to Ed Miliband , who appointed her Shadow Minister for Public Health . A supporter of Jeremy Corbyns bid to become Labour Leader in 2015 , Abbott became Shadow Secretary of State for International Development , then Shadow Health Secretary , and eventually Shadow Home Secretary . As a key Corbyn ally , she supported his leftward push of the Labour Party . She unsuccessfully attempted to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 London mayoral election , and backed the unsuccessful Britain Stronger in Europe campaign to retain UK membership of the European Union . Early life and career . Abbott was born to Jamaican parents in Paddington , City of Westminster , London , in 1953 . Her father was a welder and her mother was a nurse . Both of her parents left school at the age of 14 . She attended Harrow County School for Girls ( a grammar school ) and then Newnham College , Cambridge , where she read history , achieving a lower second class degree ( 2:2 ) . At Cambridge , she was supervised by Sir Simon Schama . After university , Abbott became an administration trainee ( a fast-track route to senior positions in HM Civil Service ) at the Home Office ( 1976 to 1978 ) , and then a Race Relations Officer at the National Council for Civil Liberties ( 1978 to 1980 ) . She was a researcher and reporter at Thames Television from 1980 to 1983 , and then a researcher at the breakfast television company TV-am from 1983 to 1985 . She was a press officer at the Greater London Council under Ken Livingstone from 1985 to 1986 , and Head of Press and Public Relations at Lambeth Council from 1986 to 1987 . Political career . Abbotts career in politics began in 1982 when she was elected to Westminster City Council , serving until 1986 . In 1983 , she was active in the Labour Party Black Sections movement , alongside Bernie Grant , Paul Boateng and Keith Vaz , campaigning for greater African Caribbean and Asian political representation . In 1985 , she unsuccessfully fought to be selected in Brent East , losing out to Ken Livingstone . In 1987 , Abbott was elected to the House of Commons , replacing the deselected serving Labour MP Ernie Roberts as MP for Hackney North & Stoke Newington . She was the first black woman to become an MP . Abbotts speech on civil liberties , in the debate on the Counter-Terrorism Bill 2008 , won The Spectator magazines Parliamentary Speech of the Year award , and further recognition at the 2008 Human Rights awards . A speech by Abbott in a House of Commons debate on the Caribbean is included in Margaret Busbys 2019 anthology New Daughters of Africa . Abbott has served on a number of parliamentary committees on social and international issues and held shadow ministerial positions in successive Shadow Cabinets . For most of the 1990s , she also served on the Treasury Select Committee of the House of Commons . She went on to serve on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee . She gave birth to her son in October 1991 , one year before the House of Commons introduced a crèche . She did not have maternity leave and was obliged to attend Parliament and vote throughout her pregnancy . Giving birth on a Monday , she was made to work until the Thursday before , and returned to parliament eight days later . Abbott chairs the All-Party Parliamentary British-Caribbean Group and the All-Party Sickle Cell and Thalassemia Group . She is the founder of the London Schools and the Black Child initiative , which aims to raise educational achievement levels amongst black children . In May 2010 , Abbott was returned as MP for the constituency of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , with a doubled majority on an increased turn-out . She was again re-elected in 2015 with 62% of the vote . At Goldsmiths College , on 26 October 2012 , a jubilee celebration was held to honour Abbotts 25 years in parliament , with a series of contributions by Linton Kwesi Johnson , Kadija Sesay , Tunday Akintan and others . 2010 leadership election and frontbench role . On 20 May 2010 , Abbott announced her intention to stand in the Labour leadership contest . She secured the necessary 33 nominations by 9 June , assisted by the withdrawal of left-wing candidate John McDonnell and support from David Miliband and Jack Straw , among others . On Saturday , 25 September 2010 , Ed Miliband was announced as the new leader of the Labour Party , Abbott having been eliminated in the first round of voting after securing 7.24% of votes . Abbott was later appointed Shadow Minister for Public Health by Ed Miliband , taking shadow responsibility for a range of issues including childrens health , maternity services , sexual health , tobacco , nursing , obesity and alcohol abuse . Following her move onto the front bench , the Telegraph said on 27 September 2011 that Abbott had become one of Labours best front bench performers . On the issue of abortion , Abbott has become a vocal pro-choice supporter , opposing moves towards changing abortion counselling policy , and reducing the abortion time limit . She resigned from a cross-party group on abortion counselling saying it was no more than a front to push forward an anti-abortion agenda without debate in parliament . On 5 February 2013 , following the Second Reading , Abbott voted in favour of the Marriage ( Same Sex Couples ) Bill . Removal from the frontbench and 2015 London mayoral election . On 8 October 2013 , Abbott was sacked as shadow public health minister in a reshuffle by Labour leader Ed Miliband , and replaced as Shadow Public Health Minister by Luciana Berger . On 23 June 2014 , Abbott had stated she would consider standing in the 2016 London mayoral election as Mayor of London . On 30 November 2014 , Abbott announced her intention to put herself forward to become Labours candidate at the London mayoral elections in 2016 . She was unsuccessful in her bid for Labours 2015 London mayoral election nomination . She was one of 16 signatories of an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling on the party to commit to oppose further austerity , take rail franchises back into public ownership and strengthen collective bargaining arrangements . Return to the frontbench . A close ally of Jeremy Corbyn , Abbott was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate him as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . Following Corbyns election as Labour leader , Abbott was appointed to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for International Development . On 27 June 2016 , after the resignations of many of Labours ministerial team in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum , Abbott was promoted to the position of Shadow Health Secretary . On 6 October 2016 , after the resignation of Andy Burnham , Abbott was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . She was sworn of the Privy Council on 15 February 2017 . 2017 general election . On 2 May 2017 , during that years general election campaign , Labours pledge to recruit an extra 10,000 police officers was overshadowed by Abbotts inability to give accurate funding figures . In an interview on LBC Radio with Nick Ferrari , she repeatedly struggled to explain how the promise would be funded . In the interview , Abbott frequently paused , shuffled her papers and gave out the wrong figures . When asked about her performance , the Labour leader , Jeremy Corbyn , insisted he was not embarrassed by what many pundits called a car crash interview . In a further interview conducted by ITV on 5 May 2017 , as the 2017 local elections results were being announced , Abbott was again unable to give accurate figures on the Labour partys performance suggesting that the party had a net loss of 50 seats . However , her figure was corrected by the interviewer who stated that Labour had in fact lost 125 seats , at which point Abbott said that the last figures she had seen were a net loss of around 100 . Appearing on Andrew Marrs Sunday morning programme for the BBC on 28 May , Abbotts apparent support for the IRA nearly 35 years ago came up , along with some parliamentary votes Marr thought questionable . These included her advocacy of the abolition of conspiratorial groups such as MI5 and Special Branch in the late 1980s , both of which she said had been successfully reformed . She defended a vote opposing the proscription of a list of groups , including al-Qaida , on the basis that some of the others had the status of dissidents in their country of origin and Abbott would have voted to ban al-Qaida in isolation . According to Sam Coates in The Times , this appearance was arranged without the consent of Labours campaign team . On 5 June 2017 , during a Sky News interview , Abbott was unable to answer questions about the Harris report on how to protect London from terror attacks . She insisted that she had read the report , but was unable to recall any of the 127 recommendations . When asked if she could remember the specific recommendations , Abbott said : I think it was an important review and we should act on it . Abbott also denied reports that Corbyn and shadow chancellor John McDonnell were attempting to stop her from making broadcasts . The next day , Abbott withdrew at the last minute – citing illness – from a joint interview on Womans Hour on 6 June , in which she had been due to face her Conservative frontbench opposite number Amber Rudd . On 7 June , Corbyn announced that Abbott was not well and had stepped aside in her role as Shadow Home Secretary . Lyn Brown was temporarily assigned to replace her . Barry Gardiner said in a radio interview on LBC that Abbott had been diagnosed with having a long-term medical condition , and was coming to terms with that . In spite of these controversies , Abbott was re-elected in her seat of Hackney North and Stoke Newington , receiving 75% of the constituencys votes with an increased majority of over 35,000 . The following week it became known that Abbott had been diagnosed as suffering from type 2 diabetes in 2015 . During the election campaign , everything went crazy – and the diabetes was out of control , the blood sugar was out of control , she told The Guardian . Dealing with six or seven interviews in a row became problematic because she was not eating enough food which forced a break upon her . The condition is back under control . Abbott returned to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on 18 June . Since 2017 . On 2 October 2019 , Abbott became the first black MP at the dispatch box at Prime Ministers Questions . She served as a temporary stand-in for the Leader of the Opposition , Jeremy Corbyn , while First Secretary of State Dominic Raab stood in for Prime Minister Boris Johnson . Abbott was a supporter of Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow , and defended him from bullying allegations made by David Leakey . She was re-elected at the snap 2019 general election . On 23 February 2020 , Abbott said she would be standing down as Shadow Home Secretary and leave the frontbench upon the election of a new Labour leader . She stood down on 5 April and was succeeded by Nick Thomas-Symonds . In April 2020 , she was appointed to the Home Affairs Select Committee . In May 2021 , Abbott criticised the 2021 shadow cabinet reshuffle carried out by Keir Starmer . She wrote in The Guardian that if Labour was to lose the Batley and Spen by-election , Starmer should resign as Labour Leader . Memoirs . Abbotts memoirs , A Woman Like Me , will be published by Viking in summer 2022 , to mark her 35 years in parliament and to tell her story as the first black woman to become an MP . Media work . Until her appointment as a shadow minister in October 2010 , Abbott appeared alongside media personality and former Conservative politician Michael Portillo on the BBCs weekly politics digest This Week . Abbott and Portillo have known each other since their schooldays , during which they appeared in joint school productions of Romeo and Juliet ( although not in the title roles ) , and of Macbeth as Lady Macduff and Macduff respectively . In August 2012 , the BBC Trust ruled that payments to Abbott for her appearances on This Week were made in breach of BBC guidelines that banned payments to MPs who were representing their political parties . For her part , Abbott had correctly declared the payments in the Parliamentary Register of Members Interests . The Trust also said that Abbott had appeared on the show too often . Abbott is a frequent public speaker , newspaper contributor and TV performer , appearing on programmes including Have I Got News for You , Celebrity Come Dine with Me and Cash in the Celebrity Attic . Abbott was shortlisted for the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative Award in 2015 for her work on London Schools and the Black Child , and remains in the directory of the Grassroot Diplomat Whos Who publication . Political positions . Abbott has a record of differing from some party policies , voting against the Iraq War , opposing ID cards and campaigning against the renewal of Britains Trident nuclear weapons . Abortion rights . Abbott supported a number of pro-choice amendments to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill ( now Act ) ( along with Katy Clark MP and John McDonnell MP ) – including in 2008 leading on the NC30 Amendment of the Abortion Act 1967 : Application to Northern Ireland . Writing for The Guardian , Abbott argued that When it comes to the right to choose , women in Northern Ireland are second-class citizens . They are denied the NHS treatment and funding for abortion that is permitted to every other woman in the United Kingdom . It was reported that the Labour Government at the time ( in particular Harriet Harman ) asked MPs not to table these pro-choice amendments ( and at least until Third Reading ) and then allegedly used parliamentary mechanisms in order to prevent a vote accordingly . Speaking in the debate in Parliament , Abbott criticised these manoeuvres : I speak against the programme motion because—and I say this with no pleasure—it and the order of discussion appear to be a shabby manoeuvre by Ministers to stop the full debate of some very important matters . I appreciate that Ministers did not intend this to be a Bill about abortion . I am open to the argument that we should have another piece of legislation that would enable a full debate on most of the matters in relation to abortion that have been raised as amendments and new clauses to the Bill , but there is a special case for debating and voting on the particular new clause that I tabled to extend the 1967 Act to Northern Ireland . Saudi Arabia . Abbott criticised David Camerons government for its continued support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen . In March 2016 , Abbott wrote : over the past year alone , Britain has sold around £6bn worth of weapons to Saudi Arabia , whose campaign in Yemen is targeting civilians – 191 such attacks have collectively been reported by the UN , HRW and Amnesty . European Union . Abbott voted against the Maastricht Treaty . Abbott campaigned and supported the Labour Partys official preference for the remain campaign in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum . However , in January 2017 , Abbott stated that Labour could oppose the bill to trigger Article 50 if Labours amendments were rejected . She abstained from voting on the second reading of the Brexit Bill , after becoming ill hours before the vote , and later voted in favour at the third and final reading . Israel and Palestine conflict . During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis , Abbott spoke at a Free Palestine rally in London condemning the Israeli Occupation of Palestine . Windrush scandal . Abbott wrote to Sajid Javid demanding that he publish the figures for people caught up in the Windrush scandal , and also tell how many Commonwealth citizens lost their jobs , became homeless and were prevented from using public services . She wrote that warm words are not enough , and maintained that transparency was needed to give the Windrush generation confidence ministers have come to grips with what is clearly a systemic problem at the Home Office . In order to make good on your promise to do right by the Windrush generation and begin to right this historic wrong , you must stop covering up the extent of the Windrush crisis and publish these figures . ( ... ) It is unacceptable and frankly scandalous that the extent of the Windrush crisis is yet to be revealed and that the home secretary is still to publish these figures . As the Windrush scandal shows , the hostile environment inevitably catches our fellow citizens who are legally entitled to be here in its net . The government now needs to stop covering up the true human cost of the hostile environment . In August 2018 , Abbott complained that there were still delays in settling Windrush claims , saying : From the Windrush scandal to immigration detention , to these outrageous delays – it is long past time that the government takes responsibility for leaving people distressed and destitute . Comments about Mao Zedong . In 2008 , during a BBC One This Week interview between Abbott , Michael Portillo and Andrew Neil about who was historys worst dictator , Abbott said about the Chinese leader Mao Zedong : I suppose some people will judge that on balance Mao did more good than harm.. . He led his country from feudalism , he helped to defeat the Japanese and he left his country on the verge of the great economic success they are having now . She finished by saying : I was just putting the case for Mao . Political controversies . Education of Abbotts son . Abbotts decision in 2003 to send her son to the private City of London School after criticising colleagues for sending their children to selective schools , which she herself described as indefensible and intellectually incoherent , caused controversy and criticism . According to the Daily Mirror , she said : Id done a lot of work on how black boys underachieve in secondary schools so I knew what a serious problem it was . I knew what could happen to my son if he was sent to the wrong school and got in with the wrong crowd . I realised they were subjected to peer pressure and when that happens it’s very hard for a mother to save her son . Once a black boy is lost to the world of gangs its very hard to get them back and I was genuinely very fearful of what could happen . Her son contacted a radio phone-in to say that his mother was following his own wishes : Shes not a hypocrite , she just put what I wanted first instead of what people thought , he told LBC . He added that he had wanted to go private rather than attend a local state school in Abbotts Hackney constituency . Register of Members Interests . In 2004 , following a complaint made by Conservative MP Andrew Rosindell , Abbott was investigated by the Committee on Standards and Privileges regarding payments she had received from the BBC . The committee found that she had failed to declare earnings of £17,300 in the Register of Members Interests she had received for appearances on the television programme This Week . The Committee upheld the complaint and required Abbott to apologise to the House . Comments on race . In 1996 , Abbott was criticised after she claimed that at her local hospital blonde , blue-eyed Finnish girls were unsuitable as nurses because they had never met a black person before . In response , Marc Wadsworth , founder of the Anti-Racist Alliance , whose mother is Finnish , pointed out that the then-current Miss Finland , Lola Odusoga , was black , of Nigerian and Finnish descent . Shes a black Finn like me , he said . Abbotts position was supported by fellow Labour MP Bernie Grant : Bringing someone here from Finland who has never seen a black person before and expecting them to have some empathy with black people is nonsense . Scandinavian people dont know black people—they probably dont know how to take their temperature . In 2010 , defending her decision to send her son to a private school , she asserted that West Indian mums will go to the wall for their children , prompting criticism about this perceived slight on white mothers . On 4 January 2012 , Abbott tweeted that : White people love playing divide and rule . We should not play their game , which again led to widespread criticism , including accusations of racism . Abbott later apologised for any offence caused , claiming that she had not intended to make generalisations about white people . Abbott also stated in an interview with Andrew Neil that her tweet referred to the history of the British Empire . The Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg called her comments a stupid and crass generalisation . Nadhim Zahawi , Conservative MP , said : This is racism . If this was a white member of Parliament saying that all black people want to do bad things to us he would have resigned within the hour or been sacked . Members of the public lodged complaints , but the Metropolitan Police stated that no investigation would be launched , and no charges would be brought against her , saying she did not commit a criminal offence . On 11 May 2020 , video evidence surfaced of Abbott making another very similar remark during an online conference call . She said : We need unity between black , Asian , minority ethnic and Muslim people – we need the maximum public show of unity . Because time after time , in the past 32 years , I’ve seen efforts of people to organise disrupted by white people playing the divide and rule card , and this time we cant allow that to happen . IRA . In May 2017 , The Sunday Times reported that Abbott backed the IRA in a 1984 interview with Labour and Ireland , a pro-republican journal . In the 1984 interview , Abbott criticised the Unionist population of Northern Ireland as an enclave of white supremacist ideology comparable to white settlers in Zimbabwe , and called for their views to be ignored on the question of Unification , adding Ireland is our struggle — every defeat of the British state is a victory for all of us . A defeat in Northern Ireland would be a defeat indeed . In May 2017 , while Shadow Home Secretary , she was asked by Andrew Marr whether she regretted her comments on the IRA . Abbott replied that [ i ] t was 34 years ago and Ive moved on . Charging fees for speeches to students . In 2017 , Abbott was criticised after it emerged that in 2011 , she charged the University of Birmingham £1,750 for a 50-minute speech . An online petition called on Abbott to repay the money to be used for educational purposes . Appearance alongside Chinese human rights abuse denier . In November 2020 , Abbott apologised for appearing on a livestream with Li Jingjing , a journalist who works for the Chinese state-owned CGTN , who denied human rights abuses against the Uyghurs and suggested they were a fiction cooked up to try and start a racial war . Abbott failed to challenge these remarks . Online abuse . In a Guardian article in February 2017 , Abbott wrote about receiving racist and sexist abuse online every day , such as threats of rape . A few days later , in an interview with Sophy Ridge on Sky News , Abbott proposed a parliamentary inquiry into the sexist and racist abuse of MPs in social media and the way Twitter and Facebook investigate cases which arise . An Amnesty International report found that Abbott was the subject of almost half of all abusive tweets about female MPs on Twitter during the 2017 election campaign , receiving ten times more abuse than any other MP . Personal life . Abbott had a brief relationship with Jeremy Corbyn , who later became the Labour leader , when he was a councillor in north London in the late 1970s . In 1991 , she married David P . Ayensu-Thompson , a Ghanaian architect . They had one son together , James ( born October 1991 or 1992 ) , before divorcing in 1993 . Abbott chose her Conservative MP voting pair , Jonathan Aitken , as her sons godfather . In 2007 , Abbott began learning the piano under the tutelage of Paul Roberts , Professor of Piano at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama , for the BBC documentary TV programme Play It Again . She performed Frédéric Chopins Prelude No . 4 in E minor before an audience . In 2015 , Abbott was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes . In September 2020 , an authorised biography of Diane Abbott was released , Diane Abbott : The Authorised Biography , by Robin Bunce and Samara Linton , published by Biteback . In 2020 , Abbott was invited to participate in Strictly Come Dancing . Speaking on BBC Radio Fours Today Programme , she said that she refused the invitation , pausing only for about sixty seconds . Instead , she said that she will continue to do what she has done all of her life , speaking up on human rights , civil liberties , womens rights , and representing the people of Hackney . External links . - Diane Abbott MP . Official constituency website - Diane Abbott : You Ask The Questions The Independent , February 2010 - Diane Abbott profile , New Statesman - Interview with The Third Estate - An Interview with Diane Abbott

easy

Tony Andreu played for which team from 2007 to 2009?

/wiki/Tony_Andreu#P54#0

Tony Andreu Anthony Andreu ( born 22 May 1988 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder . He began his career as a youth player at Monaco , before playing in Switzerland with CS Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . He moved to Scotland in 2012 , initially with Livingston , before joining Hamilton Academical . He signed for English club Norwich City in 2015 and was also loaned to Rotherham United before joining Dundee United for the 2016–17 season . He signed for Coventry City in August 2017 , returning on loan to Hamilton in January 2019 . In July 2019 he signed for Scottish Premier League team St Mirren . Career . Early career . Andreu spent his early career in France and Switzerland with Monaco , Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . While playing in Switzerland , Andreu started writing poetry ; he is also a fan of books , stating I have a lot of free time . I love to read – whether it is thrillers , crime stories or more philosophical themes – and I recently bought a book about French history . I sometimes write poems and I note down details about the books Ive read . Livingston . He signed for Scottish club Livingston in June 2012 , alongside David Luongo . It was revealed by John Hughes that the director of football John Collins signed the duo , with the help from Collins French connections by inviting them on trial , which impressed Hughes management . He made his debut for Livingston in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup , in a 1–0 loss against Annan Athletic . Andreu scored his first goal in the closing minutes of the match as they beat Falkirk on 2 September 2013 . On 2 March 2013 , Andreu scored twice in a 4–1 win over Airdrieonians . In a BBC Scotland interview , Andreus name was mentioned by the UEFA general secretary , David Taylor . On 2 May 2013 , it was announced that he was leaving the club at the end of the 2012–13 season . While at Livingston , Andreu met Julia , daughter of then director of football John Collins ( who was responsible for signing him ) and they entered into a relationship . Hamilton Academical . He signed a one-year contract with Hamilton Academical on 1 August 2013 , having appeared for the club in the Scottish Challenge Cup a few days earlier as a trialist . He signed a new two-year contract with the club in March 2014 . In April 2014 , he was nominated for the 2013–14 PFA Scotlands Player of the Year award in the Championship section , but lost out to Hemmings . He was also selected to the 2013–14 Championship PFA Scotland Team of the Year , alongside Hamilton teammates Ziggy Gordon and Ali Crawford . In the last game of the season , Andreu scored a hat-trick in the first half as they thrashed Greenock Morton . However , the win wouldnt guarantee promotion after Dundee also won on the same day . He scored the winning goal in the promotion play-off semi-final against Falkirk on 18 May 2014 . After losing 2–0 to Hibernian in the first leg , Andreu scored a last minute goal in a 2–0 win at Easter Road to level the tie on aggregate . Hamilton won 4–3 in a penalty shoot-out ( with Andreu converting the second kick ) to relegate Hibernian and achieve promotion to the Premiership . After the match , Andreu described playing in the Scottish Premiership in the 2014–15 season as a dream come true and said the club deserved to be promoted . Norwich City . He moved to English club Norwich City on 2 February 2015 . Rotherham United ( loan ) . Andreu moved on loan to Rotherham United on 1 September 2015 . On 26 September , he scored his first goal for Rotherham in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City . On 7 January 2016 , he returned to Norwich City to fight for his place in the first team , despite Rotherham manager Neil Redfearns wishes to extend the loan . Dundee United ( loan ) . He signed on loan for Dundee United in August 2016 . On his debut he scored the winning goal in a Scottish Challenge Cup tie against Peterhead on 3 September 2016 . He also scored in the 2017 Scottish Challenge Cup Final as United beat St Mirren 2-1 . Coventry City . On 10 August 2017 , Andreu left Norwich City by mutual consent . On the same day he signed a two-year contract with Coventry City . He scored his first goal for Coventry in an EFL Trophy tie against Shrewsbury Town on 29 August 2017 . During Coventrys 1-0 win against Port Vale on 9 September 2017 , Andreu suffered an injury to his anterior cruciate ligament which would rule him out for the rest of the 2017–18 season . He returned to Hamilton on loan in January 2019 . St Mirren . On 4 July 2019 Andreu signed for St Mirren on a one-year deal after being released by Coventry City . On 2 June 2020 it was announced that he would remain with the club under the coronavirus furlough scheme before leaving the club . Ross County . On 7 January 2021 , Andreu signed for Scottish side Ross County on a short-term deal until the end of the season . He was released by County on 27 May 2021 along with nine other players . Playing style . Andreus playing style has been compared to Cesc Fabregas . Honours . Dundee United - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2016-17

easy

Which team did the player Tony Andreu belong to from 2009 to 2012?

/wiki/Tony_Andreu#P54#1

Tony Andreu Anthony Andreu ( born 22 May 1988 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder . He began his career as a youth player at Monaco , before playing in Switzerland with CS Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . He moved to Scotland in 2012 , initially with Livingston , before joining Hamilton Academical . He signed for English club Norwich City in 2015 and was also loaned to Rotherham United before joining Dundee United for the 2016–17 season . He signed for Coventry City in August 2017 , returning on loan to Hamilton in January 2019 . In July 2019 he signed for Scottish Premier League team St Mirren . Career . Early career . Andreu spent his early career in France and Switzerland with Monaco , Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . While playing in Switzerland , Andreu started writing poetry ; he is also a fan of books , stating I have a lot of free time . I love to read – whether it is thrillers , crime stories or more philosophical themes – and I recently bought a book about French history . I sometimes write poems and I note down details about the books Ive read . Livingston . He signed for Scottish club Livingston in June 2012 , alongside David Luongo . It was revealed by John Hughes that the director of football John Collins signed the duo , with the help from Collins French connections by inviting them on trial , which impressed Hughes management . He made his debut for Livingston in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup , in a 1–0 loss against Annan Athletic . Andreu scored his first goal in the closing minutes of the match as they beat Falkirk on 2 September 2013 . On 2 March 2013 , Andreu scored twice in a 4–1 win over Airdrieonians . In a BBC Scotland interview , Andreus name was mentioned by the UEFA general secretary , David Taylor . On 2 May 2013 , it was announced that he was leaving the club at the end of the 2012–13 season . While at Livingston , Andreu met Julia , daughter of then director of football John Collins ( who was responsible for signing him ) and they entered into a relationship . Hamilton Academical . He signed a one-year contract with Hamilton Academical on 1 August 2013 , having appeared for the club in the Scottish Challenge Cup a few days earlier as a trialist . He signed a new two-year contract with the club in March 2014 . In April 2014 , he was nominated for the 2013–14 PFA Scotlands Player of the Year award in the Championship section , but lost out to Hemmings . He was also selected to the 2013–14 Championship PFA Scotland Team of the Year , alongside Hamilton teammates Ziggy Gordon and Ali Crawford . In the last game of the season , Andreu scored a hat-trick in the first half as they thrashed Greenock Morton . However , the win wouldnt guarantee promotion after Dundee also won on the same day . He scored the winning goal in the promotion play-off semi-final against Falkirk on 18 May 2014 . After losing 2–0 to Hibernian in the first leg , Andreu scored a last minute goal in a 2–0 win at Easter Road to level the tie on aggregate . Hamilton won 4–3 in a penalty shoot-out ( with Andreu converting the second kick ) to relegate Hibernian and achieve promotion to the Premiership . After the match , Andreu described playing in the Scottish Premiership in the 2014–15 season as a dream come true and said the club deserved to be promoted . Norwich City . He moved to English club Norwich City on 2 February 2015 . Rotherham United ( loan ) . Andreu moved on loan to Rotherham United on 1 September 2015 . On 26 September , he scored his first goal for Rotherham in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City . On 7 January 2016 , he returned to Norwich City to fight for his place in the first team , despite Rotherham manager Neil Redfearns wishes to extend the loan . Dundee United ( loan ) . He signed on loan for Dundee United in August 2016 . On his debut he scored the winning goal in a Scottish Challenge Cup tie against Peterhead on 3 September 2016 . He also scored in the 2017 Scottish Challenge Cup Final as United beat St Mirren 2-1 . Coventry City . On 10 August 2017 , Andreu left Norwich City by mutual consent . On the same day he signed a two-year contract with Coventry City . He scored his first goal for Coventry in an EFL Trophy tie against Shrewsbury Town on 29 August 2017 . During Coventrys 1-0 win against Port Vale on 9 September 2017 , Andreu suffered an injury to his anterior cruciate ligament which would rule him out for the rest of the 2017–18 season . He returned to Hamilton on loan in January 2019 . St Mirren . On 4 July 2019 Andreu signed for St Mirren on a one-year deal after being released by Coventry City . On 2 June 2020 it was announced that he would remain with the club under the coronavirus furlough scheme before leaving the club . Ross County . On 7 January 2021 , Andreu signed for Scottish side Ross County on a short-term deal until the end of the season . He was released by County on 27 May 2021 along with nine other players . Playing style . Andreus playing style has been compared to Cesc Fabregas . Honours . Dundee United - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2016-17

easy

Which team did the player Tony Andreu belong to from 2012 to 2013?

/wiki/Tony_Andreu#P54#2

Tony Andreu Anthony Andreu ( born 22 May 1988 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder . He began his career as a youth player at Monaco , before playing in Switzerland with CS Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . He moved to Scotland in 2012 , initially with Livingston , before joining Hamilton Academical . He signed for English club Norwich City in 2015 and was also loaned to Rotherham United before joining Dundee United for the 2016–17 season . He signed for Coventry City in August 2017 , returning on loan to Hamilton in January 2019 . In July 2019 he signed for Scottish Premier League team St Mirren . Career . Early career . Andreu spent his early career in France and Switzerland with Monaco , Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . While playing in Switzerland , Andreu started writing poetry ; he is also a fan of books , stating I have a lot of free time . I love to read – whether it is thrillers , crime stories or more philosophical themes – and I recently bought a book about French history . I sometimes write poems and I note down details about the books Ive read . Livingston . He signed for Scottish club Livingston in June 2012 , alongside David Luongo . It was revealed by John Hughes that the director of football John Collins signed the duo , with the help from Collins French connections by inviting them on trial , which impressed Hughes management . He made his debut for Livingston in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup , in a 1–0 loss against Annan Athletic . Andreu scored his first goal in the closing minutes of the match as they beat Falkirk on 2 September 2013 . On 2 March 2013 , Andreu scored twice in a 4–1 win over Airdrieonians . In a BBC Scotland interview , Andreus name was mentioned by the UEFA general secretary , David Taylor . On 2 May 2013 , it was announced that he was leaving the club at the end of the 2012–13 season . While at Livingston , Andreu met Julia , daughter of then director of football John Collins ( who was responsible for signing him ) and they entered into a relationship . Hamilton Academical . He signed a one-year contract with Hamilton Academical on 1 August 2013 , having appeared for the club in the Scottish Challenge Cup a few days earlier as a trialist . He signed a new two-year contract with the club in March 2014 . In April 2014 , he was nominated for the 2013–14 PFA Scotlands Player of the Year award in the Championship section , but lost out to Hemmings . He was also selected to the 2013–14 Championship PFA Scotland Team of the Year , alongside Hamilton teammates Ziggy Gordon and Ali Crawford . In the last game of the season , Andreu scored a hat-trick in the first half as they thrashed Greenock Morton . However , the win wouldnt guarantee promotion after Dundee also won on the same day . He scored the winning goal in the promotion play-off semi-final against Falkirk on 18 May 2014 . After losing 2–0 to Hibernian in the first leg , Andreu scored a last minute goal in a 2–0 win at Easter Road to level the tie on aggregate . Hamilton won 4–3 in a penalty shoot-out ( with Andreu converting the second kick ) to relegate Hibernian and achieve promotion to the Premiership . After the match , Andreu described playing in the Scottish Premiership in the 2014–15 season as a dream come true and said the club deserved to be promoted . Norwich City . He moved to English club Norwich City on 2 February 2015 . Rotherham United ( loan ) . Andreu moved on loan to Rotherham United on 1 September 2015 . On 26 September , he scored his first goal for Rotherham in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City . On 7 January 2016 , he returned to Norwich City to fight for his place in the first team , despite Rotherham manager Neil Redfearns wishes to extend the loan . Dundee United ( loan ) . He signed on loan for Dundee United in August 2016 . On his debut he scored the winning goal in a Scottish Challenge Cup tie against Peterhead on 3 September 2016 . He also scored in the 2017 Scottish Challenge Cup Final as United beat St Mirren 2-1 . Coventry City . On 10 August 2017 , Andreu left Norwich City by mutual consent . On the same day he signed a two-year contract with Coventry City . He scored his first goal for Coventry in an EFL Trophy tie against Shrewsbury Town on 29 August 2017 . During Coventrys 1-0 win against Port Vale on 9 September 2017 , Andreu suffered an injury to his anterior cruciate ligament which would rule him out for the rest of the 2017–18 season . He returned to Hamilton on loan in January 2019 . St Mirren . On 4 July 2019 Andreu signed for St Mirren on a one-year deal after being released by Coventry City . On 2 June 2020 it was announced that he would remain with the club under the coronavirus furlough scheme before leaving the club . Ross County . On 7 January 2021 , Andreu signed for Scottish side Ross County on a short-term deal until the end of the season . He was released by County on 27 May 2021 along with nine other players . Playing style . Andreus playing style has been compared to Cesc Fabregas . Honours . Dundee United - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2016-17

easy

Tony Andreu played for which team from 2013 to 2015?

/wiki/Tony_Andreu#P54#3

Tony Andreu Anthony Andreu ( born 22 May 1988 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder . He began his career as a youth player at Monaco , before playing in Switzerland with CS Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . He moved to Scotland in 2012 , initially with Livingston , before joining Hamilton Academical . He signed for English club Norwich City in 2015 and was also loaned to Rotherham United before joining Dundee United for the 2016–17 season . He signed for Coventry City in August 2017 , returning on loan to Hamilton in January 2019 . In July 2019 he signed for Scottish Premier League team St Mirren . Career . Early career . Andreu spent his early career in France and Switzerland with Monaco , Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . While playing in Switzerland , Andreu started writing poetry ; he is also a fan of books , stating I have a lot of free time . I love to read – whether it is thrillers , crime stories or more philosophical themes – and I recently bought a book about French history . I sometimes write poems and I note down details about the books Ive read . Livingston . He signed for Scottish club Livingston in June 2012 , alongside David Luongo . It was revealed by John Hughes that the director of football John Collins signed the duo , with the help from Collins French connections by inviting them on trial , which impressed Hughes management . He made his debut for Livingston in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup , in a 1–0 loss against Annan Athletic . Andreu scored his first goal in the closing minutes of the match as they beat Falkirk on 2 September 2013 . On 2 March 2013 , Andreu scored twice in a 4–1 win over Airdrieonians . In a BBC Scotland interview , Andreus name was mentioned by the UEFA general secretary , David Taylor . On 2 May 2013 , it was announced that he was leaving the club at the end of the 2012–13 season . While at Livingston , Andreu met Julia , daughter of then director of football John Collins ( who was responsible for signing him ) and they entered into a relationship . Hamilton Academical . He signed a one-year contract with Hamilton Academical on 1 August 2013 , having appeared for the club in the Scottish Challenge Cup a few days earlier as a trialist . He signed a new two-year contract with the club in March 2014 . In April 2014 , he was nominated for the 2013–14 PFA Scotlands Player of the Year award in the Championship section , but lost out to Hemmings . He was also selected to the 2013–14 Championship PFA Scotland Team of the Year , alongside Hamilton teammates Ziggy Gordon and Ali Crawford . In the last game of the season , Andreu scored a hat-trick in the first half as they thrashed Greenock Morton . However , the win wouldnt guarantee promotion after Dundee also won on the same day . He scored the winning goal in the promotion play-off semi-final against Falkirk on 18 May 2014 . After losing 2–0 to Hibernian in the first leg , Andreu scored a last minute goal in a 2–0 win at Easter Road to level the tie on aggregate . Hamilton won 4–3 in a penalty shoot-out ( with Andreu converting the second kick ) to relegate Hibernian and achieve promotion to the Premiership . After the match , Andreu described playing in the Scottish Premiership in the 2014–15 season as a dream come true and said the club deserved to be promoted . Norwich City . He moved to English club Norwich City on 2 February 2015 . Rotherham United ( loan ) . Andreu moved on loan to Rotherham United on 1 September 2015 . On 26 September , he scored his first goal for Rotherham in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City . On 7 January 2016 , he returned to Norwich City to fight for his place in the first team , despite Rotherham manager Neil Redfearns wishes to extend the loan . Dundee United ( loan ) . He signed on loan for Dundee United in August 2016 . On his debut he scored the winning goal in a Scottish Challenge Cup tie against Peterhead on 3 September 2016 . He also scored in the 2017 Scottish Challenge Cup Final as United beat St Mirren 2-1 . Coventry City . On 10 August 2017 , Andreu left Norwich City by mutual consent . On the same day he signed a two-year contract with Coventry City . He scored his first goal for Coventry in an EFL Trophy tie against Shrewsbury Town on 29 August 2017 . During Coventrys 1-0 win against Port Vale on 9 September 2017 , Andreu suffered an injury to his anterior cruciate ligament which would rule him out for the rest of the 2017–18 season . He returned to Hamilton on loan in January 2019 . St Mirren . On 4 July 2019 Andreu signed for St Mirren on a one-year deal after being released by Coventry City . On 2 June 2020 it was announced that he would remain with the club under the coronavirus furlough scheme before leaving the club . Ross County . On 7 January 2021 , Andreu signed for Scottish side Ross County on a short-term deal until the end of the season . He was released by County on 27 May 2021 along with nine other players . Playing style . Andreus playing style has been compared to Cesc Fabregas . Honours . Dundee United - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2016-17

easy

Which team did Tony Andreu play for from 2015 to 2016?

/wiki/Tony_Andreu#P54#4

Tony Andreu Anthony Andreu ( born 22 May 1988 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder . He began his career as a youth player at Monaco , before playing in Switzerland with CS Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . He moved to Scotland in 2012 , initially with Livingston , before joining Hamilton Academical . He signed for English club Norwich City in 2015 and was also loaned to Rotherham United before joining Dundee United for the 2016–17 season . He signed for Coventry City in August 2017 , returning on loan to Hamilton in January 2019 . In July 2019 he signed for Scottish Premier League team St Mirren . Career . Early career . Andreu spent his early career in France and Switzerland with Monaco , Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . While playing in Switzerland , Andreu started writing poetry ; he is also a fan of books , stating I have a lot of free time . I love to read – whether it is thrillers , crime stories or more philosophical themes – and I recently bought a book about French history . I sometimes write poems and I note down details about the books Ive read . Livingston . He signed for Scottish club Livingston in June 2012 , alongside David Luongo . It was revealed by John Hughes that the director of football John Collins signed the duo , with the help from Collins French connections by inviting them on trial , which impressed Hughes management . He made his debut for Livingston in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup , in a 1–0 loss against Annan Athletic . Andreu scored his first goal in the closing minutes of the match as they beat Falkirk on 2 September 2013 . On 2 March 2013 , Andreu scored twice in a 4–1 win over Airdrieonians . In a BBC Scotland interview , Andreus name was mentioned by the UEFA general secretary , David Taylor . On 2 May 2013 , it was announced that he was leaving the club at the end of the 2012–13 season . While at Livingston , Andreu met Julia , daughter of then director of football John Collins ( who was responsible for signing him ) and they entered into a relationship . Hamilton Academical . He signed a one-year contract with Hamilton Academical on 1 August 2013 , having appeared for the club in the Scottish Challenge Cup a few days earlier as a trialist . He signed a new two-year contract with the club in March 2014 . In April 2014 , he was nominated for the 2013–14 PFA Scotlands Player of the Year award in the Championship section , but lost out to Hemmings . He was also selected to the 2013–14 Championship PFA Scotland Team of the Year , alongside Hamilton teammates Ziggy Gordon and Ali Crawford . In the last game of the season , Andreu scored a hat-trick in the first half as they thrashed Greenock Morton . However , the win wouldnt guarantee promotion after Dundee also won on the same day . He scored the winning goal in the promotion play-off semi-final against Falkirk on 18 May 2014 . After losing 2–0 to Hibernian in the first leg , Andreu scored a last minute goal in a 2–0 win at Easter Road to level the tie on aggregate . Hamilton won 4–3 in a penalty shoot-out ( with Andreu converting the second kick ) to relegate Hibernian and achieve promotion to the Premiership . After the match , Andreu described playing in the Scottish Premiership in the 2014–15 season as a dream come true and said the club deserved to be promoted . Norwich City . He moved to English club Norwich City on 2 February 2015 . Rotherham United ( loan ) . Andreu moved on loan to Rotherham United on 1 September 2015 . On 26 September , he scored his first goal for Rotherham in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City . On 7 January 2016 , he returned to Norwich City to fight for his place in the first team , despite Rotherham manager Neil Redfearns wishes to extend the loan . Dundee United ( loan ) . He signed on loan for Dundee United in August 2016 . On his debut he scored the winning goal in a Scottish Challenge Cup tie against Peterhead on 3 September 2016 . He also scored in the 2017 Scottish Challenge Cup Final as United beat St Mirren 2-1 . Coventry City . On 10 August 2017 , Andreu left Norwich City by mutual consent . On the same day he signed a two-year contract with Coventry City . He scored his first goal for Coventry in an EFL Trophy tie against Shrewsbury Town on 29 August 2017 . During Coventrys 1-0 win against Port Vale on 9 September 2017 , Andreu suffered an injury to his anterior cruciate ligament which would rule him out for the rest of the 2017–18 season . He returned to Hamilton on loan in January 2019 . St Mirren . On 4 July 2019 Andreu signed for St Mirren on a one-year deal after being released by Coventry City . On 2 June 2020 it was announced that he would remain with the club under the coronavirus furlough scheme before leaving the club . Ross County . On 7 January 2021 , Andreu signed for Scottish side Ross County on a short-term deal until the end of the season . He was released by County on 27 May 2021 along with nine other players . Playing style . Andreus playing style has been compared to Cesc Fabregas . Honours . Dundee United - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2016-17

easy

Which team did Tony Andreu play for from 2016 to 2017?

/wiki/Tony_Andreu#P54#5

Tony Andreu Anthony Andreu ( born 22 May 1988 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder . He began his career as a youth player at Monaco , before playing in Switzerland with CS Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . He moved to Scotland in 2012 , initially with Livingston , before joining Hamilton Academical . He signed for English club Norwich City in 2015 and was also loaned to Rotherham United before joining Dundee United for the 2016–17 season . He signed for Coventry City in August 2017 , returning on loan to Hamilton in January 2019 . In July 2019 he signed for Scottish Premier League team St Mirren . Career . Early career . Andreu spent his early career in France and Switzerland with Monaco , Chênois and Stade Nyonnais . While playing in Switzerland , Andreu started writing poetry ; he is also a fan of books , stating I have a lot of free time . I love to read – whether it is thrillers , crime stories or more philosophical themes – and I recently bought a book about French history . I sometimes write poems and I note down details about the books Ive read . Livingston . He signed for Scottish club Livingston in June 2012 , alongside David Luongo . It was revealed by John Hughes that the director of football John Collins signed the duo , with the help from Collins French connections by inviting them on trial , which impressed Hughes management . He made his debut for Livingston in the first round of the Scottish Challenge Cup , in a 1–0 loss against Annan Athletic . Andreu scored his first goal in the closing minutes of the match as they beat Falkirk on 2 September 2013 . On 2 March 2013 , Andreu scored twice in a 4–1 win over Airdrieonians . In a BBC Scotland interview , Andreus name was mentioned by the UEFA general secretary , David Taylor . On 2 May 2013 , it was announced that he was leaving the club at the end of the 2012–13 season . While at Livingston , Andreu met Julia , daughter of then director of football John Collins ( who was responsible for signing him ) and they entered into a relationship . Hamilton Academical . He signed a one-year contract with Hamilton Academical on 1 August 2013 , having appeared for the club in the Scottish Challenge Cup a few days earlier as a trialist . He signed a new two-year contract with the club in March 2014 . In April 2014 , he was nominated for the 2013–14 PFA Scotlands Player of the Year award in the Championship section , but lost out to Hemmings . He was also selected to the 2013–14 Championship PFA Scotland Team of the Year , alongside Hamilton teammates Ziggy Gordon and Ali Crawford . In the last game of the season , Andreu scored a hat-trick in the first half as they thrashed Greenock Morton . However , the win wouldnt guarantee promotion after Dundee also won on the same day . He scored the winning goal in the promotion play-off semi-final against Falkirk on 18 May 2014 . After losing 2–0 to Hibernian in the first leg , Andreu scored a last minute goal in a 2–0 win at Easter Road to level the tie on aggregate . Hamilton won 4–3 in a penalty shoot-out ( with Andreu converting the second kick ) to relegate Hibernian and achieve promotion to the Premiership . After the match , Andreu described playing in the Scottish Premiership in the 2014–15 season as a dream come true and said the club deserved to be promoted . Norwich City . He moved to English club Norwich City on 2 February 2015 . Rotherham United ( loan ) . Andreu moved on loan to Rotherham United on 1 September 2015 . On 26 September , he scored his first goal for Rotherham in a 2–0 win over Birmingham City . On 7 January 2016 , he returned to Norwich City to fight for his place in the first team , despite Rotherham manager Neil Redfearns wishes to extend the loan . Dundee United ( loan ) . He signed on loan for Dundee United in August 2016 . On his debut he scored the winning goal in a Scottish Challenge Cup tie against Peterhead on 3 September 2016 . He also scored in the 2017 Scottish Challenge Cup Final as United beat St Mirren 2-1 . Coventry City . On 10 August 2017 , Andreu left Norwich City by mutual consent . On the same day he signed a two-year contract with Coventry City . He scored his first goal for Coventry in an EFL Trophy tie against Shrewsbury Town on 29 August 2017 . During Coventrys 1-0 win against Port Vale on 9 September 2017 , Andreu suffered an injury to his anterior cruciate ligament which would rule him out for the rest of the 2017–18 season . He returned to Hamilton on loan in January 2019 . St Mirren . On 4 July 2019 Andreu signed for St Mirren on a one-year deal after being released by Coventry City . On 2 June 2020 it was announced that he would remain with the club under the coronavirus furlough scheme before leaving the club . Ross County . On 7 January 2021 , Andreu signed for Scottish side Ross County on a short-term deal until the end of the season . He was released by County on 27 May 2021 along with nine other players . Playing style . Andreus playing style has been compared to Cesc Fabregas . Honours . Dundee United - Scottish Challenge Cup : 2016-17

easy

Which team did the player Bernie Slaven belong to from 1981 to 1983?

/wiki/Bernie_Slaven#P54#0

Bernie Slaven Bernard Joseph Slaven ( born 13 November 1960 ) is a former professional football striker . He scored 223 goals in 567 league and cup appearances over the course of an 18-year career and also earned seven caps for the Republic of Ireland . He started his career in his native Scotland with Greenock Morton in 1980 , before moving on to Airdrieonians , Queen of the South , and then Albion Rovers in 1983 . He scored 31 goals in 43 appearances to become to highest scorer in the Scottish Football League in the 1984–85 campaign , before he was sold on to Middlesbrough for a fee of £25,000 early in the following season . He was promoted three times with the club : out of the Third Division in 1986–87 , out of the Second Division via the play-offs in 1988 , and again out of the Second Division in 1991–92 . He also played for Middlesbrough in the 1990 final of the Full Members Cup , and became the first Irish player to score a goal in the Premier League in the inaugural 1992–93 season . He was twice named as the clubs Player of the Year and scored a total of 146 goals in 381 appearances during his eight years at Ayresome Park . He took a free transfer to Port Vale in March 1993 , and helped the club to lift the Football League Trophy two months later . He returned to the North-East in February 1994 after joining Darlington on a free transfer . He helped the club to avoid finishing bottom of the English Football League at the end of the season , before he announced his retirement in May 1995 . He later played non-league football for Billingham Synthonia . He went into radio after retiring as a player , presenting shows and providing commentary on Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee for Century Network and Real Radio . He also presented television programmes on Boro TV and published two autobiographies . Despite being born in Scotland , his Irish grandfather enabled him to win seven caps for the Republic of Ireland , which he did between 1990 and 1993 . This short international career resulted in the honour of being named in Irelands 1990 FIFA World Cup squad – though he did not feature in the tournament . Club career . Early career . Bernie Slaven was born on 13 November 1960 ; he was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire but grew up in the Castlemilk area of Glasgow . An only child , his father , Hugh , was a delivery driver for the Co-op and his mother , Alice , was a tailor . He joined Partick Thistle Amateurs at the age of 14 and played at left-half . He went on to play for Eastercraigs , and again played left-half as their centre-forward was future Everton player Graeme Sharp . At the age of 18 , Slaven rejected an approach from Scottish Second Division club East Stirlingshire and instead joined junior league side Johnstone Burgh . However , he soon became disillusioned with the long train journeys to Johnstone and stopped going to the club . After his contract with Johnstone Burgh ended he joined local club Rutherglen Glencairn . During his time as an amateur footballer he worked for the Co-op , before spending some time unemployed . He was transferred to Greenock Morton in December 1980 for a fee of £750 , but remained with Rutherglen Glencairn for the rest of the season . He made his debut for Morton as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win over Airdrieonians in October 1981 . He made his first start against Celtic at Cappielow , and had a goal disallowed during the game , which ended in a 1–1 draw . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Airdrieonians , which was the only goal of his 13 Scottish Premier Division appearances in the 1981–82 season . He soon fell out with manager Benny Rooney after demanding more game time . Slaven made nine non-scoring appearances during the 1982–83 campaign , and was released in the summer . Slaven joined Scottish First Division club Airdrieonians on a one-month contract after manager Bill Munro needed short-term replacements during an injury crisis . He then spent three months without a club , before signing with Dumfries side Queen of the South . He played two Second Division matches for the club before again becoming a free agent . He made little impression at Palmerston Park , and in a later interview teammate George Cloy said of Slaven , He was just a man who liked playing football . He was a nice enough guy but he wasnt one of the more rowdy ones . He joined Albion Rovers in April 1983 after being signed by Benny Rooney – his former manager at Morton ; however it would be Rooneys successor , Andy Ritchie , who converted Slaven from a left-half into a centre-forward . In this new position he scored 31 goals in the 1984–85 season with many set up by Vic Kasule . Slaven won the 1984–85 Daily Record Golden Shot award in the process . Ritchie would not enjoy the benefits of his decision though , as he was replaced by Joe Baker early in the season , and Baker went to also appoint Slaven as club captain . Slaven went on to be named as both the clubs and the divisions Player of the Year . During this time as a semi-professional he was working as a gardener , but Rovers chairman Tom Fagan demanded £40,000 to sell Slaven , which was a high price for a non-professional third-tier player . Slaven refused to play for Rovers , and was subsequently contacted by a reporter from The Sunday Post , who wrote to 54 English and Scottish clubs on his behalf . Middlesbrough responded to the letter with the offer of a two-week trial . Middlesbrough . In a trial game against Bradford City , Slaven scored and impressed enough to win a move to the club , who secured his services after paying Albion Rovers a £25,000 fee . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Leeds United at Elland Road on 12 October , and seven days later scored on his competitive home debut for the club to secure a 1–1 draw with Bradford City . Middlesbrough went on a run of five wins in eight games during November and December , but manager Willie Maddren was sacked after picking up just one point in January . Slaven scored two headed goals to secure a 3–1 victory over Grimsby Town on 4 March in new manager Bruce Riochs first match in charge . However the final game of the 1985–86 season against Shrewsbury Town guaranteed safety for the winners and relegation for the losers , and a 2–1 defeat for Boro saw the club relegated out of the Second Division . Middlesbrough entered liquidation during the 1986–87 season , and the Official receiver sacked Rioch and his staff and banned the club from Ayresome Park . After a new consortium rescued the club Rioch was reinstated as manager , and though he used the opportunity to overhaul the clubs playing staff , Rioch made Slaven a key part of his new squad . Despite this , Rioch was not afraid to publicly criticise Slaven , and following the clubs first defeat of the season by Blackpool on 11 October stated that ...hes overdue a good performance , I wasnt pleased with his form and its time to show us what he gets paid for . He responded well to the criticism , and scored all three goals when Blackpool returned to Ayresome Park in the FA Cup the following month . He played in all the clubs 58 league and cup games that season , scoring 22 goals , to help Middlesbrough to secure promotion as runners-up to Bournemouth . He helped secure a second successive promotion in 1987–88 , which saw Middlesbrough rise from the Third Division to the First Division within two years of avoiding liquidation . He scored 24 goals in 58 appearances , including hat-tricks in a 4–1 win at Huddersfield Town and a 4–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town . However Middlesbrough lost to Leicester City on the last day of the season and so finished third behind Aston Villa on goals scored , and needed to secure promotion through the play-offs . He scored against Bradford City in the play-off semi-final to help secure a 3–2 aggregate victory and a place against Chelsea in the play-off final . He provided an assist for Trevor Senior in the first leg at Ayresome Park and then scored Boros second goal to secure a 2–0 win ; Chelsea won the return fixture 1–0 at Stamford Bridge , but Middlesbrough won 2–1 on aggregate to replace Chelsea in the top-flight . Slaven scored a first-half hat-trick in a 4–3 win over Coventry City on 1 October , shortly after he and several teammates agreed new four-year contracts with Middlesbrough . At the end of the month he was moved to the left-wing to accommodate new club record signing Peter Davenport , but he soon was returned to centre-forward after Davenport struggled to score the goals to justify his £700,000 transfer fee . In November , Slaven was dropped from the starting eleven for the trip to face Nottingham Forest , which brought to an end his run of 136 consecutive league appearances . The team struggled in the second half of the 1988–89 season , and when Slaven scored both goals in a 2–1 win over West Ham United at Upton Park on 11 April he ended the clubs run of 11 league games without a victory . Middlesbrough dropped into the relegation zone for the first time on the last day of the season ; their 1–0 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday confirmed Middlesbroughs relegation alongside West Ham United and Newcastle United . Having scored 15 league goals despite playing many games on the left-wing of a relegated team , Slaven was named as the North-East Player of the Year by local journalists . Middlesbrough struggled with injuries throughout the 1989–90 campaign , and ended up finishing just one place above the relegation zone , leading to Riochs dismissal . They did however manage to beat Port Vale , Sheffield Wednesday , Newcastle United , and Aston Villa to reach Wembley to face Chelsea in the 1990 Full Members Cup Final ; this was the clubs first appearance at Wembley . The final itself was to be a disappointment however , with a free-kick from Chelseas Tony Dorigo proving to be the only goal of the afternoon . Despite Middlesbrough finishing in 21st-place , Slaven scored 32 goals in all competitions , which led to speculation of a move away from Ayresome Park . He handed in a written transfer request , which was turned down by manager Colin Todd , and Slaven agreed to a new contract and withdrew his transfer request . He went six games without a goal early in the 1990–91 season , but broke this run with a hat-trick in a 4–2 win over Brighton & Hove Albion at the Goldstone Ground on 27 October . However , he was substituted at half-time during a home defeat to Charlton Athletic on 10 November , and reacted badly , leaving the ground and not witnessing the second half . He returned to the starting eleven the following week , and went on to claim a goal in his next five appearances . However , he again fell out with Todd after being played at left-wing in January , and was dropped from the first team altogether after telling the media that if the manager is not going to play me in the middle , then he should drop me . He returned to the centre-forward role , and claimed two goals in a 3–0 home win over rivals Newcastle United on 12 March , though went on to finish the season on a run of 15 games without a goal . Middlesbrough finished in the play-off places , but lost out to Notts County in the semi-finals . Todd intended on an overhaul of the playing squad and placed Slaven on the transfer-list along with ten of his teammates . Todd was sacked in June 1991 , and his successor Lennie Lawrence decided to keep Slaven and to play him in a partnership with new signing Paul Wilkinson . However Slaven picked up a calf strain in pre-season and lost his first team place to Stuart Ripley . He regained his first team place early in September after scoring three goals as a substitute against Portsmouth and Oxford United . On 28 September , he scored the opening goal in a 2–1 victory over rivals Sunderland . However Lawrence felt that Slaven was too individualistic , and in November he spent £700,000 on Hull City striker Andy Payton , who he hoped would prove to be an effective striker partner for Paul Wilkinson . Payton scored on his debut against Bristol City on 23 November , but Slaven claimed the other two goals in a 3–1 victory , and Payton left the field on a stretcher after picking up an injury . However Slaven injured his knee in January and after undergoing surgery was ruled out of action for five weeks . He scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Brighton on 21 March , but fell out with Lawrence and was dropped for the end of season promotion run-in . He returned for the crucial final game of the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers however , and set up a late Jon Gittens equaliser , before a late winner from Wilkinson secured a 2–1 victory and the second automatic promotion place for Middlesbrough . On 19 August 1992 , he became Irelands first goalscorer in the Premier League when he scored both Middlesbrough goals in a 2–0 win over Manchester City . With Payton and Ripley both moved on , Slaven started seven of the clubs first ten Premier League games of the 1992–93 season , and scored in consecutive games against Aston Villa and Manchester United . His goal against Manchester United on 3 October proved to be his last for Middlesbrough as Lawrence began playing Wilkinson on his own up front from October , leaving Slaven on the bench for most of the rest of the campaign . Slaven again requested a transfer , and Lawrence said he would listen to any offers the club received . Lawrence sent Slaven to train with the youth team after the pair fell out during a training ground session , and Slaven was made available on a free transfer after he told the press how strained the pairs relationship had become . Later career . In March 1993 , Slaven signed for John Rudges Second Division Port Vale on a free transfer . He was sent off on his debut in a 1–0 win over Leyton Orient at Brisbane Road on 20 March – the first red card of his career – after kicking Adrian Whitbread in retaliation for a bad challenge . He scored his first goal for the Valiants with a 25-yard volley in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic at Springfield Park on 17 April . Four days later he scored the only goal of the game in the Football League Trophy southern area final second leg match with Exeter City at St James Park to secure Vale a place in the final . He also scored on the final day of the season to help turn round a half-time 2–1 deficit to Blackpool at Bloomfield Road into a 4–2 win ; however they ended the season in third-place , one point behind promoted Bolton Wanderers , and so entered the play-offs . He went on to provid the cross for Martin Foyle to score the winning goal past Stockport County in the play-off semi-finals . Stockport County were also Vales opponents in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley on 22 May , and Slaven managed to set up Paul Kerr for Vales first goal before scoring the second decisive goal of a 2–1 victory . Ironically it was Sky TVs match summariser , Lennie Lawrence , who was tasked with naming Slaven as the man of the match just two months after letting him go on a free transfer . Eight days later he featured again at Wembley in the play-off Final , which ended in a 3–0 defeat to West Bromwich Albion . He started the 1993–94 season with a hat-trick in a 6–0 win over Barnet in the first home game of the campaign on 21 August . However , he picked up a calf strain and lost his first team place to Nicky Cross , who performed well in Slavens absence . He was also punched in the face by Peter Swan in a training ground incident , though the pair would eventually make up and become friends . Slaven wanted to return to the North-East to be with his wife Karen and new-born son Dominic , however manager John Rudge was reluctant to lose Slaven despite being unable to promise him a contract for the following season . He scored his last goal for the club in a 1–0 win over Premier League Southampton in an FA Cup third round replay at Vale Park on 18 January . Slaven joined Darlington in February 1994 , who were struggling at the bottom of the Third Division . Despite playing at a lower standard , he found shooting chances hard to come by , and ended the 1994–95 campaign with two goals in 11 appearances . Darlington avoided dropping into non-league after Slaven scored the winning goal against Chesterfield that moved Darlington above Northampton Town and off the bottom of the table . The Quakers again fared poorly in 1994–95 under Alan Murray , and though Slaven managed to hit seven goals in 31 games he was given a free transfer in May 1995 . He took the decision to retire from professional football after a consultant advised him that a troubling back injury would only get worse with further stress . He played for Northern League side Billingham Synthonia during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons , scoring 22 goals in 21 appearances . International career . Slaven qualified for Republic of Ireland through his Irish grandfather . He took the decision to represent Ireland after being consistently overlooked for the Scotland team by manager Andy Roxburgh , and stated that : if Id been scoring for Celtic or Rangers Id have walked into the side , there are people getting in the team that can hardly play the game . After calling Slaven up in 1990 , Ireland manager Jack Charlton said that Bernie is the type of player who could benefit from Cascarinos knock downs.. . we have been looking for a player like Bernie for quite a while now . He made his international debut in a friendly on 28 March 1990 , and scored the only goal of the game against Wales from a rebound after Kevin Sheedy had a penalty saved by Neville Southall . He won a second cap as a substitute against Finland on 16 May , before he was named in the Ireland squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Slaven did not feature in the tournament however , and suffered from homesickness . Tony Cascarino claimed in his autobiography that Slaven would telephone his dog every night when away from home with the squad : .. . Bernie would be howling like Lassie into the phone Woof , woof , aru , aru , woof ! Hed be kissing the receiver and lavishing affection – Hello , lovey dovey – on a dog ! A church-going Catholic , Slaven stated that the highlight of the tournament was the day when the squad met Pope John Paul II at the Vatican . He won the last of his seven caps on 17 February 1993 , in a 2–1 win over Wales in a friendly at Tolka Park . Style of play . Slaven was a forward who scored many goals due to his excellent first touch , anticipation and finishing skills . He was criticised for his defending and heading skills , as well as his habit of frequently standing in an offside position . His customary goal celebration was to jump upon the fence at the Holgate End at Boros old ground , Ayresome Park . When the ground was knocked down in 1996 , Slaven acquired a section of the fence from the Holgate End and displayed it in his back garden for some years . Media career . Slaven was granted a testimonial game by Middlesbrough against Hereford United at the Riverside Stadium in 1996 , but was embarrassed by a low turnout of 3,537 . He went into radio after retiring as a player , and co-hosted Century FMs coverage of Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee from 1996 to 2007 . Brownlee tended to be positive and optimistic about Middlesbrough , whereas Slaven would be more critical and realistic . The pair also presented shows for NTLs Boro TV channel from 1997 until Slaven was sacked in December 2002 after he missed a filming session in protest at the companys habit of failing to pay wages on time . In 1999 , Slaven bared his buttocks in Binns department store window in Middlesbrough after telling Brownlee on Century FM that if Middlesbrough beat Manchester United at Old Trafford , he would perform the dare . Middlesbrough ran out 3–2 winners , so Slaven had to go ahead with the dare , with the score painted on his cheeks . He went on to recreate the moment on television for They Think Its All Overs Feel The Sportsman round . He announced his intention to stand for the newly created post of Mayor of Middlesbrough in October 2002 , but withdrew from the race before the election as his candidacy was a publicity stunt for Century FM rather than a serious attempt to enter politics . He went on to present Legends Football Phone-In for Real Radio North East and later Koast Radio from 200 to 2014 , alongside him were Malcolm Macdonald and Eric Gates who was replaced later by Micky Horswill . He released two autobiographies : Strikingly Different in 1996 , and Legend ? in 2007 . In 2015 Slaven became a Patron of Sporting Memories , a charity that supports former players and older fans living with dementia , depression or loneliness . Statistics . Club statistics . Source : Honours . - Individual - Albion Rovers F.C . Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Scottish Football League Second Division Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Middlesbrough F.C . Player of the Year : 1988–89 , 1989–90 - Middlesbrough - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1986–87 - Football League Second Division play-off winner : 1988 - Full Members Cup runner up : 1990 - Football League Second Division runner-up : 1991–92 - Port Vale - Football League Trophy winner : 1993

easy

Which team did Bernie Slaven play for from 1983 to 1985?

/wiki/Bernie_Slaven#P54#1

Bernie Slaven Bernard Joseph Slaven ( born 13 November 1960 ) is a former professional football striker . He scored 223 goals in 567 league and cup appearances over the course of an 18-year career and also earned seven caps for the Republic of Ireland . He started his career in his native Scotland with Greenock Morton in 1980 , before moving on to Airdrieonians , Queen of the South , and then Albion Rovers in 1983 . He scored 31 goals in 43 appearances to become to highest scorer in the Scottish Football League in the 1984–85 campaign , before he was sold on to Middlesbrough for a fee of £25,000 early in the following season . He was promoted three times with the club : out of the Third Division in 1986–87 , out of the Second Division via the play-offs in 1988 , and again out of the Second Division in 1991–92 . He also played for Middlesbrough in the 1990 final of the Full Members Cup , and became the first Irish player to score a goal in the Premier League in the inaugural 1992–93 season . He was twice named as the clubs Player of the Year and scored a total of 146 goals in 381 appearances during his eight years at Ayresome Park . He took a free transfer to Port Vale in March 1993 , and helped the club to lift the Football League Trophy two months later . He returned to the North-East in February 1994 after joining Darlington on a free transfer . He helped the club to avoid finishing bottom of the English Football League at the end of the season , before he announced his retirement in May 1995 . He later played non-league football for Billingham Synthonia . He went into radio after retiring as a player , presenting shows and providing commentary on Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee for Century Network and Real Radio . He also presented television programmes on Boro TV and published two autobiographies . Despite being born in Scotland , his Irish grandfather enabled him to win seven caps for the Republic of Ireland , which he did between 1990 and 1993 . This short international career resulted in the honour of being named in Irelands 1990 FIFA World Cup squad – though he did not feature in the tournament . Club career . Early career . Bernie Slaven was born on 13 November 1960 ; he was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire but grew up in the Castlemilk area of Glasgow . An only child , his father , Hugh , was a delivery driver for the Co-op and his mother , Alice , was a tailor . He joined Partick Thistle Amateurs at the age of 14 and played at left-half . He went on to play for Eastercraigs , and again played left-half as their centre-forward was future Everton player Graeme Sharp . At the age of 18 , Slaven rejected an approach from Scottish Second Division club East Stirlingshire and instead joined junior league side Johnstone Burgh . However , he soon became disillusioned with the long train journeys to Johnstone and stopped going to the club . After his contract with Johnstone Burgh ended he joined local club Rutherglen Glencairn . During his time as an amateur footballer he worked for the Co-op , before spending some time unemployed . He was transferred to Greenock Morton in December 1980 for a fee of £750 , but remained with Rutherglen Glencairn for the rest of the season . He made his debut for Morton as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win over Airdrieonians in October 1981 . He made his first start against Celtic at Cappielow , and had a goal disallowed during the game , which ended in a 1–1 draw . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Airdrieonians , which was the only goal of his 13 Scottish Premier Division appearances in the 1981–82 season . He soon fell out with manager Benny Rooney after demanding more game time . Slaven made nine non-scoring appearances during the 1982–83 campaign , and was released in the summer . Slaven joined Scottish First Division club Airdrieonians on a one-month contract after manager Bill Munro needed short-term replacements during an injury crisis . He then spent three months without a club , before signing with Dumfries side Queen of the South . He played two Second Division matches for the club before again becoming a free agent . He made little impression at Palmerston Park , and in a later interview teammate George Cloy said of Slaven , He was just a man who liked playing football . He was a nice enough guy but he wasnt one of the more rowdy ones . He joined Albion Rovers in April 1983 after being signed by Benny Rooney – his former manager at Morton ; however it would be Rooneys successor , Andy Ritchie , who converted Slaven from a left-half into a centre-forward . In this new position he scored 31 goals in the 1984–85 season with many set up by Vic Kasule . Slaven won the 1984–85 Daily Record Golden Shot award in the process . Ritchie would not enjoy the benefits of his decision though , as he was replaced by Joe Baker early in the season , and Baker went to also appoint Slaven as club captain . Slaven went on to be named as both the clubs and the divisions Player of the Year . During this time as a semi-professional he was working as a gardener , but Rovers chairman Tom Fagan demanded £40,000 to sell Slaven , which was a high price for a non-professional third-tier player . Slaven refused to play for Rovers , and was subsequently contacted by a reporter from The Sunday Post , who wrote to 54 English and Scottish clubs on his behalf . Middlesbrough responded to the letter with the offer of a two-week trial . Middlesbrough . In a trial game against Bradford City , Slaven scored and impressed enough to win a move to the club , who secured his services after paying Albion Rovers a £25,000 fee . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Leeds United at Elland Road on 12 October , and seven days later scored on his competitive home debut for the club to secure a 1–1 draw with Bradford City . Middlesbrough went on a run of five wins in eight games during November and December , but manager Willie Maddren was sacked after picking up just one point in January . Slaven scored two headed goals to secure a 3–1 victory over Grimsby Town on 4 March in new manager Bruce Riochs first match in charge . However the final game of the 1985–86 season against Shrewsbury Town guaranteed safety for the winners and relegation for the losers , and a 2–1 defeat for Boro saw the club relegated out of the Second Division . Middlesbrough entered liquidation during the 1986–87 season , and the Official receiver sacked Rioch and his staff and banned the club from Ayresome Park . After a new consortium rescued the club Rioch was reinstated as manager , and though he used the opportunity to overhaul the clubs playing staff , Rioch made Slaven a key part of his new squad . Despite this , Rioch was not afraid to publicly criticise Slaven , and following the clubs first defeat of the season by Blackpool on 11 October stated that ...hes overdue a good performance , I wasnt pleased with his form and its time to show us what he gets paid for . He responded well to the criticism , and scored all three goals when Blackpool returned to Ayresome Park in the FA Cup the following month . He played in all the clubs 58 league and cup games that season , scoring 22 goals , to help Middlesbrough to secure promotion as runners-up to Bournemouth . He helped secure a second successive promotion in 1987–88 , which saw Middlesbrough rise from the Third Division to the First Division within two years of avoiding liquidation . He scored 24 goals in 58 appearances , including hat-tricks in a 4–1 win at Huddersfield Town and a 4–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town . However Middlesbrough lost to Leicester City on the last day of the season and so finished third behind Aston Villa on goals scored , and needed to secure promotion through the play-offs . He scored against Bradford City in the play-off semi-final to help secure a 3–2 aggregate victory and a place against Chelsea in the play-off final . He provided an assist for Trevor Senior in the first leg at Ayresome Park and then scored Boros second goal to secure a 2–0 win ; Chelsea won the return fixture 1–0 at Stamford Bridge , but Middlesbrough won 2–1 on aggregate to replace Chelsea in the top-flight . Slaven scored a first-half hat-trick in a 4–3 win over Coventry City on 1 October , shortly after he and several teammates agreed new four-year contracts with Middlesbrough . At the end of the month he was moved to the left-wing to accommodate new club record signing Peter Davenport , but he soon was returned to centre-forward after Davenport struggled to score the goals to justify his £700,000 transfer fee . In November , Slaven was dropped from the starting eleven for the trip to face Nottingham Forest , which brought to an end his run of 136 consecutive league appearances . The team struggled in the second half of the 1988–89 season , and when Slaven scored both goals in a 2–1 win over West Ham United at Upton Park on 11 April he ended the clubs run of 11 league games without a victory . Middlesbrough dropped into the relegation zone for the first time on the last day of the season ; their 1–0 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday confirmed Middlesbroughs relegation alongside West Ham United and Newcastle United . Having scored 15 league goals despite playing many games on the left-wing of a relegated team , Slaven was named as the North-East Player of the Year by local journalists . Middlesbrough struggled with injuries throughout the 1989–90 campaign , and ended up finishing just one place above the relegation zone , leading to Riochs dismissal . They did however manage to beat Port Vale , Sheffield Wednesday , Newcastle United , and Aston Villa to reach Wembley to face Chelsea in the 1990 Full Members Cup Final ; this was the clubs first appearance at Wembley . The final itself was to be a disappointment however , with a free-kick from Chelseas Tony Dorigo proving to be the only goal of the afternoon . Despite Middlesbrough finishing in 21st-place , Slaven scored 32 goals in all competitions , which led to speculation of a move away from Ayresome Park . He handed in a written transfer request , which was turned down by manager Colin Todd , and Slaven agreed to a new contract and withdrew his transfer request . He went six games without a goal early in the 1990–91 season , but broke this run with a hat-trick in a 4–2 win over Brighton & Hove Albion at the Goldstone Ground on 27 October . However , he was substituted at half-time during a home defeat to Charlton Athletic on 10 November , and reacted badly , leaving the ground and not witnessing the second half . He returned to the starting eleven the following week , and went on to claim a goal in his next five appearances . However , he again fell out with Todd after being played at left-wing in January , and was dropped from the first team altogether after telling the media that if the manager is not going to play me in the middle , then he should drop me . He returned to the centre-forward role , and claimed two goals in a 3–0 home win over rivals Newcastle United on 12 March , though went on to finish the season on a run of 15 games without a goal . Middlesbrough finished in the play-off places , but lost out to Notts County in the semi-finals . Todd intended on an overhaul of the playing squad and placed Slaven on the transfer-list along with ten of his teammates . Todd was sacked in June 1991 , and his successor Lennie Lawrence decided to keep Slaven and to play him in a partnership with new signing Paul Wilkinson . However Slaven picked up a calf strain in pre-season and lost his first team place to Stuart Ripley . He regained his first team place early in September after scoring three goals as a substitute against Portsmouth and Oxford United . On 28 September , he scored the opening goal in a 2–1 victory over rivals Sunderland . However Lawrence felt that Slaven was too individualistic , and in November he spent £700,000 on Hull City striker Andy Payton , who he hoped would prove to be an effective striker partner for Paul Wilkinson . Payton scored on his debut against Bristol City on 23 November , but Slaven claimed the other two goals in a 3–1 victory , and Payton left the field on a stretcher after picking up an injury . However Slaven injured his knee in January and after undergoing surgery was ruled out of action for five weeks . He scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Brighton on 21 March , but fell out with Lawrence and was dropped for the end of season promotion run-in . He returned for the crucial final game of the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers however , and set up a late Jon Gittens equaliser , before a late winner from Wilkinson secured a 2–1 victory and the second automatic promotion place for Middlesbrough . On 19 August 1992 , he became Irelands first goalscorer in the Premier League when he scored both Middlesbrough goals in a 2–0 win over Manchester City . With Payton and Ripley both moved on , Slaven started seven of the clubs first ten Premier League games of the 1992–93 season , and scored in consecutive games against Aston Villa and Manchester United . His goal against Manchester United on 3 October proved to be his last for Middlesbrough as Lawrence began playing Wilkinson on his own up front from October , leaving Slaven on the bench for most of the rest of the campaign . Slaven again requested a transfer , and Lawrence said he would listen to any offers the club received . Lawrence sent Slaven to train with the youth team after the pair fell out during a training ground session , and Slaven was made available on a free transfer after he told the press how strained the pairs relationship had become . Later career . In March 1993 , Slaven signed for John Rudges Second Division Port Vale on a free transfer . He was sent off on his debut in a 1–0 win over Leyton Orient at Brisbane Road on 20 March – the first red card of his career – after kicking Adrian Whitbread in retaliation for a bad challenge . He scored his first goal for the Valiants with a 25-yard volley in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic at Springfield Park on 17 April . Four days later he scored the only goal of the game in the Football League Trophy southern area final second leg match with Exeter City at St James Park to secure Vale a place in the final . He also scored on the final day of the season to help turn round a half-time 2–1 deficit to Blackpool at Bloomfield Road into a 4–2 win ; however they ended the season in third-place , one point behind promoted Bolton Wanderers , and so entered the play-offs . He went on to provid the cross for Martin Foyle to score the winning goal past Stockport County in the play-off semi-finals . Stockport County were also Vales opponents in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley on 22 May , and Slaven managed to set up Paul Kerr for Vales first goal before scoring the second decisive goal of a 2–1 victory . Ironically it was Sky TVs match summariser , Lennie Lawrence , who was tasked with naming Slaven as the man of the match just two months after letting him go on a free transfer . Eight days later he featured again at Wembley in the play-off Final , which ended in a 3–0 defeat to West Bromwich Albion . He started the 1993–94 season with a hat-trick in a 6–0 win over Barnet in the first home game of the campaign on 21 August . However , he picked up a calf strain and lost his first team place to Nicky Cross , who performed well in Slavens absence . He was also punched in the face by Peter Swan in a training ground incident , though the pair would eventually make up and become friends . Slaven wanted to return to the North-East to be with his wife Karen and new-born son Dominic , however manager John Rudge was reluctant to lose Slaven despite being unable to promise him a contract for the following season . He scored his last goal for the club in a 1–0 win over Premier League Southampton in an FA Cup third round replay at Vale Park on 18 January . Slaven joined Darlington in February 1994 , who were struggling at the bottom of the Third Division . Despite playing at a lower standard , he found shooting chances hard to come by , and ended the 1994–95 campaign with two goals in 11 appearances . Darlington avoided dropping into non-league after Slaven scored the winning goal against Chesterfield that moved Darlington above Northampton Town and off the bottom of the table . The Quakers again fared poorly in 1994–95 under Alan Murray , and though Slaven managed to hit seven goals in 31 games he was given a free transfer in May 1995 . He took the decision to retire from professional football after a consultant advised him that a troubling back injury would only get worse with further stress . He played for Northern League side Billingham Synthonia during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons , scoring 22 goals in 21 appearances . International career . Slaven qualified for Republic of Ireland through his Irish grandfather . He took the decision to represent Ireland after being consistently overlooked for the Scotland team by manager Andy Roxburgh , and stated that : if Id been scoring for Celtic or Rangers Id have walked into the side , there are people getting in the team that can hardly play the game . After calling Slaven up in 1990 , Ireland manager Jack Charlton said that Bernie is the type of player who could benefit from Cascarinos knock downs.. . we have been looking for a player like Bernie for quite a while now . He made his international debut in a friendly on 28 March 1990 , and scored the only goal of the game against Wales from a rebound after Kevin Sheedy had a penalty saved by Neville Southall . He won a second cap as a substitute against Finland on 16 May , before he was named in the Ireland squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Slaven did not feature in the tournament however , and suffered from homesickness . Tony Cascarino claimed in his autobiography that Slaven would telephone his dog every night when away from home with the squad : .. . Bernie would be howling like Lassie into the phone Woof , woof , aru , aru , woof ! Hed be kissing the receiver and lavishing affection – Hello , lovey dovey – on a dog ! A church-going Catholic , Slaven stated that the highlight of the tournament was the day when the squad met Pope John Paul II at the Vatican . He won the last of his seven caps on 17 February 1993 , in a 2–1 win over Wales in a friendly at Tolka Park . Style of play . Slaven was a forward who scored many goals due to his excellent first touch , anticipation and finishing skills . He was criticised for his defending and heading skills , as well as his habit of frequently standing in an offside position . His customary goal celebration was to jump upon the fence at the Holgate End at Boros old ground , Ayresome Park . When the ground was knocked down in 1996 , Slaven acquired a section of the fence from the Holgate End and displayed it in his back garden for some years . Media career . Slaven was granted a testimonial game by Middlesbrough against Hereford United at the Riverside Stadium in 1996 , but was embarrassed by a low turnout of 3,537 . He went into radio after retiring as a player , and co-hosted Century FMs coverage of Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee from 1996 to 2007 . Brownlee tended to be positive and optimistic about Middlesbrough , whereas Slaven would be more critical and realistic . The pair also presented shows for NTLs Boro TV channel from 1997 until Slaven was sacked in December 2002 after he missed a filming session in protest at the companys habit of failing to pay wages on time . In 1999 , Slaven bared his buttocks in Binns department store window in Middlesbrough after telling Brownlee on Century FM that if Middlesbrough beat Manchester United at Old Trafford , he would perform the dare . Middlesbrough ran out 3–2 winners , so Slaven had to go ahead with the dare , with the score painted on his cheeks . He went on to recreate the moment on television for They Think Its All Overs Feel The Sportsman round . He announced his intention to stand for the newly created post of Mayor of Middlesbrough in October 2002 , but withdrew from the race before the election as his candidacy was a publicity stunt for Century FM rather than a serious attempt to enter politics . He went on to present Legends Football Phone-In for Real Radio North East and later Koast Radio from 200 to 2014 , alongside him were Malcolm Macdonald and Eric Gates who was replaced later by Micky Horswill . He released two autobiographies : Strikingly Different in 1996 , and Legend ? in 2007 . In 2015 Slaven became a Patron of Sporting Memories , a charity that supports former players and older fans living with dementia , depression or loneliness . Statistics . Club statistics . Source : Honours . - Individual - Albion Rovers F.C . Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Scottish Football League Second Division Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Middlesbrough F.C . Player of the Year : 1988–89 , 1989–90 - Middlesbrough - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1986–87 - Football League Second Division play-off winner : 1988 - Full Members Cup runner up : 1990 - Football League Second Division runner-up : 1991–92 - Port Vale - Football League Trophy winner : 1993

easy

Which team did Bernie Slaven play for from 1985 to 1993?

/wiki/Bernie_Slaven#P54#2

Bernie Slaven Bernard Joseph Slaven ( born 13 November 1960 ) is a former professional football striker . He scored 223 goals in 567 league and cup appearances over the course of an 18-year career and also earned seven caps for the Republic of Ireland . He started his career in his native Scotland with Greenock Morton in 1980 , before moving on to Airdrieonians , Queen of the South , and then Albion Rovers in 1983 . He scored 31 goals in 43 appearances to become to highest scorer in the Scottish Football League in the 1984–85 campaign , before he was sold on to Middlesbrough for a fee of £25,000 early in the following season . He was promoted three times with the club : out of the Third Division in 1986–87 , out of the Second Division via the play-offs in 1988 , and again out of the Second Division in 1991–92 . He also played for Middlesbrough in the 1990 final of the Full Members Cup , and became the first Irish player to score a goal in the Premier League in the inaugural 1992–93 season . He was twice named as the clubs Player of the Year and scored a total of 146 goals in 381 appearances during his eight years at Ayresome Park . He took a free transfer to Port Vale in March 1993 , and helped the club to lift the Football League Trophy two months later . He returned to the North-East in February 1994 after joining Darlington on a free transfer . He helped the club to avoid finishing bottom of the English Football League at the end of the season , before he announced his retirement in May 1995 . He later played non-league football for Billingham Synthonia . He went into radio after retiring as a player , presenting shows and providing commentary on Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee for Century Network and Real Radio . He also presented television programmes on Boro TV and published two autobiographies . Despite being born in Scotland , his Irish grandfather enabled him to win seven caps for the Republic of Ireland , which he did between 1990 and 1993 . This short international career resulted in the honour of being named in Irelands 1990 FIFA World Cup squad – though he did not feature in the tournament . Club career . Early career . Bernie Slaven was born on 13 November 1960 ; he was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire but grew up in the Castlemilk area of Glasgow . An only child , his father , Hugh , was a delivery driver for the Co-op and his mother , Alice , was a tailor . He joined Partick Thistle Amateurs at the age of 14 and played at left-half . He went on to play for Eastercraigs , and again played left-half as their centre-forward was future Everton player Graeme Sharp . At the age of 18 , Slaven rejected an approach from Scottish Second Division club East Stirlingshire and instead joined junior league side Johnstone Burgh . However , he soon became disillusioned with the long train journeys to Johnstone and stopped going to the club . After his contract with Johnstone Burgh ended he joined local club Rutherglen Glencairn . During his time as an amateur footballer he worked for the Co-op , before spending some time unemployed . He was transferred to Greenock Morton in December 1980 for a fee of £750 , but remained with Rutherglen Glencairn for the rest of the season . He made his debut for Morton as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win over Airdrieonians in October 1981 . He made his first start against Celtic at Cappielow , and had a goal disallowed during the game , which ended in a 1–1 draw . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Airdrieonians , which was the only goal of his 13 Scottish Premier Division appearances in the 1981–82 season . He soon fell out with manager Benny Rooney after demanding more game time . Slaven made nine non-scoring appearances during the 1982–83 campaign , and was released in the summer . Slaven joined Scottish First Division club Airdrieonians on a one-month contract after manager Bill Munro needed short-term replacements during an injury crisis . He then spent three months without a club , before signing with Dumfries side Queen of the South . He played two Second Division matches for the club before again becoming a free agent . He made little impression at Palmerston Park , and in a later interview teammate George Cloy said of Slaven , He was just a man who liked playing football . He was a nice enough guy but he wasnt one of the more rowdy ones . He joined Albion Rovers in April 1983 after being signed by Benny Rooney – his former manager at Morton ; however it would be Rooneys successor , Andy Ritchie , who converted Slaven from a left-half into a centre-forward . In this new position he scored 31 goals in the 1984–85 season with many set up by Vic Kasule . Slaven won the 1984–85 Daily Record Golden Shot award in the process . Ritchie would not enjoy the benefits of his decision though , as he was replaced by Joe Baker early in the season , and Baker went to also appoint Slaven as club captain . Slaven went on to be named as both the clubs and the divisions Player of the Year . During this time as a semi-professional he was working as a gardener , but Rovers chairman Tom Fagan demanded £40,000 to sell Slaven , which was a high price for a non-professional third-tier player . Slaven refused to play for Rovers , and was subsequently contacted by a reporter from The Sunday Post , who wrote to 54 English and Scottish clubs on his behalf . Middlesbrough responded to the letter with the offer of a two-week trial . Middlesbrough . In a trial game against Bradford City , Slaven scored and impressed enough to win a move to the club , who secured his services after paying Albion Rovers a £25,000 fee . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Leeds United at Elland Road on 12 October , and seven days later scored on his competitive home debut for the club to secure a 1–1 draw with Bradford City . Middlesbrough went on a run of five wins in eight games during November and December , but manager Willie Maddren was sacked after picking up just one point in January . Slaven scored two headed goals to secure a 3–1 victory over Grimsby Town on 4 March in new manager Bruce Riochs first match in charge . However the final game of the 1985–86 season against Shrewsbury Town guaranteed safety for the winners and relegation for the losers , and a 2–1 defeat for Boro saw the club relegated out of the Second Division . Middlesbrough entered liquidation during the 1986–87 season , and the Official receiver sacked Rioch and his staff and banned the club from Ayresome Park . After a new consortium rescued the club Rioch was reinstated as manager , and though he used the opportunity to overhaul the clubs playing staff , Rioch made Slaven a key part of his new squad . Despite this , Rioch was not afraid to publicly criticise Slaven , and following the clubs first defeat of the season by Blackpool on 11 October stated that ...hes overdue a good performance , I wasnt pleased with his form and its time to show us what he gets paid for . He responded well to the criticism , and scored all three goals when Blackpool returned to Ayresome Park in the FA Cup the following month . He played in all the clubs 58 league and cup games that season , scoring 22 goals , to help Middlesbrough to secure promotion as runners-up to Bournemouth . He helped secure a second successive promotion in 1987–88 , which saw Middlesbrough rise from the Third Division to the First Division within two years of avoiding liquidation . He scored 24 goals in 58 appearances , including hat-tricks in a 4–1 win at Huddersfield Town and a 4–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town . However Middlesbrough lost to Leicester City on the last day of the season and so finished third behind Aston Villa on goals scored , and needed to secure promotion through the play-offs . He scored against Bradford City in the play-off semi-final to help secure a 3–2 aggregate victory and a place against Chelsea in the play-off final . He provided an assist for Trevor Senior in the first leg at Ayresome Park and then scored Boros second goal to secure a 2–0 win ; Chelsea won the return fixture 1–0 at Stamford Bridge , but Middlesbrough won 2–1 on aggregate to replace Chelsea in the top-flight . Slaven scored a first-half hat-trick in a 4–3 win over Coventry City on 1 October , shortly after he and several teammates agreed new four-year contracts with Middlesbrough . At the end of the month he was moved to the left-wing to accommodate new club record signing Peter Davenport , but he soon was returned to centre-forward after Davenport struggled to score the goals to justify his £700,000 transfer fee . In November , Slaven was dropped from the starting eleven for the trip to face Nottingham Forest , which brought to an end his run of 136 consecutive league appearances . The team struggled in the second half of the 1988–89 season , and when Slaven scored both goals in a 2–1 win over West Ham United at Upton Park on 11 April he ended the clubs run of 11 league games without a victory . Middlesbrough dropped into the relegation zone for the first time on the last day of the season ; their 1–0 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday confirmed Middlesbroughs relegation alongside West Ham United and Newcastle United . Having scored 15 league goals despite playing many games on the left-wing of a relegated team , Slaven was named as the North-East Player of the Year by local journalists . Middlesbrough struggled with injuries throughout the 1989–90 campaign , and ended up finishing just one place above the relegation zone , leading to Riochs dismissal . They did however manage to beat Port Vale , Sheffield Wednesday , Newcastle United , and Aston Villa to reach Wembley to face Chelsea in the 1990 Full Members Cup Final ; this was the clubs first appearance at Wembley . The final itself was to be a disappointment however , with a free-kick from Chelseas Tony Dorigo proving to be the only goal of the afternoon . Despite Middlesbrough finishing in 21st-place , Slaven scored 32 goals in all competitions , which led to speculation of a move away from Ayresome Park . He handed in a written transfer request , which was turned down by manager Colin Todd , and Slaven agreed to a new contract and withdrew his transfer request . He went six games without a goal early in the 1990–91 season , but broke this run with a hat-trick in a 4–2 win over Brighton & Hove Albion at the Goldstone Ground on 27 October . However , he was substituted at half-time during a home defeat to Charlton Athletic on 10 November , and reacted badly , leaving the ground and not witnessing the second half . He returned to the starting eleven the following week , and went on to claim a goal in his next five appearances . However , he again fell out with Todd after being played at left-wing in January , and was dropped from the first team altogether after telling the media that if the manager is not going to play me in the middle , then he should drop me . He returned to the centre-forward role , and claimed two goals in a 3–0 home win over rivals Newcastle United on 12 March , though went on to finish the season on a run of 15 games without a goal . Middlesbrough finished in the play-off places , but lost out to Notts County in the semi-finals . Todd intended on an overhaul of the playing squad and placed Slaven on the transfer-list along with ten of his teammates . Todd was sacked in June 1991 , and his successor Lennie Lawrence decided to keep Slaven and to play him in a partnership with new signing Paul Wilkinson . However Slaven picked up a calf strain in pre-season and lost his first team place to Stuart Ripley . He regained his first team place early in September after scoring three goals as a substitute against Portsmouth and Oxford United . On 28 September , he scored the opening goal in a 2–1 victory over rivals Sunderland . However Lawrence felt that Slaven was too individualistic , and in November he spent £700,000 on Hull City striker Andy Payton , who he hoped would prove to be an effective striker partner for Paul Wilkinson . Payton scored on his debut against Bristol City on 23 November , but Slaven claimed the other two goals in a 3–1 victory , and Payton left the field on a stretcher after picking up an injury . However Slaven injured his knee in January and after undergoing surgery was ruled out of action for five weeks . He scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Brighton on 21 March , but fell out with Lawrence and was dropped for the end of season promotion run-in . He returned for the crucial final game of the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers however , and set up a late Jon Gittens equaliser , before a late winner from Wilkinson secured a 2–1 victory and the second automatic promotion place for Middlesbrough . On 19 August 1992 , he became Irelands first goalscorer in the Premier League when he scored both Middlesbrough goals in a 2–0 win over Manchester City . With Payton and Ripley both moved on , Slaven started seven of the clubs first ten Premier League games of the 1992–93 season , and scored in consecutive games against Aston Villa and Manchester United . His goal against Manchester United on 3 October proved to be his last for Middlesbrough as Lawrence began playing Wilkinson on his own up front from October , leaving Slaven on the bench for most of the rest of the campaign . Slaven again requested a transfer , and Lawrence said he would listen to any offers the club received . Lawrence sent Slaven to train with the youth team after the pair fell out during a training ground session , and Slaven was made available on a free transfer after he told the press how strained the pairs relationship had become . Later career . In March 1993 , Slaven signed for John Rudges Second Division Port Vale on a free transfer . He was sent off on his debut in a 1–0 win over Leyton Orient at Brisbane Road on 20 March – the first red card of his career – after kicking Adrian Whitbread in retaliation for a bad challenge . He scored his first goal for the Valiants with a 25-yard volley in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic at Springfield Park on 17 April . Four days later he scored the only goal of the game in the Football League Trophy southern area final second leg match with Exeter City at St James Park to secure Vale a place in the final . He also scored on the final day of the season to help turn round a half-time 2–1 deficit to Blackpool at Bloomfield Road into a 4–2 win ; however they ended the season in third-place , one point behind promoted Bolton Wanderers , and so entered the play-offs . He went on to provid the cross for Martin Foyle to score the winning goal past Stockport County in the play-off semi-finals . Stockport County were also Vales opponents in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley on 22 May , and Slaven managed to set up Paul Kerr for Vales first goal before scoring the second decisive goal of a 2–1 victory . Ironically it was Sky TVs match summariser , Lennie Lawrence , who was tasked with naming Slaven as the man of the match just two months after letting him go on a free transfer . Eight days later he featured again at Wembley in the play-off Final , which ended in a 3–0 defeat to West Bromwich Albion . He started the 1993–94 season with a hat-trick in a 6–0 win over Barnet in the first home game of the campaign on 21 August . However , he picked up a calf strain and lost his first team place to Nicky Cross , who performed well in Slavens absence . He was also punched in the face by Peter Swan in a training ground incident , though the pair would eventually make up and become friends . Slaven wanted to return to the North-East to be with his wife Karen and new-born son Dominic , however manager John Rudge was reluctant to lose Slaven despite being unable to promise him a contract for the following season . He scored his last goal for the club in a 1–0 win over Premier League Southampton in an FA Cup third round replay at Vale Park on 18 January . Slaven joined Darlington in February 1994 , who were struggling at the bottom of the Third Division . Despite playing at a lower standard , he found shooting chances hard to come by , and ended the 1994–95 campaign with two goals in 11 appearances . Darlington avoided dropping into non-league after Slaven scored the winning goal against Chesterfield that moved Darlington above Northampton Town and off the bottom of the table . The Quakers again fared poorly in 1994–95 under Alan Murray , and though Slaven managed to hit seven goals in 31 games he was given a free transfer in May 1995 . He took the decision to retire from professional football after a consultant advised him that a troubling back injury would only get worse with further stress . He played for Northern League side Billingham Synthonia during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons , scoring 22 goals in 21 appearances . International career . Slaven qualified for Republic of Ireland through his Irish grandfather . He took the decision to represent Ireland after being consistently overlooked for the Scotland team by manager Andy Roxburgh , and stated that : if Id been scoring for Celtic or Rangers Id have walked into the side , there are people getting in the team that can hardly play the game . After calling Slaven up in 1990 , Ireland manager Jack Charlton said that Bernie is the type of player who could benefit from Cascarinos knock downs.. . we have been looking for a player like Bernie for quite a while now . He made his international debut in a friendly on 28 March 1990 , and scored the only goal of the game against Wales from a rebound after Kevin Sheedy had a penalty saved by Neville Southall . He won a second cap as a substitute against Finland on 16 May , before he was named in the Ireland squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Slaven did not feature in the tournament however , and suffered from homesickness . Tony Cascarino claimed in his autobiography that Slaven would telephone his dog every night when away from home with the squad : .. . Bernie would be howling like Lassie into the phone Woof , woof , aru , aru , woof ! Hed be kissing the receiver and lavishing affection – Hello , lovey dovey – on a dog ! A church-going Catholic , Slaven stated that the highlight of the tournament was the day when the squad met Pope John Paul II at the Vatican . He won the last of his seven caps on 17 February 1993 , in a 2–1 win over Wales in a friendly at Tolka Park . Style of play . Slaven was a forward who scored many goals due to his excellent first touch , anticipation and finishing skills . He was criticised for his defending and heading skills , as well as his habit of frequently standing in an offside position . His customary goal celebration was to jump upon the fence at the Holgate End at Boros old ground , Ayresome Park . When the ground was knocked down in 1996 , Slaven acquired a section of the fence from the Holgate End and displayed it in his back garden for some years . Media career . Slaven was granted a testimonial game by Middlesbrough against Hereford United at the Riverside Stadium in 1996 , but was embarrassed by a low turnout of 3,537 . He went into radio after retiring as a player , and co-hosted Century FMs coverage of Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee from 1996 to 2007 . Brownlee tended to be positive and optimistic about Middlesbrough , whereas Slaven would be more critical and realistic . The pair also presented shows for NTLs Boro TV channel from 1997 until Slaven was sacked in December 2002 after he missed a filming session in protest at the companys habit of failing to pay wages on time . In 1999 , Slaven bared his buttocks in Binns department store window in Middlesbrough after telling Brownlee on Century FM that if Middlesbrough beat Manchester United at Old Trafford , he would perform the dare . Middlesbrough ran out 3–2 winners , so Slaven had to go ahead with the dare , with the score painted on his cheeks . He went on to recreate the moment on television for They Think Its All Overs Feel The Sportsman round . He announced his intention to stand for the newly created post of Mayor of Middlesbrough in October 2002 , but withdrew from the race before the election as his candidacy was a publicity stunt for Century FM rather than a serious attempt to enter politics . He went on to present Legends Football Phone-In for Real Radio North East and later Koast Radio from 200 to 2014 , alongside him were Malcolm Macdonald and Eric Gates who was replaced later by Micky Horswill . He released two autobiographies : Strikingly Different in 1996 , and Legend ? in 2007 . In 2015 Slaven became a Patron of Sporting Memories , a charity that supports former players and older fans living with dementia , depression or loneliness . Statistics . Club statistics . Source : Honours . - Individual - Albion Rovers F.C . Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Scottish Football League Second Division Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Middlesbrough F.C . Player of the Year : 1988–89 , 1989–90 - Middlesbrough - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1986–87 - Football League Second Division play-off winner : 1988 - Full Members Cup runner up : 1990 - Football League Second Division runner-up : 1991–92 - Port Vale - Football League Trophy winner : 1993

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Bernie Slaven played for which team from 1993 to 1994?

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Bernie Slaven Bernard Joseph Slaven ( born 13 November 1960 ) is a former professional football striker . He scored 223 goals in 567 league and cup appearances over the course of an 18-year career and also earned seven caps for the Republic of Ireland . He started his career in his native Scotland with Greenock Morton in 1980 , before moving on to Airdrieonians , Queen of the South , and then Albion Rovers in 1983 . He scored 31 goals in 43 appearances to become to highest scorer in the Scottish Football League in the 1984–85 campaign , before he was sold on to Middlesbrough for a fee of £25,000 early in the following season . He was promoted three times with the club : out of the Third Division in 1986–87 , out of the Second Division via the play-offs in 1988 , and again out of the Second Division in 1991–92 . He also played for Middlesbrough in the 1990 final of the Full Members Cup , and became the first Irish player to score a goal in the Premier League in the inaugural 1992–93 season . He was twice named as the clubs Player of the Year and scored a total of 146 goals in 381 appearances during his eight years at Ayresome Park . He took a free transfer to Port Vale in March 1993 , and helped the club to lift the Football League Trophy two months later . He returned to the North-East in February 1994 after joining Darlington on a free transfer . He helped the club to avoid finishing bottom of the English Football League at the end of the season , before he announced his retirement in May 1995 . He later played non-league football for Billingham Synthonia . He went into radio after retiring as a player , presenting shows and providing commentary on Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee for Century Network and Real Radio . He also presented television programmes on Boro TV and published two autobiographies . Despite being born in Scotland , his Irish grandfather enabled him to win seven caps for the Republic of Ireland , which he did between 1990 and 1993 . This short international career resulted in the honour of being named in Irelands 1990 FIFA World Cup squad – though he did not feature in the tournament . Club career . Early career . Bernie Slaven was born on 13 November 1960 ; he was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire but grew up in the Castlemilk area of Glasgow . An only child , his father , Hugh , was a delivery driver for the Co-op and his mother , Alice , was a tailor . He joined Partick Thistle Amateurs at the age of 14 and played at left-half . He went on to play for Eastercraigs , and again played left-half as their centre-forward was future Everton player Graeme Sharp . At the age of 18 , Slaven rejected an approach from Scottish Second Division club East Stirlingshire and instead joined junior league side Johnstone Burgh . However , he soon became disillusioned with the long train journeys to Johnstone and stopped going to the club . After his contract with Johnstone Burgh ended he joined local club Rutherglen Glencairn . During his time as an amateur footballer he worked for the Co-op , before spending some time unemployed . He was transferred to Greenock Morton in December 1980 for a fee of £750 , but remained with Rutherglen Glencairn for the rest of the season . He made his debut for Morton as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win over Airdrieonians in October 1981 . He made his first start against Celtic at Cappielow , and had a goal disallowed during the game , which ended in a 1–1 draw . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Airdrieonians , which was the only goal of his 13 Scottish Premier Division appearances in the 1981–82 season . He soon fell out with manager Benny Rooney after demanding more game time . Slaven made nine non-scoring appearances during the 1982–83 campaign , and was released in the summer . Slaven joined Scottish First Division club Airdrieonians on a one-month contract after manager Bill Munro needed short-term replacements during an injury crisis . He then spent three months without a club , before signing with Dumfries side Queen of the South . He played two Second Division matches for the club before again becoming a free agent . He made little impression at Palmerston Park , and in a later interview teammate George Cloy said of Slaven , He was just a man who liked playing football . He was a nice enough guy but he wasnt one of the more rowdy ones . He joined Albion Rovers in April 1983 after being signed by Benny Rooney – his former manager at Morton ; however it would be Rooneys successor , Andy Ritchie , who converted Slaven from a left-half into a centre-forward . In this new position he scored 31 goals in the 1984–85 season with many set up by Vic Kasule . Slaven won the 1984–85 Daily Record Golden Shot award in the process . Ritchie would not enjoy the benefits of his decision though , as he was replaced by Joe Baker early in the season , and Baker went to also appoint Slaven as club captain . Slaven went on to be named as both the clubs and the divisions Player of the Year . During this time as a semi-professional he was working as a gardener , but Rovers chairman Tom Fagan demanded £40,000 to sell Slaven , which was a high price for a non-professional third-tier player . Slaven refused to play for Rovers , and was subsequently contacted by a reporter from The Sunday Post , who wrote to 54 English and Scottish clubs on his behalf . Middlesbrough responded to the letter with the offer of a two-week trial . Middlesbrough . In a trial game against Bradford City , Slaven scored and impressed enough to win a move to the club , who secured his services after paying Albion Rovers a £25,000 fee . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Leeds United at Elland Road on 12 October , and seven days later scored on his competitive home debut for the club to secure a 1–1 draw with Bradford City . Middlesbrough went on a run of five wins in eight games during November and December , but manager Willie Maddren was sacked after picking up just one point in January . Slaven scored two headed goals to secure a 3–1 victory over Grimsby Town on 4 March in new manager Bruce Riochs first match in charge . However the final game of the 1985–86 season against Shrewsbury Town guaranteed safety for the winners and relegation for the losers , and a 2–1 defeat for Boro saw the club relegated out of the Second Division . Middlesbrough entered liquidation during the 1986–87 season , and the Official receiver sacked Rioch and his staff and banned the club from Ayresome Park . After a new consortium rescued the club Rioch was reinstated as manager , and though he used the opportunity to overhaul the clubs playing staff , Rioch made Slaven a key part of his new squad . Despite this , Rioch was not afraid to publicly criticise Slaven , and following the clubs first defeat of the season by Blackpool on 11 October stated that ...hes overdue a good performance , I wasnt pleased with his form and its time to show us what he gets paid for . He responded well to the criticism , and scored all three goals when Blackpool returned to Ayresome Park in the FA Cup the following month . He played in all the clubs 58 league and cup games that season , scoring 22 goals , to help Middlesbrough to secure promotion as runners-up to Bournemouth . He helped secure a second successive promotion in 1987–88 , which saw Middlesbrough rise from the Third Division to the First Division within two years of avoiding liquidation . He scored 24 goals in 58 appearances , including hat-tricks in a 4–1 win at Huddersfield Town and a 4–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town . However Middlesbrough lost to Leicester City on the last day of the season and so finished third behind Aston Villa on goals scored , and needed to secure promotion through the play-offs . He scored against Bradford City in the play-off semi-final to help secure a 3–2 aggregate victory and a place against Chelsea in the play-off final . He provided an assist for Trevor Senior in the first leg at Ayresome Park and then scored Boros second goal to secure a 2–0 win ; Chelsea won the return fixture 1–0 at Stamford Bridge , but Middlesbrough won 2–1 on aggregate to replace Chelsea in the top-flight . Slaven scored a first-half hat-trick in a 4–3 win over Coventry City on 1 October , shortly after he and several teammates agreed new four-year contracts with Middlesbrough . At the end of the month he was moved to the left-wing to accommodate new club record signing Peter Davenport , but he soon was returned to centre-forward after Davenport struggled to score the goals to justify his £700,000 transfer fee . In November , Slaven was dropped from the starting eleven for the trip to face Nottingham Forest , which brought to an end his run of 136 consecutive league appearances . The team struggled in the second half of the 1988–89 season , and when Slaven scored both goals in a 2–1 win over West Ham United at Upton Park on 11 April he ended the clubs run of 11 league games without a victory . Middlesbrough dropped into the relegation zone for the first time on the last day of the season ; their 1–0 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday confirmed Middlesbroughs relegation alongside West Ham United and Newcastle United . Having scored 15 league goals despite playing many games on the left-wing of a relegated team , Slaven was named as the North-East Player of the Year by local journalists . Middlesbrough struggled with injuries throughout the 1989–90 campaign , and ended up finishing just one place above the relegation zone , leading to Riochs dismissal . They did however manage to beat Port Vale , Sheffield Wednesday , Newcastle United , and Aston Villa to reach Wembley to face Chelsea in the 1990 Full Members Cup Final ; this was the clubs first appearance at Wembley . The final itself was to be a disappointment however , with a free-kick from Chelseas Tony Dorigo proving to be the only goal of the afternoon . Despite Middlesbrough finishing in 21st-place , Slaven scored 32 goals in all competitions , which led to speculation of a move away from Ayresome Park . He handed in a written transfer request , which was turned down by manager Colin Todd , and Slaven agreed to a new contract and withdrew his transfer request . He went six games without a goal early in the 1990–91 season , but broke this run with a hat-trick in a 4–2 win over Brighton & Hove Albion at the Goldstone Ground on 27 October . However , he was substituted at half-time during a home defeat to Charlton Athletic on 10 November , and reacted badly , leaving the ground and not witnessing the second half . He returned to the starting eleven the following week , and went on to claim a goal in his next five appearances . However , he again fell out with Todd after being played at left-wing in January , and was dropped from the first team altogether after telling the media that if the manager is not going to play me in the middle , then he should drop me . He returned to the centre-forward role , and claimed two goals in a 3–0 home win over rivals Newcastle United on 12 March , though went on to finish the season on a run of 15 games without a goal . Middlesbrough finished in the play-off places , but lost out to Notts County in the semi-finals . Todd intended on an overhaul of the playing squad and placed Slaven on the transfer-list along with ten of his teammates . Todd was sacked in June 1991 , and his successor Lennie Lawrence decided to keep Slaven and to play him in a partnership with new signing Paul Wilkinson . However Slaven picked up a calf strain in pre-season and lost his first team place to Stuart Ripley . He regained his first team place early in September after scoring three goals as a substitute against Portsmouth and Oxford United . On 28 September , he scored the opening goal in a 2–1 victory over rivals Sunderland . However Lawrence felt that Slaven was too individualistic , and in November he spent £700,000 on Hull City striker Andy Payton , who he hoped would prove to be an effective striker partner for Paul Wilkinson . Payton scored on his debut against Bristol City on 23 November , but Slaven claimed the other two goals in a 3–1 victory , and Payton left the field on a stretcher after picking up an injury . However Slaven injured his knee in January and after undergoing surgery was ruled out of action for five weeks . He scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Brighton on 21 March , but fell out with Lawrence and was dropped for the end of season promotion run-in . He returned for the crucial final game of the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers however , and set up a late Jon Gittens equaliser , before a late winner from Wilkinson secured a 2–1 victory and the second automatic promotion place for Middlesbrough . On 19 August 1992 , he became Irelands first goalscorer in the Premier League when he scored both Middlesbrough goals in a 2–0 win over Manchester City . With Payton and Ripley both moved on , Slaven started seven of the clubs first ten Premier League games of the 1992–93 season , and scored in consecutive games against Aston Villa and Manchester United . His goal against Manchester United on 3 October proved to be his last for Middlesbrough as Lawrence began playing Wilkinson on his own up front from October , leaving Slaven on the bench for most of the rest of the campaign . Slaven again requested a transfer , and Lawrence said he would listen to any offers the club received . Lawrence sent Slaven to train with the youth team after the pair fell out during a training ground session , and Slaven was made available on a free transfer after he told the press how strained the pairs relationship had become . Later career . In March 1993 , Slaven signed for John Rudges Second Division Port Vale on a free transfer . He was sent off on his debut in a 1–0 win over Leyton Orient at Brisbane Road on 20 March – the first red card of his career – after kicking Adrian Whitbread in retaliation for a bad challenge . He scored his first goal for the Valiants with a 25-yard volley in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic at Springfield Park on 17 April . Four days later he scored the only goal of the game in the Football League Trophy southern area final second leg match with Exeter City at St James Park to secure Vale a place in the final . He also scored on the final day of the season to help turn round a half-time 2–1 deficit to Blackpool at Bloomfield Road into a 4–2 win ; however they ended the season in third-place , one point behind promoted Bolton Wanderers , and so entered the play-offs . He went on to provid the cross for Martin Foyle to score the winning goal past Stockport County in the play-off semi-finals . Stockport County were also Vales opponents in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley on 22 May , and Slaven managed to set up Paul Kerr for Vales first goal before scoring the second decisive goal of a 2–1 victory . Ironically it was Sky TVs match summariser , Lennie Lawrence , who was tasked with naming Slaven as the man of the match just two months after letting him go on a free transfer . Eight days later he featured again at Wembley in the play-off Final , which ended in a 3–0 defeat to West Bromwich Albion . He started the 1993–94 season with a hat-trick in a 6–0 win over Barnet in the first home game of the campaign on 21 August . However , he picked up a calf strain and lost his first team place to Nicky Cross , who performed well in Slavens absence . He was also punched in the face by Peter Swan in a training ground incident , though the pair would eventually make up and become friends . Slaven wanted to return to the North-East to be with his wife Karen and new-born son Dominic , however manager John Rudge was reluctant to lose Slaven despite being unable to promise him a contract for the following season . He scored his last goal for the club in a 1–0 win over Premier League Southampton in an FA Cup third round replay at Vale Park on 18 January . Slaven joined Darlington in February 1994 , who were struggling at the bottom of the Third Division . Despite playing at a lower standard , he found shooting chances hard to come by , and ended the 1994–95 campaign with two goals in 11 appearances . Darlington avoided dropping into non-league after Slaven scored the winning goal against Chesterfield that moved Darlington above Northampton Town and off the bottom of the table . The Quakers again fared poorly in 1994–95 under Alan Murray , and though Slaven managed to hit seven goals in 31 games he was given a free transfer in May 1995 . He took the decision to retire from professional football after a consultant advised him that a troubling back injury would only get worse with further stress . He played for Northern League side Billingham Synthonia during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons , scoring 22 goals in 21 appearances . International career . Slaven qualified for Republic of Ireland through his Irish grandfather . He took the decision to represent Ireland after being consistently overlooked for the Scotland team by manager Andy Roxburgh , and stated that : if Id been scoring for Celtic or Rangers Id have walked into the side , there are people getting in the team that can hardly play the game . After calling Slaven up in 1990 , Ireland manager Jack Charlton said that Bernie is the type of player who could benefit from Cascarinos knock downs.. . we have been looking for a player like Bernie for quite a while now . He made his international debut in a friendly on 28 March 1990 , and scored the only goal of the game against Wales from a rebound after Kevin Sheedy had a penalty saved by Neville Southall . He won a second cap as a substitute against Finland on 16 May , before he was named in the Ireland squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Slaven did not feature in the tournament however , and suffered from homesickness . Tony Cascarino claimed in his autobiography that Slaven would telephone his dog every night when away from home with the squad : .. . Bernie would be howling like Lassie into the phone Woof , woof , aru , aru , woof ! Hed be kissing the receiver and lavishing affection – Hello , lovey dovey – on a dog ! A church-going Catholic , Slaven stated that the highlight of the tournament was the day when the squad met Pope John Paul II at the Vatican . He won the last of his seven caps on 17 February 1993 , in a 2–1 win over Wales in a friendly at Tolka Park . Style of play . Slaven was a forward who scored many goals due to his excellent first touch , anticipation and finishing skills . He was criticised for his defending and heading skills , as well as his habit of frequently standing in an offside position . His customary goal celebration was to jump upon the fence at the Holgate End at Boros old ground , Ayresome Park . When the ground was knocked down in 1996 , Slaven acquired a section of the fence from the Holgate End and displayed it in his back garden for some years . Media career . Slaven was granted a testimonial game by Middlesbrough against Hereford United at the Riverside Stadium in 1996 , but was embarrassed by a low turnout of 3,537 . He went into radio after retiring as a player , and co-hosted Century FMs coverage of Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee from 1996 to 2007 . Brownlee tended to be positive and optimistic about Middlesbrough , whereas Slaven would be more critical and realistic . The pair also presented shows for NTLs Boro TV channel from 1997 until Slaven was sacked in December 2002 after he missed a filming session in protest at the companys habit of failing to pay wages on time . In 1999 , Slaven bared his buttocks in Binns department store window in Middlesbrough after telling Brownlee on Century FM that if Middlesbrough beat Manchester United at Old Trafford , he would perform the dare . Middlesbrough ran out 3–2 winners , so Slaven had to go ahead with the dare , with the score painted on his cheeks . He went on to recreate the moment on television for They Think Its All Overs Feel The Sportsman round . He announced his intention to stand for the newly created post of Mayor of Middlesbrough in October 2002 , but withdrew from the race before the election as his candidacy was a publicity stunt for Century FM rather than a serious attempt to enter politics . He went on to present Legends Football Phone-In for Real Radio North East and later Koast Radio from 200 to 2014 , alongside him were Malcolm Macdonald and Eric Gates who was replaced later by Micky Horswill . He released two autobiographies : Strikingly Different in 1996 , and Legend ? in 2007 . In 2015 Slaven became a Patron of Sporting Memories , a charity that supports former players and older fans living with dementia , depression or loneliness . Statistics . Club statistics . Source : Honours . - Individual - Albion Rovers F.C . Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Scottish Football League Second Division Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Middlesbrough F.C . Player of the Year : 1988–89 , 1989–90 - Middlesbrough - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1986–87 - Football League Second Division play-off winner : 1988 - Full Members Cup runner up : 1990 - Football League Second Division runner-up : 1991–92 - Port Vale - Football League Trophy winner : 1993

easy

Which team did Bernie Slaven play for from 1994 to 1995?

