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Which team did Perry Kitchen play for from 2007 to 2009?

/wiki/Perry_Kitchen#P54#0

Perry Kitchen Perry Kevin Allen Kitchen ( born February 29 , 1992 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defensive midfielder for the Columbus Crew in Major League Soccer . He was part of the Akron Zips side that won the 2010 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship , and was first pick for D.C . United in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . He played 187 total games and scored 10 goals for D.C. , and won the 2013 Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup . In March 2016 , he moved to Heart of Midlothian of the Scottish Premiership , who appointed him their captain . After six months with Randers of the Danish Superliga , he returned to MLS with the LA Galaxy in January 2018 . On January 28th , it was announced by the Columbus Crew that Kitchen would be joining them ahead of the 2021 season . This move will mark the first time in his career that he has had back to back stints in MLS and with two different teams . Kitchen was captain of the United States mens national under-17 soccer team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria . He made his senior international debut in February 2015 and was part of the squad that came fourth at the Copa América Centenario . College and amateur . Born in Indianapolis , Indiana , Kitchen was signed up for soccer by his mother and quickly excelled in the sport , as his local league made him play two age groups higher due to his ability . Two years later he was signed to the Chicago Magic , a team in the U.S . Soccer Development Academy , while remaining in Indiana . He was invited to spend two years in the United States mens national under-17 soccer team camp in Bradenton , Florida and captained the team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria . In 2010 , he enrolled at University of Akron and played a season for the Akron Zips , who won the 2010 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship under Caleb Porter with other future MLS players such as Darlington Nagbe . He started 25 games for the Zips in 2010 , scoring six goals and adding one assist . He earned an All-MAC First Team selection and scored an unassisted goal on a right-footed blast from 30 yards out during Akrons 2–1 win over the Michigan Wolverines in the national semifinal of the College Cup . Kitchen also made a solitary appearance for USL Premier Development League club Chicago Fire Premier in 2010 . Professional career . D.C . United . Kitchen passed on a trial offer from Belgiums Anderlecht to sign a Generation Adidas contract with MLS . He was selected by D.C . United in the first round ( 3rd overall ) of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . He made his professional debut on March 19 , 2011 in Uniteds 2011 MLS season opener against the Columbus Crew , and scored his first professional goal on May 29 in a 3-2 win over the Portland Timbers . Perry was a finalist for the 2011 Rookie of the Year award , although he was ultimately not selected . He recorded 4 assists for the season of 2013 , which was the record high for the team that year . He was voted D.C . Uniteds Most Valuable Player of the 2013 season . He played all five matches of their 2013 U.S . Open Cup win , including the 1–0 final victory at Real Salt Lake on October 1 . Kitchens deal with D.C . United expired after the 2015 season . Europe . Kitchen signed with Heart of Midlothian on a -year deal on March 9 , 2016 . He made his debut in the Scottish Premiership three days later in a 1–0 win at Dundee , as a 73rd-minute substitute for Sam Nicholson . On September 21 , 2016 , Kitchen was appointed club captain . Kitchen played less often after Ian Cathro was appointed Hearts manager , and he was allowed to leave the club at the end of the season . Kitchen signed for Danish Superliga club Randers on a two-year deal in July 2017 . LA Galaxy . Kitchen returned to the United States when he signed with LA Galaxy in January 2018 . LA acquired his MLS rights from D.C . United in exchange for $100,000 in general allocation money and $200,000 in targeted allocation money . He made his debut on March 4 in the season opener , a 2–1 win over Portland . After the 2020 season , Kitchen was out of contract . Columbus Crew . On January 28 , 2021 , Kitchen signed with the Columbus Crew as a free-agent . On April 15 , 2021 , Kitchen made his debut for the Crew in a CONCACAF Champions League match against Real Esteli . International . Kitchen , who captained the United States mens national under-17 soccer team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria , also played with the under-20 team . On January 9 , 2015 , Kitchen was called to the senior training camp for the first time . He made his first international appearance on February 8 that year against Panama at the StubHub Center , replacing the injured DeAndre Yedlin for the last 22 minutes of a 2–0 win . He was part of the 23-man squad that Jürgen Klinsmann called up for the Copa América Centenario on home soil in May 2016 . The team came fourth , though he did not play . Honors . Akron Zips - NCAA Mens Division I Soccer Championship : 2010 - Mid-American Conference Regular Season : 2010 - Mid-American Conference Tournament : 2010 D.C . United - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup : 2013 United States - Milk Cup U-20 Tournament : 2010 External links . - Akron profile

easy

Which team did the player Perry Kitchen belong to from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Perry_Kitchen#P54#1

Perry Kitchen Perry Kevin Allen Kitchen ( born February 29 , 1992 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defensive midfielder for the Columbus Crew in Major League Soccer . He was part of the Akron Zips side that won the 2010 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship , and was first pick for D.C . United in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . He played 187 total games and scored 10 goals for D.C. , and won the 2013 Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup . In March 2016 , he moved to Heart of Midlothian of the Scottish Premiership , who appointed him their captain . After six months with Randers of the Danish Superliga , he returned to MLS with the LA Galaxy in January 2018 . On January 28th , it was announced by the Columbus Crew that Kitchen would be joining them ahead of the 2021 season . This move will mark the first time in his career that he has had back to back stints in MLS and with two different teams . Kitchen was captain of the United States mens national under-17 soccer team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria . He made his senior international debut in February 2015 and was part of the squad that came fourth at the Copa América Centenario . College and amateur . Born in Indianapolis , Indiana , Kitchen was signed up for soccer by his mother and quickly excelled in the sport , as his local league made him play two age groups higher due to his ability . Two years later he was signed to the Chicago Magic , a team in the U.S . Soccer Development Academy , while remaining in Indiana . He was invited to spend two years in the United States mens national under-17 soccer team camp in Bradenton , Florida and captained the team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria . In 2010 , he enrolled at University of Akron and played a season for the Akron Zips , who won the 2010 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship under Caleb Porter with other future MLS players such as Darlington Nagbe . He started 25 games for the Zips in 2010 , scoring six goals and adding one assist . He earned an All-MAC First Team selection and scored an unassisted goal on a right-footed blast from 30 yards out during Akrons 2–1 win over the Michigan Wolverines in the national semifinal of the College Cup . Kitchen also made a solitary appearance for USL Premier Development League club Chicago Fire Premier in 2010 . Professional career . D.C . United . Kitchen passed on a trial offer from Belgiums Anderlecht to sign a Generation Adidas contract with MLS . He was selected by D.C . United in the first round ( 3rd overall ) of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . He made his professional debut on March 19 , 2011 in Uniteds 2011 MLS season opener against the Columbus Crew , and scored his first professional goal on May 29 in a 3-2 win over the Portland Timbers . Perry was a finalist for the 2011 Rookie of the Year award , although he was ultimately not selected . He recorded 4 assists for the season of 2013 , which was the record high for the team that year . He was voted D.C . Uniteds Most Valuable Player of the 2013 season . He played all five matches of their 2013 U.S . Open Cup win , including the 1–0 final victory at Real Salt Lake on October 1 . Kitchens deal with D.C . United expired after the 2015 season . Europe . Kitchen signed with Heart of Midlothian on a -year deal on March 9 , 2016 . He made his debut in the Scottish Premiership three days later in a 1–0 win at Dundee , as a 73rd-minute substitute for Sam Nicholson . On September 21 , 2016 , Kitchen was appointed club captain . Kitchen played less often after Ian Cathro was appointed Hearts manager , and he was allowed to leave the club at the end of the season . Kitchen signed for Danish Superliga club Randers on a two-year deal in July 2017 . LA Galaxy . Kitchen returned to the United States when he signed with LA Galaxy in January 2018 . LA acquired his MLS rights from D.C . United in exchange for $100,000 in general allocation money and $200,000 in targeted allocation money . He made his debut on March 4 in the season opener , a 2–1 win over Portland . After the 2020 season , Kitchen was out of contract . Columbus Crew . On January 28 , 2021 , Kitchen signed with the Columbus Crew as a free-agent . On April 15 , 2021 , Kitchen made his debut for the Crew in a CONCACAF Champions League match against Real Esteli . International . Kitchen , who captained the United States mens national under-17 soccer team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria , also played with the under-20 team . On January 9 , 2015 , Kitchen was called to the senior training camp for the first time . He made his first international appearance on February 8 that year against Panama at the StubHub Center , replacing the injured DeAndre Yedlin for the last 22 minutes of a 2–0 win . He was part of the 23-man squad that Jürgen Klinsmann called up for the Copa América Centenario on home soil in May 2016 . The team came fourth , though he did not play . Honors . Akron Zips - NCAA Mens Division I Soccer Championship : 2010 - Mid-American Conference Regular Season : 2010 - Mid-American Conference Tournament : 2010 D.C . United - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup : 2013 United States - Milk Cup U-20 Tournament : 2010 External links . - Akron profile

easy

Which team did the player Perry Kitchen belong to from 2011 to 2015?

/wiki/Perry_Kitchen#P54#2

Perry Kitchen Perry Kevin Allen Kitchen ( born February 29 , 1992 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defensive midfielder for the Columbus Crew in Major League Soccer . He was part of the Akron Zips side that won the 2010 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship , and was first pick for D.C . United in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . He played 187 total games and scored 10 goals for D.C. , and won the 2013 Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup . In March 2016 , he moved to Heart of Midlothian of the Scottish Premiership , who appointed him their captain . After six months with Randers of the Danish Superliga , he returned to MLS with the LA Galaxy in January 2018 . On January 28th , it was announced by the Columbus Crew that Kitchen would be joining them ahead of the 2021 season . This move will mark the first time in his career that he has had back to back stints in MLS and with two different teams . Kitchen was captain of the United States mens national under-17 soccer team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria . He made his senior international debut in February 2015 and was part of the squad that came fourth at the Copa América Centenario . College and amateur . Born in Indianapolis , Indiana , Kitchen was signed up for soccer by his mother and quickly excelled in the sport , as his local league made him play two age groups higher due to his ability . Two years later he was signed to the Chicago Magic , a team in the U.S . Soccer Development Academy , while remaining in Indiana . He was invited to spend two years in the United States mens national under-17 soccer team camp in Bradenton , Florida and captained the team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria . In 2010 , he enrolled at University of Akron and played a season for the Akron Zips , who won the 2010 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship under Caleb Porter with other future MLS players such as Darlington Nagbe . He started 25 games for the Zips in 2010 , scoring six goals and adding one assist . He earned an All-MAC First Team selection and scored an unassisted goal on a right-footed blast from 30 yards out during Akrons 2–1 win over the Michigan Wolverines in the national semifinal of the College Cup . Kitchen also made a solitary appearance for USL Premier Development League club Chicago Fire Premier in 2010 . Professional career . D.C . United . Kitchen passed on a trial offer from Belgiums Anderlecht to sign a Generation Adidas contract with MLS . He was selected by D.C . United in the first round ( 3rd overall ) of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . He made his professional debut on March 19 , 2011 in Uniteds 2011 MLS season opener against the Columbus Crew , and scored his first professional goal on May 29 in a 3-2 win over the Portland Timbers . Perry was a finalist for the 2011 Rookie of the Year award , although he was ultimately not selected . He recorded 4 assists for the season of 2013 , which was the record high for the team that year . He was voted D.C . Uniteds Most Valuable Player of the 2013 season . He played all five matches of their 2013 U.S . Open Cup win , including the 1–0 final victory at Real Salt Lake on October 1 . Kitchens deal with D.C . United expired after the 2015 season . Europe . Kitchen signed with Heart of Midlothian on a -year deal on March 9 , 2016 . He made his debut in the Scottish Premiership three days later in a 1–0 win at Dundee , as a 73rd-minute substitute for Sam Nicholson . On September 21 , 2016 , Kitchen was appointed club captain . Kitchen played less often after Ian Cathro was appointed Hearts manager , and he was allowed to leave the club at the end of the season . Kitchen signed for Danish Superliga club Randers on a two-year deal in July 2017 . LA Galaxy . Kitchen returned to the United States when he signed with LA Galaxy in January 2018 . LA acquired his MLS rights from D.C . United in exchange for $100,000 in general allocation money and $200,000 in targeted allocation money . He made his debut on March 4 in the season opener , a 2–1 win over Portland . After the 2020 season , Kitchen was out of contract . Columbus Crew . On January 28 , 2021 , Kitchen signed with the Columbus Crew as a free-agent . On April 15 , 2021 , Kitchen made his debut for the Crew in a CONCACAF Champions League match against Real Esteli . International . Kitchen , who captained the United States mens national under-17 soccer team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria , also played with the under-20 team . On January 9 , 2015 , Kitchen was called to the senior training camp for the first time . He made his first international appearance on February 8 that year against Panama at the StubHub Center , replacing the injured DeAndre Yedlin for the last 22 minutes of a 2–0 win . He was part of the 23-man squad that Jürgen Klinsmann called up for the Copa América Centenario on home soil in May 2016 . The team came fourth , though he did not play . Honors . Akron Zips - NCAA Mens Division I Soccer Championship : 2010 - Mid-American Conference Regular Season : 2010 - Mid-American Conference Tournament : 2010 D.C . United - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup : 2013 United States - Milk Cup U-20 Tournament : 2010 External links . - Akron profile

easy

Which team did the player Perry Kitchen belong to from 2016 to 2017?

/wiki/Perry_Kitchen#P54#3

Perry Kitchen Perry Kevin Allen Kitchen ( born February 29 , 1992 ) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defensive midfielder for the Columbus Crew in Major League Soccer . He was part of the Akron Zips side that won the 2010 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship , and was first pick for D.C . United in the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . He played 187 total games and scored 10 goals for D.C. , and won the 2013 Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup . In March 2016 , he moved to Heart of Midlothian of the Scottish Premiership , who appointed him their captain . After six months with Randers of the Danish Superliga , he returned to MLS with the LA Galaxy in January 2018 . On January 28th , it was announced by the Columbus Crew that Kitchen would be joining them ahead of the 2021 season . This move will mark the first time in his career that he has had back to back stints in MLS and with two different teams . Kitchen was captain of the United States mens national under-17 soccer team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria . He made his senior international debut in February 2015 and was part of the squad that came fourth at the Copa América Centenario . College and amateur . Born in Indianapolis , Indiana , Kitchen was signed up for soccer by his mother and quickly excelled in the sport , as his local league made him play two age groups higher due to his ability . Two years later he was signed to the Chicago Magic , a team in the U.S . Soccer Development Academy , while remaining in Indiana . He was invited to spend two years in the United States mens national under-17 soccer team camp in Bradenton , Florida and captained the team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria . In 2010 , he enrolled at University of Akron and played a season for the Akron Zips , who won the 2010 NCAA Division I Mens Soccer Championship under Caleb Porter with other future MLS players such as Darlington Nagbe . He started 25 games for the Zips in 2010 , scoring six goals and adding one assist . He earned an All-MAC First Team selection and scored an unassisted goal on a right-footed blast from 30 yards out during Akrons 2–1 win over the Michigan Wolverines in the national semifinal of the College Cup . Kitchen also made a solitary appearance for USL Premier Development League club Chicago Fire Premier in 2010 . Professional career . D.C . United . Kitchen passed on a trial offer from Belgiums Anderlecht to sign a Generation Adidas contract with MLS . He was selected by D.C . United in the first round ( 3rd overall ) of the 2011 MLS SuperDraft . He made his professional debut on March 19 , 2011 in Uniteds 2011 MLS season opener against the Columbus Crew , and scored his first professional goal on May 29 in a 3-2 win over the Portland Timbers . Perry was a finalist for the 2011 Rookie of the Year award , although he was ultimately not selected . He recorded 4 assists for the season of 2013 , which was the record high for the team that year . He was voted D.C . Uniteds Most Valuable Player of the 2013 season . He played all five matches of their 2013 U.S . Open Cup win , including the 1–0 final victory at Real Salt Lake on October 1 . Kitchens deal with D.C . United expired after the 2015 season . Europe . Kitchen signed with Heart of Midlothian on a -year deal on March 9 , 2016 . He made his debut in the Scottish Premiership three days later in a 1–0 win at Dundee , as a 73rd-minute substitute for Sam Nicholson . On September 21 , 2016 , Kitchen was appointed club captain . Kitchen played less often after Ian Cathro was appointed Hearts manager , and he was allowed to leave the club at the end of the season . Kitchen signed for Danish Superliga club Randers on a two-year deal in July 2017 . LA Galaxy . Kitchen returned to the United States when he signed with LA Galaxy in January 2018 . LA acquired his MLS rights from D.C . United in exchange for $100,000 in general allocation money and $200,000 in targeted allocation money . He made his debut on March 4 in the season opener , a 2–1 win over Portland . After the 2020 season , Kitchen was out of contract . Columbus Crew . On January 28 , 2021 , Kitchen signed with the Columbus Crew as a free-agent . On April 15 , 2021 , Kitchen made his debut for the Crew in a CONCACAF Champions League match against Real Esteli . International . Kitchen , who captained the United States mens national under-17 soccer team at the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Nigeria , also played with the under-20 team . On January 9 , 2015 , Kitchen was called to the senior training camp for the first time . He made his first international appearance on February 8 that year against Panama at the StubHub Center , replacing the injured DeAndre Yedlin for the last 22 minutes of a 2–0 win . He was part of the 23-man squad that Jürgen Klinsmann called up for the Copa América Centenario on home soil in May 2016 . The team came fourth , though he did not play . Honors . Akron Zips - NCAA Mens Division I Soccer Championship : 2010 - Mid-American Conference Regular Season : 2010 - Mid-American Conference Tournament : 2010 D.C . United - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup : 2013 United States - Milk Cup U-20 Tournament : 2010 External links . - Akron profile

easy

Iskander Mirza took which position from Oct 1947 to May 1954?