/wiki/Bernie_Slaven#P54#4

Bernie Slaven Bernard Joseph Slaven ( born 13 November 1960 ) is a former professional football striker . He scored 223 goals in 567 league and cup appearances over the course of an 18-year career and also earned seven caps for the Republic of Ireland . He started his career in his native Scotland with Greenock Morton in 1980 , before moving on to Airdrieonians , Queen of the South , and then Albion Rovers in 1983 . He scored 31 goals in 43 appearances to become to highest scorer in the Scottish Football League in the 1984–85 campaign , before he was sold on to Middlesbrough for a fee of £25,000 early in the following season . He was promoted three times with the club : out of the Third Division in 1986–87 , out of the Second Division via the play-offs in 1988 , and again out of the Second Division in 1991–92 . He also played for Middlesbrough in the 1990 final of the Full Members Cup , and became the first Irish player to score a goal in the Premier League in the inaugural 1992–93 season . He was twice named as the clubs Player of the Year and scored a total of 146 goals in 381 appearances during his eight years at Ayresome Park . He took a free transfer to Port Vale in March 1993 , and helped the club to lift the Football League Trophy two months later . He returned to the North-East in February 1994 after joining Darlington on a free transfer . He helped the club to avoid finishing bottom of the English Football League at the end of the season , before he announced his retirement in May 1995 . He later played non-league football for Billingham Synthonia . He went into radio after retiring as a player , presenting shows and providing commentary on Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee for Century Network and Real Radio . He also presented television programmes on Boro TV and published two autobiographies . Despite being born in Scotland , his Irish grandfather enabled him to win seven caps for the Republic of Ireland , which he did between 1990 and 1993 . This short international career resulted in the honour of being named in Irelands 1990 FIFA World Cup squad – though he did not feature in the tournament . Club career . Early career . Bernie Slaven was born on 13 November 1960 ; he was born in Paisley , Renfrewshire but grew up in the Castlemilk area of Glasgow . An only child , his father , Hugh , was a delivery driver for the Co-op and his mother , Alice , was a tailor . He joined Partick Thistle Amateurs at the age of 14 and played at left-half . He went on to play for Eastercraigs , and again played left-half as their centre-forward was future Everton player Graeme Sharp . At the age of 18 , Slaven rejected an approach from Scottish Second Division club East Stirlingshire and instead joined junior league side Johnstone Burgh . However , he soon became disillusioned with the long train journeys to Johnstone and stopped going to the club . After his contract with Johnstone Burgh ended he joined local club Rutherglen Glencairn . During his time as an amateur footballer he worked for the Co-op , before spending some time unemployed . He was transferred to Greenock Morton in December 1980 for a fee of £750 , but remained with Rutherglen Glencairn for the rest of the season . He made his debut for Morton as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win over Airdrieonians in October 1981 . He made his first start against Celtic at Cappielow , and had a goal disallowed during the game , which ended in a 1–1 draw . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1–1 draw with Airdrieonians , which was the only goal of his 13 Scottish Premier Division appearances in the 1981–82 season . He soon fell out with manager Benny Rooney after demanding more game time . Slaven made nine non-scoring appearances during the 1982–83 campaign , and was released in the summer . Slaven joined Scottish First Division club Airdrieonians on a one-month contract after manager Bill Munro needed short-term replacements during an injury crisis . He then spent three months without a club , before signing with Dumfries side Queen of the South . He played two Second Division matches for the club before again becoming a free agent . He made little impression at Palmerston Park , and in a later interview teammate George Cloy said of Slaven , He was just a man who liked playing football . He was a nice enough guy but he wasnt one of the more rowdy ones . He joined Albion Rovers in April 1983 after being signed by Benny Rooney – his former manager at Morton ; however it would be Rooneys successor , Andy Ritchie , who converted Slaven from a left-half into a centre-forward . In this new position he scored 31 goals in the 1984–85 season with many set up by Vic Kasule . Slaven won the 1984–85 Daily Record Golden Shot award in the process . Ritchie would not enjoy the benefits of his decision though , as he was replaced by Joe Baker early in the season , and Baker went to also appoint Slaven as club captain . Slaven went on to be named as both the clubs and the divisions Player of the Year . During this time as a semi-professional he was working as a gardener , but Rovers chairman Tom Fagan demanded £40,000 to sell Slaven , which was a high price for a non-professional third-tier player . Slaven refused to play for Rovers , and was subsequently contacted by a reporter from The Sunday Post , who wrote to 54 English and Scottish clubs on his behalf . Middlesbrough responded to the letter with the offer of a two-week trial . Middlesbrough . In a trial game against Bradford City , Slaven scored and impressed enough to win a move to the club , who secured his services after paying Albion Rovers a £25,000 fee . He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Leeds United at Elland Road on 12 October , and seven days later scored on his competitive home debut for the club to secure a 1–1 draw with Bradford City . Middlesbrough went on a run of five wins in eight games during November and December , but manager Willie Maddren was sacked after picking up just one point in January . Slaven scored two headed goals to secure a 3–1 victory over Grimsby Town on 4 March in new manager Bruce Riochs first match in charge . However the final game of the 1985–86 season against Shrewsbury Town guaranteed safety for the winners and relegation for the losers , and a 2–1 defeat for Boro saw the club relegated out of the Second Division . Middlesbrough entered liquidation during the 1986–87 season , and the Official receiver sacked Rioch and his staff and banned the club from Ayresome Park . After a new consortium rescued the club Rioch was reinstated as manager , and though he used the opportunity to overhaul the clubs playing staff , Rioch made Slaven a key part of his new squad . Despite this , Rioch was not afraid to publicly criticise Slaven , and following the clubs first defeat of the season by Blackpool on 11 October stated that ...hes overdue a good performance , I wasnt pleased with his form and its time to show us what he gets paid for . He responded well to the criticism , and scored all three goals when Blackpool returned to Ayresome Park in the FA Cup the following month . He played in all the clubs 58 league and cup games that season , scoring 22 goals , to help Middlesbrough to secure promotion as runners-up to Bournemouth . He helped secure a second successive promotion in 1987–88 , which saw Middlesbrough rise from the Third Division to the First Division within two years of avoiding liquidation . He scored 24 goals in 58 appearances , including hat-tricks in a 4–1 win at Huddersfield Town and a 4–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town . However Middlesbrough lost to Leicester City on the last day of the season and so finished third behind Aston Villa on goals scored , and needed to secure promotion through the play-offs . He scored against Bradford City in the play-off semi-final to help secure a 3–2 aggregate victory and a place against Chelsea in the play-off final . He provided an assist for Trevor Senior in the first leg at Ayresome Park and then scored Boros second goal to secure a 2–0 win ; Chelsea won the return fixture 1–0 at Stamford Bridge , but Middlesbrough won 2–1 on aggregate to replace Chelsea in the top-flight . Slaven scored a first-half hat-trick in a 4–3 win over Coventry City on 1 October , shortly after he and several teammates agreed new four-year contracts with Middlesbrough . At the end of the month he was moved to the left-wing to accommodate new club record signing Peter Davenport , but he soon was returned to centre-forward after Davenport struggled to score the goals to justify his £700,000 transfer fee . In November , Slaven was dropped from the starting eleven for the trip to face Nottingham Forest , which brought to an end his run of 136 consecutive league appearances . The team struggled in the second half of the 1988–89 season , and when Slaven scored both goals in a 2–1 win over West Ham United at Upton Park on 11 April he ended the clubs run of 11 league games without a victory . Middlesbrough dropped into the relegation zone for the first time on the last day of the season ; their 1–0 defeat at Sheffield Wednesday confirmed Middlesbroughs relegation alongside West Ham United and Newcastle United . Having scored 15 league goals despite playing many games on the left-wing of a relegated team , Slaven was named as the North-East Player of the Year by local journalists . Middlesbrough struggled with injuries throughout the 1989–90 campaign , and ended up finishing just one place above the relegation zone , leading to Riochs dismissal . They did however manage to beat Port Vale , Sheffield Wednesday , Newcastle United , and Aston Villa to reach Wembley to face Chelsea in the 1990 Full Members Cup Final ; this was the clubs first appearance at Wembley . The final itself was to be a disappointment however , with a free-kick from Chelseas Tony Dorigo proving to be the only goal of the afternoon . Despite Middlesbrough finishing in 21st-place , Slaven scored 32 goals in all competitions , which led to speculation of a move away from Ayresome Park . He handed in a written transfer request , which was turned down by manager Colin Todd , and Slaven agreed to a new contract and withdrew his transfer request . He went six games without a goal early in the 1990–91 season , but broke this run with a hat-trick in a 4–2 win over Brighton & Hove Albion at the Goldstone Ground on 27 October . However , he was substituted at half-time during a home defeat to Charlton Athletic on 10 November , and reacted badly , leaving the ground and not witnessing the second half . He returned to the starting eleven the following week , and went on to claim a goal in his next five appearances . However , he again fell out with Todd after being played at left-wing in January , and was dropped from the first team altogether after telling the media that if the manager is not going to play me in the middle , then he should drop me . He returned to the centre-forward role , and claimed two goals in a 3–0 home win over rivals Newcastle United on 12 March , though went on to finish the season on a run of 15 games without a goal . Middlesbrough finished in the play-off places , but lost out to Notts County in the semi-finals . Todd intended on an overhaul of the playing squad and placed Slaven on the transfer-list along with ten of his teammates . Todd was sacked in June 1991 , and his successor Lennie Lawrence decided to keep Slaven and to play him in a partnership with new signing Paul Wilkinson . However Slaven picked up a calf strain in pre-season and lost his first team place to Stuart Ripley . He regained his first team place early in September after scoring three goals as a substitute against Portsmouth and Oxford United . On 28 September , he scored the opening goal in a 2–1 victory over rivals Sunderland . However Lawrence felt that Slaven was too individualistic , and in November he spent £700,000 on Hull City striker Andy Payton , who he hoped would prove to be an effective striker partner for Paul Wilkinson . Payton scored on his debut against Bristol City on 23 November , but Slaven claimed the other two goals in a 3–1 victory , and Payton left the field on a stretcher after picking up an injury . However Slaven injured his knee in January and after undergoing surgery was ruled out of action for five weeks . He scored a hat-trick in a 4–0 win over Brighton on 21 March , but fell out with Lawrence and was dropped for the end of season promotion run-in . He returned for the crucial final game of the season against Wolverhampton Wanderers however , and set up a late Jon Gittens equaliser , before a late winner from Wilkinson secured a 2–1 victory and the second automatic promotion place for Middlesbrough . On 19 August 1992 , he became Irelands first goalscorer in the Premier League when he scored both Middlesbrough goals in a 2–0 win over Manchester City . With Payton and Ripley both moved on , Slaven started seven of the clubs first ten Premier League games of the 1992–93 season , and scored in consecutive games against Aston Villa and Manchester United . His goal against Manchester United on 3 October proved to be his last for Middlesbrough as Lawrence began playing Wilkinson on his own up front from October , leaving Slaven on the bench for most of the rest of the campaign . Slaven again requested a transfer , and Lawrence said he would listen to any offers the club received . Lawrence sent Slaven to train with the youth team after the pair fell out during a training ground session , and Slaven was made available on a free transfer after he told the press how strained the pairs relationship had become . Later career . In March 1993 , Slaven signed for John Rudges Second Division Port Vale on a free transfer . He was sent off on his debut in a 1–0 win over Leyton Orient at Brisbane Road on 20 March – the first red card of his career – after kicking Adrian Whitbread in retaliation for a bad challenge . He scored his first goal for the Valiants with a 25-yard volley in a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic at Springfield Park on 17 April . Four days later he scored the only goal of the game in the Football League Trophy southern area final second leg match with Exeter City at St James Park to secure Vale a place in the final . He also scored on the final day of the season to help turn round a half-time 2–1 deficit to Blackpool at Bloomfield Road into a 4–2 win ; however they ended the season in third-place , one point behind promoted Bolton Wanderers , and so entered the play-offs . He went on to provid the cross for Martin Foyle to score the winning goal past Stockport County in the play-off semi-finals . Stockport County were also Vales opponents in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley on 22 May , and Slaven managed to set up Paul Kerr for Vales first goal before scoring the second decisive goal of a 2–1 victory . Ironically it was Sky TVs match summariser , Lennie Lawrence , who was tasked with naming Slaven as the man of the match just two months after letting him go on a free transfer . Eight days later he featured again at Wembley in the play-off Final , which ended in a 3–0 defeat to West Bromwich Albion . He started the 1993–94 season with a hat-trick in a 6–0 win over Barnet in the first home game of the campaign on 21 August . However , he picked up a calf strain and lost his first team place to Nicky Cross , who performed well in Slavens absence . He was also punched in the face by Peter Swan in a training ground incident , though the pair would eventually make up and become friends . Slaven wanted to return to the North-East to be with his wife Karen and new-born son Dominic , however manager John Rudge was reluctant to lose Slaven despite being unable to promise him a contract for the following season . He scored his last goal for the club in a 1–0 win over Premier League Southampton in an FA Cup third round replay at Vale Park on 18 January . Slaven joined Darlington in February 1994 , who were struggling at the bottom of the Third Division . Despite playing at a lower standard , he found shooting chances hard to come by , and ended the 1994–95 campaign with two goals in 11 appearances . Darlington avoided dropping into non-league after Slaven scored the winning goal against Chesterfield that moved Darlington above Northampton Town and off the bottom of the table . The Quakers again fared poorly in 1994–95 under Alan Murray , and though Slaven managed to hit seven goals in 31 games he was given a free transfer in May 1995 . He took the decision to retire from professional football after a consultant advised him that a troubling back injury would only get worse with further stress . He played for Northern League side Billingham Synthonia during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons , scoring 22 goals in 21 appearances . International career . Slaven qualified for Republic of Ireland through his Irish grandfather . He took the decision to represent Ireland after being consistently overlooked for the Scotland team by manager Andy Roxburgh , and stated that : if Id been scoring for Celtic or Rangers Id have walked into the side , there are people getting in the team that can hardly play the game . After calling Slaven up in 1990 , Ireland manager Jack Charlton said that Bernie is the type of player who could benefit from Cascarinos knock downs.. . we have been looking for a player like Bernie for quite a while now . He made his international debut in a friendly on 28 March 1990 , and scored the only goal of the game against Wales from a rebound after Kevin Sheedy had a penalty saved by Neville Southall . He won a second cap as a substitute against Finland on 16 May , before he was named in the Ireland squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Slaven did not feature in the tournament however , and suffered from homesickness . Tony Cascarino claimed in his autobiography that Slaven would telephone his dog every night when away from home with the squad : .. . Bernie would be howling like Lassie into the phone Woof , woof , aru , aru , woof ! Hed be kissing the receiver and lavishing affection – Hello , lovey dovey – on a dog ! A church-going Catholic , Slaven stated that the highlight of the tournament was the day when the squad met Pope John Paul II at the Vatican . He won the last of his seven caps on 17 February 1993 , in a 2–1 win over Wales in a friendly at Tolka Park . Style of play . Slaven was a forward who scored many goals due to his excellent first touch , anticipation and finishing skills . He was criticised for his defending and heading skills , as well as his habit of frequently standing in an offside position . His customary goal celebration was to jump upon the fence at the Holgate End at Boros old ground , Ayresome Park . When the ground was knocked down in 1996 , Slaven acquired a section of the fence from the Holgate End and displayed it in his back garden for some years . Media career . Slaven was granted a testimonial game by Middlesbrough against Hereford United at the Riverside Stadium in 1996 , but was embarrassed by a low turnout of 3,537 . He went into radio after retiring as a player , and co-hosted Century FMs coverage of Middlesbrough matches with Ali Brownlee from 1996 to 2007 . Brownlee tended to be positive and optimistic about Middlesbrough , whereas Slaven would be more critical and realistic . The pair also presented shows for NTLs Boro TV channel from 1997 until Slaven was sacked in December 2002 after he missed a filming session in protest at the companys habit of failing to pay wages on time . In 1999 , Slaven bared his buttocks in Binns department store window in Middlesbrough after telling Brownlee on Century FM that if Middlesbrough beat Manchester United at Old Trafford , he would perform the dare . Middlesbrough ran out 3–2 winners , so Slaven had to go ahead with the dare , with the score painted on his cheeks . He went on to recreate the moment on television for They Think Its All Overs Feel The Sportsman round . He announced his intention to stand for the newly created post of Mayor of Middlesbrough in October 2002 , but withdrew from the race before the election as his candidacy was a publicity stunt for Century FM rather than a serious attempt to enter politics . He went on to present Legends Football Phone-In for Real Radio North East and later Koast Radio from 200 to 2014 , alongside him were Malcolm Macdonald and Eric Gates who was replaced later by Micky Horswill . He released two autobiographies : Strikingly Different in 1996 , and Legend ? in 2007 . In 2015 Slaven became a Patron of Sporting Memories , a charity that supports former players and older fans living with dementia , depression or loneliness . Statistics . Club statistics . Source : Honours . - Individual - Albion Rovers F.C . Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Scottish Football League Second Division Player of the Year : 1984–85 - Middlesbrough F.C . Player of the Year : 1988–89 , 1989–90 - Middlesbrough - Football League Third Division runner-up : 1986–87 - Football League Second Division play-off winner : 1988 - Full Members Cup runner up : 1990 - Football League Second Division runner-up : 1991–92 - Port Vale - Football League Trophy winner : 1993

easy

What was the name of the employer Felix Klein work for from 1872 to 1875?

/wiki/Felix_Klein#P108#0

Felix Klein Christian Felix Klein ( ; 25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925 ) was a German mathematician and mathematics educator , known for his work with group theory , complex analysis , non-Euclidean geometry , and on the associations between geometry and group theory . His 1872 Erlangen program , classifying geometries by their basic symmetry groups , was an influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the time . Life . Felix Klein was born on 25 April 1849 in Düsseldorf , to Prussian parents . His father , Caspar Klein ( 1809–1889 ) , was a Prussian government officials secretary stationed in the Rhine Province . His mother was Sophie Elise Klein ( 1819–1890 , née Kayser ) . He attended the Gymnasium in Düsseldorf , then studied mathematics and physics at the University of Bonn , 1865–1866 , intending to become a physicist . At that time , Julius Plücker had Bonns professorship of mathematics and experimental physics , but by the time Klein became his assistant , in 1866 , Plückers interest was mainly geometry . Klein received his doctorate , supervised by Plücker , from the University of Bonn in 1868 . Plücker died in 1868 , leaving his book concerning the basis of line geometry incomplete . Klein was the obvious person to complete the second part of Plückers Neue Geometrie des Raumes , and thus became acquainted with Alfred Clebsch , who had relocated to Göttingen in 1868 . Klein visited Clebsch the next year , along with visits to Berlin and Paris . In July 1870 , at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War , he was in Paris and had to leave the country . For a brief time he served as a medical orderly in the Prussian army before being appointed lecturer at Göttingen in early 1871 . Erlangen appointed Klein professor in 1872 , when he was only 23 years old . For this , he was endorsed by Clebsch , who regarded him as likely to become the best mathematician of his time . Klein did not wish to remain in Erlangen , where there were very few students , and was pleased to be offered a professorship at the Technische Hochschule München in 1875 . There he and Alexander von Brill taught advanced courses to many excellent students , including Adolf Hurwitz , Walther von Dyck , Karl Rohn , Carl Runge , Max Planck , Luigi Bianchi , and Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro . In 1875 Klein married Anne Hegel , granddaughter of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel . After spending five years at the Technische Hochschule , Klein was appointed to a chair of geometry at Leipzig . There his colleagues included Walther von Dyck , Rohn , Eduard Study and Friedrich Engel . Kleins years at Leipzig , 1880 to 1886 , fundamentally changed his life . In 1882 , his health collapsed ; in 1883–1884 , he was afflicted with depression . Nevertheless , his research continued ; his seminal work on hyperelliptic sigma functions , published between 1886 and 1888 , dates from around this period . Klein accepted a professorship at the University of Göttingen in 1886 . From then on , until his 1913 retirement , he sought to re-establish Göttingen as the worlds prime center fo mathematics research . However , he never managed to transfer from Leipzig to Göttingen his own leading role as developer of geometry . He taught a variety of courses at Göttingen , mainly concerning the interface between mathematics and physics , in particular , mechanics and potential theory . The research facility Klein established at Göttingen served as model for the best such facilities throughout the world . He introduced weekly discussion meetings , and created a mathematical reading room and library . In 1895 , Klein recruited David Hilbert from the University of Königsberg . This appointment proved of great importance ; Hilbert continued to enhance Göttingens primacy in mathematics until his own retirement in 1932 . Under Kleins editorship , Mathematische Annalen became one of the best mathematical journals in the world . Founded by Clebsch , it grew under Kleins management , to rival , and eventually surpass Crelles Journal , based at the University of Berlin . Klein established a small team of editors who met regularly , making decisions in a democratic spirit . The journal first specialized in complex analysis , algebraic geometry , and invariant theory . It also provided an important outlet for real analysis and the new group theory . In 1893 , Klein was a major speaker at the International Mathematical Congress held in Chicago as part of the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Due partly to Kleins efforts , Göttingen began admitting women in 1893 . He supervised the first Ph.D . thesis in mathematics written at Göttingen by a woman , by Grace Chisholm Young , an English student of Arthur Cayleys , whom Klein admired . In 1897 Klein became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . Around 1900 , Klein began to become interested in mathematical instruction in schools . In 1905 , he was instrumental in formulating a plan recommending that analytic geometry , the rudiments of differential and integral calculus , and the function concept be taught in secondary schools . This recommendation was gradually implemented in many countries around the world . In 1908 , Klein was elected president of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction at the Rome International Congress of Mathematicians . Under his guidance , the German part of the Commission published many volumes on the teaching of mathematics at all levels in Germany . The London Mathematical Society awarded Klein its De Morgan Medal in 1893 . He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1885 , and was awarded its Copley Medal in 1912 . He retired the following year due to ill health , but continued to teach mathematics at his home for several further years . Klein was one of ninety-three signatories of the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three , a document penned in support of the German invasion of Belgium in the early stages of World War I . He died in Göttingen in 1925 . Work . Kleins dissertation , on line geometry and its applications to mechanics , classified second degree line complexes using Weierstrasss theory of elementary divisors . Kleins first important mathematical discoveries were made during 1870 . In collaboration with Sophus Lie , he discovered the fundamental properties of the asymptotic lines on the Kummer surface . They later investigated W-curves , curves invariant under a group of projective transformations . It was Lie who introduced Klein to the concept of group , which was to have a major role in his later work . Klein also learned about groups from Camille Jordan . Klein devised the Klein bottle named after him , a one-sided closed surface which cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space , but it may be immersed as a cylinder looped back through itself to join with its other end from the inside . It may be embedded in the Euclidean space of dimensions 4 and higher . The concept of a Klein Bottle was devised as a 3-Dimensional Möbius strip , with one method of construction being the attachment of the edges of two Möbius strips . During the 1890s , Klein began studying mathematical physics more intensively , writing on the gyroscope with Arnold Sommerfeld . During 1894 , he initiated the idea of an encyclopedia of mathematics including its applications , which became the Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften . This enterprise , which endured until 1935 , provided an important standard reference of enduring value . Erlangen program . In 1871 , while at Göttingen , Klein made major discoveries in geometry . He published two papers On the So-called Non-Euclidean Geometry showing that Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries could be considered metric spaces determined by a Cayley–Klein metric . This insight had the corollary that non-Euclidean geometry was consistent if and only if Euclidean geometry was , giving the same status to geometries Euclidean and non-Euclidean , and ending all controversy about non-Euclidean geometry . Arthur Cayley never accepted Kleins argument , believing it to be circular . Kleins synthesis of geometry as the study of the properties of a space that is invariant under a given group of transformations , known as the Erlangen program ( 1872 ) , profoundly influenced the evolution of mathematics . This program was initiated by Kleins inaugural lecture as professor at Erlangen , although it was not the actual speech he gave on the occasion . The program proposed a unified system of geometry that has become the accepted modern method . Klein showed how the essential properties of a given geometry could be represented by the group of transformations that preserve those properties . Thus the programs definition of geometry encompassed both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry . Currently , the significance of Kleins contributions to geometry is evident . They have become so much part of mathematical thinking that it is difficult to appreciate their novelty when first presented , and understand the fact that they were not immediately accepted by all his contemporaries . Complex analysis . Klein saw his work on complex analysis as his major contribution to mathematics , specifically his work on : - The link between certain ideas of Riemann and invariant theory , - Number theory and abstract algebra ; - Group theory ; - Geometry in more than 3 dimensions and differential equations , especially equations he invented , satisfied by elliptic modular functions and automorphic functions . Klein showed that the modular group moves the fundamental region of the complex plane so as to tessellate the plane . In 1879 , he examined the action of PSL ( 2,7 ) , considered as an image of the modular group , and obtained an explicit representation of a Riemann surface now termed the Klein quartic . He showed that it was a complex curve in projective space , that its equation was and that its group of symmetries was PSL ( 2,7 ) of order 168 . His Ueber Riemanns Theorie der algebraischen Funktionen und ihre Integrale ( 1882 ) treats complex analysis in a geometric way , connecting potential theory and conformal mappings . This work drew on notions from fluid dynamics . Klein considered equations of degree > 4 , and was especially interested in using transcendental methods to solve the general equation of the fifth degree . Building on methods of Charles Hermite and Leopold Kronecker , he produced similar results to those of Brioschi and later completely solved the problem by means of the icosahedral group . This work enabled him to write a series of papers on elliptic modular functions . In his 1884 book on the icosahedron , Klein established a theory of automorphic functions , associating algebra and geometry . Poincaré had published an outline of his theory of automorphic functions in 1881 , which resulted in a friendly rivalry between the two men . Both sought to state and prove a grand uniformization theorem that would establish the new theory more completely . Klein succeeded in formulating such a theorem and in describing a strategy for proving it . Klein summarized his work on automorphic and elliptic modular functions in a four volume treatise , written with Robert Fricke over a period of about 20 years . Selected works . - 1882 : Über Riemanns Theorie der Algebraischen Functionen und ihre Integrale - , also available from Cornell - 1884:Vorlesungen über das Ikosaeder und die Auflösung der Gleichungen vom 5ten Grade - English translation by G . G . Morrice ( 1888 ) Lectures on the Ikosahedron ; and the Solution of Equations of the Fifth Degree via Internet Archive - 1886 : Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Erster Aufsatz p . 323–356 , Mathematische Annalen Bd . 27 , - 1888 : Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Zweiter Aufsatz p . 357–387 , Math . Annalen , Bd . 32 , - 1894 : Über die hypergeometrische Funktion - 1894 : Über lineare Differentialgleichungen der 2 . Ordnung - 1897 : ( with Arnold Sommerfeld ) Theorie des Kreisels ( later volumes : 1898 , 1903 , 1910 ) - 1890 : ( with Robert Fricke ) Vorlesungen über die Theorie der elliptischen Modulfunktionen ( 2 volumes ) and 1892 ) - 1894 : Evanston Colloquium ( 1893 ) reported and published by Ziwet ( New York , 1894 ) - Zweiter Band . 1901 . - 1901 : - 1897 : Mathematical Theory of the Top ( Princeton address , New York ) - 1895 : Vorträge über ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie - 1897 : English translation by W . W . Beman and D . E . Smith Famous Problems of Elementary Geometry via Internet Archive - 1908 : Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus ( Leipzig ) - 1926 : Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19 . Jahrhundert ( 2 Bände ) , Julius Springer Verlag , Berlin & 1927 . S . Felix Klein Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19 . Jahrhundert - 1928 : Vorlesungen über nichteuklidische Geometrie , Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften , Springer Verlag - 1933 : Vorlesungen über die hypergeometrische Funktion , Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften , Springer Verlag Bibliography . - 1887 . The arithmetizing of mathematics in Ewald , William B. , ed. , 1996 . From Kant to Hilbert : A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics , 2 vols . Oxford Uni . Press : 965–71 . - 1921 . Felix Klein gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen R . Fricke and A . Ostrowski ( eds. ) Berlin , Springer . 3 volumes . ( online copy at GDZ ) - 1890 . Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie

easy

Who did Felix Klein work for from 1875 to 1880?

/wiki/Felix_Klein#P108#1

Felix Klein Christian Felix Klein ( ; 25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925 ) was a German mathematician and mathematics educator , known for his work with group theory , complex analysis , non-Euclidean geometry , and on the associations between geometry and group theory . His 1872 Erlangen program , classifying geometries by their basic symmetry groups , was an influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the time . Life . Felix Klein was born on 25 April 1849 in Düsseldorf , to Prussian parents . His father , Caspar Klein ( 1809–1889 ) , was a Prussian government officials secretary stationed in the Rhine Province . His mother was Sophie Elise Klein ( 1819–1890 , née Kayser ) . He attended the Gymnasium in Düsseldorf , then studied mathematics and physics at the University of Bonn , 1865–1866 , intending to become a physicist . At that time , Julius Plücker had Bonns professorship of mathematics and experimental physics , but by the time Klein became his assistant , in 1866 , Plückers interest was mainly geometry . Klein received his doctorate , supervised by Plücker , from the University of Bonn in 1868 . Plücker died in 1868 , leaving his book concerning the basis of line geometry incomplete . Klein was the obvious person to complete the second part of Plückers Neue Geometrie des Raumes , and thus became acquainted with Alfred Clebsch , who had relocated to Göttingen in 1868 . Klein visited Clebsch the next year , along with visits to Berlin and Paris . In July 1870 , at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War , he was in Paris and had to leave the country . For a brief time he served as a medical orderly in the Prussian army before being appointed lecturer at Göttingen in early 1871 . Erlangen appointed Klein professor in 1872 , when he was only 23 years old . For this , he was endorsed by Clebsch , who regarded him as likely to become the best mathematician of his time . Klein did not wish to remain in Erlangen , where there were very few students , and was pleased to be offered a professorship at the Technische Hochschule München in 1875 . There he and Alexander von Brill taught advanced courses to many excellent students , including Adolf Hurwitz , Walther von Dyck , Karl Rohn , Carl Runge , Max Planck , Luigi Bianchi , and Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro . In 1875 Klein married Anne Hegel , granddaughter of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel . After spending five years at the Technische Hochschule , Klein was appointed to a chair of geometry at Leipzig . There his colleagues included Walther von Dyck , Rohn , Eduard Study and Friedrich Engel . Kleins years at Leipzig , 1880 to 1886 , fundamentally changed his life . In 1882 , his health collapsed ; in 1883–1884 , he was afflicted with depression . Nevertheless , his research continued ; his seminal work on hyperelliptic sigma functions , published between 1886 and 1888 , dates from around this period . Klein accepted a professorship at the University of Göttingen in 1886 . From then on , until his 1913 retirement , he sought to re-establish Göttingen as the worlds prime center fo mathematics research . However , he never managed to transfer from Leipzig to Göttingen his own leading role as developer of geometry . He taught a variety of courses at Göttingen , mainly concerning the interface between mathematics and physics , in particular , mechanics and potential theory . The research facility Klein established at Göttingen served as model for the best such facilities throughout the world . He introduced weekly discussion meetings , and created a mathematical reading room and library . In 1895 , Klein recruited David Hilbert from the University of Königsberg . This appointment proved of great importance ; Hilbert continued to enhance Göttingens primacy in mathematics until his own retirement in 1932 . Under Kleins editorship , Mathematische Annalen became one of the best mathematical journals in the world . Founded by Clebsch , it grew under Kleins management , to rival , and eventually surpass Crelles Journal , based at the University of Berlin . Klein established a small team of editors who met regularly , making decisions in a democratic spirit . The journal first specialized in complex analysis , algebraic geometry , and invariant theory . It also provided an important outlet for real analysis and the new group theory . In 1893 , Klein was a major speaker at the International Mathematical Congress held in Chicago as part of the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Due partly to Kleins efforts , Göttingen began admitting women in 1893 . He supervised the first Ph.D . thesis in mathematics written at Göttingen by a woman , by Grace Chisholm Young , an English student of Arthur Cayleys , whom Klein admired . In 1897 Klein became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . Around 1900 , Klein began to become interested in mathematical instruction in schools . In 1905 , he was instrumental in formulating a plan recommending that analytic geometry , the rudiments of differential and integral calculus , and the function concept be taught in secondary schools . This recommendation was gradually implemented in many countries around the world . In 1908 , Klein was elected president of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction at the Rome International Congress of Mathematicians . Under his guidance , the German part of the Commission published many volumes on the teaching of mathematics at all levels in Germany . The London Mathematical Society awarded Klein its De Morgan Medal in 1893 . He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1885 , and was awarded its Copley Medal in 1912 . He retired the following year due to ill health , but continued to teach mathematics at his home for several further years . Klein was one of ninety-three signatories of the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three , a document penned in support of the German invasion of Belgium in the early stages of World War I . He died in Göttingen in 1925 . Work . Kleins dissertation , on line geometry and its applications to mechanics , classified second degree line complexes using Weierstrasss theory of elementary divisors . Kleins first important mathematical discoveries were made during 1870 . In collaboration with Sophus Lie , he discovered the fundamental properties of the asymptotic lines on the Kummer surface . They later investigated W-curves , curves invariant under a group of projective transformations . It was Lie who introduced Klein to the concept of group , which was to have a major role in his later work . Klein also learned about groups from Camille Jordan . Klein devised the Klein bottle named after him , a one-sided closed surface which cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space , but it may be immersed as a cylinder looped back through itself to join with its other end from the inside . It may be embedded in the Euclidean space of dimensions 4 and higher . The concept of a Klein Bottle was devised as a 3-Dimensional Möbius strip , with one method of construction being the attachment of the edges of two Möbius strips . During the 1890s , Klein began studying mathematical physics more intensively , writing on the gyroscope with Arnold Sommerfeld . During 1894 , he initiated the idea of an encyclopedia of mathematics including its applications , which became the Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften . This enterprise , which endured until 1935 , provided an important standard reference of enduring value . Erlangen program . In 1871 , while at Göttingen , Klein made major discoveries in geometry . He published two papers On the So-called Non-Euclidean Geometry showing that Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries could be considered metric spaces determined by a Cayley–Klein metric . This insight had the corollary that non-Euclidean geometry was consistent if and only if Euclidean geometry was , giving the same status to geometries Euclidean and non-Euclidean , and ending all controversy about non-Euclidean geometry . Arthur Cayley never accepted Kleins argument , believing it to be circular . Kleins synthesis of geometry as the study of the properties of a space that is invariant under a given group of transformations , known as the Erlangen program ( 1872 ) , profoundly influenced the evolution of mathematics . This program was initiated by Kleins inaugural lecture as professor at Erlangen , although it was not the actual speech he gave on the occasion . The program proposed a unified system of geometry that has become the accepted modern method . Klein showed how the essential properties of a given geometry could be represented by the group of transformations that preserve those properties . Thus the programs definition of geometry encompassed both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry . Currently , the significance of Kleins contributions to geometry is evident . They have become so much part of mathematical thinking that it is difficult to appreciate their novelty when first presented , and understand the fact that they were not immediately accepted by all his contemporaries . Complex analysis . Klein saw his work on complex analysis as his major contribution to mathematics , specifically his work on : - The link between certain ideas of Riemann and invariant theory , - Number theory and abstract algebra ; - Group theory ; - Geometry in more than 3 dimensions and differential equations , especially equations he invented , satisfied by elliptic modular functions and automorphic functions . Klein showed that the modular group moves the fundamental region of the complex plane so as to tessellate the plane . In 1879 , he examined the action of PSL ( 2,7 ) , considered as an image of the modular group , and obtained an explicit representation of a Riemann surface now termed the Klein quartic . He showed that it was a complex curve in projective space , that its equation was and that its group of symmetries was PSL ( 2,7 ) of order 168 . His Ueber Riemanns Theorie der algebraischen Funktionen und ihre Integrale ( 1882 ) treats complex analysis in a geometric way , connecting potential theory and conformal mappings . This work drew on notions from fluid dynamics . Klein considered equations of degree > 4 , and was especially interested in using transcendental methods to solve the general equation of the fifth degree . Building on methods of Charles Hermite and Leopold Kronecker , he produced similar results to those of Brioschi and later completely solved the problem by means of the icosahedral group . This work enabled him to write a series of papers on elliptic modular functions . In his 1884 book on the icosahedron , Klein established a theory of automorphic functions , associating algebra and geometry . Poincaré had published an outline of his theory of automorphic functions in 1881 , which resulted in a friendly rivalry between the two men . Both sought to state and prove a grand uniformization theorem that would establish the new theory more completely . Klein succeeded in formulating such a theorem and in describing a strategy for proving it . Klein summarized his work on automorphic and elliptic modular functions in a four volume treatise , written with Robert Fricke over a period of about 20 years . Selected works . - 1882 : Über Riemanns Theorie der Algebraischen Functionen und ihre Integrale - , also available from Cornell - 1884:Vorlesungen über das Ikosaeder und die Auflösung der Gleichungen vom 5ten Grade - English translation by G . G . Morrice ( 1888 ) Lectures on the Ikosahedron ; and the Solution of Equations of the Fifth Degree via Internet Archive - 1886 : Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Erster Aufsatz p . 323–356 , Mathematische Annalen Bd . 27 , - 1888 : Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Zweiter Aufsatz p . 357–387 , Math . Annalen , Bd . 32 , - 1894 : Über die hypergeometrische Funktion - 1894 : Über lineare Differentialgleichungen der 2 . Ordnung - 1897 : ( with Arnold Sommerfeld ) Theorie des Kreisels ( later volumes : 1898 , 1903 , 1910 ) - 1890 : ( with Robert Fricke ) Vorlesungen über die Theorie der elliptischen Modulfunktionen ( 2 volumes ) and 1892 ) - 1894 : Evanston Colloquium ( 1893 ) reported and published by Ziwet ( New York , 1894 ) - Zweiter Band . 1901 . - 1901 : - 1897 : Mathematical Theory of the Top ( Princeton address , New York ) - 1895 : Vorträge über ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie - 1897 : English translation by W . W . Beman and D . E . Smith Famous Problems of Elementary Geometry via Internet Archive - 1908 : Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus ( Leipzig ) - 1926 : Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19 . Jahrhundert ( 2 Bände ) , Julius Springer Verlag , Berlin & 1927 . S . Felix Klein Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19 . Jahrhundert - 1928 : Vorlesungen über nichteuklidische Geometrie , Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften , Springer Verlag - 1933 : Vorlesungen über die hypergeometrische Funktion , Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften , Springer Verlag Bibliography . - 1887 . The arithmetizing of mathematics in Ewald , William B. , ed. , 1996 . From Kant to Hilbert : A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics , 2 vols . Oxford Uni . Press : 965–71 . - 1921 . Felix Klein gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen R . Fricke and A . Ostrowski ( eds. ) Berlin , Springer . 3 volumes . ( online copy at GDZ ) - 1890 . Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie

easy

Which employer did Felix Klein work for from 1880 to 1886?

/wiki/Felix_Klein#P108#2

Felix Klein Christian Felix Klein ( ; 25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925 ) was a German mathematician and mathematics educator , known for his work with group theory , complex analysis , non-Euclidean geometry , and on the associations between geometry and group theory . His 1872 Erlangen program , classifying geometries by their basic symmetry groups , was an influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the time . Life . Felix Klein was born on 25 April 1849 in Düsseldorf , to Prussian parents . His father , Caspar Klein ( 1809–1889 ) , was a Prussian government officials secretary stationed in the Rhine Province . His mother was Sophie Elise Klein ( 1819–1890 , née Kayser ) . He attended the Gymnasium in Düsseldorf , then studied mathematics and physics at the University of Bonn , 1865–1866 , intending to become a physicist . At that time , Julius Plücker had Bonns professorship of mathematics and experimental physics , but by the time Klein became his assistant , in 1866 , Plückers interest was mainly geometry . Klein received his doctorate , supervised by Plücker , from the University of Bonn in 1868 . Plücker died in 1868 , leaving his book concerning the basis of line geometry incomplete . Klein was the obvious person to complete the second part of Plückers Neue Geometrie des Raumes , and thus became acquainted with Alfred Clebsch , who had relocated to Göttingen in 1868 . Klein visited Clebsch the next year , along with visits to Berlin and Paris . In July 1870 , at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War , he was in Paris and had to leave the country . For a brief time he served as a medical orderly in the Prussian army before being appointed lecturer at Göttingen in early 1871 . Erlangen appointed Klein professor in 1872 , when he was only 23 years old . For this , he was endorsed by Clebsch , who regarded him as likely to become the best mathematician of his time . Klein did not wish to remain in Erlangen , where there were very few students , and was pleased to be offered a professorship at the Technische Hochschule München in 1875 . There he and Alexander von Brill taught advanced courses to many excellent students , including Adolf Hurwitz , Walther von Dyck , Karl Rohn , Carl Runge , Max Planck , Luigi Bianchi , and Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro . In 1875 Klein married Anne Hegel , granddaughter of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel . After spending five years at the Technische Hochschule , Klein was appointed to a chair of geometry at Leipzig . There his colleagues included Walther von Dyck , Rohn , Eduard Study and Friedrich Engel . Kleins years at Leipzig , 1880 to 1886 , fundamentally changed his life . In 1882 , his health collapsed ; in 1883–1884 , he was afflicted with depression . Nevertheless , his research continued ; his seminal work on hyperelliptic sigma functions , published between 1886 and 1888 , dates from around this period . Klein accepted a professorship at the University of Göttingen in 1886 . From then on , until his 1913 retirement , he sought to re-establish Göttingen as the worlds prime center fo mathematics research . However , he never managed to transfer from Leipzig to Göttingen his own leading role as developer of geometry . He taught a variety of courses at Göttingen , mainly concerning the interface between mathematics and physics , in particular , mechanics and potential theory . The research facility Klein established at Göttingen served as model for the best such facilities throughout the world . He introduced weekly discussion meetings , and created a mathematical reading room and library . In 1895 , Klein recruited David Hilbert from the University of Königsberg . This appointment proved of great importance ; Hilbert continued to enhance Göttingens primacy in mathematics until his own retirement in 1932 . Under Kleins editorship , Mathematische Annalen became one of the best mathematical journals in the world . Founded by Clebsch , it grew under Kleins management , to rival , and eventually surpass Crelles Journal , based at the University of Berlin . Klein established a small team of editors who met regularly , making decisions in a democratic spirit . The journal first specialized in complex analysis , algebraic geometry , and invariant theory . It also provided an important outlet for real analysis and the new group theory . In 1893 , Klein was a major speaker at the International Mathematical Congress held in Chicago as part of the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Due partly to Kleins efforts , Göttingen began admitting women in 1893 . He supervised the first Ph.D . thesis in mathematics written at Göttingen by a woman , by Grace Chisholm Young , an English student of Arthur Cayleys , whom Klein admired . In 1897 Klein became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . Around 1900 , Klein began to become interested in mathematical instruction in schools . In 1905 , he was instrumental in formulating a plan recommending that analytic geometry , the rudiments of differential and integral calculus , and the function concept be taught in secondary schools . This recommendation was gradually implemented in many countries around the world . In 1908 , Klein was elected president of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction at the Rome International Congress of Mathematicians . Under his guidance , the German part of the Commission published many volumes on the teaching of mathematics at all levels in Germany . The London Mathematical Society awarded Klein its De Morgan Medal in 1893 . He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1885 , and was awarded its Copley Medal in 1912 . He retired the following year due to ill health , but continued to teach mathematics at his home for several further years . Klein was one of ninety-three signatories of the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three , a document penned in support of the German invasion of Belgium in the early stages of World War I . He died in Göttingen in 1925 . Work . Kleins dissertation , on line geometry and its applications to mechanics , classified second degree line complexes using Weierstrasss theory of elementary divisors . Kleins first important mathematical discoveries were made during 1870 . In collaboration with Sophus Lie , he discovered the fundamental properties of the asymptotic lines on the Kummer surface . They later investigated W-curves , curves invariant under a group of projective transformations . It was Lie who introduced Klein to the concept of group , which was to have a major role in his later work . Klein also learned about groups from Camille Jordan . Klein devised the Klein bottle named after him , a one-sided closed surface which cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space , but it may be immersed as a cylinder looped back through itself to join with its other end from the inside . It may be embedded in the Euclidean space of dimensions 4 and higher . The concept of a Klein Bottle was devised as a 3-Dimensional Möbius strip , with one method of construction being the attachment of the edges of two Möbius strips . During the 1890s , Klein began studying mathematical physics more intensively , writing on the gyroscope with Arnold Sommerfeld . During 1894 , he initiated the idea of an encyclopedia of mathematics including its applications , which became the Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften . This enterprise , which endured until 1935 , provided an important standard reference of enduring value . Erlangen program . In 1871 , while at Göttingen , Klein made major discoveries in geometry . He published two papers On the So-called Non-Euclidean Geometry showing that Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries could be considered metric spaces determined by a Cayley–Klein metric . This insight had the corollary that non-Euclidean geometry was consistent if and only if Euclidean geometry was , giving the same status to geometries Euclidean and non-Euclidean , and ending all controversy about non-Euclidean geometry . Arthur Cayley never accepted Kleins argument , believing it to be circular . Kleins synthesis of geometry as the study of the properties of a space that is invariant under a given group of transformations , known as the Erlangen program ( 1872 ) , profoundly influenced the evolution of mathematics . This program was initiated by Kleins inaugural lecture as professor at Erlangen , although it was not the actual speech he gave on the occasion . The program proposed a unified system of geometry that has become the accepted modern method . Klein showed how the essential properties of a given geometry could be represented by the group of transformations that preserve those properties . Thus the programs definition of geometry encompassed both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry . Currently , the significance of Kleins contributions to geometry is evident . They have become so much part of mathematical thinking that it is difficult to appreciate their novelty when first presented , and understand the fact that they were not immediately accepted by all his contemporaries . Complex analysis . Klein saw his work on complex analysis as his major contribution to mathematics , specifically his work on : - The link between certain ideas of Riemann and invariant theory , - Number theory and abstract algebra ; - Group theory ; - Geometry in more than 3 dimensions and differential equations , especially equations he invented , satisfied by elliptic modular functions and automorphic functions . Klein showed that the modular group moves the fundamental region of the complex plane so as to tessellate the plane . In 1879 , he examined the action of PSL ( 2,7 ) , considered as an image of the modular group , and obtained an explicit representation of a Riemann surface now termed the Klein quartic . He showed that it was a complex curve in projective space , that its equation was and that its group of symmetries was PSL ( 2,7 ) of order 168 . His Ueber Riemanns Theorie der algebraischen Funktionen und ihre Integrale ( 1882 ) treats complex analysis in a geometric way , connecting potential theory and conformal mappings . This work drew on notions from fluid dynamics . Klein considered equations of degree > 4 , and was especially interested in using transcendental methods to solve the general equation of the fifth degree . Building on methods of Charles Hermite and Leopold Kronecker , he produced similar results to those of Brioschi and later completely solved the problem by means of the icosahedral group . This work enabled him to write a series of papers on elliptic modular functions . In his 1884 book on the icosahedron , Klein established a theory of automorphic functions , associating algebra and geometry . Poincaré had published an outline of his theory of automorphic functions in 1881 , which resulted in a friendly rivalry between the two men . Both sought to state and prove a grand uniformization theorem that would establish the new theory more completely . Klein succeeded in formulating such a theorem and in describing a strategy for proving it . Klein summarized his work on automorphic and elliptic modular functions in a four volume treatise , written with Robert Fricke over a period of about 20 years . Selected works . - 1882 : Über Riemanns Theorie der Algebraischen Functionen und ihre Integrale - , also available from Cornell - 1884:Vorlesungen über das Ikosaeder und die Auflösung der Gleichungen vom 5ten Grade - English translation by G . G . Morrice ( 1888 ) Lectures on the Ikosahedron ; and the Solution of Equations of the Fifth Degree via Internet Archive - 1886 : Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Erster Aufsatz p . 323–356 , Mathematische Annalen Bd . 27 , - 1888 : Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Zweiter Aufsatz p . 357–387 , Math . Annalen , Bd . 32 , - 1894 : Über die hypergeometrische Funktion - 1894 : Über lineare Differentialgleichungen der 2 . Ordnung - 1897 : ( with Arnold Sommerfeld ) Theorie des Kreisels ( later volumes : 1898 , 1903 , 1910 ) - 1890 : ( with Robert Fricke ) Vorlesungen über die Theorie der elliptischen Modulfunktionen ( 2 volumes ) and 1892 ) - 1894 : Evanston Colloquium ( 1893 ) reported and published by Ziwet ( New York , 1894 ) - Zweiter Band . 1901 . - 1901 : - 1897 : Mathematical Theory of the Top ( Princeton address , New York ) - 1895 : Vorträge über ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie - 1897 : English translation by W . W . Beman and D . E . Smith Famous Problems of Elementary Geometry via Internet Archive - 1908 : Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus ( Leipzig ) - 1926 : Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19 . Jahrhundert ( 2 Bände ) , Julius Springer Verlag , Berlin & 1927 . S . Felix Klein Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19 . Jahrhundert - 1928 : Vorlesungen über nichteuklidische Geometrie , Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften , Springer Verlag - 1933 : Vorlesungen über die hypergeometrische Funktion , Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften , Springer Verlag Bibliography . - 1887 . The arithmetizing of mathematics in Ewald , William B. , ed. , 1996 . From Kant to Hilbert : A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics , 2 vols . Oxford Uni . Press : 965–71 . - 1921 . Felix Klein gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen R . Fricke and A . Ostrowski ( eds. ) Berlin , Springer . 3 volumes . ( online copy at GDZ ) - 1890 . Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie

easy

Felix Klein was an employee for whom from 1886 to 1913?

/wiki/Felix_Klein#P108#3

Felix Klein Christian Felix Klein ( ; 25 April 1849 – 22 June 1925 ) was a German mathematician and mathematics educator , known for his work with group theory , complex analysis , non-Euclidean geometry , and on the associations between geometry and group theory . His 1872 Erlangen program , classifying geometries by their basic symmetry groups , was an influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the time . Life . Felix Klein was born on 25 April 1849 in Düsseldorf , to Prussian parents . His father , Caspar Klein ( 1809–1889 ) , was a Prussian government officials secretary stationed in the Rhine Province . His mother was Sophie Elise Klein ( 1819–1890 , née Kayser ) . He attended the Gymnasium in Düsseldorf , then studied mathematics and physics at the University of Bonn , 1865–1866 , intending to become a physicist . At that time , Julius Plücker had Bonns professorship of mathematics and experimental physics , but by the time Klein became his assistant , in 1866 , Plückers interest was mainly geometry . Klein received his doctorate , supervised by Plücker , from the University of Bonn in 1868 . Plücker died in 1868 , leaving his book concerning the basis of line geometry incomplete . Klein was the obvious person to complete the second part of Plückers Neue Geometrie des Raumes , and thus became acquainted with Alfred Clebsch , who had relocated to Göttingen in 1868 . Klein visited Clebsch the next year , along with visits to Berlin and Paris . In July 1870 , at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War , he was in Paris and had to leave the country . For a brief time he served as a medical orderly in the Prussian army before being appointed lecturer at Göttingen in early 1871 . Erlangen appointed Klein professor in 1872 , when he was only 23 years old . For this , he was endorsed by Clebsch , who regarded him as likely to become the best mathematician of his time . Klein did not wish to remain in Erlangen , where there were very few students , and was pleased to be offered a professorship at the Technische Hochschule München in 1875 . There he and Alexander von Brill taught advanced courses to many excellent students , including Adolf Hurwitz , Walther von Dyck , Karl Rohn , Carl Runge , Max Planck , Luigi Bianchi , and Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro . In 1875 Klein married Anne Hegel , granddaughter of the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel . After spending five years at the Technische Hochschule , Klein was appointed to a chair of geometry at Leipzig . There his colleagues included Walther von Dyck , Rohn , Eduard Study and Friedrich Engel . Kleins years at Leipzig , 1880 to 1886 , fundamentally changed his life . In 1882 , his health collapsed ; in 1883–1884 , he was afflicted with depression . Nevertheless , his research continued ; his seminal work on hyperelliptic sigma functions , published between 1886 and 1888 , dates from around this period . Klein accepted a professorship at the University of Göttingen in 1886 . From then on , until his 1913 retirement , he sought to re-establish Göttingen as the worlds prime center fo mathematics research . However , he never managed to transfer from Leipzig to Göttingen his own leading role as developer of geometry . He taught a variety of courses at Göttingen , mainly concerning the interface between mathematics and physics , in particular , mechanics and potential theory . The research facility Klein established at Göttingen served as model for the best such facilities throughout the world . He introduced weekly discussion meetings , and created a mathematical reading room and library . In 1895 , Klein recruited David Hilbert from the University of Königsberg . This appointment proved of great importance ; Hilbert continued to enhance Göttingens primacy in mathematics until his own retirement in 1932 . Under Kleins editorship , Mathematische Annalen became one of the best mathematical journals in the world . Founded by Clebsch , it grew under Kleins management , to rival , and eventually surpass Crelles Journal , based at the University of Berlin . Klein established a small team of editors who met regularly , making decisions in a democratic spirit . The journal first specialized in complex analysis , algebraic geometry , and invariant theory . It also provided an important outlet for real analysis and the new group theory . In 1893 , Klein was a major speaker at the International Mathematical Congress held in Chicago as part of the Worlds Columbian Exposition . Due partly to Kleins efforts , Göttingen began admitting women in 1893 . He supervised the first Ph.D . thesis in mathematics written at Göttingen by a woman , by Grace Chisholm Young , an English student of Arthur Cayleys , whom Klein admired . In 1897 Klein became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences . Around 1900 , Klein began to become interested in mathematical instruction in schools . In 1905 , he was instrumental in formulating a plan recommending that analytic geometry , the rudiments of differential and integral calculus , and the function concept be taught in secondary schools . This recommendation was gradually implemented in many countries around the world . In 1908 , Klein was elected president of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction at the Rome International Congress of Mathematicians . Under his guidance , the German part of the Commission published many volumes on the teaching of mathematics at all levels in Germany . The London Mathematical Society awarded Klein its De Morgan Medal in 1893 . He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1885 , and was awarded its Copley Medal in 1912 . He retired the following year due to ill health , but continued to teach mathematics at his home for several further years . Klein was one of ninety-three signatories of the Manifesto of the Ninety-Three , a document penned in support of the German invasion of Belgium in the early stages of World War I . He died in Göttingen in 1925 . Work . Kleins dissertation , on line geometry and its applications to mechanics , classified second degree line complexes using Weierstrasss theory of elementary divisors . Kleins first important mathematical discoveries were made during 1870 . In collaboration with Sophus Lie , he discovered the fundamental properties of the asymptotic lines on the Kummer surface . They later investigated W-curves , curves invariant under a group of projective transformations . It was Lie who introduced Klein to the concept of group , which was to have a major role in his later work . Klein also learned about groups from Camille Jordan . Klein devised the Klein bottle named after him , a one-sided closed surface which cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space , but it may be immersed as a cylinder looped back through itself to join with its other end from the inside . It may be embedded in the Euclidean space of dimensions 4 and higher . The concept of a Klein Bottle was devised as a 3-Dimensional Möbius strip , with one method of construction being the attachment of the edges of two Möbius strips . During the 1890s , Klein began studying mathematical physics more intensively , writing on the gyroscope with Arnold Sommerfeld . During 1894 , he initiated the idea of an encyclopedia of mathematics including its applications , which became the Encyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften . This enterprise , which endured until 1935 , provided an important standard reference of enduring value . Erlangen program . In 1871 , while at Göttingen , Klein made major discoveries in geometry . He published two papers On the So-called Non-Euclidean Geometry showing that Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries could be considered metric spaces determined by a Cayley–Klein metric . This insight had the corollary that non-Euclidean geometry was consistent if and only if Euclidean geometry was , giving the same status to geometries Euclidean and non-Euclidean , and ending all controversy about non-Euclidean geometry . Arthur Cayley never accepted Kleins argument , believing it to be circular . Kleins synthesis of geometry as the study of the properties of a space that is invariant under a given group of transformations , known as the Erlangen program ( 1872 ) , profoundly influenced the evolution of mathematics . This program was initiated by Kleins inaugural lecture as professor at Erlangen , although it was not the actual speech he gave on the occasion . The program proposed a unified system of geometry that has become the accepted modern method . Klein showed how the essential properties of a given geometry could be represented by the group of transformations that preserve those properties . Thus the programs definition of geometry encompassed both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry . Currently , the significance of Kleins contributions to geometry is evident . They have become so much part of mathematical thinking that it is difficult to appreciate their novelty when first presented , and understand the fact that they were not immediately accepted by all his contemporaries . Complex analysis . Klein saw his work on complex analysis as his major contribution to mathematics , specifically his work on : - The link between certain ideas of Riemann and invariant theory , - Number theory and abstract algebra ; - Group theory ; - Geometry in more than 3 dimensions and differential equations , especially equations he invented , satisfied by elliptic modular functions and automorphic functions . Klein showed that the modular group moves the fundamental region of the complex plane so as to tessellate the plane . In 1879 , he examined the action of PSL ( 2,7 ) , considered as an image of the modular group , and obtained an explicit representation of a Riemann surface now termed the Klein quartic . He showed that it was a complex curve in projective space , that its equation was and that its group of symmetries was PSL ( 2,7 ) of order 168 . His Ueber Riemanns Theorie der algebraischen Funktionen und ihre Integrale ( 1882 ) treats complex analysis in a geometric way , connecting potential theory and conformal mappings . This work drew on notions from fluid dynamics . Klein considered equations of degree > 4 , and was especially interested in using transcendental methods to solve the general equation of the fifth degree . Building on methods of Charles Hermite and Leopold Kronecker , he produced similar results to those of Brioschi and later completely solved the problem by means of the icosahedral group . This work enabled him to write a series of papers on elliptic modular functions . In his 1884 book on the icosahedron , Klein established a theory of automorphic functions , associating algebra and geometry . Poincaré had published an outline of his theory of automorphic functions in 1881 , which resulted in a friendly rivalry between the two men . Both sought to state and prove a grand uniformization theorem that would establish the new theory more completely . Klein succeeded in formulating such a theorem and in describing a strategy for proving it . Klein summarized his work on automorphic and elliptic modular functions in a four volume treatise , written with Robert Fricke over a period of about 20 years . Selected works . - 1882 : Über Riemanns Theorie der Algebraischen Functionen und ihre Integrale - , also available from Cornell - 1884:Vorlesungen über das Ikosaeder und die Auflösung der Gleichungen vom 5ten Grade - English translation by G . G . Morrice ( 1888 ) Lectures on the Ikosahedron ; and the Solution of Equations of the Fifth Degree via Internet Archive - 1886 : Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Erster Aufsatz p . 323–356 , Mathematische Annalen Bd . 27 , - 1888 : Über hyperelliptische Sigmafunktionen Zweiter Aufsatz p . 357–387 , Math . Annalen , Bd . 32 , - 1894 : Über die hypergeometrische Funktion - 1894 : Über lineare Differentialgleichungen der 2 . Ordnung - 1897 : ( with Arnold Sommerfeld ) Theorie des Kreisels ( later volumes : 1898 , 1903 , 1910 ) - 1890 : ( with Robert Fricke ) Vorlesungen über die Theorie der elliptischen Modulfunktionen ( 2 volumes ) and 1892 ) - 1894 : Evanston Colloquium ( 1893 ) reported and published by Ziwet ( New York , 1894 ) - Zweiter Band . 1901 . - 1901 : - 1897 : Mathematical Theory of the Top ( Princeton address , New York ) - 1895 : Vorträge über ausgewählte Fragen der Elementargeometrie - 1897 : English translation by W . W . Beman and D . E . Smith Famous Problems of Elementary Geometry via Internet Archive - 1908 : Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkte aus ( Leipzig ) - 1926 : Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19 . Jahrhundert ( 2 Bände ) , Julius Springer Verlag , Berlin & 1927 . S . Felix Klein Vorlesungen über die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 19 . Jahrhundert - 1928 : Vorlesungen über nichteuklidische Geometrie , Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften , Springer Verlag - 1933 : Vorlesungen über die hypergeometrische Funktion , Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften , Springer Verlag Bibliography . - 1887 . The arithmetizing of mathematics in Ewald , William B. , ed. , 1996 . From Kant to Hilbert : A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics , 2 vols . Oxford Uni . Press : 965–71 . - 1921 . Felix Klein gesammelte mathematische Abhandlungen R . Fricke and A . Ostrowski ( eds. ) Berlin , Springer . 3 volumes . ( online copy at GDZ ) - 1890 . Nicht-Euklidische Geometrie

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What sport did Sergey Sirotkin (racing driver) participate from 2008 to 2010?

/wiki/Sergey_Sirotkin_(racing_driver)#P641#0

Sergey Sirotkin ( racing driver ) Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin ( , born August 27 , 1995 ) is a Russian professional racing driver who competed in Formula One in for the Williams team . He was also the reserve driver for Renault in and . Personal life and education . Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin was born on 27 August 1995 in Moscow , Russia . His father , Oleg Sirotkin , was head of the National Institute of Aviation Technologies , Russia . He graduated from Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University in 2017 with a degree in race car engineering . Career . Karting . Sirotkin began karting in 2008 and raced in various international series , working his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF3 and KF2 category by 2010 . Formula Abarth . Having turned fifteen years old , Sirotkin graduated to single-seaters , racing in the newly launched Formula Abarth series in Italy for Jenzer Motorsport . He made his début at Vallelunga , finishing the first race in the points and later added four more point-scoring finishes to finish 18th in the championship . Sirotkin remained in Formula Abarth , and with Jenzer , for a second season in 2011 ; the series splitting into two separate classifications for European and Italian championship races . But prior to the round at Spa , Sirotkin switched to the Euronova Racing by Fortec team . He won the European Series title with a race to spare , taking five wins in fourteen races . In the Italian Series , Sirotkin finished as runner-up with two race victories , losing out to former teammate Patric Niederhauser after an error in the final race at Autodromo Nazionale Monza . Auto GP World Series . In 2012 , Sirotkin continued his collaboration with Euronova Racing into the Auto GP World Series . His first round at Monza saw him qualify on the front row , losing pole position to Adrian Quaife-Hobbs by just 0.04 seconds . He stalled at the start of the first race , but recorded a finish of fourth place in the second race ; he also set the fastest lap in both races . At Valencia , he again started behind points leader Quaife-Hobbs , but this time Sirotkin passed him before the first turn , and eventually scored his first win—again setting fastest lap—becoming the youngest Auto GP winner in the process . After another fastest lap in the second race , Sirotkin established a record of four consecutive fastest laps ; breaking a record previously held by Romain Grosjean . Sirotkin went on to finish the season in third place overall , behind Quaife-Hobbs and Pål Varhaug . He finished the season with two race wins in Valencia and Sonoma , and seven podium finishes . He also recorded his first pole position at the Marrakech Street Circuit . Formula Three . Sirotkin also participated in the Italian Formula Three Championship in 2012 , driving for Euronova . He recorded two wins at the Hungaroring and Monza , and a further four podium finishes over the course of the season . He also scored points in twenty-two of the twenty-four races—after retiring from the second race at Vallelunga and being disqualified from the third race at Monza—and finished the season fifth overall in both the European and Italian Series championships . Formula Renault 3.5 Series . Sirotkin made his Formula Renault 3.5 debut in his home event at the Moscow Raceway , partnering fellow Russian driver Nikolay Martsenko at BVM Target . He finished the first race of the meeting in twentieth place , before retiring from the second race . Sirotkin expanded his Formula Renault 3.5 campaign to contest a full season in 2013 , competing with ISR Racing . He had podiums at Alcañiz and Hungaroring with another three-point-scoring finishes to achieve the ninth place in the championship standings . For 2014 Sirotkin switched to the Fortec Motorsport team and partnered there with Oliver Rowland . He scored his first pole position and won his first Formula Renault 3.5 Series race on his home soil at Moscow Raceway . Despite this , the second Forteс car often broke and he did not finish in 5 races . But whenever he finished a race , he usually did this in points , missing a points finish only once . Overall , he finished 5th in the championship , with 132 points . GP2 Series . In February 2015 , it was announced that Sirotkin would debut in the series with Rapax . He achieved his first victory at Silverstone—a circuit on which he had no previous racing experience—when he won the feature race . During the season he had another four podium finishes . Though a GP2 rookie , Sirotkin finished third in the overall standings . For the 2016 season , Sirotkin switched to defending champions ART Grand Prix . He had a tough start of the season , as he spun and stalled in the season opener at Barcelona . His problems continued in the Feature race in Monaco , where he had started from pole position but crashed into the wall . Sirotkin converted his pace to race results in Baku with double podium finish in both Feature and Sprint races . At Spielberg he took a pole position but had a poor start and was given a ten-second time penalty for failing to re-establish his original starting position before the safety car line and of failing to re-enter the pitlane . Sirotkin had another double podium finish in the Hungaroring round . He continued to win , repeating success in the feature Hockenheim race . He had technical issues with a car at Monza and Spa-Francorchamps before finishing second in Sepang . He finished third in the final race of the season at Abu Dhabi , tying with Raffaele Marciello in the drivers standings . Sirotkin was classified third in the standings as he had achieved more wins than Marciello . FIA Formula 2 Championship . Sirotkin had a one-round return to the wheel of the Dallara GP2/11 car in the 2017 FIA Formula 2 Championship at Baku . He replaced injured Alexander Albon in ART Grand Prix . He finished both races of the round in points . In 2020 Sirotkin returned to Formula 2 with ART Grand Prix for pre-season testing as a replacement for the quarantined Christian Lundgaard . Formula One . In July 2013 , Sirotkin joined the Sauber Formula One team , with the aim of participating in Friday sessions in 2013 with a view to making his race début , and a full race seat for the season . He stayed in his role as test driver in 2014 . Sirotkin participated in tests that took place in Bahrain on 8 April , where he completed 75 laps and covered a distance of over 300 kilometres , recording the 8th fastest time . This result allowed Sirotkin to get a Superlicence . Sirotkin made his race weekend debut in free practice at the 2014 Russian Grand Prix where he recorded the 17th fastest time , some four-tenths of a second slower than his more experienced teammate Adrian Sutil . Sirotkin was unable to secure a contract with Sauber for 2015 because the team completely changed its structure and selected drivers with good financing . In April 2016 , Sirotkins Formula One chances were revived when it was announced that he would act as a development driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team and would partake in the first free practice session of the Russian Grand Prix . He became a reserve driver for 2017 , remaining with Renault . He took part in the first free practice sessions during the Russian , Spanish , Austrian and Malaysian Grands Prix and received positive feedback from Renault head Cyril Abiteboul . Williams ( 2018 ) . After the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sirotkin had a half-day test with Williams at the Yas Marina Circuit as the team evaluated potential drivers for the 2018 championship . Sirotkin impressed the team with his driving pace and talent , technical feedback and work ethic . In January 2018 , he was announced by Williams as their new driver for the season as the teammate of Lance Stroll , replacing Felipe Massa , who retired from the sport . Sirotkin qualified 19th for his first Grand Prix in Australia , but his first F1 race was ended shortly after a sandwich bag got into his Williams car brake system . For the next two races ( Bahrain and China ) he out-qualified Stroll , but finished just behind him in fifteenth place . He made it into the second qualifying segment for the first time at Baku , qualifying 12th , but his race was ended on the first lap after he was squeezed between Nico Hülkenberg and Fernando Alonsos cars and his car suffered front-left suspension damage . Prior to the accident he also collided with Sergio Pérez which led to the three-place grid penalty on the start of the Spanish Grand Prix . In Spain Sirotkin qualified ahead of Stroll , but lost his place on the grid to him after the penalty was applied . He had a seat problem during the race and was the last driver to cross the finish line . He again out-qualified Stroll at Monaco . Sirotkin passed Stoffel Vandoorne on the first lap but his race was ruined after the mechanics were not able to fit the tyres in time for the 3-minute signal prior start of the race . He received a 10-second stop-and-go penalty for this , finishing the race second last , ahead of Stroll . Williams had the slowest car in the , Sirotkin finished 17th , at the back of the field . The situation with the car remained the same for the triple header ( French , Austrian and ) , where he was the last man to cross the finish line . The car was slightly improved for the , allowing him to repeat the Baku grid position , but in the race he was forced to retire due to an engine oil leak . Sirotkin did not gain from the rain-affected qualifying of the , finishing second last , just ahead of Stroll . After the summer break , Sirotkin improved his finishing position for two races in a row . At Spa , he finished 12th ahead of Stroll , despite a collision at the start with Valtteri Bottas . While in the , he finished eleventh but was promoted to tenth , scoring his first ever World Championship point after Romain Grosjean was disqualified for technical infringements . Sirotkin out-qualified Stroll once again at the , but his race became complicated after the front wing of his car collected the wheel rim from Esteban Ocons car . He was forced to make an early pit-stop , and had a long battle with Sergio Pérez , who turned into the Russian drivers car . Due to the damage , his car had problems during braking which led to him blocking Brendon Hartleys car . Sirotkin got a five second time penalty for the blocking and finished last . His home race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he started 13th ahead of Stroll , was ruined after his car was sandwiched between the cars of Carlos Sainz Jr . and Marcus Ericsson , and he finished last again . Sirotkin lost out to Stroll in qualifying for the but finished one place ahead of him in the race . In the the qualifying and race battles with Stroll were won by Sirotkin . While in the the situation was opposite , with Sirotkin outpaced by Stroll in both qualifying and race . In the Sirotkin surpassed Stroll again in qualifying and race . Prior to the , it was announced that Sirotkin would not continue to race with Williams in 2019 . His backer SMP Racing decided to stop their partnership with Williams due to lack of performance and development of the car . In qualifying , he was penultimate , ahead of Stroll . But at the start he lost a position and then had overheating problems , finishing last in the race and in the drivers championship overall with the only point scored at Monza . Return as a reserve driver ( 2019–present ) . In 2019 Sirotkin served as reserve driver for the Formula One teams of both McLaren and Renault . He continued as reserve driver for Renault in 2020 . Sports car racing . Sirotkin raced at the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans for SMP Racing with Mikhail Aleshin and Viktor Shaytar , finishing 36 laps behind the LMP2 class winner . In 2019 he drove a LMP1-class BR1 together with Stéphane Sarrazin and Egor Orudzhev , the latter crashing mid-race . In 2020 , Sirotkin signed with AF Corse to drive a factory-supported Ferrari 488 GT3 at the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup . Racing record . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance .

easy

What sport did Sergey Sirotkin (racing driver) participate from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Sergey_Sirotkin_(racing_driver)#P641#1

Sergey Sirotkin ( racing driver ) Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin ( , born August 27 , 1995 ) is a Russian professional racing driver who competed in Formula One in for the Williams team . He was also the reserve driver for Renault in and . Personal life and education . Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin was born on 27 August 1995 in Moscow , Russia . His father , Oleg Sirotkin , was head of the National Institute of Aviation Technologies , Russia . He graduated from Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University in 2017 with a degree in race car engineering . Career . Karting . Sirotkin began karting in 2008 and raced in various international series , working his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF3 and KF2 category by 2010 . Formula Abarth . Having turned fifteen years old , Sirotkin graduated to single-seaters , racing in the newly launched Formula Abarth series in Italy for Jenzer Motorsport . He made his début at Vallelunga , finishing the first race in the points and later added four more point-scoring finishes to finish 18th in the championship . Sirotkin remained in Formula Abarth , and with Jenzer , for a second season in 2011 ; the series splitting into two separate classifications for European and Italian championship races . But prior to the round at Spa , Sirotkin switched to the Euronova Racing by Fortec team . He won the European Series title with a race to spare , taking five wins in fourteen races . In the Italian Series , Sirotkin finished as runner-up with two race victories , losing out to former teammate Patric Niederhauser after an error in the final race at Autodromo Nazionale Monza . Auto GP World Series . In 2012 , Sirotkin continued his collaboration with Euronova Racing into the Auto GP World Series . His first round at Monza saw him qualify on the front row , losing pole position to Adrian Quaife-Hobbs by just 0.04 seconds . He stalled at the start of the first race , but recorded a finish of fourth place in the second race ; he also set the fastest lap in both races . At Valencia , he again started behind points leader Quaife-Hobbs , but this time Sirotkin passed him before the first turn , and eventually scored his first win—again setting fastest lap—becoming the youngest Auto GP winner in the process . After another fastest lap in the second race , Sirotkin established a record of four consecutive fastest laps ; breaking a record previously held by Romain Grosjean . Sirotkin went on to finish the season in third place overall , behind Quaife-Hobbs and Pål Varhaug . He finished the season with two race wins in Valencia and Sonoma , and seven podium finishes . He also recorded his first pole position at the Marrakech Street Circuit . Formula Three . Sirotkin also participated in the Italian Formula Three Championship in 2012 , driving for Euronova . He recorded two wins at the Hungaroring and Monza , and a further four podium finishes over the course of the season . He also scored points in twenty-two of the twenty-four races—after retiring from the second race at Vallelunga and being disqualified from the third race at Monza—and finished the season fifth overall in both the European and Italian Series championships . Formula Renault 3.5 Series . Sirotkin made his Formula Renault 3.5 debut in his home event at the Moscow Raceway , partnering fellow Russian driver Nikolay Martsenko at BVM Target . He finished the first race of the meeting in twentieth place , before retiring from the second race . Sirotkin expanded his Formula Renault 3.5 campaign to contest a full season in 2013 , competing with ISR Racing . He had podiums at Alcañiz and Hungaroring with another three-point-scoring finishes to achieve the ninth place in the championship standings . For 2014 Sirotkin switched to the Fortec Motorsport team and partnered there with Oliver Rowland . He scored his first pole position and won his first Formula Renault 3.5 Series race on his home soil at Moscow Raceway . Despite this , the second Forteс car often broke and he did not finish in 5 races . But whenever he finished a race , he usually did this in points , missing a points finish only once . Overall , he finished 5th in the championship , with 132 points . GP2 Series . In February 2015 , it was announced that Sirotkin would debut in the series with Rapax . He achieved his first victory at Silverstone—a circuit on which he had no previous racing experience—when he won the feature race . During the season he had another four podium finishes . Though a GP2 rookie , Sirotkin finished third in the overall standings . For the 2016 season , Sirotkin switched to defending champions ART Grand Prix . He had a tough start of the season , as he spun and stalled in the season opener at Barcelona . His problems continued in the Feature race in Monaco , where he had started from pole position but crashed into the wall . Sirotkin converted his pace to race results in Baku with double podium finish in both Feature and Sprint races . At Spielberg he took a pole position but had a poor start and was given a ten-second time penalty for failing to re-establish his original starting position before the safety car line and of failing to re-enter the pitlane . Sirotkin had another double podium finish in the Hungaroring round . He continued to win , repeating success in the feature Hockenheim race . He had technical issues with a car at Monza and Spa-Francorchamps before finishing second in Sepang . He finished third in the final race of the season at Abu Dhabi , tying with Raffaele Marciello in the drivers standings . Sirotkin was classified third in the standings as he had achieved more wins than Marciello . FIA Formula 2 Championship . Sirotkin had a one-round return to the wheel of the Dallara GP2/11 car in the 2017 FIA Formula 2 Championship at Baku . He replaced injured Alexander Albon in ART Grand Prix . He finished both races of the round in points . In 2020 Sirotkin returned to Formula 2 with ART Grand Prix for pre-season testing as a replacement for the quarantined Christian Lundgaard . Formula One . In July 2013 , Sirotkin joined the Sauber Formula One team , with the aim of participating in Friday sessions in 2013 with a view to making his race début , and a full race seat for the season . He stayed in his role as test driver in 2014 . Sirotkin participated in tests that took place in Bahrain on 8 April , where he completed 75 laps and covered a distance of over 300 kilometres , recording the 8th fastest time . This result allowed Sirotkin to get a Superlicence . Sirotkin made his race weekend debut in free practice at the 2014 Russian Grand Prix where he recorded the 17th fastest time , some four-tenths of a second slower than his more experienced teammate Adrian Sutil . Sirotkin was unable to secure a contract with Sauber for 2015 because the team completely changed its structure and selected drivers with good financing . In April 2016 , Sirotkins Formula One chances were revived when it was announced that he would act as a development driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team and would partake in the first free practice session of the Russian Grand Prix . He became a reserve driver for 2017 , remaining with Renault . He took part in the first free practice sessions during the Russian , Spanish , Austrian and Malaysian Grands Prix and received positive feedback from Renault head Cyril Abiteboul . Williams ( 2018 ) . After the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sirotkin had a half-day test with Williams at the Yas Marina Circuit as the team evaluated potential drivers for the 2018 championship . Sirotkin impressed the team with his driving pace and talent , technical feedback and work ethic . In January 2018 , he was announced by Williams as their new driver for the season as the teammate of Lance Stroll , replacing Felipe Massa , who retired from the sport . Sirotkin qualified 19th for his first Grand Prix in Australia , but his first F1 race was ended shortly after a sandwich bag got into his Williams car brake system . For the next two races ( Bahrain and China ) he out-qualified Stroll , but finished just behind him in fifteenth place . He made it into the second qualifying segment for the first time at Baku , qualifying 12th , but his race was ended on the first lap after he was squeezed between Nico Hülkenberg and Fernando Alonsos cars and his car suffered front-left suspension damage . Prior to the accident he also collided with Sergio Pérez which led to the three-place grid penalty on the start of the Spanish Grand Prix . In Spain Sirotkin qualified ahead of Stroll , but lost his place on the grid to him after the penalty was applied . He had a seat problem during the race and was the last driver to cross the finish line . He again out-qualified Stroll at Monaco . Sirotkin passed Stoffel Vandoorne on the first lap but his race was ruined after the mechanics were not able to fit the tyres in time for the 3-minute signal prior start of the race . He received a 10-second stop-and-go penalty for this , finishing the race second last , ahead of Stroll . Williams had the slowest car in the , Sirotkin finished 17th , at the back of the field . The situation with the car remained the same for the triple header ( French , Austrian and ) , where he was the last man to cross the finish line . The car was slightly improved for the , allowing him to repeat the Baku grid position , but in the race he was forced to retire due to an engine oil leak . Sirotkin did not gain from the rain-affected qualifying of the , finishing second last , just ahead of Stroll . After the summer break , Sirotkin improved his finishing position for two races in a row . At Spa , he finished 12th ahead of Stroll , despite a collision at the start with Valtteri Bottas . While in the , he finished eleventh but was promoted to tenth , scoring his first ever World Championship point after Romain Grosjean was disqualified for technical infringements . Sirotkin out-qualified Stroll once again at the , but his race became complicated after the front wing of his car collected the wheel rim from Esteban Ocons car . He was forced to make an early pit-stop , and had a long battle with Sergio Pérez , who turned into the Russian drivers car . Due to the damage , his car had problems during braking which led to him blocking Brendon Hartleys car . Sirotkin got a five second time penalty for the blocking and finished last . His home race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he started 13th ahead of Stroll , was ruined after his car was sandwiched between the cars of Carlos Sainz Jr . and Marcus Ericsson , and he finished last again . Sirotkin lost out to Stroll in qualifying for the but finished one place ahead of him in the race . In the the qualifying and race battles with Stroll were won by Sirotkin . While in the the situation was opposite , with Sirotkin outpaced by Stroll in both qualifying and race . In the Sirotkin surpassed Stroll again in qualifying and race . Prior to the , it was announced that Sirotkin would not continue to race with Williams in 2019 . His backer SMP Racing decided to stop their partnership with Williams due to lack of performance and development of the car . In qualifying , he was penultimate , ahead of Stroll . But at the start he lost a position and then had overheating problems , finishing last in the race and in the drivers championship overall with the only point scored at Monza . Return as a reserve driver ( 2019–present ) . In 2019 Sirotkin served as reserve driver for the Formula One teams of both McLaren and Renault . He continued as reserve driver for Renault in 2020 . Sports car racing . Sirotkin raced at the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans for SMP Racing with Mikhail Aleshin and Viktor Shaytar , finishing 36 laps behind the LMP2 class winner . In 2019 he drove a LMP1-class BR1 together with Stéphane Sarrazin and Egor Orudzhev , the latter crashing mid-race . In 2020 , Sirotkin signed with AF Corse to drive a factory-supported Ferrari 488 GT3 at the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup . Racing record . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance .

easy

What sport did Sergey Sirotkin (racing driver) participate from 2012 to 2014?

/wiki/Sergey_Sirotkin_(racing_driver)#P641#2

Sergey Sirotkin ( racing driver ) Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin ( , born August 27 , 1995 ) is a Russian professional racing driver who competed in Formula One in for the Williams team . He was also the reserve driver for Renault in and . Personal life and education . Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin was born on 27 August 1995 in Moscow , Russia . His father , Oleg Sirotkin , was head of the National Institute of Aviation Technologies , Russia . He graduated from Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University in 2017 with a degree in race car engineering . Career . Karting . Sirotkin began karting in 2008 and raced in various international series , working his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF3 and KF2 category by 2010 . Formula Abarth . Having turned fifteen years old , Sirotkin graduated to single-seaters , racing in the newly launched Formula Abarth series in Italy for Jenzer Motorsport . He made his début at Vallelunga , finishing the first race in the points and later added four more point-scoring finishes to finish 18th in the championship . Sirotkin remained in Formula Abarth , and with Jenzer , for a second season in 2011 ; the series splitting into two separate classifications for European and Italian championship races . But prior to the round at Spa , Sirotkin switched to the Euronova Racing by Fortec team . He won the European Series title with a race to spare , taking five wins in fourteen races . In the Italian Series , Sirotkin finished as runner-up with two race victories , losing out to former teammate Patric Niederhauser after an error in the final race at Autodromo Nazionale Monza . Auto GP World Series . In 2012 , Sirotkin continued his collaboration with Euronova Racing into the Auto GP World Series . His first round at Monza saw him qualify on the front row , losing pole position to Adrian Quaife-Hobbs by just 0.04 seconds . He stalled at the start of the first race , but recorded a finish of fourth place in the second race ; he also set the fastest lap in both races . At Valencia , he again started behind points leader Quaife-Hobbs , but this time Sirotkin passed him before the first turn , and eventually scored his first win—again setting fastest lap—becoming the youngest Auto GP winner in the process . After another fastest lap in the second race , Sirotkin established a record of four consecutive fastest laps ; breaking a record previously held by Romain Grosjean . Sirotkin went on to finish the season in third place overall , behind Quaife-Hobbs and Pål Varhaug . He finished the season with two race wins in Valencia and Sonoma , and seven podium finishes . He also recorded his first pole position at the Marrakech Street Circuit . Formula Three . Sirotkin also participated in the Italian Formula Three Championship in 2012 , driving for Euronova . He recorded two wins at the Hungaroring and Monza , and a further four podium finishes over the course of the season . He also scored points in twenty-two of the twenty-four races—after retiring from the second race at Vallelunga and being disqualified from the third race at Monza—and finished the season fifth overall in both the European and Italian Series championships . Formula Renault 3.5 Series . Sirotkin made his Formula Renault 3.5 debut in his home event at the Moscow Raceway , partnering fellow Russian driver Nikolay Martsenko at BVM Target . He finished the first race of the meeting in twentieth place , before retiring from the second race . Sirotkin expanded his Formula Renault 3.5 campaign to contest a full season in 2013 , competing with ISR Racing . He had podiums at Alcañiz and Hungaroring with another three-point-scoring finishes to achieve the ninth place in the championship standings . For 2014 Sirotkin switched to the Fortec Motorsport team and partnered there with Oliver Rowland . He scored his first pole position and won his first Formula Renault 3.5 Series race on his home soil at Moscow Raceway . Despite this , the second Forteс car often broke and he did not finish in 5 races . But whenever he finished a race , he usually did this in points , missing a points finish only once . Overall , he finished 5th in the championship , with 132 points . GP2 Series . In February 2015 , it was announced that Sirotkin would debut in the series with Rapax . He achieved his first victory at Silverstone—a circuit on which he had no previous racing experience—when he won the feature race . During the season he had another four podium finishes . Though a GP2 rookie , Sirotkin finished third in the overall standings . For the 2016 season , Sirotkin switched to defending champions ART Grand Prix . He had a tough start of the season , as he spun and stalled in the season opener at Barcelona . His problems continued in the Feature race in Monaco , where he had started from pole position but crashed into the wall . Sirotkin converted his pace to race results in Baku with double podium finish in both Feature and Sprint races . At Spielberg he took a pole position but had a poor start and was given a ten-second time penalty for failing to re-establish his original starting position before the safety car line and of failing to re-enter the pitlane . Sirotkin had another double podium finish in the Hungaroring round . He continued to win , repeating success in the feature Hockenheim race . He had technical issues with a car at Monza and Spa-Francorchamps before finishing second in Sepang . He finished third in the final race of the season at Abu Dhabi , tying with Raffaele Marciello in the drivers standings . Sirotkin was classified third in the standings as he had achieved more wins than Marciello . FIA Formula 2 Championship . Sirotkin had a one-round return to the wheel of the Dallara GP2/11 car in the 2017 FIA Formula 2 Championship at Baku . He replaced injured Alexander Albon in ART Grand Prix . He finished both races of the round in points . In 2020 Sirotkin returned to Formula 2 with ART Grand Prix for pre-season testing as a replacement for the quarantined Christian Lundgaard . Formula One . In July 2013 , Sirotkin joined the Sauber Formula One team , with the aim of participating in Friday sessions in 2013 with a view to making his race début , and a full race seat for the season . He stayed in his role as test driver in 2014 . Sirotkin participated in tests that took place in Bahrain on 8 April , where he completed 75 laps and covered a distance of over 300 kilometres , recording the 8th fastest time . This result allowed Sirotkin to get a Superlicence . Sirotkin made his race weekend debut in free practice at the 2014 Russian Grand Prix where he recorded the 17th fastest time , some four-tenths of a second slower than his more experienced teammate Adrian Sutil . Sirotkin was unable to secure a contract with Sauber for 2015 because the team completely changed its structure and selected drivers with good financing . In April 2016 , Sirotkins Formula One chances were revived when it was announced that he would act as a development driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team and would partake in the first free practice session of the Russian Grand Prix . He became a reserve driver for 2017 , remaining with Renault . He took part in the first free practice sessions during the Russian , Spanish , Austrian and Malaysian Grands Prix and received positive feedback from Renault head Cyril Abiteboul . Williams ( 2018 ) . After the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sirotkin had a half-day test with Williams at the Yas Marina Circuit as the team evaluated potential drivers for the 2018 championship . Sirotkin impressed the team with his driving pace and talent , technical feedback and work ethic . In January 2018 , he was announced by Williams as their new driver for the season as the teammate of Lance Stroll , replacing Felipe Massa , who retired from the sport . Sirotkin qualified 19th for his first Grand Prix in Australia , but his first F1 race was ended shortly after a sandwich bag got into his Williams car brake system . For the next two races ( Bahrain and China ) he out-qualified Stroll , but finished just behind him in fifteenth place . He made it into the second qualifying segment for the first time at Baku , qualifying 12th , but his race was ended on the first lap after he was squeezed between Nico Hülkenberg and Fernando Alonsos cars and his car suffered front-left suspension damage . Prior to the accident he also collided with Sergio Pérez which led to the three-place grid penalty on the start of the Spanish Grand Prix . In Spain Sirotkin qualified ahead of Stroll , but lost his place on the grid to him after the penalty was applied . He had a seat problem during the race and was the last driver to cross the finish line . He again out-qualified Stroll at Monaco . Sirotkin passed Stoffel Vandoorne on the first lap but his race was ruined after the mechanics were not able to fit the tyres in time for the 3-minute signal prior start of the race . He received a 10-second stop-and-go penalty for this , finishing the race second last , ahead of Stroll . Williams had the slowest car in the , Sirotkin finished 17th , at the back of the field . The situation with the car remained the same for the triple header ( French , Austrian and ) , where he was the last man to cross the finish line . The car was slightly improved for the , allowing him to repeat the Baku grid position , but in the race he was forced to retire due to an engine oil leak . Sirotkin did not gain from the rain-affected qualifying of the , finishing second last , just ahead of Stroll . After the summer break , Sirotkin improved his finishing position for two races in a row . At Spa , he finished 12th ahead of Stroll , despite a collision at the start with Valtteri Bottas . While in the , he finished eleventh but was promoted to tenth , scoring his first ever World Championship point after Romain Grosjean was disqualified for technical infringements . Sirotkin out-qualified Stroll once again at the , but his race became complicated after the front wing of his car collected the wheel rim from Esteban Ocons car . He was forced to make an early pit-stop , and had a long battle with Sergio Pérez , who turned into the Russian drivers car . Due to the damage , his car had problems during braking which led to him blocking Brendon Hartleys car . Sirotkin got a five second time penalty for the blocking and finished last . His home race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he started 13th ahead of Stroll , was ruined after his car was sandwiched between the cars of Carlos Sainz Jr . and Marcus Ericsson , and he finished last again . Sirotkin lost out to Stroll in qualifying for the but finished one place ahead of him in the race . In the the qualifying and race battles with Stroll were won by Sirotkin . While in the the situation was opposite , with Sirotkin outpaced by Stroll in both qualifying and race . In the Sirotkin surpassed Stroll again in qualifying and race . Prior to the , it was announced that Sirotkin would not continue to race with Williams in 2019 . His backer SMP Racing decided to stop their partnership with Williams due to lack of performance and development of the car . In qualifying , he was penultimate , ahead of Stroll . But at the start he lost a position and then had overheating problems , finishing last in the race and in the drivers championship overall with the only point scored at Monza . Return as a reserve driver ( 2019–present ) . In 2019 Sirotkin served as reserve driver for the Formula One teams of both McLaren and Renault . He continued as reserve driver for Renault in 2020 . Sports car racing . Sirotkin raced at the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans for SMP Racing with Mikhail Aleshin and Viktor Shaytar , finishing 36 laps behind the LMP2 class winner . In 2019 he drove a LMP1-class BR1 together with Stéphane Sarrazin and Egor Orudzhev , the latter crashing mid-race . In 2020 , Sirotkin signed with AF Corse to drive a factory-supported Ferrari 488 GT3 at the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup . Racing record . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance .

easy

What sport did Sergey Sirotkin (racing driver) participate from 2015 to 2016?

/wiki/Sergey_Sirotkin_(racing_driver)#P641#3

Sergey Sirotkin ( racing driver ) Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin ( , born August 27 , 1995 ) is a Russian professional racing driver who competed in Formula One in for the Williams team . He was also the reserve driver for Renault in and . Personal life and education . Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin was born on 27 August 1995 in Moscow , Russia . His father , Oleg Sirotkin , was head of the National Institute of Aviation Technologies , Russia . He graduated from Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University in 2017 with a degree in race car engineering . Career . Karting . Sirotkin began karting in 2008 and raced in various international series , working his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF3 and KF2 category by 2010 . Formula Abarth . Having turned fifteen years old , Sirotkin graduated to single-seaters , racing in the newly launched Formula Abarth series in Italy for Jenzer Motorsport . He made his début at Vallelunga , finishing the first race in the points and later added four more point-scoring finishes to finish 18th in the championship . Sirotkin remained in Formula Abarth , and with Jenzer , for a second season in 2011 ; the series splitting into two separate classifications for European and Italian championship races . But prior to the round at Spa , Sirotkin switched to the Euronova Racing by Fortec team . He won the European Series title with a race to spare , taking five wins in fourteen races . In the Italian Series , Sirotkin finished as runner-up with two race victories , losing out to former teammate Patric Niederhauser after an error in the final race at Autodromo Nazionale Monza . Auto GP World Series . In 2012 , Sirotkin continued his collaboration with Euronova Racing into the Auto GP World Series . His first round at Monza saw him qualify on the front row , losing pole position to Adrian Quaife-Hobbs by just 0.04 seconds . He stalled at the start of the first race , but recorded a finish of fourth place in the second race ; he also set the fastest lap in both races . At Valencia , he again started behind points leader Quaife-Hobbs , but this time Sirotkin passed him before the first turn , and eventually scored his first win—again setting fastest lap—becoming the youngest Auto GP winner in the process . After another fastest lap in the second race , Sirotkin established a record of four consecutive fastest laps ; breaking a record previously held by Romain Grosjean . Sirotkin went on to finish the season in third place overall , behind Quaife-Hobbs and Pål Varhaug . He finished the season with two race wins in Valencia and Sonoma , and seven podium finishes . He also recorded his first pole position at the Marrakech Street Circuit . Formula Three . Sirotkin also participated in the Italian Formula Three Championship in 2012 , driving for Euronova . He recorded two wins at the Hungaroring and Monza , and a further four podium finishes over the course of the season . He also scored points in twenty-two of the twenty-four races—after retiring from the second race at Vallelunga and being disqualified from the third race at Monza—and finished the season fifth overall in both the European and Italian Series championships . Formula Renault 3.5 Series . Sirotkin made his Formula Renault 3.5 debut in his home event at the Moscow Raceway , partnering fellow Russian driver Nikolay Martsenko at BVM Target . He finished the first race of the meeting in twentieth place , before retiring from the second race . Sirotkin expanded his Formula Renault 3.5 campaign to contest a full season in 2013 , competing with ISR Racing . He had podiums at Alcañiz and Hungaroring with another three-point-scoring finishes to achieve the ninth place in the championship standings . For 2014 Sirotkin switched to the Fortec Motorsport team and partnered there with Oliver Rowland . He scored his first pole position and won his first Formula Renault 3.5 Series race on his home soil at Moscow Raceway . Despite this , the second Forteс car often broke and he did not finish in 5 races . But whenever he finished a race , he usually did this in points , missing a points finish only once . Overall , he finished 5th in the championship , with 132 points . GP2 Series . In February 2015 , it was announced that Sirotkin would debut in the series with Rapax . He achieved his first victory at Silverstone—a circuit on which he had no previous racing experience—when he won the feature race . During the season he had another four podium finishes . Though a GP2 rookie , Sirotkin finished third in the overall standings . For the 2016 season , Sirotkin switched to defending champions ART Grand Prix . He had a tough start of the season , as he spun and stalled in the season opener at Barcelona . His problems continued in the Feature race in Monaco , where he had started from pole position but crashed into the wall . Sirotkin converted his pace to race results in Baku with double podium finish in both Feature and Sprint races . At Spielberg he took a pole position but had a poor start and was given a ten-second time penalty for failing to re-establish his original starting position before the safety car line and of failing to re-enter the pitlane . Sirotkin had another double podium finish in the Hungaroring round . He continued to win , repeating success in the feature Hockenheim race . He had technical issues with a car at Monza and Spa-Francorchamps before finishing second in Sepang . He finished third in the final race of the season at Abu Dhabi , tying with Raffaele Marciello in the drivers standings . Sirotkin was classified third in the standings as he had achieved more wins than Marciello . FIA Formula 2 Championship . Sirotkin had a one-round return to the wheel of the Dallara GP2/11 car in the 2017 FIA Formula 2 Championship at Baku . He replaced injured Alexander Albon in ART Grand Prix . He finished both races of the round in points . In 2020 Sirotkin returned to Formula 2 with ART Grand Prix for pre-season testing as a replacement for the quarantined Christian Lundgaard . Formula One . In July 2013 , Sirotkin joined the Sauber Formula One team , with the aim of participating in Friday sessions in 2013 with a view to making his race début , and a full race seat for the season . He stayed in his role as test driver in 2014 . Sirotkin participated in tests that took place in Bahrain on 8 April , where he completed 75 laps and covered a distance of over 300 kilometres , recording the 8th fastest time . This result allowed Sirotkin to get a Superlicence . Sirotkin made his race weekend debut in free practice at the 2014 Russian Grand Prix where he recorded the 17th fastest time , some four-tenths of a second slower than his more experienced teammate Adrian Sutil . Sirotkin was unable to secure a contract with Sauber for 2015 because the team completely changed its structure and selected drivers with good financing . In April 2016 , Sirotkins Formula One chances were revived when it was announced that he would act as a development driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team and would partake in the first free practice session of the Russian Grand Prix . He became a reserve driver for 2017 , remaining with Renault . He took part in the first free practice sessions during the Russian , Spanish , Austrian and Malaysian Grands Prix and received positive feedback from Renault head Cyril Abiteboul . Williams ( 2018 ) . After the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sirotkin had a half-day test with Williams at the Yas Marina Circuit as the team evaluated potential drivers for the 2018 championship . Sirotkin impressed the team with his driving pace and talent , technical feedback and work ethic . In January 2018 , he was announced by Williams as their new driver for the season as the teammate of Lance Stroll , replacing Felipe Massa , who retired from the sport . Sirotkin qualified 19th for his first Grand Prix in Australia , but his first F1 race was ended shortly after a sandwich bag got into his Williams car brake system . For the next two races ( Bahrain and China ) he out-qualified Stroll , but finished just behind him in fifteenth place . He made it into the second qualifying segment for the first time at Baku , qualifying 12th , but his race was ended on the first lap after he was squeezed between Nico Hülkenberg and Fernando Alonsos cars and his car suffered front-left suspension damage . Prior to the accident he also collided with Sergio Pérez which led to the three-place grid penalty on the start of the Spanish Grand Prix . In Spain Sirotkin qualified ahead of Stroll , but lost his place on the grid to him after the penalty was applied . He had a seat problem during the race and was the last driver to cross the finish line . He again out-qualified Stroll at Monaco . Sirotkin passed Stoffel Vandoorne on the first lap but his race was ruined after the mechanics were not able to fit the tyres in time for the 3-minute signal prior start of the race . He received a 10-second stop-and-go penalty for this , finishing the race second last , ahead of Stroll . Williams had the slowest car in the , Sirotkin finished 17th , at the back of the field . The situation with the car remained the same for the triple header ( French , Austrian and ) , where he was the last man to cross the finish line . The car was slightly improved for the , allowing him to repeat the Baku grid position , but in the race he was forced to retire due to an engine oil leak . Sirotkin did not gain from the rain-affected qualifying of the , finishing second last , just ahead of Stroll . After the summer break , Sirotkin improved his finishing position for two races in a row . At Spa , he finished 12th ahead of Stroll , despite a collision at the start with Valtteri Bottas . While in the , he finished eleventh but was promoted to tenth , scoring his first ever World Championship point after Romain Grosjean was disqualified for technical infringements . Sirotkin out-qualified Stroll once again at the , but his race became complicated after the front wing of his car collected the wheel rim from Esteban Ocons car . He was forced to make an early pit-stop , and had a long battle with Sergio Pérez , who turned into the Russian drivers car . Due to the damage , his car had problems during braking which led to him blocking Brendon Hartleys car . Sirotkin got a five second time penalty for the blocking and finished last . His home race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he started 13th ahead of Stroll , was ruined after his car was sandwiched between the cars of Carlos Sainz Jr . and Marcus Ericsson , and he finished last again . Sirotkin lost out to Stroll in qualifying for the but finished one place ahead of him in the race . In the the qualifying and race battles with Stroll were won by Sirotkin . While in the the situation was opposite , with Sirotkin outpaced by Stroll in both qualifying and race . In the Sirotkin surpassed Stroll again in qualifying and race . Prior to the , it was announced that Sirotkin would not continue to race with Williams in 2019 . His backer SMP Racing decided to stop their partnership with Williams due to lack of performance and development of the car . In qualifying , he was penultimate , ahead of Stroll . But at the start he lost a position and then had overheating problems , finishing last in the race and in the drivers championship overall with the only point scored at Monza . Return as a reserve driver ( 2019–present ) . In 2019 Sirotkin served as reserve driver for the Formula One teams of both McLaren and Renault . He continued as reserve driver for Renault in 2020 . Sports car racing . Sirotkin raced at the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans for SMP Racing with Mikhail Aleshin and Viktor Shaytar , finishing 36 laps behind the LMP2 class winner . In 2019 he drove a LMP1-class BR1 together with Stéphane Sarrazin and Egor Orudzhev , the latter crashing mid-race . In 2020 , Sirotkin signed with AF Corse to drive a factory-supported Ferrari 488 GT3 at the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup . Racing record . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance .

easy

What sport did Sergey Sirotkin (racing driver) participate from 2018 to 2019?

/wiki/Sergey_Sirotkin_(racing_driver)#P641#4

Sergey Sirotkin ( racing driver ) Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin ( , born August 27 , 1995 ) is a Russian professional racing driver who competed in Formula One in for the Williams team . He was also the reserve driver for Renault in and . Personal life and education . Sergey Olegovich Sirotkin was born on 27 August 1995 in Moscow , Russia . His father , Oleg Sirotkin , was head of the National Institute of Aviation Technologies , Russia . He graduated from Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University in 2017 with a degree in race car engineering . Career . Karting . Sirotkin began karting in 2008 and raced in various international series , working his way up from the junior ranks to progress through to the KF3 and KF2 category by 2010 . Formula Abarth . Having turned fifteen years old , Sirotkin graduated to single-seaters , racing in the newly launched Formula Abarth series in Italy for Jenzer Motorsport . He made his début at Vallelunga , finishing the first race in the points and later added four more point-scoring finishes to finish 18th in the championship . Sirotkin remained in Formula Abarth , and with Jenzer , for a second season in 2011 ; the series splitting into two separate classifications for European and Italian championship races . But prior to the round at Spa , Sirotkin switched to the Euronova Racing by Fortec team . He won the European Series title with a race to spare , taking five wins in fourteen races . In the Italian Series , Sirotkin finished as runner-up with two race victories , losing out to former teammate Patric Niederhauser after an error in the final race at Autodromo Nazionale Monza . Auto GP World Series . In 2012 , Sirotkin continued his collaboration with Euronova Racing into the Auto GP World Series . His first round at Monza saw him qualify on the front row , losing pole position to Adrian Quaife-Hobbs by just 0.04 seconds . He stalled at the start of the first race , but recorded a finish of fourth place in the second race ; he also set the fastest lap in both races . At Valencia , he again started behind points leader Quaife-Hobbs , but this time Sirotkin passed him before the first turn , and eventually scored his first win—again setting fastest lap—becoming the youngest Auto GP winner in the process . After another fastest lap in the second race , Sirotkin established a record of four consecutive fastest laps ; breaking a record previously held by Romain Grosjean . Sirotkin went on to finish the season in third place overall , behind Quaife-Hobbs and Pål Varhaug . He finished the season with two race wins in Valencia and Sonoma , and seven podium finishes . He also recorded his first pole position at the Marrakech Street Circuit . Formula Three . Sirotkin also participated in the Italian Formula Three Championship in 2012 , driving for Euronova . He recorded two wins at the Hungaroring and Monza , and a further four podium finishes over the course of the season . He also scored points in twenty-two of the twenty-four races—after retiring from the second race at Vallelunga and being disqualified from the third race at Monza—and finished the season fifth overall in both the European and Italian Series championships . Formula Renault 3.5 Series . Sirotkin made his Formula Renault 3.5 debut in his home event at the Moscow Raceway , partnering fellow Russian driver Nikolay Martsenko at BVM Target . He finished the first race of the meeting in twentieth place , before retiring from the second race . Sirotkin expanded his Formula Renault 3.5 campaign to contest a full season in 2013 , competing with ISR Racing . He had podiums at Alcañiz and Hungaroring with another three-point-scoring finishes to achieve the ninth place in the championship standings . For 2014 Sirotkin switched to the Fortec Motorsport team and partnered there with Oliver Rowland . He scored his first pole position and won his first Formula Renault 3.5 Series race on his home soil at Moscow Raceway . Despite this , the second Forteс car often broke and he did not finish in 5 races . But whenever he finished a race , he usually did this in points , missing a points finish only once . Overall , he finished 5th in the championship , with 132 points . GP2 Series . In February 2015 , it was announced that Sirotkin would debut in the series with Rapax . He achieved his first victory at Silverstone—a circuit on which he had no previous racing experience—when he won the feature race . During the season he had another four podium finishes . Though a GP2 rookie , Sirotkin finished third in the overall standings . For the 2016 season , Sirotkin switched to defending champions ART Grand Prix . He had a tough start of the season , as he spun and stalled in the season opener at Barcelona . His problems continued in the Feature race in Monaco , where he had started from pole position but crashed into the wall . Sirotkin converted his pace to race results in Baku with double podium finish in both Feature and Sprint races . At Spielberg he took a pole position but had a poor start and was given a ten-second time penalty for failing to re-establish his original starting position before the safety car line and of failing to re-enter the pitlane . Sirotkin had another double podium finish in the Hungaroring round . He continued to win , repeating success in the feature Hockenheim race . He had technical issues with a car at Monza and Spa-Francorchamps before finishing second in Sepang . He finished third in the final race of the season at Abu Dhabi , tying with Raffaele Marciello in the drivers standings . Sirotkin was classified third in the standings as he had achieved more wins than Marciello . FIA Formula 2 Championship . Sirotkin had a one-round return to the wheel of the Dallara GP2/11 car in the 2017 FIA Formula 2 Championship at Baku . He replaced injured Alexander Albon in ART Grand Prix . He finished both races of the round in points . In 2020 Sirotkin returned to Formula 2 with ART Grand Prix for pre-season testing as a replacement for the quarantined Christian Lundgaard . Formula One . In July 2013 , Sirotkin joined the Sauber Formula One team , with the aim of participating in Friday sessions in 2013 with a view to making his race début , and a full race seat for the season . He stayed in his role as test driver in 2014 . Sirotkin participated in tests that took place in Bahrain on 8 April , where he completed 75 laps and covered a distance of over 300 kilometres , recording the 8th fastest time . This result allowed Sirotkin to get a Superlicence . Sirotkin made his race weekend debut in free practice at the 2014 Russian Grand Prix where he recorded the 17th fastest time , some four-tenths of a second slower than his more experienced teammate Adrian Sutil . Sirotkin was unable to secure a contract with Sauber for 2015 because the team completely changed its structure and selected drivers with good financing . In April 2016 , Sirotkins Formula One chances were revived when it was announced that he would act as a development driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team and would partake in the first free practice session of the Russian Grand Prix . He became a reserve driver for 2017 , remaining with Renault . He took part in the first free practice sessions during the Russian , Spanish , Austrian and Malaysian Grands Prix and received positive feedback from Renault head Cyril Abiteboul . Williams ( 2018 ) . After the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Sirotkin had a half-day test with Williams at the Yas Marina Circuit as the team evaluated potential drivers for the 2018 championship . Sirotkin impressed the team with his driving pace and talent , technical feedback and work ethic . In January 2018 , he was announced by Williams as their new driver for the season as the teammate of Lance Stroll , replacing Felipe Massa , who retired from the sport . Sirotkin qualified 19th for his first Grand Prix in Australia , but his first F1 race was ended shortly after a sandwich bag got into his Williams car brake system . For the next two races ( Bahrain and China ) he out-qualified Stroll , but finished just behind him in fifteenth place . He made it into the second qualifying segment for the first time at Baku , qualifying 12th , but his race was ended on the first lap after he was squeezed between Nico Hülkenberg and Fernando Alonsos cars and his car suffered front-left suspension damage . Prior to the accident he also collided with Sergio Pérez which led to the three-place grid penalty on the start of the Spanish Grand Prix . In Spain Sirotkin qualified ahead of Stroll , but lost his place on the grid to him after the penalty was applied . He had a seat problem during the race and was the last driver to cross the finish line . He again out-qualified Stroll at Monaco . Sirotkin passed Stoffel Vandoorne on the first lap but his race was ruined after the mechanics were not able to fit the tyres in time for the 3-minute signal prior start of the race . He received a 10-second stop-and-go penalty for this , finishing the race second last , ahead of Stroll . Williams had the slowest car in the , Sirotkin finished 17th , at the back of the field . The situation with the car remained the same for the triple header ( French , Austrian and ) , where he was the last man to cross the finish line . The car was slightly improved for the , allowing him to repeat the Baku grid position , but in the race he was forced to retire due to an engine oil leak . Sirotkin did not gain from the rain-affected qualifying of the , finishing second last , just ahead of Stroll . After the summer break , Sirotkin improved his finishing position for two races in a row . At Spa , he finished 12th ahead of Stroll , despite a collision at the start with Valtteri Bottas . While in the , he finished eleventh but was promoted to tenth , scoring his first ever World Championship point after Romain Grosjean was disqualified for technical infringements . Sirotkin out-qualified Stroll once again at the , but his race became complicated after the front wing of his car collected the wheel rim from Esteban Ocons car . He was forced to make an early pit-stop , and had a long battle with Sergio Pérez , who turned into the Russian drivers car . Due to the damage , his car had problems during braking which led to him blocking Brendon Hartleys car . Sirotkin got a five second time penalty for the blocking and finished last . His home race , the Russian Grand Prix , where he started 13th ahead of Stroll , was ruined after his car was sandwiched between the cars of Carlos Sainz Jr . and Marcus Ericsson , and he finished last again . Sirotkin lost out to Stroll in qualifying for the but finished one place ahead of him in the race . In the the qualifying and race battles with Stroll were won by Sirotkin . While in the the situation was opposite , with Sirotkin outpaced by Stroll in both qualifying and race . In the Sirotkin surpassed Stroll again in qualifying and race . Prior to the , it was announced that Sirotkin would not continue to race with Williams in 2019 . His backer SMP Racing decided to stop their partnership with Williams due to lack of performance and development of the car . In qualifying , he was penultimate , ahead of Stroll . But at the start he lost a position and then had overheating problems , finishing last in the race and in the drivers championship overall with the only point scored at Monza . Return as a reserve driver ( 2019–present ) . In 2019 Sirotkin served as reserve driver for the Formula One teams of both McLaren and Renault . He continued as reserve driver for Renault in 2020 . Sports car racing . Sirotkin raced at the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans for SMP Racing with Mikhail Aleshin and Viktor Shaytar , finishing 36 laps behind the LMP2 class winner . In 2019 he drove a LMP1-class BR1 together with Stéphane Sarrazin and Egor Orudzhev , the latter crashing mid-race . In 2020 , Sirotkin signed with AF Corse to drive a factory-supported Ferrari 488 GT3 at the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup . Racing record . Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results . Did not finish , but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance .

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Which position did Chris Grayling hold from May 2005 to Dec 2005?

/wiki/Chris_Grayling#P39#0

Chris Grayling Christopher Stephen Failing Grayling ( born 1 April 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician and author who served as Secretary of State for Transport from 2016 to 2019 . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Epsom and Ewell since 2001 . Grayling previously worked in the television and film industry . Grayling was born in London and studied History at Cambridge University . He wrote a number of books as well as working for the BBC and Channel 4 before going into politics . A member of the Social Democratic Party until 1988 , he then joined the Conservatives . First elected to Parliament in the 2001 general election for Epsom and Ewell , he was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron in 2005 as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In 2007 , he became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , and in 2009 he was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . Following the 2010 general election and the formation of the Cameron–Clegg coalition , Grayling was made Minister of State for Employment . In September 2012 , he was appointed to the Cabinet as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice and served until 2015 . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . He was Leader of the House of Commons and the Lord President of the Council from 2015 to 2016 . In the majority and minority May governments , Grayling served as Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was stood down from the Cabinet when Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019 . Johnson hoped for Grayling to become Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by being voted in by the Conservative majority on the committee . However , fellow Conservative Julian Lewis defeated Grayling in the ballot by using opposition votes to secure a majority , in what was seen as a blow to Johnson and his adviser Dominic Cummings . Six weeks later , Grayling resigned from the committee apparently due to his failure to become chair . Early life and career . Grayling was born in London and grew up in Buckinghamshire , where he was educated at the Royal Grammar School , High Wycombe . He then went to Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , where he graduated with an upper-second class Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1984 . Grayling joined BBC News in 1985 as a trainee , becoming a producer in 1986 . He left the BBC in 1988 to join Channel 4 as an editor on its Business Daily television programme . He rejoined the BBC in 1991 as a business development manager on BBC Select . On leaving the BBC again in 1993 , he briefly joined Charterhouse Productions as Managing Director before leaving several months later as it was wound up for failing to pay VAT . He ran several television production companies from late 1993 , including managing the corporate communications division of Workhouse Ltd from 1992 to 1995 and SSVC Group in Gerrards Cross from 1995 to 1997 . Grayling became a public relations consultant in 1997 with Burson Marsteller , where he remained until his election to Parliament . Prior to joining the Conservative Party , Grayling was a member of the Social Democratic Party . Early political career . Borough councillor : 1998–2002 . Grayling was selected to contest the Labour-held marginal seat of Warrington South at the 1997 general election , but was defeated by Labour candidate Helen Southworth by 10,807 votes . He was elected as a councillor for the Hillside ward in the London Borough of Merton in 1998 and remained on the council until 2002 . Elected Member of Parliament : 2001 . Grayling was elected to the House of Commons to represent the Surrey seat of Epsom and Ewell at the 2001 general election following the retirement of the veteran Tory MP Archie Hamilton . Grayling held the seat with a majority of 10,080 and has been returned as MP there since . He made his maiden speech on 25 June 2001 . In 2019 , Grayling announced that Stoneleigh train station was to be given step free access . Shadow Cabinet : 2001–2010 . Grayling served on the Environment , Transport and the Regions Select committee from 2001 until he was promoted to the Opposition Whips Office by Iain Duncan Smith in 2002 , moving to become a Spokesman for Health later in the year . He became a Spokesman for Education and Skills by Michael Howard in 2003 . Following the 2005 general election he became a member of Howards Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons ; and after the election of David Cameron as the leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005 he served as the Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In June 2007 , he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post he held until January 2009 when he became Shadow Home Secretary . Grayling became known as a national politician through his attack dog pressure on leading Labour politicians . He was heavily involved in the questioning of David Blunkett , the then Work and Pensions Secretary , over his business affairs which led to Blunketts resignation in 2005 . Grayling also challenged Tony Blair and his wife Cherie over the money they made from lectures while Blair was Prime Minister . He also challenged minister Stephen Byers over his handling of the Railtrack collapse . Role in the expenses scandal . Between 2001 and 2009 , Grayling claimed expenses for his flat in Pimlico , close to the Houses of Parliament , despite having a constituency home no further than 17 miles away . Grayling said he uses the flat when working very late because he needs to work very erratic and late hours most days when the House of Commons is sitting . During the Parliamentary expenses scandal , The Daily Telegraph reported that Grayling refitted and redecorated the flat in 2005 costing over £5,000 . Graylings expenses issue was seen as embarrassing for the Conservative Party as he had previously criticised Labour ministers for being implicated in sleaze scandals . In 2010 it was reported by the Daily Telegraph that an IP address associated with the Parliamentary estate had been discovered attempting to remove references to Chris Graylings role in the expenses scandal from his Wikipedia page . They attempted the edit to remove the information 5 times and later received a warning from a Wikipedia administrator . Comparing Moss Side to The Wire . As Shadow Home Secretary , Grayling provoked controversy in August 2009 when he compared Manchesters Moss Side area to the American TV crime drama The Wire . His comments received an angry response from some Manchester locals and criticism from the police . Having been out on patrol for a day with the police , observing the results of a shooting at a house , he described himself as having witnessed an urban war . Police responded that gang-related shootings in Greater Manchester had fallen by 82 percent from the previous year and that to speak of urban war was sensationalistic . A local councillor , Roy Walters , complained of Moss Side unfairly being a negative target due to historical associations . Defending his comments , Grayling said , I didnt say Moss Side equals Baltimore . What I said is that we have in Moss Side symptoms of a gang conflict in this country which I find profoundly disturbing . Baltimore , with a population of about 600,000 , was noted as having 191 gun related murders in the previous year , in comparison to Moss Side , population 17,537 , which had none . Statistics on violent crime . Grayling came under criticism as Shadow Home Secretary over the Conservative Partys use of statistics on violent crime . In February 2010 , the Conservative Party issued press releases to every constituency in the UK claiming that crime had risen sharply in the UK . They failed , however , to take into account the more rigorous system for recording crime . The chairman of the UK Statistics Authority , Sir Michael Scholar , said that the figures Grayling was using were likely to mislead the public and likely to damage public trust in official statistics as the way in which crime was calculated had been changed in 2002 . A Conservative-commissioned report by the independent House of Commons library suggested that , depending on how figures were calculated , Graylings claims may have been justifiable and that violent crime may have risen in the period between 1998 and 2009 . The incumbent Home Secretary , Alan Johnson , called Graylings use of crime statistics dodgy and said that the British Crime Survey clearly showed that violent crime had reduced by 41% over the same period . Gay couples in B&Bs . In March 2010 , Grayling was recorded at an open meeting of the Centre for Policy Studies think tank saying that during the debates on civil liberties under the Labour Government , he had felt that Christians should have the right to live by their consciences and that Christian owners of bed and breakfasts should have the right to turn away gay couples . Grayling said : I personally always took the view that , if you look at the case of should a Christian hotel owner have the right to exclude a gay couple from a hotel , I took the view that if its a question of somebody whos doing a B&B in their own home , that individual should have the right to decide who does and who doesnt come into their own home . If they are running a hotel on the high street , I really dont think that it is right in this day and age that a gay couple should walk into a hotel and be turned away because they are a gay couple , and I think that is where the dividing line comes . When the recording was released by The Observer , on 3 April 2010 , Graylings comments caused an angry response from gay rights campaigners , with Ben Summerskill , Chief Executive of the gay rights group Stonewall , saying that this position would be illegal and very alarming to a lot of gay people who may have been thinking of voting Conservative . Lord Mandelson , the most senior gay minister in the ( then Labour ) Government , added that the comment showed that the Conservative Party had not changed , that when the camera is on they say one thing , but when the camera is off they say another . Conservative Party leader David Cameron was subsequently urged to back or sack Grayling , with gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell saying that Camerons silence is worrying . Many voters – gay and straight – will be disturbed by his failure to swiftly disown Graylings support for homophobic discrimination . What does this say about the sincerity and seriousness of his commitment to gay equality ? Anastasia Beaumont-Bott , founder of LGBTory , a gay rights group which campaigns for the Conservatives , announced that she would be voting for Labour , not the Conservatives , in response to Graylings comments . She said , I feel guilty because as a gay woman affected by LGBT rights I am on record saying you should vote Conservative , and I want to reverse that . I want to go on record to say dont vote Conservative . Id go as far to say that Ill vote Labour at this general election . Beaumont-Bott was joined in defecting from the Conservatives to Labour a week later by gay rights campaigner David Heathcote . Graylings comments were defended by a number of commentators , including the Today Programme presenter and gay broadcaster Evan Davis and leading Christian groups . Grayling apologised on 9 April 2010 , saying : I am sorry if what I said gave the wrong impression , I certainly didnt intend to offend anyone.. . I voted for gay rights , I voted for this particular measure . Various commentators speculated that he might have been hidden away by his party when he made relatively few public appearances in the days of the general election campaign that followed . It is unclear whether his remarks were the reason that David Cameron chose to appoint Theresa May as Home Secretary in his new Cabinet , rather than Grayling who held the position in the Shadow Cabinet ; Grayling was not given any Cabinet post , as had been predicted by some media commentators prior to the election . On 31 January 2013 , it was reported that Grayling would vote in favour of same-sex marriage in England and Wales . Minister of State for Employment . On 13 May 2010 , Grayling was appointed Minister of State for Employment and was sworn into the Privy Council on 28 May . As minister at DWP he was responsible for jobcentres . Measures were introduced to reduce costs , leaving 100,000 staff redundant in offices around the country . In the context of a Broken Society he accused some families of being habitually unemployed , generation after generation , living in sink council estates in the inner cities . Government cuts were made to the DWP budgets in order to constrain welfare spending . The policy later informed treatment of prisoners , refusing the right to vote , and clamping down on abusive behaviours in jails . He announced work programs for prisoners , encouraged an end to the something for nothing culture . More people than ever were found fit to work as part of a package of measures in a £5 billion program to make work for the long-term unemployed . Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor . Grayling was promoted to the Cabinet on 4 September 2012 , as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . Sworn in as Lord Chancellor on 1 October 2012 at Westminster Abbey , he was elected an Honorary Bencher of Grays Inn on 11 December 2012 , due in part to his lack of legal qualifications . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . ( It was reported that the last such non-lawyer was the Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672–73 ; but the Earl was admitted to Lincolns Inn in 1638. ) Graylings appointment was widely seen as a return to a more hard line approach than that of his predecessor , Clarke . Grayling pursued a tough justice agenda , including ending automatic early release for terrorists and child rapists , ending simple cautions for serious offences , and introducing greater protections for householders who defend themselves against intruders . The leading human rights barrister Lord Pannick described Graylings performance as notable only for his attempts to restrict judicial reviews and human rights , his failure to protect the judiciary against criticism from his colleagues and the reduction of legal aid to a bare minimum . Prisoner reforms . One of Graylings first acts at the Ministry of Justice ( MoJ ) was to commence a project to change the way offenders were rehabilitated in an effort to cut reoffending rates . Under a system of payment by results , private companies as well as charities were to play a greater role in looking after offenders on licence in the community . Graylings ban on books being sent into UK prisons was widely criticised by the Howard League for Penal Reform and the literary establishment , including Philip Pullman , Mark Haddon , Anthony Horowitz , Susan Hill and Emma Donoghue . The ban was described as obscene by Shaun Attwood of the TV show Banged Up Abroad who read over a thousand books in prison and credited books for being the lifeblood of rehabilitation . The move was defended as being not about a ban on books being sent into prison , but about parcels being sent in , as giving prisons access to the latter would almost certainly increase the amount of contraband getting into the prison estate . The High Court ruled the ban illegal in December 2015 . On stepping down from his role as Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Harding criticised Grayling for robustly interfering with the contents of reports and Graylings department for using financial controls to influence what was inspected , thereby threatening the independence of the Inspectors role . In March 2019 , the UK National Audit Office issued a report on the reforms of the probation system in England and Wales initiated by Grayling during his tenure at the MoJ stating that the Ministry had set itself up to fail through the rushed implementation of the reforms . As a result , the MoJs aim of delivering cuts in reoffending had not been achieved , with reoffending rates having increased significantly , at a cost £467 million higher than predicted . In May 2019 incumbent Justice Secretary , David Gauke , announced offender supervision in England and Wales is to be returned to government control , under the management of the National Probation Service , reversing Graylings policy . The abolition of Graylings payment by results system is to take place in December 2020 , terminating the contracts of the private sector providers two years early . During the 2017–18 period serious further offences , which include crimes such as murder and rape had increased by 21% compared to the 2016–17 period in June 2019 , a study published by the British Sociological Association described the privatisation of the probation system as an unmitigated disaster and found that it left the public at greater risk from ex-offenders released from prison . Prison benchmarking and staff cuts . A prison benchmarking programme was introduced in 2012 by Grayling to reduce the costs of public sector prisons to match comparable private sector prisons , along with associated new core standards intended to result in prisoners having similar amounts of time spent outside their cells across similar prisons . Prison officer numbers were reduced from about 23,000 in 2012 to about 18,000 in 2015 . In 2015 the Justice Select Committee , following a year long prison inquiry , were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012 . The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons . A tough justice agenda : court reforms . Graylings proposed cuts to legal aid were widely criticised by the legal profession . In May 2013 , 90 Queens Counsels signed a letter sent to The Daily Telegraph that branded the cuts unjust , as they would seriously undermine the rule of law . 6 January 2014 saw the first strike in British history by barristers and solicitors in protest at the cuts . In February 2014 , he introduced the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 to the House of Commons . The Bill included measures to outlaw revenge porn . In October 2014 , Grayling unveiled the Conservative Partys proposals for reforms to human rights in order to curb the European Court of Human Rights influence over British court rulings , whilst honouring the text of the original Convention on Human Rights in a British Bill of Rights and Responsibilities . In December 2013 , Alan Turing was granted a pardon by the Queen , after a process initiated by Grayling in his capacity as Lord Chancellor . In April 2015 , Grayling introduced mandatory flat-fee court charges for magistrates courts , the lowest fee being £150 for a guilty plea . Lawyers feared that defendants may plead guilty to avoid falling into debt , and the president of the Law Society described the change as a threat to fair trials . The charges for crown court were increased to £1,200 . Justice department security failure . In January 2015 , data relating to three fatal police shootings including details of marksmen and the deceaseds family were lost in the post by the Justice Department . According to The Guardian it was particularly embarrassing for Grayling as the Government was claiming it needed to access personal data to deal with terrorism and could keep it securely . The data included details of the Mark Duggan shooting incident which had triggered the 2011 England riots . Fathers 4 Justice protests . On multiple occasions in 2014 and 2015 , Fathers 4 Justice protesters targeted Graylings constituency home in Ashtead , Surrey in January and October 2015 . Other incidents included a weekend protest camp set up outside his house by four protesters . Leader of the House of Commons . After the 2015 general election , Grayling was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . Michael Gove , who replaced Grayling as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , was reportedly unimpressed with Graylings innovations . Grayling led Theresa Mays campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and thus also as successor to David Cameron as Prime Minister , following Camerons resignation in June 2016 . May won the contest by default following the withdrawal of the only other contender , Andrea Leadsom , after the second round of the leadership ballot Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was appointed as Secretary of State for Transport when Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016 . He became criticised for various gaffes and controversies , such as injuring a cyclist by unsafely opening the door of his ministerial car in October 2016 and misspending £2.7 billion of public funds over his tenure as Transport Secretary . Because of such reports , he became known by the moniker Failing Grayling used by The Guardian , The Independent , opposition MPs and allegedly his own Cabinet colleagues . London metro services : December 2016 . In December 2016 , Grayling blocked a move by the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan to give control of the metro services run by Southeastern to Transport for London . A leaked 2013 letter revealed Grayling had previously written to then-London mayor Boris Johnson saying he opposed such a move because it could put those services in the clutches of a Labour mayor . The leak led to Grayling being accused of putting his partys political interests over those of the public and commuters , as well as members of his own party calling for his resignation . Railway electrification cancellations : 2017–2018 . On the last day before parliament closed for its summer recess in 2017 , Grayling acknowledged that he had cancelled multiple railway electrification schemes in the north of England that had been promised by David Cameron and George Osborne . In January 2018 , Grayling was criticised by railway passengers and by Transport Select Committee members for his decision . In March 2018 , it emerged that National Audit Office records showed Grayling to have made the decision several months earlier in 2017 than previously acknowledged , but had suppressed the decision during the 2017 United Kingdom general election and for the remainder of the parliamentary session . Railway timetable change and vote of no-confidence : May–June 2018 . In summer 2018 , problems introducing a new timetable caused widespread disruption and the cancellation of 10% of trains on Northern and Thameslink . The Chief Executive of Govia Thameslink Railway , Charles Horton , resigned , and Grayling faced a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 19 June 2018 , with the resulting division 305–285 in Graylings favour . Govia Thameslink did not need to pay performance penalties for this disruption after an agreement made in 2017 . Gatwick Airport drone incident : December 2018 . Following the December 2018 Gatwick Airport drone incident The Times reported that Grayling had ignored numerous warnings about the threat posed by drones , halting draft legislation due for publication in early 2019 thereby allowing civil servants to be diverted to Brexit related tasks . According to The Daily Telegraph , the RAF offered the assistance of a specialist anti-drone team almost immediately but Graylings department – which would have had to pay for the service – was reluctant to accept . Seaborne Freight : 2018–2019 . On 29 December 2018 , it emerged that Graylings department had awarded £46.6m to French firm Brittany Ferries , £42.5m to Danish shipping firm DFDS , and £13.8m to British firm Seaborne Freight , to provide additional cross-channel freight capacity in case of a no-deal Brexit on 29 March 2019 . On 2 January 2019 , it emerged that Seaborne Freight had never run a ferry service and owned no ships . The Road Haulage Association said the firm had an impossible timescale in which to source ferries , hire and train staff and link with relevant authorities . Despite Graylings assurance that the usual procurement due diligence procedures had been followed , it was later revealed that Seaborne Freight issued terms and conditions designed for a food delivery business not ferries , that its chief executive previously ran a ship chartering business that was forced into liquidation following court petitions from HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) , and that auditors performing the due diligence checks had reported serious concerns about the contract . In relation to the prior court action by HMRC against Seaborne Freights chief executive , the amount of unpaid tax was not reported , but the former company had a total of £1.78 million in unpaid debts . Graylings unilateral decision to use Ostend , instead of Calais , as the continental terminal for some ferry services , was not appreciated in Calais , whose port chairman told Grayling he was no longer welcome there . Seaborne Freights contract was cancelled on 8 February 2019 by Graylings department after the Irish firm which was secretly intended to run the contract decided to pull out . The collapse of the contract led to calls from both sides of parliament for Graylings dismissal . On 13 February 2019 , Graylings department said that , following the collapse of the Seaborne Freight contract , it had run out of time to secure the substantial additional cross-channel transport capacity that could be needed in the event of a no-deal Brexit . Eurotunnel , operator of the Channel Tunnel , initiated legal action against the Department for Transport , claiming that the awarding of ferry contracts for the event of a no-deal Brexit had been secretive and flawed , and that Eurotunnel , which also operates freight services across the English Channel , had not had the opportunity to compete . The matter was settled out of court , with Eurotunnel receiving £33 million as part of a deal in which the company will provide freight services in the event of a no-deal Brexit . This caused renewed calls for Graylings dismissal . On 16 March 2019 , it emerged that the ferry companies engaged by Grayling would receive an additional £28m in the event of Brexit being delayed beyond 29 March 2019 , which it was . Delays and cost overruns to introduction of Class 800 trains . In March 2019 , Lord Adonis , former Labour transport minister , was critical of the delay in implementing services on the East Coast Mainline , using Class 800 trains . The trains were ordered ten years before services commenced . Delays were caused when it was found the trains interfered with trackside signalling equipment . Adonis said , They had 10 years to get these signalling issues right . Similar trains , introduced by Great Western Railway had cost twice the estimated amount . Grayling said , These new state-of-the-art trains show our commitment to put passengers at the heart of everything that we do and will carry people across Britain , from Swansea to Aberdeen and London to Inverness . The service , planned to run to Swansea , has only so far reached Cardiff . Grayling travelled on the first Class 800 train , operated by Great Western Railway . It set off 25 minutes late , arrived 41 minutes late , and had no air-conditioning when it arrived . The air-conditioning was switched off after it leaked liquid into the carriages . Grayling declined to take part in the first Class 800 to run on the East Coast Main Line . Post-ministerial career . Boris Johnson reportedly hoped for Grayling to be voted in as Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the narrow Conservative majority sitting on the committee . The possible appointment prompted criticism from fellow Conservative MPs , acting Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey and Shadow Defence Secretary Nia Griffith , who said his appointment would make a mockery of the committee . There were fears it would be a power grab by Johnson and his senior adviser Dominic Cummings designed to avoid accountability over their links to Russia outlined in a suppressed report . On 15 July 2020 , opposition committee members instead elected independently minded Conservative Julian Lewis as chair , who by voting alongside them secured a majority for himself . After Graylings failure to be elected as Intelligence and Security Committee chair , he was criticised by colleagues who referred back to his previous track record as a minister and who The Spectator reported as saying only Grayling could lose a rigged election . Julian Lewis had the party whip withdrawn by Boris Johnson . On 21 July 2020 , the committee released the previously repressed report which outlined how the government failed to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 EU referendum . On 28 August , it was reported Grayling had resigned from the committee . The Guardian commented that sources familiar with the matter had indicated he had gone off in a sulk and had no desire to serve on the committee as an ordinary member . On 17 September 2020 it was announced that Grayling was appointed to a £100,000-per-annum 7-hour-per-week job advising the British Virgin Islands domiciled Hutchison Port Holdings Limited on its environmental strategy and its engagement with local enterprise bodies . Personal life . In 2016 Grayling was reported to be living in Ashtead , Surrey , with his wife , born Susan Clare Dillistone and their two children . Publications . - The Bridgewater Heritage : The Story of Bridgewater Estates by Christopher Grayling , 1983 , Bridgewater Estates PLC - A Land Fit for Heroes : Life in England After the Great War by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Buchan & Enright - Holts : The Story of Joseph Holt by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Joseph Holt PLC - Just Another Star? : Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 by Christopher Grayling and Christopher Langdon , 1987 , Virgin Books - Insight Guide Waterways of Europe contribution by Chris Grayling , 1989 , Apa Publications External links . - Graylings official constituency website - Epsom and Ewell Conservatives website - Article archive at The Guardian - Listing in Debretts People of Today

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What position did Chris Grayling take from Dec 2005 to Jul 2007?

/wiki/Chris_Grayling#P39#1

Chris Grayling Christopher Stephen Failing Grayling ( born 1 April 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician and author who served as Secretary of State for Transport from 2016 to 2019 . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Epsom and Ewell since 2001 . Grayling previously worked in the television and film industry . Grayling was born in London and studied History at Cambridge University . He wrote a number of books as well as working for the BBC and Channel 4 before going into politics . A member of the Social Democratic Party until 1988 , he then joined the Conservatives . First elected to Parliament in the 2001 general election for Epsom and Ewell , he was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron in 2005 as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In 2007 , he became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , and in 2009 he was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . Following the 2010 general election and the formation of the Cameron–Clegg coalition , Grayling was made Minister of State for Employment . In September 2012 , he was appointed to the Cabinet as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice and served until 2015 . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . He was Leader of the House of Commons and the Lord President of the Council from 2015 to 2016 . In the majority and minority May governments , Grayling served as Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was stood down from the Cabinet when Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019 . Johnson hoped for Grayling to become Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by being voted in by the Conservative majority on the committee . However , fellow Conservative Julian Lewis defeated Grayling in the ballot by using opposition votes to secure a majority , in what was seen as a blow to Johnson and his adviser Dominic Cummings . Six weeks later , Grayling resigned from the committee apparently due to his failure to become chair . Early life and career . Grayling was born in London and grew up in Buckinghamshire , where he was educated at the Royal Grammar School , High Wycombe . He then went to Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , where he graduated with an upper-second class Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1984 . Grayling joined BBC News in 1985 as a trainee , becoming a producer in 1986 . He left the BBC in 1988 to join Channel 4 as an editor on its Business Daily television programme . He rejoined the BBC in 1991 as a business development manager on BBC Select . On leaving the BBC again in 1993 , he briefly joined Charterhouse Productions as Managing Director before leaving several months later as it was wound up for failing to pay VAT . He ran several television production companies from late 1993 , including managing the corporate communications division of Workhouse Ltd from 1992 to 1995 and SSVC Group in Gerrards Cross from 1995 to 1997 . Grayling became a public relations consultant in 1997 with Burson Marsteller , where he remained until his election to Parliament . Prior to joining the Conservative Party , Grayling was a member of the Social Democratic Party . Early political career . Borough councillor : 1998–2002 . Grayling was selected to contest the Labour-held marginal seat of Warrington South at the 1997 general election , but was defeated by Labour candidate Helen Southworth by 10,807 votes . He was elected as a councillor for the Hillside ward in the London Borough of Merton in 1998 and remained on the council until 2002 . Elected Member of Parliament : 2001 . Grayling was elected to the House of Commons to represent the Surrey seat of Epsom and Ewell at the 2001 general election following the retirement of the veteran Tory MP Archie Hamilton . Grayling held the seat with a majority of 10,080 and has been returned as MP there since . He made his maiden speech on 25 June 2001 . In 2019 , Grayling announced that Stoneleigh train station was to be given step free access . Shadow Cabinet : 2001–2010 . Grayling served on the Environment , Transport and the Regions Select committee from 2001 until he was promoted to the Opposition Whips Office by Iain Duncan Smith in 2002 , moving to become a Spokesman for Health later in the year . He became a Spokesman for Education and Skills by Michael Howard in 2003 . Following the 2005 general election he became a member of Howards Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons ; and after the election of David Cameron as the leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005 he served as the Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In June 2007 , he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post he held until January 2009 when he became Shadow Home Secretary . Grayling became known as a national politician through his attack dog pressure on leading Labour politicians . He was heavily involved in the questioning of David Blunkett , the then Work and Pensions Secretary , over his business affairs which led to Blunketts resignation in 2005 . Grayling also challenged Tony Blair and his wife Cherie over the money they made from lectures while Blair was Prime Minister . He also challenged minister Stephen Byers over his handling of the Railtrack collapse . Role in the expenses scandal . Between 2001 and 2009 , Grayling claimed expenses for his flat in Pimlico , close to the Houses of Parliament , despite having a constituency home no further than 17 miles away . Grayling said he uses the flat when working very late because he needs to work very erratic and late hours most days when the House of Commons is sitting . During the Parliamentary expenses scandal , The Daily Telegraph reported that Grayling refitted and redecorated the flat in 2005 costing over £5,000 . Graylings expenses issue was seen as embarrassing for the Conservative Party as he had previously criticised Labour ministers for being implicated in sleaze scandals . In 2010 it was reported by the Daily Telegraph that an IP address associated with the Parliamentary estate had been discovered attempting to remove references to Chris Graylings role in the expenses scandal from his Wikipedia page . They attempted the edit to remove the information 5 times and later received a warning from a Wikipedia administrator . Comparing Moss Side to The Wire . As Shadow Home Secretary , Grayling provoked controversy in August 2009 when he compared Manchesters Moss Side area to the American TV crime drama The Wire . His comments received an angry response from some Manchester locals and criticism from the police . Having been out on patrol for a day with the police , observing the results of a shooting at a house , he described himself as having witnessed an urban war . Police responded that gang-related shootings in Greater Manchester had fallen by 82 percent from the previous year and that to speak of urban war was sensationalistic . A local councillor , Roy Walters , complained of Moss Side unfairly being a negative target due to historical associations . Defending his comments , Grayling said , I didnt say Moss Side equals Baltimore . What I said is that we have in Moss Side symptoms of a gang conflict in this country which I find profoundly disturbing . Baltimore , with a population of about 600,000 , was noted as having 191 gun related murders in the previous year , in comparison to Moss Side , population 17,537 , which had none . Statistics on violent crime . Grayling came under criticism as Shadow Home Secretary over the Conservative Partys use of statistics on violent crime . In February 2010 , the Conservative Party issued press releases to every constituency in the UK claiming that crime had risen sharply in the UK . They failed , however , to take into account the more rigorous system for recording crime . The chairman of the UK Statistics Authority , Sir Michael Scholar , said that the figures Grayling was using were likely to mislead the public and likely to damage public trust in official statistics as the way in which crime was calculated had been changed in 2002 . A Conservative-commissioned report by the independent House of Commons library suggested that , depending on how figures were calculated , Graylings claims may have been justifiable and that violent crime may have risen in the period between 1998 and 2009 . The incumbent Home Secretary , Alan Johnson , called Graylings use of crime statistics dodgy and said that the British Crime Survey clearly showed that violent crime had reduced by 41% over the same period . Gay couples in B&Bs . In March 2010 , Grayling was recorded at an open meeting of the Centre for Policy Studies think tank saying that during the debates on civil liberties under the Labour Government , he had felt that Christians should have the right to live by their consciences and that Christian owners of bed and breakfasts should have the right to turn away gay couples . Grayling said : I personally always took the view that , if you look at the case of should a Christian hotel owner have the right to exclude a gay couple from a hotel , I took the view that if its a question of somebody whos doing a B&B in their own home , that individual should have the right to decide who does and who doesnt come into their own home . If they are running a hotel on the high street , I really dont think that it is right in this day and age that a gay couple should walk into a hotel and be turned away because they are a gay couple , and I think that is where the dividing line comes . When the recording was released by The Observer , on 3 April 2010 , Graylings comments caused an angry response from gay rights campaigners , with Ben Summerskill , Chief Executive of the gay rights group Stonewall , saying that this position would be illegal and very alarming to a lot of gay people who may have been thinking of voting Conservative . Lord Mandelson , the most senior gay minister in the ( then Labour ) Government , added that the comment showed that the Conservative Party had not changed , that when the camera is on they say one thing , but when the camera is off they say another . Conservative Party leader David Cameron was subsequently urged to back or sack Grayling , with gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell saying that Camerons silence is worrying . Many voters – gay and straight – will be disturbed by his failure to swiftly disown Graylings support for homophobic discrimination . What does this say about the sincerity and seriousness of his commitment to gay equality ? Anastasia Beaumont-Bott , founder of LGBTory , a gay rights group which campaigns for the Conservatives , announced that she would be voting for Labour , not the Conservatives , in response to Graylings comments . She said , I feel guilty because as a gay woman affected by LGBT rights I am on record saying you should vote Conservative , and I want to reverse that . I want to go on record to say dont vote Conservative . Id go as far to say that Ill vote Labour at this general election . Beaumont-Bott was joined in defecting from the Conservatives to Labour a week later by gay rights campaigner David Heathcote . Graylings comments were defended by a number of commentators , including the Today Programme presenter and gay broadcaster Evan Davis and leading Christian groups . Grayling apologised on 9 April 2010 , saying : I am sorry if what I said gave the wrong impression , I certainly didnt intend to offend anyone.. . I voted for gay rights , I voted for this particular measure . Various commentators speculated that he might have been hidden away by his party when he made relatively few public appearances in the days of the general election campaign that followed . It is unclear whether his remarks were the reason that David Cameron chose to appoint Theresa May as Home Secretary in his new Cabinet , rather than Grayling who held the position in the Shadow Cabinet ; Grayling was not given any Cabinet post , as had been predicted by some media commentators prior to the election . On 31 January 2013 , it was reported that Grayling would vote in favour of same-sex marriage in England and Wales . Minister of State for Employment . On 13 May 2010 , Grayling was appointed Minister of State for Employment and was sworn into the Privy Council on 28 May . As minister at DWP he was responsible for jobcentres . Measures were introduced to reduce costs , leaving 100,000 staff redundant in offices around the country . In the context of a Broken Society he accused some families of being habitually unemployed , generation after generation , living in sink council estates in the inner cities . Government cuts were made to the DWP budgets in order to constrain welfare spending . The policy later informed treatment of prisoners , refusing the right to vote , and clamping down on abusive behaviours in jails . He announced work programs for prisoners , encouraged an end to the something for nothing culture . More people than ever were found fit to work as part of a package of measures in a £5 billion program to make work for the long-term unemployed . Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor . Grayling was promoted to the Cabinet on 4 September 2012 , as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . Sworn in as Lord Chancellor on 1 October 2012 at Westminster Abbey , he was elected an Honorary Bencher of Grays Inn on 11 December 2012 , due in part to his lack of legal qualifications . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . ( It was reported that the last such non-lawyer was the Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672–73 ; but the Earl was admitted to Lincolns Inn in 1638. ) Graylings appointment was widely seen as a return to a more hard line approach than that of his predecessor , Clarke . Grayling pursued a tough justice agenda , including ending automatic early release for terrorists and child rapists , ending simple cautions for serious offences , and introducing greater protections for householders who defend themselves against intruders . The leading human rights barrister Lord Pannick described Graylings performance as notable only for his attempts to restrict judicial reviews and human rights , his failure to protect the judiciary against criticism from his colleagues and the reduction of legal aid to a bare minimum . Prisoner reforms . One of Graylings first acts at the Ministry of Justice ( MoJ ) was to commence a project to change the way offenders were rehabilitated in an effort to cut reoffending rates . Under a system of payment by results , private companies as well as charities were to play a greater role in looking after offenders on licence in the community . Graylings ban on books being sent into UK prisons was widely criticised by the Howard League for Penal Reform and the literary establishment , including Philip Pullman , Mark Haddon , Anthony Horowitz , Susan Hill and Emma Donoghue . The ban was described as obscene by Shaun Attwood of the TV show Banged Up Abroad who read over a thousand books in prison and credited books for being the lifeblood of rehabilitation . The move was defended as being not about a ban on books being sent into prison , but about parcels being sent in , as giving prisons access to the latter would almost certainly increase the amount of contraband getting into the prison estate . The High Court ruled the ban illegal in December 2015 . On stepping down from his role as Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Harding criticised Grayling for robustly interfering with the contents of reports and Graylings department for using financial controls to influence what was inspected , thereby threatening the independence of the Inspectors role . In March 2019 , the UK National Audit Office issued a report on the reforms of the probation system in England and Wales initiated by Grayling during his tenure at the MoJ stating that the Ministry had set itself up to fail through the rushed implementation of the reforms . As a result , the MoJs aim of delivering cuts in reoffending had not been achieved , with reoffending rates having increased significantly , at a cost £467 million higher than predicted . In May 2019 incumbent Justice Secretary , David Gauke , announced offender supervision in England and Wales is to be returned to government control , under the management of the National Probation Service , reversing Graylings policy . The abolition of Graylings payment by results system is to take place in December 2020 , terminating the contracts of the private sector providers two years early . During the 2017–18 period serious further offences , which include crimes such as murder and rape had increased by 21% compared to the 2016–17 period in June 2019 , a study published by the British Sociological Association described the privatisation of the probation system as an unmitigated disaster and found that it left the public at greater risk from ex-offenders released from prison . Prison benchmarking and staff cuts . A prison benchmarking programme was introduced in 2012 by Grayling to reduce the costs of public sector prisons to match comparable private sector prisons , along with associated new core standards intended to result in prisoners having similar amounts of time spent outside their cells across similar prisons . Prison officer numbers were reduced from about 23,000 in 2012 to about 18,000 in 2015 . In 2015 the Justice Select Committee , following a year long prison inquiry , were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012 . The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons . A tough justice agenda : court reforms . Graylings proposed cuts to legal aid were widely criticised by the legal profession . In May 2013 , 90 Queens Counsels signed a letter sent to The Daily Telegraph that branded the cuts unjust , as they would seriously undermine the rule of law . 6 January 2014 saw the first strike in British history by barristers and solicitors in protest at the cuts . In February 2014 , he introduced the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 to the House of Commons . The Bill included measures to outlaw revenge porn . In October 2014 , Grayling unveiled the Conservative Partys proposals for reforms to human rights in order to curb the European Court of Human Rights influence over British court rulings , whilst honouring the text of the original Convention on Human Rights in a British Bill of Rights and Responsibilities . In December 2013 , Alan Turing was granted a pardon by the Queen , after a process initiated by Grayling in his capacity as Lord Chancellor . In April 2015 , Grayling introduced mandatory flat-fee court charges for magistrates courts , the lowest fee being £150 for a guilty plea . Lawyers feared that defendants may plead guilty to avoid falling into debt , and the president of the Law Society described the change as a threat to fair trials . The charges for crown court were increased to £1,200 . Justice department security failure . In January 2015 , data relating to three fatal police shootings including details of marksmen and the deceaseds family were lost in the post by the Justice Department . According to The Guardian it was particularly embarrassing for Grayling as the Government was claiming it needed to access personal data to deal with terrorism and could keep it securely . The data included details of the Mark Duggan shooting incident which had triggered the 2011 England riots . Fathers 4 Justice protests . On multiple occasions in 2014 and 2015 , Fathers 4 Justice protesters targeted Graylings constituency home in Ashtead , Surrey in January and October 2015 . Other incidents included a weekend protest camp set up outside his house by four protesters . Leader of the House of Commons . After the 2015 general election , Grayling was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . Michael Gove , who replaced Grayling as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , was reportedly unimpressed with Graylings innovations . Grayling led Theresa Mays campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and thus also as successor to David Cameron as Prime Minister , following Camerons resignation in June 2016 . May won the contest by default following the withdrawal of the only other contender , Andrea Leadsom , after the second round of the leadership ballot Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was appointed as Secretary of State for Transport when Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016 . He became criticised for various gaffes and controversies , such as injuring a cyclist by unsafely opening the door of his ministerial car in October 2016 and misspending £2.7 billion of public funds over his tenure as Transport Secretary . Because of such reports , he became known by the moniker Failing Grayling used by The Guardian , The Independent , opposition MPs and allegedly his own Cabinet colleagues . London metro services : December 2016 . In December 2016 , Grayling blocked a move by the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan to give control of the metro services run by Southeastern to Transport for London . A leaked 2013 letter revealed Grayling had previously written to then-London mayor Boris Johnson saying he opposed such a move because it could put those services in the clutches of a Labour mayor . The leak led to Grayling being accused of putting his partys political interests over those of the public and commuters , as well as members of his own party calling for his resignation . Railway electrification cancellations : 2017–2018 . On the last day before parliament closed for its summer recess in 2017 , Grayling acknowledged that he had cancelled multiple railway electrification schemes in the north of England that had been promised by David Cameron and George Osborne . In January 2018 , Grayling was criticised by railway passengers and by Transport Select Committee members for his decision . In March 2018 , it emerged that National Audit Office records showed Grayling to have made the decision several months earlier in 2017 than previously acknowledged , but had suppressed the decision during the 2017 United Kingdom general election and for the remainder of the parliamentary session . Railway timetable change and vote of no-confidence : May–June 2018 . In summer 2018 , problems introducing a new timetable caused widespread disruption and the cancellation of 10% of trains on Northern and Thameslink . The Chief Executive of Govia Thameslink Railway , Charles Horton , resigned , and Grayling faced a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 19 June 2018 , with the resulting division 305–285 in Graylings favour . Govia Thameslink did not need to pay performance penalties for this disruption after an agreement made in 2017 . Gatwick Airport drone incident : December 2018 . Following the December 2018 Gatwick Airport drone incident The Times reported that Grayling had ignored numerous warnings about the threat posed by drones , halting draft legislation due for publication in early 2019 thereby allowing civil servants to be diverted to Brexit related tasks . According to The Daily Telegraph , the RAF offered the assistance of a specialist anti-drone team almost immediately but Graylings department – which would have had to pay for the service – was reluctant to accept . Seaborne Freight : 2018–2019 . On 29 December 2018 , it emerged that Graylings department had awarded £46.6m to French firm Brittany Ferries , £42.5m to Danish shipping firm DFDS , and £13.8m to British firm Seaborne Freight , to provide additional cross-channel freight capacity in case of a no-deal Brexit on 29 March 2019 . On 2 January 2019 , it emerged that Seaborne Freight had never run a ferry service and owned no ships . The Road Haulage Association said the firm had an impossible timescale in which to source ferries , hire and train staff and link with relevant authorities . Despite Graylings assurance that the usual procurement due diligence procedures had been followed , it was later revealed that Seaborne Freight issued terms and conditions designed for a food delivery business not ferries , that its chief executive previously ran a ship chartering business that was forced into liquidation following court petitions from HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) , and that auditors performing the due diligence checks had reported serious concerns about the contract . In relation to the prior court action by HMRC against Seaborne Freights chief executive , the amount of unpaid tax was not reported , but the former company had a total of £1.78 million in unpaid debts . Graylings unilateral decision to use Ostend , instead of Calais , as the continental terminal for some ferry services , was not appreciated in Calais , whose port chairman told Grayling he was no longer welcome there . Seaborne Freights contract was cancelled on 8 February 2019 by Graylings department after the Irish firm which was secretly intended to run the contract decided to pull out . The collapse of the contract led to calls from both sides of parliament for Graylings dismissal . On 13 February 2019 , Graylings department said that , following the collapse of the Seaborne Freight contract , it had run out of time to secure the substantial additional cross-channel transport capacity that could be needed in the event of a no-deal Brexit . Eurotunnel , operator of the Channel Tunnel , initiated legal action against the Department for Transport , claiming that the awarding of ferry contracts for the event of a no-deal Brexit had been secretive and flawed , and that Eurotunnel , which also operates freight services across the English Channel , had not had the opportunity to compete . The matter was settled out of court , with Eurotunnel receiving £33 million as part of a deal in which the company will provide freight services in the event of a no-deal Brexit . This caused renewed calls for Graylings dismissal . On 16 March 2019 , it emerged that the ferry companies engaged by Grayling would receive an additional £28m in the event of Brexit being delayed beyond 29 March 2019 , which it was . Delays and cost overruns to introduction of Class 800 trains . In March 2019 , Lord Adonis , former Labour transport minister , was critical of the delay in implementing services on the East Coast Mainline , using Class 800 trains . The trains were ordered ten years before services commenced . Delays were caused when it was found the trains interfered with trackside signalling equipment . Adonis said , They had 10 years to get these signalling issues right . Similar trains , introduced by Great Western Railway had cost twice the estimated amount . Grayling said , These new state-of-the-art trains show our commitment to put passengers at the heart of everything that we do and will carry people across Britain , from Swansea to Aberdeen and London to Inverness . The service , planned to run to Swansea , has only so far reached Cardiff . Grayling travelled on the first Class 800 train , operated by Great Western Railway . It set off 25 minutes late , arrived 41 minutes late , and had no air-conditioning when it arrived . The air-conditioning was switched off after it leaked liquid into the carriages . Grayling declined to take part in the first Class 800 to run on the East Coast Main Line . Post-ministerial career . Boris Johnson reportedly hoped for Grayling to be voted in as Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the narrow Conservative majority sitting on the committee . The possible appointment prompted criticism from fellow Conservative MPs , acting Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey and Shadow Defence Secretary Nia Griffith , who said his appointment would make a mockery of the committee . There were fears it would be a power grab by Johnson and his senior adviser Dominic Cummings designed to avoid accountability over their links to Russia outlined in a suppressed report . On 15 July 2020 , opposition committee members instead elected independently minded Conservative Julian Lewis as chair , who by voting alongside them secured a majority for himself . After Graylings failure to be elected as Intelligence and Security Committee chair , he was criticised by colleagues who referred back to his previous track record as a minister and who The Spectator reported as saying only Grayling could lose a rigged election . Julian Lewis had the party whip withdrawn by Boris Johnson . On 21 July 2020 , the committee released the previously repressed report which outlined how the government failed to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 EU referendum . On 28 August , it was reported Grayling had resigned from the committee . The Guardian commented that sources familiar with the matter had indicated he had gone off in a sulk and had no desire to serve on the committee as an ordinary member . On 17 September 2020 it was announced that Grayling was appointed to a £100,000-per-annum 7-hour-per-week job advising the British Virgin Islands domiciled Hutchison Port Holdings Limited on its environmental strategy and its engagement with local enterprise bodies . Personal life . In 2016 Grayling was reported to be living in Ashtead , Surrey , with his wife , born Susan Clare Dillistone and their two children . Publications . - The Bridgewater Heritage : The Story of Bridgewater Estates by Christopher Grayling , 1983 , Bridgewater Estates PLC - A Land Fit for Heroes : Life in England After the Great War by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Buchan & Enright - Holts : The Story of Joseph Holt by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Joseph Holt PLC - Just Another Star? : Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 by Christopher Grayling and Christopher Langdon , 1987 , Virgin Books - Insight Guide Waterways of Europe contribution by Chris Grayling , 1989 , Apa Publications External links . - Graylings official constituency website - Epsom and Ewell Conservatives website - Article archive at The Guardian - Listing in Debretts People of Today

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Chris Grayling Christopher Stephen Failing Grayling ( born 1 April 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician and author who served as Secretary of State for Transport from 2016 to 2019 . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Epsom and Ewell since 2001 . Grayling previously worked in the television and film industry . Grayling was born in London and studied History at Cambridge University . He wrote a number of books as well as working for the BBC and Channel 4 before going into politics . A member of the Social Democratic Party until 1988 , he then joined the Conservatives . First elected to Parliament in the 2001 general election for Epsom and Ewell , he was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron in 2005 as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In 2007 , he became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , and in 2009 he was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . Following the 2010 general election and the formation of the Cameron–Clegg coalition , Grayling was made Minister of State for Employment . In September 2012 , he was appointed to the Cabinet as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice and served until 2015 . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . He was Leader of the House of Commons and the Lord President of the Council from 2015 to 2016 . In the majority and minority May governments , Grayling served as Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was stood down from the Cabinet when Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019 . Johnson hoped for Grayling to become Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by being voted in by the Conservative majority on the committee . However , fellow Conservative Julian Lewis defeated Grayling in the ballot by using opposition votes to secure a majority , in what was seen as a blow to Johnson and his adviser Dominic Cummings . Six weeks later , Grayling resigned from the committee apparently due to his failure to become chair . Early life and career . Grayling was born in London and grew up in Buckinghamshire , where he was educated at the Royal Grammar School , High Wycombe . He then went to Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , where he graduated with an upper-second class Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1984 . Grayling joined BBC News in 1985 as a trainee , becoming a producer in 1986 . He left the BBC in 1988 to join Channel 4 as an editor on its Business Daily television programme . He rejoined the BBC in 1991 as a business development manager on BBC Select . On leaving the BBC again in 1993 , he briefly joined Charterhouse Productions as Managing Director before leaving several months later as it was wound up for failing to pay VAT . He ran several television production companies from late 1993 , including managing the corporate communications division of Workhouse Ltd from 1992 to 1995 and SSVC Group in Gerrards Cross from 1995 to 1997 . Grayling became a public relations consultant in 1997 with Burson Marsteller , where he remained until his election to Parliament . Prior to joining the Conservative Party , Grayling was a member of the Social Democratic Party . Early political career . Borough councillor : 1998–2002 . Grayling was selected to contest the Labour-held marginal seat of Warrington South at the 1997 general election , but was defeated by Labour candidate Helen Southworth by 10,807 votes . He was elected as a councillor for the Hillside ward in the London Borough of Merton in 1998 and remained on the council until 2002 . Elected Member of Parliament : 2001 . Grayling was elected to the House of Commons to represent the Surrey seat of Epsom and Ewell at the 2001 general election following the retirement of the veteran Tory MP Archie Hamilton . Grayling held the seat with a majority of 10,080 and has been returned as MP there since . He made his maiden speech on 25 June 2001 . In 2019 , Grayling announced that Stoneleigh train station was to be given step free access . Shadow Cabinet : 2001–2010 . Grayling served on the Environment , Transport and the Regions Select committee from 2001 until he was promoted to the Opposition Whips Office by Iain Duncan Smith in 2002 , moving to become a Spokesman for Health later in the year . He became a Spokesman for Education and Skills by Michael Howard in 2003 . Following the 2005 general election he became a member of Howards Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons ; and after the election of David Cameron as the leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005 he served as the Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In June 2007 , he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post he held until January 2009 when he became Shadow Home Secretary . Grayling became known as a national politician through his attack dog pressure on leading Labour politicians . He was heavily involved in the questioning of David Blunkett , the then Work and Pensions Secretary , over his business affairs which led to Blunketts resignation in 2005 . Grayling also challenged Tony Blair and his wife Cherie over the money they made from lectures while Blair was Prime Minister . He also challenged minister Stephen Byers over his handling of the Railtrack collapse . Role in the expenses scandal . Between 2001 and 2009 , Grayling claimed expenses for his flat in Pimlico , close to the Houses of Parliament , despite having a constituency home no further than 17 miles away . Grayling said he uses the flat when working very late because he needs to work very erratic and late hours most days when the House of Commons is sitting . During the Parliamentary expenses scandal , The Daily Telegraph reported that Grayling refitted and redecorated the flat in 2005 costing over £5,000 . Graylings expenses issue was seen as embarrassing for the Conservative Party as he had previously criticised Labour ministers for being implicated in sleaze scandals . In 2010 it was reported by the Daily Telegraph that an IP address associated with the Parliamentary estate had been discovered attempting to remove references to Chris Graylings role in the expenses scandal from his Wikipedia page . They attempted the edit to remove the information 5 times and later received a warning from a Wikipedia administrator . Comparing Moss Side to The Wire . As Shadow Home Secretary , Grayling provoked controversy in August 2009 when he compared Manchesters Moss Side area to the American TV crime drama The Wire . His comments received an angry response from some Manchester locals and criticism from the police . Having been out on patrol for a day with the police , observing the results of a shooting at a house , he described himself as having witnessed an urban war . Police responded that gang-related shootings in Greater Manchester had fallen by 82 percent from the previous year and that to speak of urban war was sensationalistic . A local councillor , Roy Walters , complained of Moss Side unfairly being a negative target due to historical associations . Defending his comments , Grayling said , I didnt say Moss Side equals Baltimore . What I said is that we have in Moss Side symptoms of a gang conflict in this country which I find profoundly disturbing . Baltimore , with a population of about 600,000 , was noted as having 191 gun related murders in the previous year , in comparison to Moss Side , population 17,537 , which had none . Statistics on violent crime . Grayling came under criticism as Shadow Home Secretary over the Conservative Partys use of statistics on violent crime . In February 2010 , the Conservative Party issued press releases to every constituency in the UK claiming that crime had risen sharply in the UK . They failed , however , to take into account the more rigorous system for recording crime . The chairman of the UK Statistics Authority , Sir Michael Scholar , said that the figures Grayling was using were likely to mislead the public and likely to damage public trust in official statistics as the way in which crime was calculated had been changed in 2002 . A Conservative-commissioned report by the independent House of Commons library suggested that , depending on how figures were calculated , Graylings claims may have been justifiable and that violent crime may have risen in the period between 1998 and 2009 . The incumbent Home Secretary , Alan Johnson , called Graylings use of crime statistics dodgy and said that the British Crime Survey clearly showed that violent crime had reduced by 41% over the same period . Gay couples in B&Bs . In March 2010 , Grayling was recorded at an open meeting of the Centre for Policy Studies think tank saying that during the debates on civil liberties under the Labour Government , he had felt that Christians should have the right to live by their consciences and that Christian owners of bed and breakfasts should have the right to turn away gay couples . Grayling said : I personally always took the view that , if you look at the case of should a Christian hotel owner have the right to exclude a gay couple from a hotel , I took the view that if its a question of somebody whos doing a B&B in their own home , that individual should have the right to decide who does and who doesnt come into their own home . If they are running a hotel on the high street , I really dont think that it is right in this day and age that a gay couple should walk into a hotel and be turned away because they are a gay couple , and I think that is where the dividing line comes . When the recording was released by The Observer , on 3 April 2010 , Graylings comments caused an angry response from gay rights campaigners , with Ben Summerskill , Chief Executive of the gay rights group Stonewall , saying that this position would be illegal and very alarming to a lot of gay people who may have been thinking of voting Conservative . Lord Mandelson , the most senior gay minister in the ( then Labour ) Government , added that the comment showed that the Conservative Party had not changed , that when the camera is on they say one thing , but when the camera is off they say another . Conservative Party leader David Cameron was subsequently urged to back or sack Grayling , with gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell saying that Camerons silence is worrying . Many voters – gay and straight – will be disturbed by his failure to swiftly disown Graylings support for homophobic discrimination . What does this say about the sincerity and seriousness of his commitment to gay equality ? Anastasia Beaumont-Bott , founder of LGBTory , a gay rights group which campaigns for the Conservatives , announced that she would be voting for Labour , not the Conservatives , in response to Graylings comments . She said , I feel guilty because as a gay woman affected by LGBT rights I am on record saying you should vote Conservative , and I want to reverse that . I want to go on record to say dont vote Conservative . Id go as far to say that Ill vote Labour at this general election . Beaumont-Bott was joined in defecting from the Conservatives to Labour a week later by gay rights campaigner David Heathcote . Graylings comments were defended by a number of commentators , including the Today Programme presenter and gay broadcaster Evan Davis and leading Christian groups . Grayling apologised on 9 April 2010 , saying : I am sorry if what I said gave the wrong impression , I certainly didnt intend to offend anyone.. . I voted for gay rights , I voted for this particular measure . Various commentators speculated that he might have been hidden away by his party when he made relatively few public appearances in the days of the general election campaign that followed . It is unclear whether his remarks were the reason that David Cameron chose to appoint Theresa May as Home Secretary in his new Cabinet , rather than Grayling who held the position in the Shadow Cabinet ; Grayling was not given any Cabinet post , as had been predicted by some media commentators prior to the election . On 31 January 2013 , it was reported that Grayling would vote in favour of same-sex marriage in England and Wales . Minister of State for Employment . On 13 May 2010 , Grayling was appointed Minister of State for Employment and was sworn into the Privy Council on 28 May . As minister at DWP he was responsible for jobcentres . Measures were introduced to reduce costs , leaving 100,000 staff redundant in offices around the country . In the context of a Broken Society he accused some families of being habitually unemployed , generation after generation , living in sink council estates in the inner cities . Government cuts were made to the DWP budgets in order to constrain welfare spending . The policy later informed treatment of prisoners , refusing the right to vote , and clamping down on abusive behaviours in jails . He announced work programs for prisoners , encouraged an end to the something for nothing culture . More people than ever were found fit to work as part of a package of measures in a £5 billion program to make work for the long-term unemployed . Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor . Grayling was promoted to the Cabinet on 4 September 2012 , as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . Sworn in as Lord Chancellor on 1 October 2012 at Westminster Abbey , he was elected an Honorary Bencher of Grays Inn on 11 December 2012 , due in part to his lack of legal qualifications . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . ( It was reported that the last such non-lawyer was the Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672–73 ; but the Earl was admitted to Lincolns Inn in 1638. ) Graylings appointment was widely seen as a return to a more hard line approach than that of his predecessor , Clarke . Grayling pursued a tough justice agenda , including ending automatic early release for terrorists and child rapists , ending simple cautions for serious offences , and introducing greater protections for householders who defend themselves against intruders . The leading human rights barrister Lord Pannick described Graylings performance as notable only for his attempts to restrict judicial reviews and human rights , his failure to protect the judiciary against criticism from his colleagues and the reduction of legal aid to a bare minimum . Prisoner reforms . One of Graylings first acts at the Ministry of Justice ( MoJ ) was to commence a project to change the way offenders were rehabilitated in an effort to cut reoffending rates . Under a system of payment by results , private companies as well as charities were to play a greater role in looking after offenders on licence in the community . Graylings ban on books being sent into UK prisons was widely criticised by the Howard League for Penal Reform and the literary establishment , including Philip Pullman , Mark Haddon , Anthony Horowitz , Susan Hill and Emma Donoghue . The ban was described as obscene by Shaun Attwood of the TV show Banged Up Abroad who read over a thousand books in prison and credited books for being the lifeblood of rehabilitation . The move was defended as being not about a ban on books being sent into prison , but about parcels being sent in , as giving prisons access to the latter would almost certainly increase the amount of contraband getting into the prison estate . The High Court ruled the ban illegal in December 2015 . On stepping down from his role as Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Harding criticised Grayling for robustly interfering with the contents of reports and Graylings department for using financial controls to influence what was inspected , thereby threatening the independence of the Inspectors role . In March 2019 , the UK National Audit Office issued a report on the reforms of the probation system in England and Wales initiated by Grayling during his tenure at the MoJ stating that the Ministry had set itself up to fail through the rushed implementation of the reforms . As a result , the MoJs aim of delivering cuts in reoffending had not been achieved , with reoffending rates having increased significantly , at a cost £467 million higher than predicted . In May 2019 incumbent Justice Secretary , David Gauke , announced offender supervision in England and Wales is to be returned to government control , under the management of the National Probation Service , reversing Graylings policy . The abolition of Graylings payment by results system is to take place in December 2020 , terminating the contracts of the private sector providers two years early . During the 2017–18 period serious further offences , which include crimes such as murder and rape had increased by 21% compared to the 2016–17 period in June 2019 , a study published by the British Sociological Association described the privatisation of the probation system as an unmitigated disaster and found that it left the public at greater risk from ex-offenders released from prison . Prison benchmarking and staff cuts . A prison benchmarking programme was introduced in 2012 by Grayling to reduce the costs of public sector prisons to match comparable private sector prisons , along with associated new core standards intended to result in prisoners having similar amounts of time spent outside their cells across similar prisons . Prison officer numbers were reduced from about 23,000 in 2012 to about 18,000 in 2015 . In 2015 the Justice Select Committee , following a year long prison inquiry , were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012 . The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons . A tough justice agenda : court reforms . Graylings proposed cuts to legal aid were widely criticised by the legal profession . In May 2013 , 90 Queens Counsels signed a letter sent to The Daily Telegraph that branded the cuts unjust , as they would seriously undermine the rule of law . 6 January 2014 saw the first strike in British history by barristers and solicitors in protest at the cuts . In February 2014 , he introduced the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 to the House of Commons . The Bill included measures to outlaw revenge porn . In October 2014 , Grayling unveiled the Conservative Partys proposals for reforms to human rights in order to curb the European Court of Human Rights influence over British court rulings , whilst honouring the text of the original Convention on Human Rights in a British Bill of Rights and Responsibilities . In December 2013 , Alan Turing was granted a pardon by the Queen , after a process initiated by Grayling in his capacity as Lord Chancellor . In April 2015 , Grayling introduced mandatory flat-fee court charges for magistrates courts , the lowest fee being £150 for a guilty plea . Lawyers feared that defendants may plead guilty to avoid falling into debt , and the president of the Law Society described the change as a threat to fair trials . The charges for crown court were increased to £1,200 . Justice department security failure . In January 2015 , data relating to three fatal police shootings including details of marksmen and the deceaseds family were lost in the post by the Justice Department . According to The Guardian it was particularly embarrassing for Grayling as the Government was claiming it needed to access personal data to deal with terrorism and could keep it securely . The data included details of the Mark Duggan shooting incident which had triggered the 2011 England riots . Fathers 4 Justice protests . On multiple occasions in 2014 and 2015 , Fathers 4 Justice protesters targeted Graylings constituency home in Ashtead , Surrey in January and October 2015 . Other incidents included a weekend protest camp set up outside his house by four protesters . Leader of the House of Commons . After the 2015 general election , Grayling was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . Michael Gove , who replaced Grayling as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , was reportedly unimpressed with Graylings innovations . Grayling led Theresa Mays campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and thus also as successor to David Cameron as Prime Minister , following Camerons resignation in June 2016 . May won the contest by default following the withdrawal of the only other contender , Andrea Leadsom , after the second round of the leadership ballot Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was appointed as Secretary of State for Transport when Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016 . He became criticised for various gaffes and controversies , such as injuring a cyclist by unsafely opening the door of his ministerial car in October 2016 and misspending £2.7 billion of public funds over his tenure as Transport Secretary . Because of such reports , he became known by the moniker Failing Grayling used by The Guardian , The Independent , opposition MPs and allegedly his own Cabinet colleagues . London metro services : December 2016 . In December 2016 , Grayling blocked a move by the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan to give control of the metro services run by Southeastern to Transport for London . A leaked 2013 letter revealed Grayling had previously written to then-London mayor Boris Johnson saying he opposed such a move because it could put those services in the clutches of a Labour mayor . The leak led to Grayling being accused of putting his partys political interests over those of the public and commuters , as well as members of his own party calling for his resignation . Railway electrification cancellations : 2017–2018 . On the last day before parliament closed for its summer recess in 2017 , Grayling acknowledged that he had cancelled multiple railway electrification schemes in the north of England that had been promised by David Cameron and George Osborne . In January 2018 , Grayling was criticised by railway passengers and by Transport Select Committee members for his decision . In March 2018 , it emerged that National Audit Office records showed Grayling to have made the decision several months earlier in 2017 than previously acknowledged , but had suppressed the decision during the 2017 United Kingdom general election and for the remainder of the parliamentary session . Railway timetable change and vote of no-confidence : May–June 2018 . In summer 2018 , problems introducing a new timetable caused widespread disruption and the cancellation of 10% of trains on Northern and Thameslink . The Chief Executive of Govia Thameslink Railway , Charles Horton , resigned , and Grayling faced a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 19 June 2018 , with the resulting division 305–285 in Graylings favour . Govia Thameslink did not need to pay performance penalties for this disruption after an agreement made in 2017 . Gatwick Airport drone incident : December 2018 . Following the December 2018 Gatwick Airport drone incident The Times reported that Grayling had ignored numerous warnings about the threat posed by drones , halting draft legislation due for publication in early 2019 thereby allowing civil servants to be diverted to Brexit related tasks . According to The Daily Telegraph , the RAF offered the assistance of a specialist anti-drone team almost immediately but Graylings department – which would have had to pay for the service – was reluctant to accept . Seaborne Freight : 2018–2019 . On 29 December 2018 , it emerged that Graylings department had awarded £46.6m to French firm Brittany Ferries , £42.5m to Danish shipping firm DFDS , and £13.8m to British firm Seaborne Freight , to provide additional cross-channel freight capacity in case of a no-deal Brexit on 29 March 2019 . On 2 January 2019 , it emerged that Seaborne Freight had never run a ferry service and owned no ships . The Road Haulage Association said the firm had an impossible timescale in which to source ferries , hire and train staff and link with relevant authorities . Despite Graylings assurance that the usual procurement due diligence procedures had been followed , it was later revealed that Seaborne Freight issued terms and conditions designed for a food delivery business not ferries , that its chief executive previously ran a ship chartering business that was forced into liquidation following court petitions from HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) , and that auditors performing the due diligence checks had reported serious concerns about the contract . In relation to the prior court action by HMRC against Seaborne Freights chief executive , the amount of unpaid tax was not reported , but the former company had a total of £1.78 million in unpaid debts . Graylings unilateral decision to use Ostend , instead of Calais , as the continental terminal for some ferry services , was not appreciated in Calais , whose port chairman told Grayling he was no longer welcome there . Seaborne Freights contract was cancelled on 8 February 2019 by Graylings department after the Irish firm which was secretly intended to run the contract decided to pull out . The collapse of the contract led to calls from both sides of parliament for Graylings dismissal . On 13 February 2019 , Graylings department said that , following the collapse of the Seaborne Freight contract , it had run out of time to secure the substantial additional cross-channel transport capacity that could be needed in the event of a no-deal Brexit . Eurotunnel , operator of the Channel Tunnel , initiated legal action against the Department for Transport , claiming that the awarding of ferry contracts for the event of a no-deal Brexit had been secretive and flawed , and that Eurotunnel , which also operates freight services across the English Channel , had not had the opportunity to compete . The matter was settled out of court , with Eurotunnel receiving £33 million as part of a deal in which the company will provide freight services in the event of a no-deal Brexit . This caused renewed calls for Graylings dismissal . On 16 March 2019 , it emerged that the ferry companies engaged by Grayling would receive an additional £28m in the event of Brexit being delayed beyond 29 March 2019 , which it was . Delays and cost overruns to introduction of Class 800 trains . In March 2019 , Lord Adonis , former Labour transport minister , was critical of the delay in implementing services on the East Coast Mainline , using Class 800 trains . The trains were ordered ten years before services commenced . Delays were caused when it was found the trains interfered with trackside signalling equipment . Adonis said , They had 10 years to get these signalling issues right . Similar trains , introduced by Great Western Railway had cost twice the estimated amount . Grayling said , These new state-of-the-art trains show our commitment to put passengers at the heart of everything that we do and will carry people across Britain , from Swansea to Aberdeen and London to Inverness . The service , planned to run to Swansea , has only so far reached Cardiff . Grayling travelled on the first Class 800 train , operated by Great Western Railway . It set off 25 minutes late , arrived 41 minutes late , and had no air-conditioning when it arrived . The air-conditioning was switched off after it leaked liquid into the carriages . Grayling declined to take part in the first Class 800 to run on the East Coast Main Line . Post-ministerial career . Boris Johnson reportedly hoped for Grayling to be voted in as Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the narrow Conservative majority sitting on the committee . The possible appointment prompted criticism from fellow Conservative MPs , acting Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey and Shadow Defence Secretary Nia Griffith , who said his appointment would make a mockery of the committee . There were fears it would be a power grab by Johnson and his senior adviser Dominic Cummings designed to avoid accountability over their links to Russia outlined in a suppressed report . On 15 July 2020 , opposition committee members instead elected independently minded Conservative Julian Lewis as chair , who by voting alongside them secured a majority for himself . After Graylings failure to be elected as Intelligence and Security Committee chair , he was criticised by colleagues who referred back to his previous track record as a minister and who The Spectator reported as saying only Grayling could lose a rigged election . Julian Lewis had the party whip withdrawn by Boris Johnson . On 21 July 2020 , the committee released the previously repressed report which outlined how the government failed to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 EU referendum . On 28 August , it was reported Grayling had resigned from the committee . The Guardian commented that sources familiar with the matter had indicated he had gone off in a sulk and had no desire to serve on the committee as an ordinary member . On 17 September 2020 it was announced that Grayling was appointed to a £100,000-per-annum 7-hour-per-week job advising the British Virgin Islands domiciled Hutchison Port Holdings Limited on its environmental strategy and its engagement with local enterprise bodies . Personal life . In 2016 Grayling was reported to be living in Ashtead , Surrey , with his wife , born Susan Clare Dillistone and their two children . Publications . - The Bridgewater Heritage : The Story of Bridgewater Estates by Christopher Grayling , 1983 , Bridgewater Estates PLC - A Land Fit for Heroes : Life in England After the Great War by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Buchan & Enright - Holts : The Story of Joseph Holt by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Joseph Holt PLC - Just Another Star? : Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 by Christopher Grayling and Christopher Langdon , 1987 , Virgin Books - Insight Guide Waterways of Europe contribution by Chris Grayling , 1989 , Apa Publications External links . - Graylings official constituency website - Epsom and Ewell Conservatives website - Article archive at The Guardian - Listing in Debretts People of Today

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Which position did Chris Grayling hold from 2009 to May 2010?

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Chris Grayling Christopher Stephen Failing Grayling ( born 1 April 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician and author who served as Secretary of State for Transport from 2016 to 2019 . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Epsom and Ewell since 2001 . Grayling previously worked in the television and film industry . Grayling was born in London and studied History at Cambridge University . He wrote a number of books as well as working for the BBC and Channel 4 before going into politics . A member of the Social Democratic Party until 1988 , he then joined the Conservatives . First elected to Parliament in the 2001 general election for Epsom and Ewell , he was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron in 2005 as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In 2007 , he became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , and in 2009 he was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . Following the 2010 general election and the formation of the Cameron–Clegg coalition , Grayling was made Minister of State for Employment . In September 2012 , he was appointed to the Cabinet as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice and served until 2015 . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . He was Leader of the House of Commons and the Lord President of the Council from 2015 to 2016 . In the majority and minority May governments , Grayling served as Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was stood down from the Cabinet when Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019 . Johnson hoped for Grayling to become Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by being voted in by the Conservative majority on the committee . However , fellow Conservative Julian Lewis defeated Grayling in the ballot by using opposition votes to secure a majority , in what was seen as a blow to Johnson and his adviser Dominic Cummings . Six weeks later , Grayling resigned from the committee apparently due to his failure to become chair . Early life and career . Grayling was born in London and grew up in Buckinghamshire , where he was educated at the Royal Grammar School , High Wycombe . He then went to Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , where he graduated with an upper-second class Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1984 . Grayling joined BBC News in 1985 as a trainee , becoming a producer in 1986 . He left the BBC in 1988 to join Channel 4 as an editor on its Business Daily television programme . He rejoined the BBC in 1991 as a business development manager on BBC Select . On leaving the BBC again in 1993 , he briefly joined Charterhouse Productions as Managing Director before leaving several months later as it was wound up for failing to pay VAT . He ran several television production companies from late 1993 , including managing the corporate communications division of Workhouse Ltd from 1992 to 1995 and SSVC Group in Gerrards Cross from 1995 to 1997 . Grayling became a public relations consultant in 1997 with Burson Marsteller , where he remained until his election to Parliament . Prior to joining the Conservative Party , Grayling was a member of the Social Democratic Party . Early political career . Borough councillor : 1998–2002 . Grayling was selected to contest the Labour-held marginal seat of Warrington South at the 1997 general election , but was defeated by Labour candidate Helen Southworth by 10,807 votes . He was elected as a councillor for the Hillside ward in the London Borough of Merton in 1998 and remained on the council until 2002 . Elected Member of Parliament : 2001 . Grayling was elected to the House of Commons to represent the Surrey seat of Epsom and Ewell at the 2001 general election following the retirement of the veteran Tory MP Archie Hamilton . Grayling held the seat with a majority of 10,080 and has been returned as MP there since . He made his maiden speech on 25 June 2001 . In 2019 , Grayling announced that Stoneleigh train station was to be given step free access . Shadow Cabinet : 2001–2010 . Grayling served on the Environment , Transport and the Regions Select committee from 2001 until he was promoted to the Opposition Whips Office by Iain Duncan Smith in 2002 , moving to become a Spokesman for Health later in the year . He became a Spokesman for Education and Skills by Michael Howard in 2003 . Following the 2005 general election he became a member of Howards Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons ; and after the election of David Cameron as the leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005 he served as the Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In June 2007 , he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post he held until January 2009 when he became Shadow Home Secretary . Grayling became known as a national politician through his attack dog pressure on leading Labour politicians . He was heavily involved in the questioning of David Blunkett , the then Work and Pensions Secretary , over his business affairs which led to Blunketts resignation in 2005 . Grayling also challenged Tony Blair and his wife Cherie over the money they made from lectures while Blair was Prime Minister . He also challenged minister Stephen Byers over his handling of the Railtrack collapse . Role in the expenses scandal . Between 2001 and 2009 , Grayling claimed expenses for his flat in Pimlico , close to the Houses of Parliament , despite having a constituency home no further than 17 miles away . Grayling said he uses the flat when working very late because he needs to work very erratic and late hours most days when the House of Commons is sitting . During the Parliamentary expenses scandal , The Daily Telegraph reported that Grayling refitted and redecorated the flat in 2005 costing over £5,000 . Graylings expenses issue was seen as embarrassing for the Conservative Party as he had previously criticised Labour ministers for being implicated in sleaze scandals . In 2010 it was reported by the Daily Telegraph that an IP address associated with the Parliamentary estate had been discovered attempting to remove references to Chris Graylings role in the expenses scandal from his Wikipedia page . They attempted the edit to remove the information 5 times and later received a warning from a Wikipedia administrator . Comparing Moss Side to The Wire . As Shadow Home Secretary , Grayling provoked controversy in August 2009 when he compared Manchesters Moss Side area to the American TV crime drama The Wire . His comments received an angry response from some Manchester locals and criticism from the police . Having been out on patrol for a day with the police , observing the results of a shooting at a house , he described himself as having witnessed an urban war . Police responded that gang-related shootings in Greater Manchester had fallen by 82 percent from the previous year and that to speak of urban war was sensationalistic . A local councillor , Roy Walters , complained of Moss Side unfairly being a negative target due to historical associations . Defending his comments , Grayling said , I didnt say Moss Side equals Baltimore . What I said is that we have in Moss Side symptoms of a gang conflict in this country which I find profoundly disturbing . Baltimore , with a population of about 600,000 , was noted as having 191 gun related murders in the previous year , in comparison to Moss Side , population 17,537 , which had none . Statistics on violent crime . Grayling came under criticism as Shadow Home Secretary over the Conservative Partys use of statistics on violent crime . In February 2010 , the Conservative Party issued press releases to every constituency in the UK claiming that crime had risen sharply in the UK . They failed , however , to take into account the more rigorous system for recording crime . The chairman of the UK Statistics Authority , Sir Michael Scholar , said that the figures Grayling was using were likely to mislead the public and likely to damage public trust in official statistics as the way in which crime was calculated had been changed in 2002 . A Conservative-commissioned report by the independent House of Commons library suggested that , depending on how figures were calculated , Graylings claims may have been justifiable and that violent crime may have risen in the period between 1998 and 2009 . The incumbent Home Secretary , Alan Johnson , called Graylings use of crime statistics dodgy and said that the British Crime Survey clearly showed that violent crime had reduced by 41% over the same period . Gay couples in B&Bs . In March 2010 , Grayling was recorded at an open meeting of the Centre for Policy Studies think tank saying that during the debates on civil liberties under the Labour Government , he had felt that Christians should have the right to live by their consciences and that Christian owners of bed and breakfasts should have the right to turn away gay couples . Grayling said : I personally always took the view that , if you look at the case of should a Christian hotel owner have the right to exclude a gay couple from a hotel , I took the view that if its a question of somebody whos doing a B&B in their own home , that individual should have the right to decide who does and who doesnt come into their own home . If they are running a hotel on the high street , I really dont think that it is right in this day and age that a gay couple should walk into a hotel and be turned away because they are a gay couple , and I think that is where the dividing line comes . When the recording was released by The Observer , on 3 April 2010 , Graylings comments caused an angry response from gay rights campaigners , with Ben Summerskill , Chief Executive of the gay rights group Stonewall , saying that this position would be illegal and very alarming to a lot of gay people who may have been thinking of voting Conservative . Lord Mandelson , the most senior gay minister in the ( then Labour ) Government , added that the comment showed that the Conservative Party had not changed , that when the camera is on they say one thing , but when the camera is off they say another . Conservative Party leader David Cameron was subsequently urged to back or sack Grayling , with gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell saying that Camerons silence is worrying . Many voters – gay and straight – will be disturbed by his failure to swiftly disown Graylings support for homophobic discrimination . What does this say about the sincerity and seriousness of his commitment to gay equality ? Anastasia Beaumont-Bott , founder of LGBTory , a gay rights group which campaigns for the Conservatives , announced that she would be voting for Labour , not the Conservatives , in response to Graylings comments . She said , I feel guilty because as a gay woman affected by LGBT rights I am on record saying you should vote Conservative , and I want to reverse that . I want to go on record to say dont vote Conservative . Id go as far to say that Ill vote Labour at this general election . Beaumont-Bott was joined in defecting from the Conservatives to Labour a week later by gay rights campaigner David Heathcote . Graylings comments were defended by a number of commentators , including the Today Programme presenter and gay broadcaster Evan Davis and leading Christian groups . Grayling apologised on 9 April 2010 , saying : I am sorry if what I said gave the wrong impression , I certainly didnt intend to offend anyone.. . I voted for gay rights , I voted for this particular measure . Various commentators speculated that he might have been hidden away by his party when he made relatively few public appearances in the days of the general election campaign that followed . It is unclear whether his remarks were the reason that David Cameron chose to appoint Theresa May as Home Secretary in his new Cabinet , rather than Grayling who held the position in the Shadow Cabinet ; Grayling was not given any Cabinet post , as had been predicted by some media commentators prior to the election . On 31 January 2013 , it was reported that Grayling would vote in favour of same-sex marriage in England and Wales . Minister of State for Employment . On 13 May 2010 , Grayling was appointed Minister of State for Employment and was sworn into the Privy Council on 28 May . As minister at DWP he was responsible for jobcentres . Measures were introduced to reduce costs , leaving 100,000 staff redundant in offices around the country . In the context of a Broken Society he accused some families of being habitually unemployed , generation after generation , living in sink council estates in the inner cities . Government cuts were made to the DWP budgets in order to constrain welfare spending . The policy later informed treatment of prisoners , refusing the right to vote , and clamping down on abusive behaviours in jails . He announced work programs for prisoners , encouraged an end to the something for nothing culture . More people than ever were found fit to work as part of a package of measures in a £5 billion program to make work for the long-term unemployed . Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor . Grayling was promoted to the Cabinet on 4 September 2012 , as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . Sworn in as Lord Chancellor on 1 October 2012 at Westminster Abbey , he was elected an Honorary Bencher of Grays Inn on 11 December 2012 , due in part to his lack of legal qualifications . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . ( It was reported that the last such non-lawyer was the Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672–73 ; but the Earl was admitted to Lincolns Inn in 1638. ) Graylings appointment was widely seen as a return to a more hard line approach than that of his predecessor , Clarke . Grayling pursued a tough justice agenda , including ending automatic early release for terrorists and child rapists , ending simple cautions for serious offences , and introducing greater protections for householders who defend themselves against intruders . The leading human rights barrister Lord Pannick described Graylings performance as notable only for his attempts to restrict judicial reviews and human rights , his failure to protect the judiciary against criticism from his colleagues and the reduction of legal aid to a bare minimum . Prisoner reforms . One of Graylings first acts at the Ministry of Justice ( MoJ ) was to commence a project to change the way offenders were rehabilitated in an effort to cut reoffending rates . Under a system of payment by results , private companies as well as charities were to play a greater role in looking after offenders on licence in the community . Graylings ban on books being sent into UK prisons was widely criticised by the Howard League for Penal Reform and the literary establishment , including Philip Pullman , Mark Haddon , Anthony Horowitz , Susan Hill and Emma Donoghue . The ban was described as obscene by Shaun Attwood of the TV show Banged Up Abroad who read over a thousand books in prison and credited books for being the lifeblood of rehabilitation . The move was defended as being not about a ban on books being sent into prison , but about parcels being sent in , as giving prisons access to the latter would almost certainly increase the amount of contraband getting into the prison estate . The High Court ruled the ban illegal in December 2015 . On stepping down from his role as Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Harding criticised Grayling for robustly interfering with the contents of reports and Graylings department for using financial controls to influence what was inspected , thereby threatening the independence of the Inspectors role . In March 2019 , the UK National Audit Office issued a report on the reforms of the probation system in England and Wales initiated by Grayling during his tenure at the MoJ stating that the Ministry had set itself up to fail through the rushed implementation of the reforms . As a result , the MoJs aim of delivering cuts in reoffending had not been achieved , with reoffending rates having increased significantly , at a cost £467 million higher than predicted . In May 2019 incumbent Justice Secretary , David Gauke , announced offender supervision in England and Wales is to be returned to government control , under the management of the National Probation Service , reversing Graylings policy . The abolition of Graylings payment by results system is to take place in December 2020 , terminating the contracts of the private sector providers two years early . During the 2017–18 period serious further offences , which include crimes such as murder and rape had increased by 21% compared to the 2016–17 period in June 2019 , a study published by the British Sociological Association described the privatisation of the probation system as an unmitigated disaster and found that it left the public at greater risk from ex-offenders released from prison . Prison benchmarking and staff cuts . A prison benchmarking programme was introduced in 2012 by Grayling to reduce the costs of public sector prisons to match comparable private sector prisons , along with associated new core standards intended to result in prisoners having similar amounts of time spent outside their cells across similar prisons . Prison officer numbers were reduced from about 23,000 in 2012 to about 18,000 in 2015 . In 2015 the Justice Select Committee , following a year long prison inquiry , were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012 . The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons . A tough justice agenda : court reforms . Graylings proposed cuts to legal aid were widely criticised by the legal profession . In May 2013 , 90 Queens Counsels signed a letter sent to The Daily Telegraph that branded the cuts unjust , as they would seriously undermine the rule of law . 6 January 2014 saw the first strike in British history by barristers and solicitors in protest at the cuts . In February 2014 , he introduced the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 to the House of Commons . The Bill included measures to outlaw revenge porn . In October 2014 , Grayling unveiled the Conservative Partys proposals for reforms to human rights in order to curb the European Court of Human Rights influence over British court rulings , whilst honouring the text of the original Convention on Human Rights in a British Bill of Rights and Responsibilities . In December 2013 , Alan Turing was granted a pardon by the Queen , after a process initiated by Grayling in his capacity as Lord Chancellor . In April 2015 , Grayling introduced mandatory flat-fee court charges for magistrates courts , the lowest fee being £150 for a guilty plea . Lawyers feared that defendants may plead guilty to avoid falling into debt , and the president of the Law Society described the change as a threat to fair trials . The charges for crown court were increased to £1,200 . Justice department security failure . In January 2015 , data relating to three fatal police shootings including details of marksmen and the deceaseds family were lost in the post by the Justice Department . According to The Guardian it was particularly embarrassing for Grayling as the Government was claiming it needed to access personal data to deal with terrorism and could keep it securely . The data included details of the Mark Duggan shooting incident which had triggered the 2011 England riots . Fathers 4 Justice protests . On multiple occasions in 2014 and 2015 , Fathers 4 Justice protesters targeted Graylings constituency home in Ashtead , Surrey in January and October 2015 . Other incidents included a weekend protest camp set up outside his house by four protesters . Leader of the House of Commons . After the 2015 general election , Grayling was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . Michael Gove , who replaced Grayling as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , was reportedly unimpressed with Graylings innovations . Grayling led Theresa Mays campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and thus also as successor to David Cameron as Prime Minister , following Camerons resignation in June 2016 . May won the contest by default following the withdrawal of the only other contender , Andrea Leadsom , after the second round of the leadership ballot Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was appointed as Secretary of State for Transport when Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016 . He became criticised for various gaffes and controversies , such as injuring a cyclist by unsafely opening the door of his ministerial car in October 2016 and misspending £2.7 billion of public funds over his tenure as Transport Secretary . Because of such reports , he became known by the moniker Failing Grayling used by The Guardian , The Independent , opposition MPs and allegedly his own Cabinet colleagues . London metro services : December 2016 . In December 2016 , Grayling blocked a move by the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan to give control of the metro services run by Southeastern to Transport for London . A leaked 2013 letter revealed Grayling had previously written to then-London mayor Boris Johnson saying he opposed such a move because it could put those services in the clutches of a Labour mayor . The leak led to Grayling being accused of putting his partys political interests over those of the public and commuters , as well as members of his own party calling for his resignation . Railway electrification cancellations : 2017–2018 . On the last day before parliament closed for its summer recess in 2017 , Grayling acknowledged that he had cancelled multiple railway electrification schemes in the north of England that had been promised by David Cameron and George Osborne . In January 2018 , Grayling was criticised by railway passengers and by Transport Select Committee members for his decision . In March 2018 , it emerged that National Audit Office records showed Grayling to have made the decision several months earlier in 2017 than previously acknowledged , but had suppressed the decision during the 2017 United Kingdom general election and for the remainder of the parliamentary session . Railway timetable change and vote of no-confidence : May–June 2018 . In summer 2018 , problems introducing a new timetable caused widespread disruption and the cancellation of 10% of trains on Northern and Thameslink . The Chief Executive of Govia Thameslink Railway , Charles Horton , resigned , and Grayling faced a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 19 June 2018 , with the resulting division 305–285 in Graylings favour . Govia Thameslink did not need to pay performance penalties for this disruption after an agreement made in 2017 . Gatwick Airport drone incident : December 2018 . Following the December 2018 Gatwick Airport drone incident The Times reported that Grayling had ignored numerous warnings about the threat posed by drones , halting draft legislation due for publication in early 2019 thereby allowing civil servants to be diverted to Brexit related tasks . According to The Daily Telegraph , the RAF offered the assistance of a specialist anti-drone team almost immediately but Graylings department – which would have had to pay for the service – was reluctant to accept . Seaborne Freight : 2018–2019 . On 29 December 2018 , it emerged that Graylings department had awarded £46.6m to French firm Brittany Ferries , £42.5m to Danish shipping firm DFDS , and £13.8m to British firm Seaborne Freight , to provide additional cross-channel freight capacity in case of a no-deal Brexit on 29 March 2019 . On 2 January 2019 , it emerged that Seaborne Freight had never run a ferry service and owned no ships . The Road Haulage Association said the firm had an impossible timescale in which to source ferries , hire and train staff and link with relevant authorities . Despite Graylings assurance that the usual procurement due diligence procedures had been followed , it was later revealed that Seaborne Freight issued terms and conditions designed for a food delivery business not ferries , that its chief executive previously ran a ship chartering business that was forced into liquidation following court petitions from HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) , and that auditors performing the due diligence checks had reported serious concerns about the contract . In relation to the prior court action by HMRC against Seaborne Freights chief executive , the amount of unpaid tax was not reported , but the former company had a total of £1.78 million in unpaid debts . Graylings unilateral decision to use Ostend , instead of Calais , as the continental terminal for some ferry services , was not appreciated in Calais , whose port chairman told Grayling he was no longer welcome there . Seaborne Freights contract was cancelled on 8 February 2019 by Graylings department after the Irish firm which was secretly intended to run the contract decided to pull out . The collapse of the contract led to calls from both sides of parliament for Graylings dismissal . On 13 February 2019 , Graylings department said that , following the collapse of the Seaborne Freight contract , it had run out of time to secure the substantial additional cross-channel transport capacity that could be needed in the event of a no-deal Brexit . Eurotunnel , operator of the Channel Tunnel , initiated legal action against the Department for Transport , claiming that the awarding of ferry contracts for the event of a no-deal Brexit had been secretive and flawed , and that Eurotunnel , which also operates freight services across the English Channel , had not had the opportunity to compete . The matter was settled out of court , with Eurotunnel receiving £33 million as part of a deal in which the company will provide freight services in the event of a no-deal Brexit . This caused renewed calls for Graylings dismissal . On 16 March 2019 , it emerged that the ferry companies engaged by Grayling would receive an additional £28m in the event of Brexit being delayed beyond 29 March 2019 , which it was . Delays and cost overruns to introduction of Class 800 trains . In March 2019 , Lord Adonis , former Labour transport minister , was critical of the delay in implementing services on the East Coast Mainline , using Class 800 trains . The trains were ordered ten years before services commenced . Delays were caused when it was found the trains interfered with trackside signalling equipment . Adonis said , They had 10 years to get these signalling issues right . Similar trains , introduced by Great Western Railway had cost twice the estimated amount . Grayling said , These new state-of-the-art trains show our commitment to put passengers at the heart of everything that we do and will carry people across Britain , from Swansea to Aberdeen and London to Inverness . The service , planned to run to Swansea , has only so far reached Cardiff . Grayling travelled on the first Class 800 train , operated by Great Western Railway . It set off 25 minutes late , arrived 41 minutes late , and had no air-conditioning when it arrived . The air-conditioning was switched off after it leaked liquid into the carriages . Grayling declined to take part in the first Class 800 to run on the East Coast Main Line . Post-ministerial career . Boris Johnson reportedly hoped for Grayling to be voted in as Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the narrow Conservative majority sitting on the committee . The possible appointment prompted criticism from fellow Conservative MPs , acting Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey and Shadow Defence Secretary Nia Griffith , who said his appointment would make a mockery of the committee . There were fears it would be a power grab by Johnson and his senior adviser Dominic Cummings designed to avoid accountability over their links to Russia outlined in a suppressed report . On 15 July 2020 , opposition committee members instead elected independently minded Conservative Julian Lewis as chair , who by voting alongside them secured a majority for himself . After Graylings failure to be elected as Intelligence and Security Committee chair , he was criticised by colleagues who referred back to his previous track record as a minister and who The Spectator reported as saying only Grayling could lose a rigged election . Julian Lewis had the party whip withdrawn by Boris Johnson . On 21 July 2020 , the committee released the previously repressed report which outlined how the government failed to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 EU referendum . On 28 August , it was reported Grayling had resigned from the committee . The Guardian commented that sources familiar with the matter had indicated he had gone off in a sulk and had no desire to serve on the committee as an ordinary member . On 17 September 2020 it was announced that Grayling was appointed to a £100,000-per-annum 7-hour-per-week job advising the British Virgin Islands domiciled Hutchison Port Holdings Limited on its environmental strategy and its engagement with local enterprise bodies . Personal life . In 2016 Grayling was reported to be living in Ashtead , Surrey , with his wife , born Susan Clare Dillistone and their two children . Publications . - The Bridgewater Heritage : The Story of Bridgewater Estates by Christopher Grayling , 1983 , Bridgewater Estates PLC - A Land Fit for Heroes : Life in England After the Great War by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Buchan & Enright - Holts : The Story of Joseph Holt by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Joseph Holt PLC - Just Another Star? : Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 by Christopher Grayling and Christopher Langdon , 1987 , Virgin Books - Insight Guide Waterways of Europe contribution by Chris Grayling , 1989 , Apa Publications External links . - Graylings official constituency website - Epsom and Ewell Conservatives website - Article archive at The Guardian - Listing in Debretts People of Today

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Chris Grayling took which position from Sep 2012 to May 2015?

/wiki/Chris_Grayling#P39#4

Chris Grayling Christopher Stephen Failing Grayling ( born 1 April 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician and author who served as Secretary of State for Transport from 2016 to 2019 . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Epsom and Ewell since 2001 . Grayling previously worked in the television and film industry . Grayling was born in London and studied History at Cambridge University . He wrote a number of books as well as working for the BBC and Channel 4 before going into politics . A member of the Social Democratic Party until 1988 , he then joined the Conservatives . First elected to Parliament in the 2001 general election for Epsom and Ewell , he was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron in 2005 as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In 2007 , he became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , and in 2009 he was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . Following the 2010 general election and the formation of the Cameron–Clegg coalition , Grayling was made Minister of State for Employment . In September 2012 , he was appointed to the Cabinet as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice and served until 2015 . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . He was Leader of the House of Commons and the Lord President of the Council from 2015 to 2016 . In the majority and minority May governments , Grayling served as Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was stood down from the Cabinet when Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019 . Johnson hoped for Grayling to become Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by being voted in by the Conservative majority on the committee . However , fellow Conservative Julian Lewis defeated Grayling in the ballot by using opposition votes to secure a majority , in what was seen as a blow to Johnson and his adviser Dominic Cummings . Six weeks later , Grayling resigned from the committee apparently due to his failure to become chair . Early life and career . Grayling was born in London and grew up in Buckinghamshire , where he was educated at the Royal Grammar School , High Wycombe . He then went to Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , where he graduated with an upper-second class Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1984 . Grayling joined BBC News in 1985 as a trainee , becoming a producer in 1986 . He left the BBC in 1988 to join Channel 4 as an editor on its Business Daily television programme . He rejoined the BBC in 1991 as a business development manager on BBC Select . On leaving the BBC again in 1993 , he briefly joined Charterhouse Productions as Managing Director before leaving several months later as it was wound up for failing to pay VAT . He ran several television production companies from late 1993 , including managing the corporate communications division of Workhouse Ltd from 1992 to 1995 and SSVC Group in Gerrards Cross from 1995 to 1997 . Grayling became a public relations consultant in 1997 with Burson Marsteller , where he remained until his election to Parliament . Prior to joining the Conservative Party , Grayling was a member of the Social Democratic Party . Early political career . Borough councillor : 1998–2002 . Grayling was selected to contest the Labour-held marginal seat of Warrington South at the 1997 general election , but was defeated by Labour candidate Helen Southworth by 10,807 votes . He was elected as a councillor for the Hillside ward in the London Borough of Merton in 1998 and remained on the council until 2002 . Elected Member of Parliament : 2001 . Grayling was elected to the House of Commons to represent the Surrey seat of Epsom and Ewell at the 2001 general election following the retirement of the veteran Tory MP Archie Hamilton . Grayling held the seat with a majority of 10,080 and has been returned as MP there since . He made his maiden speech on 25 June 2001 . In 2019 , Grayling announced that Stoneleigh train station was to be given step free access . Shadow Cabinet : 2001–2010 . Grayling served on the Environment , Transport and the Regions Select committee from 2001 until he was promoted to the Opposition Whips Office by Iain Duncan Smith in 2002 , moving to become a Spokesman for Health later in the year . He became a Spokesman for Education and Skills by Michael Howard in 2003 . Following the 2005 general election he became a member of Howards Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons ; and after the election of David Cameron as the leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005 he served as the Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In June 2007 , he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post he held until January 2009 when he became Shadow Home Secretary . Grayling became known as a national politician through his attack dog pressure on leading Labour politicians . He was heavily involved in the questioning of David Blunkett , the then Work and Pensions Secretary , over his business affairs which led to Blunketts resignation in 2005 . Grayling also challenged Tony Blair and his wife Cherie over the money they made from lectures while Blair was Prime Minister . He also challenged minister Stephen Byers over his handling of the Railtrack collapse . Role in the expenses scandal . Between 2001 and 2009 , Grayling claimed expenses for his flat in Pimlico , close to the Houses of Parliament , despite having a constituency home no further than 17 miles away . Grayling said he uses the flat when working very late because he needs to work very erratic and late hours most days when the House of Commons is sitting . During the Parliamentary expenses scandal , The Daily Telegraph reported that Grayling refitted and redecorated the flat in 2005 costing over £5,000 . Graylings expenses issue was seen as embarrassing for the Conservative Party as he had previously criticised Labour ministers for being implicated in sleaze scandals . In 2010 it was reported by the Daily Telegraph that an IP address associated with the Parliamentary estate had been discovered attempting to remove references to Chris Graylings role in the expenses scandal from his Wikipedia page . They attempted the edit to remove the information 5 times and later received a warning from a Wikipedia administrator . Comparing Moss Side to The Wire . As Shadow Home Secretary , Grayling provoked controversy in August 2009 when he compared Manchesters Moss Side area to the American TV crime drama The Wire . His comments received an angry response from some Manchester locals and criticism from the police . Having been out on patrol for a day with the police , observing the results of a shooting at a house , he described himself as having witnessed an urban war . Police responded that gang-related shootings in Greater Manchester had fallen by 82 percent from the previous year and that to speak of urban war was sensationalistic . A local councillor , Roy Walters , complained of Moss Side unfairly being a negative target due to historical associations . Defending his comments , Grayling said , I didnt say Moss Side equals Baltimore . What I said is that we have in Moss Side symptoms of a gang conflict in this country which I find profoundly disturbing . Baltimore , with a population of about 600,000 , was noted as having 191 gun related murders in the previous year , in comparison to Moss Side , population 17,537 , which had none . Statistics on violent crime . Grayling came under criticism as Shadow Home Secretary over the Conservative Partys use of statistics on violent crime . In February 2010 , the Conservative Party issued press releases to every constituency in the UK claiming that crime had risen sharply in the UK . They failed , however , to take into account the more rigorous system for recording crime . The chairman of the UK Statistics Authority , Sir Michael Scholar , said that the figures Grayling was using were likely to mislead the public and likely to damage public trust in official statistics as the way in which crime was calculated had been changed in 2002 . A Conservative-commissioned report by the independent House of Commons library suggested that , depending on how figures were calculated , Graylings claims may have been justifiable and that violent crime may have risen in the period between 1998 and 2009 . The incumbent Home Secretary , Alan Johnson , called Graylings use of crime statistics dodgy and said that the British Crime Survey clearly showed that violent crime had reduced by 41% over the same period . Gay couples in B&Bs . In March 2010 , Grayling was recorded at an open meeting of the Centre for Policy Studies think tank saying that during the debates on civil liberties under the Labour Government , he had felt that Christians should have the right to live by their consciences and that Christian owners of bed and breakfasts should have the right to turn away gay couples . Grayling said : I personally always took the view that , if you look at the case of should a Christian hotel owner have the right to exclude a gay couple from a hotel , I took the view that if its a question of somebody whos doing a B&B in their own home , that individual should have the right to decide who does and who doesnt come into their own home . If they are running a hotel on the high street , I really dont think that it is right in this day and age that a gay couple should walk into a hotel and be turned away because they are a gay couple , and I think that is where the dividing line comes . When the recording was released by The Observer , on 3 April 2010 , Graylings comments caused an angry response from gay rights campaigners , with Ben Summerskill , Chief Executive of the gay rights group Stonewall , saying that this position would be illegal and very alarming to a lot of gay people who may have been thinking of voting Conservative . Lord Mandelson , the most senior gay minister in the ( then Labour ) Government , added that the comment showed that the Conservative Party had not changed , that when the camera is on they say one thing , but when the camera is off they say another . Conservative Party leader David Cameron was subsequently urged to back or sack Grayling , with gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell saying that Camerons silence is worrying . Many voters – gay and straight – will be disturbed by his failure to swiftly disown Graylings support for homophobic discrimination . What does this say about the sincerity and seriousness of his commitment to gay equality ? Anastasia Beaumont-Bott , founder of LGBTory , a gay rights group which campaigns for the Conservatives , announced that she would be voting for Labour , not the Conservatives , in response to Graylings comments . She said , I feel guilty because as a gay woman affected by LGBT rights I am on record saying you should vote Conservative , and I want to reverse that . I want to go on record to say dont vote Conservative . Id go as far to say that Ill vote Labour at this general election . Beaumont-Bott was joined in defecting from the Conservatives to Labour a week later by gay rights campaigner David Heathcote . Graylings comments were defended by a number of commentators , including the Today Programme presenter and gay broadcaster Evan Davis and leading Christian groups . Grayling apologised on 9 April 2010 , saying : I am sorry if what I said gave the wrong impression , I certainly didnt intend to offend anyone.. . I voted for gay rights , I voted for this particular measure . Various commentators speculated that he might have been hidden away by his party when he made relatively few public appearances in the days of the general election campaign that followed . It is unclear whether his remarks were the reason that David Cameron chose to appoint Theresa May as Home Secretary in his new Cabinet , rather than Grayling who held the position in the Shadow Cabinet ; Grayling was not given any Cabinet post , as had been predicted by some media commentators prior to the election . On 31 January 2013 , it was reported that Grayling would vote in favour of same-sex marriage in England and Wales . Minister of State for Employment . On 13 May 2010 , Grayling was appointed Minister of State for Employment and was sworn into the Privy Council on 28 May . As minister at DWP he was responsible for jobcentres . Measures were introduced to reduce costs , leaving 100,000 staff redundant in offices around the country . In the context of a Broken Society he accused some families of being habitually unemployed , generation after generation , living in sink council estates in the inner cities . Government cuts were made to the DWP budgets in order to constrain welfare spending . The policy later informed treatment of prisoners , refusing the right to vote , and clamping down on abusive behaviours in jails . He announced work programs for prisoners , encouraged an end to the something for nothing culture . More people than ever were found fit to work as part of a package of measures in a £5 billion program to make work for the long-term unemployed . Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor . Grayling was promoted to the Cabinet on 4 September 2012 , as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . Sworn in as Lord Chancellor on 1 October 2012 at Westminster Abbey , he was elected an Honorary Bencher of Grays Inn on 11 December 2012 , due in part to his lack of legal qualifications . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . ( It was reported that the last such non-lawyer was the Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672–73 ; but the Earl was admitted to Lincolns Inn in 1638. ) Graylings appointment was widely seen as a return to a more hard line approach than that of his predecessor , Clarke . Grayling pursued a tough justice agenda , including ending automatic early release for terrorists and child rapists , ending simple cautions for serious offences , and introducing greater protections for householders who defend themselves against intruders . The leading human rights barrister Lord Pannick described Graylings performance as notable only for his attempts to restrict judicial reviews and human rights , his failure to protect the judiciary against criticism from his colleagues and the reduction of legal aid to a bare minimum . Prisoner reforms . One of Graylings first acts at the Ministry of Justice ( MoJ ) was to commence a project to change the way offenders were rehabilitated in an effort to cut reoffending rates . Under a system of payment by results , private companies as well as charities were to play a greater role in looking after offenders on licence in the community . Graylings ban on books being sent into UK prisons was widely criticised by the Howard League for Penal Reform and the literary establishment , including Philip Pullman , Mark Haddon , Anthony Horowitz , Susan Hill and Emma Donoghue . The ban was described as obscene by Shaun Attwood of the TV show Banged Up Abroad who read over a thousand books in prison and credited books for being the lifeblood of rehabilitation . The move was defended as being not about a ban on books being sent into prison , but about parcels being sent in , as giving prisons access to the latter would almost certainly increase the amount of contraband getting into the prison estate . The High Court ruled the ban illegal in December 2015 . On stepping down from his role as Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Harding criticised Grayling for robustly interfering with the contents of reports and Graylings department for using financial controls to influence what was inspected , thereby threatening the independence of the Inspectors role . In March 2019 , the UK National Audit Office issued a report on the reforms of the probation system in England and Wales initiated by Grayling during his tenure at the MoJ stating that the Ministry had set itself up to fail through the rushed implementation of the reforms . As a result , the MoJs aim of delivering cuts in reoffending had not been achieved , with reoffending rates having increased significantly , at a cost £467 million higher than predicted . In May 2019 incumbent Justice Secretary , David Gauke , announced offender supervision in England and Wales is to be returned to government control , under the management of the National Probation Service , reversing Graylings policy . The abolition of Graylings payment by results system is to take place in December 2020 , terminating the contracts of the private sector providers two years early . During the 2017–18 period serious further offences , which include crimes such as murder and rape had increased by 21% compared to the 2016–17 period in June 2019 , a study published by the British Sociological Association described the privatisation of the probation system as an unmitigated disaster and found that it left the public at greater risk from ex-offenders released from prison . Prison benchmarking and staff cuts . A prison benchmarking programme was introduced in 2012 by Grayling to reduce the costs of public sector prisons to match comparable private sector prisons , along with associated new core standards intended to result in prisoners having similar amounts of time spent outside their cells across similar prisons . Prison officer numbers were reduced from about 23,000 in 2012 to about 18,000 in 2015 . In 2015 the Justice Select Committee , following a year long prison inquiry , were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012 . The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons . A tough justice agenda : court reforms . Graylings proposed cuts to legal aid were widely criticised by the legal profession . In May 2013 , 90 Queens Counsels signed a letter sent to The Daily Telegraph that branded the cuts unjust , as they would seriously undermine the rule of law . 6 January 2014 saw the first strike in British history by barristers and solicitors in protest at the cuts . In February 2014 , he introduced the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 to the House of Commons . The Bill included measures to outlaw revenge porn . In October 2014 , Grayling unveiled the Conservative Partys proposals for reforms to human rights in order to curb the European Court of Human Rights influence over British court rulings , whilst honouring the text of the original Convention on Human Rights in a British Bill of Rights and Responsibilities . In December 2013 , Alan Turing was granted a pardon by the Queen , after a process initiated by Grayling in his capacity as Lord Chancellor . In April 2015 , Grayling introduced mandatory flat-fee court charges for magistrates courts , the lowest fee being £150 for a guilty plea . Lawyers feared that defendants may plead guilty to avoid falling into debt , and the president of the Law Society described the change as a threat to fair trials . The charges for crown court were increased to £1,200 . Justice department security failure . In January 2015 , data relating to three fatal police shootings including details of marksmen and the deceaseds family were lost in the post by the Justice Department . According to The Guardian it was particularly embarrassing for Grayling as the Government was claiming it needed to access personal data to deal with terrorism and could keep it securely . The data included details of the Mark Duggan shooting incident which had triggered the 2011 England riots . Fathers 4 Justice protests . On multiple occasions in 2014 and 2015 , Fathers 4 Justice protesters targeted Graylings constituency home in Ashtead , Surrey in January and October 2015 . Other incidents included a weekend protest camp set up outside his house by four protesters . Leader of the House of Commons . After the 2015 general election , Grayling was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . Michael Gove , who replaced Grayling as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , was reportedly unimpressed with Graylings innovations . Grayling led Theresa Mays campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and thus also as successor to David Cameron as Prime Minister , following Camerons resignation in June 2016 . May won the contest by default following the withdrawal of the only other contender , Andrea Leadsom , after the second round of the leadership ballot Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was appointed as Secretary of State for Transport when Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016 . He became criticised for various gaffes and controversies , such as injuring a cyclist by unsafely opening the door of his ministerial car in October 2016 and misspending £2.7 billion of public funds over his tenure as Transport Secretary . Because of such reports , he became known by the moniker Failing Grayling used by The Guardian , The Independent , opposition MPs and allegedly his own Cabinet colleagues . London metro services : December 2016 . In December 2016 , Grayling blocked a move by the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan to give control of the metro services run by Southeastern to Transport for London . A leaked 2013 letter revealed Grayling had previously written to then-London mayor Boris Johnson saying he opposed such a move because it could put those services in the clutches of a Labour mayor . The leak led to Grayling being accused of putting his partys political interests over those of the public and commuters , as well as members of his own party calling for his resignation . Railway electrification cancellations : 2017–2018 . On the last day before parliament closed for its summer recess in 2017 , Grayling acknowledged that he had cancelled multiple railway electrification schemes in the north of England that had been promised by David Cameron and George Osborne . In January 2018 , Grayling was criticised by railway passengers and by Transport Select Committee members for his decision . In March 2018 , it emerged that National Audit Office records showed Grayling to have made the decision several months earlier in 2017 than previously acknowledged , but had suppressed the decision during the 2017 United Kingdom general election and for the remainder of the parliamentary session . Railway timetable change and vote of no-confidence : May–June 2018 . In summer 2018 , problems introducing a new timetable caused widespread disruption and the cancellation of 10% of trains on Northern and Thameslink . The Chief Executive of Govia Thameslink Railway , Charles Horton , resigned , and Grayling faced a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 19 June 2018 , with the resulting division 305–285 in Graylings favour . Govia Thameslink did not need to pay performance penalties for this disruption after an agreement made in 2017 . Gatwick Airport drone incident : December 2018 . Following the December 2018 Gatwick Airport drone incident The Times reported that Grayling had ignored numerous warnings about the threat posed by drones , halting draft legislation due for publication in early 2019 thereby allowing civil servants to be diverted to Brexit related tasks . According to The Daily Telegraph , the RAF offered the assistance of a specialist anti-drone team almost immediately but Graylings department – which would have had to pay for the service – was reluctant to accept . Seaborne Freight : 2018–2019 . On 29 December 2018 , it emerged that Graylings department had awarded £46.6m to French firm Brittany Ferries , £42.5m to Danish shipping firm DFDS , and £13.8m to British firm Seaborne Freight , to provide additional cross-channel freight capacity in case of a no-deal Brexit on 29 March 2019 . On 2 January 2019 , it emerged that Seaborne Freight had never run a ferry service and owned no ships . The Road Haulage Association said the firm had an impossible timescale in which to source ferries , hire and train staff and link with relevant authorities . Despite Graylings assurance that the usual procurement due diligence procedures had been followed , it was later revealed that Seaborne Freight issued terms and conditions designed for a food delivery business not ferries , that its chief executive previously ran a ship chartering business that was forced into liquidation following court petitions from HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) , and that auditors performing the due diligence checks had reported serious concerns about the contract . In relation to the prior court action by HMRC against Seaborne Freights chief executive , the amount of unpaid tax was not reported , but the former company had a total of £1.78 million in unpaid debts . Graylings unilateral decision to use Ostend , instead of Calais , as the continental terminal for some ferry services , was not appreciated in Calais , whose port chairman told Grayling he was no longer welcome there . Seaborne Freights contract was cancelled on 8 February 2019 by Graylings department after the Irish firm which was secretly intended to run the contract decided to pull out . The collapse of the contract led to calls from both sides of parliament for Graylings dismissal . On 13 February 2019 , Graylings department said that , following the collapse of the Seaborne Freight contract , it had run out of time to secure the substantial additional cross-channel transport capacity that could be needed in the event of a no-deal Brexit . Eurotunnel , operator of the Channel Tunnel , initiated legal action against the Department for Transport , claiming that the awarding of ferry contracts for the event of a no-deal Brexit had been secretive and flawed , and that Eurotunnel , which also operates freight services across the English Channel , had not had the opportunity to compete . The matter was settled out of court , with Eurotunnel receiving £33 million as part of a deal in which the company will provide freight services in the event of a no-deal Brexit . This caused renewed calls for Graylings dismissal . On 16 March 2019 , it emerged that the ferry companies engaged by Grayling would receive an additional £28m in the event of Brexit being delayed beyond 29 March 2019 , which it was . Delays and cost overruns to introduction of Class 800 trains . In March 2019 , Lord Adonis , former Labour transport minister , was critical of the delay in implementing services on the East Coast Mainline , using Class 800 trains . The trains were ordered ten years before services commenced . Delays were caused when it was found the trains interfered with trackside signalling equipment . Adonis said , They had 10 years to get these signalling issues right . Similar trains , introduced by Great Western Railway had cost twice the estimated amount . Grayling said , These new state-of-the-art trains show our commitment to put passengers at the heart of everything that we do and will carry people across Britain , from Swansea to Aberdeen and London to Inverness . The service , planned to run to Swansea , has only so far reached Cardiff . Grayling travelled on the first Class 800 train , operated by Great Western Railway . It set off 25 minutes late , arrived 41 minutes late , and had no air-conditioning when it arrived . The air-conditioning was switched off after it leaked liquid into the carriages . Grayling declined to take part in the first Class 800 to run on the East Coast Main Line . Post-ministerial career . Boris Johnson reportedly hoped for Grayling to be voted in as Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the narrow Conservative majority sitting on the committee . The possible appointment prompted criticism from fellow Conservative MPs , acting Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey and Shadow Defence Secretary Nia Griffith , who said his appointment would make a mockery of the committee . There were fears it would be a power grab by Johnson and his senior adviser Dominic Cummings designed to avoid accountability over their links to Russia outlined in a suppressed report . On 15 July 2020 , opposition committee members instead elected independently minded Conservative Julian Lewis as chair , who by voting alongside them secured a majority for himself . After Graylings failure to be elected as Intelligence and Security Committee chair , he was criticised by colleagues who referred back to his previous track record as a minister and who The Spectator reported as saying only Grayling could lose a rigged election . Julian Lewis had the party whip withdrawn by Boris Johnson . On 21 July 2020 , the committee released the previously repressed report which outlined how the government failed to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 EU referendum . On 28 August , it was reported Grayling had resigned from the committee . The Guardian commented that sources familiar with the matter had indicated he had gone off in a sulk and had no desire to serve on the committee as an ordinary member . On 17 September 2020 it was announced that Grayling was appointed to a £100,000-per-annum 7-hour-per-week job advising the British Virgin Islands domiciled Hutchison Port Holdings Limited on its environmental strategy and its engagement with local enterprise bodies . Personal life . In 2016 Grayling was reported to be living in Ashtead , Surrey , with his wife , born Susan Clare Dillistone and their two children . Publications . - The Bridgewater Heritage : The Story of Bridgewater Estates by Christopher Grayling , 1983 , Bridgewater Estates PLC - A Land Fit for Heroes : Life in England After the Great War by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Buchan & Enright - Holts : The Story of Joseph Holt by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Joseph Holt PLC - Just Another Star? : Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 by Christopher Grayling and Christopher Langdon , 1987 , Virgin Books - Insight Guide Waterways of Europe contribution by Chris Grayling , 1989 , Apa Publications External links . - Graylings official constituency website - Epsom and Ewell Conservatives website - Article archive at The Guardian - Listing in Debretts People of Today

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What position did Chris Grayling take from May 2015 to Jul 2016?