/wiki/Iskander_Mirza#P39#0

Iskander Mirza Sahibzada Iskander Ali Mirza ( , ; 13 November 1899 – 13 November 1969 ) , , was a Pakistani general , businessman and civil servant who was the first President of Pakistan . He was elected in this capacity in 1956 until being dismissed by his appointed army commander General Ayub Khan in 1958 . Mirza was educated at the University of Bombay before attending the military college in Sandhurst in the United Kingdom . After a brief military service in the British Indian Army , he joined the Indian Political Service and spent the majority of his career as a political agent in the Western region of the British India until elevated as joint secretary at the Ministry of Defence in 1946 . After the independence of Pakistan as result of the Partition of India , Mirza was appointed as first Defence Secretary by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan , only to oversee the military efforts in first war with India in 1947 , followed by failed secessionism in Balochistan in 1948 . In 1954 , he was appointed as Governor of his home province of East Bengal by Prime Minister Mohammad Ali of Bogra to control the law and order sparked as a result of the popular language movement in 1952 , but later elevated as Interior Minister in Bogra administration in 1955 . Playing a crucial role in ousting of Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam , Mirza assumed his position in 1955 and was elected as the first President of Pakistan when the first set of Constitution was promulgated in 1956 . His presidency , however , marked with political instability which saw his unconstitutional interferences in the civilian administration that led to the dismissal of four prime ministers in a mere two years . Facing challenges in getting the political endorsements and reelection for the presidency , Mirza surprisingly suspended the writ of the Constitution by having imposed martial law against his own partys administration governed by Prime Minister Feroze Khan on 8 October 1958 , enforcing it through his army commander General Ayub Khan who dismissed him when the situation between them escalated , also in 1958 . Mirza lived in the United Kingdom for the remainder of his life and was buried in Iran in 1969 . His legacy and image is viewed negatively by some who believe that Mirza was responsible for weakening of democracy and political instability in the country . Origins . Ancestral roots and family background . Iskander Ali Mirza was born in Murshidabad , Bengal in India on 13 November 1899 , into an elite and wealthy aristocrat family who were titled as Nawab of Bengal and later after 1880 Nawab of Murshidabad . Mirza was the eldest child of Sahibzada Sayyid Muhammad Fateh Ali Mirza ( b . 1864–d . 1949 ) and his first wife , Dilshad Begum née Tyabji ( b . 1869–d . 1924 ) . The title , Mirza ( lit . Master ) , is an honorific surname bestowed to his family to represent royalty , which was customary to give to individuals in medieval India . From his grandfathers ancestral roots , he was of Iraqi Arab descent . The Mirza family was an influential and wealthy feudal family in Bengal , with close ties with British monarchy . His father , Fateh Ali Mirza belonged to the ruling house of Murshidabad , grandson of the first Nawab Mansur Ali Khan . He was a direct descendant of Mir Jafar , the first Nawab of Bengal under British Raj who betrayed Siraj ud-Daulah . Education and military service in India ( 1920–47 ) . Mirza grew up and completed his schooling in Bombay , attending the Elphinstone College of the University of Bombay , but left the university to attend the Royal Military College in Sandhurst when he was selected by the British Governor-General for the Kings Commission . Mirza was the first Indian graduate of the military college , and gained his commission in the British Indian Army as 2nd Lt . on 16 July 1920 . As was customary for newly commissioned British Indian Army officers , he was initially attached for a year to the second battalion of the Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) . On 16 July 1921 , he was promoted to lieutenant and was assigned to command a platoon on 30 December 1921 . His military career was spent in the Military Police . In spite of hailing from Bengal , his military career was mostly spent in the violent North-West Frontier Province of India , participating in the Waziristan war in 1920 . After the campaign , he was transferred to the 17th Poona Horse ( Queen Victorias Own ) , as an army inspector but left active service to join the Indian Political Service ( IPS ) in August 1926 . His first assignment was posted in Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh as an assistant commissioner before posting as political agent in Hazara in the North West Frontier Province . He received promotion to Captain on 17 October 1927 . From 1928 to 1933 , Mirza spent time as political agent in the troubled Tribal belt , having served as an assistant commissioner in the districts of Dera Ismail Khan in April 1928 , Tonk in May 1928 , Bannu in April 1930 , and Nowshera in April 1931 . In 1931 , Captain Mirza was appointed a district officer and later posted as deputy commissioner at Hazara in May 1933 , where he served for three years until a posting to Mardan as assistant commissioner from October 1936 ( deputy commissioner from January 1937 ) . Promoted to major on 16 July 1938 , he became the political agent of the Tribal Belt in April 1938 , stationed at Khyber . He remained there until 1945 . Mirza was appointed and served as the political agent of Odisha and North West Frontier Province from 1945 until 1946 . He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel on 16 July 1946 . His ability to run the colonial administrative units had brought him to prominence that prompted the British Indian Government to appoint him as the Joint Defence Secretary of India in 1946 . In this position , he was responsible for dividing the British Indian Army into the future armies of Pakistan and India . Around this time , he became closer to Liaquat Ali Khan and began formatting political relations with the politicians of the Muslim League . About him Abdul Ghaffar Khan wrote : According to my instructions the mass movement was launched . A Muslim Deputy-Commissjoner , Janab Iskander Mirza , avowing his traditional loyalty to the British , excelled his masters , beating to death Syed Akbar , a Khudai Khidmatgar . He went to the extent of poisoning vegetables in a Khudai Khidmatgar camp . Those who ate them were taken seriously ill . I would rather not expose his other crimes but would rather produce him before the Almighty , whom we all have to face on the Day of judgement . Political career in Pakistan . Defence Secretary ( 1947–50 ) . As the partition of India took place by the United Kingdom , Colonel Mirza played a substantial role in a committee that was responsible for dividing British Indias Army , Navy and Air Force into the future militaries of India and Pakistan . He was appointed as first Defence Secretary in the Liaquat administration by the Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan , who relied on running the government on British viceregal model with close coordination of civilian bureaucracy , the police and the military . As Defence Secretary , he oversaw the military efforts in the first war with India in 1947 , as well as witnessing the failed secession in Balochistan by Khan of Kalat . In 1950 , Mirza was promoted to two-star rank , having skipped the one-star promotion as Brigadier , and upgraded his rank as Major-General in the Pakistan Army by the promotion papers approved by Prime Minister Ali Khan . He was appointed as Colonel Commandant of the Military Police while serving as the Defence secretary in the Liaquat administration . In 1951 , Prime minister Ali Khan appointed him as the director of the Department of Kashmir and Afghanistan Affairs ( DKA ) . His tenure as defense secretary also saw the deployment of Military Police in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) as a result of the Bengali Language Movement , during which the East Pakistan Rifles fatally shot four student activists . Within a short span of time , the Military Police had the control of the state and its officer commanding submitted the report of their course of action to Major General Iskander Mirza in 1954 . In 1951 , he backed the Liaquat administrations decision of appointing the native chiefs of staff of the army , air force and navy , and dismissed deputation appointments from the British military . For the four-star appointment , the Army GHQ sent the nomination papers to Prime Ministers Secretariat that included four-senior major-generals in the race for the army command of the Pakistan Army : Major-General Iftikhar Khan , Major-General Akbar Khan , Major-General Ishfakul Majid , and Major-General N.A.M . Raza . Initially , it was Major-General Iftikhar Khan who was promoted to four-star rank and selected to be appointed as first native commander of the army but died in an airplane crash en route after finishing the senior staff officers course in the United Kingdom . All three remaining major-generals were bypassed including the recommended senior-most Major-General Akbar Khan and Major-General Ishfakul Majid due to Major-General Mirzas lobbying for the army selection when he presented convincing arguments to Prime Minister Ali Khan to promote the junior-most Major-General Ayub Khan to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list . Ayubs papers of promotion were controversially approved and appointed as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army with a promotion to the rank of Lieutenant General ( acting full General ) on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan . With Ayub becoming the army chief , it marked the change in the military tradition of preferring native Pakistanis and ending the transitional role of British Army officers . In 1951 also , he also helped elevating Commodore M.S . Choudhri to the promotion to two-star rank , Rear-Admiral , in order to assume the navy command of Pakistan Navy , but it was not until in 1953 when Admiral Choudhri took over the command . Governorship of East Bengal and Cabinet Minister ( 1954–55 ) . Due to rapid political instability in East Bengal , Mirza was relieved as Defence Secretary and took over the governorship of East Bengal , in an appointment approved by then Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam on 29 May 1954 . On 1 June 1954 , Mirza took over the Government of East Bengal from Chief Minister A . K . Fazlul Huq as part of the governor rule that dismiss the United Front . He imposed the martial law , backed by the East Pakistan Rifles and dismissed the East Bengal Legislative Assembly . After landing at the Shahjalal International Airport , Mirza sharply announced in Bengali language to the Pakistan media representatives , that he would not hesitate to use force in order to establish peace in the province , and personally threatening Maulana Bhashani of shooting him . Iskander Mirza ruled East Pakistan with an iron fist , having arrested 319–659 political activists on his first week , including Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Yusuf Ali Chowdhury . By mid-June 1954 , the number of arrests reached 1,051 , including 33 assembly members and two Dhaka University professors . His authoritative actions had sown a permanent seed of hatred for the Pakistani government in the hearts of the people of East Pakistan despite the fact that Mirza was himself an ethnic Bengali . Amid criticism at the public level in Pakistan led Mirza of relieving him from the post of Governorship to East Bengal to Muhammad Shahabuddin in June 1955 . He was the first Bengali to be governor of East Pakistan . On 24 October 1954 , he was appointed as Interior Minister in the Bogra administration of Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra . During this time , he had maintained close political ties to the United Statess establishment and was backed by Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam for this post , which Mirza only remained until 7 August 1955 . As an Interior Minister , he provided strong political advocacy for the controversial geopolitical program , One-unit , which he faced strong criticism in the West Pakistans politicians and the public in general . Governor-General of Pakistan ( 1955–56 ) . In Bogra administration , he also took care the matters of Commonwealth and Kashmir affairs ministry as he had gained major political influence in the administration in 1955 . During this time , Governor-General Malik Ghulam survived another fatal attack of Paralysis that made him unable to talk and walk , seeking treatment in the United Kingdom on a two-month leave . Appointed only as acting governor-general since 7 August 1955 , Mirza dismissed Malik Ghulam to take over his post on 6 October 1955 , and forced Prime Minister Bogra to resign when he appointed him as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States . On 12 August 1955 , he invited Muhammad Ali , the Finance Minister , to take over the government as a prime minister . Presidency ( 1956–58 ) . The newly constituted Electoral College unanimously elected Mirza as the first president upon the promulgation of the first set of the Constitution on 23 March 1956 . The coalition of the Awami League , the Muslim League , and the Republic Party endorsed his presidency . The Constitution drives the countrys system of government towards parliamentarianism , with executive powers vested under the elected Prime Minister while the president serving as a ceremonial head of state . On 12 September 1956 , he established and became vice-president of the Republican Party that was in direct conflict with Muslim League , mainly due to disagreement on the idea of republicanism and conservatism . Unable to keep the substantial pressure on Mirzas Republic Party eventually led the Muslim Leagues successful demand for the resignation of Prime Minister Muhammad Ali on 12 September 1956 . Upon these development , President Mirza invited Awami League to form the central government that appointed Huseyn Suhrawardy as the Prime Minister , who made an alliance with the Republican Party , to take over the charge of the government . Despite Mirza and Suhrawardy both being Bengalis and hailing from East Bengal , the two leaders had very different views of running the central government and both leader were in brief conflict , causing the harm to the unity of the nation . Prime Minister Suhrawardy found extremely difficult to govern effectively due to the issue of One Unit , alleviating the national economy , and President Mirzas constant unconstitutional interference in Suhrawardy administration . President Mirza demanded the resignation of Prime Minister Suhrawardy and turned down his request to seek motion of confidence at the National Assembly . Threatened by President Mirzas dismissal , Prime Minister Suhrawardy tendered his resignation on 17 October 1957 and was succeeded by I . I . Chundrigar but he too was forced to resigned in mere two months . President Mirza had widely lacked the parliamentary spirit , distrusting the civilians to ensure the integrity and sovereignty of country . His unconstitutional interference in the civil administration made the elected prime ministers effectively unable to function the government , as he had dismissed four elected prime ministers in matter of two years . On his last nomination , he appointed Feroz Khan as the seventh Prime Minister of the country , who had been supported by the Awami League and the Muslim League . Martial law . After the legislative elections held in 1954 , the Awami League had been successfully negotiating with the Muslim League for a power-sharing to form the national government against the Republican Party . By 1958 , I.I . Chundrigar and A.Q . Khan had successfully reorganized the Muslim League that was threatening the reelection and the political endorsement for Mirza for his second term of the presidency . Furthermore , the Republican Party presided by Prime Minister Sir Feroze Khan had been under pressured over the electoral reforms issue at the National Assembly . Upon witnessing these developments , President Mirza ordered the mass mobilization of the military and imposed emergency in the country after declaring the martial law against his own partys administration led by Prime Minister Feroze Khan by abrogating the writ of the Constitution and dissolving the national and on the midnight of 7/8 October 1958 . In morning of 8 October 1958 , President Mizra announced via national radio that he was introducing a new constitution more suited to the genius of the Pakistan nation , as he believed democracy was unsuited to Pakistan with its 15% literacy rate . Upon abdicating , Mirza took the nation into confidence , saying that : This martial law imposed by countrys first Bengali president was the first example of martial law in Pakistan , which would continue until the dissolution of East Pakistan in 1971 . Iskander Mirza appointed then-Army Commander of the Pakistan Army , General Ayub Khan , as the Chief Martial Law Administrator ( CMLA ) , which proved his undoing within three weeks . Dismissal and end of presidency . The two-man rule political regime was evolved under President Mirza and his appointed chief martial law administration and then-army chief General Ayub Khan . However , the two men had very different point of view on running the government with the new situation , even though they were responsible for bringing about the change . President Mirza had not envisaged any change in his previous powers ; he wanted to retain the ability to maneuver things in keeping with his own whims . Judging from the situation , the things however had changed as the time and situation both were demanding the complete solution . General Ayub Khan came to an understanding that the real political power rested with the support from the military , and within a week of enforcing the martial law , President Mirza realized the delicate position he got himself into . In an interview with Dawn , President Mirza regretted his decision saying : I did not mean to do it while offering assurances that the martial law would be for the shortest possible duration . In 1959 , President Mirza accepted the resignation of Vice-Admiral M.S . Choudhri , replacing with Vice-Admiral A.R . Khan as the new naval chief but the civil-military relations continued to be a dominant factor between President Mirza and General Ayub Khan . In an attempt to consolidate the powers under his control , President Mirza appointed a new administration cabinet that consisted of bureaucrats and technocrats and unsuccessfully tried by role of the CMLA General Ayub Khan as the Prime Minister on 24 October 1958 but such actions could not implemented due to General Ayub Khans strong protest and briefly lodged a complain to President Mirza about his high hand method . The new administration did not satisfy CMLA Ayub Khan who had more control in the administration than President Mirza . Ayub dispatched the military unit to enter in presidential palace on the midnight of 26–27 October 1958 and placed him in an airplane to exile in England . Subsequently , Admiral A . R . Khan and four army and air force generals : Azam , Amir , Wajid , and Asghar Khan were instrumental in the demise of President Mirza . Post-presidency and death . Exiled in 1959 , Mirza lived a remainder of his life in exile in London , England where he financially struggled running a small Pakistan cuisine hotel until his death . It was reported widely by Pakistani media that despite hailing from a wealthy Nawab and aristocrat family , Mirza lived in poverty in England and his regular income was based on retired pension of £3,000 as a former military officer and president . Foreign dignitaries such as Ardeshir Zahedi , Shah of Iran , Lord Inchcape , Lord Hume , and Pakistani billionaires in London had made his life in exile tolerable . At the London hospital where he died , he once said to his wife , Nahid : We cannot afford medical treatment , so just let me die . He died of a heart attack on 13 November 1969 , his 70th birthday , and President Yahya Khan denied him a burial in East Pakistan . The Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi sent his personal plane to London to bring President Mirzas body to Tehran , where he was given a state funeral . Hundreds of Iranians , including Prime Minister Abbas Hoveyda , and Pakistani expatriates in Iran bade farewell and offered their prayers . The funeral ceremony was marred by the absence of Iskander Mirzas relatives living in Pakistan . The military government barred them from leaving Pakistan in time despite the best efforts by Ardeshir Zahedi , Irans foreign minister , and President Iskander Mirzas friends in Pakistan and Iran . There are unfounded rumors that after the Islamic Revolution in Iran ( 1979 ) , his grave was desecrated . Family . Mirza was married twice : his first marriage took place on 24 November 1922 , when he married an Iranian woman , Rifaat Begum ( 1907–23 March 1967 ) . The couple had two sons and four daughters . Humayun Mirza is the only surviving son of Iskander Mirza . He was born in Poona , India , and was educated at Doon School . He also studied in the U.K. , before moving to the U.S. , where he earned his MBA from Harvard . He married the daughter of Horace Hildreth , the U.S . ambassador to Pakistan . He retired from the World Bank in 1988 . He lives in Bethesda , Maryland . He is the author of a book From Plassey to Pakistan : The Family History of Iskander Mirza . Humayuns younger brother , Enver Mirza , had died in a plane crash in 1953 . In October 1954 , while in West Pakistan , Mirzas second marriage took place in Karachi after he fell in love with an Iranian aristocrat , Naheed Amirteymour ( 1919-2019 ) , daughter of Amirteymour Kalali . She was a close friend of Begum Nusrat Bhutto . It was this friendship that brought Zulfikar Ali Bhutto into the political arena of Pakistan . Legacy . Iskander Ali Mirza is often criticized for imposing martial law by the . Historians have noted that Mirza held that Pakistanis lacked the parliamentary spirit and because of the lack of training in the field of democracy and the low literacy rate among the masses , democratic institutions cannot flourish in Pakistan . He believed that the judicial authorities should be given the same powers which they used to enjoy during the British Indian Empire . Mirzas political ideology reflected secularism , and an image of internationalism , strongly advocating the religious separation in state matters . Mirza had never had a high opinion of politicians . He was well known for his conviction that the politicians were destroying the country . He felt that in order to work towards real and responsible democracy , the country must have what he called controlled democracy . Historians also asserted that Mirzas role as the head of state led him to play an active part in power politics , building an image of being a kingmaker in the countrys politics . Mirza took full advantage of the weaknesses of politicians and played them against each other , first offsetting the influence of the Muslim League by creating the Republican Party . During his short span of four years as the head of state , four prime ministers were changed , three of them were his appointees , while the only popularly elected Bengali prime minister was dismissed . Iskander Mirza is thus widely held responsible for the instability that brought the active role of Pakistan armed forces in politics . It was reported by Hindustan Times in 2016 , that his family estate in Dacca was left in ruins . Honours . - India General Service Medal ( 1909 ) - King George V Silver Jubilee Medal – 1935 - King George VI Coronation Medal – 1937 - Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) – 1939 - Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire ( CIE ) – 1945 - Pakistan Independence Medal – 1948 - Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal – 1953 - Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi of the Empire of Iran – 1956 - Order of the Supreme Sun , 1st Class of the Kingdom of Afghanistan – 1958

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Iskander Mirza took which position from Aug 1955 to Mar 1956?

/wiki/Iskander_Mirza#P39#1

Iskander Mirza Sahibzada Iskander Ali Mirza ( , ; 13 November 1899 – 13 November 1969 ) , , was a Pakistani general , businessman and civil servant who was the first President of Pakistan . He was elected in this capacity in 1956 until being dismissed by his appointed army commander General Ayub Khan in 1958 . Mirza was educated at the University of Bombay before attending the military college in Sandhurst in the United Kingdom . After a brief military service in the British Indian Army , he joined the Indian Political Service and spent the majority of his career as a political agent in the Western region of the British India until elevated as joint secretary at the Ministry of Defence in 1946 . After the independence of Pakistan as result of the Partition of India , Mirza was appointed as first Defence Secretary by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan , only to oversee the military efforts in first war with India in 1947 , followed by failed secessionism in Balochistan in 1948 . In 1954 , he was appointed as Governor of his home province of East Bengal by Prime Minister Mohammad Ali of Bogra to control the law and order sparked as a result of the popular language movement in 1952 , but later elevated as Interior Minister in Bogra administration in 1955 . Playing a crucial role in ousting of Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam , Mirza assumed his position in 1955 and was elected as the first President of Pakistan when the first set of Constitution was promulgated in 1956 . His presidency , however , marked with political instability which saw his unconstitutional interferences in the civilian administration that led to the dismissal of four prime ministers in a mere two years . Facing challenges in getting the political endorsements and reelection for the presidency , Mirza surprisingly suspended the writ of the Constitution by having imposed martial law against his own partys administration governed by Prime Minister Feroze Khan on 8 October 1958 , enforcing it through his army commander General Ayub Khan who dismissed him when the situation between them escalated , also in 1958 . Mirza lived in the United Kingdom for the remainder of his life and was buried in Iran in 1969 . His legacy and image is viewed negatively by some who believe that Mirza was responsible for weakening of democracy and political instability in the country . Origins . Ancestral roots and family background . Iskander Ali Mirza was born in Murshidabad , Bengal in India on 13 November 1899 , into an elite and wealthy aristocrat family who were titled as Nawab of Bengal and later after 1880 Nawab of Murshidabad . Mirza was the eldest child of Sahibzada Sayyid Muhammad Fateh Ali Mirza ( b . 1864–d . 1949 ) and his first wife , Dilshad Begum née Tyabji ( b . 1869–d . 1924 ) . The title , Mirza ( lit . Master ) , is an honorific surname bestowed to his family to represent royalty , which was customary to give to individuals in medieval India . From his grandfathers ancestral roots , he was of Iraqi Arab descent . The Mirza family was an influential and wealthy feudal family in Bengal , with close ties with British monarchy . His father , Fateh Ali Mirza belonged to the ruling house of Murshidabad , grandson of the first Nawab Mansur Ali Khan . He was a direct descendant of Mir Jafar , the first Nawab of Bengal under British Raj who betrayed Siraj ud-Daulah . Education and military service in India ( 1920–47 ) . Mirza grew up and completed his schooling in Bombay , attending the Elphinstone College of the University of Bombay , but left the university to attend the Royal Military College in Sandhurst when he was selected by the British Governor-General for the Kings Commission . Mirza was the first Indian graduate of the military college , and gained his commission in the British Indian Army as 2nd Lt . on 16 July 1920 . As was customary for newly commissioned British Indian Army officers , he was initially attached for a year to the second battalion of the Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) . On 16 July 1921 , he was promoted to lieutenant and was assigned to command a platoon on 30 December 1921 . His military career was spent in the Military Police . In spite of hailing from Bengal , his military career was mostly spent in the violent North-West Frontier Province of India , participating in the Waziristan war in 1920 . After the campaign , he was transferred to the 17th Poona Horse ( Queen Victorias Own ) , as an army inspector but left active service to join the Indian Political Service ( IPS ) in August 1926 . His first assignment was posted in Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh as an assistant commissioner before posting as political agent in Hazara in the North West Frontier Province . He received promotion to Captain on 17 October 1927 . From 1928 to 1933 , Mirza spent time as political agent in the troubled Tribal belt , having served as an assistant commissioner in the districts of Dera Ismail Khan in April 1928 , Tonk in May 1928 , Bannu in April 1930 , and Nowshera in April 1931 . In 1931 , Captain Mirza was appointed a district officer and later posted as deputy commissioner at Hazara in May 1933 , where he served for three years until a posting to Mardan as assistant commissioner from October 1936 ( deputy commissioner from January 1937 ) . Promoted to major on 16 July 1938 , he became the political agent of the Tribal Belt in April 1938 , stationed at Khyber . He remained there until 1945 . Mirza was appointed and served as the political agent of Odisha and North West Frontier Province from 1945 until 1946 . He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel on 16 July 1946 . His ability to run the colonial administrative units had brought him to prominence that prompted the British Indian Government to appoint him as the Joint Defence Secretary of India in 1946 . In this position , he was responsible for dividing the British Indian Army into the future armies of Pakistan and India . Around this time , he became closer to Liaquat Ali Khan and began formatting political relations with the politicians of the Muslim League . About him Abdul Ghaffar Khan wrote : According to my instructions the mass movement was launched . A Muslim Deputy-Commissjoner , Janab Iskander Mirza , avowing his traditional loyalty to the British , excelled his masters , beating to death Syed Akbar , a Khudai Khidmatgar . He went to the extent of poisoning vegetables in a Khudai Khidmatgar camp . Those who ate them were taken seriously ill . I would rather not expose his other crimes but would rather produce him before the Almighty , whom we all have to face on the Day of judgement . Political career in Pakistan . Defence Secretary ( 1947–50 ) . As the partition of India took place by the United Kingdom , Colonel Mirza played a substantial role in a committee that was responsible for dividing British Indias Army , Navy and Air Force into the future militaries of India and Pakistan . He was appointed as first Defence Secretary in the Liaquat administration by the Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan , who relied on running the government on British viceregal model with close coordination of civilian bureaucracy , the police and the military . As Defence Secretary , he oversaw the military efforts in the first war with India in 1947 , as well as witnessing the failed secession in Balochistan by Khan of Kalat . In 1950 , Mirza was promoted to two-star rank , having skipped the one-star promotion as Brigadier , and upgraded his rank as Major-General in the Pakistan Army by the promotion papers approved by Prime Minister Ali Khan . He was appointed as Colonel Commandant of the Military Police while serving as the Defence secretary in the Liaquat administration . In 1951 , Prime minister Ali Khan appointed him as the director of the Department of Kashmir and Afghanistan Affairs ( DKA ) . His tenure as defense secretary also saw the deployment of Military Police in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) as a result of the Bengali Language Movement , during which the East Pakistan Rifles fatally shot four student activists . Within a short span of time , the Military Police had the control of the state and its officer commanding submitted the report of their course of action to Major General Iskander Mirza in 1954 . In 1951 , he backed the Liaquat administrations decision of appointing the native chiefs of staff of the army , air force and navy , and dismissed deputation appointments from the British military . For the four-star appointment , the Army GHQ sent the nomination papers to Prime Ministers Secretariat that included four-senior major-generals in the race for the army command of the Pakistan Army : Major-General Iftikhar Khan , Major-General Akbar Khan , Major-General Ishfakul Majid , and Major-General N.A.M . Raza . Initially , it was Major-General Iftikhar Khan who was promoted to four-star rank and selected to be appointed as first native commander of the army but died in an airplane crash en route after finishing the senior staff officers course in the United Kingdom . All three remaining major-generals were bypassed including the recommended senior-most Major-General Akbar Khan and Major-General Ishfakul Majid due to Major-General Mirzas lobbying for the army selection when he presented convincing arguments to Prime Minister Ali Khan to promote the junior-most Major-General Ayub Khan to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list . Ayubs papers of promotion were controversially approved and appointed as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army with a promotion to the rank of Lieutenant General ( acting full General ) on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan . With Ayub becoming the army chief , it marked the change in the military tradition of preferring native Pakistanis and ending the transitional role of British Army officers . In 1951 also , he also helped elevating Commodore M.S . Choudhri to the promotion to two-star rank , Rear-Admiral , in order to assume the navy command of Pakistan Navy , but it was not until in 1953 when Admiral Choudhri took over the command . Governorship of East Bengal and Cabinet Minister ( 1954–55 ) . Due to rapid political instability in East Bengal , Mirza was relieved as Defence Secretary and took over the governorship of East Bengal , in an appointment approved by then Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam on 29 May 1954 . On 1 June 1954 , Mirza took over the Government of East Bengal from Chief Minister A . K . Fazlul Huq as part of the governor rule that dismiss the United Front . He imposed the martial law , backed by the East Pakistan Rifles and dismissed the East Bengal Legislative Assembly . After landing at the Shahjalal International Airport , Mirza sharply announced in Bengali language to the Pakistan media representatives , that he would not hesitate to use force in order to establish peace in the province , and personally threatening Maulana Bhashani of shooting him . Iskander Mirza ruled East Pakistan with an iron fist , having arrested 319–659 political activists on his first week , including Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Yusuf Ali Chowdhury . By mid-June 1954 , the number of arrests reached 1,051 , including 33 assembly members and two Dhaka University professors . His authoritative actions had sown a permanent seed of hatred for the Pakistani government in the hearts of the people of East Pakistan despite the fact that Mirza was himself an ethnic Bengali . Amid criticism at the public level in Pakistan led Mirza of relieving him from the post of Governorship to East Bengal to Muhammad Shahabuddin in June 1955 . He was the first Bengali to be governor of East Pakistan . On 24 October 1954 , he was appointed as Interior Minister in the Bogra administration of Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra . During this time , he had maintained close political ties to the United Statess establishment and was backed by Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam for this post , which Mirza only remained until 7 August 1955 . As an Interior Minister , he provided strong political advocacy for the controversial geopolitical program , One-unit , which he faced strong criticism in the West Pakistans politicians and the public in general . Governor-General of Pakistan ( 1955–56 ) . In Bogra administration , he also took care the matters of Commonwealth and Kashmir affairs ministry as he had gained major political influence in the administration in 1955 . During this time , Governor-General Malik Ghulam survived another fatal attack of Paralysis that made him unable to talk and walk , seeking treatment in the United Kingdom on a two-month leave . Appointed only as acting governor-general since 7 August 1955 , Mirza dismissed Malik Ghulam to take over his post on 6 October 1955 , and forced Prime Minister Bogra to resign when he appointed him as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States . On 12 August 1955 , he invited Muhammad Ali , the Finance Minister , to take over the government as a prime minister . Presidency ( 1956–58 ) . The newly constituted Electoral College unanimously elected Mirza as the first president upon the promulgation of the first set of the Constitution on 23 March 1956 . The coalition of the Awami League , the Muslim League , and the Republic Party endorsed his presidency . The Constitution drives the countrys system of government towards parliamentarianism , with executive powers vested under the elected Prime Minister while the president serving as a ceremonial head of state . On 12 September 1956 , he established and became vice-president of the Republican Party that was in direct conflict with Muslim League , mainly due to disagreement on the idea of republicanism and conservatism . Unable to keep the substantial pressure on Mirzas Republic Party eventually led the Muslim Leagues successful demand for the resignation of Prime Minister Muhammad Ali on 12 September 1956 . Upon these development , President Mirza invited Awami League to form the central government that appointed Huseyn Suhrawardy as the Prime Minister , who made an alliance with the Republican Party , to take over the charge of the government . Despite Mirza and Suhrawardy both being Bengalis and hailing from East Bengal , the two leaders had very different views of running the central government and both leader were in brief conflict , causing the harm to the unity of the nation . Prime Minister Suhrawardy found extremely difficult to govern effectively due to the issue of One Unit , alleviating the national economy , and President Mirzas constant unconstitutional interference in Suhrawardy administration . President Mirza demanded the resignation of Prime Minister Suhrawardy and turned down his request to seek motion of confidence at the National Assembly . Threatened by President Mirzas dismissal , Prime Minister Suhrawardy tendered his resignation on 17 October 1957 and was succeeded by I . I . Chundrigar but he too was forced to resigned in mere two months . President Mirza had widely lacked the parliamentary spirit , distrusting the civilians to ensure the integrity and sovereignty of country . His unconstitutional interference in the civil administration made the elected prime ministers effectively unable to function the government , as he had dismissed four elected prime ministers in matter of two years . On his last nomination , he appointed Feroz Khan as the seventh Prime Minister of the country , who had been supported by the Awami League and the Muslim League . Martial law . After the legislative elections held in 1954 , the Awami League had been successfully negotiating with the Muslim League for a power-sharing to form the national government against the Republican Party . By 1958 , I.I . Chundrigar and A.Q . Khan had successfully reorganized the Muslim League that was threatening the reelection and the political endorsement for Mirza for his second term of the presidency . Furthermore , the Republican Party presided by Prime Minister Sir Feroze Khan had been under pressured over the electoral reforms issue at the National Assembly . Upon witnessing these developments , President Mirza ordered the mass mobilization of the military and imposed emergency in the country after declaring the martial law against his own partys administration led by Prime Minister Feroze Khan by abrogating the writ of the Constitution and dissolving the national and on the midnight of 7/8 October 1958 . In morning of 8 October 1958 , President Mizra announced via national radio that he was introducing a new constitution more suited to the genius of the Pakistan nation , as he believed democracy was unsuited to Pakistan with its 15% literacy rate . Upon abdicating , Mirza took the nation into confidence , saying that : This martial law imposed by countrys first Bengali president was the first example of martial law in Pakistan , which would continue until the dissolution of East Pakistan in 1971 . Iskander Mirza appointed then-Army Commander of the Pakistan Army , General Ayub Khan , as the Chief Martial Law Administrator ( CMLA ) , which proved his undoing within three weeks . Dismissal and end of presidency . The two-man rule political regime was evolved under President Mirza and his appointed chief martial law administration and then-army chief General Ayub Khan . However , the two men had very different point of view on running the government with the new situation , even though they were responsible for bringing about the change . President Mirza had not envisaged any change in his previous powers ; he wanted to retain the ability to maneuver things in keeping with his own whims . Judging from the situation , the things however had changed as the time and situation both were demanding the complete solution . General Ayub Khan came to an understanding that the real political power rested with the support from the military , and within a week of enforcing the martial law , President Mirza realized the delicate position he got himself into . In an interview with Dawn , President Mirza regretted his decision saying : I did not mean to do it while offering assurances that the martial law would be for the shortest possible duration . In 1959 , President Mirza accepted the resignation of Vice-Admiral M.S . Choudhri , replacing with Vice-Admiral A.R . Khan as the new naval chief but the civil-military relations continued to be a dominant factor between President Mirza and General Ayub Khan . In an attempt to consolidate the powers under his control , President Mirza appointed a new administration cabinet that consisted of bureaucrats and technocrats and unsuccessfully tried by role of the CMLA General Ayub Khan as the Prime Minister on 24 October 1958 but such actions could not implemented due to General Ayub Khans strong protest and briefly lodged a complain to President Mirza about his high hand method . The new administration did not satisfy CMLA Ayub Khan who had more control in the administration than President Mirza . Ayub dispatched the military unit to enter in presidential palace on the midnight of 26–27 October 1958 and placed him in an airplane to exile in England . Subsequently , Admiral A . R . Khan and four army and air force generals : Azam , Amir , Wajid , and Asghar Khan were instrumental in the demise of President Mirza . Post-presidency and death . Exiled in 1959 , Mirza lived a remainder of his life in exile in London , England where he financially struggled running a small Pakistan cuisine hotel until his death . It was reported widely by Pakistani media that despite hailing from a wealthy Nawab and aristocrat family , Mirza lived in poverty in England and his regular income was based on retired pension of £3,000 as a former military officer and president . Foreign dignitaries such as Ardeshir Zahedi , Shah of Iran , Lord Inchcape , Lord Hume , and Pakistani billionaires in London had made his life in exile tolerable . At the London hospital where he died , he once said to his wife , Nahid : We cannot afford medical treatment , so just let me die . He died of a heart attack on 13 November 1969 , his 70th birthday , and President Yahya Khan denied him a burial in East Pakistan . The Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi sent his personal plane to London to bring President Mirzas body to Tehran , where he was given a state funeral . Hundreds of Iranians , including Prime Minister Abbas Hoveyda , and Pakistani expatriates in Iran bade farewell and offered their prayers . The funeral ceremony was marred by the absence of Iskander Mirzas relatives living in Pakistan . The military government barred them from leaving Pakistan in time despite the best efforts by Ardeshir Zahedi , Irans foreign minister , and President Iskander Mirzas friends in Pakistan and Iran . There are unfounded rumors that after the Islamic Revolution in Iran ( 1979 ) , his grave was desecrated . Family . Mirza was married twice : his first marriage took place on 24 November 1922 , when he married an Iranian woman , Rifaat Begum ( 1907–23 March 1967 ) . The couple had two sons and four daughters . Humayun Mirza is the only surviving son of Iskander Mirza . He was born in Poona , India , and was educated at Doon School . He also studied in the U.K. , before moving to the U.S. , where he earned his MBA from Harvard . He married the daughter of Horace Hildreth , the U.S . ambassador to Pakistan . He retired from the World Bank in 1988 . He lives in Bethesda , Maryland . He is the author of a book From Plassey to Pakistan : The Family History of Iskander Mirza . Humayuns younger brother , Enver Mirza , had died in a plane crash in 1953 . In October 1954 , while in West Pakistan , Mirzas second marriage took place in Karachi after he fell in love with an Iranian aristocrat , Naheed Amirteymour ( 1919-2019 ) , daughter of Amirteymour Kalali . She was a close friend of Begum Nusrat Bhutto . It was this friendship that brought Zulfikar Ali Bhutto into the political arena of Pakistan . Legacy . Iskander Ali Mirza is often criticized for imposing martial law by the . Historians have noted that Mirza held that Pakistanis lacked the parliamentary spirit and because of the lack of training in the field of democracy and the low literacy rate among the masses , democratic institutions cannot flourish in Pakistan . He believed that the judicial authorities should be given the same powers which they used to enjoy during the British Indian Empire . Mirzas political ideology reflected secularism , and an image of internationalism , strongly advocating the religious separation in state matters . Mirza had never had a high opinion of politicians . He was well known for his conviction that the politicians were destroying the country . He felt that in order to work towards real and responsible democracy , the country must have what he called controlled democracy . Historians also asserted that Mirzas role as the head of state led him to play an active part in power politics , building an image of being a kingmaker in the countrys politics . Mirza took full advantage of the weaknesses of politicians and played them against each other , first offsetting the influence of the Muslim League by creating the Republican Party . During his short span of four years as the head of state , four prime ministers were changed , three of them were his appointees , while the only popularly elected Bengali prime minister was dismissed . Iskander Mirza is thus widely held responsible for the instability that brought the active role of Pakistan armed forces in politics . It was reported by Hindustan Times in 2016 , that his family estate in Dacca was left in ruins . Honours . - India General Service Medal ( 1909 ) - King George V Silver Jubilee Medal – 1935 - King George VI Coronation Medal – 1937 - Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) – 1939 - Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire ( CIE ) – 1945 - Pakistan Independence Medal – 1948 - Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal – 1953 - Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi of the Empire of Iran – 1956 - Order of the Supreme Sun , 1st Class of the Kingdom of Afghanistan – 1958