/wiki/Chris_Grayling#P39#5

Chris Grayling Christopher Stephen Failing Grayling ( born 1 April 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician and author who served as Secretary of State for Transport from 2016 to 2019 . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Epsom and Ewell since 2001 . Grayling previously worked in the television and film industry . Grayling was born in London and studied History at Cambridge University . He wrote a number of books as well as working for the BBC and Channel 4 before going into politics . A member of the Social Democratic Party until 1988 , he then joined the Conservatives . First elected to Parliament in the 2001 general election for Epsom and Ewell , he was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron in 2005 as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In 2007 , he became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , and in 2009 he was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . Following the 2010 general election and the formation of the Cameron–Clegg coalition , Grayling was made Minister of State for Employment . In September 2012 , he was appointed to the Cabinet as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice and served until 2015 . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . He was Leader of the House of Commons and the Lord President of the Council from 2015 to 2016 . In the majority and minority May governments , Grayling served as Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was stood down from the Cabinet when Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019 . Johnson hoped for Grayling to become Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by being voted in by the Conservative majority on the committee . However , fellow Conservative Julian Lewis defeated Grayling in the ballot by using opposition votes to secure a majority , in what was seen as a blow to Johnson and his adviser Dominic Cummings . Six weeks later , Grayling resigned from the committee apparently due to his failure to become chair . Early life and career . Grayling was born in London and grew up in Buckinghamshire , where he was educated at the Royal Grammar School , High Wycombe . He then went to Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , where he graduated with an upper-second class Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1984 . Grayling joined BBC News in 1985 as a trainee , becoming a producer in 1986 . He left the BBC in 1988 to join Channel 4 as an editor on its Business Daily television programme . He rejoined the BBC in 1991 as a business development manager on BBC Select . On leaving the BBC again in 1993 , he briefly joined Charterhouse Productions as Managing Director before leaving several months later as it was wound up for failing to pay VAT . He ran several television production companies from late 1993 , including managing the corporate communications division of Workhouse Ltd from 1992 to 1995 and SSVC Group in Gerrards Cross from 1995 to 1997 . Grayling became a public relations consultant in 1997 with Burson Marsteller , where he remained until his election to Parliament . Prior to joining the Conservative Party , Grayling was a member of the Social Democratic Party . Early political career . Borough councillor : 1998–2002 . Grayling was selected to contest the Labour-held marginal seat of Warrington South at the 1997 general election , but was defeated by Labour candidate Helen Southworth by 10,807 votes . He was elected as a councillor for the Hillside ward in the London Borough of Merton in 1998 and remained on the council until 2002 . Elected Member of Parliament : 2001 . Grayling was elected to the House of Commons to represent the Surrey seat of Epsom and Ewell at the 2001 general election following the retirement of the veteran Tory MP Archie Hamilton . Grayling held the seat with a majority of 10,080 and has been returned as MP there since . He made his maiden speech on 25 June 2001 . In 2019 , Grayling announced that Stoneleigh train station was to be given step free access . Shadow Cabinet : 2001–2010 . Grayling served on the Environment , Transport and the Regions Select committee from 2001 until he was promoted to the Opposition Whips Office by Iain Duncan Smith in 2002 , moving to become a Spokesman for Health later in the year . He became a Spokesman for Education and Skills by Michael Howard in 2003 . Following the 2005 general election he became a member of Howards Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons ; and after the election of David Cameron as the leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005 he served as the Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In June 2007 , he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post he held until January 2009 when he became Shadow Home Secretary . Grayling became known as a national politician through his attack dog pressure on leading Labour politicians . He was heavily involved in the questioning of David Blunkett , the then Work and Pensions Secretary , over his business affairs which led to Blunketts resignation in 2005 . Grayling also challenged Tony Blair and his wife Cherie over the money they made from lectures while Blair was Prime Minister . He also challenged minister Stephen Byers over his handling of the Railtrack collapse . Role in the expenses scandal . Between 2001 and 2009 , Grayling claimed expenses for his flat in Pimlico , close to the Houses of Parliament , despite having a constituency home no further than 17 miles away . Grayling said he uses the flat when working very late because he needs to work very erratic and late hours most days when the House of Commons is sitting . During the Parliamentary expenses scandal , The Daily Telegraph reported that Grayling refitted and redecorated the flat in 2005 costing over £5,000 . Graylings expenses issue was seen as embarrassing for the Conservative Party as he had previously criticised Labour ministers for being implicated in sleaze scandals . In 2010 it was reported by the Daily Telegraph that an IP address associated with the Parliamentary estate had been discovered attempting to remove references to Chris Graylings role in the expenses scandal from his Wikipedia page . They attempted the edit to remove the information 5 times and later received a warning from a Wikipedia administrator . Comparing Moss Side to The Wire . As Shadow Home Secretary , Grayling provoked controversy in August 2009 when he compared Manchesters Moss Side area to the American TV crime drama The Wire . His comments received an angry response from some Manchester locals and criticism from the police . Having been out on patrol for a day with the police , observing the results of a shooting at a house , he described himself as having witnessed an urban war . Police responded that gang-related shootings in Greater Manchester had fallen by 82 percent from the previous year and that to speak of urban war was sensationalistic . A local councillor , Roy Walters , complained of Moss Side unfairly being a negative target due to historical associations . Defending his comments , Grayling said , I didnt say Moss Side equals Baltimore . What I said is that we have in Moss Side symptoms of a gang conflict in this country which I find profoundly disturbing . Baltimore , with a population of about 600,000 , was noted as having 191 gun related murders in the previous year , in comparison to Moss Side , population 17,537 , which had none . Statistics on violent crime . Grayling came under criticism as Shadow Home Secretary over the Conservative Partys use of statistics on violent crime . In February 2010 , the Conservative Party issued press releases to every constituency in the UK claiming that crime had risen sharply in the UK . They failed , however , to take into account the more rigorous system for recording crime . The chairman of the UK Statistics Authority , Sir Michael Scholar , said that the figures Grayling was using were likely to mislead the public and likely to damage public trust in official statistics as the way in which crime was calculated had been changed in 2002 . A Conservative-commissioned report by the independent House of Commons library suggested that , depending on how figures were calculated , Graylings claims may have been justifiable and that violent crime may have risen in the period between 1998 and 2009 . The incumbent Home Secretary , Alan Johnson , called Graylings use of crime statistics dodgy and said that the British Crime Survey clearly showed that violent crime had reduced by 41% over the same period . Gay couples in B&Bs . In March 2010 , Grayling was recorded at an open meeting of the Centre for Policy Studies think tank saying that during the debates on civil liberties under the Labour Government , he had felt that Christians should have the right to live by their consciences and that Christian owners of bed and breakfasts should have the right to turn away gay couples . Grayling said : I personally always took the view that , if you look at the case of should a Christian hotel owner have the right to exclude a gay couple from a hotel , I took the view that if its a question of somebody whos doing a B&B in their own home , that individual should have the right to decide who does and who doesnt come into their own home . If they are running a hotel on the high street , I really dont think that it is right in this day and age that a gay couple should walk into a hotel and be turned away because they are a gay couple , and I think that is where the dividing line comes . When the recording was released by The Observer , on 3 April 2010 , Graylings comments caused an angry response from gay rights campaigners , with Ben Summerskill , Chief Executive of the gay rights group Stonewall , saying that this position would be illegal and very alarming to a lot of gay people who may have been thinking of voting Conservative . Lord Mandelson , the most senior gay minister in the ( then Labour ) Government , added that the comment showed that the Conservative Party had not changed , that when the camera is on they say one thing , but when the camera is off they say another . Conservative Party leader David Cameron was subsequently urged to back or sack Grayling , with gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell saying that Camerons silence is worrying . Many voters – gay and straight – will be disturbed by his failure to swiftly disown Graylings support for homophobic discrimination . What does this say about the sincerity and seriousness of his commitment to gay equality ? Anastasia Beaumont-Bott , founder of LGBTory , a gay rights group which campaigns for the Conservatives , announced that she would be voting for Labour , not the Conservatives , in response to Graylings comments . She said , I feel guilty because as a gay woman affected by LGBT rights I am on record saying you should vote Conservative , and I want to reverse that . I want to go on record to say dont vote Conservative . Id go as far to say that Ill vote Labour at this general election . Beaumont-Bott was joined in defecting from the Conservatives to Labour a week later by gay rights campaigner David Heathcote . Graylings comments were defended by a number of commentators , including the Today Programme presenter and gay broadcaster Evan Davis and leading Christian groups . Grayling apologised on 9 April 2010 , saying : I am sorry if what I said gave the wrong impression , I certainly didnt intend to offend anyone.. . I voted for gay rights , I voted for this particular measure . Various commentators speculated that he might have been hidden away by his party when he made relatively few public appearances in the days of the general election campaign that followed . It is unclear whether his remarks were the reason that David Cameron chose to appoint Theresa May as Home Secretary in his new Cabinet , rather than Grayling who held the position in the Shadow Cabinet ; Grayling was not given any Cabinet post , as had been predicted by some media commentators prior to the election . On 31 January 2013 , it was reported that Grayling would vote in favour of same-sex marriage in England and Wales . Minister of State for Employment . On 13 May 2010 , Grayling was appointed Minister of State for Employment and was sworn into the Privy Council on 28 May . As minister at DWP he was responsible for jobcentres . Measures were introduced to reduce costs , leaving 100,000 staff redundant in offices around the country . In the context of a Broken Society he accused some families of being habitually unemployed , generation after generation , living in sink council estates in the inner cities . Government cuts were made to the DWP budgets in order to constrain welfare spending . The policy later informed treatment of prisoners , refusing the right to vote , and clamping down on abusive behaviours in jails . He announced work programs for prisoners , encouraged an end to the something for nothing culture . More people than ever were found fit to work as part of a package of measures in a £5 billion program to make work for the long-term unemployed . Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor . Grayling was promoted to the Cabinet on 4 September 2012 , as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . Sworn in as Lord Chancellor on 1 October 2012 at Westminster Abbey , he was elected an Honorary Bencher of Grays Inn on 11 December 2012 , due in part to his lack of legal qualifications . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . ( It was reported that the last such non-lawyer was the Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672–73 ; but the Earl was admitted to Lincolns Inn in 1638. ) Graylings appointment was widely seen as a return to a more hard line approach than that of his predecessor , Clarke . Grayling pursued a tough justice agenda , including ending automatic early release for terrorists and child rapists , ending simple cautions for serious offences , and introducing greater protections for householders who defend themselves against intruders . The leading human rights barrister Lord Pannick described Graylings performance as notable only for his attempts to restrict judicial reviews and human rights , his failure to protect the judiciary against criticism from his colleagues and the reduction of legal aid to a bare minimum . Prisoner reforms . One of Graylings first acts at the Ministry of Justice ( MoJ ) was to commence a project to change the way offenders were rehabilitated in an effort to cut reoffending rates . Under a system of payment by results , private companies as well as charities were to play a greater role in looking after offenders on licence in the community . Graylings ban on books being sent into UK prisons was widely criticised by the Howard League for Penal Reform and the literary establishment , including Philip Pullman , Mark Haddon , Anthony Horowitz , Susan Hill and Emma Donoghue . The ban was described as obscene by Shaun Attwood of the TV show Banged Up Abroad who read over a thousand books in prison and credited books for being the lifeblood of rehabilitation . The move was defended as being not about a ban on books being sent into prison , but about parcels being sent in , as giving prisons access to the latter would almost certainly increase the amount of contraband getting into the prison estate . The High Court ruled the ban illegal in December 2015 . On stepping down from his role as Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Harding criticised Grayling for robustly interfering with the contents of reports and Graylings department for using financial controls to influence what was inspected , thereby threatening the independence of the Inspectors role . In March 2019 , the UK National Audit Office issued a report on the reforms of the probation system in England and Wales initiated by Grayling during his tenure at the MoJ stating that the Ministry had set itself up to fail through the rushed implementation of the reforms . As a result , the MoJs aim of delivering cuts in reoffending had not been achieved , with reoffending rates having increased significantly , at a cost £467 million higher than predicted . In May 2019 incumbent Justice Secretary , David Gauke , announced offender supervision in England and Wales is to be returned to government control , under the management of the National Probation Service , reversing Graylings policy . The abolition of Graylings payment by results system is to take place in December 2020 , terminating the contracts of the private sector providers two years early . During the 2017–18 period serious further offences , which include crimes such as murder and rape had increased by 21% compared to the 2016–17 period in June 2019 , a study published by the British Sociological Association described the privatisation of the probation system as an unmitigated disaster and found that it left the public at greater risk from ex-offenders released from prison . Prison benchmarking and staff cuts . A prison benchmarking programme was introduced in 2012 by Grayling to reduce the costs of public sector prisons to match comparable private sector prisons , along with associated new core standards intended to result in prisoners having similar amounts of time spent outside their cells across similar prisons . Prison officer numbers were reduced from about 23,000 in 2012 to about 18,000 in 2015 . In 2015 the Justice Select Committee , following a year long prison inquiry , were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012 . The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons . A tough justice agenda : court reforms . Graylings proposed cuts to legal aid were widely criticised by the legal profession . In May 2013 , 90 Queens Counsels signed a letter sent to The Daily Telegraph that branded the cuts unjust , as they would seriously undermine the rule of law . 6 January 2014 saw the first strike in British history by barristers and solicitors in protest at the cuts . In February 2014 , he introduced the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 to the House of Commons . The Bill included measures to outlaw revenge porn . In October 2014 , Grayling unveiled the Conservative Partys proposals for reforms to human rights in order to curb the European Court of Human Rights influence over British court rulings , whilst honouring the text of the original Convention on Human Rights in a British Bill of Rights and Responsibilities . In December 2013 , Alan Turing was granted a pardon by the Queen , after a process initiated by Grayling in his capacity as Lord Chancellor . In April 2015 , Grayling introduced mandatory flat-fee court charges for magistrates courts , the lowest fee being £150 for a guilty plea . Lawyers feared that defendants may plead guilty to avoid falling into debt , and the president of the Law Society described the change as a threat to fair trials . The charges for crown court were increased to £1,200 . Justice department security failure . In January 2015 , data relating to three fatal police shootings including details of marksmen and the deceaseds family were lost in the post by the Justice Department . According to The Guardian it was particularly embarrassing for Grayling as the Government was claiming it needed to access personal data to deal with terrorism and could keep it securely . The data included details of the Mark Duggan shooting incident which had triggered the 2011 England riots . Fathers 4 Justice protests . On multiple occasions in 2014 and 2015 , Fathers 4 Justice protesters targeted Graylings constituency home in Ashtead , Surrey in January and October 2015 . Other incidents included a weekend protest camp set up outside his house by four protesters . Leader of the House of Commons . After the 2015 general election , Grayling was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . Michael Gove , who replaced Grayling as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , was reportedly unimpressed with Graylings innovations . Grayling led Theresa Mays campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and thus also as successor to David Cameron as Prime Minister , following Camerons resignation in June 2016 . May won the contest by default following the withdrawal of the only other contender , Andrea Leadsom , after the second round of the leadership ballot Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was appointed as Secretary of State for Transport when Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016 . He became criticised for various gaffes and controversies , such as injuring a cyclist by unsafely opening the door of his ministerial car in October 2016 and misspending £2.7 billion of public funds over his tenure as Transport Secretary . Because of such reports , he became known by the moniker Failing Grayling used by The Guardian , The Independent , opposition MPs and allegedly his own Cabinet colleagues . London metro services : December 2016 . In December 2016 , Grayling blocked a move by the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan to give control of the metro services run by Southeastern to Transport for London . A leaked 2013 letter revealed Grayling had previously written to then-London mayor Boris Johnson saying he opposed such a move because it could put those services in the clutches of a Labour mayor . The leak led to Grayling being accused of putting his partys political interests over those of the public and commuters , as well as members of his own party calling for his resignation . Railway electrification cancellations : 2017–2018 . On the last day before parliament closed for its summer recess in 2017 , Grayling acknowledged that he had cancelled multiple railway electrification schemes in the north of England that had been promised by David Cameron and George Osborne . In January 2018 , Grayling was criticised by railway passengers and by Transport Select Committee members for his decision . In March 2018 , it emerged that National Audit Office records showed Grayling to have made the decision several months earlier in 2017 than previously acknowledged , but had suppressed the decision during the 2017 United Kingdom general election and for the remainder of the parliamentary session . Railway timetable change and vote of no-confidence : May–June 2018 . In summer 2018 , problems introducing a new timetable caused widespread disruption and the cancellation of 10% of trains on Northern and Thameslink . The Chief Executive of Govia Thameslink Railway , Charles Horton , resigned , and Grayling faced a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 19 June 2018 , with the resulting division 305–285 in Graylings favour . Govia Thameslink did not need to pay performance penalties for this disruption after an agreement made in 2017 . Gatwick Airport drone incident : December 2018 . Following the December 2018 Gatwick Airport drone incident The Times reported that Grayling had ignored numerous warnings about the threat posed by drones , halting draft legislation due for publication in early 2019 thereby allowing civil servants to be diverted to Brexit related tasks . According to The Daily Telegraph , the RAF offered the assistance of a specialist anti-drone team almost immediately but Graylings department – which would have had to pay for the service – was reluctant to accept . Seaborne Freight : 2018–2019 . On 29 December 2018 , it emerged that Graylings department had awarded £46.6m to French firm Brittany Ferries , £42.5m to Danish shipping firm DFDS , and £13.8m to British firm Seaborne Freight , to provide additional cross-channel freight capacity in case of a no-deal Brexit on 29 March 2019 . On 2 January 2019 , it emerged that Seaborne Freight had never run a ferry service and owned no ships . The Road Haulage Association said the firm had an impossible timescale in which to source ferries , hire and train staff and link with relevant authorities . Despite Graylings assurance that the usual procurement due diligence procedures had been followed , it was later revealed that Seaborne Freight issued terms and conditions designed for a food delivery business not ferries , that its chief executive previously ran a ship chartering business that was forced into liquidation following court petitions from HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) , and that auditors performing the due diligence checks had reported serious concerns about the contract . In relation to the prior court action by HMRC against Seaborne Freights chief executive , the amount of unpaid tax was not reported , but the former company had a total of £1.78 million in unpaid debts . Graylings unilateral decision to use Ostend , instead of Calais , as the continental terminal for some ferry services , was not appreciated in Calais , whose port chairman told Grayling he was no longer welcome there . Seaborne Freights contract was cancelled on 8 February 2019 by Graylings department after the Irish firm which was secretly intended to run the contract decided to pull out . The collapse of the contract led to calls from both sides of parliament for Graylings dismissal . On 13 February 2019 , Graylings department said that , following the collapse of the Seaborne Freight contract , it had run out of time to secure the substantial additional cross-channel transport capacity that could be needed in the event of a no-deal Brexit . Eurotunnel , operator of the Channel Tunnel , initiated legal action against the Department for Transport , claiming that the awarding of ferry contracts for the event of a no-deal Brexit had been secretive and flawed , and that Eurotunnel , which also operates freight services across the English Channel , had not had the opportunity to compete . The matter was settled out of court , with Eurotunnel receiving £33 million as part of a deal in which the company will provide freight services in the event of a no-deal Brexit . This caused renewed calls for Graylings dismissal . On 16 March 2019 , it emerged that the ferry companies engaged by Grayling would receive an additional £28m in the event of Brexit being delayed beyond 29 March 2019 , which it was . Delays and cost overruns to introduction of Class 800 trains . In March 2019 , Lord Adonis , former Labour transport minister , was critical of the delay in implementing services on the East Coast Mainline , using Class 800 trains . The trains were ordered ten years before services commenced . Delays were caused when it was found the trains interfered with trackside signalling equipment . Adonis said , They had 10 years to get these signalling issues right . Similar trains , introduced by Great Western Railway had cost twice the estimated amount . Grayling said , These new state-of-the-art trains show our commitment to put passengers at the heart of everything that we do and will carry people across Britain , from Swansea to Aberdeen and London to Inverness . The service , planned to run to Swansea , has only so far reached Cardiff . Grayling travelled on the first Class 800 train , operated by Great Western Railway . It set off 25 minutes late , arrived 41 minutes late , and had no air-conditioning when it arrived . The air-conditioning was switched off after it leaked liquid into the carriages . Grayling declined to take part in the first Class 800 to run on the East Coast Main Line . Post-ministerial career . Boris Johnson reportedly hoped for Grayling to be voted in as Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the narrow Conservative majority sitting on the committee . The possible appointment prompted criticism from fellow Conservative MPs , acting Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey and Shadow Defence Secretary Nia Griffith , who said his appointment would make a mockery of the committee . There were fears it would be a power grab by Johnson and his senior adviser Dominic Cummings designed to avoid accountability over their links to Russia outlined in a suppressed report . On 15 July 2020 , opposition committee members instead elected independently minded Conservative Julian Lewis as chair , who by voting alongside them secured a majority for himself . After Graylings failure to be elected as Intelligence and Security Committee chair , he was criticised by colleagues who referred back to his previous track record as a minister and who The Spectator reported as saying only Grayling could lose a rigged election . Julian Lewis had the party whip withdrawn by Boris Johnson . On 21 July 2020 , the committee released the previously repressed report which outlined how the government failed to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 EU referendum . On 28 August , it was reported Grayling had resigned from the committee . The Guardian commented that sources familiar with the matter had indicated he had gone off in a sulk and had no desire to serve on the committee as an ordinary member . On 17 September 2020 it was announced that Grayling was appointed to a £100,000-per-annum 7-hour-per-week job advising the British Virgin Islands domiciled Hutchison Port Holdings Limited on its environmental strategy and its engagement with local enterprise bodies . Personal life . In 2016 Grayling was reported to be living in Ashtead , Surrey , with his wife , born Susan Clare Dillistone and their two children . Publications . - The Bridgewater Heritage : The Story of Bridgewater Estates by Christopher Grayling , 1983 , Bridgewater Estates PLC - A Land Fit for Heroes : Life in England After the Great War by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Buchan & Enright - Holts : The Story of Joseph Holt by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Joseph Holt PLC - Just Another Star? : Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 by Christopher Grayling and Christopher Langdon , 1987 , Virgin Books - Insight Guide Waterways of Europe contribution by Chris Grayling , 1989 , Apa Publications External links . - Graylings official constituency website - Epsom and Ewell Conservatives website - Article archive at The Guardian - Listing in Debretts People of Today

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Chris Grayling Christopher Stephen Failing Grayling ( born 1 April 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician and author who served as Secretary of State for Transport from 2016 to 2019 . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Epsom and Ewell since 2001 . Grayling previously worked in the television and film industry . Grayling was born in London and studied History at Cambridge University . He wrote a number of books as well as working for the BBC and Channel 4 before going into politics . A member of the Social Democratic Party until 1988 , he then joined the Conservatives . First elected to Parliament in the 2001 general election for Epsom and Ewell , he was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron in 2005 as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In 2007 , he became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , and in 2009 he was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . Following the 2010 general election and the formation of the Cameron–Clegg coalition , Grayling was made Minister of State for Employment . In September 2012 , he was appointed to the Cabinet as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice and served until 2015 . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . He was Leader of the House of Commons and the Lord President of the Council from 2015 to 2016 . In the majority and minority May governments , Grayling served as Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was stood down from the Cabinet when Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019 . Johnson hoped for Grayling to become Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by being voted in by the Conservative majority on the committee . However , fellow Conservative Julian Lewis defeated Grayling in the ballot by using opposition votes to secure a majority , in what was seen as a blow to Johnson and his adviser Dominic Cummings . Six weeks later , Grayling resigned from the committee apparently due to his failure to become chair . Early life and career . Grayling was born in London and grew up in Buckinghamshire , where he was educated at the Royal Grammar School , High Wycombe . He then went to Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , where he graduated with an upper-second class Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1984 . Grayling joined BBC News in 1985 as a trainee , becoming a producer in 1986 . He left the BBC in 1988 to join Channel 4 as an editor on its Business Daily television programme . He rejoined the BBC in 1991 as a business development manager on BBC Select . On leaving the BBC again in 1993 , he briefly joined Charterhouse Productions as Managing Director before leaving several months later as it was wound up for failing to pay VAT . He ran several television production companies from late 1993 , including managing the corporate communications division of Workhouse Ltd from 1992 to 1995 and SSVC Group in Gerrards Cross from 1995 to 1997 . Grayling became a public relations consultant in 1997 with Burson Marsteller , where he remained until his election to Parliament . Prior to joining the Conservative Party , Grayling was a member of the Social Democratic Party . Early political career . Borough councillor : 1998–2002 . Grayling was selected to contest the Labour-held marginal seat of Warrington South at the 1997 general election , but was defeated by Labour candidate Helen Southworth by 10,807 votes . He was elected as a councillor for the Hillside ward in the London Borough of Merton in 1998 and remained on the council until 2002 . Elected Member of Parliament : 2001 . Grayling was elected to the House of Commons to represent the Surrey seat of Epsom and Ewell at the 2001 general election following the retirement of the veteran Tory MP Archie Hamilton . Grayling held the seat with a majority of 10,080 and has been returned as MP there since . He made his maiden speech on 25 June 2001 . In 2019 , Grayling announced that Stoneleigh train station was to be given step free access . Shadow Cabinet : 2001–2010 . Grayling served on the Environment , Transport and the Regions Select committee from 2001 until he was promoted to the Opposition Whips Office by Iain Duncan Smith in 2002 , moving to become a Spokesman for Health later in the year . He became a Spokesman for Education and Skills by Michael Howard in 2003 . Following the 2005 general election he became a member of Howards Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons ; and after the election of David Cameron as the leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005 he served as the Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In June 2007 , he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post he held until January 2009 when he became Shadow Home Secretary . Grayling became known as a national politician through his attack dog pressure on leading Labour politicians . He was heavily involved in the questioning of David Blunkett , the then Work and Pensions Secretary , over his business affairs which led to Blunketts resignation in 2005 . Grayling also challenged Tony Blair and his wife Cherie over the money they made from lectures while Blair was Prime Minister . He also challenged minister Stephen Byers over his handling of the Railtrack collapse . Role in the expenses scandal . Between 2001 and 2009 , Grayling claimed expenses for his flat in Pimlico , close to the Houses of Parliament , despite having a constituency home no further than 17 miles away . Grayling said he uses the flat when working very late because he needs to work very erratic and late hours most days when the House of Commons is sitting . During the Parliamentary expenses scandal , The Daily Telegraph reported that Grayling refitted and redecorated the flat in 2005 costing over £5,000 . Graylings expenses issue was seen as embarrassing for the Conservative Party as he had previously criticised Labour ministers for being implicated in sleaze scandals . In 2010 it was reported by the Daily Telegraph that an IP address associated with the Parliamentary estate had been discovered attempting to remove references to Chris Graylings role in the expenses scandal from his Wikipedia page . They attempted the edit to remove the information 5 times and later received a warning from a Wikipedia administrator . Comparing Moss Side to The Wire . As Shadow Home Secretary , Grayling provoked controversy in August 2009 when he compared Manchesters Moss Side area to the American TV crime drama The Wire . His comments received an angry response from some Manchester locals and criticism from the police . Having been out on patrol for a day with the police , observing the results of a shooting at a house , he described himself as having witnessed an urban war . Police responded that gang-related shootings in Greater Manchester had fallen by 82 percent from the previous year and that to speak of urban war was sensationalistic . A local councillor , Roy Walters , complained of Moss Side unfairly being a negative target due to historical associations . Defending his comments , Grayling said , I didnt say Moss Side equals Baltimore . What I said is that we have in Moss Side symptoms of a gang conflict in this country which I find profoundly disturbing . Baltimore , with a population of about 600,000 , was noted as having 191 gun related murders in the previous year , in comparison to Moss Side , population 17,537 , which had none . Statistics on violent crime . Grayling came under criticism as Shadow Home Secretary over the Conservative Partys use of statistics on violent crime . In February 2010 , the Conservative Party issued press releases to every constituency in the UK claiming that crime had risen sharply in the UK . They failed , however , to take into account the more rigorous system for recording crime . The chairman of the UK Statistics Authority , Sir Michael Scholar , said that the figures Grayling was using were likely to mislead the public and likely to damage public trust in official statistics as the way in which crime was calculated had been changed in 2002 . A Conservative-commissioned report by the independent House of Commons library suggested that , depending on how figures were calculated , Graylings claims may have been justifiable and that violent crime may have risen in the period between 1998 and 2009 . The incumbent Home Secretary , Alan Johnson , called Graylings use of crime statistics dodgy and said that the British Crime Survey clearly showed that violent crime had reduced by 41% over the same period . Gay couples in B&Bs . In March 2010 , Grayling was recorded at an open meeting of the Centre for Policy Studies think tank saying that during the debates on civil liberties under the Labour Government , he had felt that Christians should have the right to live by their consciences and that Christian owners of bed and breakfasts should have the right to turn away gay couples . Grayling said : I personally always took the view that , if you look at the case of should a Christian hotel owner have the right to exclude a gay couple from a hotel , I took the view that if its a question of somebody whos doing a B&B in their own home , that individual should have the right to decide who does and who doesnt come into their own home . If they are running a hotel on the high street , I really dont think that it is right in this day and age that a gay couple should walk into a hotel and be turned away because they are a gay couple , and I think that is where the dividing line comes . When the recording was released by The Observer , on 3 April 2010 , Graylings comments caused an angry response from gay rights campaigners , with Ben Summerskill , Chief Executive of the gay rights group Stonewall , saying that this position would be illegal and very alarming to a lot of gay people who may have been thinking of voting Conservative . Lord Mandelson , the most senior gay minister in the ( then Labour ) Government , added that the comment showed that the Conservative Party had not changed , that when the camera is on they say one thing , but when the camera is off they say another . Conservative Party leader David Cameron was subsequently urged to back or sack Grayling , with gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell saying that Camerons silence is worrying . Many voters – gay and straight – will be disturbed by his failure to swiftly disown Graylings support for homophobic discrimination . What does this say about the sincerity and seriousness of his commitment to gay equality ? Anastasia Beaumont-Bott , founder of LGBTory , a gay rights group which campaigns for the Conservatives , announced that she would be voting for Labour , not the Conservatives , in response to Graylings comments . She said , I feel guilty because as a gay woman affected by LGBT rights I am on record saying you should vote Conservative , and I want to reverse that . I want to go on record to say dont vote Conservative . Id go as far to say that Ill vote Labour at this general election . Beaumont-Bott was joined in defecting from the Conservatives to Labour a week later by gay rights campaigner David Heathcote . Graylings comments were defended by a number of commentators , including the Today Programme presenter and gay broadcaster Evan Davis and leading Christian groups . Grayling apologised on 9 April 2010 , saying : I am sorry if what I said gave the wrong impression , I certainly didnt intend to offend anyone.. . I voted for gay rights , I voted for this particular measure . Various commentators speculated that he might have been hidden away by his party when he made relatively few public appearances in the days of the general election campaign that followed . It is unclear whether his remarks were the reason that David Cameron chose to appoint Theresa May as Home Secretary in his new Cabinet , rather than Grayling who held the position in the Shadow Cabinet ; Grayling was not given any Cabinet post , as had been predicted by some media commentators prior to the election . On 31 January 2013 , it was reported that Grayling would vote in favour of same-sex marriage in England and Wales . Minister of State for Employment . On 13 May 2010 , Grayling was appointed Minister of State for Employment and was sworn into the Privy Council on 28 May . As minister at DWP he was responsible for jobcentres . Measures were introduced to reduce costs , leaving 100,000 staff redundant in offices around the country . In the context of a Broken Society he accused some families of being habitually unemployed , generation after generation , living in sink council estates in the inner cities . Government cuts were made to the DWP budgets in order to constrain welfare spending . The policy later informed treatment of prisoners , refusing the right to vote , and clamping down on abusive behaviours in jails . He announced work programs for prisoners , encouraged an end to the something for nothing culture . More people than ever were found fit to work as part of a package of measures in a £5 billion program to make work for the long-term unemployed . Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor . Grayling was promoted to the Cabinet on 4 September 2012 , as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . Sworn in as Lord Chancellor on 1 October 2012 at Westminster Abbey , he was elected an Honorary Bencher of Grays Inn on 11 December 2012 , due in part to his lack of legal qualifications . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . ( It was reported that the last such non-lawyer was the Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672–73 ; but the Earl was admitted to Lincolns Inn in 1638. ) Graylings appointment was widely seen as a return to a more hard line approach than that of his predecessor , Clarke . Grayling pursued a tough justice agenda , including ending automatic early release for terrorists and child rapists , ending simple cautions for serious offences , and introducing greater protections for householders who defend themselves against intruders . The leading human rights barrister Lord Pannick described Graylings performance as notable only for his attempts to restrict judicial reviews and human rights , his failure to protect the judiciary against criticism from his colleagues and the reduction of legal aid to a bare minimum . Prisoner reforms . One of Graylings first acts at the Ministry of Justice ( MoJ ) was to commence a project to change the way offenders were rehabilitated in an effort to cut reoffending rates . Under a system of payment by results , private companies as well as charities were to play a greater role in looking after offenders on licence in the community . Graylings ban on books being sent into UK prisons was widely criticised by the Howard League for Penal Reform and the literary establishment , including Philip Pullman , Mark Haddon , Anthony Horowitz , Susan Hill and Emma Donoghue . The ban was described as obscene by Shaun Attwood of the TV show Banged Up Abroad who read over a thousand books in prison and credited books for being the lifeblood of rehabilitation . The move was defended as being not about a ban on books being sent into prison , but about parcels being sent in , as giving prisons access to the latter would almost certainly increase the amount of contraband getting into the prison estate . The High Court ruled the ban illegal in December 2015 . On stepping down from his role as Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Harding criticised Grayling for robustly interfering with the contents of reports and Graylings department for using financial controls to influence what was inspected , thereby threatening the independence of the Inspectors role . In March 2019 , the UK National Audit Office issued a report on the reforms of the probation system in England and Wales initiated by Grayling during his tenure at the MoJ stating that the Ministry had set itself up to fail through the rushed implementation of the reforms . As a result , the MoJs aim of delivering cuts in reoffending had not been achieved , with reoffending rates having increased significantly , at a cost £467 million higher than predicted . In May 2019 incumbent Justice Secretary , David Gauke , announced offender supervision in England and Wales is to be returned to government control , under the management of the National Probation Service , reversing Graylings policy . The abolition of Graylings payment by results system is to take place in December 2020 , terminating the contracts of the private sector providers two years early . During the 2017–18 period serious further offences , which include crimes such as murder and rape had increased by 21% compared to the 2016–17 period in June 2019 , a study published by the British Sociological Association described the privatisation of the probation system as an unmitigated disaster and found that it left the public at greater risk from ex-offenders released from prison . Prison benchmarking and staff cuts . A prison benchmarking programme was introduced in 2012 by Grayling to reduce the costs of public sector prisons to match comparable private sector prisons , along with associated new core standards intended to result in prisoners having similar amounts of time spent outside their cells across similar prisons . Prison officer numbers were reduced from about 23,000 in 2012 to about 18,000 in 2015 . In 2015 the Justice Select Committee , following a year long prison inquiry , were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012 . The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons . A tough justice agenda : court reforms . Graylings proposed cuts to legal aid were widely criticised by the legal profession . In May 2013 , 90 Queens Counsels signed a letter sent to The Daily Telegraph that branded the cuts unjust , as they would seriously undermine the rule of law . 6 January 2014 saw the first strike in British history by barristers and solicitors in protest at the cuts . In February 2014 , he introduced the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 to the House of Commons . The Bill included measures to outlaw revenge porn . In October 2014 , Grayling unveiled the Conservative Partys proposals for reforms to human rights in order to curb the European Court of Human Rights influence over British court rulings , whilst honouring the text of the original Convention on Human Rights in a British Bill of Rights and Responsibilities . In December 2013 , Alan Turing was granted a pardon by the Queen , after a process initiated by Grayling in his capacity as Lord Chancellor . In April 2015 , Grayling introduced mandatory flat-fee court charges for magistrates courts , the lowest fee being £150 for a guilty plea . Lawyers feared that defendants may plead guilty to avoid falling into debt , and the president of the Law Society described the change as a threat to fair trials . The charges for crown court were increased to £1,200 . Justice department security failure . In January 2015 , data relating to three fatal police shootings including details of marksmen and the deceaseds family were lost in the post by the Justice Department . According to The Guardian it was particularly embarrassing for Grayling as the Government was claiming it needed to access personal data to deal with terrorism and could keep it securely . The data included details of the Mark Duggan shooting incident which had triggered the 2011 England riots . Fathers 4 Justice protests . On multiple occasions in 2014 and 2015 , Fathers 4 Justice protesters targeted Graylings constituency home in Ashtead , Surrey in January and October 2015 . Other incidents included a weekend protest camp set up outside his house by four protesters . Leader of the House of Commons . After the 2015 general election , Grayling was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . Michael Gove , who replaced Grayling as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , was reportedly unimpressed with Graylings innovations . Grayling led Theresa Mays campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and thus also as successor to David Cameron as Prime Minister , following Camerons resignation in June 2016 . May won the contest by default following the withdrawal of the only other contender , Andrea Leadsom , after the second round of the leadership ballot Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was appointed as Secretary of State for Transport when Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016 . He became criticised for various gaffes and controversies , such as injuring a cyclist by unsafely opening the door of his ministerial car in October 2016 and misspending £2.7 billion of public funds over his tenure as Transport Secretary . Because of such reports , he became known by the moniker Failing Grayling used by The Guardian , The Independent , opposition MPs and allegedly his own Cabinet colleagues . London metro services : December 2016 . In December 2016 , Grayling blocked a move by the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan to give control of the metro services run by Southeastern to Transport for London . A leaked 2013 letter revealed Grayling had previously written to then-London mayor Boris Johnson saying he opposed such a move because it could put those services in the clutches of a Labour mayor . The leak led to Grayling being accused of putting his partys political interests over those of the public and commuters , as well as members of his own party calling for his resignation . Railway electrification cancellations : 2017–2018 . On the last day before parliament closed for its summer recess in 2017 , Grayling acknowledged that he had cancelled multiple railway electrification schemes in the north of England that had been promised by David Cameron and George Osborne . In January 2018 , Grayling was criticised by railway passengers and by Transport Select Committee members for his decision . In March 2018 , it emerged that National Audit Office records showed Grayling to have made the decision several months earlier in 2017 than previously acknowledged , but had suppressed the decision during the 2017 United Kingdom general election and for the remainder of the parliamentary session . Railway timetable change and vote of no-confidence : May–June 2018 . In summer 2018 , problems introducing a new timetable caused widespread disruption and the cancellation of 10% of trains on Northern and Thameslink . The Chief Executive of Govia Thameslink Railway , Charles Horton , resigned , and Grayling faced a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 19 June 2018 , with the resulting division 305–285 in Graylings favour . Govia Thameslink did not need to pay performance penalties for this disruption after an agreement made in 2017 . Gatwick Airport drone incident : December 2018 . Following the December 2018 Gatwick Airport drone incident The Times reported that Grayling had ignored numerous warnings about the threat posed by drones , halting draft legislation due for publication in early 2019 thereby allowing civil servants to be diverted to Brexit related tasks . According to The Daily Telegraph , the RAF offered the assistance of a specialist anti-drone team almost immediately but Graylings department – which would have had to pay for the service – was reluctant to accept . Seaborne Freight : 2018–2019 . On 29 December 2018 , it emerged that Graylings department had awarded £46.6m to French firm Brittany Ferries , £42.5m to Danish shipping firm DFDS , and £13.8m to British firm Seaborne Freight , to provide additional cross-channel freight capacity in case of a no-deal Brexit on 29 March 2019 . On 2 January 2019 , it emerged that Seaborne Freight had never run a ferry service and owned no ships . The Road Haulage Association said the firm had an impossible timescale in which to source ferries , hire and train staff and link with relevant authorities . Despite Graylings assurance that the usual procurement due diligence procedures had been followed , it was later revealed that Seaborne Freight issued terms and conditions designed for a food delivery business not ferries , that its chief executive previously ran a ship chartering business that was forced into liquidation following court petitions from HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) , and that auditors performing the due diligence checks had reported serious concerns about the contract . In relation to the prior court action by HMRC against Seaborne Freights chief executive , the amount of unpaid tax was not reported , but the former company had a total of £1.78 million in unpaid debts . Graylings unilateral decision to use Ostend , instead of Calais , as the continental terminal for some ferry services , was not appreciated in Calais , whose port chairman told Grayling he was no longer welcome there . Seaborne Freights contract was cancelled on 8 February 2019 by Graylings department after the Irish firm which was secretly intended to run the contract decided to pull out . The collapse of the contract led to calls from both sides of parliament for Graylings dismissal . On 13 February 2019 , Graylings department said that , following the collapse of the Seaborne Freight contract , it had run out of time to secure the substantial additional cross-channel transport capacity that could be needed in the event of a no-deal Brexit . Eurotunnel , operator of the Channel Tunnel , initiated legal action against the Department for Transport , claiming that the awarding of ferry contracts for the event of a no-deal Brexit had been secretive and flawed , and that Eurotunnel , which also operates freight services across the English Channel , had not had the opportunity to compete . The matter was settled out of court , with Eurotunnel receiving £33 million as part of a deal in which the company will provide freight services in the event of a no-deal Brexit . This caused renewed calls for Graylings dismissal . On 16 March 2019 , it emerged that the ferry companies engaged by Grayling would receive an additional £28m in the event of Brexit being delayed beyond 29 March 2019 , which it was . Delays and cost overruns to introduction of Class 800 trains . In March 2019 , Lord Adonis , former Labour transport minister , was critical of the delay in implementing services on the East Coast Mainline , using Class 800 trains . The trains were ordered ten years before services commenced . Delays were caused when it was found the trains interfered with trackside signalling equipment . Adonis said , They had 10 years to get these signalling issues right . Similar trains , introduced by Great Western Railway had cost twice the estimated amount . Grayling said , These new state-of-the-art trains show our commitment to put passengers at the heart of everything that we do and will carry people across Britain , from Swansea to Aberdeen and London to Inverness . The service , planned to run to Swansea , has only so far reached Cardiff . Grayling travelled on the first Class 800 train , operated by Great Western Railway . It set off 25 minutes late , arrived 41 minutes late , and had no air-conditioning when it arrived . The air-conditioning was switched off after it leaked liquid into the carriages . Grayling declined to take part in the first Class 800 to run on the East Coast Main Line . Post-ministerial career . Boris Johnson reportedly hoped for Grayling to be voted in as Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the narrow Conservative majority sitting on the committee . The possible appointment prompted criticism from fellow Conservative MPs , acting Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey and Shadow Defence Secretary Nia Griffith , who said his appointment would make a mockery of the committee . There were fears it would be a power grab by Johnson and his senior adviser Dominic Cummings designed to avoid accountability over their links to Russia outlined in a suppressed report . On 15 July 2020 , opposition committee members instead elected independently minded Conservative Julian Lewis as chair , who by voting alongside them secured a majority for himself . After Graylings failure to be elected as Intelligence and Security Committee chair , he was criticised by colleagues who referred back to his previous track record as a minister and who The Spectator reported as saying only Grayling could lose a rigged election . Julian Lewis had the party whip withdrawn by Boris Johnson . On 21 July 2020 , the committee released the previously repressed report which outlined how the government failed to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 EU referendum . On 28 August , it was reported Grayling had resigned from the committee . The Guardian commented that sources familiar with the matter had indicated he had gone off in a sulk and had no desire to serve on the committee as an ordinary member . On 17 September 2020 it was announced that Grayling was appointed to a £100,000-per-annum 7-hour-per-week job advising the British Virgin Islands domiciled Hutchison Port Holdings Limited on its environmental strategy and its engagement with local enterprise bodies . Personal life . In 2016 Grayling was reported to be living in Ashtead , Surrey , with his wife , born Susan Clare Dillistone and their two children . Publications . - The Bridgewater Heritage : The Story of Bridgewater Estates by Christopher Grayling , 1983 , Bridgewater Estates PLC - A Land Fit for Heroes : Life in England After the Great War by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Buchan & Enright - Holts : The Story of Joseph Holt by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Joseph Holt PLC - Just Another Star? : Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 by Christopher Grayling and Christopher Langdon , 1987 , Virgin Books - Insight Guide Waterways of Europe contribution by Chris Grayling , 1989 , Apa Publications External links . - Graylings official constituency website - Epsom and Ewell Conservatives website - Article archive at The Guardian - Listing in Debretts People of Today

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What was the position of Chris Grayling from Jun 2017 to Nov 2019?

/wiki/Chris_Grayling#P39#7

Chris Grayling Christopher Stephen Failing Grayling ( born 1 April 1962 ) is a British Conservative Party politician and author who served as Secretary of State for Transport from 2016 to 2019 . He has served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Epsom and Ewell since 2001 . Grayling previously worked in the television and film industry . Grayling was born in London and studied History at Cambridge University . He wrote a number of books as well as working for the BBC and Channel 4 before going into politics . A member of the Social Democratic Party until 1988 , he then joined the Conservatives . First elected to Parliament in the 2001 general election for Epsom and Ewell , he was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron in 2005 as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In 2007 , he became the Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , and in 2009 he was appointed Shadow Home Secretary . Following the 2010 general election and the formation of the Cameron–Clegg coalition , Grayling was made Minister of State for Employment . In September 2012 , he was appointed to the Cabinet as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice and served until 2015 . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . He was Leader of the House of Commons and the Lord President of the Council from 2015 to 2016 . In the majority and minority May governments , Grayling served as Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was stood down from the Cabinet when Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019 . Johnson hoped for Grayling to become Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by being voted in by the Conservative majority on the committee . However , fellow Conservative Julian Lewis defeated Grayling in the ballot by using opposition votes to secure a majority , in what was seen as a blow to Johnson and his adviser Dominic Cummings . Six weeks later , Grayling resigned from the committee apparently due to his failure to become chair . Early life and career . Grayling was born in London and grew up in Buckinghamshire , where he was educated at the Royal Grammar School , High Wycombe . He then went to Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge , where he graduated with an upper-second class Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1984 . Grayling joined BBC News in 1985 as a trainee , becoming a producer in 1986 . He left the BBC in 1988 to join Channel 4 as an editor on its Business Daily television programme . He rejoined the BBC in 1991 as a business development manager on BBC Select . On leaving the BBC again in 1993 , he briefly joined Charterhouse Productions as Managing Director before leaving several months later as it was wound up for failing to pay VAT . He ran several television production companies from late 1993 , including managing the corporate communications division of Workhouse Ltd from 1992 to 1995 and SSVC Group in Gerrards Cross from 1995 to 1997 . Grayling became a public relations consultant in 1997 with Burson Marsteller , where he remained until his election to Parliament . Prior to joining the Conservative Party , Grayling was a member of the Social Democratic Party . Early political career . Borough councillor : 1998–2002 . Grayling was selected to contest the Labour-held marginal seat of Warrington South at the 1997 general election , but was defeated by Labour candidate Helen Southworth by 10,807 votes . He was elected as a councillor for the Hillside ward in the London Borough of Merton in 1998 and remained on the council until 2002 . Elected Member of Parliament : 2001 . Grayling was elected to the House of Commons to represent the Surrey seat of Epsom and Ewell at the 2001 general election following the retirement of the veteran Tory MP Archie Hamilton . Grayling held the seat with a majority of 10,080 and has been returned as MP there since . He made his maiden speech on 25 June 2001 . In 2019 , Grayling announced that Stoneleigh train station was to be given step free access . Shadow Cabinet : 2001–2010 . Grayling served on the Environment , Transport and the Regions Select committee from 2001 until he was promoted to the Opposition Whips Office by Iain Duncan Smith in 2002 , moving to become a Spokesman for Health later in the year . He became a Spokesman for Education and Skills by Michael Howard in 2003 . Following the 2005 general election he became a member of Howards Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons ; and after the election of David Cameron as the leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005 he served as the Shadow Secretary of State for Transport . In June 2007 , he was made Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , a post he held until January 2009 when he became Shadow Home Secretary . Grayling became known as a national politician through his attack dog pressure on leading Labour politicians . He was heavily involved in the questioning of David Blunkett , the then Work and Pensions Secretary , over his business affairs which led to Blunketts resignation in 2005 . Grayling also challenged Tony Blair and his wife Cherie over the money they made from lectures while Blair was Prime Minister . He also challenged minister Stephen Byers over his handling of the Railtrack collapse . Role in the expenses scandal . Between 2001 and 2009 , Grayling claimed expenses for his flat in Pimlico , close to the Houses of Parliament , despite having a constituency home no further than 17 miles away . Grayling said he uses the flat when working very late because he needs to work very erratic and late hours most days when the House of Commons is sitting . During the Parliamentary expenses scandal , The Daily Telegraph reported that Grayling refitted and redecorated the flat in 2005 costing over £5,000 . Graylings expenses issue was seen as embarrassing for the Conservative Party as he had previously criticised Labour ministers for being implicated in sleaze scandals . In 2010 it was reported by the Daily Telegraph that an IP address associated with the Parliamentary estate had been discovered attempting to remove references to Chris Graylings role in the expenses scandal from his Wikipedia page . They attempted the edit to remove the information 5 times and later received a warning from a Wikipedia administrator . Comparing Moss Side to The Wire . As Shadow Home Secretary , Grayling provoked controversy in August 2009 when he compared Manchesters Moss Side area to the American TV crime drama The Wire . His comments received an angry response from some Manchester locals and criticism from the police . Having been out on patrol for a day with the police , observing the results of a shooting at a house , he described himself as having witnessed an urban war . Police responded that gang-related shootings in Greater Manchester had fallen by 82 percent from the previous year and that to speak of urban war was sensationalistic . A local councillor , Roy Walters , complained of Moss Side unfairly being a negative target due to historical associations . Defending his comments , Grayling said , I didnt say Moss Side equals Baltimore . What I said is that we have in Moss Side symptoms of a gang conflict in this country which I find profoundly disturbing . Baltimore , with a population of about 600,000 , was noted as having 191 gun related murders in the previous year , in comparison to Moss Side , population 17,537 , which had none . Statistics on violent crime . Grayling came under criticism as Shadow Home Secretary over the Conservative Partys use of statistics on violent crime . In February 2010 , the Conservative Party issued press releases to every constituency in the UK claiming that crime had risen sharply in the UK . They failed , however , to take into account the more rigorous system for recording crime . The chairman of the UK Statistics Authority , Sir Michael Scholar , said that the figures Grayling was using were likely to mislead the public and likely to damage public trust in official statistics as the way in which crime was calculated had been changed in 2002 . A Conservative-commissioned report by the independent House of Commons library suggested that , depending on how figures were calculated , Graylings claims may have been justifiable and that violent crime may have risen in the period between 1998 and 2009 . The incumbent Home Secretary , Alan Johnson , called Graylings use of crime statistics dodgy and said that the British Crime Survey clearly showed that violent crime had reduced by 41% over the same period . Gay couples in B&Bs . In March 2010 , Grayling was recorded at an open meeting of the Centre for Policy Studies think tank saying that during the debates on civil liberties under the Labour Government , he had felt that Christians should have the right to live by their consciences and that Christian owners of bed and breakfasts should have the right to turn away gay couples . Grayling said : I personally always took the view that , if you look at the case of should a Christian hotel owner have the right to exclude a gay couple from a hotel , I took the view that if its a question of somebody whos doing a B&B in their own home , that individual should have the right to decide who does and who doesnt come into their own home . If they are running a hotel on the high street , I really dont think that it is right in this day and age that a gay couple should walk into a hotel and be turned away because they are a gay couple , and I think that is where the dividing line comes . When the recording was released by The Observer , on 3 April 2010 , Graylings comments caused an angry response from gay rights campaigners , with Ben Summerskill , Chief Executive of the gay rights group Stonewall , saying that this position would be illegal and very alarming to a lot of gay people who may have been thinking of voting Conservative . Lord Mandelson , the most senior gay minister in the ( then Labour ) Government , added that the comment showed that the Conservative Party had not changed , that when the camera is on they say one thing , but when the camera is off they say another . Conservative Party leader David Cameron was subsequently urged to back or sack Grayling , with gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell saying that Camerons silence is worrying . Many voters – gay and straight – will be disturbed by his failure to swiftly disown Graylings support for homophobic discrimination . What does this say about the sincerity and seriousness of his commitment to gay equality ? Anastasia Beaumont-Bott , founder of LGBTory , a gay rights group which campaigns for the Conservatives , announced that she would be voting for Labour , not the Conservatives , in response to Graylings comments . She said , I feel guilty because as a gay woman affected by LGBT rights I am on record saying you should vote Conservative , and I want to reverse that . I want to go on record to say dont vote Conservative . Id go as far to say that Ill vote Labour at this general election . Beaumont-Bott was joined in defecting from the Conservatives to Labour a week later by gay rights campaigner David Heathcote . Graylings comments were defended by a number of commentators , including the Today Programme presenter and gay broadcaster Evan Davis and leading Christian groups . Grayling apologised on 9 April 2010 , saying : I am sorry if what I said gave the wrong impression , I certainly didnt intend to offend anyone.. . I voted for gay rights , I voted for this particular measure . Various commentators speculated that he might have been hidden away by his party when he made relatively few public appearances in the days of the general election campaign that followed . It is unclear whether his remarks were the reason that David Cameron chose to appoint Theresa May as Home Secretary in his new Cabinet , rather than Grayling who held the position in the Shadow Cabinet ; Grayling was not given any Cabinet post , as had been predicted by some media commentators prior to the election . On 31 January 2013 , it was reported that Grayling would vote in favour of same-sex marriage in England and Wales . Minister of State for Employment . On 13 May 2010 , Grayling was appointed Minister of State for Employment and was sworn into the Privy Council on 28 May . As minister at DWP he was responsible for jobcentres . Measures were introduced to reduce costs , leaving 100,000 staff redundant in offices around the country . In the context of a Broken Society he accused some families of being habitually unemployed , generation after generation , living in sink council estates in the inner cities . Government cuts were made to the DWP budgets in order to constrain welfare spending . The policy later informed treatment of prisoners , refusing the right to vote , and clamping down on abusive behaviours in jails . He announced work programs for prisoners , encouraged an end to the something for nothing culture . More people than ever were found fit to work as part of a package of measures in a £5 billion program to make work for the long-term unemployed . Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor . Grayling was promoted to the Cabinet on 4 September 2012 , as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . Sworn in as Lord Chancellor on 1 October 2012 at Westminster Abbey , he was elected an Honorary Bencher of Grays Inn on 11 December 2012 , due in part to his lack of legal qualifications . He was the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years . ( It was reported that the last such non-lawyer was the Earl of Shaftesbury in 1672–73 ; but the Earl was admitted to Lincolns Inn in 1638. ) Graylings appointment was widely seen as a return to a more hard line approach than that of his predecessor , Clarke . Grayling pursued a tough justice agenda , including ending automatic early release for terrorists and child rapists , ending simple cautions for serious offences , and introducing greater protections for householders who defend themselves against intruders . The leading human rights barrister Lord Pannick described Graylings performance as notable only for his attempts to restrict judicial reviews and human rights , his failure to protect the judiciary against criticism from his colleagues and the reduction of legal aid to a bare minimum . Prisoner reforms . One of Graylings first acts at the Ministry of Justice ( MoJ ) was to commence a project to change the way offenders were rehabilitated in an effort to cut reoffending rates . Under a system of payment by results , private companies as well as charities were to play a greater role in looking after offenders on licence in the community . Graylings ban on books being sent into UK prisons was widely criticised by the Howard League for Penal Reform and the literary establishment , including Philip Pullman , Mark Haddon , Anthony Horowitz , Susan Hill and Emma Donoghue . The ban was described as obscene by Shaun Attwood of the TV show Banged Up Abroad who read over a thousand books in prison and credited books for being the lifeblood of rehabilitation . The move was defended as being not about a ban on books being sent into prison , but about parcels being sent in , as giving prisons access to the latter would almost certainly increase the amount of contraband getting into the prison estate . The High Court ruled the ban illegal in December 2015 . On stepping down from his role as Her Majestys Chief Inspector of Prisons Nick Harding criticised Grayling for robustly interfering with the contents of reports and Graylings department for using financial controls to influence what was inspected , thereby threatening the independence of the Inspectors role . In March 2019 , the UK National Audit Office issued a report on the reforms of the probation system in England and Wales initiated by Grayling during his tenure at the MoJ stating that the Ministry had set itself up to fail through the rushed implementation of the reforms . As a result , the MoJs aim of delivering cuts in reoffending had not been achieved , with reoffending rates having increased significantly , at a cost £467 million higher than predicted . In May 2019 incumbent Justice Secretary , David Gauke , announced offender supervision in England and Wales is to be returned to government control , under the management of the National Probation Service , reversing Graylings policy . The abolition of Graylings payment by results system is to take place in December 2020 , terminating the contracts of the private sector providers two years early . During the 2017–18 period serious further offences , which include crimes such as murder and rape had increased by 21% compared to the 2016–17 period in June 2019 , a study published by the British Sociological Association described the privatisation of the probation system as an unmitigated disaster and found that it left the public at greater risk from ex-offenders released from prison . Prison benchmarking and staff cuts . A prison benchmarking programme was introduced in 2012 by Grayling to reduce the costs of public sector prisons to match comparable private sector prisons , along with associated new core standards intended to result in prisoners having similar amounts of time spent outside their cells across similar prisons . Prison officer numbers were reduced from about 23,000 in 2012 to about 18,000 in 2015 . In 2015 the Justice Select Committee , following a year long prison inquiry , were critical of Justice ministers for apparent complacency about a 38% rise in prison deaths since 2012 . The committee concluded that efficiency savings and staffing shortages had made a significant contribution to the deterioration in safety in prisons . A tough justice agenda : court reforms . Graylings proposed cuts to legal aid were widely criticised by the legal profession . In May 2013 , 90 Queens Counsels signed a letter sent to The Daily Telegraph that branded the cuts unjust , as they would seriously undermine the rule of law . 6 January 2014 saw the first strike in British history by barristers and solicitors in protest at the cuts . In February 2014 , he introduced the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 to the House of Commons . The Bill included measures to outlaw revenge porn . In October 2014 , Grayling unveiled the Conservative Partys proposals for reforms to human rights in order to curb the European Court of Human Rights influence over British court rulings , whilst honouring the text of the original Convention on Human Rights in a British Bill of Rights and Responsibilities . In December 2013 , Alan Turing was granted a pardon by the Queen , after a process initiated by Grayling in his capacity as Lord Chancellor . In April 2015 , Grayling introduced mandatory flat-fee court charges for magistrates courts , the lowest fee being £150 for a guilty plea . Lawyers feared that defendants may plead guilty to avoid falling into debt , and the president of the Law Society described the change as a threat to fair trials . The charges for crown court were increased to £1,200 . Justice department security failure . In January 2015 , data relating to three fatal police shootings including details of marksmen and the deceaseds family were lost in the post by the Justice Department . According to The Guardian it was particularly embarrassing for Grayling as the Government was claiming it needed to access personal data to deal with terrorism and could keep it securely . The data included details of the Mark Duggan shooting incident which had triggered the 2011 England riots . Fathers 4 Justice protests . On multiple occasions in 2014 and 2015 , Fathers 4 Justice protesters targeted Graylings constituency home in Ashtead , Surrey in January and October 2015 . Other incidents included a weekend protest camp set up outside his house by four protesters . Leader of the House of Commons . After the 2015 general election , Grayling was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . Michael Gove , who replaced Grayling as Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor , was reportedly unimpressed with Graylings innovations . Grayling led Theresa Mays campaign for the leadership of the Conservative Party , and thus also as successor to David Cameron as Prime Minister , following Camerons resignation in June 2016 . May won the contest by default following the withdrawal of the only other contender , Andrea Leadsom , after the second round of the leadership ballot Secretary of State for Transport . Grayling was appointed as Secretary of State for Transport when Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016 . He became criticised for various gaffes and controversies , such as injuring a cyclist by unsafely opening the door of his ministerial car in October 2016 and misspending £2.7 billion of public funds over his tenure as Transport Secretary . Because of such reports , he became known by the moniker Failing Grayling used by The Guardian , The Independent , opposition MPs and allegedly his own Cabinet colleagues . London metro services : December 2016 . In December 2016 , Grayling blocked a move by the Mayor of London Sadiq Khan to give control of the metro services run by Southeastern to Transport for London . A leaked 2013 letter revealed Grayling had previously written to then-London mayor Boris Johnson saying he opposed such a move because it could put those services in the clutches of a Labour mayor . The leak led to Grayling being accused of putting his partys political interests over those of the public and commuters , as well as members of his own party calling for his resignation . Railway electrification cancellations : 2017–2018 . On the last day before parliament closed for its summer recess in 2017 , Grayling acknowledged that he had cancelled multiple railway electrification schemes in the north of England that had been promised by David Cameron and George Osborne . In January 2018 , Grayling was criticised by railway passengers and by Transport Select Committee members for his decision . In March 2018 , it emerged that National Audit Office records showed Grayling to have made the decision several months earlier in 2017 than previously acknowledged , but had suppressed the decision during the 2017 United Kingdom general election and for the remainder of the parliamentary session . Railway timetable change and vote of no-confidence : May–June 2018 . In summer 2018 , problems introducing a new timetable caused widespread disruption and the cancellation of 10% of trains on Northern and Thameslink . The Chief Executive of Govia Thameslink Railway , Charles Horton , resigned , and Grayling faced a vote of confidence in the House of Commons on 19 June 2018 , with the resulting division 305–285 in Graylings favour . Govia Thameslink did not need to pay performance penalties for this disruption after an agreement made in 2017 . Gatwick Airport drone incident : December 2018 . Following the December 2018 Gatwick Airport drone incident The Times reported that Grayling had ignored numerous warnings about the threat posed by drones , halting draft legislation due for publication in early 2019 thereby allowing civil servants to be diverted to Brexit related tasks . According to The Daily Telegraph , the RAF offered the assistance of a specialist anti-drone team almost immediately but Graylings department – which would have had to pay for the service – was reluctant to accept . Seaborne Freight : 2018–2019 . On 29 December 2018 , it emerged that Graylings department had awarded £46.6m to French firm Brittany Ferries , £42.5m to Danish shipping firm DFDS , and £13.8m to British firm Seaborne Freight , to provide additional cross-channel freight capacity in case of a no-deal Brexit on 29 March 2019 . On 2 January 2019 , it emerged that Seaborne Freight had never run a ferry service and owned no ships . The Road Haulage Association said the firm had an impossible timescale in which to source ferries , hire and train staff and link with relevant authorities . Despite Graylings assurance that the usual procurement due diligence procedures had been followed , it was later revealed that Seaborne Freight issued terms and conditions designed for a food delivery business not ferries , that its chief executive previously ran a ship chartering business that was forced into liquidation following court petitions from HM Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) , and that auditors performing the due diligence checks had reported serious concerns about the contract . In relation to the prior court action by HMRC against Seaborne Freights chief executive , the amount of unpaid tax was not reported , but the former company had a total of £1.78 million in unpaid debts . Graylings unilateral decision to use Ostend , instead of Calais , as the continental terminal for some ferry services , was not appreciated in Calais , whose port chairman told Grayling he was no longer welcome there . Seaborne Freights contract was cancelled on 8 February 2019 by Graylings department after the Irish firm which was secretly intended to run the contract decided to pull out . The collapse of the contract led to calls from both sides of parliament for Graylings dismissal . On 13 February 2019 , Graylings department said that , following the collapse of the Seaborne Freight contract , it had run out of time to secure the substantial additional cross-channel transport capacity that could be needed in the event of a no-deal Brexit . Eurotunnel , operator of the Channel Tunnel , initiated legal action against the Department for Transport , claiming that the awarding of ferry contracts for the event of a no-deal Brexit had been secretive and flawed , and that Eurotunnel , which also operates freight services across the English Channel , had not had the opportunity to compete . The matter was settled out of court , with Eurotunnel receiving £33 million as part of a deal in which the company will provide freight services in the event of a no-deal Brexit . This caused renewed calls for Graylings dismissal . On 16 March 2019 , it emerged that the ferry companies engaged by Grayling would receive an additional £28m in the event of Brexit being delayed beyond 29 March 2019 , which it was . Delays and cost overruns to introduction of Class 800 trains . In March 2019 , Lord Adonis , former Labour transport minister , was critical of the delay in implementing services on the East Coast Mainline , using Class 800 trains . The trains were ordered ten years before services commenced . Delays were caused when it was found the trains interfered with trackside signalling equipment . Adonis said , They had 10 years to get these signalling issues right . Similar trains , introduced by Great Western Railway had cost twice the estimated amount . Grayling said , These new state-of-the-art trains show our commitment to put passengers at the heart of everything that we do and will carry people across Britain , from Swansea to Aberdeen and London to Inverness . The service , planned to run to Swansea , has only so far reached Cardiff . Grayling travelled on the first Class 800 train , operated by Great Western Railway . It set off 25 minutes late , arrived 41 minutes late , and had no air-conditioning when it arrived . The air-conditioning was switched off after it leaked liquid into the carriages . Grayling declined to take part in the first Class 800 to run on the East Coast Main Line . Post-ministerial career . Boris Johnson reportedly hoped for Grayling to be voted in as Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the narrow Conservative majority sitting on the committee . The possible appointment prompted criticism from fellow Conservative MPs , acting Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey and Shadow Defence Secretary Nia Griffith , who said his appointment would make a mockery of the committee . There were fears it would be a power grab by Johnson and his senior adviser Dominic Cummings designed to avoid accountability over their links to Russia outlined in a suppressed report . On 15 July 2020 , opposition committee members instead elected independently minded Conservative Julian Lewis as chair , who by voting alongside them secured a majority for himself . After Graylings failure to be elected as Intelligence and Security Committee chair , he was criticised by colleagues who referred back to his previous track record as a minister and who The Spectator reported as saying only Grayling could lose a rigged election . Julian Lewis had the party whip withdrawn by Boris Johnson . On 21 July 2020 , the committee released the previously repressed report which outlined how the government failed to investigate Russian interference in the 2016 EU referendum . On 28 August , it was reported Grayling had resigned from the committee . The Guardian commented that sources familiar with the matter had indicated he had gone off in a sulk and had no desire to serve on the committee as an ordinary member . On 17 September 2020 it was announced that Grayling was appointed to a £100,000-per-annum 7-hour-per-week job advising the British Virgin Islands domiciled Hutchison Port Holdings Limited on its environmental strategy and its engagement with local enterprise bodies . Personal life . In 2016 Grayling was reported to be living in Ashtead , Surrey , with his wife , born Susan Clare Dillistone and their two children . Publications . - The Bridgewater Heritage : The Story of Bridgewater Estates by Christopher Grayling , 1983 , Bridgewater Estates PLC - A Land Fit for Heroes : Life in England After the Great War by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Buchan & Enright - Holts : The Story of Joseph Holt by Christopher Grayling , 1985 , Joseph Holt PLC - Just Another Star? : Anglo-American Relations Since 1945 by Christopher Grayling and Christopher Langdon , 1987 , Virgin Books - Insight Guide Waterways of Europe contribution by Chris Grayling , 1989 , Apa Publications External links . - Graylings official constituency website - Epsom and Ewell Conservatives website - Article archive at The Guardian - Listing in Debretts People of Today

easy

Lucas Pérez played for which team from 2007 to 2009?

/wiki/Lucas_Pérez#P54#0

Lucas Pérez Lucas Pérez Martínez ( , born 10 September 1988 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Deportivo Alavés . After spending the first years of his career in the lower leagues , only appearing sporadically for the first team of Rayo Vallecano in the Segunda División , he first made a name for himself with Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League . In 2013 , he signed with PAOK from Greece , and later returned to La Liga with Deportivo , where he scored 32 goals in 93 matches . Subsequently , he represented English clubs Arsenal and West Ham United in the Premier League , before rejoining Alavés where he had played as a youth . Club career . Atlético and Rayo . Pérez was born in A Coruña , Galicia . After appearing for three clubs as a youth he moved to Madrid and joined Atlético Madrids C team , playing two seasons in Tercera División . In summer 2009 he signed with Rayo Vallecano , helping the reserves promote from the same level in his first year . In the 2010–11 season , Pérez contributed five games and one goal ( in a 3–0 home win against Real Valladolid on 6 November 2010 ) as Rayo returned to La Liga after eight years . He continued to be mainly registered with the B side , however . Karpaty Lviv . On 17 January 2011 , free agent Pérez joined FC Karpaty Lviv on a three-year deal . He scored his first goal for the team on 17 July , against FC Chornomorets Odesa in a 1–1 Ukrainian Premier League draw . Pérez netted a hat-trick on 4 November 2012 in a 4–0 home victory over FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih , including a long-distance volley from a corner kick delivery . In January 2013 he joined fellow league club FC Dynamo Kyiv on loan for the remainder of the campaign , and later labelled his experience as a nightmare . PAOK and Deportivo . On 5 July 2013 , Pérez signed on a fee of €700,000 a three-year contract with Super League Greece team PAOK FC . He scored his first competitive goal on 17 August , contributing to a 3–0 home defeat of Skoda Xanthi FC , and on 24 November he equalised in a 3–1 win over Aris Thessaloniki F.C . in the Derby of Northern Greece . He also helped to a runner-up run in the national cup , losing the decisive match to Panathinaikos FC . On 18 July 2014 , Pérez returned to Spain and joined his newly promoted hometown side Deportivo de La Coruña in a one-year loan deal , with a buyout clause . He scored in his first official appearance , having started in a 3–0 home victory against Valencia CF on 19 October which also marked his La Liga debut . The following matchday , he was replaced in the 15th minute of a 0–0 away draw at RCD Espanyol due to a knee injury . Pérez only returned to action in January of the following year , appearing 12 minutes in a 0–4 home loss against FC Barcelona . On 23 May , against the same opponent at the Camp Nou , he helped Dépor come from behind by scoring in the 67th minute of a 2–2 draw in the last round that prevented relegation . On 23 July 2015 , in his first competitive match upon his return to PAOK , against NK Lokomotiva in the second preliminary round of the UEFA Europa League , Pérez scored the opener after Róbert Maks shot was saved , in an eventual 6–0 home rout . One week later , against FC Spartak Trnava for the same competition , he netted the games only goal in the first leg . On 12 August 2015 , Pérez signed a permanent four-year deal with Deportivo . On 12 December , he took his season tally to 11 goals in only 15 games , helping to a 2–2 draw with Barcelona . Pérez totalled a career-best 17 goals at the end of the campaign , eventually helping his team escape relegation again . Arsenal . On 27 August 2016 , Arsène Wenger said that Pérez had completed a medical examination in order to join Arsenal after the paperwork was done . Three days later , the transfer was confirmed by the club for a reported fee of £17.1 million . He made his competitive debut in the 2–1 Premier League home win over Southampton on 10 September , which coincided with both his birthday and that of teammate Laurent Koscielny , whom he assisted for his teams equaliser . On 20 September 2016 , during an EFL Cup away match against Nottingham Forest , Pérez scored his first goals for the Gunners , grabbing a brace in an eventual 4–0 victory in the third round . On 6 December , he contributed three goals in 39 minutes to a 4–1 away defeat of FC Basel in the UEFA Champions Leagues group stage , helping Arsenal win the group . On 3 January 2017 , Pérez netted for the first time in the domestic league , helping his team come back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 at AFC Bournemouth . Towards the end of the month , he provided an assist to Danny Welbecks first-ever brace for Arsenal , in a 5–0 away win against Southampton in the FA Cup . On 31 August 2017 , Pérez rejoined Deportivo on a season-long loan deal . West Ham United . On 9 August 2018 , Pérez signed a three-year contract with West Ham United for a reported fee of £4 million . He made his league debut for his new club nine days later , coming on as a 77th-minute substitute for Mark Noble in a 1–2 home loss to Bournemouth . He scored his first goal for them on 26 September , in their 8–0 demolition of Macclesfield Town in the EFL Cup . On 4 December 2018 , Pérez scored his first league goals for 700 days : coming on for Marko Arnautović , he scored twice in a 3–1 home victory against Cardiff City , becoming the first West Ham player to achieve the feat as a substitute since Paulo Wanchope in 2000 . Alavés . In May 2019 , West Ham accepted an offer from Deportivo Alavés for Peréz for a fee of €2.5m subject to a medical . He officially signed for the club on 3 June , making his league debut on 18 August by playing the last minutes of the 1–0 home victory over Levante UD . He scored his first goal on 29 September , the first in a 2–0 win against RCD Mallorca also at Mendizorrotza Stadium . On 29 October 2019 , Pérez equalised in a 1–1 home draw with Atlético Madrid , becoming the first Alavés player to score in five consecutive La Liga games since 1955 . He repeated the feat the following match ( at CA Osasuna , 4–2 loss ) , and in the process became their first player to achieve that in six consecutive fixtures . He found the net for the seventh time on 9 November against Real Valladolid , becoming the first player in the history of the competition to score in seven consecutive matches with two different teams , as he had done it before with Deportivo . International career . Pérez earned his first cap for the Galicia autonomous team on 20 May 2016 , appearing in the 2–2 friendly with Venezuela . Honours . PAOK - Greek Football Cup runner-up : 2013–14 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2016–17 External links . - Stats at Resultados Fútbol

easy

Which team did the player Lucas Pérez belong to from 2009 to 2011?

/wiki/Lucas_Pérez#P54#1

Lucas Pérez Lucas Pérez Martínez ( , born 10 September 1988 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Deportivo Alavés . After spending the first years of his career in the lower leagues , only appearing sporadically for the first team of Rayo Vallecano in the Segunda División , he first made a name for himself with Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League . In 2013 , he signed with PAOK from Greece , and later returned to La Liga with Deportivo , where he scored 32 goals in 93 matches . Subsequently , he represented English clubs Arsenal and West Ham United in the Premier League , before rejoining Alavés where he had played as a youth . Club career . Atlético and Rayo . Pérez was born in A Coruña , Galicia . After appearing for three clubs as a youth he moved to Madrid and joined Atlético Madrids C team , playing two seasons in Tercera División . In summer 2009 he signed with Rayo Vallecano , helping the reserves promote from the same level in his first year . In the 2010–11 season , Pérez contributed five games and one goal ( in a 3–0 home win against Real Valladolid on 6 November 2010 ) as Rayo returned to La Liga after eight years . He continued to be mainly registered with the B side , however . Karpaty Lviv . On 17 January 2011 , free agent Pérez joined FC Karpaty Lviv on a three-year deal . He scored his first goal for the team on 17 July , against FC Chornomorets Odesa in a 1–1 Ukrainian Premier League draw . Pérez netted a hat-trick on 4 November 2012 in a 4–0 home victory over FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih , including a long-distance volley from a corner kick delivery . In January 2013 he joined fellow league club FC Dynamo Kyiv on loan for the remainder of the campaign , and later labelled his experience as a nightmare . PAOK and Deportivo . On 5 July 2013 , Pérez signed on a fee of €700,000 a three-year contract with Super League Greece team PAOK FC . He scored his first competitive goal on 17 August , contributing to a 3–0 home defeat of Skoda Xanthi FC , and on 24 November he equalised in a 3–1 win over Aris Thessaloniki F.C . in the Derby of Northern Greece . He also helped to a runner-up run in the national cup , losing the decisive match to Panathinaikos FC . On 18 July 2014 , Pérez returned to Spain and joined his newly promoted hometown side Deportivo de La Coruña in a one-year loan deal , with a buyout clause . He scored in his first official appearance , having started in a 3–0 home victory against Valencia CF on 19 October which also marked his La Liga debut . The following matchday , he was replaced in the 15th minute of a 0–0 away draw at RCD Espanyol due to a knee injury . Pérez only returned to action in January of the following year , appearing 12 minutes in a 0–4 home loss against FC Barcelona . On 23 May , against the same opponent at the Camp Nou , he helped Dépor come from behind by scoring in the 67th minute of a 2–2 draw in the last round that prevented relegation . On 23 July 2015 , in his first competitive match upon his return to PAOK , against NK Lokomotiva in the second preliminary round of the UEFA Europa League , Pérez scored the opener after Róbert Maks shot was saved , in an eventual 6–0 home rout . One week later , against FC Spartak Trnava for the same competition , he netted the games only goal in the first leg . On 12 August 2015 , Pérez signed a permanent four-year deal with Deportivo . On 12 December , he took his season tally to 11 goals in only 15 games , helping to a 2–2 draw with Barcelona . Pérez totalled a career-best 17 goals at the end of the campaign , eventually helping his team escape relegation again . Arsenal . On 27 August 2016 , Arsène Wenger said that Pérez had completed a medical examination in order to join Arsenal after the paperwork was done . Three days later , the transfer was confirmed by the club for a reported fee of £17.1 million . He made his competitive debut in the 2–1 Premier League home win over Southampton on 10 September , which coincided with both his birthday and that of teammate Laurent Koscielny , whom he assisted for his teams equaliser . On 20 September 2016 , during an EFL Cup away match against Nottingham Forest , Pérez scored his first goals for the Gunners , grabbing a brace in an eventual 4–0 victory in the third round . On 6 December , he contributed three goals in 39 minutes to a 4–1 away defeat of FC Basel in the UEFA Champions Leagues group stage , helping Arsenal win the group . On 3 January 2017 , Pérez netted for the first time in the domestic league , helping his team come back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 at AFC Bournemouth . Towards the end of the month , he provided an assist to Danny Welbecks first-ever brace for Arsenal , in a 5–0 away win against Southampton in the FA Cup . On 31 August 2017 , Pérez rejoined Deportivo on a season-long loan deal . West Ham United . On 9 August 2018 , Pérez signed a three-year contract with West Ham United for a reported fee of £4 million . He made his league debut for his new club nine days later , coming on as a 77th-minute substitute for Mark Noble in a 1–2 home loss to Bournemouth . He scored his first goal for them on 26 September , in their 8–0 demolition of Macclesfield Town in the EFL Cup . On 4 December 2018 , Pérez scored his first league goals for 700 days : coming on for Marko Arnautović , he scored twice in a 3–1 home victory against Cardiff City , becoming the first West Ham player to achieve the feat as a substitute since Paulo Wanchope in 2000 . Alavés . In May 2019 , West Ham accepted an offer from Deportivo Alavés for Peréz for a fee of €2.5m subject to a medical . He officially signed for the club on 3 June , making his league debut on 18 August by playing the last minutes of the 1–0 home victory over Levante UD . He scored his first goal on 29 September , the first in a 2–0 win against RCD Mallorca also at Mendizorrotza Stadium . On 29 October 2019 , Pérez equalised in a 1–1 home draw with Atlético Madrid , becoming the first Alavés player to score in five consecutive La Liga games since 1955 . He repeated the feat the following match ( at CA Osasuna , 4–2 loss ) , and in the process became their first player to achieve that in six consecutive fixtures . He found the net for the seventh time on 9 November against Real Valladolid , becoming the first player in the history of the competition to score in seven consecutive matches with two different teams , as he had done it before with Deportivo . International career . Pérez earned his first cap for the Galicia autonomous team on 20 May 2016 , appearing in the 2–2 friendly with Venezuela . Honours . PAOK - Greek Football Cup runner-up : 2013–14 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2016–17 External links . - Stats at Resultados Fútbol

easy

Lucas Pérez played for which team from 2011 to 2013?

/wiki/Lucas_Pérez#P54#2

Lucas Pérez Lucas Pérez Martínez ( , born 10 September 1988 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Deportivo Alavés . After spending the first years of his career in the lower leagues , only appearing sporadically for the first team of Rayo Vallecano in the Segunda División , he first made a name for himself with Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League . In 2013 , he signed with PAOK from Greece , and later returned to La Liga with Deportivo , where he scored 32 goals in 93 matches . Subsequently , he represented English clubs Arsenal and West Ham United in the Premier League , before rejoining Alavés where he had played as a youth . Club career . Atlético and Rayo . Pérez was born in A Coruña , Galicia . After appearing for three clubs as a youth he moved to Madrid and joined Atlético Madrids C team , playing two seasons in Tercera División . In summer 2009 he signed with Rayo Vallecano , helping the reserves promote from the same level in his first year . In the 2010–11 season , Pérez contributed five games and one goal ( in a 3–0 home win against Real Valladolid on 6 November 2010 ) as Rayo returned to La Liga after eight years . He continued to be mainly registered with the B side , however . Karpaty Lviv . On 17 January 2011 , free agent Pérez joined FC Karpaty Lviv on a three-year deal . He scored his first goal for the team on 17 July , against FC Chornomorets Odesa in a 1–1 Ukrainian Premier League draw . Pérez netted a hat-trick on 4 November 2012 in a 4–0 home victory over FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih , including a long-distance volley from a corner kick delivery . In January 2013 he joined fellow league club FC Dynamo Kyiv on loan for the remainder of the campaign , and later labelled his experience as a nightmare . PAOK and Deportivo . On 5 July 2013 , Pérez signed on a fee of €700,000 a three-year contract with Super League Greece team PAOK FC . He scored his first competitive goal on 17 August , contributing to a 3–0 home defeat of Skoda Xanthi FC , and on 24 November he equalised in a 3–1 win over Aris Thessaloniki F.C . in the Derby of Northern Greece . He also helped to a runner-up run in the national cup , losing the decisive match to Panathinaikos FC . On 18 July 2014 , Pérez returned to Spain and joined his newly promoted hometown side Deportivo de La Coruña in a one-year loan deal , with a buyout clause . He scored in his first official appearance , having started in a 3–0 home victory against Valencia CF on 19 October which also marked his La Liga debut . The following matchday , he was replaced in the 15th minute of a 0–0 away draw at RCD Espanyol due to a knee injury . Pérez only returned to action in January of the following year , appearing 12 minutes in a 0–4 home loss against FC Barcelona . On 23 May , against the same opponent at the Camp Nou , he helped Dépor come from behind by scoring in the 67th minute of a 2–2 draw in the last round that prevented relegation . On 23 July 2015 , in his first competitive match upon his return to PAOK , against NK Lokomotiva in the second preliminary round of the UEFA Europa League , Pérez scored the opener after Róbert Maks shot was saved , in an eventual 6–0 home rout . One week later , against FC Spartak Trnava for the same competition , he netted the games only goal in the first leg . On 12 August 2015 , Pérez signed a permanent four-year deal with Deportivo . On 12 December , he took his season tally to 11 goals in only 15 games , helping to a 2–2 draw with Barcelona . Pérez totalled a career-best 17 goals at the end of the campaign , eventually helping his team escape relegation again . Arsenal . On 27 August 2016 , Arsène Wenger said that Pérez had completed a medical examination in order to join Arsenal after the paperwork was done . Three days later , the transfer was confirmed by the club for a reported fee of £17.1 million . He made his competitive debut in the 2–1 Premier League home win over Southampton on 10 September , which coincided with both his birthday and that of teammate Laurent Koscielny , whom he assisted for his teams equaliser . On 20 September 2016 , during an EFL Cup away match against Nottingham Forest , Pérez scored his first goals for the Gunners , grabbing a brace in an eventual 4–0 victory in the third round . On 6 December , he contributed three goals in 39 minutes to a 4–1 away defeat of FC Basel in the UEFA Champions Leagues group stage , helping Arsenal win the group . On 3 January 2017 , Pérez netted for the first time in the domestic league , helping his team come back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 at AFC Bournemouth . Towards the end of the month , he provided an assist to Danny Welbecks first-ever brace for Arsenal , in a 5–0 away win against Southampton in the FA Cup . On 31 August 2017 , Pérez rejoined Deportivo on a season-long loan deal . West Ham United . On 9 August 2018 , Pérez signed a three-year contract with West Ham United for a reported fee of £4 million . He made his league debut for his new club nine days later , coming on as a 77th-minute substitute for Mark Noble in a 1–2 home loss to Bournemouth . He scored his first goal for them on 26 September , in their 8–0 demolition of Macclesfield Town in the EFL Cup . On 4 December 2018 , Pérez scored his first league goals for 700 days : coming on for Marko Arnautović , he scored twice in a 3–1 home victory against Cardiff City , becoming the first West Ham player to achieve the feat as a substitute since Paulo Wanchope in 2000 . Alavés . In May 2019 , West Ham accepted an offer from Deportivo Alavés for Peréz for a fee of €2.5m subject to a medical . He officially signed for the club on 3 June , making his league debut on 18 August by playing the last minutes of the 1–0 home victory over Levante UD . He scored his first goal on 29 September , the first in a 2–0 win against RCD Mallorca also at Mendizorrotza Stadium . On 29 October 2019 , Pérez equalised in a 1–1 home draw with Atlético Madrid , becoming the first Alavés player to score in five consecutive La Liga games since 1955 . He repeated the feat the following match ( at CA Osasuna , 4–2 loss ) , and in the process became their first player to achieve that in six consecutive fixtures . He found the net for the seventh time on 9 November against Real Valladolid , becoming the first player in the history of the competition to score in seven consecutive matches with two different teams , as he had done it before with Deportivo . International career . Pérez earned his first cap for the Galicia autonomous team on 20 May 2016 , appearing in the 2–2 friendly with Venezuela . Honours . PAOK - Greek Football Cup runner-up : 2013–14 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2016–17 External links . - Stats at Resultados Fútbol

easy

Which team did the player Lucas Pérez belong to from 2013 to 2014?

/wiki/Lucas_Pérez#P54#3

Lucas Pérez Lucas Pérez Martínez ( , born 10 September 1988 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Deportivo Alavés . After spending the first years of his career in the lower leagues , only appearing sporadically for the first team of Rayo Vallecano in the Segunda División , he first made a name for himself with Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League . In 2013 , he signed with PAOK from Greece , and later returned to La Liga with Deportivo , where he scored 32 goals in 93 matches . Subsequently , he represented English clubs Arsenal and West Ham United in the Premier League , before rejoining Alavés where he had played as a youth . Club career . Atlético and Rayo . Pérez was born in A Coruña , Galicia . After appearing for three clubs as a youth he moved to Madrid and joined Atlético Madrids C team , playing two seasons in Tercera División . In summer 2009 he signed with Rayo Vallecano , helping the reserves promote from the same level in his first year . In the 2010–11 season , Pérez contributed five games and one goal ( in a 3–0 home win against Real Valladolid on 6 November 2010 ) as Rayo returned to La Liga after eight years . He continued to be mainly registered with the B side , however . Karpaty Lviv . On 17 January 2011 , free agent Pérez joined FC Karpaty Lviv on a three-year deal . He scored his first goal for the team on 17 July , against FC Chornomorets Odesa in a 1–1 Ukrainian Premier League draw . Pérez netted a hat-trick on 4 November 2012 in a 4–0 home victory over FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih , including a long-distance volley from a corner kick delivery . In January 2013 he joined fellow league club FC Dynamo Kyiv on loan for the remainder of the campaign , and later labelled his experience as a nightmare . PAOK and Deportivo . On 5 July 2013 , Pérez signed on a fee of €700,000 a three-year contract with Super League Greece team PAOK FC . He scored his first competitive goal on 17 August , contributing to a 3–0 home defeat of Skoda Xanthi FC , and on 24 November he equalised in a 3–1 win over Aris Thessaloniki F.C . in the Derby of Northern Greece . He also helped to a runner-up run in the national cup , losing the decisive match to Panathinaikos FC . On 18 July 2014 , Pérez returned to Spain and joined his newly promoted hometown side Deportivo de La Coruña in a one-year loan deal , with a buyout clause . He scored in his first official appearance , having started in a 3–0 home victory against Valencia CF on 19 October which also marked his La Liga debut . The following matchday , he was replaced in the 15th minute of a 0–0 away draw at RCD Espanyol due to a knee injury . Pérez only returned to action in January of the following year , appearing 12 minutes in a 0–4 home loss against FC Barcelona . On 23 May , against the same opponent at the Camp Nou , he helped Dépor come from behind by scoring in the 67th minute of a 2–2 draw in the last round that prevented relegation . On 23 July 2015 , in his first competitive match upon his return to PAOK , against NK Lokomotiva in the second preliminary round of the UEFA Europa League , Pérez scored the opener after Róbert Maks shot was saved , in an eventual 6–0 home rout . One week later , against FC Spartak Trnava for the same competition , he netted the games only goal in the first leg . On 12 August 2015 , Pérez signed a permanent four-year deal with Deportivo . On 12 December , he took his season tally to 11 goals in only 15 games , helping to a 2–2 draw with Barcelona . Pérez totalled a career-best 17 goals at the end of the campaign , eventually helping his team escape relegation again . Arsenal . On 27 August 2016 , Arsène Wenger said that Pérez had completed a medical examination in order to join Arsenal after the paperwork was done . Three days later , the transfer was confirmed by the club for a reported fee of £17.1 million . He made his competitive debut in the 2–1 Premier League home win over Southampton on 10 September , which coincided with both his birthday and that of teammate Laurent Koscielny , whom he assisted for his teams equaliser . On 20 September 2016 , during an EFL Cup away match against Nottingham Forest , Pérez scored his first goals for the Gunners , grabbing a brace in an eventual 4–0 victory in the third round . On 6 December , he contributed three goals in 39 minutes to a 4–1 away defeat of FC Basel in the UEFA Champions Leagues group stage , helping Arsenal win the group . On 3 January 2017 , Pérez netted for the first time in the domestic league , helping his team come back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 at AFC Bournemouth . Towards the end of the month , he provided an assist to Danny Welbecks first-ever brace for Arsenal , in a 5–0 away win against Southampton in the FA Cup . On 31 August 2017 , Pérez rejoined Deportivo on a season-long loan deal . West Ham United . On 9 August 2018 , Pérez signed a three-year contract with West Ham United for a reported fee of £4 million . He made his league debut for his new club nine days later , coming on as a 77th-minute substitute for Mark Noble in a 1–2 home loss to Bournemouth . He scored his first goal for them on 26 September , in their 8–0 demolition of Macclesfield Town in the EFL Cup . On 4 December 2018 , Pérez scored his first league goals for 700 days : coming on for Marko Arnautović , he scored twice in a 3–1 home victory against Cardiff City , becoming the first West Ham player to achieve the feat as a substitute since Paulo Wanchope in 2000 . Alavés . In May 2019 , West Ham accepted an offer from Deportivo Alavés for Peréz for a fee of €2.5m subject to a medical . He officially signed for the club on 3 June , making his league debut on 18 August by playing the last minutes of the 1–0 home victory over Levante UD . He scored his first goal on 29 September , the first in a 2–0 win against RCD Mallorca also at Mendizorrotza Stadium . On 29 October 2019 , Pérez equalised in a 1–1 home draw with Atlético Madrid , becoming the first Alavés player to score in five consecutive La Liga games since 1955 . He repeated the feat the following match ( at CA Osasuna , 4–2 loss ) , and in the process became their first player to achieve that in six consecutive fixtures . He found the net for the seventh time on 9 November against Real Valladolid , becoming the first player in the history of the competition to score in seven consecutive matches with two different teams , as he had done it before with Deportivo . International career . Pérez earned his first cap for the Galicia autonomous team on 20 May 2016 , appearing in the 2–2 friendly with Venezuela . Honours . PAOK - Greek Football Cup runner-up : 2013–14 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2016–17 External links . - Stats at Resultados Fútbol

easy

Which team did Lucas Pérez play for from 2014 to 2015?

/wiki/Lucas_Pérez#P54#4

Lucas Pérez Lucas Pérez Martínez ( , born 10 September 1988 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Deportivo Alavés . After spending the first years of his career in the lower leagues , only appearing sporadically for the first team of Rayo Vallecano in the Segunda División , he first made a name for himself with Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League . In 2013 , he signed with PAOK from Greece , and later returned to La Liga with Deportivo , where he scored 32 goals in 93 matches . Subsequently , he represented English clubs Arsenal and West Ham United in the Premier League , before rejoining Alavés where he had played as a youth . Club career . Atlético and Rayo . Pérez was born in A Coruña , Galicia . After appearing for three clubs as a youth he moved to Madrid and joined Atlético Madrids C team , playing two seasons in Tercera División . In summer 2009 he signed with Rayo Vallecano , helping the reserves promote from the same level in his first year . In the 2010–11 season , Pérez contributed five games and one goal ( in a 3–0 home win against Real Valladolid on 6 November 2010 ) as Rayo returned to La Liga after eight years . He continued to be mainly registered with the B side , however . Karpaty Lviv . On 17 January 2011 , free agent Pérez joined FC Karpaty Lviv on a three-year deal . He scored his first goal for the team on 17 July , against FC Chornomorets Odesa in a 1–1 Ukrainian Premier League draw . Pérez netted a hat-trick on 4 November 2012 in a 4–0 home victory over FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih , including a long-distance volley from a corner kick delivery . In January 2013 he joined fellow league club FC Dynamo Kyiv on loan for the remainder of the campaign , and later labelled his experience as a nightmare . PAOK and Deportivo . On 5 July 2013 , Pérez signed on a fee of €700,000 a three-year contract with Super League Greece team PAOK FC . He scored his first competitive goal on 17 August , contributing to a 3–0 home defeat of Skoda Xanthi FC , and on 24 November he equalised in a 3–1 win over Aris Thessaloniki F.C . in the Derby of Northern Greece . He also helped to a runner-up run in the national cup , losing the decisive match to Panathinaikos FC . On 18 July 2014 , Pérez returned to Spain and joined his newly promoted hometown side Deportivo de La Coruña in a one-year loan deal , with a buyout clause . He scored in his first official appearance , having started in a 3–0 home victory against Valencia CF on 19 October which also marked his La Liga debut . The following matchday , he was replaced in the 15th minute of a 0–0 away draw at RCD Espanyol due to a knee injury . Pérez only returned to action in January of the following year , appearing 12 minutes in a 0–4 home loss against FC Barcelona . On 23 May , against the same opponent at the Camp Nou , he helped Dépor come from behind by scoring in the 67th minute of a 2–2 draw in the last round that prevented relegation . On 23 July 2015 , in his first competitive match upon his return to PAOK , against NK Lokomotiva in the second preliminary round of the UEFA Europa League , Pérez scored the opener after Róbert Maks shot was saved , in an eventual 6–0 home rout . One week later , against FC Spartak Trnava for the same competition , he netted the games only goal in the first leg . On 12 August 2015 , Pérez signed a permanent four-year deal with Deportivo . On 12 December , he took his season tally to 11 goals in only 15 games , helping to a 2–2 draw with Barcelona . Pérez totalled a career-best 17 goals at the end of the campaign , eventually helping his team escape relegation again . Arsenal . On 27 August 2016 , Arsène Wenger said that Pérez had completed a medical examination in order to join Arsenal after the paperwork was done . Three days later , the transfer was confirmed by the club for a reported fee of £17.1 million . He made his competitive debut in the 2–1 Premier League home win over Southampton on 10 September , which coincided with both his birthday and that of teammate Laurent Koscielny , whom he assisted for his teams equaliser . On 20 September 2016 , during an EFL Cup away match against Nottingham Forest , Pérez scored his first goals for the Gunners , grabbing a brace in an eventual 4–0 victory in the third round . On 6 December , he contributed three goals in 39 minutes to a 4–1 away defeat of FC Basel in the UEFA Champions Leagues group stage , helping Arsenal win the group . On 3 January 2017 , Pérez netted for the first time in the domestic league , helping his team come back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 at AFC Bournemouth . Towards the end of the month , he provided an assist to Danny Welbecks first-ever brace for Arsenal , in a 5–0 away win against Southampton in the FA Cup . On 31 August 2017 , Pérez rejoined Deportivo on a season-long loan deal . West Ham United . On 9 August 2018 , Pérez signed a three-year contract with West Ham United for a reported fee of £4 million . He made his league debut for his new club nine days later , coming on as a 77th-minute substitute for Mark Noble in a 1–2 home loss to Bournemouth . He scored his first goal for them on 26 September , in their 8–0 demolition of Macclesfield Town in the EFL Cup . On 4 December 2018 , Pérez scored his first league goals for 700 days : coming on for Marko Arnautović , he scored twice in a 3–1 home victory against Cardiff City , becoming the first West Ham player to achieve the feat as a substitute since Paulo Wanchope in 2000 . Alavés . In May 2019 , West Ham accepted an offer from Deportivo Alavés for Peréz for a fee of €2.5m subject to a medical . He officially signed for the club on 3 June , making his league debut on 18 August by playing the last minutes of the 1–0 home victory over Levante UD . He scored his first goal on 29 September , the first in a 2–0 win against RCD Mallorca also at Mendizorrotza Stadium . On 29 October 2019 , Pérez equalised in a 1–1 home draw with Atlético Madrid , becoming the first Alavés player to score in five consecutive La Liga games since 1955 . He repeated the feat the following match ( at CA Osasuna , 4–2 loss ) , and in the process became their first player to achieve that in six consecutive fixtures . He found the net for the seventh time on 9 November against Real Valladolid , becoming the first player in the history of the competition to score in seven consecutive matches with two different teams , as he had done it before with Deportivo . International career . Pérez earned his first cap for the Galicia autonomous team on 20 May 2016 , appearing in the 2–2 friendly with Venezuela . Honours . PAOK - Greek Football Cup runner-up : 2013–14 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2016–17 External links . - Stats at Resultados Fútbol

easy

Which team did the player Lucas Pérez belong to from Aug 2016 to Aug 2017?

/wiki/Lucas_Pérez#P54#5

Lucas Pérez Lucas Pérez Martínez ( , born 10 September 1988 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Deportivo Alavés . After spending the first years of his career in the lower leagues , only appearing sporadically for the first team of Rayo Vallecano in the Segunda División , he first made a name for himself with Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League . In 2013 , he signed with PAOK from Greece , and later returned to La Liga with Deportivo , where he scored 32 goals in 93 matches . Subsequently , he represented English clubs Arsenal and West Ham United in the Premier League , before rejoining Alavés where he had played as a youth . Club career . Atlético and Rayo . Pérez was born in A Coruña , Galicia . After appearing for three clubs as a youth he moved to Madrid and joined Atlético Madrids C team , playing two seasons in Tercera División . In summer 2009 he signed with Rayo Vallecano , helping the reserves promote from the same level in his first year . In the 2010–11 season , Pérez contributed five games and one goal ( in a 3–0 home win against Real Valladolid on 6 November 2010 ) as Rayo returned to La Liga after eight years . He continued to be mainly registered with the B side , however . Karpaty Lviv . On 17 January 2011 , free agent Pérez joined FC Karpaty Lviv on a three-year deal . He scored his first goal for the team on 17 July , against FC Chornomorets Odesa in a 1–1 Ukrainian Premier League draw . Pérez netted a hat-trick on 4 November 2012 in a 4–0 home victory over FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih , including a long-distance volley from a corner kick delivery . In January 2013 he joined fellow league club FC Dynamo Kyiv on loan for the remainder of the campaign , and later labelled his experience as a nightmare . PAOK and Deportivo . On 5 July 2013 , Pérez signed on a fee of €700,000 a three-year contract with Super League Greece team PAOK FC . He scored his first competitive goal on 17 August , contributing to a 3–0 home defeat of Skoda Xanthi FC , and on 24 November he equalised in a 3–1 win over Aris Thessaloniki F.C . in the Derby of Northern Greece . He also helped to a runner-up run in the national cup , losing the decisive match to Panathinaikos FC . On 18 July 2014 , Pérez returned to Spain and joined his newly promoted hometown side Deportivo de La Coruña in a one-year loan deal , with a buyout clause . He scored in his first official appearance , having started in a 3–0 home victory against Valencia CF on 19 October which also marked his La Liga debut . The following matchday , he was replaced in the 15th minute of a 0–0 away draw at RCD Espanyol due to a knee injury . Pérez only returned to action in January of the following year , appearing 12 minutes in a 0–4 home loss against FC Barcelona . On 23 May , against the same opponent at the Camp Nou , he helped Dépor come from behind by scoring in the 67th minute of a 2–2 draw in the last round that prevented relegation . On 23 July 2015 , in his first competitive match upon his return to PAOK , against NK Lokomotiva in the second preliminary round of the UEFA Europa League , Pérez scored the opener after Róbert Maks shot was saved , in an eventual 6–0 home rout . One week later , against FC Spartak Trnava for the same competition , he netted the games only goal in the first leg . On 12 August 2015 , Pérez signed a permanent four-year deal with Deportivo . On 12 December , he took his season tally to 11 goals in only 15 games , helping to a 2–2 draw with Barcelona . Pérez totalled a career-best 17 goals at the end of the campaign , eventually helping his team escape relegation again . Arsenal . On 27 August 2016 , Arsène Wenger said that Pérez had completed a medical examination in order to join Arsenal after the paperwork was done . Three days later , the transfer was confirmed by the club for a reported fee of £17.1 million . He made his competitive debut in the 2–1 Premier League home win over Southampton on 10 September , which coincided with both his birthday and that of teammate Laurent Koscielny , whom he assisted for his teams equaliser . On 20 September 2016 , during an EFL Cup away match against Nottingham Forest , Pérez scored his first goals for the Gunners , grabbing a brace in an eventual 4–0 victory in the third round . On 6 December , he contributed three goals in 39 minutes to a 4–1 away defeat of FC Basel in the UEFA Champions Leagues group stage , helping Arsenal win the group . On 3 January 2017 , Pérez netted for the first time in the domestic league , helping his team come back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 at AFC Bournemouth . Towards the end of the month , he provided an assist to Danny Welbecks first-ever brace for Arsenal , in a 5–0 away win against Southampton in the FA Cup . On 31 August 2017 , Pérez rejoined Deportivo on a season-long loan deal . West Ham United . On 9 August 2018 , Pérez signed a three-year contract with West Ham United for a reported fee of £4 million . He made his league debut for his new club nine days later , coming on as a 77th-minute substitute for Mark Noble in a 1–2 home loss to Bournemouth . He scored his first goal for them on 26 September , in their 8–0 demolition of Macclesfield Town in the EFL Cup . On 4 December 2018 , Pérez scored his first league goals for 700 days : coming on for Marko Arnautović , he scored twice in a 3–1 home victory against Cardiff City , becoming the first West Ham player to achieve the feat as a substitute since Paulo Wanchope in 2000 . Alavés . In May 2019 , West Ham accepted an offer from Deportivo Alavés for Peréz for a fee of €2.5m subject to a medical . He officially signed for the club on 3 June , making his league debut on 18 August by playing the last minutes of the 1–0 home victory over Levante UD . He scored his first goal on 29 September , the first in a 2–0 win against RCD Mallorca also at Mendizorrotza Stadium . On 29 October 2019 , Pérez equalised in a 1–1 home draw with Atlético Madrid , becoming the first Alavés player to score in five consecutive La Liga games since 1955 . He repeated the feat the following match ( at CA Osasuna , 4–2 loss ) , and in the process became their first player to achieve that in six consecutive fixtures . He found the net for the seventh time on 9 November against Real Valladolid , becoming the first player in the history of the competition to score in seven consecutive matches with two different teams , as he had done it before with Deportivo . International career . Pérez earned his first cap for the Galicia autonomous team on 20 May 2016 , appearing in the 2–2 friendly with Venezuela . Honours . PAOK - Greek Football Cup runner-up : 2013–14 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2016–17 External links . - Stats at Resultados Fútbol

easy

Which team did the player Lucas Pérez belong to from Aug 2017 to May 2018?

/wiki/Lucas_Pérez#P54#6

Lucas Pérez Lucas Pérez Martínez ( , born 10 September 1988 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward for Deportivo Alavés . After spending the first years of his career in the lower leagues , only appearing sporadically for the first team of Rayo Vallecano in the Segunda División , he first made a name for himself with Karpaty Lviv in the Ukrainian Premier League . In 2013 , he signed with PAOK from Greece , and later returned to La Liga with Deportivo , where he scored 32 goals in 93 matches . Subsequently , he represented English clubs Arsenal and West Ham United in the Premier League , before rejoining Alavés where he had played as a youth . Club career . Atlético and Rayo . Pérez was born in A Coruña , Galicia . After appearing for three clubs as a youth he moved to Madrid and joined Atlético Madrids C team , playing two seasons in Tercera División . In summer 2009 he signed with Rayo Vallecano , helping the reserves promote from the same level in his first year . In the 2010–11 season , Pérez contributed five games and one goal ( in a 3–0 home win against Real Valladolid on 6 November 2010 ) as Rayo returned to La Liga after eight years . He continued to be mainly registered with the B side , however . Karpaty Lviv . On 17 January 2011 , free agent Pérez joined FC Karpaty Lviv on a three-year deal . He scored his first goal for the team on 17 July , against FC Chornomorets Odesa in a 1–1 Ukrainian Premier League draw . Pérez netted a hat-trick on 4 November 2012 in a 4–0 home victory over FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih , including a long-distance volley from a corner kick delivery . In January 2013 he joined fellow league club FC Dynamo Kyiv on loan for the remainder of the campaign , and later labelled his experience as a nightmare . PAOK and Deportivo . On 5 July 2013 , Pérez signed on a fee of €700,000 a three-year contract with Super League Greece team PAOK FC . He scored his first competitive goal on 17 August , contributing to a 3–0 home defeat of Skoda Xanthi FC , and on 24 November he equalised in a 3–1 win over Aris Thessaloniki F.C . in the Derby of Northern Greece . He also helped to a runner-up run in the national cup , losing the decisive match to Panathinaikos FC . On 18 July 2014 , Pérez returned to Spain and joined his newly promoted hometown side Deportivo de La Coruña in a one-year loan deal , with a buyout clause . He scored in his first official appearance , having started in a 3–0 home victory against Valencia CF on 19 October which also marked his La Liga debut . The following matchday , he was replaced in the 15th minute of a 0–0 away draw at RCD Espanyol due to a knee injury . Pérez only returned to action in January of the following year , appearing 12 minutes in a 0–4 home loss against FC Barcelona . On 23 May , against the same opponent at the Camp Nou , he helped Dépor come from behind by scoring in the 67th minute of a 2–2 draw in the last round that prevented relegation . On 23 July 2015 , in his first competitive match upon his return to PAOK , against NK Lokomotiva in the second preliminary round of the UEFA Europa League , Pérez scored the opener after Róbert Maks shot was saved , in an eventual 6–0 home rout . One week later , against FC Spartak Trnava for the same competition , he netted the games only goal in the first leg . On 12 August 2015 , Pérez signed a permanent four-year deal with Deportivo . On 12 December , he took his season tally to 11 goals in only 15 games , helping to a 2–2 draw with Barcelona . Pérez totalled a career-best 17 goals at the end of the campaign , eventually helping his team escape relegation again . Arsenal . On 27 August 2016 , Arsène Wenger said that Pérez had completed a medical examination in order to join Arsenal after the paperwork was done . Three days later , the transfer was confirmed by the club for a reported fee of £17.1 million . He made his competitive debut in the 2–1 Premier League home win over Southampton on 10 September , which coincided with both his birthday and that of teammate Laurent Koscielny , whom he assisted for his teams equaliser . On 20 September 2016 , during an EFL Cup away match against Nottingham Forest , Pérez scored his first goals for the Gunners , grabbing a brace in an eventual 4–0 victory in the third round . On 6 December , he contributed three goals in 39 minutes to a 4–1 away defeat of FC Basel in the UEFA Champions Leagues group stage , helping Arsenal win the group . On 3 January 2017 , Pérez netted for the first time in the domestic league , helping his team come back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 at AFC Bournemouth . Towards the end of the month , he provided an assist to Danny Welbecks first-ever brace for Arsenal , in a 5–0 away win against Southampton in the FA Cup . On 31 August 2017 , Pérez rejoined Deportivo on a season-long loan deal . West Ham United . On 9 August 2018 , Pérez signed a three-year contract with West Ham United for a reported fee of £4 million . He made his league debut for his new club nine days later , coming on as a 77th-minute substitute for Mark Noble in a 1–2 home loss to Bournemouth . He scored his first goal for them on 26 September , in their 8–0 demolition of Macclesfield Town in the EFL Cup . On 4 December 2018 , Pérez scored his first league goals for 700 days : coming on for Marko Arnautović , he scored twice in a 3–1 home victory against Cardiff City , becoming the first West Ham player to achieve the feat as a substitute since Paulo Wanchope in 2000 . Alavés . In May 2019 , West Ham accepted an offer from Deportivo Alavés for Peréz for a fee of €2.5m subject to a medical . He officially signed for the club on 3 June , making his league debut on 18 August by playing the last minutes of the 1–0 home victory over Levante UD . He scored his first goal on 29 September , the first in a 2–0 win against RCD Mallorca also at Mendizorrotza Stadium . On 29 October 2019 , Pérez equalised in a 1–1 home draw with Atlético Madrid , becoming the first Alavés player to score in five consecutive La Liga games since 1955 . He repeated the feat the following match ( at CA Osasuna , 4–2 loss ) , and in the process became their first player to achieve that in six consecutive fixtures . He found the net for the seventh time on 9 November against Real Valladolid , becoming the first player in the history of the competition to score in seven consecutive matches with two different teams , as he had done it before with Deportivo . International career . Pérez earned his first cap for the Galicia autonomous team on 20 May 2016 , appearing in the 2–2 friendly with Venezuela . Honours . PAOK - Greek Football Cup runner-up : 2013–14 Arsenal - FA Cup : 2016–17 External links . - Stats at Resultados Fútbol

easy

Which school did Joanna Frueh go to from 1969 to 1970?

/wiki/Joanna_Frueh#P69#0

Joanna Frueh Joanna Frueh ( 1948–2020 ) was an American artist , writer , and feminist scholar . Early life . Frueh was born on January 18 , 1948 in Chicago , Illinois to Erne Rene Frueh and Florence ( Pass ) Frueh . Both parents were well educated , her father in visual arts and her mother in classical piano . Together they authored a book about stained glass in Chicago , which was published by Loyola University Press in 1983 . Their two successive homes in Highland Park were designed by architects Crombie Taylor and Robert Tague . Education . Frueh received her Bachelor of Art from Sarah Lawrence College in 1970 ; and her Master of Arts from the University of Chicago in 1971 ; and her PhD , from the University of Chicago in 1981 . Career . Frueh was the director of Artemisia Gallery , in Chicago , one of the earliest womens art galleries in the United States during 1974–1976 . Her book Monster Beauty : Building the Body of Love , dealing with the aesthetics of beauty , pleasure and the erotic in everyday life was published by the University of California Press . Her writing combined theory with autobiography , photography , and poetry . Frueh authored and edited several books , notably Erotic Faculties ( University of California Press , 1996 ) and Hannah Wilke : A Retrospective ( 1989 ) ; and was coeditor of Picturing the Modern Amazon ( 2000 ) , Feminist Art Criticism : Art , Identity , Action ( 1994 ) , and Feminist Art Criticism : An Anthology ( 1991 ) . She wrote articles and reviews for Art in America , Art Journal , AfterImage , High Performance Magazine , and New Art Examiner , among others . Freuh was also a photographer and performance artist ; many of her photographs are collaborative self-portraits . Her work was exhibited internationally . Teaching . She was Professor Emerita of Art History at the University of Nevada , Reno , where she served from 1990 to 2006 . Prior to that she was assistant professor of art history at Oberlin College , Oberlin , Ohio , ( 1983–1985 ) and the University of Arizona , Tucson ( 1981–1983 ) . Awards . Frueh was awarded a Womens Caucus for Art Honor Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Visual Arts in 2008 . Published works . Books . - BRUMAS : A Rock Stars Passage to a Life Re-Vamped . Includes series of black-and-white self-portrait photos shot by Glascock and Glascock . Oberlin , Ohio and Ukiah , California : Freshcut Press , 1982 . - Hannah Wilke : A Retrospective . With Hannah Wilke and Thomas H . Kochheiser . St . Louis , Missouri : University of Missouri Press , 1989 . - Feminist Art Criticism : An Anthology . Co-edited with Arlene Raven and Cassandra L . Langer . New York , New York : Icon Editions , 1991 . Second edition . New York , New York : Routledge , 2019 . - New Feminist Criticism : Art , Identity , Action . Co-edited with Arlene Raven and Cassandra L . Langer . New York , New York : Icon Editions , 1993 . - Erotic Faculties . Berkeley , California : University of California Press , 1996 . - Picturing the Modern Amazon . With the New Museum of Contemporary Art . New York , New York : Rizzoli , 1999 . - Monster/Beauty : Building the Body of Love . Berkeley , California : University of California Press , 2001 . - The Glamour of Being Real . Tucson : ErneRené Press , 2013 . - Joanna Frueh : A Retrospective . With Tanya Augsburg and Sheppard Fine Art Gallery . Reno , Nevada : Nevada Museum of Art , 2005 . - Swooning Beauty : A Memoir of Pleasure . Reno , Nevada : University of Nevada Press , 2006 . - Clairvoyance ( For Those In The Desert ) : Performance Pieces , 1979-2004 . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press , 2008 . - Unapologetic Beauty . With Frances Murray . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press , 2019 . Death . Frueh died in Tucson , Arizona on February 20 , 2020 , due to complications from breast cancer . Her archives are located at Stanford University Library Special Collections .

easy

Where was Joanna Frueh educated from 1970 to 1971?

/wiki/Joanna_Frueh#P69#1

Joanna Frueh Joanna Frueh ( 1948–2020 ) was an American artist , writer , and feminist scholar . Early life . Frueh was born on January 18 , 1948 in Chicago , Illinois to Erne Rene Frueh and Florence ( Pass ) Frueh . Both parents were well educated , her father in visual arts and her mother in classical piano . Together they authored a book about stained glass in Chicago , which was published by Loyola University Press in 1983 . Their two successive homes in Highland Park were designed by architects Crombie Taylor and Robert Tague . Education . Frueh received her Bachelor of Art from Sarah Lawrence College in 1970 ; and her Master of Arts from the University of Chicago in 1971 ; and her PhD , from the University of Chicago in 1981 . Career . Frueh was the director of Artemisia Gallery , in Chicago , one of the earliest womens art galleries in the United States during 1974–1976 . Her book Monster Beauty : Building the Body of Love , dealing with the aesthetics of beauty , pleasure and the erotic in everyday life was published by the University of California Press . Her writing combined theory with autobiography , photography , and poetry . Frueh authored and edited several books , notably Erotic Faculties ( University of California Press , 1996 ) and Hannah Wilke : A Retrospective ( 1989 ) ; and was coeditor of Picturing the Modern Amazon ( 2000 ) , Feminist Art Criticism : Art , Identity , Action ( 1994 ) , and Feminist Art Criticism : An Anthology ( 1991 ) . She wrote articles and reviews for Art in America , Art Journal , AfterImage , High Performance Magazine , and New Art Examiner , among others . Freuh was also a photographer and performance artist ; many of her photographs are collaborative self-portraits . Her work was exhibited internationally . Teaching . She was Professor Emerita of Art History at the University of Nevada , Reno , where she served from 1990 to 2006 . Prior to that she was assistant professor of art history at Oberlin College , Oberlin , Ohio , ( 1983–1985 ) and the University of Arizona , Tucson ( 1981–1983 ) . Awards . Frueh was awarded a Womens Caucus for Art Honor Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Visual Arts in 2008 . Published works . Books . - BRUMAS : A Rock Stars Passage to a Life Re-Vamped . Includes series of black-and-white self-portrait photos shot by Glascock and Glascock . Oberlin , Ohio and Ukiah , California : Freshcut Press , 1982 . - Hannah Wilke : A Retrospective . With Hannah Wilke and Thomas H . Kochheiser . St . Louis , Missouri : University of Missouri Press , 1989 . - Feminist Art Criticism : An Anthology . Co-edited with Arlene Raven and Cassandra L . Langer . New York , New York : Icon Editions , 1991 . Second edition . New York , New York : Routledge , 2019 . - New Feminist Criticism : Art , Identity , Action . Co-edited with Arlene Raven and Cassandra L . Langer . New York , New York : Icon Editions , 1993 . - Erotic Faculties . Berkeley , California : University of California Press , 1996 . - Picturing the Modern Amazon . With the New Museum of Contemporary Art . New York , New York : Rizzoli , 1999 . - Monster/Beauty : Building the Body of Love . Berkeley , California : University of California Press , 2001 . - The Glamour of Being Real . Tucson : ErneRené Press , 2013 . - Joanna Frueh : A Retrospective . With Tanya Augsburg and Sheppard Fine Art Gallery . Reno , Nevada : Nevada Museum of Art , 2005 . - Swooning Beauty : A Memoir of Pleasure . Reno , Nevada : University of Nevada Press , 2006 . - Clairvoyance ( For Those In The Desert ) : Performance Pieces , 1979-2004 . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press , 2008 . - Unapologetic Beauty . With Frances Murray . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press , 2019 . Death . Frueh died in Tucson , Arizona on February 20 , 2020 , due to complications from breast cancer . Her archives are located at Stanford University Library Special Collections .

easy

Which school did Joanna Frueh go to from 1971 to 1981?

/wiki/Joanna_Frueh#P69#2

Joanna Frueh Joanna Frueh ( 1948–2020 ) was an American artist , writer , and feminist scholar . Early life . Frueh was born on January 18 , 1948 in Chicago , Illinois to Erne Rene Frueh and Florence ( Pass ) Frueh . Both parents were well educated , her father in visual arts and her mother in classical piano . Together they authored a book about stained glass in Chicago , which was published by Loyola University Press in 1983 . Their two successive homes in Highland Park were designed by architects Crombie Taylor and Robert Tague . Education . Frueh received her Bachelor of Art from Sarah Lawrence College in 1970 ; and her Master of Arts from the University of Chicago in 1971 ; and her PhD , from the University of Chicago in 1981 . Career . Frueh was the director of Artemisia Gallery , in Chicago , one of the earliest womens art galleries in the United States during 1974–1976 . Her book Monster Beauty : Building the Body of Love , dealing with the aesthetics of beauty , pleasure and the erotic in everyday life was published by the University of California Press . Her writing combined theory with autobiography , photography , and poetry . Frueh authored and edited several books , notably Erotic Faculties ( University of California Press , 1996 ) and Hannah Wilke : A Retrospective ( 1989 ) ; and was coeditor of Picturing the Modern Amazon ( 2000 ) , Feminist Art Criticism : Art , Identity , Action ( 1994 ) , and Feminist Art Criticism : An Anthology ( 1991 ) . She wrote articles and reviews for Art in America , Art Journal , AfterImage , High Performance Magazine , and New Art Examiner , among others . Freuh was also a photographer and performance artist ; many of her photographs are collaborative self-portraits . Her work was exhibited internationally . Teaching . She was Professor Emerita of Art History at the University of Nevada , Reno , where she served from 1990 to 2006 . Prior to that she was assistant professor of art history at Oberlin College , Oberlin , Ohio , ( 1983–1985 ) and the University of Arizona , Tucson ( 1981–1983 ) . Awards . Frueh was awarded a Womens Caucus for Art Honor Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Visual Arts in 2008 . Published works . Books . - BRUMAS : A Rock Stars Passage to a Life Re-Vamped . Includes series of black-and-white self-portrait photos shot by Glascock and Glascock . Oberlin , Ohio and Ukiah , California : Freshcut Press , 1982 . - Hannah Wilke : A Retrospective . With Hannah Wilke and Thomas H . Kochheiser . St . Louis , Missouri : University of Missouri Press , 1989 . - Feminist Art Criticism : An Anthology . Co-edited with Arlene Raven and Cassandra L . Langer . New York , New York : Icon Editions , 1991 . Second edition . New York , New York : Routledge , 2019 . - New Feminist Criticism : Art , Identity , Action . Co-edited with Arlene Raven and Cassandra L . Langer . New York , New York : Icon Editions , 1993 . - Erotic Faculties . Berkeley , California : University of California Press , 1996 . - Picturing the Modern Amazon . With the New Museum of Contemporary Art . New York , New York : Rizzoli , 1999 . - Monster/Beauty : Building the Body of Love . Berkeley , California : University of California Press , 2001 . - The Glamour of Being Real . Tucson : ErneRené Press , 2013 . - Joanna Frueh : A Retrospective . With Tanya Augsburg and Sheppard Fine Art Gallery . Reno , Nevada : Nevada Museum of Art , 2005 . - Swooning Beauty : A Memoir of Pleasure . Reno , Nevada : University of Nevada Press , 2006 . - Clairvoyance ( For Those In The Desert ) : Performance Pieces , 1979-2004 . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press , 2008 . - Unapologetic Beauty . With Frances Murray . Minneapolis , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press , 2019 . Death . Frueh died in Tucson , Arizona on February 20 , 2020 , due to complications from breast cancer . Her archives are located at Stanford University Library Special Collections .

easy

Who was Max Ernst 's spouse from 1918 to 1926?

/wiki/Max_Ernst#P26#0

Max Ernst Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976 ) was a German ( naturalised American in 1948 and French in 1958 ) painter , sculptor , graphic artist , and poet . A prolific artist , Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and surrealism . He had no formal artistic training , but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of frottage—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images—and grattage , an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He is also noted for his novels consisting of collages . Biography . Early life . Max Ernst was born in Brühl , near Cologne , the third of nine children of a middle-class Catholic family . His father Philipp was a teacher of the deaf and an amateur painter , a devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian . He inspired in Max a penchant for defying authority , while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take up painting . In 1909 , Ernst enrolled in the University of Bonn to read philosophy , art history , literature , psychology and psychiatry . He visited asylums and became fascinated with the art work of the mentally ill patients ; he also started painting that year , producing sketches in the garden of the Brühl castle , and portraits of his sister and himself . In 1911 , Ernst befriended August Macke and joined his Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists , deciding to become an artist . In 1912 , he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne , where works by Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists such as Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin profoundly influenced him . His work was exhibited that year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group , at Galerie Feldman in Cologne , and then in several group exhibitions in 1913 . In his paintings of this period , Ernst adopted an ironic style that juxtaposed grotesque elements alongside Cubist and Expressionist motifs . In 1914 , Ernst met Hans Arp in Cologne . The two became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years . After Ernst completed his studies in the summer , his life was interrupted by World War I . Ernst was drafted and served both on the Western and the Eastern Fronts . The effect of the war on Ernst was devastating ; in his autobiography , he wrote of his time in the army thus : On the first of August 1914 M [ ax ] .E [ rnst ] . died . He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918 . For a brief period on the Western Front , Ernst was assigned to chart maps , which allowed him to continue painting . Several German Expressionist painters died in action during the war , among them August Macke and Franz Marc . Dada and surrealism . In 1918 , Ernst was demobilised and returned to Cologne . He soon married art history student Luise Straus , whom he had met in 1914 . In 1919 , Ernst visited Paul Klee in Munich and studied paintings by Giorgio de Chirico . The same year , inspired by de Chirico and mail-order catalogues , teaching-aide manuals and similar sources , he produced his first collages ( notably Fiat modes , a portfolio of lithographs ) , a technique which would dominate his artistic pursuits . Also in 1919 , Ernst , social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld and several colleagues founded the Cologne Dada group . In 1919–20 , Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as Der Strom , die Schammade and organised Dada exhibitions . Ernst and Luises son Ulrich Jimmy Ernst was born on 24 June 1920 ; he also became a painter . Ernsts marriage to Luise was short-lived . In 1921 , he met Paul Éluard , who became a lifelong friend . Éluard bought two of Ernsts paintings ( Celebes and Oedipus Rex ) and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection Répétitions . A year later the two collaborated on Les malheurs des immortels and then with André Breton , whom Ernst met in 1921 , on the magazine Littérature . In 1922 , unable to secure the necessary papers , Ernst entered France illegally and settled into a ménage à trois with Éluard and his wife Gala in Paris suburb Saint-Brice , leaving behind his wife and son . During his first two years in Paris , Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint . In 1923 , the Éluards moved to a new home in Eaubonne , near Paris , where Ernst painted numerous murals . The same year his works were exhibited at Salon des Indépendants . Although apparently accepting the ménage à trois , Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair . In 1924 , he abruptly left , first for Monaco and then for Saigon . He soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him ; both had to sell paintings to finance the trip . Ernst went to Düsseldorf and sold a large number of his works to a long-time friend , Johanna Ey , owner of gallery Das Junge Rheinland . After a brief time together in Saigon , the trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul . The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in early September , while Ernst followed them some months later , after exploring more of South-East Asia . He returned to Paris in late 1924 and soon signed a contract with Jacques Viot that allowed him to paint full-time . In 1925 , Ernst established a studio at 22 , rue Tourlaque . In 1925 , Ernst invented a graphic art technique called frottage ( see Surrealist techniques ) , which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images . He also created the grattage technique , in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He used this technique in his famous painting Forest and Dove ( as shown at the Tate Modern ) . The next year he collaborated with Joan Miró on designs for Sergei Diaghilev . With Mirós help , Ernst developed grattage , in which he trowelled pigment from his canvases . He also explored with the technique of decalcomania , which involves pressing paint between two surfaces . Ernst was also active , along with fellow Surrealists , at the Atelier 17 . Ernst developed a fascination with birds that was prevalent in his work . His alter ego in paintings , which he called Loplop , was a bird . He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans . He said that one night when he was young , he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died ; a few minutes later , his father announced that his sister was born . Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists work , such as Loplop presents André Breton . Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses : André Breton , Paul Éluard , and the Painter . In 1927 , Ernst married and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of The Kiss and other works of that year . Ernst appeared in the 1930 film LÂge dOr , directed by the Surrealist Luis Buñuel . Ernst began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with Alberto Giacometti . In 1938 , the American heiress and artistic patron Peggy Guggenheim acquired a number of Max Ernsts works , which she displayed in her new gallery in London . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946 . World War II and later life . In September 1939 , the outbreak of World War II caused Ernst to be interned as an undesirable foreigner in Camp des Milles , near Aix-en-Provence , along with fellow Surrealist , Hans Bellmer , who had recently emigrated to Paris . He had been living with his lover and fellow Surrealist painter , Leonora Carrington who , not knowing whether he would return , saw no option but to sell their house to repay their debts and leave for Spain . Thanks to the intercession of Paul Éluard and other friends , including the journalist Varian Fry , he was released a few weeks later . Soon after the German occupation of France , he was arrested again , this time by the Gestapo but managed to escape and flee to America with the help of Peggy Guggenheim , a member of a wealthy American art collecting family , and Fry . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim arrived in the United States in 1941 and were married at the end of the year . Along with other artists and friends ( Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall ) who had fled from the war and lived in New York City , Ernst helped inspire the development of Abstract expressionism . His marriage to Guggenheim did not last and in Beverly Hills , California in October 1946 , in a double ceremony with Man Ray and Juliet P . Browner , he married Dorothea Tanning . The couple made their home in Sedona , Arizona from 1946 to 1953 , where the high desert landscapes inspired them and recalled Ernsts earlier imagery . Despite the fact that Sedona was remote and populated by fewer than 400 ranchers , orchard workers , merchants and small Native American communities , their presence helped begin what would become an American artists colony . Among the monumental red rocks , Ernst built a small cottage by hand on Brewer Road and he and Tanning hosted intellectuals and European artists such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Yves Tanguy . Sedona proved an inspiration for the artists and for Ernst , who compiled his book Beyond Painting and completed his sculptural masterpiece Capricorn while living there . As a result of the book and its publicity , Ernst began to achieve financial success . From the 1950s he lived mainly in France . In 1954 he was awarded the Grand Prize for painting at the Venice Biennale . He died at the age of 84 on 1 April 1976 in Paris and was interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery . Legacy . Ernsts son Jimmy Ernst , a well-known German/American abstract expressionist painter , who lived on the south shore of Long Island , died in 1984 . His memoirs , A Not-So-Still Life , were published shortly before his death . Max Ernsts grandson Eric and his granddaughter Amy are both artists and writers . Max Ernsts life and career are examined in Peter Schamonis 1991 documentary Max Ernst . Dedicated to the art historian Werner Spies , it was assembled from interviews with Ernst , stills of his paintings and sculptures , and the memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy . The 101-minute German film was released on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment . The Max Ernst Museum opened in 2005 in his home town Brühl , Germany . It is housed in a late-classicist 1844 building integrated with a modern glass pavilion . The historic ballroom was once a popular social venue visited by Ernst in his youth . The collection spans 70 years of his career including paintings , drawings , frottages , collages , nearly the entire lithographic works , over 70 bronze sculptures . and more than 700 documents and photographs by Man Ray , Henri Cartier-Bresson , Lee Miller , and others . The core of the collection dates back to 1969 with works donated to the City of Brühl by the artist . Thirty-six paintings , gifts from the artist to his fourth wife Dorothea Tanning , are on permanent loan from the Kreissparkasse Köln . Some noteworthy works include the sculptures The King playing with the Queen ( 1944 ) and Teaching Staff for a School of Murderers ( 1967 ) . The museum also host temporary exhibitions by other artist . The Menil Collection , in Houston , Texas houses a significant collection of surrealist art including well over 100 pieces by Max Ernst . Notable paintings include In Praise of Freedom ( 1926 ) , Loplop Presents Loplop ( 1930 ) , Day and Night ( 1941–1942 ) , Surrealism and Painting ( 1942 ) , Euclid ( 1945 ) , A Swarm of Bees in the Palais de Justice ( 1960 ) , The Marriage of Heaven and Earth ( 1964 ) . Ernsts work in the Menil Collection is typically exhibited a few pieces at a time along with other surrealist art in the collection on a rotating basis . Exhibitions , retrospectives , and honors . - Venice Biennale , Venice ( 1954 ) , received Grand Prize for Painting - Musée National dArt Moderne Paris ( 1959 ) , awarded the Grand Prix national des arts - Museum of Modern Art , New York ( 1961 ) - Tate Gallery , London ( 1962 ) - Kunsthaus Zürich ( 1963 ) - Moderna Museet , Stockholm ( 1969 ) - A retrospective of 104 works spanning the years 1920–1968 , drawn entirely from the Menil Collection , toured Europe from 1970 to 1972 ( Hamburger Kunsthalle , Kestnergesellschaft , Frankfurter Kunstverein , Academy of Arts , Berlin , Kunsthalle , Cologne , Musée de lOrangerie , Musée Cantini , Maison de la Culture de Grenoble , Ancienne Douane ( Strasbourg ) , Musée dArts de Nantes ) and later the US ( Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art , Fogg Art Museum , The Art Institute of Chicago , Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum ) . The opening of the exhibition in Paris was augmented with 44 pieces from various collations and opened on 2 April 1971 , Max Ernsts 80th birthday . - In 2005 , Max Ernst : A Retrospective opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and included works such as Celebes ( 1921 ) , Ubu Imperator ( 1923 ) , and Fireside Angel ( 1937 ) , which is one of Ernsts few definitively political pieces and is sub-titled The Triumph of Surrealism depicting a raging bird-like creature that symbolises the wave of fascism that enveloped Europe . The exhibition also includes Ernsts works that experiment with free association writing and the techniques of frottage , created from a rubbing from a textured surface ; grattage , involving scratching at the surface of a painting ; and decalcomania , which involves altering a wet painting by pressing a second surface against it and taking it away . - Dada is Dada retrospective group exhibition at Bildmuseet , Umeå University , Sweden , running from 17 November 2017 to 20 May 2018 . Documentary images Ernst in modern culture . - Many of Ernsts works from Une Semaine de Bonté are used in albums by American rock group The Mars Volta . Also , Barefoot in the Head , a collaboration between guitarist Thurston Moore and saxophonists Jim Sauter and Don Dietrich of Borbetomagus , features a collage from this same book . - American rock group Mission of Burma titled two songs after the artist : Max Ernst was the b-side of their first 1980 single ( now included on the CD of Signals , Calls and Marches ) , mentioning two of Ernsts paintings ( The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus and Garden Airplane-Trap ) and ending with the words Dada dada dada .. . repeated many times and distorted via tape loop ; their 2002 album OnOffOn features Max Ernsts Dream . - Writer J . G . Ballard makes numerous references to the art works of Max Ernst in his breakthrough novel The Drowned World ( 1962 ) and the experimental collection of short stories The Atrocity Exhibition ( 1970 ) . - Europe After the Rain was used by musician John Foxx as the title for the opening track of his 1981 album The Garden . - Max Ernst himself , and some of his work , is mentioned in William Gibsons novel Count Zero ( 1986 ) , the second novel of the Sprawl trilogy , an influential set of books which established the cyberpunk subgenre of science-fiction - ( The ) Eye of Silence was used by musician Cavestar ( Kevin Crosslin ) as the title of a track from his 1997 album Cavestar . - The first edition of the Penguin paperback edition of James Blishs A Case of Conscience uses details from The Eye of Silence as cover art . - Ernsts alter-ego Loplop appears in China Miévilles 1998 debut novel King Rat , the Garden Aeroplane Trap also ( literally ) appears in Mievielles The Last Days of New Paris . - German experimental electronic musician Thomas Brinkmann has made numerous references to Max Ernst and Loplop in his productions and record labels . Selected works . Prints , collages , and illustrations . - Illustrations for books by Paul Éluard : Répétitions ( 1922 ) , Les malheurs des immortels ( 1922 ) , Au défaut du silence ( 1925 ) - Histoire Naturelle ( ca . 1925–1926 ) , a set of 34 collotypes after frottages - La femme 100 têtes ( 1929 , graphic novel ) - Rêve dune petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel ( 1930 , graphic novel ) - Une Semaine de Bonté ( 1934 , graphic novel ) - Illustrations for editions of works by Lewis Carroll : Symbolic Logic ( 1966 , under the title Logique sans peine ) , The Hunting of the Snark ( 1968 ) , and Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn ( 1970 , an anthology of texts ) - Deux Oiseaux ( 1970 , lithograph in colours ) - Aux petits agneaux ( 1971 , lithographs ) - Paysage marin avec capucin ( 1972 , illustrated book with essays by various authors ) - Maximiliana : the illegal practice of astronomy : hommage à Dorothea Tanning ( 1974 , art book ) - Oiseaux en peril ( 1975 , etchings with aquatint in colours ; published posthumously )

easy

Who was Max Ernst 's spouse from 1927 to 1936?

/wiki/Max_Ernst#P26#1

Max Ernst Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976 ) was a German ( naturalised American in 1948 and French in 1958 ) painter , sculptor , graphic artist , and poet . A prolific artist , Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and surrealism . He had no formal artistic training , but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of frottage—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images—and grattage , an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He is also noted for his novels consisting of collages . Biography . Early life . Max Ernst was born in Brühl , near Cologne , the third of nine children of a middle-class Catholic family . His father Philipp was a teacher of the deaf and an amateur painter , a devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian . He inspired in Max a penchant for defying authority , while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take up painting . In 1909 , Ernst enrolled in the University of Bonn to read philosophy , art history , literature , psychology and psychiatry . He visited asylums and became fascinated with the art work of the mentally ill patients ; he also started painting that year , producing sketches in the garden of the Brühl castle , and portraits of his sister and himself . In 1911 , Ernst befriended August Macke and joined his Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists , deciding to become an artist . In 1912 , he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne , where works by Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists such as Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin profoundly influenced him . His work was exhibited that year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group , at Galerie Feldman in Cologne , and then in several group exhibitions in 1913 . In his paintings of this period , Ernst adopted an ironic style that juxtaposed grotesque elements alongside Cubist and Expressionist motifs . In 1914 , Ernst met Hans Arp in Cologne . The two became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years . After Ernst completed his studies in the summer , his life was interrupted by World War I . Ernst was drafted and served both on the Western and the Eastern Fronts . The effect of the war on Ernst was devastating ; in his autobiography , he wrote of his time in the army thus : On the first of August 1914 M [ ax ] .E [ rnst ] . died . He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918 . For a brief period on the Western Front , Ernst was assigned to chart maps , which allowed him to continue painting . Several German Expressionist painters died in action during the war , among them August Macke and Franz Marc . Dada and surrealism . In 1918 , Ernst was demobilised and returned to Cologne . He soon married art history student Luise Straus , whom he had met in 1914 . In 1919 , Ernst visited Paul Klee in Munich and studied paintings by Giorgio de Chirico . The same year , inspired by de Chirico and mail-order catalogues , teaching-aide manuals and similar sources , he produced his first collages ( notably Fiat modes , a portfolio of lithographs ) , a technique which would dominate his artistic pursuits . Also in 1919 , Ernst , social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld and several colleagues founded the Cologne Dada group . In 1919–20 , Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as Der Strom , die Schammade and organised Dada exhibitions . Ernst and Luises son Ulrich Jimmy Ernst was born on 24 June 1920 ; he also became a painter . Ernsts marriage to Luise was short-lived . In 1921 , he met Paul Éluard , who became a lifelong friend . Éluard bought two of Ernsts paintings ( Celebes and Oedipus Rex ) and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection Répétitions . A year later the two collaborated on Les malheurs des immortels and then with André Breton , whom Ernst met in 1921 , on the magazine Littérature . In 1922 , unable to secure the necessary papers , Ernst entered France illegally and settled into a ménage à trois with Éluard and his wife Gala in Paris suburb Saint-Brice , leaving behind his wife and son . During his first two years in Paris , Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint . In 1923 , the Éluards moved to a new home in Eaubonne , near Paris , where Ernst painted numerous murals . The same year his works were exhibited at Salon des Indépendants . Although apparently accepting the ménage à trois , Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair . In 1924 , he abruptly left , first for Monaco and then for Saigon . He soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him ; both had to sell paintings to finance the trip . Ernst went to Düsseldorf and sold a large number of his works to a long-time friend , Johanna Ey , owner of gallery Das Junge Rheinland . After a brief time together in Saigon , the trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul . The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in early September , while Ernst followed them some months later , after exploring more of South-East Asia . He returned to Paris in late 1924 and soon signed a contract with Jacques Viot that allowed him to paint full-time . In 1925 , Ernst established a studio at 22 , rue Tourlaque . In 1925 , Ernst invented a graphic art technique called frottage ( see Surrealist techniques ) , which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images . He also created the grattage technique , in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He used this technique in his famous painting Forest and Dove ( as shown at the Tate Modern ) . The next year he collaborated with Joan Miró on designs for Sergei Diaghilev . With Mirós help , Ernst developed grattage , in which he trowelled pigment from his canvases . He also explored with the technique of decalcomania , which involves pressing paint between two surfaces . Ernst was also active , along with fellow Surrealists , at the Atelier 17 . Ernst developed a fascination with birds that was prevalent in his work . His alter ego in paintings , which he called Loplop , was a bird . He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans . He said that one night when he was young , he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died ; a few minutes later , his father announced that his sister was born . Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists work , such as Loplop presents André Breton . Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses : André Breton , Paul Éluard , and the Painter . In 1927 , Ernst married and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of The Kiss and other works of that year . Ernst appeared in the 1930 film LÂge dOr , directed by the Surrealist Luis Buñuel . Ernst began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with Alberto Giacometti . In 1938 , the American heiress and artistic patron Peggy Guggenheim acquired a number of Max Ernsts works , which she displayed in her new gallery in London . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946 . World War II and later life . In September 1939 , the outbreak of World War II caused Ernst to be interned as an undesirable foreigner in Camp des Milles , near Aix-en-Provence , along with fellow Surrealist , Hans Bellmer , who had recently emigrated to Paris . He had been living with his lover and fellow Surrealist painter , Leonora Carrington who , not knowing whether he would return , saw no option but to sell their house to repay their debts and leave for Spain . Thanks to the intercession of Paul Éluard and other friends , including the journalist Varian Fry , he was released a few weeks later . Soon after the German occupation of France , he was arrested again , this time by the Gestapo but managed to escape and flee to America with the help of Peggy Guggenheim , a member of a wealthy American art collecting family , and Fry . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim arrived in the United States in 1941 and were married at the end of the year . Along with other artists and friends ( Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall ) who had fled from the war and lived in New York City , Ernst helped inspire the development of Abstract expressionism . His marriage to Guggenheim did not last and in Beverly Hills , California in October 1946 , in a double ceremony with Man Ray and Juliet P . Browner , he married Dorothea Tanning . The couple made their home in Sedona , Arizona from 1946 to 1953 , where the high desert landscapes inspired them and recalled Ernsts earlier imagery . Despite the fact that Sedona was remote and populated by fewer than 400 ranchers , orchard workers , merchants and small Native American communities , their presence helped begin what would become an American artists colony . Among the monumental red rocks , Ernst built a small cottage by hand on Brewer Road and he and Tanning hosted intellectuals and European artists such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Yves Tanguy . Sedona proved an inspiration for the artists and for Ernst , who compiled his book Beyond Painting and completed his sculptural masterpiece Capricorn while living there . As a result of the book and its publicity , Ernst began to achieve financial success . From the 1950s he lived mainly in France . In 1954 he was awarded the Grand Prize for painting at the Venice Biennale . He died at the age of 84 on 1 April 1976 in Paris and was interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery . Legacy . Ernsts son Jimmy Ernst , a well-known German/American abstract expressionist painter , who lived on the south shore of Long Island , died in 1984 . His memoirs , A Not-So-Still Life , were published shortly before his death . Max Ernsts grandson Eric and his granddaughter Amy are both artists and writers . Max Ernsts life and career are examined in Peter Schamonis 1991 documentary Max Ernst . Dedicated to the art historian Werner Spies , it was assembled from interviews with Ernst , stills of his paintings and sculptures , and the memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy . The 101-minute German film was released on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment . The Max Ernst Museum opened in 2005 in his home town Brühl , Germany . It is housed in a late-classicist 1844 building integrated with a modern glass pavilion . The historic ballroom was once a popular social venue visited by Ernst in his youth . The collection spans 70 years of his career including paintings , drawings , frottages , collages , nearly the entire lithographic works , over 70 bronze sculptures . and more than 700 documents and photographs by Man Ray , Henri Cartier-Bresson , Lee Miller , and others . The core of the collection dates back to 1969 with works donated to the City of Brühl by the artist . Thirty-six paintings , gifts from the artist to his fourth wife Dorothea Tanning , are on permanent loan from the Kreissparkasse Köln . Some noteworthy works include the sculptures The King playing with the Queen ( 1944 ) and Teaching Staff for a School of Murderers ( 1967 ) . The museum also host temporary exhibitions by other artist . The Menil Collection , in Houston , Texas houses a significant collection of surrealist art including well over 100 pieces by Max Ernst . Notable paintings include In Praise of Freedom ( 1926 ) , Loplop Presents Loplop ( 1930 ) , Day and Night ( 1941–1942 ) , Surrealism and Painting ( 1942 ) , Euclid ( 1945 ) , A Swarm of Bees in the Palais de Justice ( 1960 ) , The Marriage of Heaven and Earth ( 1964 ) . Ernsts work in the Menil Collection is typically exhibited a few pieces at a time along with other surrealist art in the collection on a rotating basis . Exhibitions , retrospectives , and honors . - Venice Biennale , Venice ( 1954 ) , received Grand Prize for Painting - Musée National dArt Moderne Paris ( 1959 ) , awarded the Grand Prix national des arts - Museum of Modern Art , New York ( 1961 ) - Tate Gallery , London ( 1962 ) - Kunsthaus Zürich ( 1963 ) - Moderna Museet , Stockholm ( 1969 ) - A retrospective of 104 works spanning the years 1920–1968 , drawn entirely from the Menil Collection , toured Europe from 1970 to 1972 ( Hamburger Kunsthalle , Kestnergesellschaft , Frankfurter Kunstverein , Academy of Arts , Berlin , Kunsthalle , Cologne , Musée de lOrangerie , Musée Cantini , Maison de la Culture de Grenoble , Ancienne Douane ( Strasbourg ) , Musée dArts de Nantes ) and later the US ( Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art , Fogg Art Museum , The Art Institute of Chicago , Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum ) . The opening of the exhibition in Paris was augmented with 44 pieces from various collations and opened on 2 April 1971 , Max Ernsts 80th birthday . - In 2005 , Max Ernst : A Retrospective opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and included works such as Celebes ( 1921 ) , Ubu Imperator ( 1923 ) , and Fireside Angel ( 1937 ) , which is one of Ernsts few definitively political pieces and is sub-titled The Triumph of Surrealism depicting a raging bird-like creature that symbolises the wave of fascism that enveloped Europe . The exhibition also includes Ernsts works that experiment with free association writing and the techniques of frottage , created from a rubbing from a textured surface ; grattage , involving scratching at the surface of a painting ; and decalcomania , which involves altering a wet painting by pressing a second surface against it and taking it away . - Dada is Dada retrospective group exhibition at Bildmuseet , Umeå University , Sweden , running from 17 November 2017 to 20 May 2018 . Documentary images Ernst in modern culture . - Many of Ernsts works from Une Semaine de Bonté are used in albums by American rock group The Mars Volta . Also , Barefoot in the Head , a collaboration between guitarist Thurston Moore and saxophonists Jim Sauter and Don Dietrich of Borbetomagus , features a collage from this same book . - American rock group Mission of Burma titled two songs after the artist : Max Ernst was the b-side of their first 1980 single ( now included on the CD of Signals , Calls and Marches ) , mentioning two of Ernsts paintings ( The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus and Garden Airplane-Trap ) and ending with the words Dada dada dada .. . repeated many times and distorted via tape loop ; their 2002 album OnOffOn features Max Ernsts Dream . - Writer J . G . Ballard makes numerous references to the art works of Max Ernst in his breakthrough novel The Drowned World ( 1962 ) and the experimental collection of short stories The Atrocity Exhibition ( 1970 ) . - Europe After the Rain was used by musician John Foxx as the title for the opening track of his 1981 album The Garden . - Max Ernst himself , and some of his work , is mentioned in William Gibsons novel Count Zero ( 1986 ) , the second novel of the Sprawl trilogy , an influential set of books which established the cyberpunk subgenre of science-fiction - ( The ) Eye of Silence was used by musician Cavestar ( Kevin Crosslin ) as the title of a track from his 1997 album Cavestar . - The first edition of the Penguin paperback edition of James Blishs A Case of Conscience uses details from The Eye of Silence as cover art . - Ernsts alter-ego Loplop appears in China Miévilles 1998 debut novel King Rat , the Garden Aeroplane Trap also ( literally ) appears in Mievielles The Last Days of New Paris . - German experimental electronic musician Thomas Brinkmann has made numerous references to Max Ernst and Loplop in his productions and record labels . Selected works . Prints , collages , and illustrations . - Illustrations for books by Paul Éluard : Répétitions ( 1922 ) , Les malheurs des immortels ( 1922 ) , Au défaut du silence ( 1925 ) - Histoire Naturelle ( ca . 1925–1926 ) , a set of 34 collotypes after frottages - La femme 100 têtes ( 1929 , graphic novel ) - Rêve dune petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel ( 1930 , graphic novel ) - Une Semaine de Bonté ( 1934 , graphic novel ) - Illustrations for editions of works by Lewis Carroll : Symbolic Logic ( 1966 , under the title Logique sans peine ) , The Hunting of the Snark ( 1968 ) , and Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn ( 1970 , an anthology of texts ) - Deux Oiseaux ( 1970 , lithograph in colours ) - Aux petits agneaux ( 1971 , lithographs ) - Paysage marin avec capucin ( 1972 , illustrated book with essays by various authors ) - Maximiliana : the illegal practice of astronomy : hommage à Dorothea Tanning ( 1974 , art book ) - Oiseaux en peril ( 1975 , etchings with aquatint in colours ; published posthumously )

easy

Who was the spouse of Max Ernst from 1942 to 1946?

/wiki/Max_Ernst#P26#2

Max Ernst Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976 ) was a German ( naturalised American in 1948 and French in 1958 ) painter , sculptor , graphic artist , and poet . A prolific artist , Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and surrealism . He had no formal artistic training , but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of frottage—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images—and grattage , an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He is also noted for his novels consisting of collages . Biography . Early life . Max Ernst was born in Brühl , near Cologne , the third of nine children of a middle-class Catholic family . His father Philipp was a teacher of the deaf and an amateur painter , a devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian . He inspired in Max a penchant for defying authority , while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take up painting . In 1909 , Ernst enrolled in the University of Bonn to read philosophy , art history , literature , psychology and psychiatry . He visited asylums and became fascinated with the art work of the mentally ill patients ; he also started painting that year , producing sketches in the garden of the Brühl castle , and portraits of his sister and himself . In 1911 , Ernst befriended August Macke and joined his Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists , deciding to become an artist . In 1912 , he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne , where works by Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists such as Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin profoundly influenced him . His work was exhibited that year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group , at Galerie Feldman in Cologne , and then in several group exhibitions in 1913 . In his paintings of this period , Ernst adopted an ironic style that juxtaposed grotesque elements alongside Cubist and Expressionist motifs . In 1914 , Ernst met Hans Arp in Cologne . The two became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years . After Ernst completed his studies in the summer , his life was interrupted by World War I . Ernst was drafted and served both on the Western and the Eastern Fronts . The effect of the war on Ernst was devastating ; in his autobiography , he wrote of his time in the army thus : On the first of August 1914 M [ ax ] .E [ rnst ] . died . He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918 . For a brief period on the Western Front , Ernst was assigned to chart maps , which allowed him to continue painting . Several German Expressionist painters died in action during the war , among them August Macke and Franz Marc . Dada and surrealism . In 1918 , Ernst was demobilised and returned to Cologne . He soon married art history student Luise Straus , whom he had met in 1914 . In 1919 , Ernst visited Paul Klee in Munich and studied paintings by Giorgio de Chirico . The same year , inspired by de Chirico and mail-order catalogues , teaching-aide manuals and similar sources , he produced his first collages ( notably Fiat modes , a portfolio of lithographs ) , a technique which would dominate his artistic pursuits . Also in 1919 , Ernst , social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld and several colleagues founded the Cologne Dada group . In 1919–20 , Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as Der Strom , die Schammade and organised Dada exhibitions . Ernst and Luises son Ulrich Jimmy Ernst was born on 24 June 1920 ; he also became a painter . Ernsts marriage to Luise was short-lived . In 1921 , he met Paul Éluard , who became a lifelong friend . Éluard bought two of Ernsts paintings ( Celebes and Oedipus Rex ) and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection Répétitions . A year later the two collaborated on Les malheurs des immortels and then with André Breton , whom Ernst met in 1921 , on the magazine Littérature . In 1922 , unable to secure the necessary papers , Ernst entered France illegally and settled into a ménage à trois with Éluard and his wife Gala in Paris suburb Saint-Brice , leaving behind his wife and son . During his first two years in Paris , Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint . In 1923 , the Éluards moved to a new home in Eaubonne , near Paris , where Ernst painted numerous murals . The same year his works were exhibited at Salon des Indépendants . Although apparently accepting the ménage à trois , Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair . In 1924 , he abruptly left , first for Monaco and then for Saigon . He soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him ; both had to sell paintings to finance the trip . Ernst went to Düsseldorf and sold a large number of his works to a long-time friend , Johanna Ey , owner of gallery Das Junge Rheinland . After a brief time together in Saigon , the trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul . The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in early September , while Ernst followed them some months later , after exploring more of South-East Asia . He returned to Paris in late 1924 and soon signed a contract with Jacques Viot that allowed him to paint full-time . In 1925 , Ernst established a studio at 22 , rue Tourlaque . In 1925 , Ernst invented a graphic art technique called frottage ( see Surrealist techniques ) , which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images . He also created the grattage technique , in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He used this technique in his famous painting Forest and Dove ( as shown at the Tate Modern ) . The next year he collaborated with Joan Miró on designs for Sergei Diaghilev . With Mirós help , Ernst developed grattage , in which he trowelled pigment from his canvases . He also explored with the technique of decalcomania , which involves pressing paint between two surfaces . Ernst was also active , along with fellow Surrealists , at the Atelier 17 . Ernst developed a fascination with birds that was prevalent in his work . His alter ego in paintings , which he called Loplop , was a bird . He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans . He said that one night when he was young , he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died ; a few minutes later , his father announced that his sister was born . Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists work , such as Loplop presents André Breton . Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses : André Breton , Paul Éluard , and the Painter . In 1927 , Ernst married and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of The Kiss and other works of that year . Ernst appeared in the 1930 film LÂge dOr , directed by the Surrealist Luis Buñuel . Ernst began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with Alberto Giacometti . In 1938 , the American heiress and artistic patron Peggy Guggenheim acquired a number of Max Ernsts works , which she displayed in her new gallery in London . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946 . World War II and later life . In September 1939 , the outbreak of World War II caused Ernst to be interned as an undesirable foreigner in Camp des Milles , near Aix-en-Provence , along with fellow Surrealist , Hans Bellmer , who had recently emigrated to Paris . He had been living with his lover and fellow Surrealist painter , Leonora Carrington who , not knowing whether he would return , saw no option but to sell their house to repay their debts and leave for Spain . Thanks to the intercession of Paul Éluard and other friends , including the journalist Varian Fry , he was released a few weeks later . Soon after the German occupation of France , he was arrested again , this time by the Gestapo but managed to escape and flee to America with the help of Peggy Guggenheim , a member of a wealthy American art collecting family , and Fry . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim arrived in the United States in 1941 and were married at the end of the year . Along with other artists and friends ( Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall ) who had fled from the war and lived in New York City , Ernst helped inspire the development of Abstract expressionism . His marriage to Guggenheim did not last and in Beverly Hills , California in October 1946 , in a double ceremony with Man Ray and Juliet P . Browner , he married Dorothea Tanning . The couple made their home in Sedona , Arizona from 1946 to 1953 , where the high desert landscapes inspired them and recalled Ernsts earlier imagery . Despite the fact that Sedona was remote and populated by fewer than 400 ranchers , orchard workers , merchants and small Native American communities , their presence helped begin what would become an American artists colony . Among the monumental red rocks , Ernst built a small cottage by hand on Brewer Road and he and Tanning hosted intellectuals and European artists such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Yves Tanguy . Sedona proved an inspiration for the artists and for Ernst , who compiled his book Beyond Painting and completed his sculptural masterpiece Capricorn while living there . As a result of the book and its publicity , Ernst began to achieve financial success . From the 1950s he lived mainly in France . In 1954 he was awarded the Grand Prize for painting at the Venice Biennale . He died at the age of 84 on 1 April 1976 in Paris and was interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery . Legacy . Ernsts son Jimmy Ernst , a well-known German/American abstract expressionist painter , who lived on the south shore of Long Island , died in 1984 . His memoirs , A Not-So-Still Life , were published shortly before his death . Max Ernsts grandson Eric and his granddaughter Amy are both artists and writers . Max Ernsts life and career are examined in Peter Schamonis 1991 documentary Max Ernst . Dedicated to the art historian Werner Spies , it was assembled from interviews with Ernst , stills of his paintings and sculptures , and the memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy . The 101-minute German film was released on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment . The Max Ernst Museum opened in 2005 in his home town Brühl , Germany . It is housed in a late-classicist 1844 building integrated with a modern glass pavilion . The historic ballroom was once a popular social venue visited by Ernst in his youth . The collection spans 70 years of his career including paintings , drawings , frottages , collages , nearly the entire lithographic works , over 70 bronze sculptures . and more than 700 documents and photographs by Man Ray , Henri Cartier-Bresson , Lee Miller , and others . The core of the collection dates back to 1969 with works donated to the City of Brühl by the artist . Thirty-six paintings , gifts from the artist to his fourth wife Dorothea Tanning , are on permanent loan from the Kreissparkasse Köln . Some noteworthy works include the sculptures The King playing with the Queen ( 1944 ) and Teaching Staff for a School of Murderers ( 1967 ) . The museum also host temporary exhibitions by other artist . The Menil Collection , in Houston , Texas houses a significant collection of surrealist art including well over 100 pieces by Max Ernst . Notable paintings include In Praise of Freedom ( 1926 ) , Loplop Presents Loplop ( 1930 ) , Day and Night ( 1941–1942 ) , Surrealism and Painting ( 1942 ) , Euclid ( 1945 ) , A Swarm of Bees in the Palais de Justice ( 1960 ) , The Marriage of Heaven and Earth ( 1964 ) . Ernsts work in the Menil Collection is typically exhibited a few pieces at a time along with other surrealist art in the collection on a rotating basis . Exhibitions , retrospectives , and honors . - Venice Biennale , Venice ( 1954 ) , received Grand Prize for Painting - Musée National dArt Moderne Paris ( 1959 ) , awarded the Grand Prix national des arts - Museum of Modern Art , New York ( 1961 ) - Tate Gallery , London ( 1962 ) - Kunsthaus Zürich ( 1963 ) - Moderna Museet , Stockholm ( 1969 ) - A retrospective of 104 works spanning the years 1920–1968 , drawn entirely from the Menil Collection , toured Europe from 1970 to 1972 ( Hamburger Kunsthalle , Kestnergesellschaft , Frankfurter Kunstverein , Academy of Arts , Berlin , Kunsthalle , Cologne , Musée de lOrangerie , Musée Cantini , Maison de la Culture de Grenoble , Ancienne Douane ( Strasbourg ) , Musée dArts de Nantes ) and later the US ( Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art , Fogg Art Museum , The Art Institute of Chicago , Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum ) . The opening of the exhibition in Paris was augmented with 44 pieces from various collations and opened on 2 April 1971 , Max Ernsts 80th birthday . - In 2005 , Max Ernst : A Retrospective opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and included works such as Celebes ( 1921 ) , Ubu Imperator ( 1923 ) , and Fireside Angel ( 1937 ) , which is one of Ernsts few definitively political pieces and is sub-titled The Triumph of Surrealism depicting a raging bird-like creature that symbolises the wave of fascism that enveloped Europe . The exhibition also includes Ernsts works that experiment with free association writing and the techniques of frottage , created from a rubbing from a textured surface ; grattage , involving scratching at the surface of a painting ; and decalcomania , which involves altering a wet painting by pressing a second surface against it and taking it away . - Dada is Dada retrospective group exhibition at Bildmuseet , Umeå University , Sweden , running from 17 November 2017 to 20 May 2018 . Documentary images Ernst in modern culture . - Many of Ernsts works from Une Semaine de Bonté are used in albums by American rock group The Mars Volta . Also , Barefoot in the Head , a collaboration between guitarist Thurston Moore and saxophonists Jim Sauter and Don Dietrich of Borbetomagus , features a collage from this same book . - American rock group Mission of Burma titled two songs after the artist : Max Ernst was the b-side of their first 1980 single ( now included on the CD of Signals , Calls and Marches ) , mentioning two of Ernsts paintings ( The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus and Garden Airplane-Trap ) and ending with the words Dada dada dada .. . repeated many times and distorted via tape loop ; their 2002 album OnOffOn features Max Ernsts Dream . - Writer J . G . Ballard makes numerous references to the art works of Max Ernst in his breakthrough novel The Drowned World ( 1962 ) and the experimental collection of short stories The Atrocity Exhibition ( 1970 ) . - Europe After the Rain was used by musician John Foxx as the title for the opening track of his 1981 album The Garden . - Max Ernst himself , and some of his work , is mentioned in William Gibsons novel Count Zero ( 1986 ) , the second novel of the Sprawl trilogy , an influential set of books which established the cyberpunk subgenre of science-fiction - ( The ) Eye of Silence was used by musician Cavestar ( Kevin Crosslin ) as the title of a track from his 1997 album Cavestar . - The first edition of the Penguin paperback edition of James Blishs A Case of Conscience uses details from The Eye of Silence as cover art . - Ernsts alter-ego Loplop appears in China Miévilles 1998 debut novel King Rat , the Garden Aeroplane Trap also ( literally ) appears in Mievielles The Last Days of New Paris . - German experimental electronic musician Thomas Brinkmann has made numerous references to Max Ernst and Loplop in his productions and record labels . Selected works . Prints , collages , and illustrations . - Illustrations for books by Paul Éluard : Répétitions ( 1922 ) , Les malheurs des immortels ( 1922 ) , Au défaut du silence ( 1925 ) - Histoire Naturelle ( ca . 1925–1926 ) , a set of 34 collotypes after frottages - La femme 100 têtes ( 1929 , graphic novel ) - Rêve dune petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel ( 1930 , graphic novel ) - Une Semaine de Bonté ( 1934 , graphic novel ) - Illustrations for editions of works by Lewis Carroll : Symbolic Logic ( 1966 , under the title Logique sans peine ) , The Hunting of the Snark ( 1968 ) , and Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn ( 1970 , an anthology of texts ) - Deux Oiseaux ( 1970 , lithograph in colours ) - Aux petits agneaux ( 1971 , lithographs ) - Paysage marin avec capucin ( 1972 , illustrated book with essays by various authors ) - Maximiliana : the illegal practice of astronomy : hommage à Dorothea Tanning ( 1974 , art book ) - Oiseaux en peril ( 1975 , etchings with aquatint in colours ; published posthumously )

easy

Who was Max Ernst 's spouse from 1946 to 1976?

/wiki/Max_Ernst#P26#3

Max Ernst Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 – 1 April 1976 ) was a German ( naturalised American in 1948 and French in 1958 ) painter , sculptor , graphic artist , and poet . A prolific artist , Ernst was a primary pioneer of the Dada movement and surrealism . He had no formal artistic training , but his experimental attitude toward the making of art resulted in his invention of frottage—a technique that uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images—and grattage , an analogous technique in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He is also noted for his novels consisting of collages . Biography . Early life . Max Ernst was born in Brühl , near Cologne , the third of nine children of a middle-class Catholic family . His father Philipp was a teacher of the deaf and an amateur painter , a devout Christian and a strict disciplinarian . He inspired in Max a penchant for defying authority , while his interest in painting and sketching in nature influenced Max to take up painting . In 1909 , Ernst enrolled in the University of Bonn to read philosophy , art history , literature , psychology and psychiatry . He visited asylums and became fascinated with the art work of the mentally ill patients ; he also started painting that year , producing sketches in the garden of the Brühl castle , and portraits of his sister and himself . In 1911 , Ernst befriended August Macke and joined his Die Rheinischen Expressionisten group of artists , deciding to become an artist . In 1912 , he visited the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne , where works by Pablo Picasso and post-Impressionists such as Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin profoundly influenced him . His work was exhibited that year together with that of the Das Junge Rheinland group , at Galerie Feldman in Cologne , and then in several group exhibitions in 1913 . In his paintings of this period , Ernst adopted an ironic style that juxtaposed grotesque elements alongside Cubist and Expressionist motifs . In 1914 , Ernst met Hans Arp in Cologne . The two became friends and their relationship lasted for fifty years . After Ernst completed his studies in the summer , his life was interrupted by World War I . Ernst was drafted and served both on the Western and the Eastern Fronts . The effect of the war on Ernst was devastating ; in his autobiography , he wrote of his time in the army thus : On the first of August 1914 M [ ax ] .E [ rnst ] . died . He was resurrected on the eleventh of November 1918 . For a brief period on the Western Front , Ernst was assigned to chart maps , which allowed him to continue painting . Several German Expressionist painters died in action during the war , among them August Macke and Franz Marc . Dada and surrealism . In 1918 , Ernst was demobilised and returned to Cologne . He soon married art history student Luise Straus , whom he had met in 1914 . In 1919 , Ernst visited Paul Klee in Munich and studied paintings by Giorgio de Chirico . The same year , inspired by de Chirico and mail-order catalogues , teaching-aide manuals and similar sources , he produced his first collages ( notably Fiat modes , a portfolio of lithographs ) , a technique which would dominate his artistic pursuits . Also in 1919 , Ernst , social activist Johannes Theodor Baargeld and several colleagues founded the Cologne Dada group . In 1919–20 , Ernst and Baargeld published various short-lived magazines such as Der Strom , die Schammade and organised Dada exhibitions . Ernst and Luises son Ulrich Jimmy Ernst was born on 24 June 1920 ; he also became a painter . Ernsts marriage to Luise was short-lived . In 1921 , he met Paul Éluard , who became a lifelong friend . Éluard bought two of Ernsts paintings ( Celebes and Oedipus Rex ) and selected six collages to illustrate his poetry collection Répétitions . A year later the two collaborated on Les malheurs des immortels and then with André Breton , whom Ernst met in 1921 , on the magazine Littérature . In 1922 , unable to secure the necessary papers , Ernst entered France illegally and settled into a ménage à trois with Éluard and his wife Gala in Paris suburb Saint-Brice , leaving behind his wife and son . During his first two years in Paris , Ernst took various odd jobs to make a living and continued to paint . In 1923 , the Éluards moved to a new home in Eaubonne , near Paris , where Ernst painted numerous murals . The same year his works were exhibited at Salon des Indépendants . Although apparently accepting the ménage à trois , Éluard eventually became more concerned about the affair . In 1924 , he abruptly left , first for Monaco and then for Saigon . He soon asked his wife and Max Ernst to join him ; both had to sell paintings to finance the trip . Ernst went to Düsseldorf and sold a large number of his works to a long-time friend , Johanna Ey , owner of gallery Das Junge Rheinland . After a brief time together in Saigon , the trio decided that Gala would remain with Paul . The Éluards returned to Eaubonne in early September , while Ernst followed them some months later , after exploring more of South-East Asia . He returned to Paris in late 1924 and soon signed a contract with Jacques Viot that allowed him to paint full-time . In 1925 , Ernst established a studio at 22 , rue Tourlaque . In 1925 , Ernst invented a graphic art technique called frottage ( see Surrealist techniques ) , which uses pencil rubbings of objects as a source of images . He also created the grattage technique , in which paint is scraped across canvas to reveal the imprints of the objects placed beneath . He used this technique in his famous painting Forest and Dove ( as shown at the Tate Modern ) . The next year he collaborated with Joan Miró on designs for Sergei Diaghilev . With Mirós help , Ernst developed grattage , in which he trowelled pigment from his canvases . He also explored with the technique of decalcomania , which involves pressing paint between two surfaces . Ernst was also active , along with fellow Surrealists , at the Atelier 17 . Ernst developed a fascination with birds that was prevalent in his work . His alter ego in paintings , which he called Loplop , was a bird . He suggested that this alter-ego was an extension of himself stemming from an early confusion of birds and humans . He said that one night when he was young , he woke up and found that his beloved bird had died ; a few minutes later , his father announced that his sister was born . Loplop often appeared in collages of other artists work , such as Loplop presents André Breton . Ernst drew a great deal of controversy with his 1926 painting The Virgin Chastises the infant Jesus before Three Witnesses : André Breton , Paul Éluard , and the Painter . In 1927 , Ernst married and it is thought his relationship with her may have inspired the erotic subject matter of The Kiss and other works of that year . Ernst appeared in the 1930 film LÂge dOr , directed by the Surrealist Luis Buñuel . Ernst began to sculpt in 1934 and spent time with Alberto Giacometti . In 1938 , the American heiress and artistic patron Peggy Guggenheim acquired a number of Max Ernsts works , which she displayed in her new gallery in London . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim were married from 1942 to 1946 . World War II and later life . In September 1939 , the outbreak of World War II caused Ernst to be interned as an undesirable foreigner in Camp des Milles , near Aix-en-Provence , along with fellow Surrealist , Hans Bellmer , who had recently emigrated to Paris . He had been living with his lover and fellow Surrealist painter , Leonora Carrington who , not knowing whether he would return , saw no option but to sell their house to repay their debts and leave for Spain . Thanks to the intercession of Paul Éluard and other friends , including the journalist Varian Fry , he was released a few weeks later . Soon after the German occupation of France , he was arrested again , this time by the Gestapo but managed to escape and flee to America with the help of Peggy Guggenheim , a member of a wealthy American art collecting family , and Fry . Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim arrived in the United States in 1941 and were married at the end of the year . Along with other artists and friends ( Marcel Duchamp and Marc Chagall ) who had fled from the war and lived in New York City , Ernst helped inspire the development of Abstract expressionism . His marriage to Guggenheim did not last and in Beverly Hills , California in October 1946 , in a double ceremony with Man Ray and Juliet P . Browner , he married Dorothea Tanning . The couple made their home in Sedona , Arizona from 1946 to 1953 , where the high desert landscapes inspired them and recalled Ernsts earlier imagery . Despite the fact that Sedona was remote and populated by fewer than 400 ranchers , orchard workers , merchants and small Native American communities , their presence helped begin what would become an American artists colony . Among the monumental red rocks , Ernst built a small cottage by hand on Brewer Road and he and Tanning hosted intellectuals and European artists such as Henri Cartier-Bresson and Yves Tanguy . Sedona proved an inspiration for the artists and for Ernst , who compiled his book Beyond Painting and completed his sculptural masterpiece Capricorn while living there . As a result of the book and its publicity , Ernst began to achieve financial success . From the 1950s he lived mainly in France . In 1954 he was awarded the Grand Prize for painting at the Venice Biennale . He died at the age of 84 on 1 April 1976 in Paris and was interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery . Legacy . Ernsts son Jimmy Ernst , a well-known German/American abstract expressionist painter , who lived on the south shore of Long Island , died in 1984 . His memoirs , A Not-So-Still Life , were published shortly before his death . Max Ernsts grandson Eric and his granddaughter Amy are both artists and writers . Max Ernsts life and career are examined in Peter Schamonis 1991 documentary Max Ernst . Dedicated to the art historian Werner Spies , it was assembled from interviews with Ernst , stills of his paintings and sculptures , and the memoirs of his wife Dorothea Tanning and son Jimmy . The 101-minute German film was released on DVD with English subtitles by Image Entertainment . The Max Ernst Museum opened in 2005 in his home town Brühl , Germany . It is housed in a late-classicist 1844 building integrated with a modern glass pavilion . The historic ballroom was once a popular social venue visited by Ernst in his youth . The collection spans 70 years of his career including paintings , drawings , frottages , collages , nearly the entire lithographic works , over 70 bronze sculptures . and more than 700 documents and photographs by Man Ray , Henri Cartier-Bresson , Lee Miller , and others . The core of the collection dates back to 1969 with works donated to the City of Brühl by the artist . Thirty-six paintings , gifts from the artist to his fourth wife Dorothea Tanning , are on permanent loan from the Kreissparkasse Köln . Some noteworthy works include the sculptures The King playing with the Queen ( 1944 ) and Teaching Staff for a School of Murderers ( 1967 ) . The museum also host temporary exhibitions by other artist . The Menil Collection , in Houston , Texas houses a significant collection of surrealist art including well over 100 pieces by Max Ernst . Notable paintings include In Praise of Freedom ( 1926 ) , Loplop Presents Loplop ( 1930 ) , Day and Night ( 1941–1942 ) , Surrealism and Painting ( 1942 ) , Euclid ( 1945 ) , A Swarm of Bees in the Palais de Justice ( 1960 ) , The Marriage of Heaven and Earth ( 1964 ) . Ernsts work in the Menil Collection is typically exhibited a few pieces at a time along with other surrealist art in the collection on a rotating basis . Exhibitions , retrospectives , and honors . - Venice Biennale , Venice ( 1954 ) , received Grand Prize for Painting - Musée National dArt Moderne Paris ( 1959 ) , awarded the Grand Prix national des arts - Museum of Modern Art , New York ( 1961 ) - Tate Gallery , London ( 1962 ) - Kunsthaus Zürich ( 1963 ) - Moderna Museet , Stockholm ( 1969 ) - A retrospective of 104 works spanning the years 1920–1968 , drawn entirely from the Menil Collection , toured Europe from 1970 to 1972 ( Hamburger Kunsthalle , Kestnergesellschaft , Frankfurter Kunstverein , Academy of Arts , Berlin , Kunsthalle , Cologne , Musée de lOrangerie , Musée Cantini , Maison de la Culture de Grenoble , Ancienne Douane ( Strasbourg ) , Musée dArts de Nantes ) and later the US ( Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art , Fogg Art Museum , The Art Institute of Chicago , Solomon R . Guggenheim Museum ) . The opening of the exhibition in Paris was augmented with 44 pieces from various collations and opened on 2 April 1971 , Max Ernsts 80th birthday . - In 2005 , Max Ernst : A Retrospective opened at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and included works such as Celebes ( 1921 ) , Ubu Imperator ( 1923 ) , and Fireside Angel ( 1937 ) , which is one of Ernsts few definitively political pieces and is sub-titled The Triumph of Surrealism depicting a raging bird-like creature that symbolises the wave of fascism that enveloped Europe . The exhibition also includes Ernsts works that experiment with free association writing and the techniques of frottage , created from a rubbing from a textured surface ; grattage , involving scratching at the surface of a painting ; and decalcomania , which involves altering a wet painting by pressing a second surface against it and taking it away . - Dada is Dada retrospective group exhibition at Bildmuseet , Umeå University , Sweden , running from 17 November 2017 to 20 May 2018 . Documentary images Ernst in modern culture . - Many of Ernsts works from Une Semaine de Bonté are used in albums by American rock group The Mars Volta . Also , Barefoot in the Head , a collaboration between guitarist Thurston Moore and saxophonists Jim Sauter and Don Dietrich of Borbetomagus , features a collage from this same book . - American rock group Mission of Burma titled two songs after the artist : Max Ernst was the b-side of their first 1980 single ( now included on the CD of Signals , Calls and Marches ) , mentioning two of Ernsts paintings ( The Blessed Virgin Chastises the Infant Jesus and Garden Airplane-Trap ) and ending with the words Dada dada dada .. . repeated many times and distorted via tape loop ; their 2002 album OnOffOn features Max Ernsts Dream . - Writer J . G . Ballard makes numerous references to the art works of Max Ernst in his breakthrough novel The Drowned World ( 1962 ) and the experimental collection of short stories The Atrocity Exhibition ( 1970 ) . - Europe After the Rain was used by musician John Foxx as the title for the opening track of his 1981 album The Garden . - Max Ernst himself , and some of his work , is mentioned in William Gibsons novel Count Zero ( 1986 ) , the second novel of the Sprawl trilogy , an influential set of books which established the cyberpunk subgenre of science-fiction - ( The ) Eye of Silence was used by musician Cavestar ( Kevin Crosslin ) as the title of a track from his 1997 album Cavestar . - The first edition of the Penguin paperback edition of James Blishs A Case of Conscience uses details from The Eye of Silence as cover art . - Ernsts alter-ego Loplop appears in China Miévilles 1998 debut novel King Rat , the Garden Aeroplane Trap also ( literally ) appears in Mievielles The Last Days of New Paris . - German experimental electronic musician Thomas Brinkmann has made numerous references to Max Ernst and Loplop in his productions and record labels . Selected works . Prints , collages , and illustrations . - Illustrations for books by Paul Éluard : Répétitions ( 1922 ) , Les malheurs des immortels ( 1922 ) , Au défaut du silence ( 1925 ) - Histoire Naturelle ( ca . 1925–1926 ) , a set of 34 collotypes after frottages - La femme 100 têtes ( 1929 , graphic novel ) - Rêve dune petite fille qui voulut entrer au carmel ( 1930 , graphic novel ) - Une Semaine de Bonté ( 1934 , graphic novel ) - Illustrations for editions of works by Lewis Carroll : Symbolic Logic ( 1966 , under the title Logique sans peine ) , The Hunting of the Snark ( 1968 ) , and Lewis Carrols Wunderhorn ( 1970 , an anthology of texts ) - Deux Oiseaux ( 1970 , lithograph in colours ) - Aux petits agneaux ( 1971 , lithographs ) - Paysage marin avec capucin ( 1972 , illustrated book with essays by various authors ) - Maximiliana : the illegal practice of astronomy : hommage à Dorothea Tanning ( 1974 , art book ) - Oiseaux en peril ( 1975 , etchings with aquatint in colours ; published posthumously )

easy

Which employer did Robert Raguso work for from Feb 1996 to Dec 1997?

/wiki/Robert_Raguso#P108#0

Robert Raguso Robert A . Raguso ( born January 30 , 1965 ) is an American biologist and professor at Cornell University in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior . He has expanded the field of chemical ecology by introducing and pioneering floral scent as a key component of plant-pollinator communication , with special focus on hawkmoths and Clarkia plants . Life . Robert Andrew Raguso was born on January 30 , 1965 , in Englewood , New Jersey . At age 5 , Raguso was introduced to his first cecropia moth by Campbell Norsgaard , a film maker and naturalist , as a part of the Broader Impacts activities advocated by the National Science Foundation . This encounter sparked Ragusos interest in moths which has continued for 50 years . Raguso started his research career as a high schooler during the summers of 1982 and 1983 , working as a technician in the laboratory of Columbia University Professor Darcy Kelley , who taught summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Massachusetts . Ragusos interests expanded from moths to butterflies , and his love for the biological diversity of Lepidoptera led him to study butterflies with Professor Charles Remington at Yale University . During the summer of 1985 , Raguso expanded his biological interests and pursued field research at a variety of destinations . At Mountain Lake Biological Station in the Southern Appalachians of Virginia , Raguso developed a lifelong fascination with pollination while studying nectar variance and risk aversion by bees with Professors Beverly Rathcke ( later a key figure in his graduate years ) and Leslie Real . Raguso also traveled to Laguna Encantada near Catemaco in Veracruz , Mexico , where he initiated a butterfly survey with Professors Carol C . Horvitz and Doug Schemske that would eventually become his first publication . Raguso also completed a senior honors thesis on the biodiversity of interior Colias butterfly populations , which had been separated anywhere from 8 to 12,000 generations due to the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet . Raguso graduated from Yale in 1987 with a Bachelor of Science , majoring in biology and minoring in art history . Following graduation , Raguso spent two years working as a technician in the Stanford University laboratory of Professor Ward Watt , an accomplished former student of Charles Remington . Under Watts guidance , Raguso broadened his understanding of evolutionary genetics and functional ecology , caring for thousands of caterpillars of Colias butterflies , taking classes , and learning research techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . In 1989 , Raguso moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor to start doctoral studies with Eran Pichersky . There , with encouragement from Rathcke and Michael Martin , he developed methodologies to test evolutionary hypotheses on the functional importance of floral scent . Raguso learned to collect and analyze floral volatiles , mastering gas chromatography and molecular spectroscopy ( GC-MS ) as he worked midnight-to-dawn shifts in the universitys chemistry labs . Through bioassay-guided fractionation , Raguso isolated the individual molecules contributing to the floral scents of two lines of Clarkia breweri as well as its suspected progenitor , Clarkia concinna . Evolutionary shifts in scent produced by these flowers contributed to a parallel change in the pollinator identities of these flowers . In 1995 , Raguso earned his PhD after completing his thesis Mechanisms of floral scent production and hawkmoth pollination in Clarkia breweri ( Onagraceae ) . Through this work , Raguso laid a critical foundation for further research involving floral volatiles . In 1996 , Raguso embarked on postdoctoral studies at the University of Arizona , guiding his research interests back to hawkmoths under the mentoring of Professors John Hildebrand and Lucinda McDade . Funded through the Center for Insect Science , Raguso worked after sunset with Mark Willis in the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , piecing together the multimodal feeding behavior—a combination of visual and olfactory stimuli—of hawkmoths when visiting Datura flowers . Further postdoctoral studies involved mapping floral volatiles onto phylogenetic relationships , particularly in the context of hawkmoth pollination disappearing and reappearing repeatedly in three plant lineages . Raguso started a faculty position at the University of South Carolina in 1999 , served as a visiting professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal between 2006 and 2007 , and moved to Cornell ( replacing the father of chemical ecology , Tom Eisner ) in 2007 , where he currently serves as a professor . More on Ragusos professional preparation and scientific development can be found here . Research . Raguso has continued to develop the study of floral scents and their importance in the pollination of wild plants over the past decades . He is cited for behavioral studies of insects , flowers , plant chemical ecology , and integrating physiology and evolutionary theory to understand the mechanistic basis of pollination . To date , his research has resulted in over 150 peer-reviewed scientific publications and over 7,000 citations by his peers . He is the past chairperson of his department at Cornell . Ragusos laboratory studies signal evolution from the standpoints of both the producer ( plants ) and receiver ( insects ) . In each of several study systems , he and his students have dissected the importance of plant volatile organic compounds in pollination and coevolution between species . He has a long-standing interest in plants in the evening primrose family ( Onagraceae ) , including Oenothera and Clarkia species . From the insect perspective , Raguso has focused on hawkmoths ( especially Manduca species ) and has investigated their use of floral scent , humidity , and carbon dioxide produced in flowers . Manduca perceive these cues and use them opportunistically . In addition to flowering plants , Raguso has published on mosses and fungi that use color and scent to trick flies into dispersing their spores to rotting substrates . His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation , National Geographic Society , and the Andrew W . Mellon Foundation . Raguso has been an invited lecturer at universities , public gardens , and classes . In addition to his work at Cornell , Raguso teaches a field course on volatile analysis at Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory and has been a visiting instructor for a variety of ecological and behavioral courses in Chile , Costa Rica , Sweden , Spain , and Germany . Raguso is the co-founder of the Gordon Research Conference on Floral Volatiles . Raguso is a Fulbright senior fellow , National Geographic Explorer , and recipient of the 2017 Silverstein-Simeone Award from the International Society of Chemical Ecology . Raguso has two children with his wife , Dr . Laurel Hester , assistant provost at Keuka College , with whom he currently resides in Ithaca , New York . External links . - Raguso lab website - Interview on In Defense of Plants podcast - Interview on Big Biology - Interview on Locally Sourced Science - Interview on Science Friday

easy

Who did Robert Raguso work for from 1998 to Jul 1999?

/wiki/Robert_Raguso#P108#1

Robert Raguso Robert A . Raguso ( born January 30 , 1965 ) is an American biologist and professor at Cornell University in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior . He has expanded the field of chemical ecology by introducing and pioneering floral scent as a key component of plant-pollinator communication , with special focus on hawkmoths and Clarkia plants . Life . Robert Andrew Raguso was born on January 30 , 1965 , in Englewood , New Jersey . At age 5 , Raguso was introduced to his first cecropia moth by Campbell Norsgaard , a film maker and naturalist , as a part of the Broader Impacts activities advocated by the National Science Foundation . This encounter sparked Ragusos interest in moths which has continued for 50 years . Raguso started his research career as a high schooler during the summers of 1982 and 1983 , working as a technician in the laboratory of Columbia University Professor Darcy Kelley , who taught summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Massachusetts . Ragusos interests expanded from moths to butterflies , and his love for the biological diversity of Lepidoptera led him to study butterflies with Professor Charles Remington at Yale University . During the summer of 1985 , Raguso expanded his biological interests and pursued field research at a variety of destinations . At Mountain Lake Biological Station in the Southern Appalachians of Virginia , Raguso developed a lifelong fascination with pollination while studying nectar variance and risk aversion by bees with Professors Beverly Rathcke ( later a key figure in his graduate years ) and Leslie Real . Raguso also traveled to Laguna Encantada near Catemaco in Veracruz , Mexico , where he initiated a butterfly survey with Professors Carol C . Horvitz and Doug Schemske that would eventually become his first publication . Raguso also completed a senior honors thesis on the biodiversity of interior Colias butterfly populations , which had been separated anywhere from 8 to 12,000 generations due to the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet . Raguso graduated from Yale in 1987 with a Bachelor of Science , majoring in biology and minoring in art history . Following graduation , Raguso spent two years working as a technician in the Stanford University laboratory of Professor Ward Watt , an accomplished former student of Charles Remington . Under Watts guidance , Raguso broadened his understanding of evolutionary genetics and functional ecology , caring for thousands of caterpillars of Colias butterflies , taking classes , and learning research techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . In 1989 , Raguso moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor to start doctoral studies with Eran Pichersky . There , with encouragement from Rathcke and Michael Martin , he developed methodologies to test evolutionary hypotheses on the functional importance of floral scent . Raguso learned to collect and analyze floral volatiles , mastering gas chromatography and molecular spectroscopy ( GC-MS ) as he worked midnight-to-dawn shifts in the universitys chemistry labs . Through bioassay-guided fractionation , Raguso isolated the individual molecules contributing to the floral scents of two lines of Clarkia breweri as well as its suspected progenitor , Clarkia concinna . Evolutionary shifts in scent produced by these flowers contributed to a parallel change in the pollinator identities of these flowers . In 1995 , Raguso earned his PhD after completing his thesis Mechanisms of floral scent production and hawkmoth pollination in Clarkia breweri ( Onagraceae ) . Through this work , Raguso laid a critical foundation for further research involving floral volatiles . In 1996 , Raguso embarked on postdoctoral studies at the University of Arizona , guiding his research interests back to hawkmoths under the mentoring of Professors John Hildebrand and Lucinda McDade . Funded through the Center for Insect Science , Raguso worked after sunset with Mark Willis in the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , piecing together the multimodal feeding behavior—a combination of visual and olfactory stimuli—of hawkmoths when visiting Datura flowers . Further postdoctoral studies involved mapping floral volatiles onto phylogenetic relationships , particularly in the context of hawkmoth pollination disappearing and reappearing repeatedly in three plant lineages . Raguso started a faculty position at the University of South Carolina in 1999 , served as a visiting professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal between 2006 and 2007 , and moved to Cornell ( replacing the father of chemical ecology , Tom Eisner ) in 2007 , where he currently serves as a professor . More on Ragusos professional preparation and scientific development can be found here . Research . Raguso has continued to develop the study of floral scents and their importance in the pollination of wild plants over the past decades . He is cited for behavioral studies of insects , flowers , plant chemical ecology , and integrating physiology and evolutionary theory to understand the mechanistic basis of pollination . To date , his research has resulted in over 150 peer-reviewed scientific publications and over 7,000 citations by his peers . He is the past chairperson of his department at Cornell . Ragusos laboratory studies signal evolution from the standpoints of both the producer ( plants ) and receiver ( insects ) . In each of several study systems , he and his students have dissected the importance of plant volatile organic compounds in pollination and coevolution between species . He has a long-standing interest in plants in the evening primrose family ( Onagraceae ) , including Oenothera and Clarkia species . From the insect perspective , Raguso has focused on hawkmoths ( especially Manduca species ) and has investigated their use of floral scent , humidity , and carbon dioxide produced in flowers . Manduca perceive these cues and use them opportunistically . In addition to flowering plants , Raguso has published on mosses and fungi that use color and scent to trick flies into dispersing their spores to rotting substrates . His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation , National Geographic Society , and the Andrew W . Mellon Foundation . Raguso has been an invited lecturer at universities , public gardens , and classes . In addition to his work at Cornell , Raguso teaches a field course on volatile analysis at Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory and has been a visiting instructor for a variety of ecological and behavioral courses in Chile , Costa Rica , Sweden , Spain , and Germany . Raguso is the co-founder of the Gordon Research Conference on Floral Volatiles . Raguso is a Fulbright senior fellow , National Geographic Explorer , and recipient of the 2017 Silverstein-Simeone Award from the International Society of Chemical Ecology . Raguso has two children with his wife , Dr . Laurel Hester , assistant provost at Keuka College , with whom he currently resides in Ithaca , New York . External links . - Raguso lab website - Interview on In Defense of Plants podcast - Interview on Big Biology - Interview on Locally Sourced Science - Interview on Science Friday

easy

Robert Raguso was an employee for whom from Aug 1999 to Jun 2007?

/wiki/Robert_Raguso#P108#2

Robert Raguso Robert A . Raguso ( born January 30 , 1965 ) is an American biologist and professor at Cornell University in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior . He has expanded the field of chemical ecology by introducing and pioneering floral scent as a key component of plant-pollinator communication , with special focus on hawkmoths and Clarkia plants . Life . Robert Andrew Raguso was born on January 30 , 1965 , in Englewood , New Jersey . At age 5 , Raguso was introduced to his first cecropia moth by Campbell Norsgaard , a film maker and naturalist , as a part of the Broader Impacts activities advocated by the National Science Foundation . This encounter sparked Ragusos interest in moths which has continued for 50 years . Raguso started his research career as a high schooler during the summers of 1982 and 1983 , working as a technician in the laboratory of Columbia University Professor Darcy Kelley , who taught summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Massachusetts . Ragusos interests expanded from moths to butterflies , and his love for the biological diversity of Lepidoptera led him to study butterflies with Professor Charles Remington at Yale University . During the summer of 1985 , Raguso expanded his biological interests and pursued field research at a variety of destinations . At Mountain Lake Biological Station in the Southern Appalachians of Virginia , Raguso developed a lifelong fascination with pollination while studying nectar variance and risk aversion by bees with Professors Beverly Rathcke ( later a key figure in his graduate years ) and Leslie Real . Raguso also traveled to Laguna Encantada near Catemaco in Veracruz , Mexico , where he initiated a butterfly survey with Professors Carol C . Horvitz and Doug Schemske that would eventually become his first publication . Raguso also completed a senior honors thesis on the biodiversity of interior Colias butterfly populations , which had been separated anywhere from 8 to 12,000 generations due to the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet . Raguso graduated from Yale in 1987 with a Bachelor of Science , majoring in biology and minoring in art history . Following graduation , Raguso spent two years working as a technician in the Stanford University laboratory of Professor Ward Watt , an accomplished former student of Charles Remington . Under Watts guidance , Raguso broadened his understanding of evolutionary genetics and functional ecology , caring for thousands of caterpillars of Colias butterflies , taking classes , and learning research techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . In 1989 , Raguso moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor to start doctoral studies with Eran Pichersky . There , with encouragement from Rathcke and Michael Martin , he developed methodologies to test evolutionary hypotheses on the functional importance of floral scent . Raguso learned to collect and analyze floral volatiles , mastering gas chromatography and molecular spectroscopy ( GC-MS ) as he worked midnight-to-dawn shifts in the universitys chemistry labs . Through bioassay-guided fractionation , Raguso isolated the individual molecules contributing to the floral scents of two lines of Clarkia breweri as well as its suspected progenitor , Clarkia concinna . Evolutionary shifts in scent produced by these flowers contributed to a parallel change in the pollinator identities of these flowers . In 1995 , Raguso earned his PhD after completing his thesis Mechanisms of floral scent production and hawkmoth pollination in Clarkia breweri ( Onagraceae ) . Through this work , Raguso laid a critical foundation for further research involving floral volatiles . In 1996 , Raguso embarked on postdoctoral studies at the University of Arizona , guiding his research interests back to hawkmoths under the mentoring of Professors John Hildebrand and Lucinda McDade . Funded through the Center for Insect Science , Raguso worked after sunset with Mark Willis in the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , piecing together the multimodal feeding behavior—a combination of visual and olfactory stimuli—of hawkmoths when visiting Datura flowers . Further postdoctoral studies involved mapping floral volatiles onto phylogenetic relationships , particularly in the context of hawkmoth pollination disappearing and reappearing repeatedly in three plant lineages . Raguso started a faculty position at the University of South Carolina in 1999 , served as a visiting professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal between 2006 and 2007 , and moved to Cornell ( replacing the father of chemical ecology , Tom Eisner ) in 2007 , where he currently serves as a professor . More on Ragusos professional preparation and scientific development can be found here . Research . Raguso has continued to develop the study of floral scents and their importance in the pollination of wild plants over the past decades . He is cited for behavioral studies of insects , flowers , plant chemical ecology , and integrating physiology and evolutionary theory to understand the mechanistic basis of pollination . To date , his research has resulted in over 150 peer-reviewed scientific publications and over 7,000 citations by his peers . He is the past chairperson of his department at Cornell . Ragusos laboratory studies signal evolution from the standpoints of both the producer ( plants ) and receiver ( insects ) . In each of several study systems , he and his students have dissected the importance of plant volatile organic compounds in pollination and coevolution between species . He has a long-standing interest in plants in the evening primrose family ( Onagraceae ) , including Oenothera and Clarkia species . From the insect perspective , Raguso has focused on hawkmoths ( especially Manduca species ) and has investigated their use of floral scent , humidity , and carbon dioxide produced in flowers . Manduca perceive these cues and use them opportunistically . In addition to flowering plants , Raguso has published on mosses and fungi that use color and scent to trick flies into dispersing their spores to rotting substrates . His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation , National Geographic Society , and the Andrew W . Mellon Foundation . Raguso has been an invited lecturer at universities , public gardens , and classes . In addition to his work at Cornell , Raguso teaches a field course on volatile analysis at Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory and has been a visiting instructor for a variety of ecological and behavioral courses in Chile , Costa Rica , Sweden , Spain , and Germany . Raguso is the co-founder of the Gordon Research Conference on Floral Volatiles . Raguso is a Fulbright senior fellow , National Geographic Explorer , and recipient of the 2017 Silverstein-Simeone Award from the International Society of Chemical Ecology . Raguso has two children with his wife , Dr . Laurel Hester , assistant provost at Keuka College , with whom he currently resides in Ithaca , New York . External links . - Raguso lab website - Interview on In Defense of Plants podcast - Interview on Big Biology - Interview on Locally Sourced Science - Interview on Science Friday

easy

Robert Raguso was an employee for whom from Jul 2007 to Jul 2008?

/wiki/Robert_Raguso#P108#3

Robert Raguso Robert A . Raguso ( born January 30 , 1965 ) is an American biologist and professor at Cornell University in the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior . He has expanded the field of chemical ecology by introducing and pioneering floral scent as a key component of plant-pollinator communication , with special focus on hawkmoths and Clarkia plants . Life . Robert Andrew Raguso was born on January 30 , 1965 , in Englewood , New Jersey . At age 5 , Raguso was introduced to his first cecropia moth by Campbell Norsgaard , a film maker and naturalist , as a part of the Broader Impacts activities advocated by the National Science Foundation . This encounter sparked Ragusos interest in moths which has continued for 50 years . Raguso started his research career as a high schooler during the summers of 1982 and 1983 , working as a technician in the laboratory of Columbia University Professor Darcy Kelley , who taught summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole , Massachusetts . Ragusos interests expanded from moths to butterflies , and his love for the biological diversity of Lepidoptera led him to study butterflies with Professor Charles Remington at Yale University . During the summer of 1985 , Raguso expanded his biological interests and pursued field research at a variety of destinations . At Mountain Lake Biological Station in the Southern Appalachians of Virginia , Raguso developed a lifelong fascination with pollination while studying nectar variance and risk aversion by bees with Professors Beverly Rathcke ( later a key figure in his graduate years ) and Leslie Real . Raguso also traveled to Laguna Encantada near Catemaco in Veracruz , Mexico , where he initiated a butterfly survey with Professors Carol C . Horvitz and Doug Schemske that would eventually become his first publication . Raguso also completed a senior honors thesis on the biodiversity of interior Colias butterfly populations , which had been separated anywhere from 8 to 12,000 generations due to the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet . Raguso graduated from Yale in 1987 with a Bachelor of Science , majoring in biology and minoring in art history . Following graduation , Raguso spent two years working as a technician in the Stanford University laboratory of Professor Ward Watt , an accomplished former student of Charles Remington . Under Watts guidance , Raguso broadened his understanding of evolutionary genetics and functional ecology , caring for thousands of caterpillars of Colias butterflies , taking classes , and learning research techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis . In 1989 , Raguso moved to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor to start doctoral studies with Eran Pichersky . There , with encouragement from Rathcke and Michael Martin , he developed methodologies to test evolutionary hypotheses on the functional importance of floral scent . Raguso learned to collect and analyze floral volatiles , mastering gas chromatography and molecular spectroscopy ( GC-MS ) as he worked midnight-to-dawn shifts in the universitys chemistry labs . Through bioassay-guided fractionation , Raguso isolated the individual molecules contributing to the floral scents of two lines of Clarkia breweri as well as its suspected progenitor , Clarkia concinna . Evolutionary shifts in scent produced by these flowers contributed to a parallel change in the pollinator identities of these flowers . In 1995 , Raguso earned his PhD after completing his thesis Mechanisms of floral scent production and hawkmoth pollination in Clarkia breweri ( Onagraceae ) . Through this work , Raguso laid a critical foundation for further research involving floral volatiles . In 1996 , Raguso embarked on postdoctoral studies at the University of Arizona , guiding his research interests back to hawkmoths under the mentoring of Professors John Hildebrand and Lucinda McDade . Funded through the Center for Insect Science , Raguso worked after sunset with Mark Willis in the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum , piecing together the multimodal feeding behavior—a combination of visual and olfactory stimuli—of hawkmoths when visiting Datura flowers . Further postdoctoral studies involved mapping floral volatiles onto phylogenetic relationships , particularly in the context of hawkmoth pollination disappearing and reappearing repeatedly in three plant lineages . Raguso started a faculty position at the University of South Carolina in 1999 , served as a visiting professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal between 2006 and 2007 , and moved to Cornell ( replacing the father of chemical ecology , Tom Eisner ) in 2007 , where he currently serves as a professor . More on Ragusos professional preparation and scientific development can be found here . Research . Raguso has continued to develop the study of floral scents and their importance in the pollination of wild plants over the past decades . He is cited for behavioral studies of insects , flowers , plant chemical ecology , and integrating physiology and evolutionary theory to understand the mechanistic basis of pollination . To date , his research has resulted in over 150 peer-reviewed scientific publications and over 7,000 citations by his peers . He is the past chairperson of his department at Cornell . Ragusos laboratory studies signal evolution from the standpoints of both the producer ( plants ) and receiver ( insects ) . In each of several study systems , he and his students have dissected the importance of plant volatile organic compounds in pollination and coevolution between species . He has a long-standing interest in plants in the evening primrose family ( Onagraceae ) , including Oenothera and Clarkia species . From the insect perspective , Raguso has focused on hawkmoths ( especially Manduca species ) and has investigated their use of floral scent , humidity , and carbon dioxide produced in flowers . Manduca perceive these cues and use them opportunistically . In addition to flowering plants , Raguso has published on mosses and fungi that use color and scent to trick flies into dispersing their spores to rotting substrates . His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation , National Geographic Society , and the Andrew W . Mellon Foundation . Raguso has been an invited lecturer at universities , public gardens , and classes . In addition to his work at Cornell , Raguso teaches a field course on volatile analysis at Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory and has been a visiting instructor for a variety of ecological and behavioral courses in Chile , Costa Rica , Sweden , Spain , and Germany . Raguso is the co-founder of the Gordon Research Conference on Floral Volatiles . Raguso is a Fulbright senior fellow , National Geographic Explorer , and recipient of the 2017 Silverstein-Simeone Award from the International Society of Chemical Ecology . Raguso has two children with his wife , Dr . Laurel Hester , assistant provost at Keuka College , with whom he currently resides in Ithaca , New York . External links . - Raguso lab website - Interview on In Defense of Plants podcast - Interview on Big Biology - Interview on Locally Sourced Science - Interview on Science Friday

easy

Which team did the player Elena Delle Donne belong to from 2008 to 2013?

/wiki/Elena_Delle_Donne#P54#0

Elena Delle Donne Elena Delle Donne ( born September 5 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Mystics of the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . Delle Donne played college basketball for the Delaware Blue Hens from 2009 to 2013 . She was drafted by the Chicago Sky with the second overall pick of the 2013 WNBA draft , and led the Sky to the 2014 WNBA Finals , where they were defeated by the Phoenix Mercury . Delle Donne was traded to the Washington Mystics in 2017 and led them to their first WNBA championship in 2019 . Delle Donne has won two WNBA Most Valuable Player Awards ( 2015 , 2019 ) , been selected to six All-Star teams , and was the first WNBA player to join the 50-40-90 club . Early life . Delle Donne inherited her 65 ( 1.96 m ) height from both her parents—her father , who played college golf , is 66 ( 1.98 m ) , and her mother is 62 ( 1.88 m ) . Her childhood was marked by a struggle to come to terms with her unusual height . According to a 2016 ESPN story , her first memory was going on a shopping trip when she was three years old and hearing other shoppers tell her mother that an 8-year-old should not be using a pacifier . In third grade , her class was assigned to measure themselves using lengths of paper ; she was humiliated when her paper extended well beyond those of her classmates . Within two years of that incident , a doctor wanted to start her on injections to stunt her growth ; her mother refused . By the time she was in eighth grade , she was already 60 ( 1.83 m ) . Additionally , according to the same ESPN piece , Delle Donne had to come to terms with having a body that could do a great many things that the body of her older sister , Lizzie , couldnt . Lizzie was born deaf and blind , is unable to speak , and also has cerebral palsy and autism . In another 2016 ESPN story , Delle Donne credits her mother with helping her accept her height : Shes 6–2 and my dad is 6–6 , so she understood . She was like , Im telling you , one day you are going to realize how beautiful your height is . She would always tell me how unique I am and say , Why try to be like the rest of the pack ? Be your own person . High school career . Delle Donne gained national recognition as a high school basketball star at Ursuline Academy in Wilmington , Delaware . She led Ursuline to three straight Delaware State Championship titles and was ranked as the number-one overall high school recruit by Scout.com as well as a McDonalds All-American . She was the first and only student at Ursuline so far to score 2,000+ points during her high school career and also set the girls high school national record for consecutive free throws made ( 80 ) in 2005–2006 . Delle Donne was also named a WBCA All-American . She participated in the 2007 WBCA High School All-America Game , where she scored 17 points , and earned MVP honors for the Red team . She also participated in volleyball . Delle Donne won the volleyball DIAA state championship with Ursuline in 2007 . She posted a season high 20 kills against Padua during a game involving the number one and two teams in the state . College career . Following an outstanding prep career during which she became the most highly touted womens basketball recruit since Candace Parker , Delle Donne received a basketball scholarship from the University of Connecticut . However , in early June 2008 , Delle Donne abruptly dropped out of Connecticuts summer school program after just two days in Storrs . Delle Donne was very close to her family , especially her older sister , Lizzie , who has cerebral palsy and is blind and deaf . She was not ready to be separated from her family . Gene , Elenas brother and the middle child of the Delle Donne family , stated in a 2012 ESPN story on his younger sister : Her relationship with Lizzie is huge . Its so close . Its a big reason why she is such a homebody who came home from UConn , because she craves to be around Lizzie and to experience Lizzie grabbing her and sniffing her and just spend quality time with her . A week after leaving Connecticut , Delle Donne said by telephone from her home in Wilmington that she has a lot of personal issues to fix . Only my family understands whats going on . Right now I am going to take a long personal break . She took a similar break prior to the 2007–08 season in high school . On August 16 , 2008 , Delle Donne announced she would not accept the scholarship due to burnout , and instead decided to enroll at the University of Delaware and join their volleyball team as a walk-on . She played middle hitter at UD for the 2008–09 season . The 2008 Delaware Blue Hens finished their season with a record of 19–16 . They were 9–5 in their conference ( Colonial Athletic Association ) and won the conference tournament . They earned a spot in the NCAA Tournament , but lost to Oregon in the first round . Delle Donne did not continue on the volleyball team in 2009 , but joined the basketball team . On June 2 , 2009 , Delle Donne announced that she would play basketball for the Blue Hens in the 2009–10 season as a redshirt freshman . In 2012 , ESPN writer Graham Hays said about her return to the sport it cannot be complete coincidence that it came the year Gene returned to Delaware and went to work for his dads company . In a 2016 interview with ESPN , Delle Donne also recalled a trip she took during the summer of 2009 to the school that Lizzie was attending . While there , she met another woman at the school , a basketball fan who used a wheelchair due to cerebral palsy , who told her , Elena , do everything you can with your abilities , just like we do . Delle Donne had a very productive freshman season . She averaged 26.7 points per game , the third-highest of all Division I womens basketball players . She scored 54 points in a loss against James Madison on February 18 , 2010 , which was the highest single-game point total by any Division I female basketball player that season . She was named the CAA Rookie of the Week six times , and the player of the week once during 2009–10 . She was voted the CAAs Player of the Year and Rookie of the Year in womens basketball by CAA coaches , sports information directors and media . This was the first time a player had won both awards in one year since Old Dominions Lucienne Berthieu did so in 1999 . No mens player has ever won both awards in the same season . In her sophomore season , the team started off well , but then Delle Donne began to develop flu-like symptoms . In a game against Penn State , she asked to be taken out of the game , something she had never done before . After many tests , the doctors finally diagnosed her with Lyme disease . She struggled the rest of the season , but she helped her team reach the finals of the conference tournament and an invitation to the Womens NIT . As a junior , Delle Donne led the nation in scoring , finishing the season with an average of 28.1 points per game . Her prowess attracted many fans to the Blue Hens games , with attendance rising 250 percent from the previous year . On February 16 , 2012 , Delle Donne scored 42 points in a win over Hofstra , eclipsing the 2,000 point mark for her career . Delaware were the CAA champions , qualifying for the 2012 NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Tournament . Delle Donne scored 39 out of the Blue Hens first 56 points in their first round victory over UALR . Delaware led at halftime against Kansas in the next game , but despite Delle Donnes 34 points , the Jayhawks still won . During the 2012–13 season , Delle Donne again fought Lyme disease , missing four games due to the illness . Delle Donne returned on December 12 against Maryland and led the team with 19 points and 6 rebounds in a 69–53 loss . This game was the largest crowd ( 5,089 ) to ever to see a womens basketball game at the Bob Carpenter Center , the Blue Hens homecourt . Delle Donne led her team in scoring in 22 regular season games during her senior season , as well as in rebounds in 12 games . She scored more than 30 points on five occasions , leading her team to a 27–3 regular season record entering CAA conference tournament play . After winning the CAA conference tournament , the Blue Hens were the #6 seed in their region of the 2013 NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Tournament . Delle Donne led them to victories over #11 West Virginia and #3 North Carolina . The Blue Hens then lost to #2 Kentucky , despite Delle Donnes 33 points . WNBA career . Chicago Sky ( 2013–2017 ) . Following her collegiate career , Delle Donne was selected second overall in the 2013 WNBA Draft by the Chicago Sky , a team that went 14–20 in the 2012 season . She was one of twelve players to be invited to the event . Delle Donne scored 22 points in her debut against fellow rookie Brittney Griner and the Phoenix Mercury . The Sky went on to win the game , 102–80 . She led all players in votes for the 2013 WNBA All-Star Game , the first time a rookie has done so in league history . She missed the game , however , due to a concussion . After the All-Star break , Delle Donne returned to action , and continued to play at a high level . The Sky qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history , earning the top seed in the Eastern Conference . Delle Donne was rewarded with the 2013 Rookie of the Year award . The 2014 regular season had Delle Donne playing only 16 games due to a flare-up of Lyme disease , averaging less than 19 minutes in the final seven games . Eventually she rose up during the playoffs , helping the Sky defeat the Atlanta Dream in the first round , scoring 34 points and a game winning shot with 8.2 seconds left as the Sky erased a 17-point deficit with 8:12 remaining in the deciding game . However , Delle Donne was elbowed while going for a rebound in the Atlanta series , suffering a back injury that reduced her play time in the following round against the Indiana Fever . The Sky still got to the WNBA finals , where they lost to the Phoenix Mercury . Delle Donne played only 10 minutes in the first game , before taking medication to play 68 minutes and score 45 points over the final two games . On September 16 , 2015 , Delle Donne was named the WNBA MVP for the 2015 season . She scored a league-high 23.4 points per game , shot a career-high 95% from the free throw line and was ranked third in rebounding . She received 38 of 39 first place votes . During the regular season , Delle Donne scored a career-high 45 points in an overtime win against the Atlanta Dream , while making a WNBA record , 19 consecutive free throws . Delle Donne has played in two NBA All-Star Celebrity Games , in 2014 and 2016 . In the 2016 season , Delle Donne averaged 21.5 ppg helping the Sky to another playoff berth as they finished 18–16 . With the WNBAs new playoff format in effect , the Sky were the #4 seed in the league with a bye to the second round . Unfortunately , Delle Donne had suffered an injury on her right thumb in a loss to the Washington Mystics . Delle Donne had season-ending surgery that also kept her out for the playoffs . Delle Donne played 28 games in the season before the injury . Without Delle Donne , the Sky still had a decent playoff run , advancing to the semifinals ( the last round before the WNBA finals ) where they lost 3–1 to the eventual champion Los Angeles Sparks . Washington Mystics ( 2017–present ) . With Delle Donne approaching restricted free agent status and her rookie contract expiring in the 2017 offseason , she was traded to the Washington Mystics in exchange for Stefanie Dolson , Kahleah Copper and the second overall pick in the 2017 WNBA draft just a couple days before the start of free agency . On May 14 , 2017 , Delle Donne made her debut for the Mystics , scoring a team-high 26 points in an 89–74 win over the San Antonio Stars . On May 19 , 2017 , Delle Donne scored a season-high 27 points in a 99–89 loss to the Los Angeles Sparks . During Emma Meessemans absence , Delle Donne played outside her natural position as the starting power forward for the Mystics . On July 14 , 2017 , Delle Donne suffered a sprained right ankle in a game against Indiana Fever , which caused her to miss the 2017 WNBA All-Star Game . On July 25 , 2017 , Delle Donne scored a new season-high of 29 points along with 10 rebounds in an 85–76 win against the San Antonio Stars after returning from her ankle injury . On August 1 , 2017 , Delle Donne suffered a left thumb injury while playing against the Atlanta Dream and was ruled out for two weeks . On August 25 , 2017 , she returned and scored 15 points in a 74–66 loss to the New York Liberty . On September 1 , 2017 , Delle Donne scored a new season-high of 37 points along with a career-high 6 three-pointers in a 110–106 overtime win against the Seattle Storm as the Mystics secured a playoff berth as the #6 seed in the league with an 18–16 record . In the first round elimination game , the Mystics defeated the Dallas Wings 86–76 , Delle Donne scored 25 points and grabbed 11 rebounds . They advanced to the second round elimination game , where they defeated the #3-seeded New York Liberty , 82–68 , advancing to the semi-finals , making it the first time in franchise history where the Mystics have advanced past the second round . Delle Donne scored 18 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in the win . In the semi-finals , the Mystics were defeated by the Minnesota Lynx in a 3-game sweep . In the 2018 season , with Meesseman sitting out the season to play for Team Belgium in the FIBA World Tournament , Delle Donne played at the power forward position in the starting lineup . On June 13 , 2018 , Delle Donne scored a season-high 36 points in a 95–91 victory over the Connecticut Sun . After scoring 23 points in a 77–80 loss to the Atlanta Dream , Delle Donne became the fastest player in WNBA history to score 3,000 points , completing the feat in 148 games . The previous record was held by Diana Taurasi and Seimone Augustus , who both completed the feat in 151 games . Delle Donne was voted into the 2018 WNBA All-Star Game , receiving her fifth all-star appearance . By the end of regular season , Delle Donne averaged 20.7 ppg . The Mystics were the number three seed with a 22–12 record , receiving a bye to the second round elimination game . The Mystics defeated the Los Angeles Sparks , 96–64 , advancing to the semi-finals for the second year in a row . Delle Donne scored 19 points in the victory . In the semi-finals , the Mystics faced the number 2 seed Atlanta Dream , Delle Donne scored 32 points in Game one , lifting the Mystics to an 87–84 victory . The Mystics ended up winning the series in a hard-fought five-game series , advancing to the WNBA Finals for the first time in franchise history . However , the Mystics were swept by the Storm in the Finals . During the 2019 season , Delle Donne was voted into the WNBA all-star game , making it her 6th all-star appearance and was also named Team Captain after receiving the top two votes among all-stars in the league for the new all-star game voting format . On July 30 , 2019 , Delle Donne scored a season-high 33 points in a 99–93 victory over the Phoenix Mercury . By the end of the season and with the help of Meessemans return , the Mystics finished as the number 1 seed in the league with a 26–8 record , receiving a double-bye to the semi-finals . During the playoffs it was announced that Delle Donne had won the MVP award , making it her second career MVP award . She also made the All-WNBA First Team and finished the regular season with a new career-high in field goal percentage . In the semi-finals , the Mystics defeated the Las Vegas Aces 3–1 to advance to the WNBA Finals for the second year in a row , also making it Delle Donnes third finals appearance . During the finals , Delle Donne battled through injury , with a 1–0 Mystics series lead , she left Game 2 with back spasms in which the Mystics lost , tying the series 1–1 . However , she continued to play through injury for the rest of the series and help the Mystics win the WNBA championship after defeating the Connecticut Sun in five games , earning Delle Donne her first WNBA championship . Delle Donne also became the first woman to join the prestigious 50–40–90 club ( 50% field goals , 40% 3-point shooting and 90% free throws over a single season ) , marking great all-around shooters . Only eight men had previously achieved the feat in an NBA season : Larry Bird ( twice consecutively ) , Steve Nash ( four times in five seasons ) , Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Reggie Miller , Dirk Nowitzki , Mark Price and Malcolm Brogdon . In 2020 , Delle Donne opted to sit out the entire season due to health concerns and preexisting risk factors with the COVID-19 pandemic , she had been denied medical opt out by the league despite recommendation by her physician to not play in the bubble to avoid any risk of exposure to the virus , but the Mystics organization were able to resolve the issue and still decided to pay Delle Donne her full salary for the season while being absent . Without Delle Donne and less of her supporting cast , the Mystics struggled to defend their title as they barely made the playoffs as the number 8 seed with a 9–13 record in the shortened 22-game season , they lost 85–84 to the Phoenix Mercury in the first round elimination game . Overseas career . Unlike the vast majority of WNBA players , Delle Donne has not played much professionally overseas , choosing instead to spend the traditional basketball season in the United States to help care for her sister , Lizzie . Her first experience in an overseas league did not come until 2017 , when she signed a short-term deal to play for the Chinese team Shanxi in that leagues playoffs . Her China sojourn ended prematurely when a flare-up of Lyme disease forced her to return to the US . National team career . During her college days , Delle Donne was selected to the 2011 USA Basketball Team for the World University Games played August 12–23 in Shenzhen , China . Delle Donne led the team to a gold medal with a perfect 6–0 record and averaged 15.7 points , 8.5 rebounds and 3.0 assists . In the Championship game won by the USA 101–66 over Taiwan , Delle Donne scored 18 points on 8–14 shooting and led the team with 11 rebounds and 8 assists . While Delle Donne was considered for the U.S . team at the 2014 World Championship , she was cut due to the back injury suffered in the WNBA Playoffs . On April 27 , 2016 , Delle Donne was named to the 2016 United States team that competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . During the U.S . teams eighth gold medal campaign , she was a role player , starting off the bench in seven games and sitting out the game against China due to an eye injury received during practice . The U.S . team won the gold medal as they defeated Spain 101–72 . Delle Donne is the sixth gold medalist hailing from Delaware . Personal life . Delle Donne was born in Wilmington , Delaware . Her parents are Ernie , a real estate developer , and Joanie . Her older brother , Gene , played college football as a tight end , first at Duke , then at Middle Tennessee . After he graduated from Middle Tennessee in 2009 , he returned to Delaware to work for their fathers company . Her older sister , Elizabeth ( Lizzie ) , is blind , deaf , autistic and has cerebral palsy . Delle Donne normally cares for Lizzie during the WNBA offseason . In 2008 , during her senior year in high school , Delle Donne was diagnosed with Lyme disease after being bitten by an infected tick on the property of her familys home in Delaware . Delle Donne has stated that she takes around 50 supplements a day and maintains healthy eating to combat the disease . As a result of her condition , she opted not to play in the 2020 WNBA season to limit her exposure to the coronavirus . In February 2014 , Delle Donne was named a Special Olympics Global Ambassador . She also played in the third annual NBA Cares Special Olympics Unified Basketball Game during All-Star weekend , alongside Special Olympics athletes , NBA legends and current WNBA and NBA players . Delle Donne plans to create The Elena Delle Donne Charitable Foundation , which will combine initiatives for both the Special Olympics and Lyme disease awareness . Delle Donne announced her engagement to her longtime girlfriend Amanda Clifton in an August 2016 issue of Vogue . On November 3 , 2017 , Delle Donne and Clifton married . Endorsement deals . Since being drafted in the WNBA , Delle Donne has signed multiple endorsement deals with different companies . In 2013 , Delle Donne signed endorsement deals with Nike and DuPont , a science company which is based in her hometown Wilmington , Delaware . In 2015 , Delle Donne signed a representation agreement with Octagon . She is also one of three WNBA players to have career mode icons in NBA Live 19 alongside Candace Parker and Brittney Griner . Awards and honors . Basketball . - 2004 – USA Today Freshman All-America , Nike All-America Camp , Street & Smith Preseason All-America Honorable Mention , All-State First Team - 2005 – Scut/FCP SUPER SIX , Parade All-America Fourth Team , EA Sports All-America , Gatorade Delaware Player of the Year , DSBA Delaware Player of the Year , Street & Smith All-American Third Team , All-State First Team 2005 - 2006 – Slam Magazine All-American First Team , Womens Basketball Magazine All-American First Team , Parade All-American First Team , Sports Illustrated All-American Second Team , EA Sports All-American , USA Today All-American Third Team , Gatorade State Player of the Year , All-State First Team 2006 - 2007 – Parade All-American Third Team , Gatorade State Player of the Year , First-ever cover subject of GIRL magazine - 2008 – McDonalds All-American Team , USA Today National Player of the Year and First Team All-America , Naismith Prep Player of the Year , Gatorade National Player of the Year , EA Sports Player of the Year , Delaware Athlete of the Year - 2010 – AP All-American Honorable Mention , CAA Player of the Year , CAA All-Defensive Team , CAA All-Rookie Team , CAA All-Tournament Team , Delaware Athlete of the Year - 2011 – AP and WBCA All-American Third Team , All-CAA First Team , CAA All-Tournament Team - 2012 – AP , WBCA , Wooden , and USBWA All-American First Team , CAA Player of the Year , CAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player , Delaware Athlete of the Year - 2013 – AP , WBCA , Wooden , and USBWA All-American First Team , CAA Player of the Year , CAA All-Defensive Team , CAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player , UD Outstanding Female Senior Athlete , WNBA Rookie of the Year , All-WNBA Second Team - 2013 – Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball - 2015 – WNBA Most Valuable Player , All-WNBA First Team , scoring champion - 2016 – Nominee for ESPYS Best Female Athlete award Student-athlete awards . - 2010 – CAA All-Academic First Team - 2011 – CAA All-Academic First Team - 2012 – Academic All-America Team , CAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year , CAA All-Academic First Team - 2013 – Academic All-America Team , Senior CLASS Award , CAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year , CAA All-Academic First Team - 2014 – NCAA Todays Top 10 Award Other . For their first match of March 2019 , the women of the United States womens national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back ; Emily Fox chose the name of Delle Donne .

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Which team did Elena Delle Donne play for from 2013 to 2016?

/wiki/Elena_Delle_Donne#P54#1

Elena Delle Donne Elena Delle Donne ( born September 5 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Mystics of the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . Delle Donne played college basketball for the Delaware Blue Hens from 2009 to 2013 . She was drafted by the Chicago Sky with the second overall pick of the 2013 WNBA draft , and led the Sky to the 2014 WNBA Finals , where they were defeated by the Phoenix Mercury . Delle Donne was traded to the Washington Mystics in 2017 and led them to their first WNBA championship in 2019 . Delle Donne has won two WNBA Most Valuable Player Awards ( 2015 , 2019 ) , been selected to six All-Star teams , and was the first WNBA player to join the 50-40-90 club . Early life . Delle Donne inherited her 65 ( 1.96 m ) height from both her parents—her father , who played college golf , is 66 ( 1.98 m ) , and her mother is 62 ( 1.88 m ) . Her childhood was marked by a struggle to come to terms with her unusual height . According to a 2016 ESPN story , her first memory was going on a shopping trip when she was three years old and hearing other shoppers tell her mother that an 8-year-old should not be using a pacifier . In third grade , her class was assigned to measure themselves using lengths of paper ; she was humiliated when her paper extended well beyond those of her classmates . Within two years of that incident , a doctor wanted to start her on injections to stunt her growth ; her mother refused . By the time she was in eighth grade , she was already 60 ( 1.83 m ) . Additionally , according to the same ESPN piece , Delle Donne had to come to terms with having a body that could do a great many things that the body of her older sister , Lizzie , couldnt . Lizzie was born deaf and blind , is unable to speak , and also has cerebral palsy and autism . In another 2016 ESPN story , Delle Donne credits her mother with helping her accept her height : Shes 6–2 and my dad is 6–6 , so she understood . She was like , Im telling you , one day you are going to realize how beautiful your height is . She would always tell me how unique I am and say , Why try to be like the rest of the pack ? Be your own person . High school career . Delle Donne gained national recognition as a high school basketball star at Ursuline Academy in Wilmington , Delaware . She led Ursuline to three straight Delaware State Championship titles and was ranked as the number-one overall high school recruit by Scout.com as well as a McDonalds All-American . She was the first and only student at Ursuline so far to score 2,000+ points during her high school career and also set the girls high school national record for consecutive free throws made ( 80 ) in 2005–2006 . Delle Donne was also named a WBCA All-American . She participated in the 2007 WBCA High School All-America Game , where she scored 17 points , and earned MVP honors for the Red team . She also participated in volleyball . Delle Donne won the volleyball DIAA state championship with Ursuline in 2007 . She posted a season high 20 kills against Padua during a game involving the number one and two teams in the state . College career . Following an outstanding prep career during which she became the most highly touted womens basketball recruit since Candace Parker , Delle Donne received a basketball scholarship from the University of Connecticut . However , in early June 2008 , Delle Donne abruptly dropped out of Connecticuts summer school program after just two days in Storrs . Delle Donne was very close to her family , especially her older sister , Lizzie , who has cerebral palsy and is blind and deaf . She was not ready to be separated from her family . Gene , Elenas brother and the middle child of the Delle Donne family , stated in a 2012 ESPN story on his younger sister : Her relationship with Lizzie is huge . Its so close . Its a big reason why she is such a homebody who came home from UConn , because she craves to be around Lizzie and to experience Lizzie grabbing her and sniffing her and just spend quality time with her . A week after leaving Connecticut , Delle Donne said by telephone from her home in Wilmington that she has a lot of personal issues to fix . Only my family understands whats going on . Right now I am going to take a long personal break . She took a similar break prior to the 2007–08 season in high school . On August 16 , 2008 , Delle Donne announced she would not accept the scholarship due to burnout , and instead decided to enroll at the University of Delaware and join their volleyball team as a walk-on . She played middle hitter at UD for the 2008–09 season . The 2008 Delaware Blue Hens finished their season with a record of 19–16 . They were 9–5 in their conference ( Colonial Athletic Association ) and won the conference tournament . They earned a spot in the NCAA Tournament , but lost to Oregon in the first round . Delle Donne did not continue on the volleyball team in 2009 , but joined the basketball team . On June 2 , 2009 , Delle Donne announced that she would play basketball for the Blue Hens in the 2009–10 season as a redshirt freshman . In 2012 , ESPN writer Graham Hays said about her return to the sport it cannot be complete coincidence that it came the year Gene returned to Delaware and went to work for his dads company . In a 2016 interview with ESPN , Delle Donne also recalled a trip she took during the summer of 2009 to the school that Lizzie was attending . While there , she met another woman at the school , a basketball fan who used a wheelchair due to cerebral palsy , who told her , Elena , do everything you can with your abilities , just like we do . Delle Donne had a very productive freshman season . She averaged 26.7 points per game , the third-highest of all Division I womens basketball players . She scored 54 points in a loss against James Madison on February 18 , 2010 , which was the highest single-game point total by any Division I female basketball player that season . She was named the CAA Rookie of the Week six times , and the player of the week once during 2009–10 . She was voted the CAAs Player of the Year and Rookie of the Year in womens basketball by CAA coaches , sports information directors and media . This was the first time a player had won both awards in one year since Old Dominions Lucienne Berthieu did so in 1999 . No mens player has ever won both awards in the same season . In her sophomore season , the team started off well , but then Delle Donne began to develop flu-like symptoms . In a game against Penn State , she asked to be taken out of the game , something she had never done before . After many tests , the doctors finally diagnosed her with Lyme disease . She struggled the rest of the season , but she helped her team reach the finals of the conference tournament and an invitation to the Womens NIT . As a junior , Delle Donne led the nation in scoring , finishing the season with an average of 28.1 points per game . Her prowess attracted many fans to the Blue Hens games , with attendance rising 250 percent from the previous year . On February 16 , 2012 , Delle Donne scored 42 points in a win over Hofstra , eclipsing the 2,000 point mark for her career . Delaware were the CAA champions , qualifying for the 2012 NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Tournament . Delle Donne scored 39 out of the Blue Hens first 56 points in their first round victory over UALR . Delaware led at halftime against Kansas in the next game , but despite Delle Donnes 34 points , the Jayhawks still won . During the 2012–13 season , Delle Donne again fought Lyme disease , missing four games due to the illness . Delle Donne returned on December 12 against Maryland and led the team with 19 points and 6 rebounds in a 69–53 loss . This game was the largest crowd ( 5,089 ) to ever to see a womens basketball game at the Bob Carpenter Center , the Blue Hens homecourt . Delle Donne led her team in scoring in 22 regular season games during her senior season , as well as in rebounds in 12 games . She scored more than 30 points on five occasions , leading her team to a 27–3 regular season record entering CAA conference tournament play . After winning the CAA conference tournament , the Blue Hens were the #6 seed in their region of the 2013 NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Tournament . Delle Donne led them to victories over #11 West Virginia and #3 North Carolina . The Blue Hens then lost to #2 Kentucky , despite Delle Donnes 33 points . WNBA career . Chicago Sky ( 2013–2017 ) . Following her collegiate career , Delle Donne was selected second overall in the 2013 WNBA Draft by the Chicago Sky , a team that went 14–20 in the 2012 season . She was one of twelve players to be invited to the event . Delle Donne scored 22 points in her debut against fellow rookie Brittney Griner and the Phoenix Mercury . The Sky went on to win the game , 102–80 . She led all players in votes for the 2013 WNBA All-Star Game , the first time a rookie has done so in league history . She missed the game , however , due to a concussion . After the All-Star break , Delle Donne returned to action , and continued to play at a high level . The Sky qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history , earning the top seed in the Eastern Conference . Delle Donne was rewarded with the 2013 Rookie of the Year award . The 2014 regular season had Delle Donne playing only 16 games due to a flare-up of Lyme disease , averaging less than 19 minutes in the final seven games . Eventually she rose up during the playoffs , helping the Sky defeat the Atlanta Dream in the first round , scoring 34 points and a game winning shot with 8.2 seconds left as the Sky erased a 17-point deficit with 8:12 remaining in the deciding game . However , Delle Donne was elbowed while going for a rebound in the Atlanta series , suffering a back injury that reduced her play time in the following round against the Indiana Fever . The Sky still got to the WNBA finals , where they lost to the Phoenix Mercury . Delle Donne played only 10 minutes in the first game , before taking medication to play 68 minutes and score 45 points over the final two games . On September 16 , 2015 , Delle Donne was named the WNBA MVP for the 2015 season . She scored a league-high 23.4 points per game , shot a career-high 95% from the free throw line and was ranked third in rebounding . She received 38 of 39 first place votes . During the regular season , Delle Donne scored a career-high 45 points in an overtime win against the Atlanta Dream , while making a WNBA record , 19 consecutive free throws . Delle Donne has played in two NBA All-Star Celebrity Games , in 2014 and 2016 . In the 2016 season , Delle Donne averaged 21.5 ppg helping the Sky to another playoff berth as they finished 18–16 . With the WNBAs new playoff format in effect , the Sky were the #4 seed in the league with a bye to the second round . Unfortunately , Delle Donne had suffered an injury on her right thumb in a loss to the Washington Mystics . Delle Donne had season-ending surgery that also kept her out for the playoffs . Delle Donne played 28 games in the season before the injury . Without Delle Donne , the Sky still had a decent playoff run , advancing to the semifinals ( the last round before the WNBA finals ) where they lost 3–1 to the eventual champion Los Angeles Sparks . Washington Mystics ( 2017–present ) . With Delle Donne approaching restricted free agent status and her rookie contract expiring in the 2017 offseason , she was traded to the Washington Mystics in exchange for Stefanie Dolson , Kahleah Copper and the second overall pick in the 2017 WNBA draft just a couple days before the start of free agency . On May 14 , 2017 , Delle Donne made her debut for the Mystics , scoring a team-high 26 points in an 89–74 win over the San Antonio Stars . On May 19 , 2017 , Delle Donne scored a season-high 27 points in a 99–89 loss to the Los Angeles Sparks . During Emma Meessemans absence , Delle Donne played outside her natural position as the starting power forward for the Mystics . On July 14 , 2017 , Delle Donne suffered a sprained right ankle in a game against Indiana Fever , which caused her to miss the 2017 WNBA All-Star Game . On July 25 , 2017 , Delle Donne scored a new season-high of 29 points along with 10 rebounds in an 85–76 win against the San Antonio Stars after returning from her ankle injury . On August 1 , 2017 , Delle Donne suffered a left thumb injury while playing against the Atlanta Dream and was ruled out for two weeks . On August 25 , 2017 , she returned and scored 15 points in a 74–66 loss to the New York Liberty . On September 1 , 2017 , Delle Donne scored a new season-high of 37 points along with a career-high 6 three-pointers in a 110–106 overtime win against the Seattle Storm as the Mystics secured a playoff berth as the #6 seed in the league with an 18–16 record . In the first round elimination game , the Mystics defeated the Dallas Wings 86–76 , Delle Donne scored 25 points and grabbed 11 rebounds . They advanced to the second round elimination game , where they defeated the #3-seeded New York Liberty , 82–68 , advancing to the semi-finals , making it the first time in franchise history where the Mystics have advanced past the second round . Delle Donne scored 18 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in the win . In the semi-finals , the Mystics were defeated by the Minnesota Lynx in a 3-game sweep . In the 2018 season , with Meesseman sitting out the season to play for Team Belgium in the FIBA World Tournament , Delle Donne played at the power forward position in the starting lineup . On June 13 , 2018 , Delle Donne scored a season-high 36 points in a 95–91 victory over the Connecticut Sun . After scoring 23 points in a 77–80 loss to the Atlanta Dream , Delle Donne became the fastest player in WNBA history to score 3,000 points , completing the feat in 148 games . The previous record was held by Diana Taurasi and Seimone Augustus , who both completed the feat in 151 games . Delle Donne was voted into the 2018 WNBA All-Star Game , receiving her fifth all-star appearance . By the end of regular season , Delle Donne averaged 20.7 ppg . The Mystics were the number three seed with a 22–12 record , receiving a bye to the second round elimination game . The Mystics defeated the Los Angeles Sparks , 96–64 , advancing to the semi-finals for the second year in a row . Delle Donne scored 19 points in the victory . In the semi-finals , the Mystics faced the number 2 seed Atlanta Dream , Delle Donne scored 32 points in Game one , lifting the Mystics to an 87–84 victory . The Mystics ended up winning the series in a hard-fought five-game series , advancing to the WNBA Finals for the first time in franchise history . However , the Mystics were swept by the Storm in the Finals . During the 2019 season , Delle Donne was voted into the WNBA all-star game , making it her 6th all-star appearance and was also named Team Captain after receiving the top two votes among all-stars in the league for the new all-star game voting format . On July 30 , 2019 , Delle Donne scored a season-high 33 points in a 99–93 victory over the Phoenix Mercury . By the end of the season and with the help of Meessemans return , the Mystics finished as the number 1 seed in the league with a 26–8 record , receiving a double-bye to the semi-finals . During the playoffs it was announced that Delle Donne had won the MVP award , making it her second career MVP award . She also made the All-WNBA First Team and finished the regular season with a new career-high in field goal percentage . In the semi-finals , the Mystics defeated the Las Vegas Aces 3–1 to advance to the WNBA Finals for the second year in a row , also making it Delle Donnes third finals appearance . During the finals , Delle Donne battled through injury , with a 1–0 Mystics series lead , she left Game 2 with back spasms in which the Mystics lost , tying the series 1–1 . However , she continued to play through injury for the rest of the series and help the Mystics win the WNBA championship after defeating the Connecticut Sun in five games , earning Delle Donne her first WNBA championship . Delle Donne also became the first woman to join the prestigious 50–40–90 club ( 50% field goals , 40% 3-point shooting and 90% free throws over a single season ) , marking great all-around shooters . Only eight men had previously achieved the feat in an NBA season : Larry Bird ( twice consecutively ) , Steve Nash ( four times in five seasons ) , Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Reggie Miller , Dirk Nowitzki , Mark Price and Malcolm Brogdon . In 2020 , Delle Donne opted to sit out the entire season due to health concerns and preexisting risk factors with the COVID-19 pandemic , she had been denied medical opt out by the league despite recommendation by her physician to not play in the bubble to avoid any risk of exposure to the virus , but the Mystics organization were able to resolve the issue and still decided to pay Delle Donne her full salary for the season while being absent . Without Delle Donne and less of her supporting cast , the Mystics struggled to defend their title as they barely made the playoffs as the number 8 seed with a 9–13 record in the shortened 22-game season , they lost 85–84 to the Phoenix Mercury in the first round elimination game . Overseas career . Unlike the vast majority of WNBA players , Delle Donne has not played much professionally overseas , choosing instead to spend the traditional basketball season in the United States to help care for her sister , Lizzie . Her first experience in an overseas league did not come until 2017 , when she signed a short-term deal to play for the Chinese team Shanxi in that leagues playoffs . Her China sojourn ended prematurely when a flare-up of Lyme disease forced her to return to the US . National team career . During her college days , Delle Donne was selected to the 2011 USA Basketball Team for the World University Games played August 12–23 in Shenzhen , China . Delle Donne led the team to a gold medal with a perfect 6–0 record and averaged 15.7 points , 8.5 rebounds and 3.0 assists . In the Championship game won by the USA 101–66 over Taiwan , Delle Donne scored 18 points on 8–14 shooting and led the team with 11 rebounds and 8 assists . While Delle Donne was considered for the U.S . team at the 2014 World Championship , she was cut due to the back injury suffered in the WNBA Playoffs . On April 27 , 2016 , Delle Donne was named to the 2016 United States team that competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . During the U.S . teams eighth gold medal campaign , she was a role player , starting off the bench in seven games and sitting out the game against China due to an eye injury received during practice . The U.S . team won the gold medal as they defeated Spain 101–72 . Delle Donne is the sixth gold medalist hailing from Delaware . Personal life . Delle Donne was born in Wilmington , Delaware . Her parents are Ernie , a real estate developer , and Joanie . Her older brother , Gene , played college football as a tight end , first at Duke , then at Middle Tennessee . After he graduated from Middle Tennessee in 2009 , he returned to Delaware to work for their fathers company . Her older sister , Elizabeth ( Lizzie ) , is blind , deaf , autistic and has cerebral palsy . Delle Donne normally cares for Lizzie during the WNBA offseason . In 2008 , during her senior year in high school , Delle Donne was diagnosed with Lyme disease after being bitten by an infected tick on the property of her familys home in Delaware . Delle Donne has stated that she takes around 50 supplements a day and maintains healthy eating to combat the disease . As a result of her condition , she opted not to play in the 2020 WNBA season to limit her exposure to the coronavirus . In February 2014 , Delle Donne was named a Special Olympics Global Ambassador . She also played in the third annual NBA Cares Special Olympics Unified Basketball Game during All-Star weekend , alongside Special Olympics athletes , NBA legends and current WNBA and NBA players . Delle Donne plans to create The Elena Delle Donne Charitable Foundation , which will combine initiatives for both the Special Olympics and Lyme disease awareness . Delle Donne announced her engagement to her longtime girlfriend Amanda Clifton in an August 2016 issue of Vogue . On November 3 , 2017 , Delle Donne and Clifton married . Endorsement deals . Since being drafted in the WNBA , Delle Donne has signed multiple endorsement deals with different companies . In 2013 , Delle Donne signed endorsement deals with Nike and DuPont , a science company which is based in her hometown Wilmington , Delaware . In 2015 , Delle Donne signed a representation agreement with Octagon . She is also one of three WNBA players to have career mode icons in NBA Live 19 alongside Candace Parker and Brittney Griner . Awards and honors . Basketball . - 2004 – USA Today Freshman All-America , Nike All-America Camp , Street & Smith Preseason All-America Honorable Mention , All-State First Team - 2005 – Scut/FCP SUPER SIX , Parade All-America Fourth Team , EA Sports All-America , Gatorade Delaware Player of the Year , DSBA Delaware Player of the Year , Street & Smith All-American Third Team , All-State First Team 2005 - 2006 – Slam Magazine All-American First Team , Womens Basketball Magazine All-American First Team , Parade All-American First Team , Sports Illustrated All-American Second Team , EA Sports All-American , USA Today All-American Third Team , Gatorade State Player of the Year , All-State First Team 2006 - 2007 – Parade All-American Third Team , Gatorade State Player of the Year , First-ever cover subject of GIRL magazine - 2008 – McDonalds All-American Team , USA Today National Player of the Year and First Team All-America , Naismith Prep Player of the Year , Gatorade National Player of the Year , EA Sports Player of the Year , Delaware Athlete of the Year - 2010 – AP All-American Honorable Mention , CAA Player of the Year , CAA All-Defensive Team , CAA All-Rookie Team , CAA All-Tournament Team , Delaware Athlete of the Year - 2011 – AP and WBCA All-American Third Team , All-CAA First Team , CAA All-Tournament Team - 2012 – AP , WBCA , Wooden , and USBWA All-American First Team , CAA Player of the Year , CAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player , Delaware Athlete of the Year - 2013 – AP , WBCA , Wooden , and USBWA All-American First Team , CAA Player of the Year , CAA All-Defensive Team , CAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player , UD Outstanding Female Senior Athlete , WNBA Rookie of the Year , All-WNBA Second Team - 2013 – Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball - 2015 – WNBA Most Valuable Player , All-WNBA First Team , scoring champion - 2016 – Nominee for ESPYS Best Female Athlete award Student-athlete awards . - 2010 – CAA All-Academic First Team - 2011 – CAA All-Academic First Team - 2012 – Academic All-America Team , CAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year , CAA All-Academic First Team - 2013 – Academic All-America Team , Senior CLASS Award , CAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year , CAA All-Academic First Team - 2014 – NCAA Todays Top 10 Award Other . For their first match of March 2019 , the women of the United States womens national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back ; Emily Fox chose the name of Delle Donne .

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Which team did the player Elena Delle Donne belong to from 2017 to 2018?