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What was the position of Iskander Mirza from Mar 1956 to Oct 1958?

/wiki/Iskander_Mirza#P39#2

Iskander Mirza Sahibzada Iskander Ali Mirza ( , ; 13 November 1899 – 13 November 1969 ) , , was a Pakistani general , businessman and civil servant who was the first President of Pakistan . He was elected in this capacity in 1956 until being dismissed by his appointed army commander General Ayub Khan in 1958 . Mirza was educated at the University of Bombay before attending the military college in Sandhurst in the United Kingdom . After a brief military service in the British Indian Army , he joined the Indian Political Service and spent the majority of his career as a political agent in the Western region of the British India until elevated as joint secretary at the Ministry of Defence in 1946 . After the independence of Pakistan as result of the Partition of India , Mirza was appointed as first Defence Secretary by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan , only to oversee the military efforts in first war with India in 1947 , followed by failed secessionism in Balochistan in 1948 . In 1954 , he was appointed as Governor of his home province of East Bengal by Prime Minister Mohammad Ali of Bogra to control the law and order sparked as a result of the popular language movement in 1952 , but later elevated as Interior Minister in Bogra administration in 1955 . Playing a crucial role in ousting of Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam , Mirza assumed his position in 1955 and was elected as the first President of Pakistan when the first set of Constitution was promulgated in 1956 . His presidency , however , marked with political instability which saw his unconstitutional interferences in the civilian administration that led to the dismissal of four prime ministers in a mere two years . Facing challenges in getting the political endorsements and reelection for the presidency , Mirza surprisingly suspended the writ of the Constitution by having imposed martial law against his own partys administration governed by Prime Minister Feroze Khan on 8 October 1958 , enforcing it through his army commander General Ayub Khan who dismissed him when the situation between them escalated , also in 1958 . Mirza lived in the United Kingdom for the remainder of his life and was buried in Iran in 1969 . His legacy and image is viewed negatively by some who believe that Mirza was responsible for weakening of democracy and political instability in the country . Origins . Ancestral roots and family background . Iskander Ali Mirza was born in Murshidabad , Bengal in India on 13 November 1899 , into an elite and wealthy aristocrat family who were titled as Nawab of Bengal and later after 1880 Nawab of Murshidabad . Mirza was the eldest child of Sahibzada Sayyid Muhammad Fateh Ali Mirza ( b . 1864–d . 1949 ) and his first wife , Dilshad Begum née Tyabji ( b . 1869–d . 1924 ) . The title , Mirza ( lit . Master ) , is an honorific surname bestowed to his family to represent royalty , which was customary to give to individuals in medieval India . From his grandfathers ancestral roots , he was of Iraqi Arab descent . The Mirza family was an influential and wealthy feudal family in Bengal , with close ties with British monarchy . His father , Fateh Ali Mirza belonged to the ruling house of Murshidabad , grandson of the first Nawab Mansur Ali Khan . He was a direct descendant of Mir Jafar , the first Nawab of Bengal under British Raj who betrayed Siraj ud-Daulah . Education and military service in India ( 1920–47 ) . Mirza grew up and completed his schooling in Bombay , attending the Elphinstone College of the University of Bombay , but left the university to attend the Royal Military College in Sandhurst when he was selected by the British Governor-General for the Kings Commission . Mirza was the first Indian graduate of the military college , and gained his commission in the British Indian Army as 2nd Lt . on 16 July 1920 . As was customary for newly commissioned British Indian Army officers , he was initially attached for a year to the second battalion of the Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) . On 16 July 1921 , he was promoted to lieutenant and was assigned to command a platoon on 30 December 1921 . His military career was spent in the Military Police . In spite of hailing from Bengal , his military career was mostly spent in the violent North-West Frontier Province of India , participating in the Waziristan war in 1920 . After the campaign , he was transferred to the 17th Poona Horse ( Queen Victorias Own ) , as an army inspector but left active service to join the Indian Political Service ( IPS ) in August 1926 . His first assignment was posted in Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh as an assistant commissioner before posting as political agent in Hazara in the North West Frontier Province . He received promotion to Captain on 17 October 1927 . From 1928 to 1933 , Mirza spent time as political agent in the troubled Tribal belt , having served as an assistant commissioner in the districts of Dera Ismail Khan in April 1928 , Tonk in May 1928 , Bannu in April 1930 , and Nowshera in April 1931 . In 1931 , Captain Mirza was appointed a district officer and later posted as deputy commissioner at Hazara in May 1933 , where he served for three years until a posting to Mardan as assistant commissioner from October 1936 ( deputy commissioner from January 1937 ) . Promoted to major on 16 July 1938 , he became the political agent of the Tribal Belt in April 1938 , stationed at Khyber . He remained there until 1945 . Mirza was appointed and served as the political agent of Odisha and North West Frontier Province from 1945 until 1946 . He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel on 16 July 1946 . His ability to run the colonial administrative units had brought him to prominence that prompted the British Indian Government to appoint him as the Joint Defence Secretary of India in 1946 . In this position , he was responsible for dividing the British Indian Army into the future armies of Pakistan and India . Around this time , he became closer to Liaquat Ali Khan and began formatting political relations with the politicians of the Muslim League . About him Abdul Ghaffar Khan wrote : According to my instructions the mass movement was launched . A Muslim Deputy-Commissjoner , Janab Iskander Mirza , avowing his traditional loyalty to the British , excelled his masters , beating to death Syed Akbar , a Khudai Khidmatgar . He went to the extent of poisoning vegetables in a Khudai Khidmatgar camp . Those who ate them were taken seriously ill . I would rather not expose his other crimes but would rather produce him before the Almighty , whom we all have to face on the Day of judgement . Political career in Pakistan . Defence Secretary ( 1947–50 ) . As the partition of India took place by the United Kingdom , Colonel Mirza played a substantial role in a committee that was responsible for dividing British Indias Army , Navy and Air Force into the future militaries of India and Pakistan . He was appointed as first Defence Secretary in the Liaquat administration by the Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan , who relied on running the government on British viceregal model with close coordination of civilian bureaucracy , the police and the military . As Defence Secretary , he oversaw the military efforts in the first war with India in 1947 , as well as witnessing the failed secession in Balochistan by Khan of Kalat . In 1950 , Mirza was promoted to two-star rank , having skipped the one-star promotion as Brigadier , and upgraded his rank as Major-General in the Pakistan Army by the promotion papers approved by Prime Minister Ali Khan . He was appointed as Colonel Commandant of the Military Police while serving as the Defence secretary in the Liaquat administration . In 1951 , Prime minister Ali Khan appointed him as the director of the Department of Kashmir and Afghanistan Affairs ( DKA ) . His tenure as defense secretary also saw the deployment of Military Police in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) as a result of the Bengali Language Movement , during which the East Pakistan Rifles fatally shot four student activists . Within a short span of time , the Military Police had the control of the state and its officer commanding submitted the report of their course of action to Major General Iskander Mirza in 1954 . In 1951 , he backed the Liaquat administrations decision of appointing the native chiefs of staff of the army , air force and navy , and dismissed deputation appointments from the British military . For the four-star appointment , the Army GHQ sent the nomination papers to Prime Ministers Secretariat that included four-senior major-generals in the race for the army command of the Pakistan Army : Major-General Iftikhar Khan , Major-General Akbar Khan , Major-General Ishfakul Majid , and Major-General N.A.M . Raza . Initially , it was Major-General Iftikhar Khan who was promoted to four-star rank and selected to be appointed as first native commander of the army but died in an airplane crash en route after finishing the senior staff officers course in the United Kingdom . All three remaining major-generals were bypassed including the recommended senior-most Major-General Akbar Khan and Major-General Ishfakul Majid due to Major-General Mirzas lobbying for the army selection when he presented convincing arguments to Prime Minister Ali Khan to promote the junior-most Major-General Ayub Khan to the post despite the fact that his name was not included in the nomination list . Ayubs papers of promotion were controversially approved and appointed as the first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army with a promotion to the rank of Lieutenant General ( acting full General ) on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan . With Ayub becoming the army chief , it marked the change in the military tradition of preferring native Pakistanis and ending the transitional role of British Army officers . In 1951 also , he also helped elevating Commodore M.S . Choudhri to the promotion to two-star rank , Rear-Admiral , in order to assume the navy command of Pakistan Navy , but it was not until in 1953 when Admiral Choudhri took over the command . Governorship of East Bengal and Cabinet Minister ( 1954–55 ) . Due to rapid political instability in East Bengal , Mirza was relieved as Defence Secretary and took over the governorship of East Bengal , in an appointment approved by then Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam on 29 May 1954 . On 1 June 1954 , Mirza took over the Government of East Bengal from Chief Minister A . K . Fazlul Huq as part of the governor rule that dismiss the United Front . He imposed the martial law , backed by the East Pakistan Rifles and dismissed the East Bengal Legislative Assembly . After landing at the Shahjalal International Airport , Mirza sharply announced in Bengali language to the Pakistan media representatives , that he would not hesitate to use force in order to establish peace in the province , and personally threatening Maulana Bhashani of shooting him . Iskander Mirza ruled East Pakistan with an iron fist , having arrested 319–659 political activists on his first week , including Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Yusuf Ali Chowdhury . By mid-June 1954 , the number of arrests reached 1,051 , including 33 assembly members and two Dhaka University professors . His authoritative actions had sown a permanent seed of hatred for the Pakistani government in the hearts of the people of East Pakistan despite the fact that Mirza was himself an ethnic Bengali . Amid criticism at the public level in Pakistan led Mirza of relieving him from the post of Governorship to East Bengal to Muhammad Shahabuddin in June 1955 . He was the first Bengali to be governor of East Pakistan . On 24 October 1954 , he was appointed as Interior Minister in the Bogra administration of Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra . During this time , he had maintained close political ties to the United Statess establishment and was backed by Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam for this post , which Mirza only remained until 7 August 1955 . As an Interior Minister , he provided strong political advocacy for the controversial geopolitical program , One-unit , which he faced strong criticism in the West Pakistans politicians and the public in general . Governor-General of Pakistan ( 1955–56 ) . In Bogra administration , he also took care the matters of Commonwealth and Kashmir affairs ministry as he had gained major political influence in the administration in 1955 . During this time , Governor-General Malik Ghulam survived another fatal attack of Paralysis that made him unable to talk and walk , seeking treatment in the United Kingdom on a two-month leave . Appointed only as acting governor-general since 7 August 1955 , Mirza dismissed Malik Ghulam to take over his post on 6 October 1955 , and forced Prime Minister Bogra to resign when he appointed him as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States . On 12 August 1955 , he invited Muhammad Ali , the Finance Minister , to take over the government as a prime minister . Presidency ( 1956–58 ) . The newly constituted Electoral College unanimously elected Mirza as the first president upon the promulgation of the first set of the Constitution on 23 March 1956 . The coalition of the Awami League , the Muslim League , and the Republic Party endorsed his presidency . The Constitution drives the countrys system of government towards parliamentarianism , with executive powers vested under the elected Prime Minister while the president serving as a ceremonial head of state . On 12 September 1956 , he established and became vice-president of the Republican Party that was in direct conflict with Muslim League , mainly due to disagreement on the idea of republicanism and conservatism . Unable to keep the substantial pressure on Mirzas Republic Party eventually led the Muslim Leagues successful demand for the resignation of Prime Minister Muhammad Ali on 12 September 1956 . Upon these development , President Mirza invited Awami League to form the central government that appointed Huseyn Suhrawardy as the Prime Minister , who made an alliance with the Republican Party , to take over the charge of the government . Despite Mirza and Suhrawardy both being Bengalis and hailing from East Bengal , the two leaders had very different views of running the central government and both leader were in brief conflict , causing the harm to the unity of the nation . Prime Minister Suhrawardy found extremely difficult to govern effectively due to the issue of One Unit , alleviating the national economy , and President Mirzas constant unconstitutional interference in Suhrawardy administration . President Mirza demanded the resignation of Prime Minister Suhrawardy and turned down his request to seek motion of confidence at the National Assembly . Threatened by President Mirzas dismissal , Prime Minister Suhrawardy tendered his resignation on 17 October 1957 and was succeeded by I . I . Chundrigar but he too was forced to resigned in mere two months . President Mirza had widely lacked the parliamentary spirit , distrusting the civilians to ensure the integrity and sovereignty of country . His unconstitutional interference in the civil administration made the elected prime ministers effectively unable to function the government , as he had dismissed four elected prime ministers in matter of two years . On his last nomination , he appointed Feroz Khan as the seventh Prime Minister of the country , who had been supported by the Awami League and the Muslim League . Martial law . After the legislative elections held in 1954 , the Awami League had been successfully negotiating with the Muslim League for a power-sharing to form the national government against the Republican Party . By 1958 , I.I . Chundrigar and A.Q . Khan had successfully reorganized the Muslim League that was threatening the reelection and the political endorsement for Mirza for his second term of the presidency . Furthermore , the Republican Party presided by Prime Minister Sir Feroze Khan had been under pressured over the electoral reforms issue at the National Assembly . Upon witnessing these developments , President Mirza ordered the mass mobilization of the military and imposed emergency in the country after declaring the martial law against his own partys administration led by Prime Minister Feroze Khan by abrogating the writ of the Constitution and dissolving the national and on the midnight of 7/8 October 1958 . In morning of 8 October 1958 , President Mizra announced via national radio that he was introducing a new constitution more suited to the genius of the Pakistan nation , as he believed democracy was unsuited to Pakistan with its 15% literacy rate . Upon abdicating , Mirza took the nation into confidence , saying that : This martial law imposed by countrys first Bengali president was the first example of martial law in Pakistan , which would continue until the dissolution of East Pakistan in 1971 . Iskander Mirza appointed then-Army Commander of the Pakistan Army , General Ayub Khan , as the Chief Martial Law Administrator ( CMLA ) , which proved his undoing within three weeks . Dismissal and end of presidency . The two-man rule political regime was evolved under President Mirza and his appointed chief martial law administration and then-army chief General Ayub Khan . However , the two men had very different point of view on running the government with the new situation , even though they were responsible for bringing about the change . President Mirza had not envisaged any change in his previous powers ; he wanted to retain the ability to maneuver things in keeping with his own whims . Judging from the situation , the things however had changed as the time and situation both were demanding the complete solution . General Ayub Khan came to an understanding that the real political power rested with the support from the military , and within a week of enforcing the martial law , President Mirza realized the delicate position he got himself into . In an interview with Dawn , President Mirza regretted his decision saying : I did not mean to do it while offering assurances that the martial law would be for the shortest possible duration . In 1959 , President Mirza accepted the resignation of Vice-Admiral M.S . Choudhri , replacing with Vice-Admiral A.R . Khan as the new naval chief but the civil-military relations continued to be a dominant factor between President Mirza and General Ayub Khan . In an attempt to consolidate the powers under his control , President Mirza appointed a new administration cabinet that consisted of bureaucrats and technocrats and unsuccessfully tried by role of the CMLA General Ayub Khan as the Prime Minister on 24 October 1958 but such actions could not implemented due to General Ayub Khans strong protest and briefly lodged a complain to President Mirza about his high hand method . The new administration did not satisfy CMLA Ayub Khan who had more control in the administration than President Mirza . Ayub dispatched the military unit to enter in presidential palace on the midnight of 26–27 October 1958 and placed him in an airplane to exile in England . Subsequently , Admiral A . R . Khan and four army and air force generals : Azam , Amir , Wajid , and Asghar Khan were instrumental in the demise of President Mirza . Post-presidency and death . Exiled in 1959 , Mirza lived a remainder of his life in exile in London , England where he financially struggled running a small Pakistan cuisine hotel until his death . It was reported widely by Pakistani media that despite hailing from a wealthy Nawab and aristocrat family , Mirza lived in poverty in England and his regular income was based on retired pension of £3,000 as a former military officer and president . Foreign dignitaries such as Ardeshir Zahedi , Shah of Iran , Lord Inchcape , Lord Hume , and Pakistani billionaires in London had made his life in exile tolerable . At the London hospital where he died , he once said to his wife , Nahid : We cannot afford medical treatment , so just let me die . He died of a heart attack on 13 November 1969 , his 70th birthday , and President Yahya Khan denied him a burial in East Pakistan . The Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi sent his personal plane to London to bring President Mirzas body to Tehran , where he was given a state funeral . Hundreds of Iranians , including Prime Minister Abbas Hoveyda , and Pakistani expatriates in Iran bade farewell and offered their prayers . The funeral ceremony was marred by the absence of Iskander Mirzas relatives living in Pakistan . The military government barred them from leaving Pakistan in time despite the best efforts by Ardeshir Zahedi , Irans foreign minister , and President Iskander Mirzas friends in Pakistan and Iran . There are unfounded rumors that after the Islamic Revolution in Iran ( 1979 ) , his grave was desecrated . Family . Mirza was married twice : his first marriage took place on 24 November 1922 , when he married an Iranian woman , Rifaat Begum ( 1907–23 March 1967 ) . The couple had two sons and four daughters . Humayun Mirza is the only surviving son of Iskander Mirza . He was born in Poona , India , and was educated at Doon School . He also studied in the U.K. , before moving to the U.S. , where he earned his MBA from Harvard . He married the daughter of Horace Hildreth , the U.S . ambassador to Pakistan . He retired from the World Bank in 1988 . He lives in Bethesda , Maryland . He is the author of a book From Plassey to Pakistan : The Family History of Iskander Mirza . Humayuns younger brother , Enver Mirza , had died in a plane crash in 1953 . In October 1954 , while in West Pakistan , Mirzas second marriage took place in Karachi after he fell in love with an Iranian aristocrat , Naheed Amirteymour ( 1919-2019 ) , daughter of Amirteymour Kalali . She was a close friend of Begum Nusrat Bhutto . It was this friendship that brought Zulfikar Ali Bhutto into the political arena of Pakistan . Legacy . Iskander Ali Mirza is often criticized for imposing martial law by the . Historians have noted that Mirza held that Pakistanis lacked the parliamentary spirit and because of the lack of training in the field of democracy and the low literacy rate among the masses , democratic institutions cannot flourish in Pakistan . He believed that the judicial authorities should be given the same powers which they used to enjoy during the British Indian Empire . Mirzas political ideology reflected secularism , and an image of internationalism , strongly advocating the religious separation in state matters . Mirza had never had a high opinion of politicians . He was well known for his conviction that the politicians were destroying the country . He felt that in order to work towards real and responsible democracy , the country must have what he called controlled democracy . Historians also asserted that Mirzas role as the head of state led him to play an active part in power politics , building an image of being a kingmaker in the countrys politics . Mirza took full advantage of the weaknesses of politicians and played them against each other , first offsetting the influence of the Muslim League by creating the Republican Party . During his short span of four years as the head of state , four prime ministers were changed , three of them were his appointees , while the only popularly elected Bengali prime minister was dismissed . Iskander Mirza is thus widely held responsible for the instability that brought the active role of Pakistan armed forces in politics . It was reported by Hindustan Times in 2016 , that his family estate in Dacca was left in ruins . Honours . - India General Service Medal ( 1909 ) - King George V Silver Jubilee Medal – 1935 - King George VI Coronation Medal – 1937 - Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) – 1939 - Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire ( CIE ) – 1945 - Pakistan Independence Medal – 1948 - Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal – 1953 - Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi of the Empire of Iran – 1956 - Order of the Supreme Sun , 1st Class of the Kingdom of Afghanistan – 1958

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Which title was conferred to Irene Kharisma Sukandar in 2014?