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Elena Delle Donne Elena Delle Donne ( born September 5 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Washington Mystics of the Womens National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . Delle Donne played college basketball for the Delaware Blue Hens from 2009 to 2013 . She was drafted by the Chicago Sky with the second overall pick of the 2013 WNBA draft , and led the Sky to the 2014 WNBA Finals , where they were defeated by the Phoenix Mercury . Delle Donne was traded to the Washington Mystics in 2017 and led them to their first WNBA championship in 2019 . Delle Donne has won two WNBA Most Valuable Player Awards ( 2015 , 2019 ) , been selected to six All-Star teams , and was the first WNBA player to join the 50-40-90 club . Early life . Delle Donne inherited her 65 ( 1.96 m ) height from both her parents—her father , who played college golf , is 66 ( 1.98 m ) , and her mother is 62 ( 1.88 m ) . Her childhood was marked by a struggle to come to terms with her unusual height . According to a 2016 ESPN story , her first memory was going on a shopping trip when she was three years old and hearing other shoppers tell her mother that an 8-year-old should not be using a pacifier . In third grade , her class was assigned to measure themselves using lengths of paper ; she was humiliated when her paper extended well beyond those of her classmates . Within two years of that incident , a doctor wanted to start her on injections to stunt her growth ; her mother refused . By the time she was in eighth grade , she was already 60 ( 1.83 m ) . Additionally , according to the same ESPN piece , Delle Donne had to come to terms with having a body that could do a great many things that the body of her older sister , Lizzie , couldnt . Lizzie was born deaf and blind , is unable to speak , and also has cerebral palsy and autism . In another 2016 ESPN story , Delle Donne credits her mother with helping her accept her height : Shes 6–2 and my dad is 6–6 , so she understood . She was like , Im telling you , one day you are going to realize how beautiful your height is . She would always tell me how unique I am and say , Why try to be like the rest of the pack ? Be your own person . High school career . Delle Donne gained national recognition as a high school basketball star at Ursuline Academy in Wilmington , Delaware . She led Ursuline to three straight Delaware State Championship titles and was ranked as the number-one overall high school recruit by Scout.com as well as a McDonalds All-American . She was the first and only student at Ursuline so far to score 2,000+ points during her high school career and also set the girls high school national record for consecutive free throws made ( 80 ) in 2005–2006 . Delle Donne was also named a WBCA All-American . She participated in the 2007 WBCA High School All-America Game , where she scored 17 points , and earned MVP honors for the Red team . She also participated in volleyball . Delle Donne won the volleyball DIAA state championship with Ursuline in 2007 . She posted a season high 20 kills against Padua during a game involving the number one and two teams in the state . College career . Following an outstanding prep career during which she became the most highly touted womens basketball recruit since Candace Parker , Delle Donne received a basketball scholarship from the University of Connecticut . However , in early June 2008 , Delle Donne abruptly dropped out of Connecticuts summer school program after just two days in Storrs . Delle Donne was very close to her family , especially her older sister , Lizzie , who has cerebral palsy and is blind and deaf . She was not ready to be separated from her family . Gene , Elenas brother and the middle child of the Delle Donne family , stated in a 2012 ESPN story on his younger sister : Her relationship with Lizzie is huge . Its so close . Its a big reason why she is such a homebody who came home from UConn , because she craves to be around Lizzie and to experience Lizzie grabbing her and sniffing her and just spend quality time with her . A week after leaving Connecticut , Delle Donne said by telephone from her home in Wilmington that she has a lot of personal issues to fix . Only my family understands whats going on . Right now I am going to take a long personal break . She took a similar break prior to the 2007–08 season in high school . On August 16 , 2008 , Delle Donne announced she would not accept the scholarship due to burnout , and instead decided to enroll at the University of Delaware and join their volleyball team as a walk-on . She played middle hitter at UD for the 2008–09 season . The 2008 Delaware Blue Hens finished their season with a record of 19–16 . They were 9–5 in their conference ( Colonial Athletic Association ) and won the conference tournament . They earned a spot in the NCAA Tournament , but lost to Oregon in the first round . Delle Donne did not continue on the volleyball team in 2009 , but joined the basketball team . On June 2 , 2009 , Delle Donne announced that she would play basketball for the Blue Hens in the 2009–10 season as a redshirt freshman . In 2012 , ESPN writer Graham Hays said about her return to the sport it cannot be complete coincidence that it came the year Gene returned to Delaware and went to work for his dads company . In a 2016 interview with ESPN , Delle Donne also recalled a trip she took during the summer of 2009 to the school that Lizzie was attending . While there , she met another woman at the school , a basketball fan who used a wheelchair due to cerebral palsy , who told her , Elena , do everything you can with your abilities , just like we do . Delle Donne had a very productive freshman season . She averaged 26.7 points per game , the third-highest of all Division I womens basketball players . She scored 54 points in a loss against James Madison on February 18 , 2010 , which was the highest single-game point total by any Division I female basketball player that season . She was named the CAA Rookie of the Week six times , and the player of the week once during 2009–10 . She was voted the CAAs Player of the Year and Rookie of the Year in womens basketball by CAA coaches , sports information directors and media . This was the first time a player had won both awards in one year since Old Dominions Lucienne Berthieu did so in 1999 . No mens player has ever won both awards in the same season . In her sophomore season , the team started off well , but then Delle Donne began to develop flu-like symptoms . In a game against Penn State , she asked to be taken out of the game , something she had never done before . After many tests , the doctors finally diagnosed her with Lyme disease . She struggled the rest of the season , but she helped her team reach the finals of the conference tournament and an invitation to the Womens NIT . As a junior , Delle Donne led the nation in scoring , finishing the season with an average of 28.1 points per game . Her prowess attracted many fans to the Blue Hens games , with attendance rising 250 percent from the previous year . On February 16 , 2012 , Delle Donne scored 42 points in a win over Hofstra , eclipsing the 2,000 point mark for her career . Delaware were the CAA champions , qualifying for the 2012 NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Tournament . Delle Donne scored 39 out of the Blue Hens first 56 points in their first round victory over UALR . Delaware led at halftime against Kansas in the next game , but despite Delle Donnes 34 points , the Jayhawks still won . During the 2012–13 season , Delle Donne again fought Lyme disease , missing four games due to the illness . Delle Donne returned on December 12 against Maryland and led the team with 19 points and 6 rebounds in a 69–53 loss . This game was the largest crowd ( 5,089 ) to ever to see a womens basketball game at the Bob Carpenter Center , the Blue Hens homecourt . Delle Donne led her team in scoring in 22 regular season games during her senior season , as well as in rebounds in 12 games . She scored more than 30 points on five occasions , leading her team to a 27–3 regular season record entering CAA conference tournament play . After winning the CAA conference tournament , the Blue Hens were the #6 seed in their region of the 2013 NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Tournament . Delle Donne led them to victories over #11 West Virginia and #3 North Carolina . The Blue Hens then lost to #2 Kentucky , despite Delle Donnes 33 points . WNBA career . Chicago Sky ( 2013–2017 ) . Following her collegiate career , Delle Donne was selected second overall in the 2013 WNBA Draft by the Chicago Sky , a team that went 14–20 in the 2012 season . She was one of twelve players to be invited to the event . Delle Donne scored 22 points in her debut against fellow rookie Brittney Griner and the Phoenix Mercury . The Sky went on to win the game , 102–80 . She led all players in votes for the 2013 WNBA All-Star Game , the first time a rookie has done so in league history . She missed the game , however , due to a concussion . After the All-Star break , Delle Donne returned to action , and continued to play at a high level . The Sky qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history , earning the top seed in the Eastern Conference . Delle Donne was rewarded with the 2013 Rookie of the Year award . The 2014 regular season had Delle Donne playing only 16 games due to a flare-up of Lyme disease , averaging less than 19 minutes in the final seven games . Eventually she rose up during the playoffs , helping the Sky defeat the Atlanta Dream in the first round , scoring 34 points and a game winning shot with 8.2 seconds left as the Sky erased a 17-point deficit with 8:12 remaining in the deciding game . However , Delle Donne was elbowed while going for a rebound in the Atlanta series , suffering a back injury that reduced her play time in the following round against the Indiana Fever . The Sky still got to the WNBA finals , where they lost to the Phoenix Mercury . Delle Donne played only 10 minutes in the first game , before taking medication to play 68 minutes and score 45 points over the final two games . On September 16 , 2015 , Delle Donne was named the WNBA MVP for the 2015 season . She scored a league-high 23.4 points per game , shot a career-high 95% from the free throw line and was ranked third in rebounding . She received 38 of 39 first place votes . During the regular season , Delle Donne scored a career-high 45 points in an overtime win against the Atlanta Dream , while making a WNBA record , 19 consecutive free throws . Delle Donne has played in two NBA All-Star Celebrity Games , in 2014 and 2016 . In the 2016 season , Delle Donne averaged 21.5 ppg helping the Sky to another playoff berth as they finished 18–16 . With the WNBAs new playoff format in effect , the Sky were the #4 seed in the league with a bye to the second round . Unfortunately , Delle Donne had suffered an injury on her right thumb in a loss to the Washington Mystics . Delle Donne had season-ending surgery that also kept her out for the playoffs . Delle Donne played 28 games in the season before the injury . Without Delle Donne , the Sky still had a decent playoff run , advancing to the semifinals ( the last round before the WNBA finals ) where they lost 3–1 to the eventual champion Los Angeles Sparks . Washington Mystics ( 2017–present ) . With Delle Donne approaching restricted free agent status and her rookie contract expiring in the 2017 offseason , she was traded to the Washington Mystics in exchange for Stefanie Dolson , Kahleah Copper and the second overall pick in the 2017 WNBA draft just a couple days before the start of free agency . On May 14 , 2017 , Delle Donne made her debut for the Mystics , scoring a team-high 26 points in an 89–74 win over the San Antonio Stars . On May 19 , 2017 , Delle Donne scored a season-high 27 points in a 99–89 loss to the Los Angeles Sparks . During Emma Meessemans absence , Delle Donne played outside her natural position as the starting power forward for the Mystics . On July 14 , 2017 , Delle Donne suffered a sprained right ankle in a game against Indiana Fever , which caused her to miss the 2017 WNBA All-Star Game . On July 25 , 2017 , Delle Donne scored a new season-high of 29 points along with 10 rebounds in an 85–76 win against the San Antonio Stars after returning from her ankle injury . On August 1 , 2017 , Delle Donne suffered a left thumb injury while playing against the Atlanta Dream and was ruled out for two weeks . On August 25 , 2017 , she returned and scored 15 points in a 74–66 loss to the New York Liberty . On September 1 , 2017 , Delle Donne scored a new season-high of 37 points along with a career-high 6 three-pointers in a 110–106 overtime win against the Seattle Storm as the Mystics secured a playoff berth as the #6 seed in the league with an 18–16 record . In the first round elimination game , the Mystics defeated the Dallas Wings 86–76 , Delle Donne scored 25 points and grabbed 11 rebounds . They advanced to the second round elimination game , where they defeated the #3-seeded New York Liberty , 82–68 , advancing to the semi-finals , making it the first time in franchise history where the Mystics have advanced past the second round . Delle Donne scored 18 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in the win . In the semi-finals , the Mystics were defeated by the Minnesota Lynx in a 3-game sweep . In the 2018 season , with Meesseman sitting out the season to play for Team Belgium in the FIBA World Tournament , Delle Donne played at the power forward position in the starting lineup . On June 13 , 2018 , Delle Donne scored a season-high 36 points in a 95–91 victory over the Connecticut Sun . After scoring 23 points in a 77–80 loss to the Atlanta Dream , Delle Donne became the fastest player in WNBA history to score 3,000 points , completing the feat in 148 games . The previous record was held by Diana Taurasi and Seimone Augustus , who both completed the feat in 151 games . Delle Donne was voted into the 2018 WNBA All-Star Game , receiving her fifth all-star appearance . By the end of regular season , Delle Donne averaged 20.7 ppg . The Mystics were the number three seed with a 22–12 record , receiving a bye to the second round elimination game . The Mystics defeated the Los Angeles Sparks , 96–64 , advancing to the semi-finals for the second year in a row . Delle Donne scored 19 points in the victory . In the semi-finals , the Mystics faced the number 2 seed Atlanta Dream , Delle Donne scored 32 points in Game one , lifting the Mystics to an 87–84 victory . The Mystics ended up winning the series in a hard-fought five-game series , advancing to the WNBA Finals for the first time in franchise history . However , the Mystics were swept by the Storm in the Finals . During the 2019 season , Delle Donne was voted into the WNBA all-star game , making it her 6th all-star appearance and was also named Team Captain after receiving the top two votes among all-stars in the league for the new all-star game voting format . On July 30 , 2019 , Delle Donne scored a season-high 33 points in a 99–93 victory over the Phoenix Mercury . By the end of the season and with the help of Meessemans return , the Mystics finished as the number 1 seed in the league with a 26–8 record , receiving a double-bye to the semi-finals . During the playoffs it was announced that Delle Donne had won the MVP award , making it her second career MVP award . She also made the All-WNBA First Team and finished the regular season with a new career-high in field goal percentage . In the semi-finals , the Mystics defeated the Las Vegas Aces 3–1 to advance to the WNBA Finals for the second year in a row , also making it Delle Donnes third finals appearance . During the finals , Delle Donne battled through injury , with a 1–0 Mystics series lead , she left Game 2 with back spasms in which the Mystics lost , tying the series 1–1 . However , she continued to play through injury for the rest of the series and help the Mystics win the WNBA championship after defeating the Connecticut Sun in five games , earning Delle Donne her first WNBA championship . Delle Donne also became the first woman to join the prestigious 50–40–90 club ( 50% field goals , 40% 3-point shooting and 90% free throws over a single season ) , marking great all-around shooters . Only eight men had previously achieved the feat in an NBA season : Larry Bird ( twice consecutively ) , Steve Nash ( four times in five seasons ) , Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Reggie Miller , Dirk Nowitzki , Mark Price and Malcolm Brogdon . In 2020 , Delle Donne opted to sit out the entire season due to health concerns and preexisting risk factors with the COVID-19 pandemic , she had been denied medical opt out by the league despite recommendation by her physician to not play in the bubble to avoid any risk of exposure to the virus , but the Mystics organization were able to resolve the issue and still decided to pay Delle Donne her full salary for the season while being absent . Without Delle Donne and less of her supporting cast , the Mystics struggled to defend their title as they barely made the playoffs as the number 8 seed with a 9–13 record in the shortened 22-game season , they lost 85–84 to the Phoenix Mercury in the first round elimination game . Overseas career . Unlike the vast majority of WNBA players , Delle Donne has not played much professionally overseas , choosing instead to spend the traditional basketball season in the United States to help care for her sister , Lizzie . Her first experience in an overseas league did not come until 2017 , when she signed a short-term deal to play for the Chinese team Shanxi in that leagues playoffs . Her China sojourn ended prematurely when a flare-up of Lyme disease forced her to return to the US . National team career . During her college days , Delle Donne was selected to the 2011 USA Basketball Team for the World University Games played August 12–23 in Shenzhen , China . Delle Donne led the team to a gold medal with a perfect 6–0 record and averaged 15.7 points , 8.5 rebounds and 3.0 assists . In the Championship game won by the USA 101–66 over Taiwan , Delle Donne scored 18 points on 8–14 shooting and led the team with 11 rebounds and 8 assists . While Delle Donne was considered for the U.S . team at the 2014 World Championship , she was cut due to the back injury suffered in the WNBA Playoffs . On April 27 , 2016 , Delle Donne was named to the 2016 United States team that competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . During the U.S . teams eighth gold medal campaign , she was a role player , starting off the bench in seven games and sitting out the game against China due to an eye injury received during practice . The U.S . team won the gold medal as they defeated Spain 101–72 . Delle Donne is the sixth gold medalist hailing from Delaware . Personal life . Delle Donne was born in Wilmington , Delaware . Her parents are Ernie , a real estate developer , and Joanie . Her older brother , Gene , played college football as a tight end , first at Duke , then at Middle Tennessee . After he graduated from Middle Tennessee in 2009 , he returned to Delaware to work for their fathers company . Her older sister , Elizabeth ( Lizzie ) , is blind , deaf , autistic and has cerebral palsy . Delle Donne normally cares for Lizzie during the WNBA offseason . In 2008 , during her senior year in high school , Delle Donne was diagnosed with Lyme disease after being bitten by an infected tick on the property of her familys home in Delaware . Delle Donne has stated that she takes around 50 supplements a day and maintains healthy eating to combat the disease . As a result of her condition , she opted not to play in the 2020 WNBA season to limit her exposure to the coronavirus . In February 2014 , Delle Donne was named a Special Olympics Global Ambassador . She also played in the third annual NBA Cares Special Olympics Unified Basketball Game during All-Star weekend , alongside Special Olympics athletes , NBA legends and current WNBA and NBA players . Delle Donne plans to create The Elena Delle Donne Charitable Foundation , which will combine initiatives for both the Special Olympics and Lyme disease awareness . Delle Donne announced her engagement to her longtime girlfriend Amanda Clifton in an August 2016 issue of Vogue . On November 3 , 2017 , Delle Donne and Clifton married . Endorsement deals . Since being drafted in the WNBA , Delle Donne has signed multiple endorsement deals with different companies . In 2013 , Delle Donne signed endorsement deals with Nike and DuPont , a science company which is based in her hometown Wilmington , Delaware . In 2015 , Delle Donne signed a representation agreement with Octagon . She is also one of three WNBA players to have career mode icons in NBA Live 19 alongside Candace Parker and Brittney Griner . Awards and honors . Basketball . - 2004 – USA Today Freshman All-America , Nike All-America Camp , Street & Smith Preseason All-America Honorable Mention , All-State First Team - 2005 – Scut/FCP SUPER SIX , Parade All-America Fourth Team , EA Sports All-America , Gatorade Delaware Player of the Year , DSBA Delaware Player of the Year , Street & Smith All-American Third Team , All-State First Team 2005 - 2006 – Slam Magazine All-American First Team , Womens Basketball Magazine All-American First Team , Parade All-American First Team , Sports Illustrated All-American Second Team , EA Sports All-American , USA Today All-American Third Team , Gatorade State Player of the Year , All-State First Team 2006 - 2007 – Parade All-American Third Team , Gatorade State Player of the Year , First-ever cover subject of GIRL magazine - 2008 – McDonalds All-American Team , USA Today National Player of the Year and First Team All-America , Naismith Prep Player of the Year , Gatorade National Player of the Year , EA Sports Player of the Year , Delaware Athlete of the Year - 2010 – AP All-American Honorable Mention , CAA Player of the Year , CAA All-Defensive Team , CAA All-Rookie Team , CAA All-Tournament Team , Delaware Athlete of the Year - 2011 – AP and WBCA All-American Third Team , All-CAA First Team , CAA All-Tournament Team - 2012 – AP , WBCA , Wooden , and USBWA All-American First Team , CAA Player of the Year , CAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player , Delaware Athlete of the Year - 2013 – AP , WBCA , Wooden , and USBWA All-American First Team , CAA Player of the Year , CAA All-Defensive Team , CAA Tournament Most Outstanding Player , UD Outstanding Female Senior Athlete , WNBA Rookie of the Year , All-WNBA Second Team - 2013 – Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball - 2015 – WNBA Most Valuable Player , All-WNBA First Team , scoring champion - 2016 – Nominee for ESPYS Best Female Athlete award Student-athlete awards . - 2010 – CAA All-Academic First Team - 2011 – CAA All-Academic First Team - 2012 – Academic All-America Team , CAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year , CAA All-Academic First Team - 2013 – Academic All-America Team , Senior CLASS Award , CAA Scholar-Athlete of the Year , CAA All-Academic First Team - 2014 – NCAA Todays Top 10 Award Other . For their first match of March 2019 , the women of the United States womens national soccer team each wore a jersey with the name of a woman they were honoring on the back ; Emily Fox chose the name of Delle Donne .

easy

What was the position of Sarah Champion from Nov 2012 to Mar 2015?

/wiki/Sarah_Champion#P39#0

Sarah Champion Sarah Deborah Champion ( born 10 July 1969 ) is a British Labour Party politician who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Rotherham since 2012 . Champion studied Psychology at Sheffield University . Before entering Parliament , she ran art workshops and was employed as the Chief Executive of a childrens hospice in Rotherham . Champion was first elected to Parliament at the 2012 by-election . Champion was given the role of Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse in the Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn in September 2015 , but resigned in June 2016 , following a vote of no confidence in Corbyn . However , she returned to the frontbench in July 2016 . In October 2016 , she was appointed to the role of Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities in addition to her other post . In August 2017 , Champion resigned from her post following criticism of an opinion piece she wrote for The Sun that discussed what she termed the problem of white girls being raped and exploited by British Pakistani men , and which fellow Labour MP Naz Shah described as incendiary and irresponsible . Early life . Champion was born in Maldon . She attended Prince William School in Oundle , then graduated with a BA degree in psychology from the University of Sheffield in 1991 . Career . After working as a volunteer at Sheffields St Lukes Hospice and running art workshops at the citys Abbeydale Road Secondary School she gained full-time employment , running Rotherham Arts Centre from 1992 to 1994 . Champion then worked as an Arts Development Officer for Ashfield District Council . She ran the Chinese Arts Centre in Manchester from 1996 to 2008 , and was the Chief Executive of the Bluebell Wood Childrens Hospice in North Anston , Rotherham from 2008 to 2012 . In November 2012 she was selected to be Labours candidate for the upcoming Rotherham by-election , which was triggered by the resignation of the constituencys MP , Denis MacShane . Champion was chosen to stand for Parliament from a shortlist chosen by the party . She was elected as MP for Rotherham on 29 November with 9,866 votes ( a 46.25% overall share of the vote ) . Jane Collins of the UK Independence Party was second with 4,648 votes ( 21.79% ) , achieving that partys best result in a by-election . Labour achieved a majority of 5,218 ( 24.46% ) , an increase in terms of percentage from Rotherhams 2010 general election result , but a decrease in the actual number of votes cast . Champion is Rotherhams first female MP . In an interview with BBC Radio Sheffield on 30 November 2012 , Champion said that she does not regard herself as being a career politician : There are some people who from the moment they were born wanted to be a politician . Whereas for me , since I started working Ive always been working with the community and I want to carry on doing that . In a 2014 BBC interview , Champion admitted that she rarely attends Prime Ministers Questions . On 7 May 2015 , Champion was re-elected as the Member of Parliament for Rotherham with a 52.5% share of the vote . She secured 19,860 votes , increasing her majority by over 3,000 . She was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . In September 2017 , the political commentator Iain Dale placed Champion at Number 92 on his list of the 100 most influential people on the Left . In November 2017 , a fly-on-the-wall BBC documentary Labour : The Summer that Changed Everything made during the 2017 general election campaign was shown , with Champion as one of four MPs critical of Jeremy Corbyns leadership who were followed for six weeks . The documentary showed Champion stating I dont believe you can be a leader if nobodys following you , and the MPs surprise at the election result . Champion discussed the psychological stresses of the campaign and being at parliament , and that she did not feel tough enough to go back to parliament the day after the result . In the 2019 General Election , Champion was re-elected as MP for Rotherham with a majority of 3,121 . Parliament . Champion was formerly a member of the Transport Select Committee , Parliamentary Private Secretary to Shadow Education Secretary Tristram Hunt , Chair of the All-party parliamentary group ( APPG ) on Victims and Witnesses , Chair of the All-party Parliamentary Group on Choice at the End of Life , and Co-chair All-party Parliamentary Health Group . Since 2020 she is Chair of the International Development Committee . Champion was appointed Shadow Minister for preventing abuse and domestic violence in 2015 . She resigned from this position on 28 June 2016 , in the wake of criticism of Jeremy Corbyns approach towards the EU referendum following a vote to leave the EU . Child sexual exploitation . In November 2013 , it was announced that Champion , in partnership with childrens charity Barnardos , would lead a cross-party inquiry to investigate the effectiveness of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 in tackling child sexual exploitation and trafficking within the UK . Champion conducted an inquiry with Barnardos in 2013 to investigate how effectively children were , at that time , protected by the law from sexual exploitation . Later , in July 2014 , and as a result of her inquiry , Champion managed to make an amendment to the Criminal Justice and Courts Bill that allowed a person caught arranging to meet a child for sex to be convicted straight away . Previously , the person had to be caught twice . In January 2016 , Champion launched a campaign called Dare2Care that focuses on preventing child abuse and the normalisation of violence in young peoples relationships The campaign has launched a website , putting tools and resources for young people , parents and professionals in one place . These are intended to help better inform people on how to tackle child abuse and relationship violence . Later in March she publicly criticised the Prime Minister over a failure to carry out pledges made the previous year in tackling with child abuse . Champion criticised the lack of progress over a national child abuse task force and a whistleblowing portal that had no taskforce to blow to as well as the failure to begin a consultation on extending the offence of wilful neglect to childrens social care , education and councils . Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal . In response to the Jay Report , released in August 2014 , which found 1,400 victims of child sexual exploitation in Rotherham between 1997 and 2013 , Champion applauded the council for apologising and accepting the report . The following week Champion put a short question to the Home Secretary , saying she was angry , and asked for necessary resources to solve the problems . In October 2014 , Champion secured additional funding to appoint Jayne Senior , a specialist in child sexual exploitation , to support the 1,400 victims of child abuse in Rotherham . In November 2014 , Champion asked the Prime Minister to support Rotherhams victims and to ensure that procedures are in place to prevent such widespread abuse happening again . The Prime Minister replied in part that the Home Office was leading this important effort in getting departments to work together . In 2015 three Rotherham Labour MPs , Kevin Barron , Champion and John Healey , started a defamation legal action against UKIP MEP Jane Collins after Collins falsely alleged in a UKIP conference speech that the three MPs knew about child exploitation in Rotherham but did not intervene , and in February 2017 the MPs were awarded £54,000 each in damages . Gender pay equality . In December 2014 , Champion took a Ten Minute Rule Bill to Parliament , asking for the mandatory publishing of figures of the pay gap between men and women in any company of over 250 employees . The Bill was overwhelmingly supported by MPs , with 258 voting in support and just 8 voting against . In July 2015 the Prime Minister , David Cameron , announced that the Government would be adopting the measures put forward in Champions Bill . Brexit . Champion repeatedly voted against Theresa Mays Brexit deal . On 16 July 2019 Champion stated If my party comes out as a remain party rather than trying to find a deal or rather than trying to exit , I cant support that , it goes against democracy . She stated she would rather support a no deal Brexit than remain in the EU , as she believed Labour had to deliver the result of the 2016 referendum . Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse . Champion was appointed as Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse by Jeremy Corbyn in September 2015 . In June 2016 , Champion resigned as shadow Home Office minister focusing on women , equality and domestic violence after Labour MPs passed a motion of no confidence in Jeremy Corbyn . However , the next month she returned to the frontbench in the same post . In September 2016 , it became known that Champion had been cautioned by police in 2007 after a violent altercation with her husband while they were about to divorce . Champion admitted she had lost control and said : “I’m not proud of what happened and I accept I was in the wrong but I have nothing to hide . I lost control after being provoked for years and for that I am sorry but I felt extremely vulnerable at that moment . Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities . In October 2016 , the leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn appointed Champion to the role of Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities . In November 2016 , Champion launched Dare2Care , a National Action Plan for Preventing Child Abuse and Violence in Teenage Relationships . Among Champions key recommendations is the compulsory introduction of resilience and relationships education for all children from Key Stage One . In August 2017 , on BBC Radio 4s Today programme she asserted that more people are afraid to be called a racist than they are afraid to be wrong about calling out child abuse . Her statements were followed by an opinion piece for The Sun titled British Pakistani men ARE raping and exploiting white girls .. . and its time we faced up to it . The article went on to suggest that Britain has a problem with British Pakistani men raping and exploiting white girls . Fellow Labour MP Naz Shah criticised Champions statements , describing the headline as incendiary and irresponsible , and claiming that 90% of child sexual abusers were white men . A few days later , Champion distanced herself from The Sun article , which she said should not have gone out in my name , asserting that the beginning of the article had been altered by the newspapers staff resulting in the piece being stripped of nuance . The newspaper said the articles final form had been approved by her team , and later produced an email from one of her aides confirming she was actually thrilled by the article . Champion resigned from her post on 16 August 2017 . Personal life . In 1999 Champion married Graham Hoyland , a BBC producer and explorer . The couple divorced in 2007 . External links . - Sarah Champion at Labour.org.uk - Dare2Care.org.uk

easy

Which position did Sarah Champion hold from May 2015 to May 2017?

/wiki/Sarah_Champion#P39#1

Sarah Champion Sarah Deborah Champion ( born 10 July 1969 ) is a British Labour Party politician who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Rotherham since 2012 . Champion studied Psychology at Sheffield University . Before entering Parliament , she ran art workshops and was employed as the Chief Executive of a childrens hospice in Rotherham . Champion was first elected to Parliament at the 2012 by-election . Champion was given the role of Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse in the Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn in September 2015 , but resigned in June 2016 , following a vote of no confidence in Corbyn . However , she returned to the frontbench in July 2016 . In October 2016 , she was appointed to the role of Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities in addition to her other post . In August 2017 , Champion resigned from her post following criticism of an opinion piece she wrote for The Sun that discussed what she termed the problem of white girls being raped and exploited by British Pakistani men , and which fellow Labour MP Naz Shah described as incendiary and irresponsible . Early life . Champion was born in Maldon . She attended Prince William School in Oundle , then graduated with a BA degree in psychology from the University of Sheffield in 1991 . Career . After working as a volunteer at Sheffields St Lukes Hospice and running art workshops at the citys Abbeydale Road Secondary School she gained full-time employment , running Rotherham Arts Centre from 1992 to 1994 . Champion then worked as an Arts Development Officer for Ashfield District Council . She ran the Chinese Arts Centre in Manchester from 1996 to 2008 , and was the Chief Executive of the Bluebell Wood Childrens Hospice in North Anston , Rotherham from 2008 to 2012 . In November 2012 she was selected to be Labours candidate for the upcoming Rotherham by-election , which was triggered by the resignation of the constituencys MP , Denis MacShane . Champion was chosen to stand for Parliament from a shortlist chosen by the party . She was elected as MP for Rotherham on 29 November with 9,866 votes ( a 46.25% overall share of the vote ) . Jane Collins of the UK Independence Party was second with 4,648 votes ( 21.79% ) , achieving that partys best result in a by-election . Labour achieved a majority of 5,218 ( 24.46% ) , an increase in terms of percentage from Rotherhams 2010 general election result , but a decrease in the actual number of votes cast . Champion is Rotherhams first female MP . In an interview with BBC Radio Sheffield on 30 November 2012 , Champion said that she does not regard herself as being a career politician : There are some people who from the moment they were born wanted to be a politician . Whereas for me , since I started working Ive always been working with the community and I want to carry on doing that . In a 2014 BBC interview , Champion admitted that she rarely attends Prime Ministers Questions . On 7 May 2015 , Champion was re-elected as the Member of Parliament for Rotherham with a 52.5% share of the vote . She secured 19,860 votes , increasing her majority by over 3,000 . She was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . In September 2017 , the political commentator Iain Dale placed Champion at Number 92 on his list of the 100 most influential people on the Left . In November 2017 , a fly-on-the-wall BBC documentary Labour : The Summer that Changed Everything made during the 2017 general election campaign was shown , with Champion as one of four MPs critical of Jeremy Corbyns leadership who were followed for six weeks . The documentary showed Champion stating I dont believe you can be a leader if nobodys following you , and the MPs surprise at the election result . Champion discussed the psychological stresses of the campaign and being at parliament , and that she did not feel tough enough to go back to parliament the day after the result . In the 2019 General Election , Champion was re-elected as MP for Rotherham with a majority of 3,121 . Parliament . Champion was formerly a member of the Transport Select Committee , Parliamentary Private Secretary to Shadow Education Secretary Tristram Hunt , Chair of the All-party parliamentary group ( APPG ) on Victims and Witnesses , Chair of the All-party Parliamentary Group on Choice at the End of Life , and Co-chair All-party Parliamentary Health Group . Since 2020 she is Chair of the International Development Committee . Champion was appointed Shadow Minister for preventing abuse and domestic violence in 2015 . She resigned from this position on 28 June 2016 , in the wake of criticism of Jeremy Corbyns approach towards the EU referendum following a vote to leave the EU . Child sexual exploitation . In November 2013 , it was announced that Champion , in partnership with childrens charity Barnardos , would lead a cross-party inquiry to investigate the effectiveness of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 in tackling child sexual exploitation and trafficking within the UK . Champion conducted an inquiry with Barnardos in 2013 to investigate how effectively children were , at that time , protected by the law from sexual exploitation . Later , in July 2014 , and as a result of her inquiry , Champion managed to make an amendment to the Criminal Justice and Courts Bill that allowed a person caught arranging to meet a child for sex to be convicted straight away . Previously , the person had to be caught twice . In January 2016 , Champion launched a campaign called Dare2Care that focuses on preventing child abuse and the normalisation of violence in young peoples relationships The campaign has launched a website , putting tools and resources for young people , parents and professionals in one place . These are intended to help better inform people on how to tackle child abuse and relationship violence . Later in March she publicly criticised the Prime Minister over a failure to carry out pledges made the previous year in tackling with child abuse . Champion criticised the lack of progress over a national child abuse task force and a whistleblowing portal that had no taskforce to blow to as well as the failure to begin a consultation on extending the offence of wilful neglect to childrens social care , education and councils . Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal . In response to the Jay Report , released in August 2014 , which found 1,400 victims of child sexual exploitation in Rotherham between 1997 and 2013 , Champion applauded the council for apologising and accepting the report . The following week Champion put a short question to the Home Secretary , saying she was angry , and asked for necessary resources to solve the problems . In October 2014 , Champion secured additional funding to appoint Jayne Senior , a specialist in child sexual exploitation , to support the 1,400 victims of child abuse in Rotherham . In November 2014 , Champion asked the Prime Minister to support Rotherhams victims and to ensure that procedures are in place to prevent such widespread abuse happening again . The Prime Minister replied in part that the Home Office was leading this important effort in getting departments to work together . In 2015 three Rotherham Labour MPs , Kevin Barron , Champion and John Healey , started a defamation legal action against UKIP MEP Jane Collins after Collins falsely alleged in a UKIP conference speech that the three MPs knew about child exploitation in Rotherham but did not intervene , and in February 2017 the MPs were awarded £54,000 each in damages . Gender pay equality . In December 2014 , Champion took a Ten Minute Rule Bill to Parliament , asking for the mandatory publishing of figures of the pay gap between men and women in any company of over 250 employees . The Bill was overwhelmingly supported by MPs , with 258 voting in support and just 8 voting against . In July 2015 the Prime Minister , David Cameron , announced that the Government would be adopting the measures put forward in Champions Bill . Brexit . Champion repeatedly voted against Theresa Mays Brexit deal . On 16 July 2019 Champion stated If my party comes out as a remain party rather than trying to find a deal or rather than trying to exit , I cant support that , it goes against democracy . She stated she would rather support a no deal Brexit than remain in the EU , as she believed Labour had to deliver the result of the 2016 referendum . Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse . Champion was appointed as Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse by Jeremy Corbyn in September 2015 . In June 2016 , Champion resigned as shadow Home Office minister focusing on women , equality and domestic violence after Labour MPs passed a motion of no confidence in Jeremy Corbyn . However , the next month she returned to the frontbench in the same post . In September 2016 , it became known that Champion had been cautioned by police in 2007 after a violent altercation with her husband while they were about to divorce . Champion admitted she had lost control and said : “I’m not proud of what happened and I accept I was in the wrong but I have nothing to hide . I lost control after being provoked for years and for that I am sorry but I felt extremely vulnerable at that moment . Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities . In October 2016 , the leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn appointed Champion to the role of Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities . In November 2016 , Champion launched Dare2Care , a National Action Plan for Preventing Child Abuse and Violence in Teenage Relationships . Among Champions key recommendations is the compulsory introduction of resilience and relationships education for all children from Key Stage One . In August 2017 , on BBC Radio 4s Today programme she asserted that more people are afraid to be called a racist than they are afraid to be wrong about calling out child abuse . Her statements were followed by an opinion piece for The Sun titled British Pakistani men ARE raping and exploiting white girls .. . and its time we faced up to it . The article went on to suggest that Britain has a problem with British Pakistani men raping and exploiting white girls . Fellow Labour MP Naz Shah criticised Champions statements , describing the headline as incendiary and irresponsible , and claiming that 90% of child sexual abusers were white men . A few days later , Champion distanced herself from The Sun article , which she said should not have gone out in my name , asserting that the beginning of the article had been altered by the newspapers staff resulting in the piece being stripped of nuance . The newspaper said the articles final form had been approved by her team , and later produced an email from one of her aides confirming she was actually thrilled by the article . Champion resigned from her post on 16 August 2017 . Personal life . In 1999 Champion married Graham Hoyland , a BBC producer and explorer . The couple divorced in 2007 . External links . - Sarah Champion at Labour.org.uk - Dare2Care.org.uk

easy

What was the position of Sarah Champion from Jun 2017 to Nov 2019?

/wiki/Sarah_Champion#P39#2

Sarah Champion Sarah Deborah Champion ( born 10 July 1969 ) is a British Labour Party politician who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Rotherham since 2012 . Champion studied Psychology at Sheffield University . Before entering Parliament , she ran art workshops and was employed as the Chief Executive of a childrens hospice in Rotherham . Champion was first elected to Parliament at the 2012 by-election . Champion was given the role of Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse in the Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn in September 2015 , but resigned in June 2016 , following a vote of no confidence in Corbyn . However , she returned to the frontbench in July 2016 . In October 2016 , she was appointed to the role of Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities in addition to her other post . In August 2017 , Champion resigned from her post following criticism of an opinion piece she wrote for The Sun that discussed what she termed the problem of white girls being raped and exploited by British Pakistani men , and which fellow Labour MP Naz Shah described as incendiary and irresponsible . Early life . Champion was born in Maldon . She attended Prince William School in Oundle , then graduated with a BA degree in psychology from the University of Sheffield in 1991 . Career . After working as a volunteer at Sheffields St Lukes Hospice and running art workshops at the citys Abbeydale Road Secondary School she gained full-time employment , running Rotherham Arts Centre from 1992 to 1994 . Champion then worked as an Arts Development Officer for Ashfield District Council . She ran the Chinese Arts Centre in Manchester from 1996 to 2008 , and was the Chief Executive of the Bluebell Wood Childrens Hospice in North Anston , Rotherham from 2008 to 2012 . In November 2012 she was selected to be Labours candidate for the upcoming Rotherham by-election , which was triggered by the resignation of the constituencys MP , Denis MacShane . Champion was chosen to stand for Parliament from a shortlist chosen by the party . She was elected as MP for Rotherham on 29 November with 9,866 votes ( a 46.25% overall share of the vote ) . Jane Collins of the UK Independence Party was second with 4,648 votes ( 21.79% ) , achieving that partys best result in a by-election . Labour achieved a majority of 5,218 ( 24.46% ) , an increase in terms of percentage from Rotherhams 2010 general election result , but a decrease in the actual number of votes cast . Champion is Rotherhams first female MP . In an interview with BBC Radio Sheffield on 30 November 2012 , Champion said that she does not regard herself as being a career politician : There are some people who from the moment they were born wanted to be a politician . Whereas for me , since I started working Ive always been working with the community and I want to carry on doing that . In a 2014 BBC interview , Champion admitted that she rarely attends Prime Ministers Questions . On 7 May 2015 , Champion was re-elected as the Member of Parliament for Rotherham with a 52.5% share of the vote . She secured 19,860 votes , increasing her majority by over 3,000 . She was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . In September 2017 , the political commentator Iain Dale placed Champion at Number 92 on his list of the 100 most influential people on the Left . In November 2017 , a fly-on-the-wall BBC documentary Labour : The Summer that Changed Everything made during the 2017 general election campaign was shown , with Champion as one of four MPs critical of Jeremy Corbyns leadership who were followed for six weeks . The documentary showed Champion stating I dont believe you can be a leader if nobodys following you , and the MPs surprise at the election result . Champion discussed the psychological stresses of the campaign and being at parliament , and that she did not feel tough enough to go back to parliament the day after the result . In the 2019 General Election , Champion was re-elected as MP for Rotherham with a majority of 3,121 . Parliament . Champion was formerly a member of the Transport Select Committee , Parliamentary Private Secretary to Shadow Education Secretary Tristram Hunt , Chair of the All-party parliamentary group ( APPG ) on Victims and Witnesses , Chair of the All-party Parliamentary Group on Choice at the End of Life , and Co-chair All-party Parliamentary Health Group . Since 2020 she is Chair of the International Development Committee . Champion was appointed Shadow Minister for preventing abuse and domestic violence in 2015 . She resigned from this position on 28 June 2016 , in the wake of criticism of Jeremy Corbyns approach towards the EU referendum following a vote to leave the EU . Child sexual exploitation . In November 2013 , it was announced that Champion , in partnership with childrens charity Barnardos , would lead a cross-party inquiry to investigate the effectiveness of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 in tackling child sexual exploitation and trafficking within the UK . Champion conducted an inquiry with Barnardos in 2013 to investigate how effectively children were , at that time , protected by the law from sexual exploitation . Later , in July 2014 , and as a result of her inquiry , Champion managed to make an amendment to the Criminal Justice and Courts Bill that allowed a person caught arranging to meet a child for sex to be convicted straight away . Previously , the person had to be caught twice . In January 2016 , Champion launched a campaign called Dare2Care that focuses on preventing child abuse and the normalisation of violence in young peoples relationships The campaign has launched a website , putting tools and resources for young people , parents and professionals in one place . These are intended to help better inform people on how to tackle child abuse and relationship violence . Later in March she publicly criticised the Prime Minister over a failure to carry out pledges made the previous year in tackling with child abuse . Champion criticised the lack of progress over a national child abuse task force and a whistleblowing portal that had no taskforce to blow to as well as the failure to begin a consultation on extending the offence of wilful neglect to childrens social care , education and councils . Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal . In response to the Jay Report , released in August 2014 , which found 1,400 victims of child sexual exploitation in Rotherham between 1997 and 2013 , Champion applauded the council for apologising and accepting the report . The following week Champion put a short question to the Home Secretary , saying she was angry , and asked for necessary resources to solve the problems . In October 2014 , Champion secured additional funding to appoint Jayne Senior , a specialist in child sexual exploitation , to support the 1,400 victims of child abuse in Rotherham . In November 2014 , Champion asked the Prime Minister to support Rotherhams victims and to ensure that procedures are in place to prevent such widespread abuse happening again . The Prime Minister replied in part that the Home Office was leading this important effort in getting departments to work together . In 2015 three Rotherham Labour MPs , Kevin Barron , Champion and John Healey , started a defamation legal action against UKIP MEP Jane Collins after Collins falsely alleged in a UKIP conference speech that the three MPs knew about child exploitation in Rotherham but did not intervene , and in February 2017 the MPs were awarded £54,000 each in damages . Gender pay equality . In December 2014 , Champion took a Ten Minute Rule Bill to Parliament , asking for the mandatory publishing of figures of the pay gap between men and women in any company of over 250 employees . The Bill was overwhelmingly supported by MPs , with 258 voting in support and just 8 voting against . In July 2015 the Prime Minister , David Cameron , announced that the Government would be adopting the measures put forward in Champions Bill . Brexit . Champion repeatedly voted against Theresa Mays Brexit deal . On 16 July 2019 Champion stated If my party comes out as a remain party rather than trying to find a deal or rather than trying to exit , I cant support that , it goes against democracy . She stated she would rather support a no deal Brexit than remain in the EU , as she believed Labour had to deliver the result of the 2016 referendum . Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse . Champion was appointed as Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse by Jeremy Corbyn in September 2015 . In June 2016 , Champion resigned as shadow Home Office minister focusing on women , equality and domestic violence after Labour MPs passed a motion of no confidence in Jeremy Corbyn . However , the next month she returned to the frontbench in the same post . In September 2016 , it became known that Champion had been cautioned by police in 2007 after a violent altercation with her husband while they were about to divorce . Champion admitted she had lost control and said : “I’m not proud of what happened and I accept I was in the wrong but I have nothing to hide . I lost control after being provoked for years and for that I am sorry but I felt extremely vulnerable at that moment . Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities . In October 2016 , the leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn appointed Champion to the role of Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities . In November 2016 , Champion launched Dare2Care , a National Action Plan for Preventing Child Abuse and Violence in Teenage Relationships . Among Champions key recommendations is the compulsory introduction of resilience and relationships education for all children from Key Stage One . In August 2017 , on BBC Radio 4s Today programme she asserted that more people are afraid to be called a racist than they are afraid to be wrong about calling out child abuse . Her statements were followed by an opinion piece for The Sun titled British Pakistani men ARE raping and exploiting white girls .. . and its time we faced up to it . The article went on to suggest that Britain has a problem with British Pakistani men raping and exploiting white girls . Fellow Labour MP Naz Shah criticised Champions statements , describing the headline as incendiary and irresponsible , and claiming that 90% of child sexual abusers were white men . A few days later , Champion distanced herself from The Sun article , which she said should not have gone out in my name , asserting that the beginning of the article had been altered by the newspapers staff resulting in the piece being stripped of nuance . The newspaper said the articles final form had been approved by her team , and later produced an email from one of her aides confirming she was actually thrilled by the article . Champion resigned from her post on 16 August 2017 . Personal life . In 1999 Champion married Graham Hoyland , a BBC producer and explorer . The couple divorced in 2007 . External links . - Sarah Champion at Labour.org.uk - Dare2Care.org.uk

easy

Which position did Sarah Champion hold from Dec 2019 to Dec 2020?

/wiki/Sarah_Champion#P39#3

Sarah Champion Sarah Deborah Champion ( born 10 July 1969 ) is a British Labour Party politician who has served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Rotherham since 2012 . Champion studied Psychology at Sheffield University . Before entering Parliament , she ran art workshops and was employed as the Chief Executive of a childrens hospice in Rotherham . Champion was first elected to Parliament at the 2012 by-election . Champion was given the role of Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse in the Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn in September 2015 , but resigned in June 2016 , following a vote of no confidence in Corbyn . However , she returned to the frontbench in July 2016 . In October 2016 , she was appointed to the role of Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities in addition to her other post . In August 2017 , Champion resigned from her post following criticism of an opinion piece she wrote for The Sun that discussed what she termed the problem of white girls being raped and exploited by British Pakistani men , and which fellow Labour MP Naz Shah described as incendiary and irresponsible . Early life . Champion was born in Maldon . She attended Prince William School in Oundle , then graduated with a BA degree in psychology from the University of Sheffield in 1991 . Career . After working as a volunteer at Sheffields St Lukes Hospice and running art workshops at the citys Abbeydale Road Secondary School she gained full-time employment , running Rotherham Arts Centre from 1992 to 1994 . Champion then worked as an Arts Development Officer for Ashfield District Council . She ran the Chinese Arts Centre in Manchester from 1996 to 2008 , and was the Chief Executive of the Bluebell Wood Childrens Hospice in North Anston , Rotherham from 2008 to 2012 . In November 2012 she was selected to be Labours candidate for the upcoming Rotherham by-election , which was triggered by the resignation of the constituencys MP , Denis MacShane . Champion was chosen to stand for Parliament from a shortlist chosen by the party . She was elected as MP for Rotherham on 29 November with 9,866 votes ( a 46.25% overall share of the vote ) . Jane Collins of the UK Independence Party was second with 4,648 votes ( 21.79% ) , achieving that partys best result in a by-election . Labour achieved a majority of 5,218 ( 24.46% ) , an increase in terms of percentage from Rotherhams 2010 general election result , but a decrease in the actual number of votes cast . Champion is Rotherhams first female MP . In an interview with BBC Radio Sheffield on 30 November 2012 , Champion said that she does not regard herself as being a career politician : There are some people who from the moment they were born wanted to be a politician . Whereas for me , since I started working Ive always been working with the community and I want to carry on doing that . In a 2014 BBC interview , Champion admitted that she rarely attends Prime Ministers Questions . On 7 May 2015 , Champion was re-elected as the Member of Parliament for Rotherham with a 52.5% share of the vote . She secured 19,860 votes , increasing her majority by over 3,000 . She was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015 . In September 2017 , the political commentator Iain Dale placed Champion at Number 92 on his list of the 100 most influential people on the Left . In November 2017 , a fly-on-the-wall BBC documentary Labour : The Summer that Changed Everything made during the 2017 general election campaign was shown , with Champion as one of four MPs critical of Jeremy Corbyns leadership who were followed for six weeks . The documentary showed Champion stating I dont believe you can be a leader if nobodys following you , and the MPs surprise at the election result . Champion discussed the psychological stresses of the campaign and being at parliament , and that she did not feel tough enough to go back to parliament the day after the result . In the 2019 General Election , Champion was re-elected as MP for Rotherham with a majority of 3,121 . Parliament . Champion was formerly a member of the Transport Select Committee , Parliamentary Private Secretary to Shadow Education Secretary Tristram Hunt , Chair of the All-party parliamentary group ( APPG ) on Victims and Witnesses , Chair of the All-party Parliamentary Group on Choice at the End of Life , and Co-chair All-party Parliamentary Health Group . Since 2020 she is Chair of the International Development Committee . Champion was appointed Shadow Minister for preventing abuse and domestic violence in 2015 . She resigned from this position on 28 June 2016 , in the wake of criticism of Jeremy Corbyns approach towards the EU referendum following a vote to leave the EU . Child sexual exploitation . In November 2013 , it was announced that Champion , in partnership with childrens charity Barnardos , would lead a cross-party inquiry to investigate the effectiveness of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 in tackling child sexual exploitation and trafficking within the UK . Champion conducted an inquiry with Barnardos in 2013 to investigate how effectively children were , at that time , protected by the law from sexual exploitation . Later , in July 2014 , and as a result of her inquiry , Champion managed to make an amendment to the Criminal Justice and Courts Bill that allowed a person caught arranging to meet a child for sex to be convicted straight away . Previously , the person had to be caught twice . In January 2016 , Champion launched a campaign called Dare2Care that focuses on preventing child abuse and the normalisation of violence in young peoples relationships The campaign has launched a website , putting tools and resources for young people , parents and professionals in one place . These are intended to help better inform people on how to tackle child abuse and relationship violence . Later in March she publicly criticised the Prime Minister over a failure to carry out pledges made the previous year in tackling with child abuse . Champion criticised the lack of progress over a national child abuse task force and a whistleblowing portal that had no taskforce to blow to as well as the failure to begin a consultation on extending the offence of wilful neglect to childrens social care , education and councils . Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal . In response to the Jay Report , released in August 2014 , which found 1,400 victims of child sexual exploitation in Rotherham between 1997 and 2013 , Champion applauded the council for apologising and accepting the report . The following week Champion put a short question to the Home Secretary , saying she was angry , and asked for necessary resources to solve the problems . In October 2014 , Champion secured additional funding to appoint Jayne Senior , a specialist in child sexual exploitation , to support the 1,400 victims of child abuse in Rotherham . In November 2014 , Champion asked the Prime Minister to support Rotherhams victims and to ensure that procedures are in place to prevent such widespread abuse happening again . The Prime Minister replied in part that the Home Office was leading this important effort in getting departments to work together . In 2015 three Rotherham Labour MPs , Kevin Barron , Champion and John Healey , started a defamation legal action against UKIP MEP Jane Collins after Collins falsely alleged in a UKIP conference speech that the three MPs knew about child exploitation in Rotherham but did not intervene , and in February 2017 the MPs were awarded £54,000 each in damages . Gender pay equality . In December 2014 , Champion took a Ten Minute Rule Bill to Parliament , asking for the mandatory publishing of figures of the pay gap between men and women in any company of over 250 employees . The Bill was overwhelmingly supported by MPs , with 258 voting in support and just 8 voting against . In July 2015 the Prime Minister , David Cameron , announced that the Government would be adopting the measures put forward in Champions Bill . Brexit . Champion repeatedly voted against Theresa Mays Brexit deal . On 16 July 2019 Champion stated If my party comes out as a remain party rather than trying to find a deal or rather than trying to exit , I cant support that , it goes against democracy . She stated she would rather support a no deal Brexit than remain in the EU , as she believed Labour had to deliver the result of the 2016 referendum . Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse . Champion was appointed as Shadow Minister for Preventing Abuse by Jeremy Corbyn in September 2015 . In June 2016 , Champion resigned as shadow Home Office minister focusing on women , equality and domestic violence after Labour MPs passed a motion of no confidence in Jeremy Corbyn . However , the next month she returned to the frontbench in the same post . In September 2016 , it became known that Champion had been cautioned by police in 2007 after a violent altercation with her husband while they were about to divorce . Champion admitted she had lost control and said : “I’m not proud of what happened and I accept I was in the wrong but I have nothing to hide . I lost control after being provoked for years and for that I am sorry but I felt extremely vulnerable at that moment . Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities . In October 2016 , the leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn appointed Champion to the role of Shadow Minister for Women and Equalities . In November 2016 , Champion launched Dare2Care , a National Action Plan for Preventing Child Abuse and Violence in Teenage Relationships . Among Champions key recommendations is the compulsory introduction of resilience and relationships education for all children from Key Stage One . In August 2017 , on BBC Radio 4s Today programme she asserted that more people are afraid to be called a racist than they are afraid to be wrong about calling out child abuse . Her statements were followed by an opinion piece for The Sun titled British Pakistani men ARE raping and exploiting white girls .. . and its time we faced up to it . The article went on to suggest that Britain has a problem with British Pakistani men raping and exploiting white girls . Fellow Labour MP Naz Shah criticised Champions statements , describing the headline as incendiary and irresponsible , and claiming that 90% of child sexual abusers were white men . A few days later , Champion distanced herself from The Sun article , which she said should not have gone out in my name , asserting that the beginning of the article had been altered by the newspapers staff resulting in the piece being stripped of nuance . The newspaper said the articles final form had been approved by her team , and later produced an email from one of her aides confirming she was actually thrilled by the article . Champion resigned from her post on 16 August 2017 . Personal life . In 1999 Champion married Graham Hoyland , a BBC producer and explorer . The couple divorced in 2007 . External links . - Sarah Champion at Labour.org.uk - Dare2Care.org.uk

easy

What was the position of Yitzhak Shamir from 1974 to 1977?

/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir#P39#0

Yitzhak Shamir Yitzhak Shamir ( , ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky ; October 22 , 1915 – June 30 , 2012 ) was an Israeli politician and the seventh Prime Minister of Israel , serving two terms , 1983–1984 and 1986–1992 . Before the establishment of the state of Israel , Shamir was a leader of the Zionist militant group Lehi . After the establishment of the Israeli state he served in the Mossad between 1955 and 1965 and as a Knesset Member . He served as the sixth Speaker of the Knesset , and as Foreign Affairs Minister . Shamir was the countrys third-longest-serving prime minister , after David Ben-Gurion and Benjamin Netanyahu . Early and personal life . Yitzhak Yezernitsky ( later Yitzhak Shamir ) was born in the predominantly Jewish village of Ruzhany , Grodno province , Russian Empire ( now Belarus ) , which after World War I returned to Poland , as the son of Perla and Shlomo , owner of a leather factory . Those close to Shamir noted that he often recalls his childhood and youth in Belarus . Shamir later moved to Białystok , Poland , and studied at a Hebrew high school network . As a youth , he joined Betar , the Revisionist Zionist youth movement . He studied law at the University of Warsaw , but cut his studies short in order to emigrate to what was then Mandatory Palestine . Shamir once stated that every Pole sucked anti-Semitism with his mothers milk . The comment caused controversy within Poland and was condemned . His parents and two sisters died during the Holocaust . Shamir claimed his father was killed just outside his birthplace in Ruzhany by villagers who had been his childhood friends , after he had escaped from a German train transporting Jews to the death camps , though this was never confirmed . His mother and a sister died in the concentration camps , and another sister was shot dead . Shamir once told Ehud Olmert that when his father , living under Nazi occupation , had been informed that the extermination of the Jews was imminent , his father had replied that I have a son in the Land of Israel , and he will exact my revenge on them . According to an obituary , he had dreamed of living in the Land of Israel since he was a boy , and felt immediately at home when he eventually moved there . In 1935 , Shamir emigrated to Palestine , where he worked in an accountants office . He later adopted as his surname the name he used on a forged underground identity card , Shamir . He told his wife this was because Shamir means a thorn that stabs and a rock that can cut steel . In 1944 he married Shulamit , whom he met in a detention camp when she migrated to Mandate Palestine from Bulgaria by boat in 1941 and was incarcerated because she entered the territory illegally . They had two children , Yair and Gilada . Shulamit died on July 29 , 2011 . Zionist activism . Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi , a Zionist paramilitary group that opposed British control of Palestine . When the Irgun split in 1940 , Shamir joined the more militant faction Lehi , also known as the Stern Gang , headed by Avraham Stern . Shamir was imprisoned by British authorities in 1941 . A few months after Stern was killed by the British in 1942 , Shamir and Eliyahu Giladi hid under a stack of mattresses in a warehouse of the detention camp at Mazraa , and at night escaped through the barbed wire fences of the camp . Shamir , together with Giladi , Anshell Shpillman and Yehoshua Cohen , reorganized the movement into cells and trained its members . In his memoirs , Shamir admitted in 1994 what had long been suspected : that the killing of Giladi in 1943 was ordered by Shamir himself , allegedly due to Giladi advocating the assassination of David Ben-Gurion , and arguing for other violence deemed too extremist by fellow Stern members . In 1943 , he became one of the three leaders of the group , serving with Nathan Yellin-Mor and Israel Eldad . Shamir sought to emulate the anti-British struggle of the Irish Republicans and took the nickname Michael after Irish Republican leader Michael Collins . Shamir plotted the 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne , British Minister for Middle East Affairs , and personally selected Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet-Zuri to carry it out . Moyne had been targeted due to his perceived role as an architect of British restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine , and in particular , the Patria disaster , which was blamed on him . In July 1946 , Shamir was arrested . He had been walking in public in disguise and a British police sergeant , T.G . Martin , recognized him by his bushy eyebrows . Arrested , he was exiled to Africa , and interned in Eritrea by British Mandatory authorities . Lehi members subsequently tracked down and killed Martin in September 1946 . On January 14 , 1947 , Shamir and four Irgun members escaped the Sembel Prison ( a British Detention Camp ) through a tunnel they had dug , 200 feet in length , and Mayer Malka of Khartoum subsequently arranged for them to be hidden in an oil truck for three days as it was driven over the border to French Somaliland . They were re-arrested by the French authorities , but Shamir with Malkas assistance , was eventually allowed passage to France and granted political asylum . Lehi sent him a forged passport , with which he entered Israel after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948 . During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , most of Lehis members joined the newly formed Israel Defense Forces . Lehi formally disbanded on May 29 , 1948 . However , the Lehi group in Jerusalem continued to function independently , outside government control . During a UN-imposed truce , Shamir , Eldad , and Yellin-Mor authorized the assassination of the United Nations representative in the Middle East , Count Folke Bernadotte , who was killed in September 1948 , when Lehi gunmen ambushed his motorcade in Jerusalem . Lehi had feared that Israel would agree to Bernadottes peace proposals , which they considered disastrous , unaware that the provisional Israeli government had already rejected a proposal by Bernadotte the day before . The Israeli provisional government drafted an ordinance for the prevention of terrorism and then invoked it to declare Lehi a terrorist organisation , consequently rounding up 200 of its members for administrative detention ( prison ) . They were granted amnesty some months later and given a state pardon . Anti-Polonism . Shamir publicly declared his animus for Poles by stating that every Pole sucked anti-Semitism with his mothers milk . Shamir contradicted his spokesman , who attempted to keep the comment off the record , and insisted that he wanted his comment publicized . The comment caused controversy within Poland as being slanderous and libelous . Furthermore , Adam Michnik addressed the comment by stating the stubborn categorization of Poland as an anti-Semitic nation was used in Europe and America as an alibi for the betrayal of Poland at Yalta . The nation so categorized was seen as unworthy of sympathy , or of help , or of compassion . Mossad . In the first years of Israels independence , Shamir managed several commercial enterprises . In 1955 , he joined the Mossad , serving until 1965 . During his Mossad career , he directed Operation Damocles , the assassinations of German rocket scientists working on the Egyptian missile programme . He ran a unit that placed agents in hostile countries , created the Mossads division for planning and served on its General Staff . Shamir resigned from the Mossad in protest over the treatment of Mossad Director-General Isser Harel , who had been compelled to resign after Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion ordered an end to Operation Damocles . Political career . In 1969 , Shamir joined the Herut party headed by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 as a member of the Likud . He became Speaker of the Knesset in 1977 , and Foreign Minister in 1980 which he remained until 1986 , concurrently serving as prime minister from October 1983 to September 1984 after Begins resignation . Prime Minister . Shamir had a reputation as a Likud hard-liner . In 1977 he presided at the Knesset visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . He abstained in the Knesset votes to approve the Camp David Accords and the Peace Treaty with Egypt . In 1981 and 1982 , as Foreign Minister , he guided negotiations with Egypt to normalize relations after the treaty . Following the 1982 Lebanon War he directed negotiations which led to the May 17 , 1983 Agreement with Lebanon , which did not materialize . His failure to stabilize Israels inflationary economy and to suggest a solution to the quagmire of Lebanon led to an indecisive election in 1984 , after which a national unity government was formed between his Likud party and the Alignment led by Shimon Peres . As part of the agreement , Peres held the post of Prime Minister until September 1986 , when Shamir took over . As he prepared to reclaim the office of prime minister , Shamirs hard-line image appeared to moderate . However Shamir remained reluctant to change the status quo in Israels relations with its Arab neighbors , and blocked Peress initiative to promote a regional peace conference as agreed in 1987 with King Hussein of Jordan in what has become known as the London Agreement . Re-elected in 1988 , Shamir and Peres formed a new coalition government until the dirty trick of 1990 , when the Alignment left the government , leaving Shamir with a narrow right-wing coalition . During this period the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip launched the first Intifada , which was suppressed with force by the Israeli government . Shamir urged the US government to stop granting refugee visas to Soviet Jews , persuading it that they were not refugees because they already had a homeland in Israel , and were only moving to the United States for economic reasons . He also termed the emigration of Soviet Jews to the United States rather than to Israel defection , and called the issuing of US refugee visas to Soviet Jews when Israel was already willing to take them in an insult to Israel . In 1989 , a wave of Jewish emigration began from the Soviet Union after the Soviets allowed their Jewish population to emigrate freely . In October of that year , the US agreed to his requests , and stopped issuing refugee visas to Soviet emigrants . Subsequently , Israel became the main destination of Soviet Jewish emigrants . Over one million Soviet immigrants would subsequently arrive in Israel , many of whom would have likely gone to the United States had Shamir not pressed the US government to change its policy . During the Gulf War , Iraq fired Scud missiles at Israel , many of which struck population centers . Iraq hoped to provoke Israeli retaliation and thus alienate Arab members of the United States-assembled coalition against Iraq . Shamir deployed Israeli Air Force jets to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq . However , after United States and Netherlands deployed Patriot antimissile batteries to protect Israel , and US and British special forces began hunting for Scuds , Shamir responded to American calls for restraint , recalled the jets , and agreed not to retaliate . During his term , Shamir reestablished diplomatic relations between Israel and several dozen African , Asian and other countries . In May 1991 , as the Ethiopian government of Mengistu Haile Mariam was collapsing , Shamir ordered the airlifting of 14,000 Ethiopian Jews , known as Operation Solomon . He continued his efforts , begun in the late 1960s , to bring Soviet Jewish refugees to Israel . Shamir restored diplomatic relation between the Soviet Union and Israel in October 1991 , and following its dissolution , established relations between Israel and his native Belarus in May 1992 . Shamir was dedicated to bringing Jews from all over the world to Israel , and called on American Jews to emigrate to Israel in spite of a higher standard of living in the US , saying that he expected even American Jewish youth to realize that man does not live by bread alone but to learn and understand Jewish history , the Bible.. . and reach the only conclusion : to come on aliya to Israel . Relations with the US were strained in the period after the war over the Madrid peace talks , which Shamir opposed . As a result , US President George H.W . Bush was reluctant to approve loan guarantees to help absorb immigrants from the former Soviet Union . Finally Shamir gave in and in October 1991 participated in the Madrid talks . His narrow , right-wing government collapsed : the participation of Palestinians in the elections from the West Bank and Gaza , was mandated by law . New elections were necessarily called . Electoral defeat and retirement . Shamir was defeated by Yitzhak Rabins Labour in the 1992 election . He stepped down from the Likud leadership in March 1993 , but remained a member of the Knesset until the 1996 election . For some time , Shamir was a critic of his Likud successor , Benjamin Netanyahu , as being too indecisive in dealing with the Arabs . Shamir went so far as to resign from the Likud in 1998 and endorse Herut , a right-wing splinter movement led by Benny Begin , which later joined the National Union during the 1999 election . After Netanyahu was defeated , Shamir returned to the Likud fold and supported Ariel Sharon in the 2001 election . Subsequently , in his late eighties , Shamir ceased making public comments . Illness and death . In 2004 , Shamirs health declined , with the progression of his Alzheimers disease , and he was moved to a nursing home . The government turned down a request by the family to finance his stay at the facility . Shamir died on the morning of June 30 , 2012 , at a nursing home in Tel Aviv where he had spent the last few years as a result of the Alzheimers disease he had suffered since the mid-1990s . He was given a state funeral , which took place on July 2 at Mount Herzl , Jerusalem , and was buried beside his wife , Shulamit , who had died the previous year . As his body was lying in state Speaker of the Knesset Reuven Rivlin laid a wreath on his coffin and said : Shamir was buried at Mount Herzl . Reactions . Israeli President Shimon Peres said that Yitzhak Shamir was a brave warrior for Israel , before and after its inception . He was a great patriot and his enormous contribution will be forever etched in our chronicles . He was loyal to his beliefs and he served his country with the utmost dedication for decades . May he rest in peace . Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahus office issued a statement upon hearing of his death that read : [ Shamir ] led Israel with a deep loyalty to the nation . [ The Prime Minister ] expresses his deep pain over the announcement of the departure of Yitzhak Shamir . He was part of a marvelous generation which created the state of Israel and struggled for the Jewish people . This was despite previous feuds between the two once-Likud members . He was also mourned in the Knesset . Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman added that Shamir contributed greatly to the foundation of the state , which he served his entire life with loyalty and unwavering dedication . He set an example in each position that he held . I had the privilege to be personally acquainted with Shamir , and I will always remember him and his great contribution to the state ; while Defense Minister Ehud Barak said : His whole life , Shamir was as stable as granite and maintained focus without compromises . He always strived to ensure Israels freedom . His devotion knew no bounds [ and he ] always sought whats right for the people of Israel and for the countrys security . Leader of the Opposition and Labor Party head Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences to Shamirs family saying that he was a determined prime minister who dedicated his life to the state . He followed his ideological path honestly and humbly , as a leader should . The citizens of Israel will always remember the wisdom he demonstrated during the First Gulf War . He showed restraint and saved Israel from undue entanglement in the Iraq War . This decision proved to be a brave and wise act of leadership . His daughter Gilada Diamant said : [ My father ] belonged to a different generation of leaders , people with values and beliefs . I hope that we have more people like him in the future . His political doing has undoubtedly left its mark on the State of Israel . Dad was an amazing man , a family man in the fullest sense of the word , a man who dedicated himself to the State of Israel but never forgot his family , not even for a moment . He was a special man . Awards and recognition . In 2001 , Shamir received the Israel Prize , for his lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel . Published works . He wrote Sikumo shel davar , a book which was published in English by Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London , as Summing Up : An autobiography ( 1994 ) .

easy

Which position did Yitzhak Shamir hold from 1977 to 1980?

/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir#P39#1

Yitzhak Shamir Yitzhak Shamir ( , ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky ; October 22 , 1915 – June 30 , 2012 ) was an Israeli politician and the seventh Prime Minister of Israel , serving two terms , 1983–1984 and 1986–1992 . Before the establishment of the state of Israel , Shamir was a leader of the Zionist militant group Lehi . After the establishment of the Israeli state he served in the Mossad between 1955 and 1965 and as a Knesset Member . He served as the sixth Speaker of the Knesset , and as Foreign Affairs Minister . Shamir was the countrys third-longest-serving prime minister , after David Ben-Gurion and Benjamin Netanyahu . Early and personal life . Yitzhak Yezernitsky ( later Yitzhak Shamir ) was born in the predominantly Jewish village of Ruzhany , Grodno province , Russian Empire ( now Belarus ) , which after World War I returned to Poland , as the son of Perla and Shlomo , owner of a leather factory . Those close to Shamir noted that he often recalls his childhood and youth in Belarus . Shamir later moved to Białystok , Poland , and studied at a Hebrew high school network . As a youth , he joined Betar , the Revisionist Zionist youth movement . He studied law at the University of Warsaw , but cut his studies short in order to emigrate to what was then Mandatory Palestine . Shamir once stated that every Pole sucked anti-Semitism with his mothers milk . The comment caused controversy within Poland and was condemned . His parents and two sisters died during the Holocaust . Shamir claimed his father was killed just outside his birthplace in Ruzhany by villagers who had been his childhood friends , after he had escaped from a German train transporting Jews to the death camps , though this was never confirmed . His mother and a sister died in the concentration camps , and another sister was shot dead . Shamir once told Ehud Olmert that when his father , living under Nazi occupation , had been informed that the extermination of the Jews was imminent , his father had replied that I have a son in the Land of Israel , and he will exact my revenge on them . According to an obituary , he had dreamed of living in the Land of Israel since he was a boy , and felt immediately at home when he eventually moved there . In 1935 , Shamir emigrated to Palestine , where he worked in an accountants office . He later adopted as his surname the name he used on a forged underground identity card , Shamir . He told his wife this was because Shamir means a thorn that stabs and a rock that can cut steel . In 1944 he married Shulamit , whom he met in a detention camp when she migrated to Mandate Palestine from Bulgaria by boat in 1941 and was incarcerated because she entered the territory illegally . They had two children , Yair and Gilada . Shulamit died on July 29 , 2011 . Zionist activism . Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi , a Zionist paramilitary group that opposed British control of Palestine . When the Irgun split in 1940 , Shamir joined the more militant faction Lehi , also known as the Stern Gang , headed by Avraham Stern . Shamir was imprisoned by British authorities in 1941 . A few months after Stern was killed by the British in 1942 , Shamir and Eliyahu Giladi hid under a stack of mattresses in a warehouse of the detention camp at Mazraa , and at night escaped through the barbed wire fences of the camp . Shamir , together with Giladi , Anshell Shpillman and Yehoshua Cohen , reorganized the movement into cells and trained its members . In his memoirs , Shamir admitted in 1994 what had long been suspected : that the killing of Giladi in 1943 was ordered by Shamir himself , allegedly due to Giladi advocating the assassination of David Ben-Gurion , and arguing for other violence deemed too extremist by fellow Stern members . In 1943 , he became one of the three leaders of the group , serving with Nathan Yellin-Mor and Israel Eldad . Shamir sought to emulate the anti-British struggle of the Irish Republicans and took the nickname Michael after Irish Republican leader Michael Collins . Shamir plotted the 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne , British Minister for Middle East Affairs , and personally selected Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet-Zuri to carry it out . Moyne had been targeted due to his perceived role as an architect of British restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine , and in particular , the Patria disaster , which was blamed on him . In July 1946 , Shamir was arrested . He had been walking in public in disguise and a British police sergeant , T.G . Martin , recognized him by his bushy eyebrows . Arrested , he was exiled to Africa , and interned in Eritrea by British Mandatory authorities . Lehi members subsequently tracked down and killed Martin in September 1946 . On January 14 , 1947 , Shamir and four Irgun members escaped the Sembel Prison ( a British Detention Camp ) through a tunnel they had dug , 200 feet in length , and Mayer Malka of Khartoum subsequently arranged for them to be hidden in an oil truck for three days as it was driven over the border to French Somaliland . They were re-arrested by the French authorities , but Shamir with Malkas assistance , was eventually allowed passage to France and granted political asylum . Lehi sent him a forged passport , with which he entered Israel after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948 . During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , most of Lehis members joined the newly formed Israel Defense Forces . Lehi formally disbanded on May 29 , 1948 . However , the Lehi group in Jerusalem continued to function independently , outside government control . During a UN-imposed truce , Shamir , Eldad , and Yellin-Mor authorized the assassination of the United Nations representative in the Middle East , Count Folke Bernadotte , who was killed in September 1948 , when Lehi gunmen ambushed his motorcade in Jerusalem . Lehi had feared that Israel would agree to Bernadottes peace proposals , which they considered disastrous , unaware that the provisional Israeli government had already rejected a proposal by Bernadotte the day before . The Israeli provisional government drafted an ordinance for the prevention of terrorism and then invoked it to declare Lehi a terrorist organisation , consequently rounding up 200 of its members for administrative detention ( prison ) . They were granted amnesty some months later and given a state pardon . Anti-Polonism . Shamir publicly declared his animus for Poles by stating that every Pole sucked anti-Semitism with his mothers milk . Shamir contradicted his spokesman , who attempted to keep the comment off the record , and insisted that he wanted his comment publicized . The comment caused controversy within Poland as being slanderous and libelous . Furthermore , Adam Michnik addressed the comment by stating the stubborn categorization of Poland as an anti-Semitic nation was used in Europe and America as an alibi for the betrayal of Poland at Yalta . The nation so categorized was seen as unworthy of sympathy , or of help , or of compassion . Mossad . In the first years of Israels independence , Shamir managed several commercial enterprises . In 1955 , he joined the Mossad , serving until 1965 . During his Mossad career , he directed Operation Damocles , the assassinations of German rocket scientists working on the Egyptian missile programme . He ran a unit that placed agents in hostile countries , created the Mossads division for planning and served on its General Staff . Shamir resigned from the Mossad in protest over the treatment of Mossad Director-General Isser Harel , who had been compelled to resign after Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion ordered an end to Operation Damocles . Political career . In 1969 , Shamir joined the Herut party headed by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 as a member of the Likud . He became Speaker of the Knesset in 1977 , and Foreign Minister in 1980 which he remained until 1986 , concurrently serving as prime minister from October 1983 to September 1984 after Begins resignation . Prime Minister . Shamir had a reputation as a Likud hard-liner . In 1977 he presided at the Knesset visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . He abstained in the Knesset votes to approve the Camp David Accords and the Peace Treaty with Egypt . In 1981 and 1982 , as Foreign Minister , he guided negotiations with Egypt to normalize relations after the treaty . Following the 1982 Lebanon War he directed negotiations which led to the May 17 , 1983 Agreement with Lebanon , which did not materialize . His failure to stabilize Israels inflationary economy and to suggest a solution to the quagmire of Lebanon led to an indecisive election in 1984 , after which a national unity government was formed between his Likud party and the Alignment led by Shimon Peres . As part of the agreement , Peres held the post of Prime Minister until September 1986 , when Shamir took over . As he prepared to reclaim the office of prime minister , Shamirs hard-line image appeared to moderate . However Shamir remained reluctant to change the status quo in Israels relations with its Arab neighbors , and blocked Peress initiative to promote a regional peace conference as agreed in 1987 with King Hussein of Jordan in what has become known as the London Agreement . Re-elected in 1988 , Shamir and Peres formed a new coalition government until the dirty trick of 1990 , when the Alignment left the government , leaving Shamir with a narrow right-wing coalition . During this period the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip launched the first Intifada , which was suppressed with force by the Israeli government . Shamir urged the US government to stop granting refugee visas to Soviet Jews , persuading it that they were not refugees because they already had a homeland in Israel , and were only moving to the United States for economic reasons . He also termed the emigration of Soviet Jews to the United States rather than to Israel defection , and called the issuing of US refugee visas to Soviet Jews when Israel was already willing to take them in an insult to Israel . In 1989 , a wave of Jewish emigration began from the Soviet Union after the Soviets allowed their Jewish population to emigrate freely . In October of that year , the US agreed to his requests , and stopped issuing refugee visas to Soviet emigrants . Subsequently , Israel became the main destination of Soviet Jewish emigrants . Over one million Soviet immigrants would subsequently arrive in Israel , many of whom would have likely gone to the United States had Shamir not pressed the US government to change its policy . During the Gulf War , Iraq fired Scud missiles at Israel , many of which struck population centers . Iraq hoped to provoke Israeli retaliation and thus alienate Arab members of the United States-assembled coalition against Iraq . Shamir deployed Israeli Air Force jets to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq . However , after United States and Netherlands deployed Patriot antimissile batteries to protect Israel , and US and British special forces began hunting for Scuds , Shamir responded to American calls for restraint , recalled the jets , and agreed not to retaliate . During his term , Shamir reestablished diplomatic relations between Israel and several dozen African , Asian and other countries . In May 1991 , as the Ethiopian government of Mengistu Haile Mariam was collapsing , Shamir ordered the airlifting of 14,000 Ethiopian Jews , known as Operation Solomon . He continued his efforts , begun in the late 1960s , to bring Soviet Jewish refugees to Israel . Shamir restored diplomatic relation between the Soviet Union and Israel in October 1991 , and following its dissolution , established relations between Israel and his native Belarus in May 1992 . Shamir was dedicated to bringing Jews from all over the world to Israel , and called on American Jews to emigrate to Israel in spite of a higher standard of living in the US , saying that he expected even American Jewish youth to realize that man does not live by bread alone but to learn and understand Jewish history , the Bible.. . and reach the only conclusion : to come on aliya to Israel . Relations with the US were strained in the period after the war over the Madrid peace talks , which Shamir opposed . As a result , US President George H.W . Bush was reluctant to approve loan guarantees to help absorb immigrants from the former Soviet Union . Finally Shamir gave in and in October 1991 participated in the Madrid talks . His narrow , right-wing government collapsed : the participation of Palestinians in the elections from the West Bank and Gaza , was mandated by law . New elections were necessarily called . Electoral defeat and retirement . Shamir was defeated by Yitzhak Rabins Labour in the 1992 election . He stepped down from the Likud leadership in March 1993 , but remained a member of the Knesset until the 1996 election . For some time , Shamir was a critic of his Likud successor , Benjamin Netanyahu , as being too indecisive in dealing with the Arabs . Shamir went so far as to resign from the Likud in 1998 and endorse Herut , a right-wing splinter movement led by Benny Begin , which later joined the National Union during the 1999 election . After Netanyahu was defeated , Shamir returned to the Likud fold and supported Ariel Sharon in the 2001 election . Subsequently , in his late eighties , Shamir ceased making public comments . Illness and death . In 2004 , Shamirs health declined , with the progression of his Alzheimers disease , and he was moved to a nursing home . The government turned down a request by the family to finance his stay at the facility . Shamir died on the morning of June 30 , 2012 , at a nursing home in Tel Aviv where he had spent the last few years as a result of the Alzheimers disease he had suffered since the mid-1990s . He was given a state funeral , which took place on July 2 at Mount Herzl , Jerusalem , and was buried beside his wife , Shulamit , who had died the previous year . As his body was lying in state Speaker of the Knesset Reuven Rivlin laid a wreath on his coffin and said : Shamir was buried at Mount Herzl . Reactions . Israeli President Shimon Peres said that Yitzhak Shamir was a brave warrior for Israel , before and after its inception . He was a great patriot and his enormous contribution will be forever etched in our chronicles . He was loyal to his beliefs and he served his country with the utmost dedication for decades . May he rest in peace . Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahus office issued a statement upon hearing of his death that read : [ Shamir ] led Israel with a deep loyalty to the nation . [ The Prime Minister ] expresses his deep pain over the announcement of the departure of Yitzhak Shamir . He was part of a marvelous generation which created the state of Israel and struggled for the Jewish people . This was despite previous feuds between the two once-Likud members . He was also mourned in the Knesset . Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman added that Shamir contributed greatly to the foundation of the state , which he served his entire life with loyalty and unwavering dedication . He set an example in each position that he held . I had the privilege to be personally acquainted with Shamir , and I will always remember him and his great contribution to the state ; while Defense Minister Ehud Barak said : His whole life , Shamir was as stable as granite and maintained focus without compromises . He always strived to ensure Israels freedom . His devotion knew no bounds [ and he ] always sought whats right for the people of Israel and for the countrys security . Leader of the Opposition and Labor Party head Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences to Shamirs family saying that he was a determined prime minister who dedicated his life to the state . He followed his ideological path honestly and humbly , as a leader should . The citizens of Israel will always remember the wisdom he demonstrated during the First Gulf War . He showed restraint and saved Israel from undue entanglement in the Iraq War . This decision proved to be a brave and wise act of leadership . His daughter Gilada Diamant said : [ My father ] belonged to a different generation of leaders , people with values and beliefs . I hope that we have more people like him in the future . His political doing has undoubtedly left its mark on the State of Israel . Dad was an amazing man , a family man in the fullest sense of the word , a man who dedicated himself to the State of Israel but never forgot his family , not even for a moment . He was a special man . Awards and recognition . In 2001 , Shamir received the Israel Prize , for his lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel . Published works . He wrote Sikumo shel davar , a book which was published in English by Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London , as Summing Up : An autobiography ( 1994 ) .

easy

What was the position of Yitzhak Shamir from Oct 1986 to Jul 1992?

/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir#P39#2

Yitzhak Shamir Yitzhak Shamir ( , ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky ; October 22 , 1915 – June 30 , 2012 ) was an Israeli politician and the seventh Prime Minister of Israel , serving two terms , 1983–1984 and 1986–1992 . Before the establishment of the state of Israel , Shamir was a leader of the Zionist militant group Lehi . After the establishment of the Israeli state he served in the Mossad between 1955 and 1965 and as a Knesset Member . He served as the sixth Speaker of the Knesset , and as Foreign Affairs Minister . Shamir was the countrys third-longest-serving prime minister , after David Ben-Gurion and Benjamin Netanyahu . Early and personal life . Yitzhak Yezernitsky ( later Yitzhak Shamir ) was born in the predominantly Jewish village of Ruzhany , Grodno province , Russian Empire ( now Belarus ) , which after World War I returned to Poland , as the son of Perla and Shlomo , owner of a leather factory . Those close to Shamir noted that he often recalls his childhood and youth in Belarus . Shamir later moved to Białystok , Poland , and studied at a Hebrew high school network . As a youth , he joined Betar , the Revisionist Zionist youth movement . He studied law at the University of Warsaw , but cut his studies short in order to emigrate to what was then Mandatory Palestine . Shamir once stated that every Pole sucked anti-Semitism with his mothers milk . The comment caused controversy within Poland and was condemned . His parents and two sisters died during the Holocaust . Shamir claimed his father was killed just outside his birthplace in Ruzhany by villagers who had been his childhood friends , after he had escaped from a German train transporting Jews to the death camps , though this was never confirmed . His mother and a sister died in the concentration camps , and another sister was shot dead . Shamir once told Ehud Olmert that when his father , living under Nazi occupation , had been informed that the extermination of the Jews was imminent , his father had replied that I have a son in the Land of Israel , and he will exact my revenge on them . According to an obituary , he had dreamed of living in the Land of Israel since he was a boy , and felt immediately at home when he eventually moved there . In 1935 , Shamir emigrated to Palestine , where he worked in an accountants office . He later adopted as his surname the name he used on a forged underground identity card , Shamir . He told his wife this was because Shamir means a thorn that stabs and a rock that can cut steel . In 1944 he married Shulamit , whom he met in a detention camp when she migrated to Mandate Palestine from Bulgaria by boat in 1941 and was incarcerated because she entered the territory illegally . They had two children , Yair and Gilada . Shulamit died on July 29 , 2011 . Zionist activism . Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi , a Zionist paramilitary group that opposed British control of Palestine . When the Irgun split in 1940 , Shamir joined the more militant faction Lehi , also known as the Stern Gang , headed by Avraham Stern . Shamir was imprisoned by British authorities in 1941 . A few months after Stern was killed by the British in 1942 , Shamir and Eliyahu Giladi hid under a stack of mattresses in a warehouse of the detention camp at Mazraa , and at night escaped through the barbed wire fences of the camp . Shamir , together with Giladi , Anshell Shpillman and Yehoshua Cohen , reorganized the movement into cells and trained its members . In his memoirs , Shamir admitted in 1994 what had long been suspected : that the killing of Giladi in 1943 was ordered by Shamir himself , allegedly due to Giladi advocating the assassination of David Ben-Gurion , and arguing for other violence deemed too extremist by fellow Stern members . In 1943 , he became one of the three leaders of the group , serving with Nathan Yellin-Mor and Israel Eldad . Shamir sought to emulate the anti-British struggle of the Irish Republicans and took the nickname Michael after Irish Republican leader Michael Collins . Shamir plotted the 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne , British Minister for Middle East Affairs , and personally selected Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet-Zuri to carry it out . Moyne had been targeted due to his perceived role as an architect of British restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine , and in particular , the Patria disaster , which was blamed on him . In July 1946 , Shamir was arrested . He had been walking in public in disguise and a British police sergeant , T.G . Martin , recognized him by his bushy eyebrows . Arrested , he was exiled to Africa , and interned in Eritrea by British Mandatory authorities . Lehi members subsequently tracked down and killed Martin in September 1946 . On January 14 , 1947 , Shamir and four Irgun members escaped the Sembel Prison ( a British Detention Camp ) through a tunnel they had dug , 200 feet in length , and Mayer Malka of Khartoum subsequently arranged for them to be hidden in an oil truck for three days as it was driven over the border to French Somaliland . They were re-arrested by the French authorities , but Shamir with Malkas assistance , was eventually allowed passage to France and granted political asylum . Lehi sent him a forged passport , with which he entered Israel after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948 . During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , most of Lehis members joined the newly formed Israel Defense Forces . Lehi formally disbanded on May 29 , 1948 . However , the Lehi group in Jerusalem continued to function independently , outside government control . During a UN-imposed truce , Shamir , Eldad , and Yellin-Mor authorized the assassination of the United Nations representative in the Middle East , Count Folke Bernadotte , who was killed in September 1948 , when Lehi gunmen ambushed his motorcade in Jerusalem . Lehi had feared that Israel would agree to Bernadottes peace proposals , which they considered disastrous , unaware that the provisional Israeli government had already rejected a proposal by Bernadotte the day before . The Israeli provisional government drafted an ordinance for the prevention of terrorism and then invoked it to declare Lehi a terrorist organisation , consequently rounding up 200 of its members for administrative detention ( prison ) . They were granted amnesty some months later and given a state pardon . Anti-Polonism . Shamir publicly declared his animus for Poles by stating that every Pole sucked anti-Semitism with his mothers milk . Shamir contradicted his spokesman , who attempted to keep the comment off the record , and insisted that he wanted his comment publicized . The comment caused controversy within Poland as being slanderous and libelous . Furthermore , Adam Michnik addressed the comment by stating the stubborn categorization of Poland as an anti-Semitic nation was used in Europe and America as an alibi for the betrayal of Poland at Yalta . The nation so categorized was seen as unworthy of sympathy , or of help , or of compassion . Mossad . In the first years of Israels independence , Shamir managed several commercial enterprises . In 1955 , he joined the Mossad , serving until 1965 . During his Mossad career , he directed Operation Damocles , the assassinations of German rocket scientists working on the Egyptian missile programme . He ran a unit that placed agents in hostile countries , created the Mossads division for planning and served on its General Staff . Shamir resigned from the Mossad in protest over the treatment of Mossad Director-General Isser Harel , who had been compelled to resign after Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion ordered an end to Operation Damocles . Political career . In 1969 , Shamir joined the Herut party headed by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 as a member of the Likud . He became Speaker of the Knesset in 1977 , and Foreign Minister in 1980 which he remained until 1986 , concurrently serving as prime minister from October 1983 to September 1984 after Begins resignation . Prime Minister . Shamir had a reputation as a Likud hard-liner . In 1977 he presided at the Knesset visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . He abstained in the Knesset votes to approve the Camp David Accords and the Peace Treaty with Egypt . In 1981 and 1982 , as Foreign Minister , he guided negotiations with Egypt to normalize relations after the treaty . Following the 1982 Lebanon War he directed negotiations which led to the May 17 , 1983 Agreement with Lebanon , which did not materialize . His failure to stabilize Israels inflationary economy and to suggest a solution to the quagmire of Lebanon led to an indecisive election in 1984 , after which a national unity government was formed between his Likud party and the Alignment led by Shimon Peres . As part of the agreement , Peres held the post of Prime Minister until September 1986 , when Shamir took over . As he prepared to reclaim the office of prime minister , Shamirs hard-line image appeared to moderate . However Shamir remained reluctant to change the status quo in Israels relations with its Arab neighbors , and blocked Peress initiative to promote a regional peace conference as agreed in 1987 with King Hussein of Jordan in what has become known as the London Agreement . Re-elected in 1988 , Shamir and Peres formed a new coalition government until the dirty trick of 1990 , when the Alignment left the government , leaving Shamir with a narrow right-wing coalition . During this period the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip launched the first Intifada , which was suppressed with force by the Israeli government . Shamir urged the US government to stop granting refugee visas to Soviet Jews , persuading it that they were not refugees because they already had a homeland in Israel , and were only moving to the United States for economic reasons . He also termed the emigration of Soviet Jews to the United States rather than to Israel defection , and called the issuing of US refugee visas to Soviet Jews when Israel was already willing to take them in an insult to Israel . In 1989 , a wave of Jewish emigration began from the Soviet Union after the Soviets allowed their Jewish population to emigrate freely . In October of that year , the US agreed to his requests , and stopped issuing refugee visas to Soviet emigrants . Subsequently , Israel became the main destination of Soviet Jewish emigrants . Over one million Soviet immigrants would subsequently arrive in Israel , many of whom would have likely gone to the United States had Shamir not pressed the US government to change its policy . During the Gulf War , Iraq fired Scud missiles at Israel , many of which struck population centers . Iraq hoped to provoke Israeli retaliation and thus alienate Arab members of the United States-assembled coalition against Iraq . Shamir deployed Israeli Air Force jets to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq . However , after United States and Netherlands deployed Patriot antimissile batteries to protect Israel , and US and British special forces began hunting for Scuds , Shamir responded to American calls for restraint , recalled the jets , and agreed not to retaliate . During his term , Shamir reestablished diplomatic relations between Israel and several dozen African , Asian and other countries . In May 1991 , as the Ethiopian government of Mengistu Haile Mariam was collapsing , Shamir ordered the airlifting of 14,000 Ethiopian Jews , known as Operation Solomon . He continued his efforts , begun in the late 1960s , to bring Soviet Jewish refugees to Israel . Shamir restored diplomatic relation between the Soviet Union and Israel in October 1991 , and following its dissolution , established relations between Israel and his native Belarus in May 1992 . Shamir was dedicated to bringing Jews from all over the world to Israel , and called on American Jews to emigrate to Israel in spite of a higher standard of living in the US , saying that he expected even American Jewish youth to realize that man does not live by bread alone but to learn and understand Jewish history , the Bible.. . and reach the only conclusion : to come on aliya to Israel . Relations with the US were strained in the period after the war over the Madrid peace talks , which Shamir opposed . As a result , US President George H.W . Bush was reluctant to approve loan guarantees to help absorb immigrants from the former Soviet Union . Finally Shamir gave in and in October 1991 participated in the Madrid talks . His narrow , right-wing government collapsed : the participation of Palestinians in the elections from the West Bank and Gaza , was mandated by law . New elections were necessarily called . Electoral defeat and retirement . Shamir was defeated by Yitzhak Rabins Labour in the 1992 election . He stepped down from the Likud leadership in March 1993 , but remained a member of the Knesset until the 1996 election . For some time , Shamir was a critic of his Likud successor , Benjamin Netanyahu , as being too indecisive in dealing with the Arabs . Shamir went so far as to resign from the Likud in 1998 and endorse Herut , a right-wing splinter movement led by Benny Begin , which later joined the National Union during the 1999 election . After Netanyahu was defeated , Shamir returned to the Likud fold and supported Ariel Sharon in the 2001 election . Subsequently , in his late eighties , Shamir ceased making public comments . Illness and death . In 2004 , Shamirs health declined , with the progression of his Alzheimers disease , and he was moved to a nursing home . The government turned down a request by the family to finance his stay at the facility . Shamir died on the morning of June 30 , 2012 , at a nursing home in Tel Aviv where he had spent the last few years as a result of the Alzheimers disease he had suffered since the mid-1990s . He was given a state funeral , which took place on July 2 at Mount Herzl , Jerusalem , and was buried beside his wife , Shulamit , who had died the previous year . As his body was lying in state Speaker of the Knesset Reuven Rivlin laid a wreath on his coffin and said : Shamir was buried at Mount Herzl . Reactions . Israeli President Shimon Peres said that Yitzhak Shamir was a brave warrior for Israel , before and after its inception . He was a great patriot and his enormous contribution will be forever etched in our chronicles . He was loyal to his beliefs and he served his country with the utmost dedication for decades . May he rest in peace . Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahus office issued a statement upon hearing of his death that read : [ Shamir ] led Israel with a deep loyalty to the nation . [ The Prime Minister ] expresses his deep pain over the announcement of the departure of Yitzhak Shamir . He was part of a marvelous generation which created the state of Israel and struggled for the Jewish people . This was despite previous feuds between the two once-Likud members . He was also mourned in the Knesset . Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman added that Shamir contributed greatly to the foundation of the state , which he served his entire life with loyalty and unwavering dedication . He set an example in each position that he held . I had the privilege to be personally acquainted with Shamir , and I will always remember him and his great contribution to the state ; while Defense Minister Ehud Barak said : His whole life , Shamir was as stable as granite and maintained focus without compromises . He always strived to ensure Israels freedom . His devotion knew no bounds [ and he ] always sought whats right for the people of Israel and for the countrys security . Leader of the Opposition and Labor Party head Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences to Shamirs family saying that he was a determined prime minister who dedicated his life to the state . He followed his ideological path honestly and humbly , as a leader should . The citizens of Israel will always remember the wisdom he demonstrated during the First Gulf War . He showed restraint and saved Israel from undue entanglement in the Iraq War . This decision proved to be a brave and wise act of leadership . His daughter Gilada Diamant said : [ My father ] belonged to a different generation of leaders , people with values and beliefs . I hope that we have more people like him in the future . His political doing has undoubtedly left its mark on the State of Israel . Dad was an amazing man , a family man in the fullest sense of the word , a man who dedicated himself to the State of Israel but never forgot his family , not even for a moment . He was a special man . Awards and recognition . In 2001 , Shamir received the Israel Prize , for his lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel . Published works . He wrote Sikumo shel davar , a book which was published in English by Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London , as Summing Up : An autobiography ( 1994 ) .

easy

Which position did Yitzhak Shamir hold from Jul 1992 to Jun 1996?

/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir#P39#3

Yitzhak Shamir Yitzhak Shamir ( , ; born Yitzhak Yezernitsky ; October 22 , 1915 – June 30 , 2012 ) was an Israeli politician and the seventh Prime Minister of Israel , serving two terms , 1983–1984 and 1986–1992 . Before the establishment of the state of Israel , Shamir was a leader of the Zionist militant group Lehi . After the establishment of the Israeli state he served in the Mossad between 1955 and 1965 and as a Knesset Member . He served as the sixth Speaker of the Knesset , and as Foreign Affairs Minister . Shamir was the countrys third-longest-serving prime minister , after David Ben-Gurion and Benjamin Netanyahu . Early and personal life . Yitzhak Yezernitsky ( later Yitzhak Shamir ) was born in the predominantly Jewish village of Ruzhany , Grodno province , Russian Empire ( now Belarus ) , which after World War I returned to Poland , as the son of Perla and Shlomo , owner of a leather factory . Those close to Shamir noted that he often recalls his childhood and youth in Belarus . Shamir later moved to Białystok , Poland , and studied at a Hebrew high school network . As a youth , he joined Betar , the Revisionist Zionist youth movement . He studied law at the University of Warsaw , but cut his studies short in order to emigrate to what was then Mandatory Palestine . Shamir once stated that every Pole sucked anti-Semitism with his mothers milk . The comment caused controversy within Poland and was condemned . His parents and two sisters died during the Holocaust . Shamir claimed his father was killed just outside his birthplace in Ruzhany by villagers who had been his childhood friends , after he had escaped from a German train transporting Jews to the death camps , though this was never confirmed . His mother and a sister died in the concentration camps , and another sister was shot dead . Shamir once told Ehud Olmert that when his father , living under Nazi occupation , had been informed that the extermination of the Jews was imminent , his father had replied that I have a son in the Land of Israel , and he will exact my revenge on them . According to an obituary , he had dreamed of living in the Land of Israel since he was a boy , and felt immediately at home when he eventually moved there . In 1935 , Shamir emigrated to Palestine , where he worked in an accountants office . He later adopted as his surname the name he used on a forged underground identity card , Shamir . He told his wife this was because Shamir means a thorn that stabs and a rock that can cut steel . In 1944 he married Shulamit , whom he met in a detention camp when she migrated to Mandate Palestine from Bulgaria by boat in 1941 and was incarcerated because she entered the territory illegally . They had two children , Yair and Gilada . Shulamit died on July 29 , 2011 . Zionist activism . Shamir joined the Irgun Zvai Leumi , a Zionist paramilitary group that opposed British control of Palestine . When the Irgun split in 1940 , Shamir joined the more militant faction Lehi , also known as the Stern Gang , headed by Avraham Stern . Shamir was imprisoned by British authorities in 1941 . A few months after Stern was killed by the British in 1942 , Shamir and Eliyahu Giladi hid under a stack of mattresses in a warehouse of the detention camp at Mazraa , and at night escaped through the barbed wire fences of the camp . Shamir , together with Giladi , Anshell Shpillman and Yehoshua Cohen , reorganized the movement into cells and trained its members . In his memoirs , Shamir admitted in 1994 what had long been suspected : that the killing of Giladi in 1943 was ordered by Shamir himself , allegedly due to Giladi advocating the assassination of David Ben-Gurion , and arguing for other violence deemed too extremist by fellow Stern members . In 1943 , he became one of the three leaders of the group , serving with Nathan Yellin-Mor and Israel Eldad . Shamir sought to emulate the anti-British struggle of the Irish Republicans and took the nickname Michael after Irish Republican leader Michael Collins . Shamir plotted the 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne , British Minister for Middle East Affairs , and personally selected Eliyahu Hakim and Eliyahu Bet-Zuri to carry it out . Moyne had been targeted due to his perceived role as an architect of British restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine , and in particular , the Patria disaster , which was blamed on him . In July 1946 , Shamir was arrested . He had been walking in public in disguise and a British police sergeant , T.G . Martin , recognized him by his bushy eyebrows . Arrested , he was exiled to Africa , and interned in Eritrea by British Mandatory authorities . Lehi members subsequently tracked down and killed Martin in September 1946 . On January 14 , 1947 , Shamir and four Irgun members escaped the Sembel Prison ( a British Detention Camp ) through a tunnel they had dug , 200 feet in length , and Mayer Malka of Khartoum subsequently arranged for them to be hidden in an oil truck for three days as it was driven over the border to French Somaliland . They were re-arrested by the French authorities , but Shamir with Malkas assistance , was eventually allowed passage to France and granted political asylum . Lehi sent him a forged passport , with which he entered Israel after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948 . During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , most of Lehis members joined the newly formed Israel Defense Forces . Lehi formally disbanded on May 29 , 1948 . However , the Lehi group in Jerusalem continued to function independently , outside government control . During a UN-imposed truce , Shamir , Eldad , and Yellin-Mor authorized the assassination of the United Nations representative in the Middle East , Count Folke Bernadotte , who was killed in September 1948 , when Lehi gunmen ambushed his motorcade in Jerusalem . Lehi had feared that Israel would agree to Bernadottes peace proposals , which they considered disastrous , unaware that the provisional Israeli government had already rejected a proposal by Bernadotte the day before . The Israeli provisional government drafted an ordinance for the prevention of terrorism and then invoked it to declare Lehi a terrorist organisation , consequently rounding up 200 of its members for administrative detention ( prison ) . They were granted amnesty some months later and given a state pardon . Anti-Polonism . Shamir publicly declared his animus for Poles by stating that every Pole sucked anti-Semitism with his mothers milk . Shamir contradicted his spokesman , who attempted to keep the comment off the record , and insisted that he wanted his comment publicized . The comment caused controversy within Poland as being slanderous and libelous . Furthermore , Adam Michnik addressed the comment by stating the stubborn categorization of Poland as an anti-Semitic nation was used in Europe and America as an alibi for the betrayal of Poland at Yalta . The nation so categorized was seen as unworthy of sympathy , or of help , or of compassion . Mossad . In the first years of Israels independence , Shamir managed several commercial enterprises . In 1955 , he joined the Mossad , serving until 1965 . During his Mossad career , he directed Operation Damocles , the assassinations of German rocket scientists working on the Egyptian missile programme . He ran a unit that placed agents in hostile countries , created the Mossads division for planning and served on its General Staff . Shamir resigned from the Mossad in protest over the treatment of Mossad Director-General Isser Harel , who had been compelled to resign after Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion ordered an end to Operation Damocles . Political career . In 1969 , Shamir joined the Herut party headed by Menachem Begin and was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 as a member of the Likud . He became Speaker of the Knesset in 1977 , and Foreign Minister in 1980 which he remained until 1986 , concurrently serving as prime minister from October 1983 to September 1984 after Begins resignation . Prime Minister . Shamir had a reputation as a Likud hard-liner . In 1977 he presided at the Knesset visit of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . He abstained in the Knesset votes to approve the Camp David Accords and the Peace Treaty with Egypt . In 1981 and 1982 , as Foreign Minister , he guided negotiations with Egypt to normalize relations after the treaty . Following the 1982 Lebanon War he directed negotiations which led to the May 17 , 1983 Agreement with Lebanon , which did not materialize . His failure to stabilize Israels inflationary economy and to suggest a solution to the quagmire of Lebanon led to an indecisive election in 1984 , after which a national unity government was formed between his Likud party and the Alignment led by Shimon Peres . As part of the agreement , Peres held the post of Prime Minister until September 1986 , when Shamir took over . As he prepared to reclaim the office of prime minister , Shamirs hard-line image appeared to moderate . However Shamir remained reluctant to change the status quo in Israels relations with its Arab neighbors , and blocked Peress initiative to promote a regional peace conference as agreed in 1987 with King Hussein of Jordan in what has become known as the London Agreement . Re-elected in 1988 , Shamir and Peres formed a new coalition government until the dirty trick of 1990 , when the Alignment left the government , leaving Shamir with a narrow right-wing coalition . During this period the Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip launched the first Intifada , which was suppressed with force by the Israeli government . Shamir urged the US government to stop granting refugee visas to Soviet Jews , persuading it that they were not refugees because they already had a homeland in Israel , and were only moving to the United States for economic reasons . He also termed the emigration of Soviet Jews to the United States rather than to Israel defection , and called the issuing of US refugee visas to Soviet Jews when Israel was already willing to take them in an insult to Israel . In 1989 , a wave of Jewish emigration began from the Soviet Union after the Soviets allowed their Jewish population to emigrate freely . In October of that year , the US agreed to his requests , and stopped issuing refugee visas to Soviet emigrants . Subsequently , Israel became the main destination of Soviet Jewish emigrants . Over one million Soviet immigrants would subsequently arrive in Israel , many of whom would have likely gone to the United States had Shamir not pressed the US government to change its policy . During the Gulf War , Iraq fired Scud missiles at Israel , many of which struck population centers . Iraq hoped to provoke Israeli retaliation and thus alienate Arab members of the United States-assembled coalition against Iraq . Shamir deployed Israeli Air Force jets to patrol the northern airspace with Iraq . However , after United States and Netherlands deployed Patriot antimissile batteries to protect Israel , and US and British special forces began hunting for Scuds , Shamir responded to American calls for restraint , recalled the jets , and agreed not to retaliate . During his term , Shamir reestablished diplomatic relations between Israel and several dozen African , Asian and other countries . In May 1991 , as the Ethiopian government of Mengistu Haile Mariam was collapsing , Shamir ordered the airlifting of 14,000 Ethiopian Jews , known as Operation Solomon . He continued his efforts , begun in the late 1960s , to bring Soviet Jewish refugees to Israel . Shamir restored diplomatic relation between the Soviet Union and Israel in October 1991 , and following its dissolution , established relations between Israel and his native Belarus in May 1992 . Shamir was dedicated to bringing Jews from all over the world to Israel , and called on American Jews to emigrate to Israel in spite of a higher standard of living in the US , saying that he expected even American Jewish youth to realize that man does not live by bread alone but to learn and understand Jewish history , the Bible.. . and reach the only conclusion : to come on aliya to Israel . Relations with the US were strained in the period after the war over the Madrid peace talks , which Shamir opposed . As a result , US President George H.W . Bush was reluctant to approve loan guarantees to help absorb immigrants from the former Soviet Union . Finally Shamir gave in and in October 1991 participated in the Madrid talks . His narrow , right-wing government collapsed : the participation of Palestinians in the elections from the West Bank and Gaza , was mandated by law . New elections were necessarily called . Electoral defeat and retirement . Shamir was defeated by Yitzhak Rabins Labour in the 1992 election . He stepped down from the Likud leadership in March 1993 , but remained a member of the Knesset until the 1996 election . For some time , Shamir was a critic of his Likud successor , Benjamin Netanyahu , as being too indecisive in dealing with the Arabs . Shamir went so far as to resign from the Likud in 1998 and endorse Herut , a right-wing splinter movement led by Benny Begin , which later joined the National Union during the 1999 election . After Netanyahu was defeated , Shamir returned to the Likud fold and supported Ariel Sharon in the 2001 election . Subsequently , in his late eighties , Shamir ceased making public comments . Illness and death . In 2004 , Shamirs health declined , with the progression of his Alzheimers disease , and he was moved to a nursing home . The government turned down a request by the family to finance his stay at the facility . Shamir died on the morning of June 30 , 2012 , at a nursing home in Tel Aviv where he had spent the last few years as a result of the Alzheimers disease he had suffered since the mid-1990s . He was given a state funeral , which took place on July 2 at Mount Herzl , Jerusalem , and was buried beside his wife , Shulamit , who had died the previous year . As his body was lying in state Speaker of the Knesset Reuven Rivlin laid a wreath on his coffin and said : Shamir was buried at Mount Herzl . Reactions . Israeli President Shimon Peres said that Yitzhak Shamir was a brave warrior for Israel , before and after its inception . He was a great patriot and his enormous contribution will be forever etched in our chronicles . He was loyal to his beliefs and he served his country with the utmost dedication for decades . May he rest in peace . Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahus office issued a statement upon hearing of his death that read : [ Shamir ] led Israel with a deep loyalty to the nation . [ The Prime Minister ] expresses his deep pain over the announcement of the departure of Yitzhak Shamir . He was part of a marvelous generation which created the state of Israel and struggled for the Jewish people . This was despite previous feuds between the two once-Likud members . He was also mourned in the Knesset . Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman added that Shamir contributed greatly to the foundation of the state , which he served his entire life with loyalty and unwavering dedication . He set an example in each position that he held . I had the privilege to be personally acquainted with Shamir , and I will always remember him and his great contribution to the state ; while Defense Minister Ehud Barak said : His whole life , Shamir was as stable as granite and maintained focus without compromises . He always strived to ensure Israels freedom . His devotion knew no bounds [ and he ] always sought whats right for the people of Israel and for the countrys security . Leader of the Opposition and Labor Party head Shelly Yachimovich offered her condolences to Shamirs family saying that he was a determined prime minister who dedicated his life to the state . He followed his ideological path honestly and humbly , as a leader should . The citizens of Israel will always remember the wisdom he demonstrated during the First Gulf War . He showed restraint and saved Israel from undue entanglement in the Iraq War . This decision proved to be a brave and wise act of leadership . His daughter Gilada Diamant said : [ My father ] belonged to a different generation of leaders , people with values and beliefs . I hope that we have more people like him in the future . His political doing has undoubtedly left its mark on the State of Israel . Dad was an amazing man , a family man in the fullest sense of the word , a man who dedicated himself to the State of Israel but never forgot his family , not even for a moment . He was a special man . Awards and recognition . In 2001 , Shamir received the Israel Prize , for his lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel . Published works . He wrote Sikumo shel davar , a book which was published in English by Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London , as Summing Up : An autobiography ( 1994 ) .

easy

What was the position of Ali Hassan Mwinyi from 1984 to 1985?

/wiki/Ali_Hassan_Mwinyi#P39#0

Ali Hassan Mwinyi Ali Hassan Mwinyi ( born 8 May 1925 in Kivure , Pwani Region , Tanzania ) is a Tanzanian politician who served as the second President of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995 . Previous posts include Interior Minister and Vice President . He also was chairman of the ruling party , the Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) from 1990 to 1996 . During Mwinyis terms Tanzania took the first steps to reverse the socialist policies of Julius Nyerere . He relaxed import restrictions and encouraged private enterprise . It was during his second term that multi-party politics were introduced under pressure from foreign donors . Often referred to as Mzee Rukhsa ( Everything goes ) , he pushed for liberalization of morals , beliefs , values ( without breaking the law ) and the economy . Presidency . President Julius Nyerere retired in October 1985 and picked Ali Hassan Mwinyi to be his successor . Nyerere remained chairman of the ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) , until 1990 , which would later cause tensions between the government and the party regarding economic reform ideology . When the transition of power took place , Tanzanias economy was in the midst of a slump . From 1974 to 1984 , the GDP was growing at an average of 2.6 percent per year while the population was increasing at a faster rate of 3.4% each year . Rural incomes and urban wages had both fallen by the early 1980s , despite Tanzanias minimum wage laws . Furthermore , the currency was overpriced , basic goods were scarce , and the country had over three billion dollars of foreign debt . Agricultural production was low , and the general opinion was that Nyereres Ujamaa socialist policies had failed economically . Such policies included the nationalization of major production , the forced re-villagization of the rural population into communal farms , and the banning of any opposition parties . Nyereres supporters were opposed to involving the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and World Bank in domestic economic reforms , believing it would cause instability and conflict with their socialist values . Also , Tanzanias relationship with the IMF had been strained since Nyereres government failed to meet the loan conditions from a 1980 financial package agreement . Early in this political transition , many believed that Mwinyi was unlikely to deviate from Nyereres policies since he was viewed as a loyal supporter of his predecessor . However , Ali Hassan Mwinyi and his followers called for economic and political reform to liberalize the market and review traditional socialist ideologies . He surrounded himself with reformists , even replacing three cabinet members and other ministers who were opposed to change . The Prime Minister at the time , Joseph Warioba , along with the finance minister Clement Msuya were also quite supportive of new policies . During his first address to Tanzanias Parliament in 1986 , he promised to resume negotiations with the IMF and World Bank , assuming that any resulting agreement would be beneficial to the citizens of Tanzania . Agreements with International Financial Institutions . In 1986 , Mwinyi made an agreement with the IMF to receive a $78 million standby loan , which was Tanzanias first foreign loan in over six years . Bilateral donors approved this austerity plan , and agreed to reschedule Tanzanias debt payments . They agreed to do so for a period of five years , requiring that Tanzania pay only 2.5% of their debts in the meantime . In an interview , Mwinyi urged donor countries to use Canada as an example and write off Tanzanias debts all together . If this request wasnt possible , he asked instead for a minimum of ten years to pay off loans , but said that twenty to twenty-five years was a more ideal range . He predicted that by this time , the countrys economy would be recovered and they would be in a position to repay their debts without it hurting them . In the same interview , he also asked aid donors for lower interest rates . Mwinyi claimed that his negotiations with the IMF were on behalf of the people : for example , he agreed to the Funds request that he decrease the number of public institutions , but only when doing so was necessary and could be done gradually . Furthermore , he declined their recommendation to freeze pay raises within the government and to cut free public services . The following year , Mwinyi negotiated Tanzanias first structural adjustment facility ( SAF ) with the IMF , followed by subsequent agreements in 1988 and again in 1990 . In addition to these developments , the World Bank provided structural adjustment credits for reforms in the agricultural , industrial , and financial sectors . in 1989 , President Mwinyi began the second phases of his reform program with the intention of reforming social sectors , specifically by increasing government spending on education . Multi-Party Politics . In 1991 , the first stages of the transition towards multipartyism began when Mwinyi appointed Chief Justice Francis Nyalali to lead a commission to gage the amount of popular support for the current single-party system . This commission submitted their report to the President in 1992 , recommending that the government transition into a multi-party system . They made this recommendation despite the fact that only twenty-one percent out of the 36,299 Tanzanians who were interviewed favored this change . However , fifty-five percent of the seventy-seven percent who supported the current system were in favor of some sort of reform . Justice Nyalali pointed to twenty specific laws that were in need of revision in order to comply with the requirements of a multi-party system . Mwinyi supported their recommendation and the CCM Extraordinary National Party Conference ratified changes through constitutional amendments in February 1992 . However , not all twenty of these laws were revised , including the controversial Preventative Detention Act that was leftover from colonial times . Corruption . During the years of Julius Nyereres presidency , corruption was viewed as a sort of oppression that undermined Tanzanias egalitarian values . But , reports of corruption increased along with the states economic influence . Under Mwinyis presidency , corrupt practices worsened under his economically liberal policies . It became so endemic that some donors froze aid in 1994 in response . During the first multi-party election in 1995 , the opposition parties used the peoples resentments towards the ongoing corruption as political fuel . However , the CCM candidate Benjamin Mkapa was also able to use corruption in his favor , as he was viewed as untainted by any of the corruption scandals that marred the Mwinyi administration . 1993 Chavda Scandal . Brothers and well known businessmen V.G . Chavda and P.G . Chavda received a $3.5 million loan from a debt conversion program ( DCP ) in 1993 . They promised to use these funds to revamp rundown plantations in Tanga . This included upgrading worker housing , repairing old machines , and replanting farmland . They claimed their projects would create 1,400 jobs and would generate $42 million in foreign exchange money . In reality , they had diverted the funds outside of the country through the purchase of fake machines and parts . It was later uncovered that high ranking politicians had covered for them , including the Minister for Home Affairs , Augustine Mrema . They were able to evade prosecution . Mohamed Enterprises . In early 1995 , the well known company Mohamed Enterprises was accused of allegedly distributing food that was unfit for consumption . Mrema claimed he would punish the company , but was demoted to Minister of Youth and Culture before he could take action . He criticized Mwinyis administration for tolerating high levels of corruption and being complicit about anti-corruption enforcement . He was then removed from the cabinet , and later became a candidate for one of the opposition parties , NCCR-Mageuzi . Views on Apartheid . In a 1989 interview when asked about his views regarding Apartheid , Mwinyi advocated for tough , comprehensive sanctions to be carried out against South Africa . He also called for Western nations to assist frontline states in dealing with any destabilization attempts made by the South African government against those who oppose them . Mwinyi said that practicing these measures concurrently would help to dismantle Apartheid . He called the Reagan administrations hesitance to enact tougher sanctions a stumbling block , and expressed his hope that future American leaders would take more action against South Africas regime . Personal life . Ali Hassan Mwinyi married Siti Mwinyi in 1960 , with whom he has six sons and six daughters . In retirement , Ali Hassan Mwinyi has stayed out of the limelight and continues to live in Dar es Salaam . Legacy . Eponyms . - Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road , one of the major roads in Dar es Salaam - Ali Hassan Mwinyi Stadium , Tabora - Schools : - The Ali Hassan Mwinyi Islamic Secondary School in Tabora Region - The Mwinyi Secondary School in Pwani Region

easy

Ali Hassan Mwinyi took which position from Nov 1985 to Nov 1995?

/wiki/Ali_Hassan_Mwinyi#P39#1

Ali Hassan Mwinyi Ali Hassan Mwinyi ( born 8 May 1925 in Kivure , Pwani Region , Tanzania ) is a Tanzanian politician who served as the second President of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995 . Previous posts include Interior Minister and Vice President . He also was chairman of the ruling party , the Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) from 1990 to 1996 . During Mwinyis terms Tanzania took the first steps to reverse the socialist policies of Julius Nyerere . He relaxed import restrictions and encouraged private enterprise . It was during his second term that multi-party politics were introduced under pressure from foreign donors . Often referred to as Mzee Rukhsa ( Everything goes ) , he pushed for liberalization of morals , beliefs , values ( without breaking the law ) and the economy . Presidency . President Julius Nyerere retired in October 1985 and picked Ali Hassan Mwinyi to be his successor . Nyerere remained chairman of the ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) , until 1990 , which would later cause tensions between the government and the party regarding economic reform ideology . When the transition of power took place , Tanzanias economy was in the midst of a slump . From 1974 to 1984 , the GDP was growing at an average of 2.6 percent per year while the population was increasing at a faster rate of 3.4% each year . Rural incomes and urban wages had both fallen by the early 1980s , despite Tanzanias minimum wage laws . Furthermore , the currency was overpriced , basic goods were scarce , and the country had over three billion dollars of foreign debt . Agricultural production was low , and the general opinion was that Nyereres Ujamaa socialist policies had failed economically . Such policies included the nationalization of major production , the forced re-villagization of the rural population into communal farms , and the banning of any opposition parties . Nyereres supporters were opposed to involving the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and World Bank in domestic economic reforms , believing it would cause instability and conflict with their socialist values . Also , Tanzanias relationship with the IMF had been strained since Nyereres government failed to meet the loan conditions from a 1980 financial package agreement . Early in this political transition , many believed that Mwinyi was unlikely to deviate from Nyereres policies since he was viewed as a loyal supporter of his predecessor . However , Ali Hassan Mwinyi and his followers called for economic and political reform to liberalize the market and review traditional socialist ideologies . He surrounded himself with reformists , even replacing three cabinet members and other ministers who were opposed to change . The Prime Minister at the time , Joseph Warioba , along with the finance minister Clement Msuya were also quite supportive of new policies . During his first address to Tanzanias Parliament in 1986 , he promised to resume negotiations with the IMF and World Bank , assuming that any resulting agreement would be beneficial to the citizens of Tanzania . Agreements with International Financial Institutions . In 1986 , Mwinyi made an agreement with the IMF to receive a $78 million standby loan , which was Tanzanias first foreign loan in over six years . Bilateral donors approved this austerity plan , and agreed to reschedule Tanzanias debt payments . They agreed to do so for a period of five years , requiring that Tanzania pay only 2.5% of their debts in the meantime . In an interview , Mwinyi urged donor countries to use Canada as an example and write off Tanzanias debts all together . If this request wasnt possible , he asked instead for a minimum of ten years to pay off loans , but said that twenty to twenty-five years was a more ideal range . He predicted that by this time , the countrys economy would be recovered and they would be in a position to repay their debts without it hurting them . In the same interview , he also asked aid donors for lower interest rates . Mwinyi claimed that his negotiations with the IMF were on behalf of the people : for example , he agreed to the Funds request that he decrease the number of public institutions , but only when doing so was necessary and could be done gradually . Furthermore , he declined their recommendation to freeze pay raises within the government and to cut free public services . The following year , Mwinyi negotiated Tanzanias first structural adjustment facility ( SAF ) with the IMF , followed by subsequent agreements in 1988 and again in 1990 . In addition to these developments , the World Bank provided structural adjustment credits for reforms in the agricultural , industrial , and financial sectors . in 1989 , President Mwinyi began the second phases of his reform program with the intention of reforming social sectors , specifically by increasing government spending on education . Multi-Party Politics . In 1991 , the first stages of the transition towards multipartyism began when Mwinyi appointed Chief Justice Francis Nyalali to lead a commission to gage the amount of popular support for the current single-party system . This commission submitted their report to the President in 1992 , recommending that the government transition into a multi-party system . They made this recommendation despite the fact that only twenty-one percent out of the 36,299 Tanzanians who were interviewed favored this change . However , fifty-five percent of the seventy-seven percent who supported the current system were in favor of some sort of reform . Justice Nyalali pointed to twenty specific laws that were in need of revision in order to comply with the requirements of a multi-party system . Mwinyi supported their recommendation and the CCM Extraordinary National Party Conference ratified changes through constitutional amendments in February 1992 . However , not all twenty of these laws were revised , including the controversial Preventative Detention Act that was leftover from colonial times . Corruption . During the years of Julius Nyereres presidency , corruption was viewed as a sort of oppression that undermined Tanzanias egalitarian values . But , reports of corruption increased along with the states economic influence . Under Mwinyis presidency , corrupt practices worsened under his economically liberal policies . It became so endemic that some donors froze aid in 1994 in response . During the first multi-party election in 1995 , the opposition parties used the peoples resentments towards the ongoing corruption as political fuel . However , the CCM candidate Benjamin Mkapa was also able to use corruption in his favor , as he was viewed as untainted by any of the corruption scandals that marred the Mwinyi administration . 1993 Chavda Scandal . Brothers and well known businessmen V.G . Chavda and P.G . Chavda received a $3.5 million loan from a debt conversion program ( DCP ) in 1993 . They promised to use these funds to revamp rundown plantations in Tanga . This included upgrading worker housing , repairing old machines , and replanting farmland . They claimed their projects would create 1,400 jobs and would generate $42 million in foreign exchange money . In reality , they had diverted the funds outside of the country through the purchase of fake machines and parts . It was later uncovered that high ranking politicians had covered for them , including the Minister for Home Affairs , Augustine Mrema . They were able to evade prosecution . Mohamed Enterprises . In early 1995 , the well known company Mohamed Enterprises was accused of allegedly distributing food that was unfit for consumption . Mrema claimed he would punish the company , but was demoted to Minister of Youth and Culture before he could take action . He criticized Mwinyis administration for tolerating high levels of corruption and being complicit about anti-corruption enforcement . He was then removed from the cabinet , and later became a candidate for one of the opposition parties , NCCR-Mageuzi . Views on Apartheid . In a 1989 interview when asked about his views regarding Apartheid , Mwinyi advocated for tough , comprehensive sanctions to be carried out against South Africa . He also called for Western nations to assist frontline states in dealing with any destabilization attempts made by the South African government against those who oppose them . Mwinyi said that practicing these measures concurrently would help to dismantle Apartheid . He called the Reagan administrations hesitance to enact tougher sanctions a stumbling block , and expressed his hope that future American leaders would take more action against South Africas regime . Personal life . Ali Hassan Mwinyi married Siti Mwinyi in 1960 , with whom he has six sons and six daughters . In retirement , Ali Hassan Mwinyi has stayed out of the limelight and continues to live in Dar es Salaam . Legacy . Eponyms . - Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road , one of the major roads in Dar es Salaam - Ali Hassan Mwinyi Stadium , Tabora - Schools : - The Ali Hassan Mwinyi Islamic Secondary School in Tabora Region - The Mwinyi Secondary School in Pwani Region

easy

Lloyd Sam played for which team from 2003 to 2010?