/wiki/Irene_Kharisma_Sukandar#P2962#0

Irene Kharisma Sukandar Irene Kharisma Sukandar ( born 7 April 1992 in Jakarta ) is an Indonesian chess player and a two-time Asian womens champion . She is the first female player from Indonesia to achieve both the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) and International Master ( IM ) titles . She’s graduated from Gunadarma University . Career . Sukandar won the Indonesian Womens Chess Championship four times in a row from 2006 to 2010 . She has represented Indonesia in five Womens Chess Olympiads from 2004 to 2014 , the Womens Asian Team Chess Championship in 2009 , the World Youth Under-16 Chess Olympiad in 2007 , the 2006 Asian Games , the 2009 Asian Indoor Games , and the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . She won the individual silver medal on board 3 in the 36th Chess Olympiad in 2004 and bronze in the team blitz chess event at the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . Sukandar was joint winner , with Vietnamese player Pham Bich Ngoc , of the under-16 girls section of the 6th ASEAN Age Group Chess Championships in Pattaya , Thailand in June 2005 . In the 2006 ASEAN Age Group Championships in Jakarta , she finished clear first in the under-18 girls division . In March 2008 , Sukandar won the womens event of the 10th Rector Cup in Kharkiv , Ukraine edging out on tiebreak Ukrainian player Galina Breslavska . In July 2010 , Sukandar shared first place with Indian FM Ramnath Bhuvanesh in the Brunei Invitational IM Tournament , earning an International Master ( IM ) norm result . She won the 2012 Asian Womens Chess Championship in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam . Thanks to this victory she qualified to play in the Womens World Championship 2014 , which was eventually postponed to 2015 , becoming the first Indonesian ever to do so . In May 2013 , Sukandar won the 5th Alexander The Great Open , in Halkidiki , Greece . In December 2013 she won two individual gold medals , for rapid and blitz chess , at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games held in Naypyidaw , Myanmar . In 2014 , Sukandar won for the second time the Asian Womens Championship , which was held that year in Sharjah , United Arab Emirates . This victory qualified her for the knockout Womens World Championship 2016 . She won the G section ( a ten-player round-robin tournament for female students ) of the 2015 Moscow Open with a score of 7.5/9 , two points ahead of the runner-up , Alina Kashlinskaya . At the Womens World Chess Championship 2015 , Sukandar was knocked out in the first round by Salome Melia . In 2016 , she shared first place in the Master section of the Continental Class Championships in Herndon , Virginia with Julio Catalino Sadorra , Sergey Erenburg and Priyadharshan Kannappan , and won the North Carolina Open with a score of 5/5 points . In 2018 , she was the best female player at the Doeberl Cup by scoring 5.5/9 points . In November 2018 , she won the 2018 Hjorth Open by scoring 7.5/9 points . Match against Dadang Subur aka Dewa Kipas . Sukandar and Levy Rozman ( aka GothamChess ) entered Indonesian news in March 2021 when Rozman was defeated by an Indonesian chess player , Dadang Subur , known on Chess.com as Dewa_Kipas or Fan God . Rozman suspected cheating , and he reported his opponents account to the Chess.com Fairplay team . Suburss account was later closed for alleged cheating , which drew sympathy from Indonesian netizens and resulted in Rozman being harassed on social media . Rozman later went private on his social media accounts and took a short hiatus from streaming . Sukandar and the Indonesian Chess Association denounced the actions of Indonesian netizens , agreeing that the actions of Chess.com were correct and proportionate . In an over-the-board match that was set up and staked by Indonesian sponsors , Sukandar played against Subur to prove his legitimacy . Subur was beaten with a score of 3–0 to an audience that peaked with 1.25 million concurrent viewers online , becoming the most-watched chess stream in history . Subur performed poorly during the matches , which was in stark contrast with his extremely high performance rating in many of his online games . Despite losing , Subur won approximately US$7,000 for his defeat . Subur continued to deny cheating , while Rozman tweeted in response : Good : Chess can be popular . People who play unfairly will be caught . Bad : He won [ US$7,000 ] and is being called brave and wont admit the truth . External links . - Irine Kharisma Sukandar chess games at 365Chess.com

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Which title was conferred to Irene Kharisma Sukandar in 2009?

/wiki/Irene_Kharisma_Sukandar#P2962#1

Irene Kharisma Sukandar Irene Kharisma Sukandar ( born 7 April 1992 in Jakarta ) is an Indonesian chess player and a two-time Asian womens champion . She is the first female player from Indonesia to achieve both the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) and International Master ( IM ) titles . She’s graduated from Gunadarma University . Career . Sukandar won the Indonesian Womens Chess Championship four times in a row from 2006 to 2010 . She has represented Indonesia in five Womens Chess Olympiads from 2004 to 2014 , the Womens Asian Team Chess Championship in 2009 , the World Youth Under-16 Chess Olympiad in 2007 , the 2006 Asian Games , the 2009 Asian Indoor Games , and the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . She won the individual silver medal on board 3 in the 36th Chess Olympiad in 2004 and bronze in the team blitz chess event at the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . Sukandar was joint winner , with Vietnamese player Pham Bich Ngoc , of the under-16 girls section of the 6th ASEAN Age Group Chess Championships in Pattaya , Thailand in June 2005 . In the 2006 ASEAN Age Group Championships in Jakarta , she finished clear first in the under-18 girls division . In March 2008 , Sukandar won the womens event of the 10th Rector Cup in Kharkiv , Ukraine edging out on tiebreak Ukrainian player Galina Breslavska . In July 2010 , Sukandar shared first place with Indian FM Ramnath Bhuvanesh in the Brunei Invitational IM Tournament , earning an International Master ( IM ) norm result . She won the 2012 Asian Womens Chess Championship in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam . Thanks to this victory she qualified to play in the Womens World Championship 2014 , which was eventually postponed to 2015 , becoming the first Indonesian ever to do so . In May 2013 , Sukandar won the 5th Alexander The Great Open , in Halkidiki , Greece . In December 2013 she won two individual gold medals , for rapid and blitz chess , at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games held in Naypyidaw , Myanmar . In 2014 , Sukandar won for the second time the Asian Womens Championship , which was held that year in Sharjah , United Arab Emirates . This victory qualified her for the knockout Womens World Championship 2016 . She won the G section ( a ten-player round-robin tournament for female students ) of the 2015 Moscow Open with a score of 7.5/9 , two points ahead of the runner-up , Alina Kashlinskaya . At the Womens World Chess Championship 2015 , Sukandar was knocked out in the first round by Salome Melia . In 2016 , she shared first place in the Master section of the Continental Class Championships in Herndon , Virginia with Julio Catalino Sadorra , Sergey Erenburg and Priyadharshan Kannappan , and won the North Carolina Open with a score of 5/5 points . In 2018 , she was the best female player at the Doeberl Cup by scoring 5.5/9 points . In November 2018 , she won the 2018 Hjorth Open by scoring 7.5/9 points . Match against Dadang Subur aka Dewa Kipas . Sukandar and Levy Rozman ( aka GothamChess ) entered Indonesian news in March 2021 when Rozman was defeated by an Indonesian chess player , Dadang Subur , known on Chess.com as Dewa_Kipas or Fan God . Rozman suspected cheating , and he reported his opponents account to the Chess.com Fairplay team . Suburss account was later closed for alleged cheating , which drew sympathy from Indonesian netizens and resulted in Rozman being harassed on social media . Rozman later went private on his social media accounts and took a short hiatus from streaming . Sukandar and the Indonesian Chess Association denounced the actions of Indonesian netizens , agreeing that the actions of Chess.com were correct and proportionate . In an over-the-board match that was set up and staked by Indonesian sponsors , Sukandar played against Subur to prove his legitimacy . Subur was beaten with a score of 3–0 to an audience that peaked with 1.25 million concurrent viewers online , becoming the most-watched chess stream in history . Subur performed poorly during the matches , which was in stark contrast with his extremely high performance rating in many of his online games . Despite losing , Subur won approximately US$7,000 for his defeat . Subur continued to deny cheating , while Rozman tweeted in response : Good : Chess can be popular . People who play unfairly will be caught . Bad : He won [ US$7,000 ] and is being called brave and wont admit the truth . External links . - Irine Kharisma Sukandar chess games at 365Chess.com

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Which title was conferred to Irene Kharisma Sukandar in 2004?

/wiki/Irene_Kharisma_Sukandar#P2962#2

Irene Kharisma Sukandar Irene Kharisma Sukandar ( born 7 April 1992 in Jakarta ) is an Indonesian chess player and a two-time Asian womens champion . She is the first female player from Indonesia to achieve both the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) and International Master ( IM ) titles . She’s graduated from Gunadarma University . Career . Sukandar won the Indonesian Womens Chess Championship four times in a row from 2006 to 2010 . She has represented Indonesia in five Womens Chess Olympiads from 2004 to 2014 , the Womens Asian Team Chess Championship in 2009 , the World Youth Under-16 Chess Olympiad in 2007 , the 2006 Asian Games , the 2009 Asian Indoor Games , and the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . She won the individual silver medal on board 3 in the 36th Chess Olympiad in 2004 and bronze in the team blitz chess event at the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . Sukandar was joint winner , with Vietnamese player Pham Bich Ngoc , of the under-16 girls section of the 6th ASEAN Age Group Chess Championships in Pattaya , Thailand in June 2005 . In the 2006 ASEAN Age Group Championships in Jakarta , she finished clear first in the under-18 girls division . In March 2008 , Sukandar won the womens event of the 10th Rector Cup in Kharkiv , Ukraine edging out on tiebreak Ukrainian player Galina Breslavska . In July 2010 , Sukandar shared first place with Indian FM Ramnath Bhuvanesh in the Brunei Invitational IM Tournament , earning an International Master ( IM ) norm result . She won the 2012 Asian Womens Chess Championship in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam . Thanks to this victory she qualified to play in the Womens World Championship 2014 , which was eventually postponed to 2015 , becoming the first Indonesian ever to do so . In May 2013 , Sukandar won the 5th Alexander The Great Open , in Halkidiki , Greece . In December 2013 she won two individual gold medals , for rapid and blitz chess , at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games held in Naypyidaw , Myanmar . In 2014 , Sukandar won for the second time the Asian Womens Championship , which was held that year in Sharjah , United Arab Emirates . This victory qualified her for the knockout Womens World Championship 2016 . She won the G section ( a ten-player round-robin tournament for female students ) of the 2015 Moscow Open with a score of 7.5/9 , two points ahead of the runner-up , Alina Kashlinskaya . At the Womens World Chess Championship 2015 , Sukandar was knocked out in the first round by Salome Melia . In 2016 , she shared first place in the Master section of the Continental Class Championships in Herndon , Virginia with Julio Catalino Sadorra , Sergey Erenburg and Priyadharshan Kannappan , and won the North Carolina Open with a score of 5/5 points . In 2018 , she was the best female player at the Doeberl Cup by scoring 5.5/9 points . In November 2018 , she won the 2018 Hjorth Open by scoring 7.5/9 points . Match against Dadang Subur aka Dewa Kipas . Sukandar and Levy Rozman ( aka GothamChess ) entered Indonesian news in March 2021 when Rozman was defeated by an Indonesian chess player , Dadang Subur , known on Chess.com as Dewa_Kipas or Fan God . Rozman suspected cheating , and he reported his opponents account to the Chess.com Fairplay team . Suburss account was later closed for alleged cheating , which drew sympathy from Indonesian netizens and resulted in Rozman being harassed on social media . Rozman later went private on his social media accounts and took a short hiatus from streaming . Sukandar and the Indonesian Chess Association denounced the actions of Indonesian netizens , agreeing that the actions of Chess.com were correct and proportionate . In an over-the-board match that was set up and staked by Indonesian sponsors , Sukandar played against Subur to prove his legitimacy . Subur was beaten with a score of 3–0 to an audience that peaked with 1.25 million concurrent viewers online , becoming the most-watched chess stream in history . Subur performed poorly during the matches , which was in stark contrast with his extremely high performance rating in many of his online games . Despite losing , Subur won approximately US$7,000 for his defeat . Subur continued to deny cheating , while Rozman tweeted in response : Good : Chess can be popular . People who play unfairly will be caught . Bad : He won [ US$7,000 ] and is being called brave and wont admit the truth . External links . - Irine Kharisma Sukandar chess games at 365Chess.com

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Which title was conferred to Irene Kharisma Sukandar in 2007?

/wiki/Irene_Kharisma_Sukandar#P2962#3

Irene Kharisma Sukandar Irene Kharisma Sukandar ( born 7 April 1992 in Jakarta ) is an Indonesian chess player and a two-time Asian womens champion . She is the first female player from Indonesia to achieve both the Woman Grandmaster ( WGM ) and International Master ( IM ) titles . She’s graduated from Gunadarma University . Career . Sukandar won the Indonesian Womens Chess Championship four times in a row from 2006 to 2010 . She has represented Indonesia in five Womens Chess Olympiads from 2004 to 2014 , the Womens Asian Team Chess Championship in 2009 , the World Youth Under-16 Chess Olympiad in 2007 , the 2006 Asian Games , the 2009 Asian Indoor Games , and the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . She won the individual silver medal on board 3 in the 36th Chess Olympiad in 2004 and bronze in the team blitz chess event at the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games . Sukandar was joint winner , with Vietnamese player Pham Bich Ngoc , of the under-16 girls section of the 6th ASEAN Age Group Chess Championships in Pattaya , Thailand in June 2005 . In the 2006 ASEAN Age Group Championships in Jakarta , she finished clear first in the under-18 girls division . In March 2008 , Sukandar won the womens event of the 10th Rector Cup in Kharkiv , Ukraine edging out on tiebreak Ukrainian player Galina Breslavska . In July 2010 , Sukandar shared first place with Indian FM Ramnath Bhuvanesh in the Brunei Invitational IM Tournament , earning an International Master ( IM ) norm result . She won the 2012 Asian Womens Chess Championship in Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam . Thanks to this victory she qualified to play in the Womens World Championship 2014 , which was eventually postponed to 2015 , becoming the first Indonesian ever to do so . In May 2013 , Sukandar won the 5th Alexander The Great Open , in Halkidiki , Greece . In December 2013 she won two individual gold medals , for rapid and blitz chess , at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games held in Naypyidaw , Myanmar . In 2014 , Sukandar won for the second time the Asian Womens Championship , which was held that year in Sharjah , United Arab Emirates . This victory qualified her for the knockout Womens World Championship 2016 . She won the G section ( a ten-player round-robin tournament for female students ) of the 2015 Moscow Open with a score of 7.5/9 , two points ahead of the runner-up , Alina Kashlinskaya . At the Womens World Chess Championship 2015 , Sukandar was knocked out in the first round by Salome Melia . In 2016 , she shared first place in the Master section of the Continental Class Championships in Herndon , Virginia with Julio Catalino Sadorra , Sergey Erenburg and Priyadharshan Kannappan , and won the North Carolina Open with a score of 5/5 points . In 2018 , she was the best female player at the Doeberl Cup by scoring 5.5/9 points . In November 2018 , she won the 2018 Hjorth Open by scoring 7.5/9 points . Match against Dadang Subur aka Dewa Kipas . Sukandar and Levy Rozman ( aka GothamChess ) entered Indonesian news in March 2021 when Rozman was defeated by an Indonesian chess player , Dadang Subur , known on Chess.com as Dewa_Kipas or Fan God . Rozman suspected cheating , and he reported his opponents account to the Chess.com Fairplay team . Suburss account was later closed for alleged cheating , which drew sympathy from Indonesian netizens and resulted in Rozman being harassed on social media . Rozman later went private on his social media accounts and took a short hiatus from streaming . Sukandar and the Indonesian Chess Association denounced the actions of Indonesian netizens , agreeing that the actions of Chess.com were correct and proportionate . In an over-the-board match that was set up and staked by Indonesian sponsors , Sukandar played against Subur to prove his legitimacy . Subur was beaten with a score of 3–0 to an audience that peaked with 1.25 million concurrent viewers online , becoming the most-watched chess stream in history . Subur performed poorly during the matches , which was in stark contrast with his extremely high performance rating in many of his online games . Despite losing , Subur won approximately US$7,000 for his defeat . Subur continued to deny cheating , while Rozman tweeted in response : Good : Chess can be popular . People who play unfairly will be caught . Bad : He won [ US$7,000 ] and is being called brave and wont admit the truth . External links . - Irine Kharisma Sukandar chess games at 365Chess.com

easy

Cass Ballenger went to which school from 1943 to 1944?

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Cass Ballenger Thomas Cass Ballenger ( December 6 , 1926 – February 18 , 2015 ) was an American politician . A Republican , he represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional district , centered in North Carolinas foothills , in the United States House of Representatives from 1986 to 2005 . Biography . Ballenger represented the 10th Congressional District of North Carolina from 1986 to 2005 . He was also the founder and former Chairman of the Board of Plastic Packaging , Inc. , a manufacturing company with plants in Hickory and Forest City , North Carolina . He also served in the North Carolina Senate ( 1977–86 ) , the North Carolina House of Representatives ( 1975–77 ) and on the Catawba County Board of Commissioners ( 1966–74 ) . In 38 consecutive years in elective office , serving at the local , state and federal levels , Ballenger never lost an election . He was a member of the Republican leadership in the U.S . House of Representatives , serving as a Deputy Whip and as a member of the House Steering Committee . He was also a member of the Board of Directors of the National Council on the Arts . During his time in the U.S . Congress , he was a renowned expert on business issues and foreign affairs , especially on issues dealing with Central and South America . Ballenger served on the Committee on Education and the Workforce and as Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Workforce Protections . During his Chairmanship , he authored legislation , which was later enacted , to reform the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) to make it less adversarial and more collaborative while still ensuring worker safety . It was the first major legislative revision to OSHA workplace rules since the agency was created . Other notable legislation Ballenger authored included a bill making the use of hypodermic needles safer for healthcare workers and a bill to designate Wilson Creek in Caldwell County , North Carolina , a Wild and Scenic River . He secured major funding for the completion of US321 between Hickory and Gastonia , North Carolina , and also established the Future Forward Economic Alliance , a regional economic development initiative serving 11 counties in Western North Carolina . Through Future Forward , Ballenger led the effort to secure funding to create the North Carolina Center for Engineering Technologies in Hickory , North Carolina . He was also instrumental in the creation of the Hickory Metro Higher Education Center ( now the Appalachian State University Center at Hickory. ) He also served on the International Relations Committee and as Chairman of the Western Hemisphere Subcommittee , where he worked to promote democracy and human rights , fight poverty and improve relations with developing countries in Central and South America . In 1990 , he and his wife Donna founded the Ballenger Foundation to continue their longtime charitable work in Central America . They established several medical clinics in high-poverty locations , sponsored an orphanage , sent school furniture and textbooks and delivered loads of other relief supplies . Their efforts began after the devastating earthquake in Managua , Nicaragua , in 1972 and continued for decades thereafter . Ballenger prioritized constituent service in the U.S . House of Representatives . A Comprehensive Guide to Constituent Service , his benchmark publication , is still updated for each new Congress and used to train new congressional staff members . As a member of the North Carolina Senate and former Minority Leader , he introduced the government in the Sunshine Act of 1976 , which was enacted into law . It was the first substantive Open Meetings law enacted in North Carolina . He also authored legislation , known as the Ridge Law , to protect scenic vistas in the North Carolina mountains . He was recognized as the Most Effective Republican Legislator by the North Carolina Institute of Government in 1981 . Ballenger previously served as Chairman of the Catawba County , North Carolina , Board of Commissioners and was recognized as North Carolinas County Commissioner of the Year in 1974 . Both Catawba Memorial Hospital ( now Catawba Valley Medical Center ) and Catawba Valley Community College ( formerly Catawba Valley Technical Institute ) were established during his two terms as a County Commissioner . He was at one time Chairman of the Catawba County Republican Party and also served on the Jim Martin for Governor Steering Committee ; the North Carolina Reagan-Bush Campaign ( Western Co-Chairman , 1984 ) ; and was a co-founder and former Chairman of the North Carolina Legislative Forum . He was active in many community organizations , including the Community Ridge Day Care Center in Hickory ( co-founder ) ; Greater Hickory United Fund ( Chairman ) ; Western Piedmont Council of Governments ( Board Chairman ) ; Greater Hickory Chamber of Commerce ( Director ) ; the North Carolina School of the Arts ( Sustaining Member ) ; the North Carolina Symphony ( Patron ) and the North Carolina Arts Society ( Patron ) . He also served on the Board of Development and Board of Directors at Lenoir-Rhyne College ; the Board of Directors for the Salvation Army and the Board of Trustees for the Florence Crittenton Home . After graduating from Episcopal High School , he attended the University of North Carolina and later received a liberal arts degree from Amherst College in Amherst , Massachusetts , where he was initiated into the Delta Kappa Epsilon ( DKE ) fraternity . He served in the U.S . Naval Air Corps during World War II . He also volunteered as a Lay Reader for the Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina , traveling to lead services in parishes without rectors . He was a longtime active member of the Episcopal Church of the Ascension in Hickory . Ballenger retired in 2004 and was succeeded by one-term Republican state representative Patrick T . McHenry . Ballenger died on February 18 , 2015 , aged 88 . External links . - Retrieved on 2009-5-16

easy

Cass Ballenger went to which school from 1944 to 1945?