/wiki/Lloyd_Sam#P54#0

Lloyd Sam Lloyd Ekow Sam ( born 27 September 1984 ) is a Ghanaian international footballer who plays as a winger . He is comfortable playing on either side of the pitch . Born in England to Ghanaian parents , Sam represented England internationally once at U20 level ; however , he represents Ghana at the senior level . Club career . Early career . Sam was born in Leeds , but his family moved to London when he was two months old . Sam began his football career at Charlton Athletic but spent a portion of his childhood living in Senegal where he attended Dakar Academy . In 1998 , Sam was asked to attend a trial at Italian side Empoli , with his older brother Andrew . However , neither was successful . When Sams family returned to London in 1998 , he was offered trials at both Wimbledon and Arsenal , but instead re-joined Charlton on Academy terms . Charlton Athletic . Sam became a professional in 2003 , at the age of 18 . His first involvement in a Charlton squad came after the Charlton youth team beat Leeds United . His and Osei Sankofas impressive form for the youth side resulted in a call up to the first team squad against Arsenal , but it was two years before he made his debut for Charlton against Crystal Palace on the final day of the 2004–05 season . Before this , he spent time on loan with Leyton Orient in the Third Division . He later had loan spells with Sheffield Wednesday and Southend United in the Championship . After Charlton were relegated from the Premier League following the 2007–08 season , Sam received an opportunity to break into Charltons first team . He was assigned the number 18 shirt . He started the season well , scoring his first ever goals against Stockport County in the League cup and Coventry City but was sent off in October 2007 following a clash with Ian Ashbee of Hull City . Sam and Charlton narrowly missed out on promotion back to the Premier League , after poor end of season form saw them drop out of the play-off positions to 11th place . Sam suffered relegation with Charlton from The Championship to League One during the 2008–09 season . This was his second relegation with Charlton , having played a minor part in the squad that was relegated from the Premier League in 2006–07 . He narrowly missed out on promotion the following season , when Charlton reached the League One playoff semi-finals , but ended up losing against Swindon Town . Sam was not offered a new contract by Charlton after they failed to gain an immediate return to the Championship , as they could not afford his wages , which had been set during their final Premier League season in 2006–07 under Iain Dowie . Leeds United . Sam signed a two-year deal with his hometown club Leeds United on 9 July 2010 on a free transfer from Charlton Athletic . Leeds had finished the 2009–10 season two points ahead of Charlton , and had gained automatic promotion from League One , as runners up . The contract came with an option to extend it further than the initial two years . He made his Leeds debut in the first game of the season against Derby County on 7 August 2010 which ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Sam conceding a penalty on his debut after fouling Tomasz Cywka . Sam scored his first goal for Leeds in his second appearance , the goal came in the League Cup against Lincoln City . He scored his first league goal in the following match against Nottingham Forest , he also received the man of the match award for his performance . On 21 August 2010 he struck his second league goal and his third goal in all competitions for his new club against Millwall , cancelling out Richard Naylors early own goal . After being an ever-present for Leeds , Sam sustained a minor foot injury , was dropped for the game against Swansea City on 11 September and replaced in the starting lineup by Max Gradel . Sam came on in the same game as a second-half substitute for Sanchez Watt . Sam came back into the starting lineup for the following game against Barnsley . After being an unused substitute vs Doncaster , Sam returned to the starting lineup against Sheffield United . However , Sam suffered an ankle injury and was ruled out of a few games for Leeds . Sam returned to a Leeds squad when he was named on the bench against Coventry City . Sam made his playing return as a second-half substitute against Hull City . Sam came on as a second-half substitute against Bristol City , had an impressive impact and helped assist one of Luciano Becchios goals after David James parried Sams shot . Sam again made an impressive impact as a substitute against Crystal Palace helping Leeds earn a 2–1 win . Sam came on as a substitute against Cardiff City , but picked up a thigh injury 6 minutes after coming on and had to be substituted himself . Sam was involved in some controversy against Hull City , when he accidentally collided with Liam Rosenior who suffered a neck injury . Hull manager Nigel Pearson called Sam a coward , but Sam claimed the incident was accidental . Rosenior also accepted Sams apology . After a positive start for Leeds , Sams season was disrupted after picking up various injuries during the course of the season , which ruled him out for large periods . After an injury hit 2010–11 season , Sam revealed he had been doing extra work in the gym over the summer period to help strengthen his leg . After providing several assists in the pre season matches , Sam topped off a fine pre-season with a goal against Newcastle United . Sam came on as a substitute for Leeds the opening day of the season as they suffered a 3–1 defeat against Southampton . He made his first start of the season in Leeds 3–2 win over rivals Bradford City in the League Cup . Sam made his first appearance in over a month after coming on a substitute against Peterborough United on 22 October . On 14 March 2012 , Sam went to Notts County on loan until the end of the season . On 9 April he scored a hat-trick as Notts County beat Yeovil Town , 3–1 . After his two-year deal came to an end , Sam was told by Neil Warnock his contract wouldnt be renewed at the end of the 2011–12 season and that he would be released from the club at the expiry of his contract . After leaving Leeds , Sam had trials with Portsmouth and New York Red Bulls . New York Red Bulls . On 16 August 2012 Sam officially joined the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer . Sam appeared in five league matches for the club showing impressive form before being sidelined for the rest of the season with a knee injury . Sam was named MLS Player of the Week for his performance on 3 August 2013 . During the match Sam had an assist and the game-winning goal in a 3–2 victory over Sporting Kansas City . Sam started the 2015 season in fine form on 8 March 2015 scoring in 1–1 draw at Sporting Kansas City , a goal that earned him goal of the week nomination . On 22 March 2015 Sam scored his second goal of the season in a 2–0 victory over rival D.C . United at Red Bull Arena . On 11 April 2015 Sam scored his third goal of the season for New York , a last minute equalizer in a 2–2 draw against D.C . United , a match in which the team was trailing by two goals . On 11 July 2015 Sam helped New York to a 4–1 victory over New England Revolution scoring one goal and assisting on another . On 30 August , Sam scored the opening goal of the match for New York in a 3–0 victory over rivals D.C . United . On 7 October , Sam scored his tenth league goal of the season for New York to help the Red Bulls to a 2–1 victory over Montreal Impact . On 29 April 2016 , Sam scored his first goal of the season for New York in a 4–0 victory against FC Dallas . D.C . United . Sam was traded to rival club D.C . United in exchange for allocation money on 7 July 2016 . Sam made his debut for United on July 16 , 2016 , in a 1–1 draw against the Columbus Crew . On April 8 , 2017 , Sam played his 100th MLS start and scored in the 53rd minute against New York City . Despite leading the team in key passes and assists , United declined Sams contract option at the end of the 2017 season . He played 43 games , scored 5 goals , and assisted 12 goals for D.C . United . AFC Wimbledon . On 22 March 2018 , Sam joined AFC Wimbledon until the end of the season . He was released by AFC Wimbledon at the end of the 2017–18 season . Miami FC . In January 2019 , Sam signed with Miami FC of the National Premier Soccer League . During his first season he scored one goal , coming in a team-record 10–0 win over Storm FC on May 4 , 2019 , as Miami went on to win the NPSL National Championship for a second straight year . Following the end of the NPSL season , Miami joined the newly formed third division National Independent Soccer Association . During the Fall 2019 season Miami went undefeated in NISAs East Coast Conference and Sam scored two goals including the third and final goal in the teams fall championship win over Stumptown Athletic . Sam was confirmed to be returning to the team following Miami FCs jump to the USL Championship on January 7 , 2020 . International . Sam has also played for the England U20 team alongside former Leeds teammate Neil Kilkenny . He scored once for the team , against Russia in a match at his then home stadium , The Valley , in 2005 . Despite previously representing England at youth levels . In July 2010 Sams agent claimed after the 2010 World Cup that Sam was looking to break into the Ghana national team , the country of his parents birth . In October 2010 , Ghana officials asked the English FA to get written confirmation that Sam would be eligible to play for the Ghana national team and also get official confirmation from FIFA so that Sams switch to Ghana could be fully confirmed . On 28 January 2011 , Ghana officials revealed they were close to securing Sams international status for Ghana . He was called up by Ghana on 10 October 2015 to play a 13 October friendly against Canada in which he was a substitute in the 53rd minute .

easy

Which team did the player Lloyd Sam belong to from 2010 to 2012?

/wiki/Lloyd_Sam#P54#1

Lloyd Sam Lloyd Ekow Sam ( born 27 September 1984 ) is a Ghanaian international footballer who plays as a winger . He is comfortable playing on either side of the pitch . Born in England to Ghanaian parents , Sam represented England internationally once at U20 level ; however , he represents Ghana at the senior level . Club career . Early career . Sam was born in Leeds , but his family moved to London when he was two months old . Sam began his football career at Charlton Athletic but spent a portion of his childhood living in Senegal where he attended Dakar Academy . In 1998 , Sam was asked to attend a trial at Italian side Empoli , with his older brother Andrew . However , neither was successful . When Sams family returned to London in 1998 , he was offered trials at both Wimbledon and Arsenal , but instead re-joined Charlton on Academy terms . Charlton Athletic . Sam became a professional in 2003 , at the age of 18 . His first involvement in a Charlton squad came after the Charlton youth team beat Leeds United . His and Osei Sankofas impressive form for the youth side resulted in a call up to the first team squad against Arsenal , but it was two years before he made his debut for Charlton against Crystal Palace on the final day of the 2004–05 season . Before this , he spent time on loan with Leyton Orient in the Third Division . He later had loan spells with Sheffield Wednesday and Southend United in the Championship . After Charlton were relegated from the Premier League following the 2007–08 season , Sam received an opportunity to break into Charltons first team . He was assigned the number 18 shirt . He started the season well , scoring his first ever goals against Stockport County in the League cup and Coventry City but was sent off in October 2007 following a clash with Ian Ashbee of Hull City . Sam and Charlton narrowly missed out on promotion back to the Premier League , after poor end of season form saw them drop out of the play-off positions to 11th place . Sam suffered relegation with Charlton from The Championship to League One during the 2008–09 season . This was his second relegation with Charlton , having played a minor part in the squad that was relegated from the Premier League in 2006–07 . He narrowly missed out on promotion the following season , when Charlton reached the League One playoff semi-finals , but ended up losing against Swindon Town . Sam was not offered a new contract by Charlton after they failed to gain an immediate return to the Championship , as they could not afford his wages , which had been set during their final Premier League season in 2006–07 under Iain Dowie . Leeds United . Sam signed a two-year deal with his hometown club Leeds United on 9 July 2010 on a free transfer from Charlton Athletic . Leeds had finished the 2009–10 season two points ahead of Charlton , and had gained automatic promotion from League One , as runners up . The contract came with an option to extend it further than the initial two years . He made his Leeds debut in the first game of the season against Derby County on 7 August 2010 which ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Sam conceding a penalty on his debut after fouling Tomasz Cywka . Sam scored his first goal for Leeds in his second appearance , the goal came in the League Cup against Lincoln City . He scored his first league goal in the following match against Nottingham Forest , he also received the man of the match award for his performance . On 21 August 2010 he struck his second league goal and his third goal in all competitions for his new club against Millwall , cancelling out Richard Naylors early own goal . After being an ever-present for Leeds , Sam sustained a minor foot injury , was dropped for the game against Swansea City on 11 September and replaced in the starting lineup by Max Gradel . Sam came on in the same game as a second-half substitute for Sanchez Watt . Sam came back into the starting lineup for the following game against Barnsley . After being an unused substitute vs Doncaster , Sam returned to the starting lineup against Sheffield United . However , Sam suffered an ankle injury and was ruled out of a few games for Leeds . Sam returned to a Leeds squad when he was named on the bench against Coventry City . Sam made his playing return as a second-half substitute against Hull City . Sam came on as a second-half substitute against Bristol City , had an impressive impact and helped assist one of Luciano Becchios goals after David James parried Sams shot . Sam again made an impressive impact as a substitute against Crystal Palace helping Leeds earn a 2–1 win . Sam came on as a substitute against Cardiff City , but picked up a thigh injury 6 minutes after coming on and had to be substituted himself . Sam was involved in some controversy against Hull City , when he accidentally collided with Liam Rosenior who suffered a neck injury . Hull manager Nigel Pearson called Sam a coward , but Sam claimed the incident was accidental . Rosenior also accepted Sams apology . After a positive start for Leeds , Sams season was disrupted after picking up various injuries during the course of the season , which ruled him out for large periods . After an injury hit 2010–11 season , Sam revealed he had been doing extra work in the gym over the summer period to help strengthen his leg . After providing several assists in the pre season matches , Sam topped off a fine pre-season with a goal against Newcastle United . Sam came on as a substitute for Leeds the opening day of the season as they suffered a 3–1 defeat against Southampton . He made his first start of the season in Leeds 3–2 win over rivals Bradford City in the League Cup . Sam made his first appearance in over a month after coming on a substitute against Peterborough United on 22 October . On 14 March 2012 , Sam went to Notts County on loan until the end of the season . On 9 April he scored a hat-trick as Notts County beat Yeovil Town , 3–1 . After his two-year deal came to an end , Sam was told by Neil Warnock his contract wouldnt be renewed at the end of the 2011–12 season and that he would be released from the club at the expiry of his contract . After leaving Leeds , Sam had trials with Portsmouth and New York Red Bulls . New York Red Bulls . On 16 August 2012 Sam officially joined the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer . Sam appeared in five league matches for the club showing impressive form before being sidelined for the rest of the season with a knee injury . Sam was named MLS Player of the Week for his performance on 3 August 2013 . During the match Sam had an assist and the game-winning goal in a 3–2 victory over Sporting Kansas City . Sam started the 2015 season in fine form on 8 March 2015 scoring in 1–1 draw at Sporting Kansas City , a goal that earned him goal of the week nomination . On 22 March 2015 Sam scored his second goal of the season in a 2–0 victory over rival D.C . United at Red Bull Arena . On 11 April 2015 Sam scored his third goal of the season for New York , a last minute equalizer in a 2–2 draw against D.C . United , a match in which the team was trailing by two goals . On 11 July 2015 Sam helped New York to a 4–1 victory over New England Revolution scoring one goal and assisting on another . On 30 August , Sam scored the opening goal of the match for New York in a 3–0 victory over rivals D.C . United . On 7 October , Sam scored his tenth league goal of the season for New York to help the Red Bulls to a 2–1 victory over Montreal Impact . On 29 April 2016 , Sam scored his first goal of the season for New York in a 4–0 victory against FC Dallas . D.C . United . Sam was traded to rival club D.C . United in exchange for allocation money on 7 July 2016 . Sam made his debut for United on July 16 , 2016 , in a 1–1 draw against the Columbus Crew . On April 8 , 2017 , Sam played his 100th MLS start and scored in the 53rd minute against New York City . Despite leading the team in key passes and assists , United declined Sams contract option at the end of the 2017 season . He played 43 games , scored 5 goals , and assisted 12 goals for D.C . United . AFC Wimbledon . On 22 March 2018 , Sam joined AFC Wimbledon until the end of the season . He was released by AFC Wimbledon at the end of the 2017–18 season . Miami FC . In January 2019 , Sam signed with Miami FC of the National Premier Soccer League . During his first season he scored one goal , coming in a team-record 10–0 win over Storm FC on May 4 , 2019 , as Miami went on to win the NPSL National Championship for a second straight year . Following the end of the NPSL season , Miami joined the newly formed third division National Independent Soccer Association . During the Fall 2019 season Miami went undefeated in NISAs East Coast Conference and Sam scored two goals including the third and final goal in the teams fall championship win over Stumptown Athletic . Sam was confirmed to be returning to the team following Miami FCs jump to the USL Championship on January 7 , 2020 . International . Sam has also played for the England U20 team alongside former Leeds teammate Neil Kilkenny . He scored once for the team , against Russia in a match at his then home stadium , The Valley , in 2005 . Despite previously representing England at youth levels . In July 2010 Sams agent claimed after the 2010 World Cup that Sam was looking to break into the Ghana national team , the country of his parents birth . In October 2010 , Ghana officials asked the English FA to get written confirmation that Sam would be eligible to play for the Ghana national team and also get official confirmation from FIFA so that Sams switch to Ghana could be fully confirmed . On 28 January 2011 , Ghana officials revealed they were close to securing Sams international status for Ghana . He was called up by Ghana on 10 October 2015 to play a 13 October friendly against Canada in which he was a substitute in the 53rd minute .

easy

Which team did Lloyd Sam play for from 2012 to 2016?

/wiki/Lloyd_Sam#P54#2

Lloyd Sam Lloyd Ekow Sam ( born 27 September 1984 ) is a Ghanaian international footballer who plays as a winger . He is comfortable playing on either side of the pitch . Born in England to Ghanaian parents , Sam represented England internationally once at U20 level ; however , he represents Ghana at the senior level . Club career . Early career . Sam was born in Leeds , but his family moved to London when he was two months old . Sam began his football career at Charlton Athletic but spent a portion of his childhood living in Senegal where he attended Dakar Academy . In 1998 , Sam was asked to attend a trial at Italian side Empoli , with his older brother Andrew . However , neither was successful . When Sams family returned to London in 1998 , he was offered trials at both Wimbledon and Arsenal , but instead re-joined Charlton on Academy terms . Charlton Athletic . Sam became a professional in 2003 , at the age of 18 . His first involvement in a Charlton squad came after the Charlton youth team beat Leeds United . His and Osei Sankofas impressive form for the youth side resulted in a call up to the first team squad against Arsenal , but it was two years before he made his debut for Charlton against Crystal Palace on the final day of the 2004–05 season . Before this , he spent time on loan with Leyton Orient in the Third Division . He later had loan spells with Sheffield Wednesday and Southend United in the Championship . After Charlton were relegated from the Premier League following the 2007–08 season , Sam received an opportunity to break into Charltons first team . He was assigned the number 18 shirt . He started the season well , scoring his first ever goals against Stockport County in the League cup and Coventry City but was sent off in October 2007 following a clash with Ian Ashbee of Hull City . Sam and Charlton narrowly missed out on promotion back to the Premier League , after poor end of season form saw them drop out of the play-off positions to 11th place . Sam suffered relegation with Charlton from The Championship to League One during the 2008–09 season . This was his second relegation with Charlton , having played a minor part in the squad that was relegated from the Premier League in 2006–07 . He narrowly missed out on promotion the following season , when Charlton reached the League One playoff semi-finals , but ended up losing against Swindon Town . Sam was not offered a new contract by Charlton after they failed to gain an immediate return to the Championship , as they could not afford his wages , which had been set during their final Premier League season in 2006–07 under Iain Dowie . Leeds United . Sam signed a two-year deal with his hometown club Leeds United on 9 July 2010 on a free transfer from Charlton Athletic . Leeds had finished the 2009–10 season two points ahead of Charlton , and had gained automatic promotion from League One , as runners up . The contract came with an option to extend it further than the initial two years . He made his Leeds debut in the first game of the season against Derby County on 7 August 2010 which ended in a 2–1 defeat , with Sam conceding a penalty on his debut after fouling Tomasz Cywka . Sam scored his first goal for Leeds in his second appearance , the goal came in the League Cup against Lincoln City . He scored his first league goal in the following match against Nottingham Forest , he also received the man of the match award for his performance . On 21 August 2010 he struck his second league goal and his third goal in all competitions for his new club against Millwall , cancelling out Richard Naylors early own goal . After being an ever-present for Leeds , Sam sustained a minor foot injury , was dropped for the game against Swansea City on 11 September and replaced in the starting lineup by Max Gradel . Sam came on in the same game as a second-half substitute for Sanchez Watt . Sam came back into the starting lineup for the following game against Barnsley . After being an unused substitute vs Doncaster , Sam returned to the starting lineup against Sheffield United . However , Sam suffered an ankle injury and was ruled out of a few games for Leeds . Sam returned to a Leeds squad when he was named on the bench against Coventry City . Sam made his playing return as a second-half substitute against Hull City . Sam came on as a second-half substitute against Bristol City , had an impressive impact and helped assist one of Luciano Becchios goals after David James parried Sams shot . Sam again made an impressive impact as a substitute against Crystal Palace helping Leeds earn a 2–1 win . Sam came on as a substitute against Cardiff City , but picked up a thigh injury 6 minutes after coming on and had to be substituted himself . Sam was involved in some controversy against Hull City , when he accidentally collided with Liam Rosenior who suffered a neck injury . Hull manager Nigel Pearson called Sam a coward , but Sam claimed the incident was accidental . Rosenior also accepted Sams apology . After a positive start for Leeds , Sams season was disrupted after picking up various injuries during the course of the season , which ruled him out for large periods . After an injury hit 2010–11 season , Sam revealed he had been doing extra work in the gym over the summer period to help strengthen his leg . After providing several assists in the pre season matches , Sam topped off a fine pre-season with a goal against Newcastle United . Sam came on as a substitute for Leeds the opening day of the season as they suffered a 3–1 defeat against Southampton . He made his first start of the season in Leeds 3–2 win over rivals Bradford City in the League Cup . Sam made his first appearance in over a month after coming on a substitute against Peterborough United on 22 October . On 14 March 2012 , Sam went to Notts County on loan until the end of the season . On 9 April he scored a hat-trick as Notts County beat Yeovil Town , 3–1 . After his two-year deal came to an end , Sam was told by Neil Warnock his contract wouldnt be renewed at the end of the 2011–12 season and that he would be released from the club at the expiry of his contract . After leaving Leeds , Sam had trials with Portsmouth and New York Red Bulls . New York Red Bulls . On 16 August 2012 Sam officially joined the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer . Sam appeared in five league matches for the club showing impressive form before being sidelined for the rest of the season with a knee injury . Sam was named MLS Player of the Week for his performance on 3 August 2013 . During the match Sam had an assist and the game-winning goal in a 3–2 victory over Sporting Kansas City . Sam started the 2015 season in fine form on 8 March 2015 scoring in 1–1 draw at Sporting Kansas City , a goal that earned him goal of the week nomination . On 22 March 2015 Sam scored his second goal of the season in a 2–0 victory over rival D.C . United at Red Bull Arena . On 11 April 2015 Sam scored his third goal of the season for New York , a last minute equalizer in a 2–2 draw against D.C . United , a match in which the team was trailing by two goals . On 11 July 2015 Sam helped New York to a 4–1 victory over New England Revolution scoring one goal and assisting on another . On 30 August , Sam scored the opening goal of the match for New York in a 3–0 victory over rivals D.C . United . On 7 October , Sam scored his tenth league goal of the season for New York to help the Red Bulls to a 2–1 victory over Montreal Impact . On 29 April 2016 , Sam scored his first goal of the season for New York in a 4–0 victory against FC Dallas . D.C . United . Sam was traded to rival club D.C . United in exchange for allocation money on 7 July 2016 . Sam made his debut for United on July 16 , 2016 , in a 1–1 draw against the Columbus Crew . On April 8 , 2017 , Sam played his 100th MLS start and scored in the 53rd minute against New York City . Despite leading the team in key passes and assists , United declined Sams contract option at the end of the 2017 season . He played 43 games , scored 5 goals , and assisted 12 goals for D.C . United . AFC Wimbledon . On 22 March 2018 , Sam joined AFC Wimbledon until the end of the season . He was released by AFC Wimbledon at the end of the 2017–18 season . Miami FC . In January 2019 , Sam signed with Miami FC of the National Premier Soccer League . During his first season he scored one goal , coming in a team-record 10–0 win over Storm FC on May 4 , 2019 , as Miami went on to win the NPSL National Championship for a second straight year . Following the end of the NPSL season , Miami joined the newly formed third division National Independent Soccer Association . During the Fall 2019 season Miami went undefeated in NISAs East Coast Conference and Sam scored two goals including the third and final goal in the teams fall championship win over Stumptown Athletic . Sam was confirmed to be returning to the team following Miami FCs jump to the USL Championship on January 7 , 2020 . International . Sam has also played for the England U20 team alongside former Leeds teammate Neil Kilkenny . He scored once for the team , against Russia in a match at his then home stadium , The Valley , in 2005 . Despite previously representing England at youth levels . In July 2010 Sams agent claimed after the 2010 World Cup that Sam was looking to break into the Ghana national team , the country of his parents birth . In October 2010 , Ghana officials asked the English FA to get written confirmation that Sam would be eligible to play for the Ghana national team and also get official confirmation from FIFA so that Sams switch to Ghana could be fully confirmed . On 28 January 2011 , Ghana officials revealed they were close to securing Sams international status for Ghana . He was called up by Ghana on 10 October 2015 to play a 13 October friendly against Canada in which he was a substitute in the 53rd minute .

easy

Who was the spouse of Sean Bean from 1981 to 1988?

/wiki/Sean_Bean#P26#0

Sean Bean Shaun Mark Sean Bean ( born 17 April 1959 ) is an English actor . After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , Bean made his professional debut in a theatre production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983 . Retaining his Yorkshire accent , he first found mainstream success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe , which originally ran from 1993 to 1997 . Beans film roles include Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001–2003 ) , Equilibrium ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , Odysseus in Troy ( 2004 ) , Flightplan ( 2005 ) , North Country ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , Silent Hill ( 2006 ) , Black Death ( 2010 ) , Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) , and The Martian ( 2015 ) . His television roles include the BBC anthology series Accused , Broken , Game of Thrones and the ITV historical drama series Henry VIII and Legends . As a voice actor , Bean has been featured in the video games , Sid Meiers Civilization VI , and the drama The Canterbury Tales , among others . Early life . Shaun Mark Bean was born on 17 April 1959 in Handsworth , a suburb of Sheffield , which was then part of West Riding of Yorkshire , the son of Rita ( ) and Brian K . Bean ( born 1934 ) . He has a younger sister , Lorraine . His paternal grandfather , Harold Bean Jr . ( 1914–2001 ) , served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War and was a stud mill labourer who later became a pacifist . His father owned a fabrication company that employed 50 people , including Beans mother , who worked as a secretary . Despite becoming relatively wealthy , the family never moved away from the council estate as they preferred to remain close to friends and family . As a child , Bean smashed a glass door during an argument , which left a piece of glass embedded in his leg that briefly impeded his walking , and left a large scar . This prevented him from pursuing his ambition of playing football professionally . In 1975 , Bean left Brook Comprehensive School with O levels in Art and English . After a job at a supermarket and another for the local council , he started work at his fathers firm . Once a week , on day release , he attended Rotherham College of Arts and Technology to study welding . While at college , he came upon an art class , and decided to pursue his interest in art . After attending courses at two other colleges , one for half a day and the other for less than a week , he returned to Rotherham College , where he enrolled in a drama course . After some college plays and one at Rotherham Civic Theatre , he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) , starting a seven-term course in January 1981 . Career . Bean graduated from RADA in 1983 , making his professional acting debut later that year as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury . His early career involved a mixture of stage and screen work . As an actor , he adopted the Irish spelling of his first name . His first national exposure came in an advert for non-alcoholic lager . In 1984 , he starred in David and Jonathan by William Douglas-Home at the Redgrave Theatre in Farnham . Between 1986 and 1988 , he was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company , appearing in productions of Romeo and Juliet , The Fair Maid of the West , and A Midsummer Nights Dream . He appeared in his first film , Derek Jarmans Caravaggio ( 1986 ) , opposite Tilda Swinton , playing Ranuccio Tomassoni , followed by the same directors War Requiem ( 1988 ) . In 1989 , he starred as the evil Dominic OBrien in The Fifteen Streets , where he gained a dedicated following . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Bean became an established actor on British television . In 1990 , Bean starred in Jim Sheridans adaption of the John B . Keane play The Field . Also in 1990 , his role as the journalist Anton in Windprints examined the difficult problems of apartheid in South Africa . He appeared in the BBC productions Clarissa ( 1991 ) ( with Saskia Wickham and Lynsey Baxter ) and Lady Chatterley ( 1993 ) ( with Joely Richardson ) . In 1996 , he combined his love of football with his career to finally achieve his childhood dream of playing for Sheffield United , starring as Jimmy Muir in the film When Saturday Comes . Although the film was not critically acclaimed , Bean received credit for a good performance . In August 1997 , Bean appeared in what became a famous Sky Sports commercial for the upcoming 1997–98 Premier League season . His football related work continued in 1998 when he narrated La Coupe de la Gloire , the official film of the 1998 FIFA World Cup held in France . Beans critical successes in Caravaggio and Lady Chatterley contributed to his emerging image as a sex symbol , but he became most closely associated with the character of Richard Sharpe , the maverick Napoleonic Wars rifleman in the ITV television series Sharpe . The series was based on Bernard Cornwells novels about the Peninsular War , and the fictional experiences of a band of soldiers in the famed 95th Rifles . Starting with Sharpes Rifles , the series followed the fortunes and misfortunes of Richard Sharpe as he rose from the ranks as a Sergeant , promoted to Lieutenant in Portugal , to Lieutenant Colonel by the time of the Battle of Waterloo . Bean was not the first actor to be chosen to play Sharpe . As Paul McGann was injured while playing football two days into filming , the producers initially tried to work around his injury , but it proved impossible and Bean replaced him . The series ran continuously from 1993 to 1997 , with three episodes produced each year . It was filmed under challenging conditions , first in Ukraine and later in Portugal . After several years of rumours , more episodes were produced : Sharpes Challenge , which aired in April 2006 , and Sharpes Peril , which aired in autumn 2008 and was later released on DVD . Both of these were released as two cinema-length 90-minute episodes per series . With a role as enigmatic Lord Richard Fenton in the TV miniseries Scarlett , Bean made the transition to Hollywood feature films . His first notable Hollywood appearance was that of an Irish republican terrorist in the 1992 film adaptation of Patriot Games . While filming his death scene , Harrison Ford hit him with a boat hook , giving him a permanent scar . Beans rough-cut looks made him a patent choice for a villain , and his role in Patriot Games was the first of several villains that he would portray , all of whom die in gruesome ways . In the 1995 film GoldenEye , Bean portrayed James Bonds nemesis Alec Trevelyan ( MI6s 006 ) . He played the weak-stomached Spence in Ronin ( 1998 ) , a wife-beating ex-con in Essex Boys ( 2000 ) , and a malevolent kidnapper/jewel thief in Dont Say a Word ( 2001 ) . He was also widely recognised as villainous treasure hunter Ian Howe in National Treasure , and played a villainous scientist in The Island ( 2005 ) . In the independent film Far North , he plays a Russian mercenary who gets lost in the tundra and is rescued by an Inuit woman and her daughter , whom he later pits against one another . Beans most prominent role was as Boromir in Peter Jacksons The Lord of the Rings trilogy . His major screen time occurs in the first instalment , . He appears briefly in flashbacks in and , as well as in a scene from the extended edition of The Two Towers . Before casting finished , rumours circulated that Jackson had considered Bean for the role of Aragorn , but neither Bean nor Jackson confirmed this in subsequent interviews . Beans fear of flying in helicopters caused him difficulties in mountainous New Zealand , where the trilogy was filmed . After a particularly rough ride , he vowed not to fly to a location again ; in one instance , he chose to take a ski lift into the mountains while wearing his full costume ( complete with shield , armour , and sword ) and then hike the final few miles . Other roles gave more scope for his acting abilities . In 1999s Extremely Dangerous , his character walked a fine line between villain and hero . He became a repentant , poetry-reading Grammaton cleric who succumbs to his emotions in 2002s Equilibrium , a quirky alien cowboy in 2003s The Big Empty , and a sympathetic and cunning Odysseus in the 2004 film Troy . He appeared with other Hollywood stars in Mobys music video We Are All Made of Stars in February 2002 . In the same year , he returned to the stage in London performing in Macbeth . Due to popular demand , the production ran until March 2003 . Bean has done voice-over work , mostly in the British advertising industry . He has featured in television adverts for O2 , Morrisons and Barnardos as well as for Acuvue and the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States . He also does the voice over for the National Blood Services television and radio campaign . Bean has also done a TV ad for Yorkshire Tea a United Kingdom brand of tea . For the role playing video game , , he voiced Martin Septim . Beans distinctive voice has also been used in the intro and outro segments of the BBC Formula 1 racing coverage for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . Bean completed a one-hour pilot , Faceless , for US television . He has also appeared in Outlaw , an independent British production , and a remake of 1986 horror film , The Hitcher ( released in January 2007 ) ; here he used an American accent again . In 2009 , he appeared in the Red Riding trilogy as the malevolent John Dawson . He also appeared in ( 2010 ) , playing the role of Zeus , the king of Mount Olympus and god of the sky , thunder , and lightning . Also that year , Bean starred in Cash , playing the lead role of Pyke Kubic , a dangerous man determined to recover his wealth in a bad economy . Cash explored the role money plays in todays hard economic times . Bean also played the villains twin brother , Reese . Bean starred in the first season of Game of Thrones , HBOs adaptation of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R . R . Martin , playing the part of Lord Eddard Ned Stark . Bean and Peter Dinklage were the two actors whose inclusion show runners David Benioff and D . B . Weiss considered necessary for the show to become a success , and for whose roles no other actors were considered . His portrayal won him critical praise ; as The A.V . Club reviewer put it , he portrayed Ned as a man who knew he lived in the muck but hoped for better and assumed everyone else would come along for the ride . HBOs promotional efforts focused on Bean as the shows leading man and best-known actor . In August 2012 , Bean appeared as cross-dressing teacher Simon in the opening episode of the second season of UK television series Accused , a role which would earn him a Royal Television Society best actor award . He starred in Soldiers of Fortune and the 2012 film Cleanskin , in which he plays a secret service agent faced with the task of pursuing and eliminating a suicide bomber and his terrorist cell . In 2012 he also appeared in Tarsem Singhs Snow White film , Mirror Mirror , which was released in the U.S . in March . He also reprised his role as Christopher Da Silva in the Silent Hill film sequel , and co-starred in the ABC drama series Missing , which premiered in early 2012 . Bean starred in the espionage television series Legends as Martin Odum , an FBI agent who takes on various fabricated identities to go undercover . The show was cancelled after its second season . An intensive viral marketing campaign was centred on the hashtag #DontKillSeanBean , focusing on the various deaths of his past characters and promising his character in Legends would not suffer the same fate . The campaign culminated with a Funny or Die exclusive video featuring Bean filming a scene for the show where hes become so accustomed to dying on screen that he expects his character to die a bizarrely gruesome death despite the simplicity of the scene . From 2015 to 2017 Bean starred in the ITV Encore drama series The Frankenstein Chronicles . In that time , he also starred in multiple notable films including Jupiter Ascending , Pixels , and The Martian . In 2017 Bean starred in the BBC series Broken as the troubled priest Father Kerrigan , which earned him a BAFTA award for Best Actor . In 2019 Bean played a damaged veteran in the tv drama World on Fire , basing his interpretation on his late paternal grandfather . On 31 May 2020 , Bean appeared on Josh Gads YouTube series Reunited Apart which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing , and promotes donations to non-profit charities . The episode saw Bean reunited with fellow Lord of the Rings castmates Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , Miranda Otto , John Rhys-Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , and Elijah Wood , plus composer Howard Shore , writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson . In 2021 , the actor will be reunited with Jimmy McGovern ( author of Broken and Accused ) and Stephen Graham ( his co-star in Tracies Story ) for the BBC prison drama Time . Image . Bean is often described as down to earth and has retained his Yorkshire accent . He admits that he does not mind being considered as a bit of rough by women . He has developed a reputation as a loner , a label that he considers unfair . He has described himself instead as quiet , and interviewers confirm that he is a man of few words , with one interviewer calling him surprisingly shy . He admits that he can be a workaholic ; he reads books or listens to music in his spare time , and is a skilled pianist . He is also a keen gardener , welder , and sketcher . Popular in his home county , a 2018 poll for Yorkshire Day saw Bean ranked the second greatest Yorkshireman ever behind Monty Python comedian Michael Palin . A reputation for frequently portraying characters who are violently killed has earned Bean the status of an Internet meme . Acting style . Despite being professionally trained , Bean adopts an instinctive style of acting that some say makes him especially well-suited to portraying his characters depths . He has said that the most difficult part is at the start of filming when trying to understand the character . After achieving this , he can snap in and out of character instantly . This ability to go from the quiet man on set to the warrior Boromir amazed Sean Astin during filming of . Other fans include directors Mike Figgis and Wolfgang Petersen , who described working with Bean as a beautiful thing . Due to taking on several villainous roles in films , Beans characters tend to almost always die on screen , gaining notoriety on the internet and in The Lord of The Rings , Game of Thrones and James Bond fandoms . As a result , Bean said in 2019 he would reject scripts which called for his characters demise . Personal life . Bean has married five times and divorced four times . He married his secondary school sweetheart Debra James on 11 April 1981 , and they were divorced in 1988 . He met actress Melanie Hill at RADA , and they were married on 27 February 1990 . Their first daughter was born in October 1987 , and their second was born in September 1991 . Their marriage ended in divorce in August 1997 . During the filming of Sharpe , Bean met actress Abigail Cruttenden , and they were married on 22 November 1997 . Their daughter was born in November 1998 . They were divorced in July 2000 . In addition to his three children , Bean has four grandchildren . Bean began dating actress Georgina Sutcliffe in 2006 . After cancelling their planned January 2008 wedding on the eve of the ceremony for personal reasons , he married Sutcliffe at the Marylebone Town Hall in London on 19 February 2008 . During allegations that Bean physically abused Sutcliffe in 2009 , domestic disturbances resulted in the police being called to their home in Belsize Park on three occasions . Bean and Sutcliffes separation was announced on 6 August 2010 , and a decree nisi was granted on 21 December 2010 . He married Ashley Moore on 30 June 2017 . Bean has been a fan of Sheffield United since he was eight years old , and has a tattoo on his left shoulder that reads 100% Blade . He opened their Hall of Fame in 2001 and , after making a six-figure contribution to the clubs finances , was on their board of directors between 2002 and 2007 to help raise the profile of the club . He stepped down in 2007 to go back to being an ordinary supporter where he feels at home . During his time there , he had a dispute with Neil Warnock , former manager of Sheffield United , after Warnock claimed that Bean stormed into his office and shouted at him in front of his wife and daughter when the club had just been relegated from the Premier League . Bean denies it , calling Warnock bitter and hypocritical . He wrote the foreword and helped to promote a book of anecdotes called Sheffield United : The Biography . He also follows Yorkshire County Cricket Club . Bean has a tattoo of the number nine on his shoulder , written using Tengwar , in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings films and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring . The other actors of The Fellowship ( Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , and Viggo Mortensen ) have the same tattoo . John Rhys-Davies , whose character was also one of the original nine companions , arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead . Aligned with the British Left , Bean is a supporter of Jeremy Corbyn and of old Labour , the era before former Prime Minister Tony Blair rebranded the Labour Party as New Labour , and has expressed his admiration for Tony Benn . Bean is Christian . Bean is a keen gardener in his spare time . Filmography . Music videos . • 2020– Narrator of the BBC Radio 4 series Legacy of War , exploring the impact of the Second World War on subsequent generations through interviews and oral history . Awards and honours . In his home city of Sheffield , he has received several honours and acclaims , including an honorary doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University in 1997 and a Doctor of Letters in English Literature from the University of Sheffield in July 2007 . He was selected as one of the inaugural members of Sheffield Legends ( the Sheffield equivalent of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ) and a plaque in his honour has been placed in front of Sheffield Town Hall . Bean commented : I did get a doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University about 11 or 12 years ago so now Im a double doctor . But this was wonderful , especially from my home city . Further reading . - Trowbridge , Simon : The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the Royal Shakespeare Company , Oxford : Editions Albert Creed ( 2010 ) External links . - The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the RSC : Online database

easy

Who was Sean Bean 's spouse from Feb 1990 to 1997?

/wiki/Sean_Bean#P26#1

Sean Bean Shaun Mark Sean Bean ( born 17 April 1959 ) is an English actor . After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , Bean made his professional debut in a theatre production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983 . Retaining his Yorkshire accent , he first found mainstream success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe , which originally ran from 1993 to 1997 . Beans film roles include Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001–2003 ) , Equilibrium ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , Odysseus in Troy ( 2004 ) , Flightplan ( 2005 ) , North Country ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , Silent Hill ( 2006 ) , Black Death ( 2010 ) , Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) , and The Martian ( 2015 ) . His television roles include the BBC anthology series Accused , Broken , Game of Thrones and the ITV historical drama series Henry VIII and Legends . As a voice actor , Bean has been featured in the video games , Sid Meiers Civilization VI , and the drama The Canterbury Tales , among others . Early life . Shaun Mark Bean was born on 17 April 1959 in Handsworth , a suburb of Sheffield , which was then part of West Riding of Yorkshire , the son of Rita ( ) and Brian K . Bean ( born 1934 ) . He has a younger sister , Lorraine . His paternal grandfather , Harold Bean Jr . ( 1914–2001 ) , served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War and was a stud mill labourer who later became a pacifist . His father owned a fabrication company that employed 50 people , including Beans mother , who worked as a secretary . Despite becoming relatively wealthy , the family never moved away from the council estate as they preferred to remain close to friends and family . As a child , Bean smashed a glass door during an argument , which left a piece of glass embedded in his leg that briefly impeded his walking , and left a large scar . This prevented him from pursuing his ambition of playing football professionally . In 1975 , Bean left Brook Comprehensive School with O levels in Art and English . After a job at a supermarket and another for the local council , he started work at his fathers firm . Once a week , on day release , he attended Rotherham College of Arts and Technology to study welding . While at college , he came upon an art class , and decided to pursue his interest in art . After attending courses at two other colleges , one for half a day and the other for less than a week , he returned to Rotherham College , where he enrolled in a drama course . After some college plays and one at Rotherham Civic Theatre , he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) , starting a seven-term course in January 1981 . Career . Bean graduated from RADA in 1983 , making his professional acting debut later that year as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury . His early career involved a mixture of stage and screen work . As an actor , he adopted the Irish spelling of his first name . His first national exposure came in an advert for non-alcoholic lager . In 1984 , he starred in David and Jonathan by William Douglas-Home at the Redgrave Theatre in Farnham . Between 1986 and 1988 , he was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company , appearing in productions of Romeo and Juliet , The Fair Maid of the West , and A Midsummer Nights Dream . He appeared in his first film , Derek Jarmans Caravaggio ( 1986 ) , opposite Tilda Swinton , playing Ranuccio Tomassoni , followed by the same directors War Requiem ( 1988 ) . In 1989 , he starred as the evil Dominic OBrien in The Fifteen Streets , where he gained a dedicated following . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Bean became an established actor on British television . In 1990 , Bean starred in Jim Sheridans adaption of the John B . Keane play The Field . Also in 1990 , his role as the journalist Anton in Windprints examined the difficult problems of apartheid in South Africa . He appeared in the BBC productions Clarissa ( 1991 ) ( with Saskia Wickham and Lynsey Baxter ) and Lady Chatterley ( 1993 ) ( with Joely Richardson ) . In 1996 , he combined his love of football with his career to finally achieve his childhood dream of playing for Sheffield United , starring as Jimmy Muir in the film When Saturday Comes . Although the film was not critically acclaimed , Bean received credit for a good performance . In August 1997 , Bean appeared in what became a famous Sky Sports commercial for the upcoming 1997–98 Premier League season . His football related work continued in 1998 when he narrated La Coupe de la Gloire , the official film of the 1998 FIFA World Cup held in France . Beans critical successes in Caravaggio and Lady Chatterley contributed to his emerging image as a sex symbol , but he became most closely associated with the character of Richard Sharpe , the maverick Napoleonic Wars rifleman in the ITV television series Sharpe . The series was based on Bernard Cornwells novels about the Peninsular War , and the fictional experiences of a band of soldiers in the famed 95th Rifles . Starting with Sharpes Rifles , the series followed the fortunes and misfortunes of Richard Sharpe as he rose from the ranks as a Sergeant , promoted to Lieutenant in Portugal , to Lieutenant Colonel by the time of the Battle of Waterloo . Bean was not the first actor to be chosen to play Sharpe . As Paul McGann was injured while playing football two days into filming , the producers initially tried to work around his injury , but it proved impossible and Bean replaced him . The series ran continuously from 1993 to 1997 , with three episodes produced each year . It was filmed under challenging conditions , first in Ukraine and later in Portugal . After several years of rumours , more episodes were produced : Sharpes Challenge , which aired in April 2006 , and Sharpes Peril , which aired in autumn 2008 and was later released on DVD . Both of these were released as two cinema-length 90-minute episodes per series . With a role as enigmatic Lord Richard Fenton in the TV miniseries Scarlett , Bean made the transition to Hollywood feature films . His first notable Hollywood appearance was that of an Irish republican terrorist in the 1992 film adaptation of Patriot Games . While filming his death scene , Harrison Ford hit him with a boat hook , giving him a permanent scar . Beans rough-cut looks made him a patent choice for a villain , and his role in Patriot Games was the first of several villains that he would portray , all of whom die in gruesome ways . In the 1995 film GoldenEye , Bean portrayed James Bonds nemesis Alec Trevelyan ( MI6s 006 ) . He played the weak-stomached Spence in Ronin ( 1998 ) , a wife-beating ex-con in Essex Boys ( 2000 ) , and a malevolent kidnapper/jewel thief in Dont Say a Word ( 2001 ) . He was also widely recognised as villainous treasure hunter Ian Howe in National Treasure , and played a villainous scientist in The Island ( 2005 ) . In the independent film Far North , he plays a Russian mercenary who gets lost in the tundra and is rescued by an Inuit woman and her daughter , whom he later pits against one another . Beans most prominent role was as Boromir in Peter Jacksons The Lord of the Rings trilogy . His major screen time occurs in the first instalment , . He appears briefly in flashbacks in and , as well as in a scene from the extended edition of The Two Towers . Before casting finished , rumours circulated that Jackson had considered Bean for the role of Aragorn , but neither Bean nor Jackson confirmed this in subsequent interviews . Beans fear of flying in helicopters caused him difficulties in mountainous New Zealand , where the trilogy was filmed . After a particularly rough ride , he vowed not to fly to a location again ; in one instance , he chose to take a ski lift into the mountains while wearing his full costume ( complete with shield , armour , and sword ) and then hike the final few miles . Other roles gave more scope for his acting abilities . In 1999s Extremely Dangerous , his character walked a fine line between villain and hero . He became a repentant , poetry-reading Grammaton cleric who succumbs to his emotions in 2002s Equilibrium , a quirky alien cowboy in 2003s The Big Empty , and a sympathetic and cunning Odysseus in the 2004 film Troy . He appeared with other Hollywood stars in Mobys music video We Are All Made of Stars in February 2002 . In the same year , he returned to the stage in London performing in Macbeth . Due to popular demand , the production ran until March 2003 . Bean has done voice-over work , mostly in the British advertising industry . He has featured in television adverts for O2 , Morrisons and Barnardos as well as for Acuvue and the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States . He also does the voice over for the National Blood Services television and radio campaign . Bean has also done a TV ad for Yorkshire Tea a United Kingdom brand of tea . For the role playing video game , , he voiced Martin Septim . Beans distinctive voice has also been used in the intro and outro segments of the BBC Formula 1 racing coverage for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . Bean completed a one-hour pilot , Faceless , for US television . He has also appeared in Outlaw , an independent British production , and a remake of 1986 horror film , The Hitcher ( released in January 2007 ) ; here he used an American accent again . In 2009 , he appeared in the Red Riding trilogy as the malevolent John Dawson . He also appeared in ( 2010 ) , playing the role of Zeus , the king of Mount Olympus and god of the sky , thunder , and lightning . Also that year , Bean starred in Cash , playing the lead role of Pyke Kubic , a dangerous man determined to recover his wealth in a bad economy . Cash explored the role money plays in todays hard economic times . Bean also played the villains twin brother , Reese . Bean starred in the first season of Game of Thrones , HBOs adaptation of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R . R . Martin , playing the part of Lord Eddard Ned Stark . Bean and Peter Dinklage were the two actors whose inclusion show runners David Benioff and D . B . Weiss considered necessary for the show to become a success , and for whose roles no other actors were considered . His portrayal won him critical praise ; as The A.V . Club reviewer put it , he portrayed Ned as a man who knew he lived in the muck but hoped for better and assumed everyone else would come along for the ride . HBOs promotional efforts focused on Bean as the shows leading man and best-known actor . In August 2012 , Bean appeared as cross-dressing teacher Simon in the opening episode of the second season of UK television series Accused , a role which would earn him a Royal Television Society best actor award . He starred in Soldiers of Fortune and the 2012 film Cleanskin , in which he plays a secret service agent faced with the task of pursuing and eliminating a suicide bomber and his terrorist cell . In 2012 he also appeared in Tarsem Singhs Snow White film , Mirror Mirror , which was released in the U.S . in March . He also reprised his role as Christopher Da Silva in the Silent Hill film sequel , and co-starred in the ABC drama series Missing , which premiered in early 2012 . Bean starred in the espionage television series Legends as Martin Odum , an FBI agent who takes on various fabricated identities to go undercover . The show was cancelled after its second season . An intensive viral marketing campaign was centred on the hashtag #DontKillSeanBean , focusing on the various deaths of his past characters and promising his character in Legends would not suffer the same fate . The campaign culminated with a Funny or Die exclusive video featuring Bean filming a scene for the show where hes become so accustomed to dying on screen that he expects his character to die a bizarrely gruesome death despite the simplicity of the scene . From 2015 to 2017 Bean starred in the ITV Encore drama series The Frankenstein Chronicles . In that time , he also starred in multiple notable films including Jupiter Ascending , Pixels , and The Martian . In 2017 Bean starred in the BBC series Broken as the troubled priest Father Kerrigan , which earned him a BAFTA award for Best Actor . In 2019 Bean played a damaged veteran in the tv drama World on Fire , basing his interpretation on his late paternal grandfather . On 31 May 2020 , Bean appeared on Josh Gads YouTube series Reunited Apart which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing , and promotes donations to non-profit charities . The episode saw Bean reunited with fellow Lord of the Rings castmates Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , Miranda Otto , John Rhys-Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , and Elijah Wood , plus composer Howard Shore , writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson . In 2021 , the actor will be reunited with Jimmy McGovern ( author of Broken and Accused ) and Stephen Graham ( his co-star in Tracies Story ) for the BBC prison drama Time . Image . Bean is often described as down to earth and has retained his Yorkshire accent . He admits that he does not mind being considered as a bit of rough by women . He has developed a reputation as a loner , a label that he considers unfair . He has described himself instead as quiet , and interviewers confirm that he is a man of few words , with one interviewer calling him surprisingly shy . He admits that he can be a workaholic ; he reads books or listens to music in his spare time , and is a skilled pianist . He is also a keen gardener , welder , and sketcher . Popular in his home county , a 2018 poll for Yorkshire Day saw Bean ranked the second greatest Yorkshireman ever behind Monty Python comedian Michael Palin . A reputation for frequently portraying characters who are violently killed has earned Bean the status of an Internet meme . Acting style . Despite being professionally trained , Bean adopts an instinctive style of acting that some say makes him especially well-suited to portraying his characters depths . He has said that the most difficult part is at the start of filming when trying to understand the character . After achieving this , he can snap in and out of character instantly . This ability to go from the quiet man on set to the warrior Boromir amazed Sean Astin during filming of . Other fans include directors Mike Figgis and Wolfgang Petersen , who described working with Bean as a beautiful thing . Due to taking on several villainous roles in films , Beans characters tend to almost always die on screen , gaining notoriety on the internet and in The Lord of The Rings , Game of Thrones and James Bond fandoms . As a result , Bean said in 2019 he would reject scripts which called for his characters demise . Personal life . Bean has married five times and divorced four times . He married his secondary school sweetheart Debra James on 11 April 1981 , and they were divorced in 1988 . He met actress Melanie Hill at RADA , and they were married on 27 February 1990 . Their first daughter was born in October 1987 , and their second was born in September 1991 . Their marriage ended in divorce in August 1997 . During the filming of Sharpe , Bean met actress Abigail Cruttenden , and they were married on 22 November 1997 . Their daughter was born in November 1998 . They were divorced in July 2000 . In addition to his three children , Bean has four grandchildren . Bean began dating actress Georgina Sutcliffe in 2006 . After cancelling their planned January 2008 wedding on the eve of the ceremony for personal reasons , he married Sutcliffe at the Marylebone Town Hall in London on 19 February 2008 . During allegations that Bean physically abused Sutcliffe in 2009 , domestic disturbances resulted in the police being called to their home in Belsize Park on three occasions . Bean and Sutcliffes separation was announced on 6 August 2010 , and a decree nisi was granted on 21 December 2010 . He married Ashley Moore on 30 June 2017 . Bean has been a fan of Sheffield United since he was eight years old , and has a tattoo on his left shoulder that reads 100% Blade . He opened their Hall of Fame in 2001 and , after making a six-figure contribution to the clubs finances , was on their board of directors between 2002 and 2007 to help raise the profile of the club . He stepped down in 2007 to go back to being an ordinary supporter where he feels at home . During his time there , he had a dispute with Neil Warnock , former manager of Sheffield United , after Warnock claimed that Bean stormed into his office and shouted at him in front of his wife and daughter when the club had just been relegated from the Premier League . Bean denies it , calling Warnock bitter and hypocritical . He wrote the foreword and helped to promote a book of anecdotes called Sheffield United : The Biography . He also follows Yorkshire County Cricket Club . Bean has a tattoo of the number nine on his shoulder , written using Tengwar , in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings films and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring . The other actors of The Fellowship ( Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , and Viggo Mortensen ) have the same tattoo . John Rhys-Davies , whose character was also one of the original nine companions , arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead . Aligned with the British Left , Bean is a supporter of Jeremy Corbyn and of old Labour , the era before former Prime Minister Tony Blair rebranded the Labour Party as New Labour , and has expressed his admiration for Tony Benn . Bean is Christian . Bean is a keen gardener in his spare time . Filmography . Music videos . • 2020– Narrator of the BBC Radio 4 series Legacy of War , exploring the impact of the Second World War on subsequent generations through interviews and oral history . Awards and honours . In his home city of Sheffield , he has received several honours and acclaims , including an honorary doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University in 1997 and a Doctor of Letters in English Literature from the University of Sheffield in July 2007 . He was selected as one of the inaugural members of Sheffield Legends ( the Sheffield equivalent of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ) and a plaque in his honour has been placed in front of Sheffield Town Hall . Bean commented : I did get a doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University about 11 or 12 years ago so now Im a double doctor . But this was wonderful , especially from my home city . Further reading . - Trowbridge , Simon : The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the Royal Shakespeare Company , Oxford : Editions Albert Creed ( 2010 ) External links . - The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the RSC : Online database

easy

Who was Sean Bean 's spouse from Nov 1997 to 2000?

/wiki/Sean_Bean#P26#2

Sean Bean Shaun Mark Sean Bean ( born 17 April 1959 ) is an English actor . After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , Bean made his professional debut in a theatre production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983 . Retaining his Yorkshire accent , he first found mainstream success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe , which originally ran from 1993 to 1997 . Beans film roles include Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001–2003 ) , Equilibrium ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , Odysseus in Troy ( 2004 ) , Flightplan ( 2005 ) , North Country ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , Silent Hill ( 2006 ) , Black Death ( 2010 ) , Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) , and The Martian ( 2015 ) . His television roles include the BBC anthology series Accused , Broken , Game of Thrones and the ITV historical drama series Henry VIII and Legends . As a voice actor , Bean has been featured in the video games , Sid Meiers Civilization VI , and the drama The Canterbury Tales , among others . Early life . Shaun Mark Bean was born on 17 April 1959 in Handsworth , a suburb of Sheffield , which was then part of West Riding of Yorkshire , the son of Rita ( ) and Brian K . Bean ( born 1934 ) . He has a younger sister , Lorraine . His paternal grandfather , Harold Bean Jr . ( 1914–2001 ) , served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War and was a stud mill labourer who later became a pacifist . His father owned a fabrication company that employed 50 people , including Beans mother , who worked as a secretary . Despite becoming relatively wealthy , the family never moved away from the council estate as they preferred to remain close to friends and family . As a child , Bean smashed a glass door during an argument , which left a piece of glass embedded in his leg that briefly impeded his walking , and left a large scar . This prevented him from pursuing his ambition of playing football professionally . In 1975 , Bean left Brook Comprehensive School with O levels in Art and English . After a job at a supermarket and another for the local council , he started work at his fathers firm . Once a week , on day release , he attended Rotherham College of Arts and Technology to study welding . While at college , he came upon an art class , and decided to pursue his interest in art . After attending courses at two other colleges , one for half a day and the other for less than a week , he returned to Rotherham College , where he enrolled in a drama course . After some college plays and one at Rotherham Civic Theatre , he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) , starting a seven-term course in January 1981 . Career . Bean graduated from RADA in 1983 , making his professional acting debut later that year as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury . His early career involved a mixture of stage and screen work . As an actor , he adopted the Irish spelling of his first name . His first national exposure came in an advert for non-alcoholic lager . In 1984 , he starred in David and Jonathan by William Douglas-Home at the Redgrave Theatre in Farnham . Between 1986 and 1988 , he was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company , appearing in productions of Romeo and Juliet , The Fair Maid of the West , and A Midsummer Nights Dream . He appeared in his first film , Derek Jarmans Caravaggio ( 1986 ) , opposite Tilda Swinton , playing Ranuccio Tomassoni , followed by the same directors War Requiem ( 1988 ) . In 1989 , he starred as the evil Dominic OBrien in The Fifteen Streets , where he gained a dedicated following . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Bean became an established actor on British television . In 1990 , Bean starred in Jim Sheridans adaption of the John B . Keane play The Field . Also in 1990 , his role as the journalist Anton in Windprints examined the difficult problems of apartheid in South Africa . He appeared in the BBC productions Clarissa ( 1991 ) ( with Saskia Wickham and Lynsey Baxter ) and Lady Chatterley ( 1993 ) ( with Joely Richardson ) . In 1996 , he combined his love of football with his career to finally achieve his childhood dream of playing for Sheffield United , starring as Jimmy Muir in the film When Saturday Comes . Although the film was not critically acclaimed , Bean received credit for a good performance . In August 1997 , Bean appeared in what became a famous Sky Sports commercial for the upcoming 1997–98 Premier League season . His football related work continued in 1998 when he narrated La Coupe de la Gloire , the official film of the 1998 FIFA World Cup held in France . Beans critical successes in Caravaggio and Lady Chatterley contributed to his emerging image as a sex symbol , but he became most closely associated with the character of Richard Sharpe , the maverick Napoleonic Wars rifleman in the ITV television series Sharpe . The series was based on Bernard Cornwells novels about the Peninsular War , and the fictional experiences of a band of soldiers in the famed 95th Rifles . Starting with Sharpes Rifles , the series followed the fortunes and misfortunes of Richard Sharpe as he rose from the ranks as a Sergeant , promoted to Lieutenant in Portugal , to Lieutenant Colonel by the time of the Battle of Waterloo . Bean was not the first actor to be chosen to play Sharpe . As Paul McGann was injured while playing football two days into filming , the producers initially tried to work around his injury , but it proved impossible and Bean replaced him . The series ran continuously from 1993 to 1997 , with three episodes produced each year . It was filmed under challenging conditions , first in Ukraine and later in Portugal . After several years of rumours , more episodes were produced : Sharpes Challenge , which aired in April 2006 , and Sharpes Peril , which aired in autumn 2008 and was later released on DVD . Both of these were released as two cinema-length 90-minute episodes per series . With a role as enigmatic Lord Richard Fenton in the TV miniseries Scarlett , Bean made the transition to Hollywood feature films . His first notable Hollywood appearance was that of an Irish republican terrorist in the 1992 film adaptation of Patriot Games . While filming his death scene , Harrison Ford hit him with a boat hook , giving him a permanent scar . Beans rough-cut looks made him a patent choice for a villain , and his role in Patriot Games was the first of several villains that he would portray , all of whom die in gruesome ways . In the 1995 film GoldenEye , Bean portrayed James Bonds nemesis Alec Trevelyan ( MI6s 006 ) . He played the weak-stomached Spence in Ronin ( 1998 ) , a wife-beating ex-con in Essex Boys ( 2000 ) , and a malevolent kidnapper/jewel thief in Dont Say a Word ( 2001 ) . He was also widely recognised as villainous treasure hunter Ian Howe in National Treasure , and played a villainous scientist in The Island ( 2005 ) . In the independent film Far North , he plays a Russian mercenary who gets lost in the tundra and is rescued by an Inuit woman and her daughter , whom he later pits against one another . Beans most prominent role was as Boromir in Peter Jacksons The Lord of the Rings trilogy . His major screen time occurs in the first instalment , . He appears briefly in flashbacks in and , as well as in a scene from the extended edition of The Two Towers . Before casting finished , rumours circulated that Jackson had considered Bean for the role of Aragorn , but neither Bean nor Jackson confirmed this in subsequent interviews . Beans fear of flying in helicopters caused him difficulties in mountainous New Zealand , where the trilogy was filmed . After a particularly rough ride , he vowed not to fly to a location again ; in one instance , he chose to take a ski lift into the mountains while wearing his full costume ( complete with shield , armour , and sword ) and then hike the final few miles . Other roles gave more scope for his acting abilities . In 1999s Extremely Dangerous , his character walked a fine line between villain and hero . He became a repentant , poetry-reading Grammaton cleric who succumbs to his emotions in 2002s Equilibrium , a quirky alien cowboy in 2003s The Big Empty , and a sympathetic and cunning Odysseus in the 2004 film Troy . He appeared with other Hollywood stars in Mobys music video We Are All Made of Stars in February 2002 . In the same year , he returned to the stage in London performing in Macbeth . Due to popular demand , the production ran until March 2003 . Bean has done voice-over work , mostly in the British advertising industry . He has featured in television adverts for O2 , Morrisons and Barnardos as well as for Acuvue and the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States . He also does the voice over for the National Blood Services television and radio campaign . Bean has also done a TV ad for Yorkshire Tea a United Kingdom brand of tea . For the role playing video game , , he voiced Martin Septim . Beans distinctive voice has also been used in the intro and outro segments of the BBC Formula 1 racing coverage for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . Bean completed a one-hour pilot , Faceless , for US television . He has also appeared in Outlaw , an independent British production , and a remake of 1986 horror film , The Hitcher ( released in January 2007 ) ; here he used an American accent again . In 2009 , he appeared in the Red Riding trilogy as the malevolent John Dawson . He also appeared in ( 2010 ) , playing the role of Zeus , the king of Mount Olympus and god of the sky , thunder , and lightning . Also that year , Bean starred in Cash , playing the lead role of Pyke Kubic , a dangerous man determined to recover his wealth in a bad economy . Cash explored the role money plays in todays hard economic times . Bean also played the villains twin brother , Reese . Bean starred in the first season of Game of Thrones , HBOs adaptation of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R . R . Martin , playing the part of Lord Eddard Ned Stark . Bean and Peter Dinklage were the two actors whose inclusion show runners David Benioff and D . B . Weiss considered necessary for the show to become a success , and for whose roles no other actors were considered . His portrayal won him critical praise ; as The A.V . Club reviewer put it , he portrayed Ned as a man who knew he lived in the muck but hoped for better and assumed everyone else would come along for the ride . HBOs promotional efforts focused on Bean as the shows leading man and best-known actor . In August 2012 , Bean appeared as cross-dressing teacher Simon in the opening episode of the second season of UK television series Accused , a role which would earn him a Royal Television Society best actor award . He starred in Soldiers of Fortune and the 2012 film Cleanskin , in which he plays a secret service agent faced with the task of pursuing and eliminating a suicide bomber and his terrorist cell . In 2012 he also appeared in Tarsem Singhs Snow White film , Mirror Mirror , which was released in the U.S . in March . He also reprised his role as Christopher Da Silva in the Silent Hill film sequel , and co-starred in the ABC drama series Missing , which premiered in early 2012 . Bean starred in the espionage television series Legends as Martin Odum , an FBI agent who takes on various fabricated identities to go undercover . The show was cancelled after its second season . An intensive viral marketing campaign was centred on the hashtag #DontKillSeanBean , focusing on the various deaths of his past characters and promising his character in Legends would not suffer the same fate . The campaign culminated with a Funny or Die exclusive video featuring Bean filming a scene for the show where hes become so accustomed to dying on screen that he expects his character to die a bizarrely gruesome death despite the simplicity of the scene . From 2015 to 2017 Bean starred in the ITV Encore drama series The Frankenstein Chronicles . In that time , he also starred in multiple notable films including Jupiter Ascending , Pixels , and The Martian . In 2017 Bean starred in the BBC series Broken as the troubled priest Father Kerrigan , which earned him a BAFTA award for Best Actor . In 2019 Bean played a damaged veteran in the tv drama World on Fire , basing his interpretation on his late paternal grandfather . On 31 May 2020 , Bean appeared on Josh Gads YouTube series Reunited Apart which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing , and promotes donations to non-profit charities . The episode saw Bean reunited with fellow Lord of the Rings castmates Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , Miranda Otto , John Rhys-Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , and Elijah Wood , plus composer Howard Shore , writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson . In 2021 , the actor will be reunited with Jimmy McGovern ( author of Broken and Accused ) and Stephen Graham ( his co-star in Tracies Story ) for the BBC prison drama Time . Image . Bean is often described as down to earth and has retained his Yorkshire accent . He admits that he does not mind being considered as a bit of rough by women . He has developed a reputation as a loner , a label that he considers unfair . He has described himself instead as quiet , and interviewers confirm that he is a man of few words , with one interviewer calling him surprisingly shy . He admits that he can be a workaholic ; he reads books or listens to music in his spare time , and is a skilled pianist . He is also a keen gardener , welder , and sketcher . Popular in his home county , a 2018 poll for Yorkshire Day saw Bean ranked the second greatest Yorkshireman ever behind Monty Python comedian Michael Palin . A reputation for frequently portraying characters who are violently killed has earned Bean the status of an Internet meme . Acting style . Despite being professionally trained , Bean adopts an instinctive style of acting that some say makes him especially well-suited to portraying his characters depths . He has said that the most difficult part is at the start of filming when trying to understand the character . After achieving this , he can snap in and out of character instantly . This ability to go from the quiet man on set to the warrior Boromir amazed Sean Astin during filming of . Other fans include directors Mike Figgis and Wolfgang Petersen , who described working with Bean as a beautiful thing . Due to taking on several villainous roles in films , Beans characters tend to almost always die on screen , gaining notoriety on the internet and in The Lord of The Rings , Game of Thrones and James Bond fandoms . As a result , Bean said in 2019 he would reject scripts which called for his characters demise . Personal life . Bean has married five times and divorced four times . He married his secondary school sweetheart Debra James on 11 April 1981 , and they were divorced in 1988 . He met actress Melanie Hill at RADA , and they were married on 27 February 1990 . Their first daughter was born in October 1987 , and their second was born in September 1991 . Their marriage ended in divorce in August 1997 . During the filming of Sharpe , Bean met actress Abigail Cruttenden , and they were married on 22 November 1997 . Their daughter was born in November 1998 . They were divorced in July 2000 . In addition to his three children , Bean has four grandchildren . Bean began dating actress Georgina Sutcliffe in 2006 . After cancelling their planned January 2008 wedding on the eve of the ceremony for personal reasons , he married Sutcliffe at the Marylebone Town Hall in London on 19 February 2008 . During allegations that Bean physically abused Sutcliffe in 2009 , domestic disturbances resulted in the police being called to their home in Belsize Park on three occasions . Bean and Sutcliffes separation was announced on 6 August 2010 , and a decree nisi was granted on 21 December 2010 . He married Ashley Moore on 30 June 2017 . Bean has been a fan of Sheffield United since he was eight years old , and has a tattoo on his left shoulder that reads 100% Blade . He opened their Hall of Fame in 2001 and , after making a six-figure contribution to the clubs finances , was on their board of directors between 2002 and 2007 to help raise the profile of the club . He stepped down in 2007 to go back to being an ordinary supporter where he feels at home . During his time there , he had a dispute with Neil Warnock , former manager of Sheffield United , after Warnock claimed that Bean stormed into his office and shouted at him in front of his wife and daughter when the club had just been relegated from the Premier League . Bean denies it , calling Warnock bitter and hypocritical . He wrote the foreword and helped to promote a book of anecdotes called Sheffield United : The Biography . He also follows Yorkshire County Cricket Club . Bean has a tattoo of the number nine on his shoulder , written using Tengwar , in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings films and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring . The other actors of The Fellowship ( Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , and Viggo Mortensen ) have the same tattoo . John Rhys-Davies , whose character was also one of the original nine companions , arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead . Aligned with the British Left , Bean is a supporter of Jeremy Corbyn and of old Labour , the era before former Prime Minister Tony Blair rebranded the Labour Party as New Labour , and has expressed his admiration for Tony Benn . Bean is Christian . Bean is a keen gardener in his spare time . Filmography . Music videos . • 2020– Narrator of the BBC Radio 4 series Legacy of War , exploring the impact of the Second World War on subsequent generations through interviews and oral history . Awards and honours . In his home city of Sheffield , he has received several honours and acclaims , including an honorary doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University in 1997 and a Doctor of Letters in English Literature from the University of Sheffield in July 2007 . He was selected as one of the inaugural members of Sheffield Legends ( the Sheffield equivalent of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ) and a plaque in his honour has been placed in front of Sheffield Town Hall . Bean commented : I did get a doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University about 11 or 12 years ago so now Im a double doctor . But this was wonderful , especially from my home city . Further reading . - Trowbridge , Simon : The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the Royal Shakespeare Company , Oxford : Editions Albert Creed ( 2010 ) External links . - The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the RSC : Online database

easy

Who was Sean Bean 's spouse from 2008 to 2011?

/wiki/Sean_Bean#P26#3

Sean Bean Shaun Mark Sean Bean ( born 17 April 1959 ) is an English actor . After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , Bean made his professional debut in a theatre production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983 . Retaining his Yorkshire accent , he first found mainstream success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe , which originally ran from 1993 to 1997 . Beans film roles include Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001–2003 ) , Equilibrium ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , Odysseus in Troy ( 2004 ) , Flightplan ( 2005 ) , North Country ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , Silent Hill ( 2006 ) , Black Death ( 2010 ) , Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) , and The Martian ( 2015 ) . His television roles include the BBC anthology series Accused , Broken , Game of Thrones and the ITV historical drama series Henry VIII and Legends . As a voice actor , Bean has been featured in the video games , Sid Meiers Civilization VI , and the drama The Canterbury Tales , among others . Early life . Shaun Mark Bean was born on 17 April 1959 in Handsworth , a suburb of Sheffield , which was then part of West Riding of Yorkshire , the son of Rita ( ) and Brian K . Bean ( born 1934 ) . He has a younger sister , Lorraine . His paternal grandfather , Harold Bean Jr . ( 1914–2001 ) , served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War and was a stud mill labourer who later became a pacifist . His father owned a fabrication company that employed 50 people , including Beans mother , who worked as a secretary . Despite becoming relatively wealthy , the family never moved away from the council estate as they preferred to remain close to friends and family . As a child , Bean smashed a glass door during an argument , which left a piece of glass embedded in his leg that briefly impeded his walking , and left a large scar . This prevented him from pursuing his ambition of playing football professionally . In 1975 , Bean left Brook Comprehensive School with O levels in Art and English . After a job at a supermarket and another for the local council , he started work at his fathers firm . Once a week , on day release , he attended Rotherham College of Arts and Technology to study welding . While at college , he came upon an art class , and decided to pursue his interest in art . After attending courses at two other colleges , one for half a day and the other for less than a week , he returned to Rotherham College , where he enrolled in a drama course . After some college plays and one at Rotherham Civic Theatre , he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) , starting a seven-term course in January 1981 . Career . Bean graduated from RADA in 1983 , making his professional acting debut later that year as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury . His early career involved a mixture of stage and screen work . As an actor , he adopted the Irish spelling of his first name . His first national exposure came in an advert for non-alcoholic lager . In 1984 , he starred in David and Jonathan by William Douglas-Home at the Redgrave Theatre in Farnham . Between 1986 and 1988 , he was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company , appearing in productions of Romeo and Juliet , The Fair Maid of the West , and A Midsummer Nights Dream . He appeared in his first film , Derek Jarmans Caravaggio ( 1986 ) , opposite Tilda Swinton , playing Ranuccio Tomassoni , followed by the same directors War Requiem ( 1988 ) . In 1989 , he starred as the evil Dominic OBrien in The Fifteen Streets , where he gained a dedicated following . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Bean became an established actor on British television . In 1990 , Bean starred in Jim Sheridans adaption of the John B . Keane play The Field . Also in 1990 , his role as the journalist Anton in Windprints examined the difficult problems of apartheid in South Africa . He appeared in the BBC productions Clarissa ( 1991 ) ( with Saskia Wickham and Lynsey Baxter ) and Lady Chatterley ( 1993 ) ( with Joely Richardson ) . In 1996 , he combined his love of football with his career to finally achieve his childhood dream of playing for Sheffield United , starring as Jimmy Muir in the film When Saturday Comes . Although the film was not critically acclaimed , Bean received credit for a good performance . In August 1997 , Bean appeared in what became a famous Sky Sports commercial for the upcoming 1997–98 Premier League season . His football related work continued in 1998 when he narrated La Coupe de la Gloire , the official film of the 1998 FIFA World Cup held in France . Beans critical successes in Caravaggio and Lady Chatterley contributed to his emerging image as a sex symbol , but he became most closely associated with the character of Richard Sharpe , the maverick Napoleonic Wars rifleman in the ITV television series Sharpe . The series was based on Bernard Cornwells novels about the Peninsular War , and the fictional experiences of a band of soldiers in the famed 95th Rifles . Starting with Sharpes Rifles , the series followed the fortunes and misfortunes of Richard Sharpe as he rose from the ranks as a Sergeant , promoted to Lieutenant in Portugal , to Lieutenant Colonel by the time of the Battle of Waterloo . Bean was not the first actor to be chosen to play Sharpe . As Paul McGann was injured while playing football two days into filming , the producers initially tried to work around his injury , but it proved impossible and Bean replaced him . The series ran continuously from 1993 to 1997 , with three episodes produced each year . It was filmed under challenging conditions , first in Ukraine and later in Portugal . After several years of rumours , more episodes were produced : Sharpes Challenge , which aired in April 2006 , and Sharpes Peril , which aired in autumn 2008 and was later released on DVD . Both of these were released as two cinema-length 90-minute episodes per series . With a role as enigmatic Lord Richard Fenton in the TV miniseries Scarlett , Bean made the transition to Hollywood feature films . His first notable Hollywood appearance was that of an Irish republican terrorist in the 1992 film adaptation of Patriot Games . While filming his death scene , Harrison Ford hit him with a boat hook , giving him a permanent scar . Beans rough-cut looks made him a patent choice for a villain , and his role in Patriot Games was the first of several villains that he would portray , all of whom die in gruesome ways . In the 1995 film GoldenEye , Bean portrayed James Bonds nemesis Alec Trevelyan ( MI6s 006 ) . He played the weak-stomached Spence in Ronin ( 1998 ) , a wife-beating ex-con in Essex Boys ( 2000 ) , and a malevolent kidnapper/jewel thief in Dont Say a Word ( 2001 ) . He was also widely recognised as villainous treasure hunter Ian Howe in National Treasure , and played a villainous scientist in The Island ( 2005 ) . In the independent film Far North , he plays a Russian mercenary who gets lost in the tundra and is rescued by an Inuit woman and her daughter , whom he later pits against one another . Beans most prominent role was as Boromir in Peter Jacksons The Lord of the Rings trilogy . His major screen time occurs in the first instalment , . He appears briefly in flashbacks in and , as well as in a scene from the extended edition of The Two Towers . Before casting finished , rumours circulated that Jackson had considered Bean for the role of Aragorn , but neither Bean nor Jackson confirmed this in subsequent interviews . Beans fear of flying in helicopters caused him difficulties in mountainous New Zealand , where the trilogy was filmed . After a particularly rough ride , he vowed not to fly to a location again ; in one instance , he chose to take a ski lift into the mountains while wearing his full costume ( complete with shield , armour , and sword ) and then hike the final few miles . Other roles gave more scope for his acting abilities . In 1999s Extremely Dangerous , his character walked a fine line between villain and hero . He became a repentant , poetry-reading Grammaton cleric who succumbs to his emotions in 2002s Equilibrium , a quirky alien cowboy in 2003s The Big Empty , and a sympathetic and cunning Odysseus in the 2004 film Troy . He appeared with other Hollywood stars in Mobys music video We Are All Made of Stars in February 2002 . In the same year , he returned to the stage in London performing in Macbeth . Due to popular demand , the production ran until March 2003 . Bean has done voice-over work , mostly in the British advertising industry . He has featured in television adverts for O2 , Morrisons and Barnardos as well as for Acuvue and the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States . He also does the voice over for the National Blood Services television and radio campaign . Bean has also done a TV ad for Yorkshire Tea a United Kingdom brand of tea . For the role playing video game , , he voiced Martin Septim . Beans distinctive voice has also been used in the intro and outro segments of the BBC Formula 1 racing coverage for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . Bean completed a one-hour pilot , Faceless , for US television . He has also appeared in Outlaw , an independent British production , and a remake of 1986 horror film , The Hitcher ( released in January 2007 ) ; here he used an American accent again . In 2009 , he appeared in the Red Riding trilogy as the malevolent John Dawson . He also appeared in ( 2010 ) , playing the role of Zeus , the king of Mount Olympus and god of the sky , thunder , and lightning . Also that year , Bean starred in Cash , playing the lead role of Pyke Kubic , a dangerous man determined to recover his wealth in a bad economy . Cash explored the role money plays in todays hard economic times . Bean also played the villains twin brother , Reese . Bean starred in the first season of Game of Thrones , HBOs adaptation of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R . R . Martin , playing the part of Lord Eddard Ned Stark . Bean and Peter Dinklage were the two actors whose inclusion show runners David Benioff and D . B . Weiss considered necessary for the show to become a success , and for whose roles no other actors were considered . His portrayal won him critical praise ; as The A.V . Club reviewer put it , he portrayed Ned as a man who knew he lived in the muck but hoped for better and assumed everyone else would come along for the ride . HBOs promotional efforts focused on Bean as the shows leading man and best-known actor . In August 2012 , Bean appeared as cross-dressing teacher Simon in the opening episode of the second season of UK television series Accused , a role which would earn him a Royal Television Society best actor award . He starred in Soldiers of Fortune and the 2012 film Cleanskin , in which he plays a secret service agent faced with the task of pursuing and eliminating a suicide bomber and his terrorist cell . In 2012 he also appeared in Tarsem Singhs Snow White film , Mirror Mirror , which was released in the U.S . in March . He also reprised his role as Christopher Da Silva in the Silent Hill film sequel , and co-starred in the ABC drama series Missing , which premiered in early 2012 . Bean starred in the espionage television series Legends as Martin Odum , an FBI agent who takes on various fabricated identities to go undercover . The show was cancelled after its second season . An intensive viral marketing campaign was centred on the hashtag #DontKillSeanBean , focusing on the various deaths of his past characters and promising his character in Legends would not suffer the same fate . The campaign culminated with a Funny or Die exclusive video featuring Bean filming a scene for the show where hes become so accustomed to dying on screen that he expects his character to die a bizarrely gruesome death despite the simplicity of the scene . From 2015 to 2017 Bean starred in the ITV Encore drama series The Frankenstein Chronicles . In that time , he also starred in multiple notable films including Jupiter Ascending , Pixels , and The Martian . In 2017 Bean starred in the BBC series Broken as the troubled priest Father Kerrigan , which earned him a BAFTA award for Best Actor . In 2019 Bean played a damaged veteran in the tv drama World on Fire , basing his interpretation on his late paternal grandfather . On 31 May 2020 , Bean appeared on Josh Gads YouTube series Reunited Apart which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing , and promotes donations to non-profit charities . The episode saw Bean reunited with fellow Lord of the Rings castmates Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , Miranda Otto , John Rhys-Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , and Elijah Wood , plus composer Howard Shore , writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson . In 2021 , the actor will be reunited with Jimmy McGovern ( author of Broken and Accused ) and Stephen Graham ( his co-star in Tracies Story ) for the BBC prison drama Time . Image . Bean is often described as down to earth and has retained his Yorkshire accent . He admits that he does not mind being considered as a bit of rough by women . He has developed a reputation as a loner , a label that he considers unfair . He has described himself instead as quiet , and interviewers confirm that he is a man of few words , with one interviewer calling him surprisingly shy . He admits that he can be a workaholic ; he reads books or listens to music in his spare time , and is a skilled pianist . He is also a keen gardener , welder , and sketcher . Popular in his home county , a 2018 poll for Yorkshire Day saw Bean ranked the second greatest Yorkshireman ever behind Monty Python comedian Michael Palin . A reputation for frequently portraying characters who are violently killed has earned Bean the status of an Internet meme . Acting style . Despite being professionally trained , Bean adopts an instinctive style of acting that some say makes him especially well-suited to portraying his characters depths . He has said that the most difficult part is at the start of filming when trying to understand the character . After achieving this , he can snap in and out of character instantly . This ability to go from the quiet man on set to the warrior Boromir amazed Sean Astin during filming of . Other fans include directors Mike Figgis and Wolfgang Petersen , who described working with Bean as a beautiful thing . Due to taking on several villainous roles in films , Beans characters tend to almost always die on screen , gaining notoriety on the internet and in The Lord of The Rings , Game of Thrones and James Bond fandoms . As a result , Bean said in 2019 he would reject scripts which called for his characters demise . Personal life . Bean has married five times and divorced four times . He married his secondary school sweetheart Debra James on 11 April 1981 , and they were divorced in 1988 . He met actress Melanie Hill at RADA , and they were married on 27 February 1990 . Their first daughter was born in October 1987 , and their second was born in September 1991 . Their marriage ended in divorce in August 1997 . During the filming of Sharpe , Bean met actress Abigail Cruttenden , and they were married on 22 November 1997 . Their daughter was born in November 1998 . They were divorced in July 2000 . In addition to his three children , Bean has four grandchildren . Bean began dating actress Georgina Sutcliffe in 2006 . After cancelling their planned January 2008 wedding on the eve of the ceremony for personal reasons , he married Sutcliffe at the Marylebone Town Hall in London on 19 February 2008 . During allegations that Bean physically abused Sutcliffe in 2009 , domestic disturbances resulted in the police being called to their home in Belsize Park on three occasions . Bean and Sutcliffes separation was announced on 6 August 2010 , and a decree nisi was granted on 21 December 2010 . He married Ashley Moore on 30 June 2017 . Bean has been a fan of Sheffield United since he was eight years old , and has a tattoo on his left shoulder that reads 100% Blade . He opened their Hall of Fame in 2001 and , after making a six-figure contribution to the clubs finances , was on their board of directors between 2002 and 2007 to help raise the profile of the club . He stepped down in 2007 to go back to being an ordinary supporter where he feels at home . During his time there , he had a dispute with Neil Warnock , former manager of Sheffield United , after Warnock claimed that Bean stormed into his office and shouted at him in front of his wife and daughter when the club had just been relegated from the Premier League . Bean denies it , calling Warnock bitter and hypocritical . He wrote the foreword and helped to promote a book of anecdotes called Sheffield United : The Biography . He also follows Yorkshire County Cricket Club . Bean has a tattoo of the number nine on his shoulder , written using Tengwar , in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings films and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring . The other actors of The Fellowship ( Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , and Viggo Mortensen ) have the same tattoo . John Rhys-Davies , whose character was also one of the original nine companions , arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead . Aligned with the British Left , Bean is a supporter of Jeremy Corbyn and of old Labour , the era before former Prime Minister Tony Blair rebranded the Labour Party as New Labour , and has expressed his admiration for Tony Benn . Bean is Christian . Bean is a keen gardener in his spare time . Filmography . Music videos . • 2020– Narrator of the BBC Radio 4 series Legacy of War , exploring the impact of the Second World War on subsequent generations through interviews and oral history . Awards and honours . In his home city of Sheffield , he has received several honours and acclaims , including an honorary doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University in 1997 and a Doctor of Letters in English Literature from the University of Sheffield in July 2007 . He was selected as one of the inaugural members of Sheffield Legends ( the Sheffield equivalent of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ) and a plaque in his honour has been placed in front of Sheffield Town Hall . Bean commented : I did get a doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University about 11 or 12 years ago so now Im a double doctor . But this was wonderful , especially from my home city . Further reading . - Trowbridge , Simon : The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the Royal Shakespeare Company , Oxford : Editions Albert Creed ( 2010 ) External links . - The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the RSC : Online database

easy

Who was Sean Bean 's spouse from 2017 to 2018?

/wiki/Sean_Bean#P26#4

Sean Bean Shaun Mark Sean Bean ( born 17 April 1959 ) is an English actor . After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , Bean made his professional debut in a theatre production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983 . Retaining his Yorkshire accent , he first found mainstream success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe , which originally ran from 1993 to 1997 . Beans film roles include Patriot Games ( 1992 ) , GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( 2001–2003 ) , Equilibrium ( 2002 ) , National Treasure ( 2004 ) , Odysseus in Troy ( 2004 ) , Flightplan ( 2005 ) , North Country ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , Silent Hill ( 2006 ) , Black Death ( 2010 ) , Jupiter Ascending ( 2015 ) , and The Martian ( 2015 ) . His television roles include the BBC anthology series Accused , Broken , Game of Thrones and the ITV historical drama series Henry VIII and Legends . As a voice actor , Bean has been featured in the video games , Sid Meiers Civilization VI , and the drama The Canterbury Tales , among others . Early life . Shaun Mark Bean was born on 17 April 1959 in Handsworth , a suburb of Sheffield , which was then part of West Riding of Yorkshire , the son of Rita ( ) and Brian K . Bean ( born 1934 ) . He has a younger sister , Lorraine . His paternal grandfather , Harold Bean Jr . ( 1914–2001 ) , served in the Royal Navy in the Second World War and was a stud mill labourer who later became a pacifist . His father owned a fabrication company that employed 50 people , including Beans mother , who worked as a secretary . Despite becoming relatively wealthy , the family never moved away from the council estate as they preferred to remain close to friends and family . As a child , Bean smashed a glass door during an argument , which left a piece of glass embedded in his leg that briefly impeded his walking , and left a large scar . This prevented him from pursuing his ambition of playing football professionally . In 1975 , Bean left Brook Comprehensive School with O levels in Art and English . After a job at a supermarket and another for the local council , he started work at his fathers firm . Once a week , on day release , he attended Rotherham College of Arts and Technology to study welding . While at college , he came upon an art class , and decided to pursue his interest in art . After attending courses at two other colleges , one for half a day and the other for less than a week , he returned to Rotherham College , where he enrolled in a drama course . After some college plays and one at Rotherham Civic Theatre , he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) , starting a seven-term course in January 1981 . Career . Bean graduated from RADA in 1983 , making his professional acting debut later that year as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury . His early career involved a mixture of stage and screen work . As an actor , he adopted the Irish spelling of his first name . His first national exposure came in an advert for non-alcoholic lager . In 1984 , he starred in David and Jonathan by William Douglas-Home at the Redgrave Theatre in Farnham . Between 1986 and 1988 , he was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company , appearing in productions of Romeo and Juliet , The Fair Maid of the West , and A Midsummer Nights Dream . He appeared in his first film , Derek Jarmans Caravaggio ( 1986 ) , opposite Tilda Swinton , playing Ranuccio Tomassoni , followed by the same directors War Requiem ( 1988 ) . In 1989 , he starred as the evil Dominic OBrien in The Fifteen Streets , where he gained a dedicated following . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Bean became an established actor on British television . In 1990 , Bean starred in Jim Sheridans adaption of the John B . Keane play The Field . Also in 1990 , his role as the journalist Anton in Windprints examined the difficult problems of apartheid in South Africa . He appeared in the BBC productions Clarissa ( 1991 ) ( with Saskia Wickham and Lynsey Baxter ) and Lady Chatterley ( 1993 ) ( with Joely Richardson ) . In 1996 , he combined his love of football with his career to finally achieve his childhood dream of playing for Sheffield United , starring as Jimmy Muir in the film When Saturday Comes . Although the film was not critically acclaimed , Bean received credit for a good performance . In August 1997 , Bean appeared in what became a famous Sky Sports commercial for the upcoming 1997–98 Premier League season . His football related work continued in 1998 when he narrated La Coupe de la Gloire , the official film of the 1998 FIFA World Cup held in France . Beans critical successes in Caravaggio and Lady Chatterley contributed to his emerging image as a sex symbol , but he became most closely associated with the character of Richard Sharpe , the maverick Napoleonic Wars rifleman in the ITV television series Sharpe . The series was based on Bernard Cornwells novels about the Peninsular War , and the fictional experiences of a band of soldiers in the famed 95th Rifles . Starting with Sharpes Rifles , the series followed the fortunes and misfortunes of Richard Sharpe as he rose from the ranks as a Sergeant , promoted to Lieutenant in Portugal , to Lieutenant Colonel by the time of the Battle of Waterloo . Bean was not the first actor to be chosen to play Sharpe . As Paul McGann was injured while playing football two days into filming , the producers initially tried to work around his injury , but it proved impossible and Bean replaced him . The series ran continuously from 1993 to 1997 , with three episodes produced each year . It was filmed under challenging conditions , first in Ukraine and later in Portugal . After several years of rumours , more episodes were produced : Sharpes Challenge , which aired in April 2006 , and Sharpes Peril , which aired in autumn 2008 and was later released on DVD . Both of these were released as two cinema-length 90-minute episodes per series . With a role as enigmatic Lord Richard Fenton in the TV miniseries Scarlett , Bean made the transition to Hollywood feature films . His first notable Hollywood appearance was that of an Irish republican terrorist in the 1992 film adaptation of Patriot Games . While filming his death scene , Harrison Ford hit him with a boat hook , giving him a permanent scar . Beans rough-cut looks made him a patent choice for a villain , and his role in Patriot Games was the first of several villains that he would portray , all of whom die in gruesome ways . In the 1995 film GoldenEye , Bean portrayed James Bonds nemesis Alec Trevelyan ( MI6s 006 ) . He played the weak-stomached Spence in Ronin ( 1998 ) , a wife-beating ex-con in Essex Boys ( 2000 ) , and a malevolent kidnapper/jewel thief in Dont Say a Word ( 2001 ) . He was also widely recognised as villainous treasure hunter Ian Howe in National Treasure , and played a villainous scientist in The Island ( 2005 ) . In the independent film Far North , he plays a Russian mercenary who gets lost in the tundra and is rescued by an Inuit woman and her daughter , whom he later pits against one another . Beans most prominent role was as Boromir in Peter Jacksons The Lord of the Rings trilogy . His major screen time occurs in the first instalment , . He appears briefly in flashbacks in and , as well as in a scene from the extended edition of The Two Towers . Before casting finished , rumours circulated that Jackson had considered Bean for the role of Aragorn , but neither Bean nor Jackson confirmed this in subsequent interviews . Beans fear of flying in helicopters caused him difficulties in mountainous New Zealand , where the trilogy was filmed . After a particularly rough ride , he vowed not to fly to a location again ; in one instance , he chose to take a ski lift into the mountains while wearing his full costume ( complete with shield , armour , and sword ) and then hike the final few miles . Other roles gave more scope for his acting abilities . In 1999s Extremely Dangerous , his character walked a fine line between villain and hero . He became a repentant , poetry-reading Grammaton cleric who succumbs to his emotions in 2002s Equilibrium , a quirky alien cowboy in 2003s The Big Empty , and a sympathetic and cunning Odysseus in the 2004 film Troy . He appeared with other Hollywood stars in Mobys music video We Are All Made of Stars in February 2002 . In the same year , he returned to the stage in London performing in Macbeth . Due to popular demand , the production ran until March 2003 . Bean has done voice-over work , mostly in the British advertising industry . He has featured in television adverts for O2 , Morrisons and Barnardos as well as for Acuvue and the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States . He also does the voice over for the National Blood Services television and radio campaign . Bean has also done a TV ad for Yorkshire Tea a United Kingdom brand of tea . For the role playing video game , , he voiced Martin Septim . Beans distinctive voice has also been used in the intro and outro segments of the BBC Formula 1 racing coverage for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . Bean completed a one-hour pilot , Faceless , for US television . He has also appeared in Outlaw , an independent British production , and a remake of 1986 horror film , The Hitcher ( released in January 2007 ) ; here he used an American accent again . In 2009 , he appeared in the Red Riding trilogy as the malevolent John Dawson . He also appeared in ( 2010 ) , playing the role of Zeus , the king of Mount Olympus and god of the sky , thunder , and lightning . Also that year , Bean starred in Cash , playing the lead role of Pyke Kubic , a dangerous man determined to recover his wealth in a bad economy . Cash explored the role money plays in todays hard economic times . Bean also played the villains twin brother , Reese . Bean starred in the first season of Game of Thrones , HBOs adaptation of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R . R . Martin , playing the part of Lord Eddard Ned Stark . Bean and Peter Dinklage were the two actors whose inclusion show runners David Benioff and D . B . Weiss considered necessary for the show to become a success , and for whose roles no other actors were considered . His portrayal won him critical praise ; as The A.V . Club reviewer put it , he portrayed Ned as a man who knew he lived in the muck but hoped for better and assumed everyone else would come along for the ride . HBOs promotional efforts focused on Bean as the shows leading man and best-known actor . In August 2012 , Bean appeared as cross-dressing teacher Simon in the opening episode of the second season of UK television series Accused , a role which would earn him a Royal Television Society best actor award . He starred in Soldiers of Fortune and the 2012 film Cleanskin , in which he plays a secret service agent faced with the task of pursuing and eliminating a suicide bomber and his terrorist cell . In 2012 he also appeared in Tarsem Singhs Snow White film , Mirror Mirror , which was released in the U.S . in March . He also reprised his role as Christopher Da Silva in the Silent Hill film sequel , and co-starred in the ABC drama series Missing , which premiered in early 2012 . Bean starred in the espionage television series Legends as Martin Odum , an FBI agent who takes on various fabricated identities to go undercover . The show was cancelled after its second season . An intensive viral marketing campaign was centred on the hashtag #DontKillSeanBean , focusing on the various deaths of his past characters and promising his character in Legends would not suffer the same fate . The campaign culminated with a Funny or Die exclusive video featuring Bean filming a scene for the show where hes become so accustomed to dying on screen that he expects his character to die a bizarrely gruesome death despite the simplicity of the scene . From 2015 to 2017 Bean starred in the ITV Encore drama series The Frankenstein Chronicles . In that time , he also starred in multiple notable films including Jupiter Ascending , Pixels , and The Martian . In 2017 Bean starred in the BBC series Broken as the troubled priest Father Kerrigan , which earned him a BAFTA award for Best Actor . In 2019 Bean played a damaged veteran in the tv drama World on Fire , basing his interpretation on his late paternal grandfather . On 31 May 2020 , Bean appeared on Josh Gads YouTube series Reunited Apart which reunites the cast of popular movies through video-conferencing , and promotes donations to non-profit charities . The episode saw Bean reunited with fellow Lord of the Rings castmates Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , Miranda Otto , John Rhys-Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , and Elijah Wood , plus composer Howard Shore , writer Philippa Boyens and director Peter Jackson . In 2021 , the actor will be reunited with Jimmy McGovern ( author of Broken and Accused ) and Stephen Graham ( his co-star in Tracies Story ) for the BBC prison drama Time . Image . Bean is often described as down to earth and has retained his Yorkshire accent . He admits that he does not mind being considered as a bit of rough by women . He has developed a reputation as a loner , a label that he considers unfair . He has described himself instead as quiet , and interviewers confirm that he is a man of few words , with one interviewer calling him surprisingly shy . He admits that he can be a workaholic ; he reads books or listens to music in his spare time , and is a skilled pianist . He is also a keen gardener , welder , and sketcher . Popular in his home county , a 2018 poll for Yorkshire Day saw Bean ranked the second greatest Yorkshireman ever behind Monty Python comedian Michael Palin . A reputation for frequently portraying characters who are violently killed has earned Bean the status of an Internet meme . Acting style . Despite being professionally trained , Bean adopts an instinctive style of acting that some say makes him especially well-suited to portraying his characters depths . He has said that the most difficult part is at the start of filming when trying to understand the character . After achieving this , he can snap in and out of character instantly . This ability to go from the quiet man on set to the warrior Boromir amazed Sean Astin during filming of . Other fans include directors Mike Figgis and Wolfgang Petersen , who described working with Bean as a beautiful thing . Due to taking on several villainous roles in films , Beans characters tend to almost always die on screen , gaining notoriety on the internet and in The Lord of The Rings , Game of Thrones and James Bond fandoms . As a result , Bean said in 2019 he would reject scripts which called for his characters demise . Personal life . Bean has married five times and divorced four times . He married his secondary school sweetheart Debra James on 11 April 1981 , and they were divorced in 1988 . He met actress Melanie Hill at RADA , and they were married on 27 February 1990 . Their first daughter was born in October 1987 , and their second was born in September 1991 . Their marriage ended in divorce in August 1997 . During the filming of Sharpe , Bean met actress Abigail Cruttenden , and they were married on 22 November 1997 . Their daughter was born in November 1998 . They were divorced in July 2000 . In addition to his three children , Bean has four grandchildren . Bean began dating actress Georgina Sutcliffe in 2006 . After cancelling their planned January 2008 wedding on the eve of the ceremony for personal reasons , he married Sutcliffe at the Marylebone Town Hall in London on 19 February 2008 . During allegations that Bean physically abused Sutcliffe in 2009 , domestic disturbances resulted in the police being called to their home in Belsize Park on three occasions . Bean and Sutcliffes separation was announced on 6 August 2010 , and a decree nisi was granted on 21 December 2010 . He married Ashley Moore on 30 June 2017 . Bean has been a fan of Sheffield United since he was eight years old , and has a tattoo on his left shoulder that reads 100% Blade . He opened their Hall of Fame in 2001 and , after making a six-figure contribution to the clubs finances , was on their board of directors between 2002 and 2007 to help raise the profile of the club . He stepped down in 2007 to go back to being an ordinary supporter where he feels at home . During his time there , he had a dispute with Neil Warnock , former manager of Sheffield United , after Warnock claimed that Bean stormed into his office and shouted at him in front of his wife and daughter when the club had just been relegated from the Premier League . Bean denies it , calling Warnock bitter and hypocritical . He wrote the foreword and helped to promote a book of anecdotes called Sheffield United : The Biography . He also follows Yorkshire County Cricket Club . Bean has a tattoo of the number nine on his shoulder , written using Tengwar , in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings films and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring . The other actors of The Fellowship ( Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , and Viggo Mortensen ) have the same tattoo . John Rhys-Davies , whose character was also one of the original nine companions , arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead . Aligned with the British Left , Bean is a supporter of Jeremy Corbyn and of old Labour , the era before former Prime Minister Tony Blair rebranded the Labour Party as New Labour , and has expressed his admiration for Tony Benn . Bean is Christian . Bean is a keen gardener in his spare time . Filmography . Music videos . • 2020– Narrator of the BBC Radio 4 series Legacy of War , exploring the impact of the Second World War on subsequent generations through interviews and oral history . Awards and honours . In his home city of Sheffield , he has received several honours and acclaims , including an honorary doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University in 1997 and a Doctor of Letters in English Literature from the University of Sheffield in July 2007 . He was selected as one of the inaugural members of Sheffield Legends ( the Sheffield equivalent of the Hollywood Walk of Fame ) and a plaque in his honour has been placed in front of Sheffield Town Hall . Bean commented : I did get a doctorate from Sheffield Hallam University about 11 or 12 years ago so now Im a double doctor . But this was wonderful , especially from my home city . Further reading . - Trowbridge , Simon : The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the Royal Shakespeare Company , Oxford : Editions Albert Creed ( 2010 ) External links . - The Company : A Biographical Dictionary of the RSC : Online database

easy

Which title was conferred to Hans-Joachim Hecht in 1973?

/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hecht#P2962#0

Hans-Joachim Hecht Hans-Joachim Hecht ( born January 29 , 1939 , Luckenwalde , Brandenburg ) is a German chess player and twice the national champion . His first name is often abbreviated to Hajo . One of his earliest international tournaments was the Kecskemét zonal qualifier of 1964 , where he finished a creditable ninth equal , behind some of the finest players of the day ( Georgi Tringov , Ludek Pachman , László Szabó , Florin Gheorghiu and Vlastimil Hort to name a few ) . At Bussum in 1968 , he took a share of sixth place ( Robert Hübner won ) . There were other promising results at Bussum 1969 and the Raach zonal the same year , but it was apparent that development was slow during this phase of his career , and he was unable to challenge for first place in strong competition . Progress was eventually forthcoming between earning his International Master title in 1969 and becoming a Grandmaster in 1973 , when the quality of his play improved rapidly , and this was largely due to his decision to turn professional around 1970 . As a result , he participated in a great many events and was able to register impressive victories at Bad Pyrmont 1970 ( with Alexander Matanovic and Mato Damjanovic ) , Olot 1971 , Málaga 1972 , Montilla-Moriles 1972 and Dortmund 1973 ( with Boris Spassky and Ulf Andersson ) . Domestically too , he twice captured the German Chess Championship , in 1970 and 1973 . At Wijk aan Zee in 1974 , a fully bearded Hecht took a share of third place behind Walter Browne and Jan Hein Donner ( ahead of Jan Timman and Andras Adorjan ) and was the winner at Dublin . He was also making wedding plans in 1974 and realised that his earnings would be insufficient to raise a family . Consequently , he resumed his former amateur status and took a job in local government , based in Solingen . He married Anne Marie Zeitler , the sister of notable German blind chess player Hans Zeitler and together they had two sons , Christopher and Volkmar . Both are strong chess players . Hecht has had a long and successful association with team chess , spanning from 1962 to 1986 , during which time he made ten Chess Olympiad appearances . Curiously , his highest team position ( board 2 ) at Valletta 1980 , coincided with his best score of +7 , =4 , -2 ( 69% ) . He also played at three European Team Chess Championships , from 1965 to 1977 , but it was at the World Team Chess Championship of 1985 , that he scored his biggest triumph , taking an individual gold medal for his performance on board 5 . Over the years , he also gained medals at the EEC Team Chess Championship , The Clare Benedict Chess Cup , and the Nordic Chess Cup . In league chess , he enjoyed many successes with Chess Bundesliga teams Solingen SG 1868 and Bayern Munich throughout his career . By the late 1970s , he found himself playing a diminishing number of tournaments and so took up correspondence chess , earning himself the Correspondence International Master title in 1980 . For many years , he was a second to World Chess Championship Candidate Robert Hübner . Most recently , he has been involved in the promotion of German junior chess club Furstenfeldbruck , but also participated at the 2005 World Senior Chess Championship at Lignano Sabbiadoro , where he made a respectable top ten finish from a field of one hundred and forty . In 2006 , he played at Queenstown , New Zealand , and took home the Seniors trophy . Notable games . - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Raymond Keene , Brunnen 1966 , Caro-Kann Defense : Karpov , Smyslov Variation ( B17 ) , 1-0 - Bent Larsen vs Hans-Joachim Hecht , Buesum 1969 , Nimzo-Larsen Attack : English Variation ( A01 ) , ½–½ - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Heinz Schaufelberger , Bath 1973 , Sicilian Defense : Najdorf Variation ( B95 ) , 1-0 - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Gyozo V Forintos , Hoogovens 1974 , Sicilian Defense : Nezhmetdinov-Rossolimo Attack ( B30 ) , 1-0 References . - Wijk aan Zee result - Chessbase Queenstown report - CHESS magazine - May 1974 , p . 223 - Dublin result . - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information External links . - Hechts games at Chessgames.com

easy

Which title was conferred to Hans-Joachim Hecht in 1969?

/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hecht#P2962#1

Hans-Joachim Hecht Hans-Joachim Hecht ( born January 29 , 1939 , Luckenwalde , Brandenburg ) is a German chess player and twice the national champion . His first name is often abbreviated to Hajo . One of his earliest international tournaments was the Kecskemét zonal qualifier of 1964 , where he finished a creditable ninth equal , behind some of the finest players of the day ( Georgi Tringov , Ludek Pachman , László Szabó , Florin Gheorghiu and Vlastimil Hort to name a few ) . At Bussum in 1968 , he took a share of sixth place ( Robert Hübner won ) . There were other promising results at Bussum 1969 and the Raach zonal the same year , but it was apparent that development was slow during this phase of his career , and he was unable to challenge for first place in strong competition . Progress was eventually forthcoming between earning his International Master title in 1969 and becoming a Grandmaster in 1973 , when the quality of his play improved rapidly , and this was largely due to his decision to turn professional around 1970 . As a result , he participated in a great many events and was able to register impressive victories at Bad Pyrmont 1970 ( with Alexander Matanovic and Mato Damjanovic ) , Olot 1971 , Málaga 1972 , Montilla-Moriles 1972 and Dortmund 1973 ( with Boris Spassky and Ulf Andersson ) . Domestically too , he twice captured the German Chess Championship , in 1970 and 1973 . At Wijk aan Zee in 1974 , a fully bearded Hecht took a share of third place behind Walter Browne and Jan Hein Donner ( ahead of Jan Timman and Andras Adorjan ) and was the winner at Dublin . He was also making wedding plans in 1974 and realised that his earnings would be insufficient to raise a family . Consequently , he resumed his former amateur status and took a job in local government , based in Solingen . He married Anne Marie Zeitler , the sister of notable German blind chess player Hans Zeitler and together they had two sons , Christopher and Volkmar . Both are strong chess players . Hecht has had a long and successful association with team chess , spanning from 1962 to 1986 , during which time he made ten Chess Olympiad appearances . Curiously , his highest team position ( board 2 ) at Valletta 1980 , coincided with his best score of +7 , =4 , -2 ( 69% ) . He also played at three European Team Chess Championships , from 1965 to 1977 , but it was at the World Team Chess Championship of 1985 , that he scored his biggest triumph , taking an individual gold medal for his performance on board 5 . Over the years , he also gained medals at the EEC Team Chess Championship , The Clare Benedict Chess Cup , and the Nordic Chess Cup . In league chess , he enjoyed many successes with Chess Bundesliga teams Solingen SG 1868 and Bayern Munich throughout his career . By the late 1970s , he found himself playing a diminishing number of tournaments and so took up correspondence chess , earning himself the Correspondence International Master title in 1980 . For many years , he was a second to World Chess Championship Candidate Robert Hübner . Most recently , he has been involved in the promotion of German junior chess club Furstenfeldbruck , but also participated at the 2005 World Senior Chess Championship at Lignano Sabbiadoro , where he made a respectable top ten finish from a field of one hundred and forty . In 2006 , he played at Queenstown , New Zealand , and took home the Seniors trophy . Notable games . - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Raymond Keene , Brunnen 1966 , Caro-Kann Defense : Karpov , Smyslov Variation ( B17 ) , 1-0 - Bent Larsen vs Hans-Joachim Hecht , Buesum 1969 , Nimzo-Larsen Attack : English Variation ( A01 ) , ½–½ - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Heinz Schaufelberger , Bath 1973 , Sicilian Defense : Najdorf Variation ( B95 ) , 1-0 - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Gyozo V Forintos , Hoogovens 1974 , Sicilian Defense : Nezhmetdinov-Rossolimo Attack ( B30 ) , 1-0 References . - Wijk aan Zee result - Chessbase Queenstown report - CHESS magazine - May 1974 , p . 223 - Dublin result . - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information External links . - Hechts games at Chessgames.com

easy

Which title was conferred to Hans-Joachim Hecht in 1980?

/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hecht#P2962#2

Hans-Joachim Hecht Hans-Joachim Hecht ( born January 29 , 1939 , Luckenwalde , Brandenburg ) is a German chess player and twice the national champion . His first name is often abbreviated to Hajo . One of his earliest international tournaments was the Kecskemét zonal qualifier of 1964 , where he finished a creditable ninth equal , behind some of the finest players of the day ( Georgi Tringov , Ludek Pachman , László Szabó , Florin Gheorghiu and Vlastimil Hort to name a few ) . At Bussum in 1968 , he took a share of sixth place ( Robert Hübner won ) . There were other promising results at Bussum 1969 and the Raach zonal the same year , but it was apparent that development was slow during this phase of his career , and he was unable to challenge for first place in strong competition . Progress was eventually forthcoming between earning his International Master title in 1969 and becoming a Grandmaster in 1973 , when the quality of his play improved rapidly , and this was largely due to his decision to turn professional around 1970 . As a result , he participated in a great many events and was able to register impressive victories at Bad Pyrmont 1970 ( with Alexander Matanovic and Mato Damjanovic ) , Olot 1971 , Málaga 1972 , Montilla-Moriles 1972 and Dortmund 1973 ( with Boris Spassky and Ulf Andersson ) . Domestically too , he twice captured the German Chess Championship , in 1970 and 1973 . At Wijk aan Zee in 1974 , a fully bearded Hecht took a share of third place behind Walter Browne and Jan Hein Donner ( ahead of Jan Timman and Andras Adorjan ) and was the winner at Dublin . He was also making wedding plans in 1974 and realised that his earnings would be insufficient to raise a family . Consequently , he resumed his former amateur status and took a job in local government , based in Solingen . He married Anne Marie Zeitler , the sister of notable German blind chess player Hans Zeitler and together they had two sons , Christopher and Volkmar . Both are strong chess players . Hecht has had a long and successful association with team chess , spanning from 1962 to 1986 , during which time he made ten Chess Olympiad appearances . Curiously , his highest team position ( board 2 ) at Valletta 1980 , coincided with his best score of +7 , =4 , -2 ( 69% ) . He also played at three European Team Chess Championships , from 1965 to 1977 , but it was at the World Team Chess Championship of 1985 , that he scored his biggest triumph , taking an individual gold medal for his performance on board 5 . Over the years , he also gained medals at the EEC Team Chess Championship , The Clare Benedict Chess Cup , and the Nordic Chess Cup . In league chess , he enjoyed many successes with Chess Bundesliga teams Solingen SG 1868 and Bayern Munich throughout his career . By the late 1970s , he found himself playing a diminishing number of tournaments and so took up correspondence chess , earning himself the Correspondence International Master title in 1980 . For many years , he was a second to World Chess Championship Candidate Robert Hübner . Most recently , he has been involved in the promotion of German junior chess club Furstenfeldbruck , but also participated at the 2005 World Senior Chess Championship at Lignano Sabbiadoro , where he made a respectable top ten finish from a field of one hundred and forty . In 2006 , he played at Queenstown , New Zealand , and took home the Seniors trophy . Notable games . - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Raymond Keene , Brunnen 1966 , Caro-Kann Defense : Karpov , Smyslov Variation ( B17 ) , 1-0 - Bent Larsen vs Hans-Joachim Hecht , Buesum 1969 , Nimzo-Larsen Attack : English Variation ( A01 ) , ½–½ - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Heinz Schaufelberger , Bath 1973 , Sicilian Defense : Najdorf Variation ( B95 ) , 1-0 - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Gyozo V Forintos , Hoogovens 1974 , Sicilian Defense : Nezhmetdinov-Rossolimo Attack ( B30 ) , 1-0 References . - Wijk aan Zee result - Chessbase Queenstown report - CHESS magazine - May 1974 , p . 223 - Dublin result . - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information External links . - Hechts games at Chessgames.com

easy

Which title was conferred to Hans-Joachim Hecht in 1963?

/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hecht#P2962#3

Hans-Joachim Hecht Hans-Joachim Hecht ( born January 29 , 1939 , Luckenwalde , Brandenburg ) is a German chess player and twice the national champion . His first name is often abbreviated to Hajo . One of his earliest international tournaments was the Kecskemét zonal qualifier of 1964 , where he finished a creditable ninth equal , behind some of the finest players of the day ( Georgi Tringov , Ludek Pachman , László Szabó , Florin Gheorghiu and Vlastimil Hort to name a few ) . At Bussum in 1968 , he took a share of sixth place ( Robert Hübner won ) . There were other promising results at Bussum 1969 and the Raach zonal the same year , but it was apparent that development was slow during this phase of his career , and he was unable to challenge for first place in strong competition . Progress was eventually forthcoming between earning his International Master title in 1969 and becoming a Grandmaster in 1973 , when the quality of his play improved rapidly , and this was largely due to his decision to turn professional around 1970 . As a result , he participated in a great many events and was able to register impressive victories at Bad Pyrmont 1970 ( with Alexander Matanovic and Mato Damjanovic ) , Olot 1971 , Málaga 1972 , Montilla-Moriles 1972 and Dortmund 1973 ( with Boris Spassky and Ulf Andersson ) . Domestically too , he twice captured the German Chess Championship , in 1970 and 1973 . At Wijk aan Zee in 1974 , a fully bearded Hecht took a share of third place behind Walter Browne and Jan Hein Donner ( ahead of Jan Timman and Andras Adorjan ) and was the winner at Dublin . He was also making wedding plans in 1974 and realised that his earnings would be insufficient to raise a family . Consequently , he resumed his former amateur status and took a job in local government , based in Solingen . He married Anne Marie Zeitler , the sister of notable German blind chess player Hans Zeitler and together they had two sons , Christopher and Volkmar . Both are strong chess players . Hecht has had a long and successful association with team chess , spanning from 1962 to 1986 , during which time he made ten Chess Olympiad appearances . Curiously , his highest team position ( board 2 ) at Valletta 1980 , coincided with his best score of +7 , =4 , -2 ( 69% ) . He also played at three European Team Chess Championships , from 1965 to 1977 , but it was at the World Team Chess Championship of 1985 , that he scored his biggest triumph , taking an individual gold medal for his performance on board 5 . Over the years , he also gained medals at the EEC Team Chess Championship , The Clare Benedict Chess Cup , and the Nordic Chess Cup . In league chess , he enjoyed many successes with Chess Bundesliga teams Solingen SG 1868 and Bayern Munich throughout his career . By the late 1970s , he found himself playing a diminishing number of tournaments and so took up correspondence chess , earning himself the Correspondence International Master title in 1980 . For many years , he was a second to World Chess Championship Candidate Robert Hübner . Most recently , he has been involved in the promotion of German junior chess club Furstenfeldbruck , but also participated at the 2005 World Senior Chess Championship at Lignano Sabbiadoro , where he made a respectable top ten finish from a field of one hundred and forty . In 2006 , he played at Queenstown , New Zealand , and took home the Seniors trophy . Notable games . - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Raymond Keene , Brunnen 1966 , Caro-Kann Defense : Karpov , Smyslov Variation ( B17 ) , 1-0 - Bent Larsen vs Hans-Joachim Hecht , Buesum 1969 , Nimzo-Larsen Attack : English Variation ( A01 ) , ½–½ - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Heinz Schaufelberger , Bath 1973 , Sicilian Defense : Najdorf Variation ( B95 ) , 1-0 - Hans-Joachim Hecht vs Gyozo V Forintos , Hoogovens 1974 , Sicilian Defense : Nezhmetdinov-Rossolimo Attack ( B30 ) , 1-0 References . - Wijk aan Zee result - Chessbase Queenstown report - CHESS magazine - May 1974 , p . 223 - Dublin result . - Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information External links . - Hechts games at Chessgames.com

easy

Jim DeMint went to which school from 1968 to 1969?

/wiki/Jim_DeMint#P69#0

Jim DeMint James Warren DeMint ( born September 2 , 1951 ) is an American political advocate , businessman , author , and retired politician who served as a United States Senator from South Carolina and as president of the Heritage Foundation . DeMint is a member of the Republican Party and a leading figure in the Tea Party movement ; he is also the founder of the Senate Conservatives Fund . DeMint served as the United States Representative for from 1999 to 2005 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate from South Carolina in 2004 and reelected in 2010 . DeMint served in the Senate until January 1 , 2013 , when he stepped down to become president of The Heritage Foundation . On May 2 , 2017 , DeMint resigned his position at Heritage at the request of its board . He later became a senior advisor to Citizens for Self-Governance and the founding chairman of the Conservative Partnership Institute . Early life , education , family , and early career . DeMint was born in Greenville , South Carolina , one of four children . His parents , Betty W . ( née Rawlings ) and Thomas Eugene DeMint , divorced when he was five years old . Following the divorce , Betty DeMint operated a dance studio out of the familys home . DeMint was educated at Christ Church Episcopal School and Wade Hampton High School ( Greenville , South Carolina ) . DeMint played drums for a cover band called Salt & Pepper . He received a bachelors degree in 1973 from the University of Tennessee , where he was a part of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity , and received an MBA in 1981 from Clemson University . DeMints wife , Debbie , is one of three children of the late Greenville advertising entrepreneur and South Carolina Republican figure James Marvin Henderson , Sr . DeMint joined his father-in-laws advertising firm in Greenville in 1981 , working in the field of market research . In 1983 , he founded The DeMint Group , a research firm with businesses , schools , colleges , and hospitals as clients . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . DeMints first involvement in politics began in 1992 , when he was hired by Republican Representative Bob Inglis to work on his campaign for South Carolinas Fourth Congressional District . Inglis defeated three-term incumbent Democrat Liz J . Patterson , and DeMint performed message-testing and marketing for Inglis through two more successful elections . In 1998 , Inglis ran for the U.S . Senate instead of seeking re-election to the House of Representatives . DeMint left his firm to run for Inglis House seat . The district was considered the most Republican in the state , and it was understood that whoever won the primary would be heavily favored to be the districts next congressman . DeMint finished second in the Republican primary behind State Senator and fellow Greenville resident Michael Fair . In the runoff , DeMint narrowly defeated Fair 2,030 votes . He then defeated Democratic State Senator Glenn Reese with 57 percent of the vote to Reeses 40 percent . DeMint faced no major-party opposition in 2000 , and defeated an underfunded Democrat in 2002 . Tenure . DeMint was elected president of the freshman class of House Republicans . DeMint pledged to serve only three terms in the House . The Washington Post and The Christian Post have described DeMint as a staunch conservative , based on his actions during his time in the House . He broke rank with his party and powerful state interests several times : DeMint was one of 34 Republicans to oppose President Bushs No Child Left Behind program and one of 25 to oppose Medicare Part D . He sought to replace No Child Left Behind with a state-based block-grant program for schools . DeMint also worked to privatize Social Security by allowing the creation of individual investment accounts in the federal program . In 2003 , DeMint sponsored legislation to allow people under the age of 55 to set aside 3 percent to 8 percent of their Social Security withholding income in personal investment accounts . DeMint was also the only South Carolina House member to vote for normalizing trade relations with China , arguing in favor of free trade between the countries . He also provided a crucial swing vote on a free trade bill regarding Caribbean countries . His votes led South Carolinas influential textile industry to heavily oppose him in his subsequent House and Senate races . U.S . Senate . 2004 election . DeMint declared his candidacy for the Senate on December 12 , 2002 , after Sen . Ernest Hollings announced that he would retire after the 2004 elections . DeMint was the White Houses preferred candidate in the Republican primary . In the Republican primary on June 8 , 2004 , DeMint placed a distant second , 10.3% behind former governor David Beasley and just barely ahead of Thomas Ravenel . Ravenel endorsed DeMint in the following runoff . DeMint won the runoff handily , however . DeMint then faced Democratic state education superintendent Inez Tenenbaum in the November general election . DeMint led Tenenbaum through much of the campaign and ultimately defeated her by 9.6 percentage points . DeMints win meant that South Carolina was represented by two Republican Senators for the first time since Reconstruction , when Thomas J . Robertson and John J . Patterson served together as Senators . DeMint stirred controversy during debates with Tenenbaum when he stated his belief that openly gay people should not be allowed to teach in public schools . When questioned by reporters , DeMint also stated that single mothers who live with their boyfriends should similarly be excluded from being educators . He later apologized for making the remarks , saying they were distracting from the main issues of the debate . He also noted that these were opinions based on his personal values , not issues he would or could deal with as a member of Congress . 2010 election . DeMint easily won re-nomination in the Republican Party primary . Democratic Party opponent Alvin Greene won an upset primary victory over Vic Rawl . Greene received scrutiny from Democratic Party officials , with some calling for Greene to withdraw his candidacy or be replaced on the ballot . On November 2 , 2010 , DeMint defeated Greene by a margin of 63% to 28% , with Green Party candidate Tom Clements receiving 9% of the vote . Tenure . In his first term , DeMint was appointed to the Commerce , Science and Transportation Committee , the Environment and Public Works Committee , the Joint Economic Committee , and the Special Committee on Aging . In 2006 , DeMint began leading the Senate Steering Committee . DeMint also served as a member of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation . As a member of the 111th United States Congress , DeMint joined the United States Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . In 2009 , DeMint was one of two Senators who voted against Hillary Clintons appointment to Secretary of State , and the next year he introduced legislation to completely repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , commonly referred to as Obamacare . Later in 2010 , he introduced another piece of legislation titled the Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny , which aimed to require congressional approval of any major regulation change made by a federal agency . At the end of his first term , DeMint was appointed to the Senate Impeachment Trial Committee regarding the impeachment of federal judge Thomas Porteous . After being re-elected in 2010 , DeMint became the highest-ranking elected official associated with the Tea Party . During the first year of his second term , DeMint released a letter signed by over 30 other Senate Republicans asking the supercommittee tasked with balancing the federal budget to do so within the next ten years , and without creating any net tax increases . In 2012 , DeMint announced his resignation from the Senate effective January 2 , 2013 ; he departed to take a job as president of the Heritage Foundation . On December 17 , 2012 , South Carolina governor Nikki Haley announced that she would name Congressman Tim Scott to fill DeMints vacated seat . Political positions . DeMint is a member of the Republican Party and is aligned with the Tea Party movement . In 2011 , DeMint was identified by Salon as one of the most conservative members of the Senate . Economy and budget . Throughout his political career , DeMint has favored a type of tax reform that would replace the federal income tax with a national sales tax and , in addition , abolish the Internal Revenue Service . He has supported many changes to federal spending , such as prioritizing a balanced budget amendment instead of increasing the national debt limit . As a senator , DeMint proposed a two-year earmark ban to prevent members of Congress from spending federal money on projects in their home states . In 2008 , presidential candidates John McCain , Hillary Clinton , and Barack Obama co-sponsored DeMints earmark reform proposal , although it ultimately failed to pass in the Senate . In March 2010 , DeMints earmark reform plans were again defeated . In November of the same year , DeMint , along with nine other senators including Rand Paul and Marco Rubio , proposed another moratorium on earmarks which was adopted by Senate Republicans . DeMint has also been a proponent of free trade agreements , advocated for the privatization of Social Security benefits , and in 2009 authored the Health Care Freedom Plan , which proposed giving tax credits to those who are unable to afford health insurance . DeMint opposed President Barack Obamas health care reform efforts , saying of the Affordable Care Act , If were able to stop Obama on this it will be his Waterloo . It will break him . DeMint was opposed to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the bailouts during the automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 . He also led a group of Senators in opposing government loans to corporations . He supports a high level of government accountability through the auditing of federal agencies . Foreign policy . In 1999 , DeMint voted against the NATO intervention during the Kosovo war . DeMint voted to authorize military force in Iraq in 2002 . In 2011 , DeMint voted in favor of Rand Pauls resolution opposing military involvement in Libya . He favored preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons over a policy of containment after their development . DeMint has also expressed concern about various United Nations treaties , such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Law of the Sea Treaty . DeMint favors legal immigration and opposes granting amnesty to illegal immigrants . He has expressed opposition to the Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 on the basis that granting amnesty to illegal immigrants may cost American taxpayers trillions of dollars . In a May 15 , 2020 , editorial in Newsweek , DeMint stated that while he continued to support free trade , he was wrong about liberalizing trade with China . Obama administration . In October 2009 , after the Honduran Army , on orders from the Honduran Supreme Court , removed Manuel Zelaya as President , DeMint visited the country to gather information . The trip was approved by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell but opposed by Foreign Relations Committee Chairman John Kerry . DeMint supported the new government , while the Obama administration favored Zelayas return to the presidency . In late 2009 , DeMint criticized Barack Obama for waiting eight months into his first term as president before nominating a new head of the Transportation Security Administration . After the attempted bombing of Northwest Flight 253 in December 2009 , DeMint stated that President Obama had not put enough focus on terrorism while in office . DeMint blamed Obama for racism in the United States . He said that Obama took race back to the ’60s , as far as I’m concerned . He made everything a race issue , or at least saw it through a racial lens . The country had moved toward bending over backward to create equality . But then suddenly , with Obama , he just lit the fires . I thought when he was elected that was the big victory , that we had put racism behind us . Social issues . DeMint identifies as pro-life , opposing abortion except when the mothers life is in danger and opposing research from stem cells derived from human embryos . DeMint voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , also known as Obamacare , in December 2009 , and he voted against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . He voted in favor of declaring English the official language of the US government . DeMint is firmly opposed to same-sex marriage . In his book Now or Never : Saving America from Economic Collapse , DeMint states : DeMint also argues that same-sex marriage infringes upon religious liberty : DeMint has repeatedly voted for a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage . He has also voted to ban same-sex adoption in Washington , D.C . DeMint drew considerable criticism by saying that openly gay teachers should be banned from teaching in public schools . In a 2008 interview , DeMint said that while government does not have the right to restrict homosexuality , it also should not encourage it through legalizing same-sex marriage , due to the costly secondhand consequences to society from the prevalence of certain diseases among homosexuals . On October 1 , 2010 , DeMint , in comments that echoed what he had said in 2004 , told a rally of his supporters that openly homosexual and unmarried sexually active people should not be teachers . In response , the National Organization for Women , the National Education Association , the gay rights group Human Rights Campaign , GOProud ( a GOP group ) , and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force asked for DeMint’s apology . Senate Conservatives Fund . In 2008 , DeMint formed the Senate Conservatives Fund ( SCF ) , a political action committee with the intention of supporting conservative candidates that may have otherwise been overlooked by the national party . The SCF is associated with the Tea Party movement . It supports conservative Republican politicians in primary challenges and general elections . SCF states that it raised $9.1 million toward the 2010 U.S . Senate elections and which endorsed successful first-time Senate candidates Pat Toomey , Rand Paul , Mike Lee , Ron Johnson , Marco Rubio . DeMint left SCF in 2012 . Post-Senate career . The Heritage Foundation . On April 4 , 2013 , DeMint started his first full day as president of the Heritage Foundation . The Washington Post reported that DeMints predecessor at the Heritage Foundation , Ed Feulner , was paid a base salary of $477,097 in 2010 ( compared to a senators salary of $174,000 ) and that year DeMint was one of the poorest members of the Senate , with an estimated wealth of $40,501 . On May 2 , 2017 , DeMint resigned from the Heritage Foundation at the unanimous request of its board . Citizens for Self-Governance . In June 2017 , DeMint became a senior advisor to Citizens for Self-Governance , a group which is seeking to call a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution in order to reduce federal government spending and power . According to DeMint , The Tea Party needs a new mission . They realize that all the work they did in 2010 has not resulted in all the things they hoped for . Many of them are turning to Article V . The proposed constitutional convention would impose fiscal restraint on Washington D.C. , reduce the federal governments authority over states , and impose term limits on federal officials . Conservative Partnership Institute . In 2017 , DeMint founded the Conservative Partnership Institute , of which he serves as chairman . The stated purpose of the CPI is the professional development of conservative staffers and elected officials . 2020 Election Results . As part of the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election , DeMint signed a December 10 , 2020 letter from the Conservative Action Project asking state legislatures in the battleground states of Pennsylvania , Arizona , Georgia , Wisconsin , Nevada , and Michigan to disregard the popular vote outcomes in each of those states and appoint slates of electors to the Electoral College in support of President Trump . Works by DeMint . - Why We Whisper : Restoring Our Right to Say Its Wrong , with J . David Woodard . Rowman & Littlefield . 2007 . - Now or Never : Saving America from Economic Collapse . Center Street , 2012 . - Falling in Love With America Again Center Street , 2014 .

easy

Where was Jim DeMint educated in 1969?

/wiki/Jim_DeMint#P69#1

Jim DeMint James Warren DeMint ( born September 2 , 1951 ) is an American political advocate , businessman , author , and retired politician who served as a United States Senator from South Carolina and as president of the Heritage Foundation . DeMint is a member of the Republican Party and a leading figure in the Tea Party movement ; he is also the founder of the Senate Conservatives Fund . DeMint served as the United States Representative for from 1999 to 2005 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate from South Carolina in 2004 and reelected in 2010 . DeMint served in the Senate until January 1 , 2013 , when he stepped down to become president of The Heritage Foundation . On May 2 , 2017 , DeMint resigned his position at Heritage at the request of its board . He later became a senior advisor to Citizens for Self-Governance and the founding chairman of the Conservative Partnership Institute . Early life , education , family , and early career . DeMint was born in Greenville , South Carolina , one of four children . His parents , Betty W . ( née Rawlings ) and Thomas Eugene DeMint , divorced when he was five years old . Following the divorce , Betty DeMint operated a dance studio out of the familys home . DeMint was educated at Christ Church Episcopal School and Wade Hampton High School ( Greenville , South Carolina ) . DeMint played drums for a cover band called Salt & Pepper . He received a bachelors degree in 1973 from the University of Tennessee , where he was a part of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity , and received an MBA in 1981 from Clemson University . DeMints wife , Debbie , is one of three children of the late Greenville advertising entrepreneur and South Carolina Republican figure James Marvin Henderson , Sr . DeMint joined his father-in-laws advertising firm in Greenville in 1981 , working in the field of market research . In 1983 , he founded The DeMint Group , a research firm with businesses , schools , colleges , and hospitals as clients . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . DeMints first involvement in politics began in 1992 , when he was hired by Republican Representative Bob Inglis to work on his campaign for South Carolinas Fourth Congressional District . Inglis defeated three-term incumbent Democrat Liz J . Patterson , and DeMint performed message-testing and marketing for Inglis through two more successful elections . In 1998 , Inglis ran for the U.S . Senate instead of seeking re-election to the House of Representatives . DeMint left his firm to run for Inglis House seat . The district was considered the most Republican in the state , and it was understood that whoever won the primary would be heavily favored to be the districts next congressman . DeMint finished second in the Republican primary behind State Senator and fellow Greenville resident Michael Fair . In the runoff , DeMint narrowly defeated Fair 2,030 votes . He then defeated Democratic State Senator Glenn Reese with 57 percent of the vote to Reeses 40 percent . DeMint faced no major-party opposition in 2000 , and defeated an underfunded Democrat in 2002 . Tenure . DeMint was elected president of the freshman class of House Republicans . DeMint pledged to serve only three terms in the House . The Washington Post and The Christian Post have described DeMint as a staunch conservative , based on his actions during his time in the House . He broke rank with his party and powerful state interests several times : DeMint was one of 34 Republicans to oppose President Bushs No Child Left Behind program and one of 25 to oppose Medicare Part D . He sought to replace No Child Left Behind with a state-based block-grant program for schools . DeMint also worked to privatize Social Security by allowing the creation of individual investment accounts in the federal program . In 2003 , DeMint sponsored legislation to allow people under the age of 55 to set aside 3 percent to 8 percent of their Social Security withholding income in personal investment accounts . DeMint was also the only South Carolina House member to vote for normalizing trade relations with China , arguing in favor of free trade between the countries . He also provided a crucial swing vote on a free trade bill regarding Caribbean countries . His votes led South Carolinas influential textile industry to heavily oppose him in his subsequent House and Senate races . U.S . Senate . 2004 election . DeMint declared his candidacy for the Senate on December 12 , 2002 , after Sen . Ernest Hollings announced that he would retire after the 2004 elections . DeMint was the White Houses preferred candidate in the Republican primary . In the Republican primary on June 8 , 2004 , DeMint placed a distant second , 10.3% behind former governor David Beasley and just barely ahead of Thomas Ravenel . Ravenel endorsed DeMint in the following runoff . DeMint won the runoff handily , however . DeMint then faced Democratic state education superintendent Inez Tenenbaum in the November general election . DeMint led Tenenbaum through much of the campaign and ultimately defeated her by 9.6 percentage points . DeMints win meant that South Carolina was represented by two Republican Senators for the first time since Reconstruction , when Thomas J . Robertson and John J . Patterson served together as Senators . DeMint stirred controversy during debates with Tenenbaum when he stated his belief that openly gay people should not be allowed to teach in public schools . When questioned by reporters , DeMint also stated that single mothers who live with their boyfriends should similarly be excluded from being educators . He later apologized for making the remarks , saying they were distracting from the main issues of the debate . He also noted that these were opinions based on his personal values , not issues he would or could deal with as a member of Congress . 2010 election . DeMint easily won re-nomination in the Republican Party primary . Democratic Party opponent Alvin Greene won an upset primary victory over Vic Rawl . Greene received scrutiny from Democratic Party officials , with some calling for Greene to withdraw his candidacy or be replaced on the ballot . On November 2 , 2010 , DeMint defeated Greene by a margin of 63% to 28% , with Green Party candidate Tom Clements receiving 9% of the vote . Tenure . In his first term , DeMint was appointed to the Commerce , Science and Transportation Committee , the Environment and Public Works Committee , the Joint Economic Committee , and the Special Committee on Aging . In 2006 , DeMint began leading the Senate Steering Committee . DeMint also served as a member of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation . As a member of the 111th United States Congress , DeMint joined the United States Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . In 2009 , DeMint was one of two Senators who voted against Hillary Clintons appointment to Secretary of State , and the next year he introduced legislation to completely repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , commonly referred to as Obamacare . Later in 2010 , he introduced another piece of legislation titled the Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny , which aimed to require congressional approval of any major regulation change made by a federal agency . At the end of his first term , DeMint was appointed to the Senate Impeachment Trial Committee regarding the impeachment of federal judge Thomas Porteous . After being re-elected in 2010 , DeMint became the highest-ranking elected official associated with the Tea Party . During the first year of his second term , DeMint released a letter signed by over 30 other Senate Republicans asking the supercommittee tasked with balancing the federal budget to do so within the next ten years , and without creating any net tax increases . In 2012 , DeMint announced his resignation from the Senate effective January 2 , 2013 ; he departed to take a job as president of the Heritage Foundation . On December 17 , 2012 , South Carolina governor Nikki Haley announced that she would name Congressman Tim Scott to fill DeMints vacated seat . Political positions . DeMint is a member of the Republican Party and is aligned with the Tea Party movement . In 2011 , DeMint was identified by Salon as one of the most conservative members of the Senate . Economy and budget . Throughout his political career , DeMint has favored a type of tax reform that would replace the federal income tax with a national sales tax and , in addition , abolish the Internal Revenue Service . He has supported many changes to federal spending , such as prioritizing a balanced budget amendment instead of increasing the national debt limit . As a senator , DeMint proposed a two-year earmark ban to prevent members of Congress from spending federal money on projects in their home states . In 2008 , presidential candidates John McCain , Hillary Clinton , and Barack Obama co-sponsored DeMints earmark reform proposal , although it ultimately failed to pass in the Senate . In March 2010 , DeMints earmark reform plans were again defeated . In November of the same year , DeMint , along with nine other senators including Rand Paul and Marco Rubio , proposed another moratorium on earmarks which was adopted by Senate Republicans . DeMint has also been a proponent of free trade agreements , advocated for the privatization of Social Security benefits , and in 2009 authored the Health Care Freedom Plan , which proposed giving tax credits to those who are unable to afford health insurance . DeMint opposed President Barack Obamas health care reform efforts , saying of the Affordable Care Act , If were able to stop Obama on this it will be his Waterloo . It will break him . DeMint was opposed to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the bailouts during the automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 . He also led a group of Senators in opposing government loans to corporations . He supports a high level of government accountability through the auditing of federal agencies . Foreign policy . In 1999 , DeMint voted against the NATO intervention during the Kosovo war . DeMint voted to authorize military force in Iraq in 2002 . In 2011 , DeMint voted in favor of Rand Pauls resolution opposing military involvement in Libya . He favored preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons over a policy of containment after their development . DeMint has also expressed concern about various United Nations treaties , such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Law of the Sea Treaty . DeMint favors legal immigration and opposes granting amnesty to illegal immigrants . He has expressed opposition to the Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 on the basis that granting amnesty to illegal immigrants may cost American taxpayers trillions of dollars . In a May 15 , 2020 , editorial in Newsweek , DeMint stated that while he continued to support free trade , he was wrong about liberalizing trade with China . Obama administration . In October 2009 , after the Honduran Army , on orders from the Honduran Supreme Court , removed Manuel Zelaya as President , DeMint visited the country to gather information . The trip was approved by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell but opposed by Foreign Relations Committee Chairman John Kerry . DeMint supported the new government , while the Obama administration favored Zelayas return to the presidency . In late 2009 , DeMint criticized Barack Obama for waiting eight months into his first term as president before nominating a new head of the Transportation Security Administration . After the attempted bombing of Northwest Flight 253 in December 2009 , DeMint stated that President Obama had not put enough focus on terrorism while in office . DeMint blamed Obama for racism in the United States . He said that Obama took race back to the ’60s , as far as I’m concerned . He made everything a race issue , or at least saw it through a racial lens . The country had moved toward bending over backward to create equality . But then suddenly , with Obama , he just lit the fires . I thought when he was elected that was the big victory , that we had put racism behind us . Social issues . DeMint identifies as pro-life , opposing abortion except when the mothers life is in danger and opposing research from stem cells derived from human embryos . DeMint voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , also known as Obamacare , in December 2009 , and he voted against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . He voted in favor of declaring English the official language of the US government . DeMint is firmly opposed to same-sex marriage . In his book Now or Never : Saving America from Economic Collapse , DeMint states : DeMint also argues that same-sex marriage infringes upon religious liberty : DeMint has repeatedly voted for a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage . He has also voted to ban same-sex adoption in Washington , D.C . DeMint drew considerable criticism by saying that openly gay teachers should be banned from teaching in public schools . In a 2008 interview , DeMint said that while government does not have the right to restrict homosexuality , it also should not encourage it through legalizing same-sex marriage , due to the costly secondhand consequences to society from the prevalence of certain diseases among homosexuals . On October 1 , 2010 , DeMint , in comments that echoed what he had said in 2004 , told a rally of his supporters that openly homosexual and unmarried sexually active people should not be teachers . In response , the National Organization for Women , the National Education Association , the gay rights group Human Rights Campaign , GOProud ( a GOP group ) , and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force asked for DeMint’s apology . Senate Conservatives Fund . In 2008 , DeMint formed the Senate Conservatives Fund ( SCF ) , a political action committee with the intention of supporting conservative candidates that may have otherwise been overlooked by the national party . The SCF is associated with the Tea Party movement . It supports conservative Republican politicians in primary challenges and general elections . SCF states that it raised $9.1 million toward the 2010 U.S . Senate elections and which endorsed successful first-time Senate candidates Pat Toomey , Rand Paul , Mike Lee , Ron Johnson , Marco Rubio . DeMint left SCF in 2012 . Post-Senate career . The Heritage Foundation . On April 4 , 2013 , DeMint started his first full day as president of the Heritage Foundation . The Washington Post reported that DeMints predecessor at the Heritage Foundation , Ed Feulner , was paid a base salary of $477,097 in 2010 ( compared to a senators salary of $174,000 ) and that year DeMint was one of the poorest members of the Senate , with an estimated wealth of $40,501 . On May 2 , 2017 , DeMint resigned from the Heritage Foundation at the unanimous request of its board . Citizens for Self-Governance . In June 2017 , DeMint became a senior advisor to Citizens for Self-Governance , a group which is seeking to call a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution in order to reduce federal government spending and power . According to DeMint , The Tea Party needs a new mission . They realize that all the work they did in 2010 has not resulted in all the things they hoped for . Many of them are turning to Article V . The proposed constitutional convention would impose fiscal restraint on Washington D.C. , reduce the federal governments authority over states , and impose term limits on federal officials . Conservative Partnership Institute . In 2017 , DeMint founded the Conservative Partnership Institute , of which he serves as chairman . The stated purpose of the CPI is the professional development of conservative staffers and elected officials . 2020 Election Results . As part of the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election , DeMint signed a December 10 , 2020 letter from the Conservative Action Project asking state legislatures in the battleground states of Pennsylvania , Arizona , Georgia , Wisconsin , Nevada , and Michigan to disregard the popular vote outcomes in each of those states and appoint slates of electors to the Electoral College in support of President Trump . Works by DeMint . - Why We Whisper : Restoring Our Right to Say Its Wrong , with J . David Woodard . Rowman & Littlefield . 2007 . - Now or Never : Saving America from Economic Collapse . Center Street , 2012 . - Falling in Love With America Again Center Street , 2014 .

easy

Jim DeMint went to which school from 1973 to 1981?

/wiki/Jim_DeMint#P69#2

Jim DeMint James Warren DeMint ( born September 2 , 1951 ) is an American political advocate , businessman , author , and retired politician who served as a United States Senator from South Carolina and as president of the Heritage Foundation . DeMint is a member of the Republican Party and a leading figure in the Tea Party movement ; he is also the founder of the Senate Conservatives Fund . DeMint served as the United States Representative for from 1999 to 2005 . He was elected to the U.S . Senate from South Carolina in 2004 and reelected in 2010 . DeMint served in the Senate until January 1 , 2013 , when he stepped down to become president of The Heritage Foundation . On May 2 , 2017 , DeMint resigned his position at Heritage at the request of its board . He later became a senior advisor to Citizens for Self-Governance and the founding chairman of the Conservative Partnership Institute . Early life , education , family , and early career . DeMint was born in Greenville , South Carolina , one of four children . His parents , Betty W . ( née Rawlings ) and Thomas Eugene DeMint , divorced when he was five years old . Following the divorce , Betty DeMint operated a dance studio out of the familys home . DeMint was educated at Christ Church Episcopal School and Wade Hampton High School ( Greenville , South Carolina ) . DeMint played drums for a cover band called Salt & Pepper . He received a bachelors degree in 1973 from the University of Tennessee , where he was a part of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity , and received an MBA in 1981 from Clemson University . DeMints wife , Debbie , is one of three children of the late Greenville advertising entrepreneur and South Carolina Republican figure James Marvin Henderson , Sr . DeMint joined his father-in-laws advertising firm in Greenville in 1981 , working in the field of market research . In 1983 , he founded The DeMint Group , a research firm with businesses , schools , colleges , and hospitals as clients . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . DeMints first involvement in politics began in 1992 , when he was hired by Republican Representative Bob Inglis to work on his campaign for South Carolinas Fourth Congressional District . Inglis defeated three-term incumbent Democrat Liz J . Patterson , and DeMint performed message-testing and marketing for Inglis through two more successful elections . In 1998 , Inglis ran for the U.S . Senate instead of seeking re-election to the House of Representatives . DeMint left his firm to run for Inglis House seat . The district was considered the most Republican in the state , and it was understood that whoever won the primary would be heavily favored to be the districts next congressman . DeMint finished second in the Republican primary behind State Senator and fellow Greenville resident Michael Fair . In the runoff , DeMint narrowly defeated Fair 2,030 votes . He then defeated Democratic State Senator Glenn Reese with 57 percent of the vote to Reeses 40 percent . DeMint faced no major-party opposition in 2000 , and defeated an underfunded Democrat in 2002 . Tenure . DeMint was elected president of the freshman class of House Republicans . DeMint pledged to serve only three terms in the House . The Washington Post and The Christian Post have described DeMint as a staunch conservative , based on his actions during his time in the House . He broke rank with his party and powerful state interests several times : DeMint was one of 34 Republicans to oppose President Bushs No Child Left Behind program and one of 25 to oppose Medicare Part D . He sought to replace No Child Left Behind with a state-based block-grant program for schools . DeMint also worked to privatize Social Security by allowing the creation of individual investment accounts in the federal program . In 2003 , DeMint sponsored legislation to allow people under the age of 55 to set aside 3 percent to 8 percent of their Social Security withholding income in personal investment accounts . DeMint was also the only South Carolina House member to vote for normalizing trade relations with China , arguing in favor of free trade between the countries . He also provided a crucial swing vote on a free trade bill regarding Caribbean countries . His votes led South Carolinas influential textile industry to heavily oppose him in his subsequent House and Senate races . U.S . Senate . 2004 election . DeMint declared his candidacy for the Senate on December 12 , 2002 , after Sen . Ernest Hollings announced that he would retire after the 2004 elections . DeMint was the White Houses preferred candidate in the Republican primary . In the Republican primary on June 8 , 2004 , DeMint placed a distant second , 10.3% behind former governor David Beasley and just barely ahead of Thomas Ravenel . Ravenel endorsed DeMint in the following runoff . DeMint won the runoff handily , however . DeMint then faced Democratic state education superintendent Inez Tenenbaum in the November general election . DeMint led Tenenbaum through much of the campaign and ultimately defeated her by 9.6 percentage points . DeMints win meant that South Carolina was represented by two Republican Senators for the first time since Reconstruction , when Thomas J . Robertson and John J . Patterson served together as Senators . DeMint stirred controversy during debates with Tenenbaum when he stated his belief that openly gay people should not be allowed to teach in public schools . When questioned by reporters , DeMint also stated that single mothers who live with their boyfriends should similarly be excluded from being educators . He later apologized for making the remarks , saying they were distracting from the main issues of the debate . He also noted that these were opinions based on his personal values , not issues he would or could deal with as a member of Congress . 2010 election . DeMint easily won re-nomination in the Republican Party primary . Democratic Party opponent Alvin Greene won an upset primary victory over Vic Rawl . Greene received scrutiny from Democratic Party officials , with some calling for Greene to withdraw his candidacy or be replaced on the ballot . On November 2 , 2010 , DeMint defeated Greene by a margin of 63% to 28% , with Green Party candidate Tom Clements receiving 9% of the vote . Tenure . In his first term , DeMint was appointed to the Commerce , Science and Transportation Committee , the Environment and Public Works Committee , the Joint Economic Committee , and the Special Committee on Aging . In 2006 , DeMint began leading the Senate Steering Committee . DeMint also served as a member of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation . As a member of the 111th United States Congress , DeMint joined the United States Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . In 2009 , DeMint was one of two Senators who voted against Hillary Clintons appointment to Secretary of State , and the next year he introduced legislation to completely repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , commonly referred to as Obamacare . Later in 2010 , he introduced another piece of legislation titled the Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny , which aimed to require congressional approval of any major regulation change made by a federal agency . At the end of his first term , DeMint was appointed to the Senate Impeachment Trial Committee regarding the impeachment of federal judge Thomas Porteous . After being re-elected in 2010 , DeMint became the highest-ranking elected official associated with the Tea Party . During the first year of his second term , DeMint released a letter signed by over 30 other Senate Republicans asking the supercommittee tasked with balancing the federal budget to do so within the next ten years , and without creating any net tax increases . In 2012 , DeMint announced his resignation from the Senate effective January 2 , 2013 ; he departed to take a job as president of the Heritage Foundation . On December 17 , 2012 , South Carolina governor Nikki Haley announced that she would name Congressman Tim Scott to fill DeMints vacated seat . Political positions . DeMint is a member of the Republican Party and is aligned with the Tea Party movement . In 2011 , DeMint was identified by Salon as one of the most conservative members of the Senate . Economy and budget . Throughout his political career , DeMint has favored a type of tax reform that would replace the federal income tax with a national sales tax and , in addition , abolish the Internal Revenue Service . He has supported many changes to federal spending , such as prioritizing a balanced budget amendment instead of increasing the national debt limit . As a senator , DeMint proposed a two-year earmark ban to prevent members of Congress from spending federal money on projects in their home states . In 2008 , presidential candidates John McCain , Hillary Clinton , and Barack Obama co-sponsored DeMints earmark reform proposal , although it ultimately failed to pass in the Senate . In March 2010 , DeMints earmark reform plans were again defeated . In November of the same year , DeMint , along with nine other senators including Rand Paul and Marco Rubio , proposed another moratorium on earmarks which was adopted by Senate Republicans . DeMint has also been a proponent of free trade agreements , advocated for the privatization of Social Security benefits , and in 2009 authored the Health Care Freedom Plan , which proposed giving tax credits to those who are unable to afford health insurance . DeMint opposed President Barack Obamas health care reform efforts , saying of the Affordable Care Act , If were able to stop Obama on this it will be his Waterloo . It will break him . DeMint was opposed to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 and the bailouts during the automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010 . He also led a group of Senators in opposing government loans to corporations . He supports a high level of government accountability through the auditing of federal agencies . Foreign policy . In 1999 , DeMint voted against the NATO intervention during the Kosovo war . DeMint voted to authorize military force in Iraq in 2002 . In 2011 , DeMint voted in favor of Rand Pauls resolution opposing military involvement in Libya . He favored preventing Iran from developing nuclear weapons over a policy of containment after their development . DeMint has also expressed concern about various United Nations treaties , such as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the Law of the Sea Treaty . DeMint favors legal immigration and opposes granting amnesty to illegal immigrants . He has expressed opposition to the Border Security , Economic Opportunity , and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 on the basis that granting amnesty to illegal immigrants may cost American taxpayers trillions of dollars . In a May 15 , 2020 , editorial in Newsweek , DeMint stated that while he continued to support free trade , he was wrong about liberalizing trade with China . Obama administration . In October 2009 , after the Honduran Army , on orders from the Honduran Supreme Court , removed Manuel Zelaya as President , DeMint visited the country to gather information . The trip was approved by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell but opposed by Foreign Relations Committee Chairman John Kerry . DeMint supported the new government , while the Obama administration favored Zelayas return to the presidency . In late 2009 , DeMint criticized Barack Obama for waiting eight months into his first term as president before nominating a new head of the Transportation Security Administration . After the attempted bombing of Northwest Flight 253 in December 2009 , DeMint stated that President Obama had not put enough focus on terrorism while in office . DeMint blamed Obama for racism in the United States . He said that Obama took race back to the ’60s , as far as I’m concerned . He made everything a race issue , or at least saw it through a racial lens . The country had moved toward bending over backward to create equality . But then suddenly , with Obama , he just lit the fires . I thought when he was elected that was the big victory , that we had put racism behind us . Social issues . DeMint identifies as pro-life , opposing abortion except when the mothers life is in danger and opposing research from stem cells derived from human embryos . DeMint voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , also known as Obamacare , in December 2009 , and he voted against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 . He voted in favor of declaring English the official language of the US government . DeMint is firmly opposed to same-sex marriage . In his book Now or Never : Saving America from Economic Collapse , DeMint states : DeMint also argues that same-sex marriage infringes upon religious liberty : DeMint has repeatedly voted for a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage . He has also voted to ban same-sex adoption in Washington , D.C . DeMint drew considerable criticism by saying that openly gay teachers should be banned from teaching in public schools . In a 2008 interview , DeMint said that while government does not have the right to restrict homosexuality , it also should not encourage it through legalizing same-sex marriage , due to the costly secondhand consequences to society from the prevalence of certain diseases among homosexuals . On October 1 , 2010 , DeMint , in comments that echoed what he had said in 2004 , told a rally of his supporters that openly homosexual and unmarried sexually active people should not be teachers . In response , the National Organization for Women , the National Education Association , the gay rights group Human Rights Campaign , GOProud ( a GOP group ) , and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force asked for DeMint’s apology . Senate Conservatives Fund . In 2008 , DeMint formed the Senate Conservatives Fund ( SCF ) , a political action committee with the intention of supporting conservative candidates that may have otherwise been overlooked by the national party . The SCF is associated with the Tea Party movement . It supports conservative Republican politicians in primary challenges and general elections . SCF states that it raised $9.1 million toward the 2010 U.S . Senate elections and which endorsed successful first-time Senate candidates Pat Toomey , Rand Paul , Mike Lee , Ron Johnson , Marco Rubio . DeMint left SCF in 2012 . Post-Senate career . The Heritage Foundation . On April 4 , 2013 , DeMint started his first full day as president of the Heritage Foundation . The Washington Post reported that DeMints predecessor at the Heritage Foundation , Ed Feulner , was paid a base salary of $477,097 in 2010 ( compared to a senators salary of $174,000 ) and that year DeMint was one of the poorest members of the Senate , with an estimated wealth of $40,501 . On May 2 , 2017 , DeMint resigned from the Heritage Foundation at the unanimous request of its board . Citizens for Self-Governance . In June 2017 , DeMint became a senior advisor to Citizens for Self-Governance , a group which is seeking to call a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution in order to reduce federal government spending and power . According to DeMint , The Tea Party needs a new mission . They realize that all the work they did in 2010 has not resulted in all the things they hoped for . Many of them are turning to Article V . The proposed constitutional convention would impose fiscal restraint on Washington D.C. , reduce the federal governments authority over states , and impose term limits on federal officials . Conservative Partnership Institute . In 2017 , DeMint founded the Conservative Partnership Institute , of which he serves as chairman . The stated purpose of the CPI is the professional development of conservative staffers and elected officials . 2020 Election Results . As part of the attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election , DeMint signed a December 10 , 2020 letter from the Conservative Action Project asking state legislatures in the battleground states of Pennsylvania , Arizona , Georgia , Wisconsin , Nevada , and Michigan to disregard the popular vote outcomes in each of those states and appoint slates of electors to the Electoral College in support of President Trump . Works by DeMint . - Why We Whisper : Restoring Our Right to Say Its Wrong , with J . David Woodard . Rowman & Littlefield . 2007 . - Now or Never : Saving America from Economic Collapse . Center Street , 2012 . - Falling in Love With America Again Center Street , 2014 .

easy

David Nabarro was an employee for whom from 1982 to 1985?

/wiki/David_Nabarro#P108#0

David Nabarro David Nabarro CBE ( born 26 August 1949 ) is a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization . He has made his career in the international civil service , working for either the Secretary-General of the United Nations or the Director-General of the World Health Organization . Since February 2020 , he has helped the DGWHO deal with the COVID-19 pandemic . Early life and education . Nabarro is the son of the late Sir John David Nunes Nabarro—whose cousin was the late Sir Gerald Nabarro , MP—formerly consultant endocrinologist at University College Hospital ( UCH ) and Middlesex Hospital , London . He attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire , leaving in the summer of 1966 . In a gap year between school and university , Nabarro was a community service volunteer . He spent a year as the organiser of Youth Action , York . A BBC television documentary was made about his volunteer work . Nabarro studied at the University of Oxford and the University of London , and qualified as a physician in 1973 . He is a member of the Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) and the Royal College of Physicians by distinction ( where he is also a Fellow ) . Career . Early career . Nabarro worked as a medical officer in North Iraq for Save the Children , before joining the United Kingdoms ( UK ) National Health Service ( NHS ) for a short time . From 1976 to 1978 , Nabarro worked as District Child Health Officer in Dhankuta District , Nepal . Later , he moved to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , and in 1982 , he became Regional Manager for the Save the Children Fund in South Asia , based in the region . In 1985 he joined the University of Liverpool Medical School as senior lecturer in International Community Health . He moved to the Overseas Development Administration ( now part of Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office ) as a strategic adviser for health and population in East Africa , based in Nairobi , in 1989 . Nabarro later took up the post of chief health and population adviser at the Overseas Development Administration ( London office ) in 1990 , and moved on to become director of human development ( as well as chief health adviser ) in 1997 . World Health Organization ( 1999–2005 ) . Nabarro joined the WHO in January 1999 , as project manager of Roll Back Malaria , then moved to the Office of the DG as executive director in March 2000 . In this capacity , he worked with DGWHO Gro Harlem Brundtland for two years on a variety of issues , including the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health , Health Systems Assessments and the creation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . As part of this work , he became for 1999-2001 a member of the board of directors of Medicines for Malaria Venture . Nabarro transferred to the Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments cluster in 2003 and was appointed representative of the DG for health action in crises in July 2003 . Nabarro was stationed in the Canal Hotel in Baghdad , Iraq , when it was bombed on the afternoon of 19 August 2003 . The blast targeted the UN , which had used the hotel as its headquarters in Iraq since 1991 . He has also coordinated support for health aspects of crisis response operations in Darfur , Sudan , and in countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami . UN System senior coordinator ( 2005–2014 ) . In September 2005 , Nabarro was seconded from WHO and appointed senior UN system coordinator for avian and human influenza by secretary-general of the UN Kofi Annan to ensure that the UN system made an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the epidemic of avian influenza ( also known as bird flu ) . Coordinator of Global Food Security ( HLTF ) ( 2008–2014 ) . In January 2009 , Nabarro took on the responsibility of coordinating the UN systems High-Level Task Force on Global Food Security ( HLTF ) . The HLTF brought together 23 different organizations , funds , programs and other entities from within the UN family , as well as the Bretton Woods Institutions , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and tasked them with establishing a common strategy for addressing food and nutrition insecurity in a more sustainable , coordinated and comprehensive way . Nabarro left the HLTF coordinator position in 2014 and was succeeded by Giuseppe Fantozzi . Special representative of the UN Secretary-General ( 2009–2017 ) . In November 2009 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Nabarro as special representative on food security and nutrition . As special representative , Nabarros role was to : - Align UN system action on peoples food security , livelihood resilience and sustainable agriculture in the face of changing climates - Support functioning of the Committee on World Food Security - Oversee UN Secretary-Generals Zero Hunger Challenge Coordinator of nutrition movement ( 2010–2015 ) . In September 2010 , Nabarro was appointed coordinator of the Scaling Up Nutrition ( SUN ) Movement . SUN brings together government officials , civil society , the UN , donors , businesses and researchers in a collective effort to improve nutrition . Betimes , he became Member of the WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity ( 2016 ) , 2013–2014 . Special envoy on Ebola ( 2014–15 ) . In August 2014 , Nabarro was designated as special envoy of the UN Secretary-General on Ebola , with the responsibility for ensuring that the UN system makes an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the outbreak of Ebola . The epidemic is believed to have begun in December 2013 with the death of a 2-year-old boy in a remote area of Guinea , but was not recognized until March 2014 . For several months the epidemic was spreading . This is something that public health experts in the affected locations , such as Medecins Sans Frontières ( Doctors Without Borders ) , claimed was due to a deeply flawed and delayed response by health and government officials . In an interview later in 2015 , once Ebola had largely been brought under control , Nabarro said that when he started working on Ebola in 2014 , he was aware that we were in the middle of a disease outbreak of enormous proportions . The number of people getting sick was doubling every week . Facilities were completely overloaded . Communities were in a state of despair . He added that the international community had learned important lessons from the epidemic : The world is going to be different as a result of this Ebola outbreak , much more confident , much more assured , and much , much more capable to ensure the well-being of its citizens . Chair of the Advisory Group on Reform at WHO ( 2015–16 ) . Nabarro was responsible for leading a high-level advisory group to guide reform of WHOs response to outbreaks and emergencies , prepare reports based on the groups recommendations and advise on the manner of their implementation . Head of UNs response to cholera in Haiti ( 2016–17 ) . In 2016 Nabarro was tapped to lead the UNs response to Haitis cholera epidemic . Cholera had killed more than 10,000 Haitians in the six years since the disease was introduced by UN peacekeepers in 2010 . After UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon issued a long overdue apology for the UNs role in the epidemic , Nabarro oversaw efforts to raise $400 million from UN member states to fund the Secretary Generals proposed New Approach to cholera in Haiti . Nabarro was the second UN appointee to work on the cholera crisis in Haiti . Pedro Modrano Rojas previously served as a senior coordinator for the cholera effort , but left at the end of an 18-month term , stating that he was disappointed by the international communitys failure to acknowledge the fact that we have in Haiti the largest epidemic in the western hemisphere . Nabarros efforts were no more successful—as a result of a lack of support from the UN Secretary General and from member states , Nabarro was only able to raise $2.7 million of the promised $400 million before being replaced by Josette Sheeran—though Sheeran would face the same obstacles as Nabarro . Special adviser on Sustainable Development and Climate Change ( 2016–17 ) . In January 2016 , Nabarro was appointed special adviser on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . One of Nabarros responsibilities in this role were to lead the UNs response to the cholera epidemic its peacekeepers sparked in Haiti in October 2010 when untreated , infected sewage from a UN base was deposited in the countrys main river system . As of August 2016 , at least 10,000 people had died and more than 800,000 have been sickened in the epidemic . Candidate for WHO Director-General ( 2016–17 ) . In September 2016 , Nabarro was nominated by the UKs First May ministry to stand for the post of director-general ( DG ) of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . An article co-authored by the UKs chief medical officer , Sally Davies , was published in The Lancet . It outlined the criteria that the next DG of the WHO must fulfill . Nabarro was one of six candidates put forward by their individual governments to succeed DGWHO Margaret Chan . Nabarro outlined his four priorities as follows : 1 . Alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals 2 . Transforming the WHO to respond to outbreaks and health emergencies 3 . Trusted engagement with Member States 4 . Advancing people-centred health policies . On Tuesday 23 May , at the 70th World Health Assembly , Nabarro came second in the race to become the next director general , receiving 50 votes to Dr Tedros Adhanoms 133 in the third and final round of voting . Imperial College London Professor ( 2018-present ) . In 2018 he was appointed Professor at the Institute of Global Health Innovation at Imperial College London and then appointed in 2019 as Co-Director with surgeon Ara Darzi , Baron Darzi of Denham . COVID-19 pandemic . On 21 February 2020 , he was appointed as one of six Special Envoys from the DGWHO , who were tasked to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic . In October 2020 , Naburo gave an interview with The Spectator on YouTube in which he highlighted the WHOs updated position on Lockdowns in regards to national responses to COVID . As a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization , Naburro said ; “We in the World Health Organization do not advocate lockdowns as the primary means of control of this virus.. . the only time we believe a lockdown is justified is to buy you time to reorganize , regroup , rebalance your resources , protect your health workers who are exhausted , but by and large , wed rather not do it.” He argued that lockdowns should be used as ‘circuit breakers’ and as a reserve measure to control the virus rather than a primary measure . In an interview with BBC Radio 4 , he cautioned against a full national lockdown , describing it as “a very extreme restriction on economic and social life” that temporarily “freezes the virus in place” . He said : “You dont want to use those as your primary , and I stress that , primary , means of containment . Because in the end living with the virus as a constant threat means maintaining the capacity to find people with the disease and isolating them.” His comments were taken by some as meaning that the WHO did not support lockdowns . Rather , he emphasises that they do not support lockdowns as a primary measure for tackling the virus , and instead believe that having a robust test , trace and isolate system should be the priority for all governments , ensuring all those who are positive or who have been close to those infected are quarantined , with lockdown as the reserve that you use to take the heat out of the system when things are really bad” . Recognition and awards . - World Food Prize 2018 ( dubbed Nobel Prize for Agriculture ) : Awarded together with Lawrence Haddad for their individual and complementary global leadership in elevating maternal and child undernutrition to a central issue within the food security and development dialogue at national and international levels . They have been cutting the number of stunted children in the world by 10 million by lobbying governments and donors to improve nutrition . - Helen Keller Humanitarian Award : Awarded for work on positioning malnutrition within the development dialogue and for ensuring an effective response to Ebola , 2015 - Sight and Life Nutrition Leadership Award ( together with the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement ) : For work in catalysing sustainable change in global nutrition , 2012 - Distinguished Service Award from Health Policy Institute , Kansas University of Medicine & Biosciences : For outstanding Health Policy Leadership , 2008 - CBE : Awarded for work on international public health , 1992 . Personal life . Nabarro has three children with his former partner , Oxfordshire GP Susanna Belle Graham-Jones . He married Gillian Holmes in 2002 , in Coppet , near Geneva , and they have two children .

easy

Which employer did David Nabarro work for from 1985 to 1989?

/wiki/David_Nabarro#P108#1

David Nabarro David Nabarro CBE ( born 26 August 1949 ) is a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization . He has made his career in the international civil service , working for either the Secretary-General of the United Nations or the Director-General of the World Health Organization . Since February 2020 , he has helped the DGWHO deal with the COVID-19 pandemic . Early life and education . Nabarro is the son of the late Sir John David Nunes Nabarro—whose cousin was the late Sir Gerald Nabarro , MP—formerly consultant endocrinologist at University College Hospital ( UCH ) and Middlesex Hospital , London . He attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire , leaving in the summer of 1966 . In a gap year between school and university , Nabarro was a community service volunteer . He spent a year as the organiser of Youth Action , York . A BBC television documentary was made about his volunteer work . Nabarro studied at the University of Oxford and the University of London , and qualified as a physician in 1973 . He is a member of the Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) and the Royal College of Physicians by distinction ( where he is also a Fellow ) . Career . Early career . Nabarro worked as a medical officer in North Iraq for Save the Children , before joining the United Kingdoms ( UK ) National Health Service ( NHS ) for a short time . From 1976 to 1978 , Nabarro worked as District Child Health Officer in Dhankuta District , Nepal . Later , he moved to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , and in 1982 , he became Regional Manager for the Save the Children Fund in South Asia , based in the region . In 1985 he joined the University of Liverpool Medical School as senior lecturer in International Community Health . He moved to the Overseas Development Administration ( now part of Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office ) as a strategic adviser for health and population in East Africa , based in Nairobi , in 1989 . Nabarro later took up the post of chief health and population adviser at the Overseas Development Administration ( London office ) in 1990 , and moved on to become director of human development ( as well as chief health adviser ) in 1997 . World Health Organization ( 1999–2005 ) . Nabarro joined the WHO in January 1999 , as project manager of Roll Back Malaria , then moved to the Office of the DG as executive director in March 2000 . In this capacity , he worked with DGWHO Gro Harlem Brundtland for two years on a variety of issues , including the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health , Health Systems Assessments and the creation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . As part of this work , he became for 1999-2001 a member of the board of directors of Medicines for Malaria Venture . Nabarro transferred to the Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments cluster in 2003 and was appointed representative of the DG for health action in crises in July 2003 . Nabarro was stationed in the Canal Hotel in Baghdad , Iraq , when it was bombed on the afternoon of 19 August 2003 . The blast targeted the UN , which had used the hotel as its headquarters in Iraq since 1991 . He has also coordinated support for health aspects of crisis response operations in Darfur , Sudan , and in countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami . UN System senior coordinator ( 2005–2014 ) . In September 2005 , Nabarro was seconded from WHO and appointed senior UN system coordinator for avian and human influenza by secretary-general of the UN Kofi Annan to ensure that the UN system made an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the epidemic of avian influenza ( also known as bird flu ) . Coordinator of Global Food Security ( HLTF ) ( 2008–2014 ) . In January 2009 , Nabarro took on the responsibility of coordinating the UN systems High-Level Task Force on Global Food Security ( HLTF ) . The HLTF brought together 23 different organizations , funds , programs and other entities from within the UN family , as well as the Bretton Woods Institutions , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and tasked them with establishing a common strategy for addressing food and nutrition insecurity in a more sustainable , coordinated and comprehensive way . Nabarro left the HLTF coordinator position in 2014 and was succeeded by Giuseppe Fantozzi . Special representative of the UN Secretary-General ( 2009–2017 ) . In November 2009 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Nabarro as special representative on food security and nutrition . As special representative , Nabarros role was to : - Align UN system action on peoples food security , livelihood resilience and sustainable agriculture in the face of changing climates - Support functioning of the Committee on World Food Security - Oversee UN Secretary-Generals Zero Hunger Challenge Coordinator of nutrition movement ( 2010–2015 ) . In September 2010 , Nabarro was appointed coordinator of the Scaling Up Nutrition ( SUN ) Movement . SUN brings together government officials , civil society , the UN , donors , businesses and researchers in a collective effort to improve nutrition . Betimes , he became Member of the WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity ( 2016 ) , 2013–2014 . Special envoy on Ebola ( 2014–15 ) . In August 2014 , Nabarro was designated as special envoy of the UN Secretary-General on Ebola , with the responsibility for ensuring that the UN system makes an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the outbreak of Ebola . The epidemic is believed to have begun in December 2013 with the death of a 2-year-old boy in a remote area of Guinea , but was not recognized until March 2014 . For several months the epidemic was spreading . This is something that public health experts in the affected locations , such as Medecins Sans Frontières ( Doctors Without Borders ) , claimed was due to a deeply flawed and delayed response by health and government officials . In an interview later in 2015 , once Ebola had largely been brought under control , Nabarro said that when he started working on Ebola in 2014 , he was aware that we were in the middle of a disease outbreak of enormous proportions . The number of people getting sick was doubling every week . Facilities were completely overloaded . Communities were in a state of despair . He added that the international community had learned important lessons from the epidemic : The world is going to be different as a result of this Ebola outbreak , much more confident , much more assured , and much , much more capable to ensure the well-being of its citizens . Chair of the Advisory Group on Reform at WHO ( 2015–16 ) . Nabarro was responsible for leading a high-level advisory group to guide reform of WHOs response to outbreaks and emergencies , prepare reports based on the groups recommendations and advise on the manner of their implementation . Head of UNs response to cholera in Haiti ( 2016–17 ) . In 2016 Nabarro was tapped to lead the UNs response to Haitis cholera epidemic . Cholera had killed more than 10,000 Haitians in the six years since the disease was introduced by UN peacekeepers in 2010 . After UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon issued a long overdue apology for the UNs role in the epidemic , Nabarro oversaw efforts to raise $400 million from UN member states to fund the Secretary Generals proposed New Approach to cholera in Haiti . Nabarro was the second UN appointee to work on the cholera crisis in Haiti . Pedro Modrano Rojas previously served as a senior coordinator for the cholera effort , but left at the end of an 18-month term , stating that he was disappointed by the international communitys failure to acknowledge the fact that we have in Haiti the largest epidemic in the western hemisphere . Nabarros efforts were no more successful—as a result of a lack of support from the UN Secretary General and from member states , Nabarro was only able to raise $2.7 million of the promised $400 million before being replaced by Josette Sheeran—though Sheeran would face the same obstacles as Nabarro . Special adviser on Sustainable Development and Climate Change ( 2016–17 ) . In January 2016 , Nabarro was appointed special adviser on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . One of Nabarros responsibilities in this role were to lead the UNs response to the cholera epidemic its peacekeepers sparked in Haiti in October 2010 when untreated , infected sewage from a UN base was deposited in the countrys main river system . As of August 2016 , at least 10,000 people had died and more than 800,000 have been sickened in the epidemic . Candidate for WHO Director-General ( 2016–17 ) . In September 2016 , Nabarro was nominated by the UKs First May ministry to stand for the post of director-general ( DG ) of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . An article co-authored by the UKs chief medical officer , Sally Davies , was published in The Lancet . It outlined the criteria that the next DG of the WHO must fulfill . Nabarro was one of six candidates put forward by their individual governments to succeed DGWHO Margaret Chan . Nabarro outlined his four priorities as follows : 1 . Alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals 2 . Transforming the WHO to respond to outbreaks and health emergencies 3 . Trusted engagement with Member States 4 . Advancing people-centred health policies . On Tuesday 23 May , at the 70th World Health Assembly , Nabarro came second in the race to become the next director general , receiving 50 votes to Dr Tedros Adhanoms 133 in the third and final round of voting . Imperial College London Professor ( 2018-present ) . In 2018 he was appointed Professor at the Institute of Global Health Innovation at Imperial College London and then appointed in 2019 as Co-Director with surgeon Ara Darzi , Baron Darzi of Denham . COVID-19 pandemic . On 21 February 2020 , he was appointed as one of six Special Envoys from the DGWHO , who were tasked to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic . In October 2020 , Naburo gave an interview with The Spectator on YouTube in which he highlighted the WHOs updated position on Lockdowns in regards to national responses to COVID . As a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization , Naburro said ; “We in the World Health Organization do not advocate lockdowns as the primary means of control of this virus.. . the only time we believe a lockdown is justified is to buy you time to reorganize , regroup , rebalance your resources , protect your health workers who are exhausted , but by and large , wed rather not do it.” He argued that lockdowns should be used as ‘circuit breakers’ and as a reserve measure to control the virus rather than a primary measure . In an interview with BBC Radio 4 , he cautioned against a full national lockdown , describing it as “a very extreme restriction on economic and social life” that temporarily “freezes the virus in place” . He said : “You dont want to use those as your primary , and I stress that , primary , means of containment . Because in the end living with the virus as a constant threat means maintaining the capacity to find people with the disease and isolating them.” His comments were taken by some as meaning that the WHO did not support lockdowns . Rather , he emphasises that they do not support lockdowns as a primary measure for tackling the virus , and instead believe that having a robust test , trace and isolate system should be the priority for all governments , ensuring all those who are positive or who have been close to those infected are quarantined , with lockdown as the reserve that you use to take the heat out of the system when things are really bad” . Recognition and awards . - World Food Prize 2018 ( dubbed Nobel Prize for Agriculture ) : Awarded together with Lawrence Haddad for their individual and complementary global leadership in elevating maternal and child undernutrition to a central issue within the food security and development dialogue at national and international levels . They have been cutting the number of stunted children in the world by 10 million by lobbying governments and donors to improve nutrition . - Helen Keller Humanitarian Award : Awarded for work on positioning malnutrition within the development dialogue and for ensuring an effective response to Ebola , 2015 - Sight and Life Nutrition Leadership Award ( together with the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement ) : For work in catalysing sustainable change in global nutrition , 2012 - Distinguished Service Award from Health Policy Institute , Kansas University of Medicine & Biosciences : For outstanding Health Policy Leadership , 2008 - CBE : Awarded for work on international public health , 1992 . Personal life . Nabarro has three children with his former partner , Oxfordshire GP Susanna Belle Graham-Jones . He married Gillian Holmes in 2002 , in Coppet , near Geneva , and they have two children .

easy

David Nabarro was an employee for whom from 1989 to 1999?

/wiki/David_Nabarro#P108#2

David Nabarro David Nabarro CBE ( born 26 August 1949 ) is a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization . He has made his career in the international civil service , working for either the Secretary-General of the United Nations or the Director-General of the World Health Organization . Since February 2020 , he has helped the DGWHO deal with the COVID-19 pandemic . Early life and education . Nabarro is the son of the late Sir John David Nunes Nabarro—whose cousin was the late Sir Gerald Nabarro , MP—formerly consultant endocrinologist at University College Hospital ( UCH ) and Middlesex Hospital , London . He attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire , leaving in the summer of 1966 . In a gap year between school and university , Nabarro was a community service volunteer . He spent a year as the organiser of Youth Action , York . A BBC television documentary was made about his volunteer work . Nabarro studied at the University of Oxford and the University of London , and qualified as a physician in 1973 . He is a member of the Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) and the Royal College of Physicians by distinction ( where he is also a Fellow ) . Career . Early career . Nabarro worked as a medical officer in North Iraq for Save the Children , before joining the United Kingdoms ( UK ) National Health Service ( NHS ) for a short time . From 1976 to 1978 , Nabarro worked as District Child Health Officer in Dhankuta District , Nepal . Later , he moved to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , and in 1982 , he became Regional Manager for the Save the Children Fund in South Asia , based in the region . In 1985 he joined the University of Liverpool Medical School as senior lecturer in International Community Health . He moved to the Overseas Development Administration ( now part of Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office ) as a strategic adviser for health and population in East Africa , based in Nairobi , in 1989 . Nabarro later took up the post of chief health and population adviser at the Overseas Development Administration ( London office ) in 1990 , and moved on to become director of human development ( as well as chief health adviser ) in 1997 . World Health Organization ( 1999–2005 ) . Nabarro joined the WHO in January 1999 , as project manager of Roll Back Malaria , then moved to the Office of the DG as executive director in March 2000 . In this capacity , he worked with DGWHO Gro Harlem Brundtland for two years on a variety of issues , including the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health , Health Systems Assessments and the creation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . As part of this work , he became for 1999-2001 a member of the board of directors of Medicines for Malaria Venture . Nabarro transferred to the Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments cluster in 2003 and was appointed representative of the DG for health action in crises in July 2003 . Nabarro was stationed in the Canal Hotel in Baghdad , Iraq , when it was bombed on the afternoon of 19 August 2003 . The blast targeted the UN , which had used the hotel as its headquarters in Iraq since 1991 . He has also coordinated support for health aspects of crisis response operations in Darfur , Sudan , and in countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami . UN System senior coordinator ( 2005–2014 ) . In September 2005 , Nabarro was seconded from WHO and appointed senior UN system coordinator for avian and human influenza by secretary-general of the UN Kofi Annan to ensure that the UN system made an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the epidemic of avian influenza ( also known as bird flu ) . Coordinator of Global Food Security ( HLTF ) ( 2008–2014 ) . In January 2009 , Nabarro took on the responsibility of coordinating the UN systems High-Level Task Force on Global Food Security ( HLTF ) . The HLTF brought together 23 different organizations , funds , programs and other entities from within the UN family , as well as the Bretton Woods Institutions , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and tasked them with establishing a common strategy for addressing food and nutrition insecurity in a more sustainable , coordinated and comprehensive way . Nabarro left the HLTF coordinator position in 2014 and was succeeded by Giuseppe Fantozzi . Special representative of the UN Secretary-General ( 2009–2017 ) . In November 2009 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Nabarro as special representative on food security and nutrition . As special representative , Nabarros role was to : - Align UN system action on peoples food security , livelihood resilience and sustainable agriculture in the face of changing climates - Support functioning of the Committee on World Food Security - Oversee UN Secretary-Generals Zero Hunger Challenge Coordinator of nutrition movement ( 2010–2015 ) . In September 2010 , Nabarro was appointed coordinator of the Scaling Up Nutrition ( SUN ) Movement . SUN brings together government officials , civil society , the UN , donors , businesses and researchers in a collective effort to improve nutrition . Betimes , he became Member of the WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity ( 2016 ) , 2013–2014 . Special envoy on Ebola ( 2014–15 ) . In August 2014 , Nabarro was designated as special envoy of the UN Secretary-General on Ebola , with the responsibility for ensuring that the UN system makes an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the outbreak of Ebola . The epidemic is believed to have begun in December 2013 with the death of a 2-year-old boy in a remote area of Guinea , but was not recognized until March 2014 . For several months the epidemic was spreading . This is something that public health experts in the affected locations , such as Medecins Sans Frontières ( Doctors Without Borders ) , claimed was due to a deeply flawed and delayed response by health and government officials . In an interview later in 2015 , once Ebola had largely been brought under control , Nabarro said that when he started working on Ebola in 2014 , he was aware that we were in the middle of a disease outbreak of enormous proportions . The number of people getting sick was doubling every week . Facilities were completely overloaded . Communities were in a state of despair . He added that the international community had learned important lessons from the epidemic : The world is going to be different as a result of this Ebola outbreak , much more confident , much more assured , and much , much more capable to ensure the well-being of its citizens . Chair of the Advisory Group on Reform at WHO ( 2015–16 ) . Nabarro was responsible for leading a high-level advisory group to guide reform of WHOs response to outbreaks and emergencies , prepare reports based on the groups recommendations and advise on the manner of their implementation . Head of UNs response to cholera in Haiti ( 2016–17 ) . In 2016 Nabarro was tapped to lead the UNs response to Haitis cholera epidemic . Cholera had killed more than 10,000 Haitians in the six years since the disease was introduced by UN peacekeepers in 2010 . After UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon issued a long overdue apology for the UNs role in the epidemic , Nabarro oversaw efforts to raise $400 million from UN member states to fund the Secretary Generals proposed New Approach to cholera in Haiti . Nabarro was the second UN appointee to work on the cholera crisis in Haiti . Pedro Modrano Rojas previously served as a senior coordinator for the cholera effort , but left at the end of an 18-month term , stating that he was disappointed by the international communitys failure to acknowledge the fact that we have in Haiti the largest epidemic in the western hemisphere . Nabarros efforts were no more successful—as a result of a lack of support from the UN Secretary General and from member states , Nabarro was only able to raise $2.7 million of the promised $400 million before being replaced by Josette Sheeran—though Sheeran would face the same obstacles as Nabarro . Special adviser on Sustainable Development and Climate Change ( 2016–17 ) . In January 2016 , Nabarro was appointed special adviser on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . One of Nabarros responsibilities in this role were to lead the UNs response to the cholera epidemic its peacekeepers sparked in Haiti in October 2010 when untreated , infected sewage from a UN base was deposited in the countrys main river system . As of August 2016 , at least 10,000 people had died and more than 800,000 have been sickened in the epidemic . Candidate for WHO Director-General ( 2016–17 ) . In September 2016 , Nabarro was nominated by the UKs First May ministry to stand for the post of director-general ( DG ) of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . An article co-authored by the UKs chief medical officer , Sally Davies , was published in The Lancet . It outlined the criteria that the next DG of the WHO must fulfill . Nabarro was one of six candidates put forward by their individual governments to succeed DGWHO Margaret Chan . Nabarro outlined his four priorities as follows : 1 . Alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals 2 . Transforming the WHO to respond to outbreaks and health emergencies 3 . Trusted engagement with Member States 4 . Advancing people-centred health policies . On Tuesday 23 May , at the 70th World Health Assembly , Nabarro came second in the race to become the next director general , receiving 50 votes to Dr Tedros Adhanoms 133 in the third and final round of voting . Imperial College London Professor ( 2018-present ) . In 2018 he was appointed Professor at the Institute of Global Health Innovation at Imperial College London and then appointed in 2019 as Co-Director with surgeon Ara Darzi , Baron Darzi of Denham . COVID-19 pandemic . On 21 February 2020 , he was appointed as one of six Special Envoys from the DGWHO , who were tasked to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic . In October 2020 , Naburo gave an interview with The Spectator on YouTube in which he highlighted the WHOs updated position on Lockdowns in regards to national responses to COVID . As a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization , Naburro said ; “We in the World Health Organization do not advocate lockdowns as the primary means of control of this virus.. . the only time we believe a lockdown is justified is to buy you time to reorganize , regroup , rebalance your resources , protect your health workers who are exhausted , but by and large , wed rather not do it.” He argued that lockdowns should be used as ‘circuit breakers’ and as a reserve measure to control the virus rather than a primary measure . In an interview with BBC Radio 4 , he cautioned against a full national lockdown , describing it as “a very extreme restriction on economic and social life” that temporarily “freezes the virus in place” . He said : “You dont want to use those as your primary , and I stress that , primary , means of containment . Because in the end living with the virus as a constant threat means maintaining the capacity to find people with the disease and isolating them.” His comments were taken by some as meaning that the WHO did not support lockdowns . Rather , he emphasises that they do not support lockdowns as a primary measure for tackling the virus , and instead believe that having a robust test , trace and isolate system should be the priority for all governments , ensuring all those who are positive or who have been close to those infected are quarantined , with lockdown as the reserve that you use to take the heat out of the system when things are really bad” . Recognition and awards . - World Food Prize 2018 ( dubbed Nobel Prize for Agriculture ) : Awarded together with Lawrence Haddad for their individual and complementary global leadership in elevating maternal and child undernutrition to a central issue within the food security and development dialogue at national and international levels . They have been cutting the number of stunted children in the world by 10 million by lobbying governments and donors to improve nutrition . - Helen Keller Humanitarian Award : Awarded for work on positioning malnutrition within the development dialogue and for ensuring an effective response to Ebola , 2015 - Sight and Life Nutrition Leadership Award ( together with the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement ) : For work in catalysing sustainable change in global nutrition , 2012 - Distinguished Service Award from Health Policy Institute , Kansas University of Medicine & Biosciences : For outstanding Health Policy Leadership , 2008 - CBE : Awarded for work on international public health , 1992 . Personal life . Nabarro has three children with his former partner , Oxfordshire GP Susanna Belle Graham-Jones . He married Gillian Holmes in 2002 , in Coppet , near Geneva , and they have two children .

easy

Which employer did David Nabarro work for from 1999 to 2018?

/wiki/David_Nabarro#P108#3

David Nabarro David Nabarro CBE ( born 26 August 1949 ) is a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization . He has made his career in the international civil service , working for either the Secretary-General of the United Nations or the Director-General of the World Health Organization . Since February 2020 , he has helped the DGWHO deal with the COVID-19 pandemic . Early life and education . Nabarro is the son of the late Sir John David Nunes Nabarro—whose cousin was the late Sir Gerald Nabarro , MP—formerly consultant endocrinologist at University College Hospital ( UCH ) and Middlesex Hospital , London . He attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire , leaving in the summer of 1966 . In a gap year between school and university , Nabarro was a community service volunteer . He spent a year as the organiser of Youth Action , York . A BBC television documentary was made about his volunteer work . Nabarro studied at the University of Oxford and the University of London , and qualified as a physician in 1973 . He is a member of the Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) and the Royal College of Physicians by distinction ( where he is also a Fellow ) . Career . Early career . Nabarro worked as a medical officer in North Iraq for Save the Children , before joining the United Kingdoms ( UK ) National Health Service ( NHS ) for a short time . From 1976 to 1978 , Nabarro worked as District Child Health Officer in Dhankuta District , Nepal . Later , he moved to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , and in 1982 , he became Regional Manager for the Save the Children Fund in South Asia , based in the region . In 1985 he joined the University of Liverpool Medical School as senior lecturer in International Community Health . He moved to the Overseas Development Administration ( now part of Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office ) as a strategic adviser for health and population in East Africa , based in Nairobi , in 1989 . Nabarro later took up the post of chief health and population adviser at the Overseas Development Administration ( London office ) in 1990 , and moved on to become director of human development ( as well as chief health adviser ) in 1997 . World Health Organization ( 1999–2005 ) . Nabarro joined the WHO in January 1999 , as project manager of Roll Back Malaria , then moved to the Office of the DG as executive director in March 2000 . In this capacity , he worked with DGWHO Gro Harlem Brundtland for two years on a variety of issues , including the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health , Health Systems Assessments and the creation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . As part of this work , he became for 1999-2001 a member of the board of directors of Medicines for Malaria Venture . Nabarro transferred to the Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments cluster in 2003 and was appointed representative of the DG for health action in crises in July 2003 . Nabarro was stationed in the Canal Hotel in Baghdad , Iraq , when it was bombed on the afternoon of 19 August 2003 . The blast targeted the UN , which had used the hotel as its headquarters in Iraq since 1991 . He has also coordinated support for health aspects of crisis response operations in Darfur , Sudan , and in countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami . UN System senior coordinator ( 2005–2014 ) . In September 2005 , Nabarro was seconded from WHO and appointed senior UN system coordinator for avian and human influenza by secretary-general of the UN Kofi Annan to ensure that the UN system made an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the epidemic of avian influenza ( also known as bird flu ) . Coordinator of Global Food Security ( HLTF ) ( 2008–2014 ) . In January 2009 , Nabarro took on the responsibility of coordinating the UN systems High-Level Task Force on Global Food Security ( HLTF ) . The HLTF brought together 23 different organizations , funds , programs and other entities from within the UN family , as well as the Bretton Woods Institutions , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and tasked them with establishing a common strategy for addressing food and nutrition insecurity in a more sustainable , coordinated and comprehensive way . Nabarro left the HLTF coordinator position in 2014 and was succeeded by Giuseppe Fantozzi . Special representative of the UN Secretary-General ( 2009–2017 ) . In November 2009 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Nabarro as special representative on food security and nutrition . As special representative , Nabarros role was to : - Align UN system action on peoples food security , livelihood resilience and sustainable agriculture in the face of changing climates - Support functioning of the Committee on World Food Security - Oversee UN Secretary-Generals Zero Hunger Challenge Coordinator of nutrition movement ( 2010–2015 ) . In September 2010 , Nabarro was appointed coordinator of the Scaling Up Nutrition ( SUN ) Movement . SUN brings together government officials , civil society , the UN , donors , businesses and researchers in a collective effort to improve nutrition . Betimes , he became Member of the WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity ( 2016 ) , 2013–2014 . Special envoy on Ebola ( 2014–15 ) . In August 2014 , Nabarro was designated as special envoy of the UN Secretary-General on Ebola , with the responsibility for ensuring that the UN system makes an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the outbreak of Ebola . The epidemic is believed to have begun in December 2013 with the death of a 2-year-old boy in a remote area of Guinea , but was not recognized until March 2014 . For several months the epidemic was spreading . This is something that public health experts in the affected locations , such as Medecins Sans Frontières ( Doctors Without Borders ) , claimed was due to a deeply flawed and delayed response by health and government officials . In an interview later in 2015 , once Ebola had largely been brought under control , Nabarro said that when he started working on Ebola in 2014 , he was aware that we were in the middle of a disease outbreak of enormous proportions . The number of people getting sick was doubling every week . Facilities were completely overloaded . Communities were in a state of despair . He added that the international community had learned important lessons from the epidemic : The world is going to be different as a result of this Ebola outbreak , much more confident , much more assured , and much , much more capable to ensure the well-being of its citizens . Chair of the Advisory Group on Reform at WHO ( 2015–16 ) . Nabarro was responsible for leading a high-level advisory group to guide reform of WHOs response to outbreaks and emergencies , prepare reports based on the groups recommendations and advise on the manner of their implementation . Head of UNs response to cholera in Haiti ( 2016–17 ) . In 2016 Nabarro was tapped to lead the UNs response to Haitis cholera epidemic . Cholera had killed more than 10,000 Haitians in the six years since the disease was introduced by UN peacekeepers in 2010 . After UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon issued a long overdue apology for the UNs role in the epidemic , Nabarro oversaw efforts to raise $400 million from UN member states to fund the Secretary Generals proposed New Approach to cholera in Haiti . Nabarro was the second UN appointee to work on the cholera crisis in Haiti . Pedro Modrano Rojas previously served as a senior coordinator for the cholera effort , but left at the end of an 18-month term , stating that he was disappointed by the international communitys failure to acknowledge the fact that we have in Haiti the largest epidemic in the western hemisphere . Nabarros efforts were no more successful—as a result of a lack of support from the UN Secretary General and from member states , Nabarro was only able to raise $2.7 million of the promised $400 million before being replaced by Josette Sheeran—though Sheeran would face the same obstacles as Nabarro . Special adviser on Sustainable Development and Climate Change ( 2016–17 ) . In January 2016 , Nabarro was appointed special adviser on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . One of Nabarros responsibilities in this role were to lead the UNs response to the cholera epidemic its peacekeepers sparked in Haiti in October 2010 when untreated , infected sewage from a UN base was deposited in the countrys main river system . As of August 2016 , at least 10,000 people had died and more than 800,000 have been sickened in the epidemic . Candidate for WHO Director-General ( 2016–17 ) . In September 2016 , Nabarro was nominated by the UKs First May ministry to stand for the post of director-general ( DG ) of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . An article co-authored by the UKs chief medical officer , Sally Davies , was published in The Lancet . It outlined the criteria that the next DG of the WHO must fulfill . Nabarro was one of six candidates put forward by their individual governments to succeed DGWHO Margaret Chan . Nabarro outlined his four priorities as follows : 1 . Alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals 2 . Transforming the WHO to respond to outbreaks and health emergencies 3 . Trusted engagement with Member States 4 . Advancing people-centred health policies . On Tuesday 23 May , at the 70th World Health Assembly , Nabarro came second in the race to become the next director general , receiving 50 votes to Dr Tedros Adhanoms 133 in the third and final round of voting . Imperial College London Professor ( 2018-present ) . In 2018 he was appointed Professor at the Institute of Global Health Innovation at Imperial College London and then appointed in 2019 as Co-Director with surgeon Ara Darzi , Baron Darzi of Denham . COVID-19 pandemic . On 21 February 2020 , he was appointed as one of six Special Envoys from the DGWHO , who were tasked to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic . In October 2020 , Naburo gave an interview with The Spectator on YouTube in which he highlighted the WHOs updated position on Lockdowns in regards to national responses to COVID . As a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization , Naburro said ; “We in the World Health Organization do not advocate lockdowns as the primary means of control of this virus.. . the only time we believe a lockdown is justified is to buy you time to reorganize , regroup , rebalance your resources , protect your health workers who are exhausted , but by and large , wed rather not do it.” He argued that lockdowns should be used as ‘circuit breakers’ and as a reserve measure to control the virus rather than a primary measure . In an interview with BBC Radio 4 , he cautioned against a full national lockdown , describing it as “a very extreme restriction on economic and social life” that temporarily “freezes the virus in place” . He said : “You dont want to use those as your primary , and I stress that , primary , means of containment . Because in the end living with the virus as a constant threat means maintaining the capacity to find people with the disease and isolating them.” His comments were taken by some as meaning that the WHO did not support lockdowns . Rather , he emphasises that they do not support lockdowns as a primary measure for tackling the virus , and instead believe that having a robust test , trace and isolate system should be the priority for all governments , ensuring all those who are positive or who have been close to those infected are quarantined , with lockdown as the reserve that you use to take the heat out of the system when things are really bad” . Recognition and awards . - World Food Prize 2018 ( dubbed Nobel Prize for Agriculture ) : Awarded together with Lawrence Haddad for their individual and complementary global leadership in elevating maternal and child undernutrition to a central issue within the food security and development dialogue at national and international levels . They have been cutting the number of stunted children in the world by 10 million by lobbying governments and donors to improve nutrition . - Helen Keller Humanitarian Award : Awarded for work on positioning malnutrition within the development dialogue and for ensuring an effective response to Ebola , 2015 - Sight and Life Nutrition Leadership Award ( together with the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement ) : For work in catalysing sustainable change in global nutrition , 2012 - Distinguished Service Award from Health Policy Institute , Kansas University of Medicine & Biosciences : For outstanding Health Policy Leadership , 2008 - CBE : Awarded for work on international public health , 1992 . Personal life . Nabarro has three children with his former partner , Oxfordshire GP Susanna Belle Graham-Jones . He married Gillian Holmes in 2002 , in Coppet , near Geneva , and they have two children .

easy

Which employer did David Nabarro work for from 2018 to 2019?

/wiki/David_Nabarro#P108#4

David Nabarro David Nabarro CBE ( born 26 August 1949 ) is a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization . He has made his career in the international civil service , working for either the Secretary-General of the United Nations or the Director-General of the World Health Organization . Since February 2020 , he has helped the DGWHO deal with the COVID-19 pandemic . Early life and education . Nabarro is the son of the late Sir John David Nunes Nabarro—whose cousin was the late Sir Gerald Nabarro , MP—formerly consultant endocrinologist at University College Hospital ( UCH ) and Middlesex Hospital , London . He attended Oundle School in Northamptonshire , leaving in the summer of 1966 . In a gap year between school and university , Nabarro was a community service volunteer . He spent a year as the organiser of Youth Action , York . A BBC television documentary was made about his volunteer work . Nabarro studied at the University of Oxford and the University of London , and qualified as a physician in 1973 . He is a member of the Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) and the Royal College of Physicians by distinction ( where he is also a Fellow ) . Career . Early career . Nabarro worked as a medical officer in North Iraq for Save the Children , before joining the United Kingdoms ( UK ) National Health Service ( NHS ) for a short time . From 1976 to 1978 , Nabarro worked as District Child Health Officer in Dhankuta District , Nepal . Later , he moved to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , and in 1982 , he became Regional Manager for the Save the Children Fund in South Asia , based in the region . In 1985 he joined the University of Liverpool Medical School as senior lecturer in International Community Health . He moved to the Overseas Development Administration ( now part of Foreign , Commonwealth and Development Office ) as a strategic adviser for health and population in East Africa , based in Nairobi , in 1989 . Nabarro later took up the post of chief health and population adviser at the Overseas Development Administration ( London office ) in 1990 , and moved on to become director of human development ( as well as chief health adviser ) in 1997 . World Health Organization ( 1999–2005 ) . Nabarro joined the WHO in January 1999 , as project manager of Roll Back Malaria , then moved to the Office of the DG as executive director in March 2000 . In this capacity , he worked with DGWHO Gro Harlem Brundtland for two years on a variety of issues , including the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health , Health Systems Assessments and the creation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . As part of this work , he became for 1999-2001 a member of the board of directors of Medicines for Malaria Venture . Nabarro transferred to the Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments cluster in 2003 and was appointed representative of the DG for health action in crises in July 2003 . Nabarro was stationed in the Canal Hotel in Baghdad , Iraq , when it was bombed on the afternoon of 19 August 2003 . The blast targeted the UN , which had used the hotel as its headquarters in Iraq since 1991 . He has also coordinated support for health aspects of crisis response operations in Darfur , Sudan , and in countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami . UN System senior coordinator ( 2005–2014 ) . In September 2005 , Nabarro was seconded from WHO and appointed senior UN system coordinator for avian and human influenza by secretary-general of the UN Kofi Annan to ensure that the UN system made an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the epidemic of avian influenza ( also known as bird flu ) . Coordinator of Global Food Security ( HLTF ) ( 2008–2014 ) . In January 2009 , Nabarro took on the responsibility of coordinating the UN systems High-Level Task Force on Global Food Security ( HLTF ) . The HLTF brought together 23 different organizations , funds , programs and other entities from within the UN family , as well as the Bretton Woods Institutions , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , and tasked them with establishing a common strategy for addressing food and nutrition insecurity in a more sustainable , coordinated and comprehensive way . Nabarro left the HLTF coordinator position in 2014 and was succeeded by Giuseppe Fantozzi . Special representative of the UN Secretary-General ( 2009–2017 ) . In November 2009 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Nabarro as special representative on food security and nutrition . As special representative , Nabarros role was to : - Align UN system action on peoples food security , livelihood resilience and sustainable agriculture in the face of changing climates - Support functioning of the Committee on World Food Security - Oversee UN Secretary-Generals Zero Hunger Challenge Coordinator of nutrition movement ( 2010–2015 ) . In September 2010 , Nabarro was appointed coordinator of the Scaling Up Nutrition ( SUN ) Movement . SUN brings together government officials , civil society , the UN , donors , businesses and researchers in a collective effort to improve nutrition . Betimes , he became Member of the WHO Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity ( 2016 ) , 2013–2014 . Special envoy on Ebola ( 2014–15 ) . In August 2014 , Nabarro was designated as special envoy of the UN Secretary-General on Ebola , with the responsibility for ensuring that the UN system makes an effective and coordinated contribution to the global effort to control the outbreak of Ebola . The epidemic is believed to have begun in December 2013 with the death of a 2-year-old boy in a remote area of Guinea , but was not recognized until March 2014 . For several months the epidemic was spreading . This is something that public health experts in the affected locations , such as Medecins Sans Frontières ( Doctors Without Borders ) , claimed was due to a deeply flawed and delayed response by health and government officials . In an interview later in 2015 , once Ebola had largely been brought under control , Nabarro said that when he started working on Ebola in 2014 , he was aware that we were in the middle of a disease outbreak of enormous proportions . The number of people getting sick was doubling every week . Facilities were completely overloaded . Communities were in a state of despair . He added that the international community had learned important lessons from the epidemic : The world is going to be different as a result of this Ebola outbreak , much more confident , much more assured , and much , much more capable to ensure the well-being of its citizens . Chair of the Advisory Group on Reform at WHO ( 2015–16 ) . Nabarro was responsible for leading a high-level advisory group to guide reform of WHOs response to outbreaks and emergencies , prepare reports based on the groups recommendations and advise on the manner of their implementation . Head of UNs response to cholera in Haiti ( 2016–17 ) . In 2016 Nabarro was tapped to lead the UNs response to Haitis cholera epidemic . Cholera had killed more than 10,000 Haitians in the six years since the disease was introduced by UN peacekeepers in 2010 . After UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon issued a long overdue apology for the UNs role in the epidemic , Nabarro oversaw efforts to raise $400 million from UN member states to fund the Secretary Generals proposed New Approach to cholera in Haiti . Nabarro was the second UN appointee to work on the cholera crisis in Haiti . Pedro Modrano Rojas previously served as a senior coordinator for the cholera effort , but left at the end of an 18-month term , stating that he was disappointed by the international communitys failure to acknowledge the fact that we have in Haiti the largest epidemic in the western hemisphere . Nabarros efforts were no more successful—as a result of a lack of support from the UN Secretary General and from member states , Nabarro was only able to raise $2.7 million of the promised $400 million before being replaced by Josette Sheeran—though Sheeran would face the same obstacles as Nabarro . Special adviser on Sustainable Development and Climate Change ( 2016–17 ) . In January 2016 , Nabarro was appointed special adviser on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by then UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon . One of Nabarros responsibilities in this role were to lead the UNs response to the cholera epidemic its peacekeepers sparked in Haiti in October 2010 when untreated , infected sewage from a UN base was deposited in the countrys main river system . As of August 2016 , at least 10,000 people had died and more than 800,000 have been sickened in the epidemic . Candidate for WHO Director-General ( 2016–17 ) . In September 2016 , Nabarro was nominated by the UKs First May ministry to stand for the post of director-general ( DG ) of the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . An article co-authored by the UKs chief medical officer , Sally Davies , was published in The Lancet . It outlined the criteria that the next DG of the WHO must fulfill . Nabarro was one of six candidates put forward by their individual governments to succeed DGWHO Margaret Chan . Nabarro outlined his four priorities as follows : 1 . Alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals 2 . Transforming the WHO to respond to outbreaks and health emergencies 3 . Trusted engagement with Member States 4 . Advancing people-centred health policies . On Tuesday 23 May , at the 70th World Health Assembly , Nabarro came second in the race to become the next director general , receiving 50 votes to Dr Tedros Adhanoms 133 in the third and final round of voting . Imperial College London Professor ( 2018-present ) . In 2018 he was appointed Professor at the Institute of Global Health Innovation at Imperial College London and then appointed in 2019 as Co-Director with surgeon Ara Darzi , Baron Darzi of Denham . COVID-19 pandemic . On 21 February 2020 , he was appointed as one of six Special Envoys from the DGWHO , who were tasked to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic . In October 2020 , Naburo gave an interview with The Spectator on YouTube in which he highlighted the WHOs updated position on Lockdowns in regards to national responses to COVID . As a Special Envoy on Covid-19 for the World Health Organization , Naburro said ; “We in the World Health Organization do not advocate lockdowns as the primary means of control of this virus.. . the only time we believe a lockdown is justified is to buy you time to reorganize , regroup , rebalance your resources , protect your health workers who are exhausted , but by and large , wed rather not do it.” He argued that lockdowns should be used as ‘circuit breakers’ and as a reserve measure to control the virus rather than a primary measure . In an interview with BBC Radio 4 , he cautioned against a full national lockdown , describing it as “a very extreme restriction on economic and social life” that temporarily “freezes the virus in place” . He said : “You dont want to use those as your primary , and I stress that , primary , means of containment . Because in the end living with the virus as a constant threat means maintaining the capacity to find people with the disease and isolating them.” His comments were taken by some as meaning that the WHO did not support lockdowns . Rather , he emphasises that they do not support lockdowns as a primary measure for tackling the virus , and instead believe that having a robust test , trace and isolate system should be the priority for all governments , ensuring all those who are positive or who have been close to those infected are quarantined , with lockdown as the reserve that you use to take the heat out of the system when things are really bad” . Recognition and awards . - World Food Prize 2018 ( dubbed Nobel Prize for Agriculture ) : Awarded together with Lawrence Haddad for their individual and complementary global leadership in elevating maternal and child undernutrition to a central issue within the food security and development dialogue at national and international levels . They have been cutting the number of stunted children in the world by 10 million by lobbying governments and donors to improve nutrition . - Helen Keller Humanitarian Award : Awarded for work on positioning malnutrition within the development dialogue and for ensuring an effective response to Ebola , 2015 - Sight and Life Nutrition Leadership Award ( together with the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement ) : For work in catalysing sustainable change in global nutrition , 2012 - Distinguished Service Award from Health Policy Institute , Kansas University of Medicine & Biosciences : For outstanding Health Policy Leadership , 2008 - CBE : Awarded for work on international public health , 1992 . Personal life . Nabarro has three children with his former partner , Oxfordshire GP Susanna Belle Graham-Jones . He married Gillian Holmes in 2002 , in Coppet , near Geneva , and they have two children .

easy

Byron Anthony played for which team from 2001 to 2004?

/wiki/Byron_Anthony#P54#0

Byron Anthony Byron Joseph Anthony ( born 20 September 1984 ) is a Welsh former professional footballer . Born in Newport , he began his career with Cardiff City , progressing through the clubs youth system after signing in 2000 . He made his professional debut for the club at the age of 20 in 2004 but only made one further senior appearance before being released following a brief loan spell with Forest Green Rovers . He joined Bristol Rovers , helping the club win promotion to League One after winning the 2007 Football League Two play-off Final . He remained in the first team for several years , making over 150 appearances in all competitions for the club before joining Hereford United in 2012 after an initial loan spell . However , he was released by Hereford after making just two league appearances following his permanent transfer . He instead joined his hometown club Newport County in November 2012 but suffered a serious double break in his ankle during a match in August 2013 . Although he made a brief return to playing , the injury would eventually result in his retirement from playing after struggling to regain fitness . Following his retirement , he was appointed as a youth coach at Newport and was eventually promoted to academy manager after a spell as the interim manager . Early life . Growing up in Newport , Wales , Anthony attended St Josephs Roman Catholic High School . As well as playing football , Anthony was a keen rugby player and was part of a Newport under-16 side that toured France . His father , Derek Redwood , was also a footballer and played for Newport County and Barry Town . Club career . Cardiff City . Having played for local amateur club Cromwell , Anthony was invited for a trial with his hometown club Newport County at the age of fifteen but was forced to cancel . He was later invited to a trial with Cardiff City , joining the club in 2000 . He was part of the clubs youth side that won the 2002 Welsh Youth Cup , defeating Llanelli 3–2 in the final , and captained the side the following season . He was called up to the Wales U19 squad for the Milk Cup in 2003 and captained the side in six of his seven appearances . He was also capped eight times by Wales at Under-21 level . Having signed junior forms with Cardiff at the age of sixteen , in May 2004 , Anthony signed his first professional contract at the club . After captaining the clubs reserve side , Anthony was called into the senior team for several pre-season friendlies at the start of the 2004–05 season , featuring in a match against Chester City . After being an unused substitute for a league match against Stoke City , on 21 September 2004 , Anthony made his professional debut , being named in the starting line-up in a 4–1 victory over Milton Keynes Dons in the Football League Cup after Rhys Weston pulled out due to injury . He scored Cardiffs fourth goal of the match , heading in from a Paul Parry corner . Following this , Anthony signed a contract with the club in late October 2004 . In February 2006 , Anthony joined Football Conference side Forest Green Rovers on a one-month emergency loan deal , He made his debut in a 3–2 defeat to Morecambe . He made three further league appearances for the club before returning to Cardiff at the end of his loan spell . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Anthony was released by Cardiff . Bristol Rovers . After being released by Cardiff , he joined Bristol Rovers on 1 July 2006 , linking up with former Cardiff manager Lennie Lawrence . After being an unused substitute for the first three matches , Anthony made his Rovers debut in a 1–0 victory over Grimsby Town in a League Two match on 12 August 2006 . On 17 October 2006 , he scored his first goal for Bristol Rovers against Torquay United in the first round of Football League Trophy . Despite being restricted to twenty-three appearances in his first season , due to a knee injury , Anthony signed a contract extension with Rovers , keeping him at the club until 2009 . Forming a partnership with the clubs established defensive players Craig Hinton and Steve Elliott , Anthony was part of a Rovers defence that conceded fewer goals at home than any other League Two side during the 2006–07 season . Finishing in sixth place , the team won promotion after defeating Shrewsbury Town in the 2007 Football League Two play-off Final . Anthony remained a regular in the first team following the clubs promotion and scored his first and only goal of the 2007–08 season on 1 September 2007 , at home in 2–2 draw with Nottingham Forest . However , he suffered a setback at the start of Rovers 2007–08 campaign in League One in October when he sustained a broken metatarsal in the clubs match against AFC Bournemouth in the Football League Trophy and was ruled out for twelve weeks . However , he did not make his return from injury until 12 March 2008 , in a 1–1 draw against Northampton Town . He made a total of 23 appearances in all competitions during the season . In the 2008–09 season , Anthony remained ever present until he received the first red card of his professional career , in a 3–1 home defeat against Walsall . After serving a suspension , Anthony returned to the first team until he was once again sent-off in the first round of the FA Cup , during a 1–0 loss against Bournemouth . After serving his second suspension of the season , he fell out of favour before making a goalscoring return to the starting line-up , in a 2–0 home victory against Oldham Athletic on 24 February 2009 . Anthony made thirty appearance for the club in the 2008–09 season . On 13 March 2010 , in a match against Tranmere Rovers , Anthony was involved in a challenge with Bas Savage , resulting in Anthony being stretchered off just before half-time . Following an X-ray , it was later confirmed that Anthony had not suffered any serious injury . He soon returned to the first team and , despite serving a two match suspension , Anthony made 40 appearances for Rovers in the 2009–10 season . Anthony scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a late winner against local rivals Yeovil Town , in a 2–1 victory on 27 August 2010 . Two months later on 23 October 2010 , Anthony scored his second goal of this season with another late goal , an equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Hartlepool United , in the 90th minute . Anthony suffered an ankle injury in late February and made his first team return on 25 March 2011 against Peterborough United , setting up a goal for Jo Kuffour but also scoring an own goal , in a 2–2 draw . Anthony finished the season with 42 appearances for the club in all competitions during the 2010–11 season , as Rovers suffered relegation to League Two after finishing in 22nd position . In the 2011–12 season , Anthony scored in his second appearance during a 2–1 defeat to local rivals Torquay United . Having initially retained his place in the side , scoring his second goal of the season in the 6–1 rout against AFC Totton , he was dropped by new manager Mark McGhee who had been appointed as Paul Buckles permanent replacement in January 2012 . He made no further appearances for the club under McGhee , being sent out on loan to Hereford United . Even after his return , Anthonys future at Bristol Rovers looked slim , as he was not offered a new contract by the club . This was later confirmed by the club on 18 May 2012 , as Anthony was among seven players to be released by the club , ending his six year association with Bristol Rovers . Following his release , Anthony publicly criticised McGhee , stating He said he would give everyone an opportunity but he didnt give me the chance to show what I could do . Hereford United . On 17 February 2012 , Anthony joined fellow Football League Two side Hereford United on a month-long loan deal . He made his debut for Hereford in a 2–1 loss against Swindon Town the next day , and scored his first goal for the club seven days later , in a 2–2 draw against Bradford City at Valley Parade . His loan spell with Hereford was later extended until the end of the season. , finishing the season with fifteen appearances for the club as they suffered relegation from the Football League . On 13 September 2012 , Anthony returned to Hereford , signing non-contract terms . On 15 September 2012 , he made his début for Hereford United in a match against Dartford , which saw Hereford lose 4–0 . However , in his next game against Cambridge United , Anthony received a red card during a 4–2 victory . The dismissal resulted in a three-match suspension and four days after the game , on 26 September 2012 , he was released from his contract with the club in order for a loan replacement to be signed . Newport County . Following his release , Anthony joined his home town club Newport County on trial before signing a permanent deal on 16 November 2012 . He made his debut for Newport on 22 September 2012 , against Forest Green Rovers . Anthony scored his first goal for the club on 9 February 2013 , in a 2–2 draw at home with Tamworth . In the 2012–13 season he was part of the Newport team that finished third in the league , reaching the Conference National playoffs . They went on to win the playoff final against Wrexham at Wembley Stadium 2–0 to return to the Football League after a 25-year absence with promotion to Football League Two . Following the end of the season , Anthony was offered a new contract by the club , and signed a contract a few days later . On 6 August 2013 , Anthony suffered a double ankle break during Newports 3–1 Football League Cup victory at Brighton & Hove Albion after a tackle by Iñigo Calderón . Calderón received a straight red card for the foul but Newport manager Justin Edinburgh stated his belief that no malice was involved and dedicated the clubs victory to Anthony . After five months on the sidelines , Anthony made his return to training in late January . Weeks later , Anthony played his first match in seven months , when he appeared for the clubs reserve team against Bristol Rovers . Anthony returned to the team and played a number of games towards the end of the 2013–14 season but Edinburgh later admitted that there were still concerns over his recovery after he developed back problems , commenting I think theres always a doubt in terms of the severity of the injury . His contract renewal for the 2014–15 season was delayed whilst he underwent fitness tests which were ultimately unsuccessful . Anthony announced his retirement from playing on 1 December 2014 , revealing that he had been playing in pain following his return and stating Ive tried to get back to full fitness but I was never quite there . Coaching career . Upon announcing his retirement from playing , Anthony took up a role coaching the Newport County under 16s and under 18s . In March 2016 , Newport announced that academy manager Grant Kalahar would leave his role at the end of the 2015–16 season with Anthony being appointed interim academy manager until the end of the 2015–16 season . After two months in the role , Newport appointed Anthony as academy manager on a full-time basis . Anthony resigned from his position at Newport in November 2018 . Honours . Bristol Rovers - Football League Two play-off winner : 2007 Newport County - Football Conference play-off winner : 2013

easy

Which team did Byron Anthony play for from 2004 to 2005?

/wiki/Byron_Anthony#P54#1

Byron Anthony Byron Joseph Anthony ( born 20 September 1984 ) is a Welsh former professional footballer . Born in Newport , he began his career with Cardiff City , progressing through the clubs youth system after signing in 2000 . He made his professional debut for the club at the age of 20 in 2004 but only made one further senior appearance before being released following a brief loan spell with Forest Green Rovers . He joined Bristol Rovers , helping the club win promotion to League One after winning the 2007 Football League Two play-off Final . He remained in the first team for several years , making over 150 appearances in all competitions for the club before joining Hereford United in 2012 after an initial loan spell . However , he was released by Hereford after making just two league appearances following his permanent transfer . He instead joined his hometown club Newport County in November 2012 but suffered a serious double break in his ankle during a match in August 2013 . Although he made a brief return to playing , the injury would eventually result in his retirement from playing after struggling to regain fitness . Following his retirement , he was appointed as a youth coach at Newport and was eventually promoted to academy manager after a spell as the interim manager . Early life . Growing up in Newport , Wales , Anthony attended St Josephs Roman Catholic High School . As well as playing football , Anthony was a keen rugby player and was part of a Newport under-16 side that toured France . His father , Derek Redwood , was also a footballer and played for Newport County and Barry Town . Club career . Cardiff City . Having played for local amateur club Cromwell , Anthony was invited for a trial with his hometown club Newport County at the age of fifteen but was forced to cancel . He was later invited to a trial with Cardiff City , joining the club in 2000 . He was part of the clubs youth side that won the 2002 Welsh Youth Cup , defeating Llanelli 3–2 in the final , and captained the side the following season . He was called up to the Wales U19 squad for the Milk Cup in 2003 and captained the side in six of his seven appearances . He was also capped eight times by Wales at Under-21 level . Having signed junior forms with Cardiff at the age of sixteen , in May 2004 , Anthony signed his first professional contract at the club . After captaining the clubs reserve side , Anthony was called into the senior team for several pre-season friendlies at the start of the 2004–05 season , featuring in a match against Chester City . After being an unused substitute for a league match against Stoke City , on 21 September 2004 , Anthony made his professional debut , being named in the starting line-up in a 4–1 victory over Milton Keynes Dons in the Football League Cup after Rhys Weston pulled out due to injury . He scored Cardiffs fourth goal of the match , heading in from a Paul Parry corner . Following this , Anthony signed a contract with the club in late October 2004 . In February 2006 , Anthony joined Football Conference side Forest Green Rovers on a one-month emergency loan deal , He made his debut in a 3–2 defeat to Morecambe . He made three further league appearances for the club before returning to Cardiff at the end of his loan spell . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Anthony was released by Cardiff . Bristol Rovers . After being released by Cardiff , he joined Bristol Rovers on 1 July 2006 , linking up with former Cardiff manager Lennie Lawrence . After being an unused substitute for the first three matches , Anthony made his Rovers debut in a 1–0 victory over Grimsby Town in a League Two match on 12 August 2006 . On 17 October 2006 , he scored his first goal for Bristol Rovers against Torquay United in the first round of Football League Trophy . Despite being restricted to twenty-three appearances in his first season , due to a knee injury , Anthony signed a contract extension with Rovers , keeping him at the club until 2009 . Forming a partnership with the clubs established defensive players Craig Hinton and Steve Elliott , Anthony was part of a Rovers defence that conceded fewer goals at home than any other League Two side during the 2006–07 season . Finishing in sixth place , the team won promotion after defeating Shrewsbury Town in the 2007 Football League Two play-off Final . Anthony remained a regular in the first team following the clubs promotion and scored his first and only goal of the 2007–08 season on 1 September 2007 , at home in 2–2 draw with Nottingham Forest . However , he suffered a setback at the start of Rovers 2007–08 campaign in League One in October when he sustained a broken metatarsal in the clubs match against AFC Bournemouth in the Football League Trophy and was ruled out for twelve weeks . However , he did not make his return from injury until 12 March 2008 , in a 1–1 draw against Northampton Town . He made a total of 23 appearances in all competitions during the season . In the 2008–09 season , Anthony remained ever present until he received the first red card of his professional career , in a 3–1 home defeat against Walsall . After serving a suspension , Anthony returned to the first team until he was once again sent-off in the first round of the FA Cup , during a 1–0 loss against Bournemouth . After serving his second suspension of the season , he fell out of favour before making a goalscoring return to the starting line-up , in a 2–0 home victory against Oldham Athletic on 24 February 2009 . Anthony made thirty appearance for the club in the 2008–09 season . On 13 March 2010 , in a match against Tranmere Rovers , Anthony was involved in a challenge with Bas Savage , resulting in Anthony being stretchered off just before half-time . Following an X-ray , it was later confirmed that Anthony had not suffered any serious injury . He soon returned to the first team and , despite serving a two match suspension , Anthony made 40 appearances for Rovers in the 2009–10 season . Anthony scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a late winner against local rivals Yeovil Town , in a 2–1 victory on 27 August 2010 . Two months later on 23 October 2010 , Anthony scored his second goal of this season with another late goal , an equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Hartlepool United , in the 90th minute . Anthony suffered an ankle injury in late February and made his first team return on 25 March 2011 against Peterborough United , setting up a goal for Jo Kuffour but also scoring an own goal , in a 2–2 draw . Anthony finished the season with 42 appearances for the club in all competitions during the 2010–11 season , as Rovers suffered relegation to League Two after finishing in 22nd position . In the 2011–12 season , Anthony scored in his second appearance during a 2–1 defeat to local rivals Torquay United . Having initially retained his place in the side , scoring his second goal of the season in the 6–1 rout against AFC Totton , he was dropped by new manager Mark McGhee who had been appointed as Paul Buckles permanent replacement in January 2012 . He made no further appearances for the club under McGhee , being sent out on loan to Hereford United . Even after his return , Anthonys future at Bristol Rovers looked slim , as he was not offered a new contract by the club . This was later confirmed by the club on 18 May 2012 , as Anthony was among seven players to be released by the club , ending his six year association with Bristol Rovers . Following his release , Anthony publicly criticised McGhee , stating He said he would give everyone an opportunity but he didnt give me the chance to show what I could do . Hereford United . On 17 February 2012 , Anthony joined fellow Football League Two side Hereford United on a month-long loan deal . He made his debut for Hereford in a 2–1 loss against Swindon Town the next day , and scored his first goal for the club seven days later , in a 2–2 draw against Bradford City at Valley Parade . His loan spell with Hereford was later extended until the end of the season. , finishing the season with fifteen appearances for the club as they suffered relegation from the Football League . On 13 September 2012 , Anthony returned to Hereford , signing non-contract terms . On 15 September 2012 , he made his début for Hereford United in a match against Dartford , which saw Hereford lose 4–0 . However , in his next game against Cambridge United , Anthony received a red card during a 4–2 victory . The dismissal resulted in a three-match suspension and four days after the game , on 26 September 2012 , he was released from his contract with the club in order for a loan replacement to be signed . Newport County . Following his release , Anthony joined his home town club Newport County on trial before signing a permanent deal on 16 November 2012 . He made his debut for Newport on 22 September 2012 , against Forest Green Rovers . Anthony scored his first goal for the club on 9 February 2013 , in a 2–2 draw at home with Tamworth . In the 2012–13 season he was part of the Newport team that finished third in the league , reaching the Conference National playoffs . They went on to win the playoff final against Wrexham at Wembley Stadium 2–0 to return to the Football League after a 25-year absence with promotion to Football League Two . Following the end of the season , Anthony was offered a new contract by the club , and signed a contract a few days later . On 6 August 2013 , Anthony suffered a double ankle break during Newports 3–1 Football League Cup victory at Brighton & Hove Albion after a tackle by Iñigo Calderón . Calderón received a straight red card for the foul but Newport manager Justin Edinburgh stated his belief that no malice was involved and dedicated the clubs victory to Anthony . After five months on the sidelines , Anthony made his return to training in late January . Weeks later , Anthony played his first match in seven months , when he appeared for the clubs reserve team against Bristol Rovers . Anthony returned to the team and played a number of games towards the end of the 2013–14 season but Edinburgh later admitted that there were still concerns over his recovery after he developed back problems , commenting I think theres always a doubt in terms of the severity of the injury . His contract renewal for the 2014–15 season was delayed whilst he underwent fitness tests which were ultimately unsuccessful . Anthony announced his retirement from playing on 1 December 2014 , revealing that he had been playing in pain following his return and stating Ive tried to get back to full fitness but I was never quite there . Coaching career . Upon announcing his retirement from playing , Anthony took up a role coaching the Newport County under 16s and under 18s . In March 2016 , Newport announced that academy manager Grant Kalahar would leave his role at the end of the 2015–16 season with Anthony being appointed interim academy manager until the end of the 2015–16 season . After two months in the role , Newport appointed Anthony as academy manager on a full-time basis . Anthony resigned from his position at Newport in November 2018 . Honours . Bristol Rovers - Football League Two play-off winner : 2007 Newport County - Football Conference play-off winner : 2013

easy

Byron Anthony played for which team from 2006 to 2012?

/wiki/Byron_Anthony#P54#2

Byron Anthony Byron Joseph Anthony ( born 20 September 1984 ) is a Welsh former professional footballer . Born in Newport , he began his career with Cardiff City , progressing through the clubs youth system after signing in 2000 . He made his professional debut for the club at the age of 20 in 2004 but only made one further senior appearance before being released following a brief loan spell with Forest Green Rovers . He joined Bristol Rovers , helping the club win promotion to League One after winning the 2007 Football League Two play-off Final . He remained in the first team for several years , making over 150 appearances in all competitions for the club before joining Hereford United in 2012 after an initial loan spell . However , he was released by Hereford after making just two league appearances following his permanent transfer . He instead joined his hometown club Newport County in November 2012 but suffered a serious double break in his ankle during a match in August 2013 . Although he made a brief return to playing , the injury would eventually result in his retirement from playing after struggling to regain fitness . Following his retirement , he was appointed as a youth coach at Newport and was eventually promoted to academy manager after a spell as the interim manager . Early life . Growing up in Newport , Wales , Anthony attended St Josephs Roman Catholic High School . As well as playing football , Anthony was a keen rugby player and was part of a Newport under-16 side that toured France . His father , Derek Redwood , was also a footballer and played for Newport County and Barry Town . Club career . Cardiff City . Having played for local amateur club Cromwell , Anthony was invited for a trial with his hometown club Newport County at the age of fifteen but was forced to cancel . He was later invited to a trial with Cardiff City , joining the club in 2000 . He was part of the clubs youth side that won the 2002 Welsh Youth Cup , defeating Llanelli 3–2 in the final , and captained the side the following season . He was called up to the Wales U19 squad for the Milk Cup in 2003 and captained the side in six of his seven appearances . He was also capped eight times by Wales at Under-21 level . Having signed junior forms with Cardiff at the age of sixteen , in May 2004 , Anthony signed his first professional contract at the club . After captaining the clubs reserve side , Anthony was called into the senior team for several pre-season friendlies at the start of the 2004–05 season , featuring in a match against Chester City . After being an unused substitute for a league match against Stoke City , on 21 September 2004 , Anthony made his professional debut , being named in the starting line-up in a 4–1 victory over Milton Keynes Dons in the Football League Cup after Rhys Weston pulled out due to injury . He scored Cardiffs fourth goal of the match , heading in from a Paul Parry corner . Following this , Anthony signed a contract with the club in late October 2004 . In February 2006 , Anthony joined Football Conference side Forest Green Rovers on a one-month emergency loan deal , He made his debut in a 3–2 defeat to Morecambe . He made three further league appearances for the club before returning to Cardiff at the end of his loan spell . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Anthony was released by Cardiff . Bristol Rovers . After being released by Cardiff , he joined Bristol Rovers on 1 July 2006 , linking up with former Cardiff manager Lennie Lawrence . After being an unused substitute for the first three matches , Anthony made his Rovers debut in a 1–0 victory over Grimsby Town in a League Two match on 12 August 2006 . On 17 October 2006 , he scored his first goal for Bristol Rovers against Torquay United in the first round of Football League Trophy . Despite being restricted to twenty-three appearances in his first season , due to a knee injury , Anthony signed a contract extension with Rovers , keeping him at the club until 2009 . Forming a partnership with the clubs established defensive players Craig Hinton and Steve Elliott , Anthony was part of a Rovers defence that conceded fewer goals at home than any other League Two side during the 2006–07 season . Finishing in sixth place , the team won promotion after defeating Shrewsbury Town in the 2007 Football League Two play-off Final . Anthony remained a regular in the first team following the clubs promotion and scored his first and only goal of the 2007–08 season on 1 September 2007 , at home in 2–2 draw with Nottingham Forest . However , he suffered a setback at the start of Rovers 2007–08 campaign in League One in October when he sustained a broken metatarsal in the clubs match against AFC Bournemouth in the Football League Trophy and was ruled out for twelve weeks . However , he did not make his return from injury until 12 March 2008 , in a 1–1 draw against Northampton Town . He made a total of 23 appearances in all competitions during the season . In the 2008–09 season , Anthony remained ever present until he received the first red card of his professional career , in a 3–1 home defeat against Walsall . After serving a suspension , Anthony returned to the first team until he was once again sent-off in the first round of the FA Cup , during a 1–0 loss against Bournemouth . After serving his second suspension of the season , he fell out of favour before making a goalscoring return to the starting line-up , in a 2–0 home victory against Oldham Athletic on 24 February 2009 . Anthony made thirty appearance for the club in the 2008–09 season . On 13 March 2010 , in a match against Tranmere Rovers , Anthony was involved in a challenge with Bas Savage , resulting in Anthony being stretchered off just before half-time . Following an X-ray , it was later confirmed that Anthony had not suffered any serious injury . He soon returned to the first team and , despite serving a two match suspension , Anthony made 40 appearances for Rovers in the 2009–10 season . Anthony scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a late winner against local rivals Yeovil Town , in a 2–1 victory on 27 August 2010 . Two months later on 23 October 2010 , Anthony scored his second goal of this season with another late goal , an equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Hartlepool United , in the 90th minute . Anthony suffered an ankle injury in late February and made his first team return on 25 March 2011 against Peterborough United , setting up a goal for Jo Kuffour but also scoring an own goal , in a 2–2 draw . Anthony finished the season with 42 appearances for the club in all competitions during the 2010–11 season , as Rovers suffered relegation to League Two after finishing in 22nd position . In the 2011–12 season , Anthony scored in his second appearance during a 2–1 defeat to local rivals Torquay United . Having initially retained his place in the side , scoring his second goal of the season in the 6–1 rout against AFC Totton , he was dropped by new manager Mark McGhee who had been appointed as Paul Buckles permanent replacement in January 2012 . He made no further appearances for the club under McGhee , being sent out on loan to Hereford United . Even after his return , Anthonys future at Bristol Rovers looked slim , as he was not offered a new contract by the club . This was later confirmed by the club on 18 May 2012 , as Anthony was among seven players to be released by the club , ending his six year association with Bristol Rovers . Following his release , Anthony publicly criticised McGhee , stating He said he would give everyone an opportunity but he didnt give me the chance to show what I could do . Hereford United . On 17 February 2012 , Anthony joined fellow Football League Two side Hereford United on a month-long loan deal . He made his debut for Hereford in a 2–1 loss against Swindon Town the next day , and scored his first goal for the club seven days later , in a 2–2 draw against Bradford City at Valley Parade . His loan spell with Hereford was later extended until the end of the season. , finishing the season with fifteen appearances for the club as they suffered relegation from the Football League . On 13 September 2012 , Anthony returned to Hereford , signing non-contract terms . On 15 September 2012 , he made his début for Hereford United in a match against Dartford , which saw Hereford lose 4–0 . However , in his next game against Cambridge United , Anthony received a red card during a 4–2 victory . The dismissal resulted in a three-match suspension and four days after the game , on 26 September 2012 , he was released from his contract with the club in order for a loan replacement to be signed . Newport County . Following his release , Anthony joined his home town club Newport County on trial before signing a permanent deal on 16 November 2012 . He made his debut for Newport on 22 September 2012 , against Forest Green Rovers . Anthony scored his first goal for the club on 9 February 2013 , in a 2–2 draw at home with Tamworth . In the 2012–13 season he was part of the Newport team that finished third in the league , reaching the Conference National playoffs . They went on to win the playoff final against Wrexham at Wembley Stadium 2–0 to return to the Football League after a 25-year absence with promotion to Football League Two . Following the end of the season , Anthony was offered a new contract by the club , and signed a contract a few days later . On 6 August 2013 , Anthony suffered a double ankle break during Newports 3–1 Football League Cup victory at Brighton & Hove Albion after a tackle by Iñigo Calderón . Calderón received a straight red card for the foul but Newport manager Justin Edinburgh stated his belief that no malice was involved and dedicated the clubs victory to Anthony . After five months on the sidelines , Anthony made his return to training in late January . Weeks later , Anthony played his first match in seven months , when he appeared for the clubs reserve team against Bristol Rovers . Anthony returned to the team and played a number of games towards the end of the 2013–14 season but Edinburgh later admitted that there were still concerns over his recovery after he developed back problems , commenting I think theres always a doubt in terms of the severity of the injury . His contract renewal for the 2014–15 season was delayed whilst he underwent fitness tests which were ultimately unsuccessful . Anthony announced his retirement from playing on 1 December 2014 , revealing that he had been playing in pain following his return and stating Ive tried to get back to full fitness but I was never quite there . Coaching career . Upon announcing his retirement from playing , Anthony took up a role coaching the Newport County under 16s and under 18s . In March 2016 , Newport announced that academy manager Grant Kalahar would leave his role at the end of the 2015–16 season with Anthony being appointed interim academy manager until the end of the 2015–16 season . After two months in the role , Newport appointed Anthony as academy manager on a full-time basis . Anthony resigned from his position at Newport in November 2018 . Honours . Bristol Rovers - Football League Two play-off winner : 2007 Newport County - Football Conference play-off winner : 2013