/wiki/Cass_Ballenger#P69#1

Cass Ballenger Thomas Cass Ballenger ( December 6 , 1926 – February 18 , 2015 ) was an American politician . A Republican , he represented North Carolinas 10th Congressional district , centered in North Carolinas foothills , in the United States House of Representatives from 1986 to 2005 . Biography . Ballenger represented the 10th Congressional District of North Carolina from 1986 to 2005 . He was also the founder and former Chairman of the Board of Plastic Packaging , Inc. , a manufacturing company with plants in Hickory and Forest City , North Carolina . He also served in the North Carolina Senate ( 1977–86 ) , the North Carolina House of Representatives ( 1975–77 ) and on the Catawba County Board of Commissioners ( 1966–74 ) . In 38 consecutive years in elective office , serving at the local , state and federal levels , Ballenger never lost an election . He was a member of the Republican leadership in the U.S . House of Representatives , serving as a Deputy Whip and as a member of the House Steering Committee . He was also a member of the Board of Directors of the National Council on the Arts . During his time in the U.S . Congress , he was a renowned expert on business issues and foreign affairs , especially on issues dealing with Central and South America . Ballenger served on the Committee on Education and the Workforce and as Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Workforce Protections . During his Chairmanship , he authored legislation , which was later enacted , to reform the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) to make it less adversarial and more collaborative while still ensuring worker safety . It was the first major legislative revision to OSHA workplace rules since the agency was created . Other notable legislation Ballenger authored included a bill making the use of hypodermic needles safer for healthcare workers and a bill to designate Wilson Creek in Caldwell County , North Carolina , a Wild and Scenic River . He secured major funding for the completion of US321 between Hickory and Gastonia , North Carolina , and also established the Future Forward Economic Alliance , a regional economic development initiative serving 11 counties in Western North Carolina . Through Future Forward , Ballenger led the effort to secure funding to create the North Carolina Center for Engineering Technologies in Hickory , North Carolina . He was also instrumental in the creation of the Hickory Metro Higher Education Center ( now the Appalachian State University Center at Hickory. ) He also served on the International Relations Committee and as Chairman of the Western Hemisphere Subcommittee , where he worked to promote democracy and human rights , fight poverty and improve relations with developing countries in Central and South America . In 1990 , he and his wife Donna founded the Ballenger Foundation to continue their longtime charitable work in Central America . They established several medical clinics in high-poverty locations , sponsored an orphanage , sent school furniture and textbooks and delivered loads of other relief supplies . Their efforts began after the devastating earthquake in Managua , Nicaragua , in 1972 and continued for decades thereafter . Ballenger prioritized constituent service in the U.S . House of Representatives . A Comprehensive Guide to Constituent Service , his benchmark publication , is still updated for each new Congress and used to train new congressional staff members . As a member of the North Carolina Senate and former Minority Leader , he introduced the government in the Sunshine Act of 1976 , which was enacted into law . It was the first substantive Open Meetings law enacted in North Carolina . He also authored legislation , known as the Ridge Law , to protect scenic vistas in the North Carolina mountains . He was recognized as the Most Effective Republican Legislator by the North Carolina Institute of Government in 1981 . Ballenger previously served as Chairman of the Catawba County , North Carolina , Board of Commissioners and was recognized as North Carolinas County Commissioner of the Year in 1974 . Both Catawba Memorial Hospital ( now Catawba Valley Medical Center ) and Catawba Valley Community College ( formerly Catawba Valley Technical Institute ) were established during his two terms as a County Commissioner . He was at one time Chairman of the Catawba County Republican Party and also served on the Jim Martin for Governor Steering Committee ; the North Carolina Reagan-Bush Campaign ( Western Co-Chairman , 1984 ) ; and was a co-founder and former Chairman of the North Carolina Legislative Forum . He was active in many community organizations , including the Community Ridge Day Care Center in Hickory ( co-founder ) ; Greater Hickory United Fund ( Chairman ) ; Western Piedmont Council of Governments ( Board Chairman ) ; Greater Hickory Chamber of Commerce ( Director ) ; the North Carolina School of the Arts ( Sustaining Member ) ; the North Carolina Symphony ( Patron ) and the North Carolina Arts Society ( Patron ) . He also served on the Board of Development and Board of Directors at Lenoir-Rhyne College ; the Board of Directors for the Salvation Army and the Board of Trustees for the Florence Crittenton Home . After graduating from Episcopal High School , he attended the University of North Carolina and later received a liberal arts degree from Amherst College in Amherst , Massachusetts , where he was initiated into the Delta Kappa Epsilon ( DKE ) fraternity . He served in the U.S . Naval Air Corps during World War II . He also volunteered as a Lay Reader for the Episcopal Diocese of Western North Carolina , traveling to lead services in parishes without rectors . He was a longtime active member of the Episcopal Church of the Ascension in Hickory . Ballenger retired in 2004 and was succeeded by one-term Republican state representative Patrick T . McHenry . Ballenger died on February 18 , 2015 , aged 88 . External links . - Retrieved on 2009-5-16

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Where was David Cicilline educated from 1978 to 1979?

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David Cicilline David Nicca Cicilline ( ; born July 15 , 1961 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 2011 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the 36th mayor of Providence from 2003 to 2011 , the first openly gay mayor of a U.S . state capital . Early life , education , and law career . Cicilline was born July 15 , 1961 , in Providence , Rhode Island . His mother , Sabra ( née Peskin ) , is Jewish , and his father , John Francis Jack Cicilline , is Italian American and Catholic . His father was a prominent attorney in Providence who defended local Mafia figures in the 1970s and 1980s , and was an aide to Mayor Joseph A . Doorley Jr . He was raised in Providence before moving to Narragansett . In high school , he served as president of his graduating class , and participated in the Close Up Washington civic education program before attending Brown University , where he established a branch of the College Democrats with his classmate John F . Kennedy Jr. . He graduated magna cum laude with a degree in political science in 1983 . He then went to Georgetown University Law Center , where he earned a J.D . He remained in Washington , D.C . for a while to work as a lawyer at the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia . In 1992 , he ran for the Rhode Island Senate against incumbent senator Rhoda Perry , but lost the Democratic primary . Two years later , he was elected to the Rhode Island House of Representatives , representing the 4th district on Providences East Side . Rhode Island House of Representatives ( 1995–2003 ) . Elections . - 1994 He won the Democratic primary to succeed retiring Rep . Linda J . Kushner with 56% of the vote , and was unopposed in the general election . - 1996 In 1996 , Cicilline ran unopposed in the Democratic primary for Rhode Island House of Representatives District 4 . He defeated his Republican opponent , Michael L . Schein , in the general election with 2,851 votes to Scheins 1,642 . - 1998 In 1998 , Cicilline ran unopposed in the Democratic primary . He also ran unopposed in the general election . - 2000 Cicilline ran unopposed for the third time in the Democratic primary in 2000 . For the second time , he ran unopposed in the general election . Mayor of Providence ( 2003–2011 ) . Elections . - 2002 Cicilline defeated Joseph R . Paolino , Jr , Keven A . McKenna , and David V . Igliozzi in the Democratic primary . - 2006 In 2006 , Cicilline defeated Christopher F . Young in the Democratic primary . He went on to win an easy reelection with 83% of the vote . Tenure . - Approval ratings A Brown University survey from September 2007 found that 64% of state residents approved of the job Cicilline was doing in Providence . By February 2008 , that number had dropped to 51% . In September 2008 , his popularity fell to 46% . By May 2012 , his approval rating had further fallen to 28% . - Affiliations Cicilline was the 2008 President of the National Conference of Democratic Mayors . As mayor , he was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with the stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg co-chaired the Coalition . - Focus Cicillines administration focused on the residential neighborhoods of Providence , as well as the Renaissance areas of downtown and Federal Hill that thrived under Cianci , and continued the promotion of the city via the tax breaks given to artists and movie productions . A former state legislator , he overcame the animosity between state and city government that had existed under Cianci . - Student head tax In May 2009 , Cicilline gained national headlines after proposing a $150 per semester Head Tax on each of the 25,000 college students attending four universities in the city . The tax was an effort to close $6–$8 million of a reported $17 million city budget shortfall . The Associated Press reported that if enacted , it would become the first-in-the-nation tax on students simply for being enrolled and attending college within the city limits . - Environment Cicilline has expressed concern about the Providence metropolitan areas carbon footprint . As mayor , he sought to implement a streetcar/light rail-type system for the city . He also focused efforts to fight poverty . He won passage of a vacant-and-abandoned property penalty , to provide an economic disincentive for banks to keep properties off the housing market for extended periods of time . He also proposed municipal bonds for the purpose of buying foreclosed properties to expand housing . - After school programs Cicilline is a strong proponent of after-school activities as a means of improving opportunities for children . As mayor , Cicilline served as Chair of the Standing Committee for Children , Health and Human Services of the United States Conference of Mayors . He has also been recognized for his efforts to establish youth programming and to strengthen ties among schools , businesses and local government , in order to expand access to after-school programming . Under Cicilline , city officials worked with Rhode Islands Education Partnership to form PASA , the Providence After School Alliance . Cicilline also serves on the board of the national nonprofit Afterschool Alliance , an organization that works to promote and to support after-school activities for all children . - Prostitution Between 1980 and 2009 , most prostitution was legal in Rhode Island . As mayor , Cicilline was a strong advocate for outlawing it . Cicilline personally testified in Superior Court to stop the opening of spas in Providence , and discussed his position in the 2009 documentary Happy Endings? . - Democratic presidential primaries During the 2008 Democratic primaries , Cicilline supported Hillary Clinton . In August 2008 , he attended the Democratic National Convention in Denver . While there , he told an interviewer that he now supported Barack Obama , saying [ t ] here is a real sense of hope and optimism about what were about to do , and about a chance in leadership in this country” . Controversies . - ICE controversy with Governor Carcieri On June 8 , 2008 , Marco Riz , an undocumented immigrant from Guatemala who had been arrested twice the previous year while under a deportation order , was charged with the robbery and rape of a 30-year-old woman . A federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) agent criticized the Providence Police Department for not checking Rizs immigration status at the time of his previous arrest . The governor of Rhode Island , Donald Carcieri , blamed Cicilline for the departments failure . Previously , Carcieri had signed an executive order requiring all state officials to work with ICE on arrests or hirings of undocumented immigrants . When Carcieri asked the same of local agents , Providence Police Chief Dean Esserman refused . Cicilline responded that it has been the policy of the Police Department to work with ICE and its database on all arrests , that the policy had been followed when Riz was arrested , and that the ICE had failed to act . - Firefighters union contract arbitration Beginning in 2003 , Cicilline was engaged in a dispute with the Providence Firefighters labor union , Local 799 . In a July 2002 email Cicilline sent to the members of Local 799 , he indicated that he hoped to resolve their pending contract dispute with the city within 30 days of taking office . In August , Cicilline said in an interview that it was impossible for him to promise to bring the contract negotiations to a successful conclusion , owing to the unpredictability of his negotiating partners . The city and the union had been in arbitration in every contract year since 2002 , with Cicilline appealing one arbitration decision to the Rhode Island Supreme Court . The appeal was rejected . - Tax office controversy In June 2008 , John M . Cicilline , brother of Mayor Cicilline , pleaded guilty to conspiracy , obstruction of justice , and making false statements for his role in the courthouse corruption scheme . Federal prosecutors indicted John M . Cicilline , disbarred attorney Joseph Bevilacqua Jr. , and two assistants in January 2007 . According to court documents , the two attorneys spun a complicated scheme to win leniency in a drug trafficking case . - Budget controversy Shortly after assuming office , Cicillines successor as the Mayor of the City of Providence , Angel Taveras , announced that the City was facing a category 5 hurricane due to its substantial debt . Tavares made budget cuts , including teacher layoffs and paycuts for city employees . The total structural debt inherited by Tavares in 2011 was $180 million . A report commissioned by the City of Providence found that the Cicilline administration had transferred funds from the Undesignated Surplus ( the citys cash reserves ) without the proper approval of the City Council , had not provided financial information on a timely basis to the independent auditor , the City Council , or the Internal Auditor , and had not provided the City Council with monthly financial statements , or with projections of year-end surpluses or deficits , among other findings . Providence City Council Finance Chairman John Igliozzi accused him of hiding the scope of the citys fiscal woes through illusory revenues , borrowing , and other tricks . Fitch Ratings also downgraded Providences ratings , citing imprudent budgeting decisions , and failure to implement recurring budget solutions . Cicilline , who portrayed himself as a reformer looking to restore transparency to City Hall , was criticized by his opponents from the primary and House elections ; Democrat Anthony Gemma said that he felt Cicilline had lied his way to federal office , and Republican John Loughlin said , You just dont lie to people in such a transparent way . A year later , it was reported that Providence could be on the brink of bankruptcy . Former Mayor Cianci placed much of the blame on Cicilline for Providences problems , saying that although he didnt think it was entirely his fault , he did hide it from the public . Experts have said that the only way out for Providence may be to declare bankruptcy . U.S . House of Representatives ( 2011–present ) . Elections . - 2010 On February 13 , 2010 , Cicilline announced his candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives , following the retirement of Patrick J . Kennedy . He won the Democratic primary in September with 37% of the vote , defeating businessman Anthony Gemma ( 23% ) , State Representative David Segal ( 20% ) , and state party chairman Bill Lynch ( 20% ) . In November , he defeated Republican State Representative John Loughlin with 51% of the vote . - 2012 He ran for re-election in the newly redrawn 1st district , and won . He beat out former Rhode Island State Police Superintendent Brendan Doherty with 53% of the total votes cast . A February 2012 survey showed Cicillines approval rating had dropped almost 10% in 3 months , with the percentage of those who rated his performance as excellent or good dropping by 24% . Anthony Gemma , Cicillines primary opponent , said that the poll clearly showed that “a majority of Rhode Islanders wanted to see Cicilline go.” In 2011 , it was reported that although Rhode Island had experienced a population shift of only 7,200 , a new congressional map would put 125,000 Rhode Islanders into new districts , which would help Democrats—and notably Cicilline . Fellow House Democrat Jim Langevin accused Cicilline of trying to use the redistricting to aid with his reelection campaign . Potential Republican contenders suggested that it was an attempt to save Cicilline after his approval numbers had dropped . Cicilline rebuffed the allegations , and asserted that he did not attempt to influence the redistricting . - 2014 In 2014 , Cicilline defeated his Democratic primary opponent , Matthew Fecteau , with 62.98% of the vote . In the general election , he was reelected to a third term , defeating Republican nominee Cormick Lynch with 59% of the vote . - 2016 Cicilline was reelected to a fourth term , defeating Republican nominee H . Russell Taub with 64% of the vote . - 2018 Cicilline ran in the primary election against Christopher Young . During the campaign , both Young and Cicillines Republican opponent , Patrick Donovan , criticized Cicillines behavior at the hearing of Peter Strzok . Young said that Cicilline was screaming like a lunatic . Donovan said , What Mr . Cicilline did in the hearing was childish . To be yelling like that is not part of what he’s supposed to be doing representing our interests down in Washington . Cicilline defeated Young in the primary election with 78% of the vote . In September , Cicilline stated that if Democrats became the majority party in the House , he would run for assistant Democratic leader . For his work on the Assault Weapons Ban he had introduced to the House , The Newtown Action Alliance endorsed Cicilline in the 2018 election . Cicilline won the general election , defeating Republican nominee Patrick Donovan with 66.6% of the vote . - 2020 Cicilline ran unopposed in the 2020 Democratic primary election . In the general election , he received 70.8% of the vote , defeating the two independent candidates , Frederick Wysocki and Jeffery Edward Lemire , who earned 15.8% and 12.6% , respectively . Tenure . Upon being sworn in , Cicilline became the fourth openly gay member of Congress . Cicilline has voted with his party 96% of the time . He has been called a populist-leaning liberal . Since 2016 , he has served as a co-chair of the Policy and Communications Committee . He has been described as a rising star in the Democratic Party . The Democratic Caucus elected Cicilline chair of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee after he dropped out of the race to become assistant Democratic leader . As chair of the DPCC , Cicilline will be in charge of the caucus messaging strategy . Cicilline voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump . On January 12 , 2021 , Cicilline was named an impeachment manager for Trumps second impeachment . Business and telecommunications . In 2017 , Cicilline joined the new Antitrust Caucus and co-sponsored the Merger Retrospective Act , which would require the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice to do yearly studies on the effects of corporate mergers on the economy . At the time he joined the Antitrust Caucus , he was the ranking member of the Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform , Commercial and Antitrust Law . Cicilline has come out publicly in favor of net neutrality , saying that he will do whatever it takes to stop the Federal Communications Commissions proposed plans to end regulation of internet service providers under Title II . On March 7 , 2018 , Cicilline introduced the Journalism Competition and Preservation Act to the House . The aim of the bill was to temporarily allow news publishers to band together to negotiate with large online platforms , such as Facebook and Google . In a fact sheet published by Cicillines office , he claimed that a free and diverse press , particularly local press , is the backbone for a healthy and vibrant democracy . One of the bills goals was to restore public trust in online media . In the aftermath of the Cambridge Analytica scandal—in which Facebook reportedly gave access to the data of 50 million accounts to Cambridge Analytica—Cicilline sent a letter to the Chairman of the Judicial Committee requesting that he invite Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg to testify before the committee . Cicilline said in a statement : “This incident is only Facebook’s latest abuse of public trust and attempt to obscure its role in the rise of information warfare and propaganda online.” Cicilline and Representative Jeff Fortenberry sent Alphabet Inc . CEO Sundar Pichai a letter following up on a complaint from 20 advocacy groups regarding Googles compliance with the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act . The letter asked the company to reveal the details of how it collects the data of children . Cicilline joined attended the November 2019 meeting of the International Grand Committee on Disinformation and Fake News in Dublin . The committee was made up of parliamentarians from 10 different countries , and sought to enhance global collaboration on the regulation of harmful content , hate speech , and electoral interference . In July 2020 , Cicilline chaired a meeting of the Subcommittee on Antitrust , Commercial and Administrative Law , which included Zuckerberg , Pichai , Apple Inc . CEO Tim Cook , and Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos , so that they could testify about their platforms . Cicilline and the other members of the bipartisan committee extensively interrogated and scrutinized the four CEOs , and accused them of anti-competitive practices , with Cicilline insinuating that the various platforms had problems with their competitive practices . When questioning Pichai , Cicilline claimed that Googles business model was a problem , and displayed emails from over a decade ago that showed the company had engaged in a pattern of anti-competitive behavior . He also argued that the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the urgent need for regulation of these companies , and compared them to past monopolies , such as the railroads and oil tycoons , AT&T , and Microsoft . Foreign affairs . An avid supporter of nonviolence , Cicilline has taken a stance against the U.S . military presence in Libya , voting to limit the use of funds supporting NATO operations in Libya , and to remove armed forces from Libya . In 2013 , he went on record as skeptical of the Obama administration’s attempts to get congressional approval for military action in Syria . In March 2018 , Cicilline was among a handful of U.S . legislators to receive the Presidential Medal of Gratitude from President Bako Sahakyan of the Republic of Artsakh . According to Public Radio of Armenia , The Medal of Gratitude is awarded to individuals , organizations , and collectives for significant contributions in restoring and developing the economy , science , culture , and social spheres of the NKR , as well as for defending and promoting international recognition of the Republic . Cicilline was a part of the bipartisan group of 37 U.S . Representatives to call for a $70 million aid package to Armenia and Artsakh . On March 23 , 2018 , Cicilline released a statement voicing his opposition to Trumps appointment of John Bolton as National Security Advisor . Cicilline cited Boltons advocacy for preemptive attacks on Iran and North Korea , as well as his support for the Iraq War , when he worked as Ambassador to the United Nations during President George W . Bush’s administration . In April 2018 , Cicilline warned Trump against meeting with Kim Jong-un , saying , “There was a reason that prior presidents had rejected the idea of meeting with a North Korean dictator , his father , and grandfather before him , because it elevates his standing in the international community right away by having the meeting . The notion that it is historic , it is historic , but it may not be historic in a good way.” In May 2018 , Cicilline introduced a bipartisan bill to block the sale of F-35s to NATO ally Turkey . He cited concerns over Turkeys increasing aggression against U.S.-backed forces in Iraq and Syria , as well as the Turkeys increasingly friendly relationship with Russia . Cicilline and Representative Adam Kinzinger authored an opinion piece about the UN peacekeeping mission in Liberia . They commended the UNs work in Liberia , and cited the mission as one of the UNs major peacekeeping successes . Cicilline accused Turkey of inciting the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh . On October 1 , 2020 , he co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against Nagorno-Karabakh , denounced Turkey’s role in the conflict , and called for an immediate ceasefire . Gun rights . Cicilline is a strong gun control advocate , and was a founding member of the bipartisan coalition Mayors Against Illegal Guns . In 2010 , the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence endorsed Cicilline ; in 2000 , the National Rifle Association awarded him an F- lifetime score . Cicilline has also indicated his support for a ban on the sale or transfer of all forms of semi-automatic weapons , for more stringent state restrictions on the purchase and possession of firearms , and for a requirement that manufacturers equip firearms with child-safety locks . On November 16 , 2011 , he made a public statement against the National Right-to-Carry Reciprocity Act , which would require all states to allow out-of-state visitors to carry concealed firearms , as long as the laws of the visitors home states allow them to do so . He insisted that the Second Amendment had nothing to do with this bill , which he argued would infringe upon the right of state governments to protect the safety of their citizens , and would force communities to accept concealed-carry standards set by other states . In October 2017 , after the Las Vegas shooting , Cicilline introduced a bill to ban bump stocks . After the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting , he introduced the Assault Weapons Ban Act of 2018 . The bill would ban 205 specific fireams , such as the AR-15 and the AK-47 , outright . Cicilline was also among the members of Congress who supported the National School Walkout , and met with protesters at the U.S . Capitol . Immigration . Cicilline has repeatedly expressed his view that the U.S . immigration system is broken and that the Congress must fix it . In May 2017 , he opposed the Davis-Oliver Act , introduced by Representative Raúl Labrador , which would have added 12,500 armed federal immigration officers , penalized sanctuary cities , and stepped up detentions and deportation activities . Cicilline called the bill President Trumps mass deportation act and said it would make “our communities less safe.” On March 6 , 2018 , Cicilline introduced the Advancing Mutual Interests and Growing our Success ( AMIGOS ) Act , which would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to include Portugal as a country whose citizens would be eligible for entry into the United States as E-1 or E-2 nonimmigrants , provided that Portugal provides similar benefits to U.S . nationals . LGBT rights . In March 2011 , Cicilline co-sponsored a bill to repeal the Defense of Marriage Act , and supported efforts to legalize same-sex marriage . In 2015 , Cicilline introduced the Equality Act , a bill that would expand the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity . In September 2017 , he reintroduced the Equality Act . In 2019 , Cicilline reintroduced the Equality Act again , the first time it was introduced in a Democratic-controlled House . The bill passed the House on May 17 , 2019 . In September 2016 , Cicilline asked Immigration and Customs Enforcement Director Sarah Saldana what her agency was doing to enhance guidelines for LGBT individuals in ICE custody . Saldana answered that ICE officers spoke with LGBT+ undocumented immigrants in order to properly accommodate them while they were in American detention facilities . In July 2018 , Cicilline was a co-sponsor of The Gay and Trans Panic Defense Prohibition Act . This act would prohibit defense lawyers from using a victim’s LGBTQ identity as justification for a crime , or to argue for lesser sentences on the premise that there were extenuating circumstances that motivated their clients to lash out violently . Also that year , Cicilline was one of over 100 Democratic members of Congress to oppose the State Departments decision to deny or revoke diplomatic visas to unmarried same-sex partners of foreign diplomats . Abortion . Cicilline is pro-choice , and advocates that abortions always be legally available , and that government funding be provided to clinics and medical facilities that provide abortion services . He opposed the Protect Life Act of October 2011 , which would ban the use of federal funding to cover any costs under health care plans that paid for abortions , and would allow federally funded hospitals to refuse to perform abortions , even in cases in which the mothers life is in danger . Stating that the bill would put womens lives at risk and would limit how women can spend their own private dollars to purchase health insurance , Cicilline called it outrageous . In February 2011 , Cicilline voted against prohibiting the disbursement of federal funds to Planned Parenthood , and , in May 2011 , against prohibiting taxpayer funding of abortions . He co-sponsored the Violence Against Women Health Initiative Act of 2011 , which sought to improve the health care systems assessment and response to domestic violence , dating violence , sexual assault , and stalking , and for other purposes . Veterans affairs . Cicilline has declared his support for veterans access to a range of resources in health care , housing , employment , mental health services , and education . He has co-sponsored numerous acts in the interest of veterans , including the Veterans Dog Training Therapy Act , which was intended to aid veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder ; the Disabled Veterans Tax Termination Act , to permit disabled veterans to receive both retirement pay and disability compensation ; and the Veteran Employment Transition Act of 2011 , to extend work opportunities to recently discharged veterans . On November 18 , 2011 , Cicilline said of the Vow Hire Heroes Act , which was intended to increase job opportunities for veterans : This vote ensures that Rhode Island veterans , and all of our nations veterans , will receive some of the tools and resources they need to successfully reenter the workforce , and provide for their families and loved ones . House leadership . - Chair , Democratic Policy and Communications Committee ( 2019– ) - Co-Chair , Democratic Policy and Communications Committee ( 2017–2019 ) Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on Europe , Eurasia , and Emerging Threats - Subcommittee on Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations - Committee on Judiciary - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Commercial and Administrative Law ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism and Homeland Security Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Congressional Common Ground Caucus ( co-founder ) - Congressional Progressive Caucus ( Vice-Chair ) - Congressional Buy American Caucus - House Manufacturing Caucus - Congressional Creative Rights Caucus - Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus ( Co-chair ) - Antitrust Caucus - House Climate Solutions Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Medicare for All Caucus - Congressional Peacekeeping Caucus ( co-founder/co-chair ) - Diplomacy Caucus ( co-founder/co-chair ) Electoral history . Mayoral . - 2002 - 2006 House of Representatives . - 2010 - 2012 - 2014 - 2016 - 2018 - 2020

easy

Where was David Cicilline educated from 1983 to 1986?

/wiki/David_Cicilline#P69#1

David Cicilline David Nicca Cicilline ( ; born July 15 , 1961 ) is an American politician serving as the U.S . Representative for since 2011 . A member of the Democratic Party , he was the 36th mayor of Providence from 2003 to 2011 , the first openly gay mayor of a U.S . state capital . Early life , education , and law career . Cicilline was born July 15 , 1961 , in Providence , Rhode Island . His mother , Sabra ( née Peskin ) , is Jewish , and his father , John Francis Jack Cicilline , is Italian American and Catholic . His father was a prominent attorney in Providence who defended local Mafia figures in the 1970s and 1980s , and was an aide to Mayor Joseph A . Doorley Jr . He was raised in Providence before moving to Narragansett . In high school , he served as president of his graduating class , and participated in the Close Up Washington civic education program before attending Brown University , where he established a branch of the College Democrats with his classmate John F . Kennedy Jr. . He graduated magna cum laude with a degree in political science in 1983 . He then went to Georgetown University Law Center , where he earned a J.D . He remained in Washington , D.C . for a while to work as a lawyer at the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia . In 1992 , he ran for the Rhode Island Senate against incumbent senator Rhoda Perry , but lost the Democratic primary . Two years later , he was elected to the Rhode Island House of Representatives , representing the 4th district on Providences East Side . Rhode Island House of Representatives ( 1995–2003 ) . Elections . - 1994 He won the Democratic primary to succeed retiring Rep . Linda J . Kushner with 56% of the vote , and was unopposed in the general election . - 1996 In 1996 , Cicilline ran unopposed in the Democratic primary for Rhode Island House of Representatives District 4 . He defeated his Republican opponent , Michael L . Schein , in the general election with 2,851 votes to Scheins 1,642 . - 1998 In 1998 , Cicilline ran unopposed in the Democratic primary . He also ran unopposed in the general election . - 2000 Cicilline ran unopposed for the third time in the Democratic primary in 2000 . For the second time , he ran unopposed in the general election . Mayor of Providence ( 2003–2011 ) . Elections . - 2002 Cicilline defeated Joseph R . Paolino , Jr , Keven A . McKenna , and David V . Igliozzi in the Democratic primary . - 2006 In 2006 , Cicilline defeated Christopher F . Young in the Democratic primary . He went on to win an easy reelection with 83% of the vote . Tenure . - Approval ratings A Brown University survey from September 2007 found that 64% of state residents approved of the job Cicilline was doing in Providence . By February 2008 , that number had dropped to 51% . In September 2008 , his popularity fell to 46% . By May 2012 , his approval rating had further fallen to 28% . - Affiliations Cicilline was the 2008 President of the National Conference of Democratic Mayors . As mayor , he was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , a bipartisan group with the stated goal of making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets . Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg co-chaired the Coalition . - Focus Cicillines administration focused on the residential neighborhoods of Providence , as well as the Renaissance areas of downtown and Federal Hill that thrived under Cianci , and continued the promotion of the city via the tax breaks given to artists and movie productions . A former state legislator , he overcame the animosity between state and city government that had existed under Cianci . - Student head tax In May 2009 , Cicilline gained national headlines after proposing a $150 per semester Head Tax on each of the 25,000 college students attending four universities in the city . The tax was an effort to close $6–$8 million of a reported $17 million city budget shortfall . The Associated Press reported that if enacted , it would become the first-in-the-nation tax on students simply for being enrolled and attending college within the city limits . - Environment Cicilline has expressed concern about the Providence metropolitan areas carbon footprint . As mayor , he sought to implement a streetcar/light rail-type system for the city . He also focused efforts to fight poverty . He won passage of a vacant-and-abandoned property penalty , to provide an economic disincentive for banks to keep properties off the housing market for extended periods of time . He also proposed municipal bonds for the purpose of buying foreclosed properties to expand housing . - After school programs Cicilline is a strong proponent of after-school activities as a means of improving opportunities for children . As mayor , Cicilline served as Chair of the Standing Committee for Children , Health and Human Services of the United States Conference of Mayors . He has also been recognized for his efforts to establish youth programming and to strengthen ties among schools , businesses and local government , in order to expand access to after-school programming . Under Cicilline , city officials worked with Rhode Islands Education Partnership to form PASA , the Providence After School Alliance . Cicilline also serves on the board of the national nonprofit Afterschool Alliance , an organization that works to promote and to support after-school activities for all children . - Prostitution Between 1980 and 2009 , most prostitution was legal in Rhode Island . As mayor , Cicilline was a strong advocate for outlawing it . Cicilline personally testified in Superior Court to stop the opening of spas in Providence , and discussed his position in the 2009 documentary Happy Endings? . - Democratic presidential primaries During the 2008 Democratic primaries , Cicilline supported Hillary Clinton . In August 2008 , he attended the Democratic National Convention in Denver . While there , he told an interviewer that he now supported Barack Obama , saying [ t ] here is a real sense of hope and optimism about what were about to do , and about a chance in leadership in this country” . Controversies . - ICE controversy with Governor Carcieri On June 8 , 2008 , Marco Riz , an undocumented immigrant from Guatemala who had been arrested twice the previous year while under a deportation order , was charged with the robbery and rape of a 30-year-old woman . A federal Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) agent criticized the Providence Police Department for not checking Rizs immigration status at the time of his previous arrest . The governor of Rhode Island , Donald Carcieri , blamed Cicilline for the departments failure . Previously , Carcieri had signed an executive order requiring all state officials to work with ICE on arrests or hirings of undocumented immigrants . When Carcieri asked the same of local agents , Providence Police Chief Dean Esserman refused . Cicilline responded that it has been the policy of the Police Department to work with ICE and its database on all arrests , that the policy had been followed when Riz was arrested , and that the ICE had failed to act . - Firefighters union contract arbitration Beginning in 2003 , Cicilline was engaged in a dispute with the Providence Firefighters labor union , Local 799 . In a July 2002 email Cicilline sent to the members of Local 799 , he indicated that he hoped to resolve their pending contract dispute with the city within 30 days of taking office . In August , Cicilline said in an interview that it was impossible for him to promise to bring the contract negotiations to a successful conclusion , owing to the unpredictability of his negotiating partners . The city and the union had been in arbitration in every contract year since 2002 , with Cicilline appealing one arbitration decision to the Rhode Island Supreme Court . The appeal was rejected . - Tax office controversy In June 2008 , John M . Cicilline , brother of Mayor Cicilline , pleaded guilty to conspiracy , obstruction of justice , and making false statements for his role in the courthouse corruption scheme . Federal prosecutors indicted John M . Cicilline , disbarred attorney Joseph Bevilacqua Jr. , and two assistants in January 2007 . According to court documents , the two attorneys spun a complicated scheme to win leniency in a drug trafficking case . - Budget controversy Shortly after assuming office , Cicillines successor as the Mayor of the City of Providence , Angel Taveras , announced that the City was facing a category 5 hurricane due to its substantial debt . Tavares made budget cuts , including teacher layoffs and paycuts for city employees . The total structural debt inherited by Tavares in 2011 was $180 million . A report commissioned by the City of Providence found that the Cicilline administration had transferred funds from the Undesignated Surplus ( the citys cash reserves ) without the proper approval of the City Council , had not provided financial information on a timely basis to the independent auditor , the City Council , or the Internal Auditor , and had not provided the City Council with monthly financial statements , or with projections of year-end surpluses or deficits , among other findings . Providence City Council Finance Chairman John Igliozzi accused him of hiding the scope of the citys fiscal woes through illusory revenues , borrowing , and other tricks . Fitch Ratings also downgraded Providences ratings , citing imprudent budgeting decisions , and failure to implement recurring budget solutions . Cicilline , who portrayed himself as a reformer looking to restore transparency to City Hall , was criticized by his opponents from the primary and House elections ; Democrat Anthony Gemma said that he felt Cicilline had lied his way to federal office , and Republican John Loughlin said , You just dont lie to people in such a transparent way . A year later , it was reported that Providence could be on the brink of bankruptcy . Former Mayor Cianci placed much of the blame on Cicilline for Providences problems , saying that although he didnt think it was entirely his fault , he did hide it from the public . Experts have said that the only way out for Providence may be to declare bankruptcy . U.S . House of Representatives ( 2011–present ) . Elections . - 2010 On February 13 , 2010 , Cicilline announced his candidacy for the U.S . House of Representatives , following the retirement of Patrick J . Kennedy . He won the Democratic primary in September with 37% of the vote , defeating businessman Anthony Gemma ( 23% ) , State Representative David Segal ( 20% ) , and state party chairman Bill Lynch ( 20% ) . In November , he defeated Republican State Representative John Loughlin with 51% of the vote . - 2012 He ran for re-election in the newly redrawn 1st district , and won . He beat out former Rhode Island State Police Superintendent Brendan Doherty with 53% of the total votes cast . A February 2012 survey showed Cicillines approval rating had dropped almost 10% in 3 months , with the percentage of those who rated his performance as excellent or good dropping by 24% . Anthony Gemma , Cicillines primary opponent , said that the poll clearly showed that “a majority of Rhode Islanders wanted to see Cicilline go.” In 2011 , it was reported that although Rhode Island had experienced a population shift of only 7,200 , a new congressional map would put 125,000 Rhode Islanders into new districts , which would help Democrats—and notably Cicilline . Fellow House Democrat Jim Langevin accused Cicilline of trying to use the redistricting to aid with his reelection campaign . Potential Republican contenders suggested that it was an attempt to save Cicilline after his approval numbers had dropped . Cicilline rebuffed the allegations , and asserted that he did not attempt to influence the redistricting . - 2014 In 2014 , Cicilline defeated his Democratic primary opponent , Matthew Fecteau , with 62.98% of the vote . In the general election , he was reelected to a third term , defeating Republican nominee Cormick Lynch with 59% of the vote . - 2016 Cicilline was reelected to a fourth term , defeating Republican nominee H . Russell Taub with 64% of the vote . - 2018 Cicilline ran in the primary election against Christopher Young . During the campaign , both Young and Cicillines Republican opponent , Patrick Donovan , criticized Cicillines behavior at the hearing of Peter Strzok . Young said that Cicilline was screaming like a lunatic . Donovan said , What Mr . Cicilline did in the hearing was childish . To be yelling like that is not part of what he’s supposed to be doing representing our interests down in Washington . Cicilline defeated Young in the primary election with 78% of the vote . In September , Cicilline stated that if Democrats became the majority party in the House , he would run for assistant Democratic leader . For his work on the Assault Weapons Ban he had introduced to the House , The Newtown Action Alliance endorsed Cicilline in the 2018 election . Cicilline won the general election , defeating Republican nominee Patrick Donovan with 66.6% of the vote . - 2020 Cicilline ran unopposed in the 2020 Democratic primary election . In the general election , he received 70.8% of the vote , defeating the two independent candidates , Frederick Wysocki and Jeffery Edward Lemire , who earned 15.8% and 12.6% , respectively . Tenure . Upon being sworn in , Cicilline became the fourth openly gay member of Congress . Cicilline has voted with his party 96% of the time . He has been called a populist-leaning liberal . Since 2016 , he has served as a co-chair of the Policy and Communications Committee . He has been described as a rising star in the Democratic Party . The Democratic Caucus elected Cicilline chair of the Democratic Policy and Communications Committee after he dropped out of the race to become assistant Democratic leader . As chair of the DPCC , Cicilline will be in charge of the caucus messaging strategy . Cicilline voted for both articles of impeachment against President Donald Trump . On January 12 , 2021 , Cicilline was named an impeachment manager for Trumps second impeachment . Business and telecommunications . In 2017 , Cicilline joined the new Antitrust Caucus and co-sponsored the Merger Retrospective Act , which would require the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice to do yearly studies on the effects of corporate mergers on the economy . At the time he joined the Antitrust Caucus , he was the ranking member of the Subcommittee on Regulatory Reform , Commercial and Antitrust Law . Cicilline has come out publicly in favor of net neutrality , saying that he will do whatever it takes to stop the Federal Communications Commissions proposed plans to end regulation of internet service providers under Title II . On March 7 , 2018 , Cicilline introduced the Journalism Competition and Preservation Act to the House . The aim of the bill was to temporarily allow news publishers to band together to negotiate with large online platforms , such as Facebook and Google . In a fact sheet published by Cicillines office , he claimed that a free and diverse press , particularly local press , is the backbone for a healthy and vibrant democracy . One of the bills goals was to restore public trust in online media . In the aftermath of the Cambridge Analytica scandal—in which Facebook reportedly gave access to the data of 50 million accounts to Cambridge Analytica—Cicilline sent a letter to the Chairman of the Judicial Committee requesting that he invite Facebook founder and CEO Mark Zuckerberg to testify before the committee . Cicilline said in a statement : “This incident is only Facebook’s latest abuse of public trust and attempt to obscure its role in the rise of information warfare and propaganda online.” Cicilline and Representative Jeff Fortenberry sent Alphabet Inc . CEO Sundar Pichai a letter following up on a complaint from 20 advocacy groups regarding Googles compliance with the Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act . The letter asked the company to reveal the details of how it collects the data of children . Cicilline joined attended the November 2019 meeting of the International Grand Committee on Disinformation and Fake News in Dublin . The committee was made up of parliamentarians from 10 different countries , and sought to enhance global collaboration on the regulation of harmful content , hate speech , and electoral interference . In July 2020 , Cicilline chaired a meeting of the Subcommittee on Antitrust , Commercial and Administrative Law , which included Zuckerberg , Pichai , Apple Inc . CEO Tim Cook , and Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos , so that they could testify about their platforms . Cicilline and the other members of the bipartisan committee extensively interrogated and scrutinized the four CEOs , and accused them of anti-competitive practices , with Cicilline insinuating that the various platforms had problems with their competitive practices . When questioning Pichai , Cicilline claimed that Googles business model was a problem , and displayed emails from over a decade ago that showed the company had engaged in a pattern of anti-competitive behavior . He also argued that the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the urgent need for regulation of these companies , and compared them to past monopolies , such as the railroads and oil tycoons , AT&T , and Microsoft . Foreign affairs . An avid supporter of nonviolence , Cicilline has taken a stance against the U.S . military presence in Libya , voting to limit the use of funds supporting NATO operations in Libya , and to remove armed forces from Libya . In 2013 , he went on record as skeptical of the Obama administration’s attempts to get congressional approval for military action in Syria . In March 2018 , Cicilline was among a handful of U.S . legislators to receive the Presidential Medal of Gratitude from President Bako Sahakyan of the Republic of Artsakh . According to Public Radio of Armenia , The Medal of Gratitude is awarded to individuals , organizations , and collectives for significant contributions in restoring and developing the economy , science , culture , and social spheres of the NKR , as well as for defending and promoting international recognition of the Republic . Cicilline was a part of the bipartisan group of 37 U.S . Representatives to call for a $70 million aid package to Armenia and Artsakh . On March 23 , 2018 , Cicilline released a statement voicing his opposition to Trumps appointment of John Bolton as National Security Advisor . Cicilline cited Boltons advocacy for preemptive attacks on Iran and North Korea , as well as his support for the Iraq War , when he worked as Ambassador to the United Nations during President George W . Bush’s administration . In April 2018 , Cicilline warned Trump against meeting with Kim Jong-un , saying , “There was a reason that prior presidents had rejected the idea of meeting with a North Korean dictator , his father , and grandfather before him , because it elevates his standing in the international community right away by having the meeting . The notion that it is historic , it is historic , but it may not be historic in a good way.” In May 2018 , Cicilline introduced a bipartisan bill to block the sale of F-35s to NATO ally Turkey . He cited concerns over Turkeys increasing aggression against U.S.-backed forces in Iraq and Syria , as well as the Turkeys increasingly friendly relationship with Russia . Cicilline and Representative Adam Kinzinger authored an opinion piece about the UN peacekeeping mission in Liberia . They commended the UNs work in Liberia , and cited the mission as one of the UNs major peacekeeping successes . Cicilline accused Turkey of inciting the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh . On October 1 , 2020 , he co-signed a letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo that condemned Azerbaijan’s offensive operations against Nagorno-Karabakh , denounced Turkey’s role in the conflict , and called for an immediate ceasefire . Gun rights . Cicilline is a strong gun control advocate , and was a founding member of the bipartisan coalition Mayors Against Illegal Guns . In 2010 , the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence endorsed Cicilline ; in 2000 , the National Rifle Association awarded him an F- lifetime score . Cicilline has also indicated his support for a ban on the sale or transfer of all forms of semi-automatic weapons , for more stringent state restrictions on the purchase and possession of firearms , and for a requirement that manufacturers equip firearms with child-safety locks . On November 16 , 2011 , he made a public statement against the National Right-to-Carry Reciprocity Act , which would require all states to allow out-of-state visitors to carry concealed firearms , as long as the laws of the visitors home states allow them to do so . He insisted that the Second Amendment had nothing to do with this bill , which he argued would infringe upon the right of state governments to protect the safety of their citizens , and would force communities to accept concealed-carry standards set by other states . In October 2017 , after the Las Vegas shooting , Cicilline introduced a bill to ban bump stocks . After the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting , he introduced the Assault Weapons Ban Act of 2018 . The bill would ban 205 specific fireams , such as the AR-15 and the AK-47 , outright . Cicilline was also among the members of Congress who supported the National School Walkout , and met with protesters at the U.S . Capitol . Immigration . Cicilline has repeatedly expressed his view that the U.S . immigration system is broken and that the Congress must fix it . In May 2017 , he opposed the Davis-Oliver Act , introduced by Representative Raúl Labrador , which would have added 12,500 armed federal immigration officers , penalized sanctuary cities , and stepped up detentions and deportation activities . Cicilline called the bill President Trumps mass deportation act and said it would make “our communities less safe.” On March 6 , 2018 , Cicilline introduced the Advancing Mutual Interests and Growing our Success ( AMIGOS ) Act , which would amend the Immigration and Nationality Act to include Portugal as a country whose citizens would be eligible for entry into the United States as E-1 or E-2 nonimmigrants , provided that Portugal provides similar benefits to U.S . nationals . LGBT rights . In March 2011 , Cicilline co-sponsored a bill to repeal the Defense of Marriage Act , and supported efforts to legalize same-sex marriage . In 2015 , Cicilline introduced the Equality Act , a bill that would expand the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964 to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity . In September 2017 , he reintroduced the Equality Act . In 2019 , Cicilline reintroduced the Equality Act again , the first time it was introduced in a Democratic-controlled House . The bill passed the House on May 17 , 2019 . In September 2016 , Cicilline asked Immigration and Customs Enforcement Director Sarah Saldana what her agency was doing to enhance guidelines for LGBT individuals in ICE custody . Saldana answered that ICE officers spoke with LGBT+ undocumented immigrants in order to properly accommodate them while they were in American detention facilities . In July 2018 , Cicilline was a co-sponsor of The Gay and Trans Panic Defense Prohibition Act . This act would prohibit defense lawyers from using a victim’s LGBTQ identity as justification for a crime , or to argue for lesser sentences on the premise that there were extenuating circumstances that motivated their clients to lash out violently . Also that year , Cicilline was one of over 100 Democratic members of Congress to oppose the State Departments decision to deny or revoke diplomatic visas to unmarried same-sex partners of foreign diplomats . Abortion . Cicilline is pro-choice , and advocates that abortions always be legally available , and that government funding be provided to clinics and medical facilities that provide abortion services . He opposed the Protect Life Act of October 2011 , which would ban the use of federal funding to cover any costs under health care plans that paid for abortions , and would allow federally funded hospitals to refuse to perform abortions , even in cases in which the mothers life is in danger . Stating that the bill would put womens lives at risk and would limit how women can spend their own private dollars to purchase health insurance , Cicilline called it outrageous . In February 2011 , Cicilline voted against prohibiting the disbursement of federal funds to Planned Parenthood , and , in May 2011 , against prohibiting taxpayer funding of abortions . He co-sponsored the Violence Against Women Health Initiative Act of 2011 , which sought to improve the health care systems assessment and response to domestic violence , dating violence , sexual assault , and stalking , and for other purposes . Veterans affairs . Cicilline has declared his support for veterans access to a range of resources in health care , housing , employment , mental health services , and education . He has co-sponsored numerous acts in the interest of veterans , including the Veterans Dog Training Therapy Act , which was intended to aid veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder ; the Disabled Veterans Tax Termination Act , to permit disabled veterans to receive both retirement pay and disability compensation ; and the Veteran Employment Transition Act of 2011 , to extend work opportunities to recently discharged veterans . On November 18 , 2011 , Cicilline said of the Vow Hire Heroes Act , which was intended to increase job opportunities for veterans : This vote ensures that Rhode Island veterans , and all of our nations veterans , will receive some of the tools and resources they need to successfully reenter the workforce , and provide for their families and loved ones . House leadership . - Chair , Democratic Policy and Communications Committee ( 2019– ) - Co-Chair , Democratic Policy and Communications Committee ( 2017–2019 ) Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on Europe , Eurasia , and Emerging Threats - Subcommittee on Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations - Committee on Judiciary - Subcommittee on Antitrust , Commercial and Administrative Law ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism and Homeland Security Caucus memberships . - Congressional Arts Caucus - Congressional Common Ground Caucus ( co-founder ) - Congressional Progressive Caucus ( Vice-Chair ) - Congressional Buy American Caucus - House Manufacturing Caucus - Congressional Creative Rights Caucus - Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus ( Co-chair ) - Antitrust Caucus - House Climate Solutions Caucus - House Baltic Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus - Medicare for All Caucus - Congressional Peacekeeping Caucus ( co-founder/co-chair ) - Diplomacy Caucus ( co-founder/co-chair ) Electoral history . Mayoral . - 2002 - 2006 House of Representatives . - 2010 - 2012 - 2014 - 2016 - 2018 - 2020

easy

What was the position of Ray Mabus from 1984 to 1988?

/wiki/Ray_Mabus#P39#0

Ray Mabus Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr . ( born October 11 , 1948 ) is an American politician , diplomat , and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017 . Mabus previously served as the State Auditor of Mississippi from 1984 to 1988 , as the 60th Governor of Mississippi from 1988 to 1992 and as the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 1996 . Early life and education . Mabus was born in Starkville , Mississippi , and is a fourth-generation Mississippian ; he grew up in Ackerman , the only child of the owner of the local hardware store . After attending public schools , he graduated summa cum laude from the University of Mississippi , where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi , with a Bachelor of Arts in English and political science . He earned a Master of Arts in political science from Johns Hopkins University and a Juris Doctor , magna cum laude , from Harvard Law School . He had been offered a Fulbright Scholarship , had held a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship , and had traveled widely throughout Europe , the Middle East , Russia , and Latin America Prior to attending law school , he also served two years in the Navy as a surface warfare officer from 1970 to 1972 aboard the cruiser , achieving the rank of Lieutenant , junior grade and worked as a law clerk in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit . Career . Mabus began his professional career working in Washington , D.C. , as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on Agriculture . Following the election of Governor William Winter , he returned to Mississippi to work in the governors office , where the youthful staff , which included Mabus , Dick Molpus , John Henegan and Andy Mullins—earned the nickname Boys of Spring from a rival state legislator . Mississippi State Auditor . In 1983 , Mabus was elected state auditor and served from 1984 to 1988 , during this time , he participated in a large FBI sting operation which recovered millions in misspent or stolen public funds . By the time it was finished , Operation Pretense had ensnared 57 county supervisors in 25 counties , and all but two of those supervisors served time in prison . Governor of Mississippi . At 39 years of age , he defeated Tupelo businessman Jack Reed in the 1987 gubernatorial election by 53% to 47% , becoming the youngest governor in the United States . He won on a wave of black votes ( black voters made up about 30 percent of the states registered voters ) and lost the white vote by about 3 to 2 despite support from what a coalition one Democratic state chairman described as poor whites and yuppies . Mabus , who ran on the slogan Mississippi Will Never Be Last Again , was billed as the face of the New South , much like his counterpart in Arkansas at the time , Bill Clinton . Mabus was featured in a 1988 New York Times Magazine cover story titled The Yuppies of Mississippi ; How They Took Over the Statehouse . During his time as governor , he passed B.E.S.T . ( Better Education for Success Tomorrow ) , gave teachers the largest pay raise in the nation ; and was named one of Fortune Magazines ten education governors . Mississippi also had record growth in new jobs , investment , tourism and exports . Because of the gubernatorial succession amendment ratified in 1987 , Mabus was eligible to become the first governor to serve two successive terms in more than 100 years , and he ran for reelection in 1991 . He was defeated 51% to 48% in the general election by Republican Kirk Fordice , a former Vicksburg construction executive , who portrayed him as arrogant and out of touch with Mississippi politically , with a New York Times article describing him as a Porsche politician in a Chevy pickup state . Ambassador to Saudi Arabia . Mabus was appointed by President Bill Clinton to be the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and served from 1994 to 1996 . During his tenure , a 1994 border crisis involving Yemen was defused , a 1994 crisis with Iraq was deterred , he presided over the embassy during the 1995 terrorist attack , child abduction cases were addressed , and contracts worth more than $16 billion were signed between Saudi Arabian and American companies such as Boeing , and AT&T . Mabuss residence and embassy office in Riyadh were decorated with items of interest from his home state including an Ackerman phone book on his office coffee table and the Mississippi flag next to the American flag . Secretary of the Navy . On March 27 , 2009 , Mabus was nominated by President Obama as Secretary of the Department of the Navy . He was sworn in on May 19 , 2009 , and held a ceremonial swearing in at Washington Navy Yard on June 18 , 2009 , where he was re-sworn in by the Secretary of Defense Robert Gates . Ship naming controversies . In April 2010 a furor arose when it was reported that Mabus made the proposal to name a United States Navy warship the after the late Pennsylvania Democratic congressman John Murtha . Additional naming controversies occurred due to the naming of the auxiliary ship after civil rights activist Cesar Chavez who has described his service in the U.S . Navy as ...the worst two years in my life , and a littoral combat ship the after former Arizona Democratic Congresswoman Gabby Giffords , after she suffered life-threatening wounds in the 2011 mass shooting in her home district of Tucson , Arizona . On April 16 , 2012 , the Navy Secretary returned to Naval tradition of naming certain warships after former U.S . presidents , announcing the next Zumwalt-class destroyer be named the . Even this action represented somewhat of a change to previous norms , since with the exception of the current attack submarine , and the since-decommissioned class of Polaris/Poseidon fleet ballistic missile submarines , all recent U.S . warships named for presidents have been aircraft carriers . Subsequent ship namings include his January 6 , 2016 announcement of his naming of another auxiliary ship after civil rights activist and sitting incumbent Georgia Democratic Congressman John Lewis ( i.e. , ) . Mabus further stated that this particular class of auxiliary ship , of which the John Lewis would be the lead ship , would all be named after civil rights leaders . Mabus followed this action with his July 14 , 2016 naming of the subsequent after gay rights icon and former San Francisco Democratic politician the late Harvey Milk , who had served as a naval line officer for four years prior to resigning his commission and honorable discharge as a lieutenant , junior grade ( LJG ) . Gulf Coast restoration plan . President Obama has asked him to develop a long-term Gulf Coast Restoration Plan as soon as possible . The plan will be designed by states , local communities , Native American tribes , fishermen , businesses , conservationists and other Gulf residents . 2013 Navy Yard shooting . On September 16 , 2013 , gunman Aaron Alexis entered the Washington Navy Yard and killed 13 people and injured 14 . Alexis was a 34-year-old military contractor . A Pentagon internal investigation found that the shootings could have been prevented with stricter oversight of security clearances and increased security at the Navy Yard facility . A ceremony was held to mark the one-year anniversary of the Navy Yard massacre , honoring those who were killed and injured . Mabus stated , We know that their lives are defined not by how they died , but by how they lived and what they lived for , and will be remembered for that always . Budget controversy . After a January 2015 report by the Defense Business Board and McKinsey & Company discovered DoD was spending $134 billion , 23% of its total budget , on back-office work , and that the back-office bureaucracy staff of over one million people was nearly as great as the number of active troops , the Board recommended a plan to cut $125 billion in waste over five years . However , when Ash Carter became Defense Secretary the next month , he replaced the Board chairman , the McKinsey results were classified as secret , and its report was removed from public websites . Mabus then gave a speech at the American Enterprise Institute highlighting the McKinsey report , calling the back-office costs pure overhead and particularly criticizing the Defense Finance and Accounting Service and the Defense Logistics Agency . Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Frank Kendall III then wrote to him asking please refrain from taking any more public pot shots and I do not want this spilling over into further public discourse . USMC integration . On January 1 , 2016 , Mabus ordered the United States Marine Corps to devise a plan on co-integration of male and female recruits in basic training , giving top brass a two-week planning period , along with requesting a subject matter expert , to report the best method of said plan . Departure . Mabus stepped down as Secretary of the Navy in January 2017 upon the inauguration of Donald Trump . He was succeeded by Assistant Navy Secretary Sean Stackley , who became acting Secretary until Richard V . Spencer was sworn in as Secretary in August 2017 . Business ventures . He was Chairman and CEO of Foamex International and helped lead it out of bankruptcy . Ray Mabus serves as a Google Ventures Advisor . Awards , honors , community service . Mabus has been awarded the U.S . Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Award , the U.S . Armys Distinguished Civilian Service Award , the Martin Luther King Jr . Social Responsibility Award from the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta , the National Wildlife Federation Conservation Achievement Award , the King Abdulaziz Award from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , and the Mississippi Association of Educators Friend of Education Award . He was included in Glassdoors 2013 list of Highest Rated CEOs at 43rd place with an 82% approval rate . He is active in many community activities , primarily focusing on education . Following Hurricane Katrina , he founded the Help and Hope Foundation , which works to meet the needs of children affected by the storm . He was a member of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations , and is the Distinguished Lecturer on the Middle East at the University of Mississippi . Personal life . Mabus has been married to the former Lynn Horecky since 2007 . He was previously married to the former Julie HInes until their divorce in 2000 . Mabus is a fan of the Boston Red Sox having first followed the team during the 1975 World Series while a student at Harvard Law School . In 2009 , and again in 2014 , Mabus made cameo appearances on the TV drama NCIS in the Season 7 episode Childs Play , and in the Season 12 episode Semper Fortis , as an NCIS Agent named Ray . He also made a cameo on in the episode Insane in the Membrane . In 2012 , he appeared in the movie Battleship as the commanding officer of . Mabus made a cameo appearance as himself in the Its Not a Rumor episode of the TV series The Last Ship , issuing orders to the crew of the Nathan James via a recorded message ; in the storyline , by the time the ship received the orders , Mabus had succumbed to the Red Flu virus . External links . - United States Navy bio page - Mississippi Historical Society biography - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Mabus , February 5 , 2012

easy

Which position did Ray Mabus hold from 1988 to 1992?

/wiki/Ray_Mabus#P39#1

Ray Mabus Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr . ( born October 11 , 1948 ) is an American politician , diplomat , and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017 . Mabus previously served as the State Auditor of Mississippi from 1984 to 1988 , as the 60th Governor of Mississippi from 1988 to 1992 and as the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 1996 . Early life and education . Mabus was born in Starkville , Mississippi , and is a fourth-generation Mississippian ; he grew up in Ackerman , the only child of the owner of the local hardware store . After attending public schools , he graduated summa cum laude from the University of Mississippi , where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi , with a Bachelor of Arts in English and political science . He earned a Master of Arts in political science from Johns Hopkins University and a Juris Doctor , magna cum laude , from Harvard Law School . He had been offered a Fulbright Scholarship , had held a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship , and had traveled widely throughout Europe , the Middle East , Russia , and Latin America Prior to attending law school , he also served two years in the Navy as a surface warfare officer from 1970 to 1972 aboard the cruiser , achieving the rank of Lieutenant , junior grade and worked as a law clerk in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit . Career . Mabus began his professional career working in Washington , D.C. , as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on Agriculture . Following the election of Governor William Winter , he returned to Mississippi to work in the governors office , where the youthful staff , which included Mabus , Dick Molpus , John Henegan and Andy Mullins—earned the nickname Boys of Spring from a rival state legislator . Mississippi State Auditor . In 1983 , Mabus was elected state auditor and served from 1984 to 1988 , during this time , he participated in a large FBI sting operation which recovered millions in misspent or stolen public funds . By the time it was finished , Operation Pretense had ensnared 57 county supervisors in 25 counties , and all but two of those supervisors served time in prison . Governor of Mississippi . At 39 years of age , he defeated Tupelo businessman Jack Reed in the 1987 gubernatorial election by 53% to 47% , becoming the youngest governor in the United States . He won on a wave of black votes ( black voters made up about 30 percent of the states registered voters ) and lost the white vote by about 3 to 2 despite support from what a coalition one Democratic state chairman described as poor whites and yuppies . Mabus , who ran on the slogan Mississippi Will Never Be Last Again , was billed as the face of the New South , much like his counterpart in Arkansas at the time , Bill Clinton . Mabus was featured in a 1988 New York Times Magazine cover story titled The Yuppies of Mississippi ; How They Took Over the Statehouse . During his time as governor , he passed B.E.S.T . ( Better Education for Success Tomorrow ) , gave teachers the largest pay raise in the nation ; and was named one of Fortune Magazines ten education governors . Mississippi also had record growth in new jobs , investment , tourism and exports . Because of the gubernatorial succession amendment ratified in 1987 , Mabus was eligible to become the first governor to serve two successive terms in more than 100 years , and he ran for reelection in 1991 . He was defeated 51% to 48% in the general election by Republican Kirk Fordice , a former Vicksburg construction executive , who portrayed him as arrogant and out of touch with Mississippi politically , with a New York Times article describing him as a Porsche politician in a Chevy pickup state . Ambassador to Saudi Arabia . Mabus was appointed by President Bill Clinton to be the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and served from 1994 to 1996 . During his tenure , a 1994 border crisis involving Yemen was defused , a 1994 crisis with Iraq was deterred , he presided over the embassy during the 1995 terrorist attack , child abduction cases were addressed , and contracts worth more than $16 billion were signed between Saudi Arabian and American companies such as Boeing , and AT&T . Mabuss residence and embassy office in Riyadh were decorated with items of interest from his home state including an Ackerman phone book on his office coffee table and the Mississippi flag next to the American flag . Secretary of the Navy . On March 27 , 2009 , Mabus was nominated by President Obama as Secretary of the Department of the Navy . He was sworn in on May 19 , 2009 , and held a ceremonial swearing in at Washington Navy Yard on June 18 , 2009 , where he was re-sworn in by the Secretary of Defense Robert Gates . Ship naming controversies . In April 2010 a furor arose when it was reported that Mabus made the proposal to name a United States Navy warship the after the late Pennsylvania Democratic congressman John Murtha . Additional naming controversies occurred due to the naming of the auxiliary ship after civil rights activist Cesar Chavez who has described his service in the U.S . Navy as ...the worst two years in my life , and a littoral combat ship the after former Arizona Democratic Congresswoman Gabby Giffords , after she suffered life-threatening wounds in the 2011 mass shooting in her home district of Tucson , Arizona . On April 16 , 2012 , the Navy Secretary returned to Naval tradition of naming certain warships after former U.S . presidents , announcing the next Zumwalt-class destroyer be named the . Even this action represented somewhat of a change to previous norms , since with the exception of the current attack submarine , and the since-decommissioned class of Polaris/Poseidon fleet ballistic missile submarines , all recent U.S . warships named for presidents have been aircraft carriers . Subsequent ship namings include his January 6 , 2016 announcement of his naming of another auxiliary ship after civil rights activist and sitting incumbent Georgia Democratic Congressman John Lewis ( i.e. , ) . Mabus further stated that this particular class of auxiliary ship , of which the John Lewis would be the lead ship , would all be named after civil rights leaders . Mabus followed this action with his July 14 , 2016 naming of the subsequent after gay rights icon and former San Francisco Democratic politician the late Harvey Milk , who had served as a naval line officer for four years prior to resigning his commission and honorable discharge as a lieutenant , junior grade ( LJG ) . Gulf Coast restoration plan . President Obama has asked him to develop a long-term Gulf Coast Restoration Plan as soon as possible . The plan will be designed by states , local communities , Native American tribes , fishermen , businesses , conservationists and other Gulf residents . 2013 Navy Yard shooting . On September 16 , 2013 , gunman Aaron Alexis entered the Washington Navy Yard and killed 13 people and injured 14 . Alexis was a 34-year-old military contractor . A Pentagon internal investigation found that the shootings could have been prevented with stricter oversight of security clearances and increased security at the Navy Yard facility . A ceremony was held to mark the one-year anniversary of the Navy Yard massacre , honoring those who were killed and injured . Mabus stated , We know that their lives are defined not by how they died , but by how they lived and what they lived for , and will be remembered for that always . Budget controversy . After a January 2015 report by the Defense Business Board and McKinsey & Company discovered DoD was spending $134 billion , 23% of its total budget , on back-office work , and that the back-office bureaucracy staff of over one million people was nearly as great as the number of active troops , the Board recommended a plan to cut $125 billion in waste over five years . However , when Ash Carter became Defense Secretary the next month , he replaced the Board chairman , the McKinsey results were classified as secret , and its report was removed from public websites . Mabus then gave a speech at the American Enterprise Institute highlighting the McKinsey report , calling the back-office costs pure overhead and particularly criticizing the Defense Finance and Accounting Service and the Defense Logistics Agency . Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Frank Kendall III then wrote to him asking please refrain from taking any more public pot shots and I do not want this spilling over into further public discourse . USMC integration . On January 1 , 2016 , Mabus ordered the United States Marine Corps to devise a plan on co-integration of male and female recruits in basic training , giving top brass a two-week planning period , along with requesting a subject matter expert , to report the best method of said plan . Departure . Mabus stepped down as Secretary of the Navy in January 2017 upon the inauguration of Donald Trump . He was succeeded by Assistant Navy Secretary Sean Stackley , who became acting Secretary until Richard V . Spencer was sworn in as Secretary in August 2017 . Business ventures . He was Chairman and CEO of Foamex International and helped lead it out of bankruptcy . Ray Mabus serves as a Google Ventures Advisor . Awards , honors , community service . Mabus has been awarded the U.S . Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Award , the U.S . Armys Distinguished Civilian Service Award , the Martin Luther King Jr . Social Responsibility Award from the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta , the National Wildlife Federation Conservation Achievement Award , the King Abdulaziz Award from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , and the Mississippi Association of Educators Friend of Education Award . He was included in Glassdoors 2013 list of Highest Rated CEOs at 43rd place with an 82% approval rate . He is active in many community activities , primarily focusing on education . Following Hurricane Katrina , he founded the Help and Hope Foundation , which works to meet the needs of children affected by the storm . He was a member of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations , and is the Distinguished Lecturer on the Middle East at the University of Mississippi . Personal life . Mabus has been married to the former Lynn Horecky since 2007 . He was previously married to the former Julie HInes until their divorce in 2000 . Mabus is a fan of the Boston Red Sox having first followed the team during the 1975 World Series while a student at Harvard Law School . In 2009 , and again in 2014 , Mabus made cameo appearances on the TV drama NCIS in the Season 7 episode Childs Play , and in the Season 12 episode Semper Fortis , as an NCIS Agent named Ray . He also made a cameo on in the episode Insane in the Membrane . In 2012 , he appeared in the movie Battleship as the commanding officer of . Mabus made a cameo appearance as himself in the Its Not a Rumor episode of the TV series The Last Ship , issuing orders to the crew of the Nathan James via a recorded message ; in the storyline , by the time the ship received the orders , Mabus had succumbed to the Red Flu virus . External links . - United States Navy bio page - Mississippi Historical Society biography - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Mabus , February 5 , 2012

easy

What position did Ray Mabus take from Jul 1994 to Apr 1996?

/wiki/Ray_Mabus#P39#2

Ray Mabus Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr . ( born October 11 , 1948 ) is an American politician , diplomat , and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017 . Mabus previously served as the State Auditor of Mississippi from 1984 to 1988 , as the 60th Governor of Mississippi from 1988 to 1992 and as the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 1996 . Early life and education . Mabus was born in Starkville , Mississippi , and is a fourth-generation Mississippian ; he grew up in Ackerman , the only child of the owner of the local hardware store . After attending public schools , he graduated summa cum laude from the University of Mississippi , where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi , with a Bachelor of Arts in English and political science . He earned a Master of Arts in political science from Johns Hopkins University and a Juris Doctor , magna cum laude , from Harvard Law School . He had been offered a Fulbright Scholarship , had held a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship , and had traveled widely throughout Europe , the Middle East , Russia , and Latin America Prior to attending law school , he also served two years in the Navy as a surface warfare officer from 1970 to 1972 aboard the cruiser , achieving the rank of Lieutenant , junior grade and worked as a law clerk in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit . Career . Mabus began his professional career working in Washington , D.C. , as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on Agriculture . Following the election of Governor William Winter , he returned to Mississippi to work in the governors office , where the youthful staff , which included Mabus , Dick Molpus , John Henegan and Andy Mullins—earned the nickname Boys of Spring from a rival state legislator . Mississippi State Auditor . In 1983 , Mabus was elected state auditor and served from 1984 to 1988 , during this time , he participated in a large FBI sting operation which recovered millions in misspent or stolen public funds . By the time it was finished , Operation Pretense had ensnared 57 county supervisors in 25 counties , and all but two of those supervisors served time in prison . Governor of Mississippi . At 39 years of age , he defeated Tupelo businessman Jack Reed in the 1987 gubernatorial election by 53% to 47% , becoming the youngest governor in the United States . He won on a wave of black votes ( black voters made up about 30 percent of the states registered voters ) and lost the white vote by about 3 to 2 despite support from what a coalition one Democratic state chairman described as poor whites and yuppies . Mabus , who ran on the slogan Mississippi Will Never Be Last Again , was billed as the face of the New South , much like his counterpart in Arkansas at the time , Bill Clinton . Mabus was featured in a 1988 New York Times Magazine cover story titled The Yuppies of Mississippi ; How They Took Over the Statehouse . During his time as governor , he passed B.E.S.T . ( Better Education for Success Tomorrow ) , gave teachers the largest pay raise in the nation ; and was named one of Fortune Magazines ten education governors . Mississippi also had record growth in new jobs , investment , tourism and exports . Because of the gubernatorial succession amendment ratified in 1987 , Mabus was eligible to become the first governor to serve two successive terms in more than 100 years , and he ran for reelection in 1991 . He was defeated 51% to 48% in the general election by Republican Kirk Fordice , a former Vicksburg construction executive , who portrayed him as arrogant and out of touch with Mississippi politically , with a New York Times article describing him as a Porsche politician in a Chevy pickup state . Ambassador to Saudi Arabia . Mabus was appointed by President Bill Clinton to be the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and served from 1994 to 1996 . During his tenure , a 1994 border crisis involving Yemen was defused , a 1994 crisis with Iraq was deterred , he presided over the embassy during the 1995 terrorist attack , child abduction cases were addressed , and contracts worth more than $16 billion were signed between Saudi Arabian and American companies such as Boeing , and AT&T . Mabuss residence and embassy office in Riyadh were decorated with items of interest from his home state including an Ackerman phone book on his office coffee table and the Mississippi flag next to the American flag . Secretary of the Navy . On March 27 , 2009 , Mabus was nominated by President Obama as Secretary of the Department of the Navy . He was sworn in on May 19 , 2009 , and held a ceremonial swearing in at Washington Navy Yard on June 18 , 2009 , where he was re-sworn in by the Secretary of Defense Robert Gates . Ship naming controversies . In April 2010 a furor arose when it was reported that Mabus made the proposal to name a United States Navy warship the after the late Pennsylvania Democratic congressman John Murtha . Additional naming controversies occurred due to the naming of the auxiliary ship after civil rights activist Cesar Chavez who has described his service in the U.S . Navy as ...the worst two years in my life , and a littoral combat ship the after former Arizona Democratic Congresswoman Gabby Giffords , after she suffered life-threatening wounds in the 2011 mass shooting in her home district of Tucson , Arizona . On April 16 , 2012 , the Navy Secretary returned to Naval tradition of naming certain warships after former U.S . presidents , announcing the next Zumwalt-class destroyer be named the . Even this action represented somewhat of a change to previous norms , since with the exception of the current attack submarine , and the since-decommissioned class of Polaris/Poseidon fleet ballistic missile submarines , all recent U.S . warships named for presidents have been aircraft carriers . Subsequent ship namings include his January 6 , 2016 announcement of his naming of another auxiliary ship after civil rights activist and sitting incumbent Georgia Democratic Congressman John Lewis ( i.e. , ) . Mabus further stated that this particular class of auxiliary ship , of which the John Lewis would be the lead ship , would all be named after civil rights leaders . Mabus followed this action with his July 14 , 2016 naming of the subsequent after gay rights icon and former San Francisco Democratic politician the late Harvey Milk , who had served as a naval line officer for four years prior to resigning his commission and honorable discharge as a lieutenant , junior grade ( LJG ) . Gulf Coast restoration plan . President Obama has asked him to develop a long-term Gulf Coast Restoration Plan as soon as possible . The plan will be designed by states , local communities , Native American tribes , fishermen , businesses , conservationists and other Gulf residents . 2013 Navy Yard shooting . On September 16 , 2013 , gunman Aaron Alexis entered the Washington Navy Yard and killed 13 people and injured 14 . Alexis was a 34-year-old military contractor . A Pentagon internal investigation found that the shootings could have been prevented with stricter oversight of security clearances and increased security at the Navy Yard facility . A ceremony was held to mark the one-year anniversary of the Navy Yard massacre , honoring those who were killed and injured . Mabus stated , We know that their lives are defined not by how they died , but by how they lived and what they lived for , and will be remembered for that always . Budget controversy . After a January 2015 report by the Defense Business Board and McKinsey & Company discovered DoD was spending $134 billion , 23% of its total budget , on back-office work , and that the back-office bureaucracy staff of over one million people was nearly as great as the number of active troops , the Board recommended a plan to cut $125 billion in waste over five years . However , when Ash Carter became Defense Secretary the next month , he replaced the Board chairman , the McKinsey results were classified as secret , and its report was removed from public websites . Mabus then gave a speech at the American Enterprise Institute highlighting the McKinsey report , calling the back-office costs pure overhead and particularly criticizing the Defense Finance and Accounting Service and the Defense Logistics Agency . Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Frank Kendall III then wrote to him asking please refrain from taking any more public pot shots and I do not want this spilling over into further public discourse . USMC integration . On January 1 , 2016 , Mabus ordered the United States Marine Corps to devise a plan on co-integration of male and female recruits in basic training , giving top brass a two-week planning period , along with requesting a subject matter expert , to report the best method of said plan . Departure . Mabus stepped down as Secretary of the Navy in January 2017 upon the inauguration of Donald Trump . He was succeeded by Assistant Navy Secretary Sean Stackley , who became acting Secretary until Richard V . Spencer was sworn in as Secretary in August 2017 . Business ventures . He was Chairman and CEO of Foamex International and helped lead it out of bankruptcy . Ray Mabus serves as a Google Ventures Advisor . Awards , honors , community service . Mabus has been awarded the U.S . Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Award , the U.S . Armys Distinguished Civilian Service Award , the Martin Luther King Jr . Social Responsibility Award from the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta , the National Wildlife Federation Conservation Achievement Award , the King Abdulaziz Award from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , and the Mississippi Association of Educators Friend of Education Award . He was included in Glassdoors 2013 list of Highest Rated CEOs at 43rd place with an 82% approval rate . He is active in many community activities , primarily focusing on education . Following Hurricane Katrina , he founded the Help and Hope Foundation , which works to meet the needs of children affected by the storm . He was a member of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations , and is the Distinguished Lecturer on the Middle East at the University of Mississippi . Personal life . Mabus has been married to the former Lynn Horecky since 2007 . He was previously married to the former Julie HInes until their divorce in 2000 . Mabus is a fan of the Boston Red Sox having first followed the team during the 1975 World Series while a student at Harvard Law School . In 2009 , and again in 2014 , Mabus made cameo appearances on the TV drama NCIS in the Season 7 episode Childs Play , and in the Season 12 episode Semper Fortis , as an NCIS Agent named Ray . He also made a cameo on in the episode Insane in the Membrane . In 2012 , he appeared in the movie Battleship as the commanding officer of . Mabus made a cameo appearance as himself in the Its Not a Rumor episode of the TV series The Last Ship , issuing orders to the crew of the Nathan James via a recorded message ; in the storyline , by the time the ship received the orders , Mabus had succumbed to the Red Flu virus . External links . - United States Navy bio page - Mississippi Historical Society biography - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Mabus , February 5 , 2012

easy

What position did Ray Mabus take from May 2009 to 2017?

/wiki/Ray_Mabus#P39#3

Ray Mabus Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr . ( born October 11 , 1948 ) is an American politician , diplomat , and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017 . Mabus previously served as the State Auditor of Mississippi from 1984 to 1988 , as the 60th Governor of Mississippi from 1988 to 1992 and as the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 1996 . Early life and education . Mabus was born in Starkville , Mississippi , and is a fourth-generation Mississippian ; he grew up in Ackerman , the only child of the owner of the local hardware store . After attending public schools , he graduated summa cum laude from the University of Mississippi , where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi , with a Bachelor of Arts in English and political science . He earned a Master of Arts in political science from Johns Hopkins University and a Juris Doctor , magna cum laude , from Harvard Law School . He had been offered a Fulbright Scholarship , had held a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship , and had traveled widely throughout Europe , the Middle East , Russia , and Latin America Prior to attending law school , he also served two years in the Navy as a surface warfare officer from 1970 to 1972 aboard the cruiser , achieving the rank of Lieutenant , junior grade and worked as a law clerk in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit . Career . Mabus began his professional career working in Washington , D.C. , as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on Agriculture . Following the election of Governor William Winter , he returned to Mississippi to work in the governors office , where the youthful staff , which included Mabus , Dick Molpus , John Henegan and Andy Mullins—earned the nickname Boys of Spring from a rival state legislator . Mississippi State Auditor . In 1983 , Mabus was elected state auditor and served from 1984 to 1988 , during this time , he participated in a large FBI sting operation which recovered millions in misspent or stolen public funds . By the time it was finished , Operation Pretense had ensnared 57 county supervisors in 25 counties , and all but two of those supervisors served time in prison . Governor of Mississippi . At 39 years of age , he defeated Tupelo businessman Jack Reed in the 1987 gubernatorial election by 53% to 47% , becoming the youngest governor in the United States . He won on a wave of black votes ( black voters made up about 30 percent of the states registered voters ) and lost the white vote by about 3 to 2 despite support from what a coalition one Democratic state chairman described as poor whites and yuppies . Mabus , who ran on the slogan Mississippi Will Never Be Last Again , was billed as the face of the New South , much like his counterpart in Arkansas at the time , Bill Clinton . Mabus was featured in a 1988 New York Times Magazine cover story titled The Yuppies of Mississippi ; How They Took Over the Statehouse . During his time as governor , he passed B.E.S.T . ( Better Education for Success Tomorrow ) , gave teachers the largest pay raise in the nation ; and was named one of Fortune Magazines ten education governors . Mississippi also had record growth in new jobs , investment , tourism and exports . Because of the gubernatorial succession amendment ratified in 1987 , Mabus was eligible to become the first governor to serve two successive terms in more than 100 years , and he ran for reelection in 1991 . He was defeated 51% to 48% in the general election by Republican Kirk Fordice , a former Vicksburg construction executive , who portrayed him as arrogant and out of touch with Mississippi politically , with a New York Times article describing him as a Porsche politician in a Chevy pickup state . Ambassador to Saudi Arabia . Mabus was appointed by President Bill Clinton to be the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and served from 1994 to 1996 . During his tenure , a 1994 border crisis involving Yemen was defused , a 1994 crisis with Iraq was deterred , he presided over the embassy during the 1995 terrorist attack , child abduction cases were addressed , and contracts worth more than $16 billion were signed between Saudi Arabian and American companies such as Boeing , and AT&T . Mabuss residence and embassy office in Riyadh were decorated with items of interest from his home state including an Ackerman phone book on his office coffee table and the Mississippi flag next to the American flag . Secretary of the Navy . On March 27 , 2009 , Mabus was nominated by President Obama as Secretary of the Department of the Navy . He was sworn in on May 19 , 2009 , and held a ceremonial swearing in at Washington Navy Yard on June 18 , 2009 , where he was re-sworn in by the Secretary of Defense Robert Gates . Ship naming controversies . In April 2010 a furor arose when it was reported that Mabus made the proposal to name a United States Navy warship the after the late Pennsylvania Democratic congressman John Murtha . Additional naming controversies occurred due to the naming of the auxiliary ship after civil rights activist Cesar Chavez who has described his service in the U.S . Navy as ...the worst two years in my life , and a littoral combat ship the after former Arizona Democratic Congresswoman Gabby Giffords , after she suffered life-threatening wounds in the 2011 mass shooting in her home district of Tucson , Arizona . On April 16 , 2012 , the Navy Secretary returned to Naval tradition of naming certain warships after former U.S . presidents , announcing the next Zumwalt-class destroyer be named the . Even this action represented somewhat of a change to previous norms , since with the exception of the current attack submarine , and the since-decommissioned class of Polaris/Poseidon fleet ballistic missile submarines , all recent U.S . warships named for presidents have been aircraft carriers . Subsequent ship namings include his January 6 , 2016 announcement of his naming of another auxiliary ship after civil rights activist and sitting incumbent Georgia Democratic Congressman John Lewis ( i.e. , ) . Mabus further stated that this particular class of auxiliary ship , of which the John Lewis would be the lead ship , would all be named after civil rights leaders . Mabus followed this action with his July 14 , 2016 naming of the subsequent after gay rights icon and former San Francisco Democratic politician the late Harvey Milk , who had served as a naval line officer for four years prior to resigning his commission and honorable discharge as a lieutenant , junior grade ( LJG ) . Gulf Coast restoration plan . President Obama has asked him to develop a long-term Gulf Coast Restoration Plan as soon as possible . The plan will be designed by states , local communities , Native American tribes , fishermen , businesses , conservationists and other Gulf residents . 2013 Navy Yard shooting . On September 16 , 2013 , gunman Aaron Alexis entered the Washington Navy Yard and killed 13 people and injured 14 . Alexis was a 34-year-old military contractor . A Pentagon internal investigation found that the shootings could have been prevented with stricter oversight of security clearances and increased security at the Navy Yard facility . A ceremony was held to mark the one-year anniversary of the Navy Yard massacre , honoring those who were killed and injured . Mabus stated , We know that their lives are defined not by how they died , but by how they lived and what they lived for , and will be remembered for that always . Budget controversy . After a January 2015 report by the Defense Business Board and McKinsey & Company discovered DoD was spending $134 billion , 23% of its total budget , on back-office work , and that the back-office bureaucracy staff of over one million people was nearly as great as the number of active troops , the Board recommended a plan to cut $125 billion in waste over five years . However , when Ash Carter became Defense Secretary the next month , he replaced the Board chairman , the McKinsey results were classified as secret , and its report was removed from public websites . Mabus then gave a speech at the American Enterprise Institute highlighting the McKinsey report , calling the back-office costs pure overhead and particularly criticizing the Defense Finance and Accounting Service and the Defense Logistics Agency . Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Frank Kendall III then wrote to him asking please refrain from taking any more public pot shots and I do not want this spilling over into further public discourse . USMC integration . On January 1 , 2016 , Mabus ordered the United States Marine Corps to devise a plan on co-integration of male and female recruits in basic training , giving top brass a two-week planning period , along with requesting a subject matter expert , to report the best method of said plan . Departure . Mabus stepped down as Secretary of the Navy in January 2017 upon the inauguration of Donald Trump . He was succeeded by Assistant Navy Secretary Sean Stackley , who became acting Secretary until Richard V . Spencer was sworn in as Secretary in August 2017 . Business ventures . He was Chairman and CEO of Foamex International and helped lead it out of bankruptcy . Ray Mabus serves as a Google Ventures Advisor . Awards , honors , community service . Mabus has been awarded the U.S . Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Award , the U.S . Armys Distinguished Civilian Service Award , the Martin Luther King Jr . Social Responsibility Award from the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta , the National Wildlife Federation Conservation Achievement Award , the King Abdulaziz Award from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , and the Mississippi Association of Educators Friend of Education Award . He was included in Glassdoors 2013 list of Highest Rated CEOs at 43rd place with an 82% approval rate . He is active in many community activities , primarily focusing on education . Following Hurricane Katrina , he founded the Help and Hope Foundation , which works to meet the needs of children affected by the storm . He was a member of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations , and is the Distinguished Lecturer on the Middle East at the University of Mississippi . Personal life . Mabus has been married to the former Lynn Horecky since 2007 . He was previously married to the former Julie HInes until their divorce in 2000 . Mabus is a fan of the Boston Red Sox having first followed the team during the 1975 World Series while a student at Harvard Law School . In 2009 , and again in 2014 , Mabus made cameo appearances on the TV drama NCIS in the Season 7 episode Childs Play , and in the Season 12 episode Semper Fortis , as an NCIS Agent named Ray . He also made a cameo on in the episode Insane in the Membrane . In 2012 , he appeared in the movie Battleship as the commanding officer of . Mabus made a cameo appearance as himself in the Its Not a Rumor episode of the TV series The Last Ship , issuing orders to the crew of the Nathan James via a recorded message ; in the storyline , by the time the ship received the orders , Mabus had succumbed to the Red Flu virus . External links . - United States Navy bio page - Mississippi Historical Society biography - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Mabus , February 5 , 2012

easy

Which position did Ray Mabus hold in 2017?

/wiki/Ray_Mabus#P39#4

Ray Mabus Raymond Edwin Mabus Jr . ( born October 11 , 1948 ) is an American politician , diplomat , and member of the Democratic Party who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Navy from 2009 to 2017 . Mabus previously served as the State Auditor of Mississippi from 1984 to 1988 , as the 60th Governor of Mississippi from 1988 to 1992 and as the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia from 1994 to 1996 . Early life and education . Mabus was born in Starkville , Mississippi , and is a fourth-generation Mississippian ; he grew up in Ackerman , the only child of the owner of the local hardware store . After attending public schools , he graduated summa cum laude from the University of Mississippi , where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi , with a Bachelor of Arts in English and political science . He earned a Master of Arts in political science from Johns Hopkins University and a Juris Doctor , magna cum laude , from Harvard Law School . He had been offered a Fulbright Scholarship , had held a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship , and had traveled widely throughout Europe , the Middle East , Russia , and Latin America Prior to attending law school , he also served two years in the Navy as a surface warfare officer from 1970 to 1972 aboard the cruiser , achieving the rank of Lieutenant , junior grade and worked as a law clerk in the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit . Career . Mabus began his professional career working in Washington , D.C. , as legal counsel to the United States House Committee on Agriculture . Following the election of Governor William Winter , he returned to Mississippi to work in the governors office , where the youthful staff , which included Mabus , Dick Molpus , John Henegan and Andy Mullins—earned the nickname Boys of Spring from a rival state legislator . Mississippi State Auditor . In 1983 , Mabus was elected state auditor and served from 1984 to 1988 , during this time , he participated in a large FBI sting operation which recovered millions in misspent or stolen public funds . By the time it was finished , Operation Pretense had ensnared 57 county supervisors in 25 counties , and all but two of those supervisors served time in prison . Governor of Mississippi . At 39 years of age , he defeated Tupelo businessman Jack Reed in the 1987 gubernatorial election by 53% to 47% , becoming the youngest governor in the United States . He won on a wave of black votes ( black voters made up about 30 percent of the states registered voters ) and lost the white vote by about 3 to 2 despite support from what a coalition one Democratic state chairman described as poor whites and yuppies . Mabus , who ran on the slogan Mississippi Will Never Be Last Again , was billed as the face of the New South , much like his counterpart in Arkansas at the time , Bill Clinton . Mabus was featured in a 1988 New York Times Magazine cover story titled The Yuppies of Mississippi ; How They Took Over the Statehouse . During his time as governor , he passed B.E.S.T . ( Better Education for Success Tomorrow ) , gave teachers the largest pay raise in the nation ; and was named one of Fortune Magazines ten education governors . Mississippi also had record growth in new jobs , investment , tourism and exports . Because of the gubernatorial succession amendment ratified in 1987 , Mabus was eligible to become the first governor to serve two successive terms in more than 100 years , and he ran for reelection in 1991 . He was defeated 51% to 48% in the general election by Republican Kirk Fordice , a former Vicksburg construction executive , who portrayed him as arrogant and out of touch with Mississippi politically , with a New York Times article describing him as a Porsche politician in a Chevy pickup state . Ambassador to Saudi Arabia . Mabus was appointed by President Bill Clinton to be the United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia and served from 1994 to 1996 . During his tenure , a 1994 border crisis involving Yemen was defused , a 1994 crisis with Iraq was deterred , he presided over the embassy during the 1995 terrorist attack , child abduction cases were addressed , and contracts worth more than $16 billion were signed between Saudi Arabian and American companies such as Boeing , and AT&T . Mabuss residence and embassy office in Riyadh were decorated with items of interest from his home state including an Ackerman phone book on his office coffee table and the Mississippi flag next to the American flag . Secretary of the Navy . On March 27 , 2009 , Mabus was nominated by President Obama as Secretary of the Department of the Navy . He was sworn in on May 19 , 2009 , and held a ceremonial swearing in at Washington Navy Yard on June 18 , 2009 , where he was re-sworn in by the Secretary of Defense Robert Gates . Ship naming controversies . In April 2010 a furor arose when it was reported that Mabus made the proposal to name a United States Navy warship the after the late Pennsylvania Democratic congressman John Murtha . Additional naming controversies occurred due to the naming of the auxiliary ship after civil rights activist Cesar Chavez who has described his service in the U.S . Navy as ...the worst two years in my life , and a littoral combat ship the after former Arizona Democratic Congresswoman Gabby Giffords , after she suffered life-threatening wounds in the 2011 mass shooting in her home district of Tucson , Arizona . On April 16 , 2012 , the Navy Secretary returned to Naval tradition of naming certain warships after former U.S . presidents , announcing the next Zumwalt-class destroyer be named the . Even this action represented somewhat of a change to previous norms , since with the exception of the current attack submarine , and the since-decommissioned class of Polaris/Poseidon fleet ballistic missile submarines , all recent U.S . warships named for presidents have been aircraft carriers . Subsequent ship namings include his January 6 , 2016 announcement of his naming of another auxiliary ship after civil rights activist and sitting incumbent Georgia Democratic Congressman John Lewis ( i.e. , ) . Mabus further stated that this particular class of auxiliary ship , of which the John Lewis would be the lead ship , would all be named after civil rights leaders . Mabus followed this action with his July 14 , 2016 naming of the subsequent after gay rights icon and former San Francisco Democratic politician the late Harvey Milk , who had served as a naval line officer for four years prior to resigning his commission and honorable discharge as a lieutenant , junior grade ( LJG ) . Gulf Coast restoration plan . President Obama has asked him to develop a long-term Gulf Coast Restoration Plan as soon as possible . The plan will be designed by states , local communities , Native American tribes , fishermen , businesses , conservationists and other Gulf residents . 2013 Navy Yard shooting . On September 16 , 2013 , gunman Aaron Alexis entered the Washington Navy Yard and killed 13 people and injured 14 . Alexis was a 34-year-old military contractor . A Pentagon internal investigation found that the shootings could have been prevented with stricter oversight of security clearances and increased security at the Navy Yard facility . A ceremony was held to mark the one-year anniversary of the Navy Yard massacre , honoring those who were killed and injured . Mabus stated , We know that their lives are defined not by how they died , but by how they lived and what they lived for , and will be remembered for that always . Budget controversy . After a January 2015 report by the Defense Business Board and McKinsey & Company discovered DoD was spending $134 billion , 23% of its total budget , on back-office work , and that the back-office bureaucracy staff of over one million people was nearly as great as the number of active troops , the Board recommended a plan to cut $125 billion in waste over five years . However , when Ash Carter became Defense Secretary the next month , he replaced the Board chairman , the McKinsey results were classified as secret , and its report was removed from public websites . Mabus then gave a speech at the American Enterprise Institute highlighting the McKinsey report , calling the back-office costs pure overhead and particularly criticizing the Defense Finance and Accounting Service and the Defense Logistics Agency . Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Frank Kendall III then wrote to him asking please refrain from taking any more public pot shots and I do not want this spilling over into further public discourse . USMC integration . On January 1 , 2016 , Mabus ordered the United States Marine Corps to devise a plan on co-integration of male and female recruits in basic training , giving top brass a two-week planning period , along with requesting a subject matter expert , to report the best method of said plan . Departure . Mabus stepped down as Secretary of the Navy in January 2017 upon the inauguration of Donald Trump . He was succeeded by Assistant Navy Secretary Sean Stackley , who became acting Secretary until Richard V . Spencer was sworn in as Secretary in August 2017 . Business ventures . He was Chairman and CEO of Foamex International and helped lead it out of bankruptcy . Ray Mabus serves as a Google Ventures Advisor . Awards , honors , community service . Mabus has been awarded the U.S . Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Award , the U.S . Armys Distinguished Civilian Service Award , the Martin Luther King Jr . Social Responsibility Award from the King Center for Nonviolent Social Change in Atlanta , the National Wildlife Federation Conservation Achievement Award , the King Abdulaziz Award from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , and the Mississippi Association of Educators Friend of Education Award . He was included in Glassdoors 2013 list of Highest Rated CEOs at 43rd place with an 82% approval rate . He is active in many community activities , primarily focusing on education . Following Hurricane Katrina , he founded the Help and Hope Foundation , which works to meet the needs of children affected by the storm . He was a member of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy and the Council on Foreign Relations , and is the Distinguished Lecturer on the Middle East at the University of Mississippi . Personal life . Mabus has been married to the former Lynn Horecky since 2007 . He was previously married to the former Julie HInes until their divorce in 2000 . Mabus is a fan of the Boston Red Sox having first followed the team during the 1975 World Series while a student at Harvard Law School . In 2009 , and again in 2014 , Mabus made cameo appearances on the TV drama NCIS in the Season 7 episode Childs Play , and in the Season 12 episode Semper Fortis , as an NCIS Agent named Ray . He also made a cameo on in the episode Insane in the Membrane . In 2012 , he appeared in the movie Battleship as the commanding officer of . Mabus made a cameo appearance as himself in the Its Not a Rumor episode of the TV series The Last Ship , issuing orders to the crew of the Nathan James via a recorded message ; in the storyline , by the time the ship received the orders , Mabus had succumbed to the Red Flu virus . External links . - United States Navy bio page - Mississippi Historical Society biography - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Mabus , February 5 , 2012

easy

Who was the spouse of Dixie Carter from 1967 to 1977?

/wiki/Dixie_Carter#P26#0

Dixie Carter Dixie Virginia Carter ( May 25 , 1939 – April 10 , 2010 ) was an American actress . She starred as Julia Sugarbaker on the sitcom Designing Women ( 1986–1993 ) and as Randi King on the drama series Family Law ( 1999–2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Gloria Hodge on Desperate Housewives ( 2006–2007 ) . Carter made her professional stage debut in a Memphis production of the musical Carousel in 1960 and made her Broadway debut in the 1974 musical Sextet . After appearing for two years as District Attorney Brandy Henderson on the CBS soap The Edge of Night ( 1974–1976 ) , she starred in the 1976 Broadway musical Pal Joey . Her other television roles included the sitcoms On Our Own ( 1977–1978 ) , Filthy Rich ( 1982–1983 ) and Diffrent Strokes ( 1984–1985 ) . She returned to Broadway to play Maria Callas in the play Master Class in 1997 and to play Mrs . Meers in the musical Thoroughly Modern Millie in 2004 . Early life . Dixie Virginia Carter was born May 25 , 1939 , to Esther Virginia ( née Hillsman ; 1909–1988 ) and Halbert Leroy Carter ( 1910–2007 ) in McLemoresville , Tennessee . Carter spent many of her early years in Memphis . She attended the University of Memphis and Rhodes College . In college , she was a member of the Delta Delta Delta sorority . In 1959 , Carter competed in the Miss Tennessee pageant , where she placed first runner-up to Mickie Weyland . Carter won the Miss Volunteer beauty pageant at the University of Tennessee the same year . Career . In 1960 , Carter made her professional stage debut in a Memphis production of Carousel , co-starring George Hearn , who she would go on to marry 17 years later . She moved to New York City in 1963 and got a part in a production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale . In 1967 , she began an eight-year hiatus from acting , to focus on raising her two daughters ; she returned to acting in 1974 , when she filled in for actress Nancy Pinkerton as Dorian Cramer on One Life to Live while Pinkerton was on maternity leave . She subsequently was cast in the role of Assistant D.A . Olivia Brandeis Brandy Henderson on the soap opera The Edge of Night from 1974 to 1976 . Carter took the role though some advised her that doing a daytime soap might negatively affect her career . However , she was first noticed in this role , and after leaving Edge of Night in 1977 , she appeared in several episodes of another soap opera , The Doctors as socialite Linda Elliott . She relocated from New York to Los Angeles and pursued prime-time television roles . In 1976 , she won the Theater World Award for Jesse and the Bandit Queen . She appeared in series such as Out of the Blue ( as Aunt Marion ) , On Our Own ( as April Baxter ) , Diffrent Strokes ( as the first Maggie McKinney Drummond , Phillip Drummonds second wife ) , The Greatest American Hero ( playing a KGB spy ) and as the stuck up and conniving Carlotta Beck on Filthy Rich ( 1982 ) . Carters appearance in Filthy Rich paved the way for her most notable role , that of sharp tongued liberal interior decorator Julia Sugarbaker in the 1986–1993 television program Designing Women , set in Atlanta . Filthy Rich was created by Linda Bloodworth Thomason , who also created Designing Women . ( In the beginning , without knowing the content of the show , Bloodworth-Thomasons only idea was to create a show starring Carter and fellow castmates Delta Burke , Annie Potts and Jean Smart . Filthy Rich also featured fellow Designing Women cast member Delta Burke in its cast. ) After much persuasion from creators Linda Bloodworth-Thomason and her husband Harry Thomason , Hal Holbrook , Carters real-life husband , had a recurring role as attorney Reese Watson . Carters daughters Ginna and Mary Dixie Carter also had guest star roles as Julia Sugarbakers nieces Jennifer and Camilla in the episode The Naked Truth in 1989 . In 1997 , Carter starred as Maria Callas in Terrence McNallys play Master Class . She played the role from January to June . The role previously had been played by Zoe Caldwell and Patti LuPone . Noted for portraying strong-minded Southern women , Carter provided the voice of Necile in Mike Young Productions cartoon feature The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus . She was also in the voice cast of My Neighbors the Yamadas , the English language dub of Studio Ghiblis 1999 anime movie of the same . From 1999 to 2002 , she portrayed Randi King on the legal drama Family Law . From 1999 to 2000 , she was a cast member on the short-lived sitcom Ladies Man , appearing as a regular on both Ladies Man and Family Law . In 2004 , she made a guest appearance on , playing a defense attorney named Denise Brockmorton in the episode called Home , in which she defended the paranoid mother of two children ( Diane Venora ) who had manipulated her older son to kill the younger son after breaking her home rules . Carter starred in several Broadway musicals and plays . She appeared on- and off-Broadway as well , playing the role of Melba Snyder in the 1976 revival of Pal Joey and Maria Callas in Master Class . In 2006–2007 , Carter found a resurgence of fame with a new generation of fans portraying Gloria Hodge , Bree Van de Kamps disturbed ( and scheming ) mother-in-law on Desperate Housewives . Creator Marc Cherry started in Hollywood as Carters assistant on the set of Designing Women . Her first and only Emmy Awards nomination was for the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards under the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Gloria Hodge . Carter gave an interview in 2006 for the feature length documentary That Guy : The Legacy of Dub Taylor , which received support from Taylors family and many of Dubs previous coworkers , including Bill Cosby , Peter Fonda , Don Collier , Cheryl Rogers-Barnett and many others . The project was scheduled to have its world premiere at Taylors childhood hometown of Augusta , Georgia on April 14 , 2007 . Her final film was That Evening Sun , which she filmed with her husband Hal Holbrook in East Tennessee in summer 2008 . The film , produced by Dogwood Entertainment ( a subsidiary of DoubleJay Creative ) , is based on a short story by William Gay . That Evening Sun premiered at South By Southwest , where it competed for the narrative feature grand jury prize . Personal life . In 1967 , Carter married businessman Arthur Carter ( no relation ) . Following the birth of her daughters , Carter left acting for eight years to raise her children with Arthurs three children , Jon , Whendy and Ellen Carter . She divorced Arthur Carter in 1977 and married theater and TV actor George Hearn the same year . Two years later , she divorced Hearn . She was married for the third time on May 27 , 1984 , to fellow actor Hal Holbrook whom she met on the set of the Killing of Randy Webster in 1980 and was talked into riding on the back of Holbrooks motorcycle for the first ( and last ) time . She and Holbrook divided their time between their homes in Beverly Hills , California and McLemoresville , Tennessee where she spent her finest years working closely with architect Hoyte Johnson to revive and expand her childhood homeplace making room for grand entertainment with her family and friends and tender care for her father , Hal Carter , until his death . In 1996 , Carter published a memoir titled Trying to Get to Heaven , in which she talked frankly about her life with Hal Holbrook , Designing Women and her plastic surgery during the shows run . She acknowledged , along with other celebrities , having used human growth hormone for its antiaging properties . Political views . Carter was a registered Republican who described her political views as libertarian . She was interviewed by Bill OReilly along with Pat Boone at the 2000 Republican National Convention , and once jokingly described herself as the only Republican in show business . However , Carters Designing Women character , Julia Sugarbaker , was known for her liberal political views and related speeches , for which she was nicknamed The Terminator . Carter disagreed with many of her characters beliefs , and made a deal with the shows producers that if Julia delivered a Terminator monologue , she would get to sing a song in a future episode . Death and legacy . Carter died on April 10 , 2010 , in Houston , Texas . Carters husband said her death was caused by complications from endometrial cancer , diagnosed earlier in 2010 . Dixie Carter was interred in McLemoresville , Tennessee . The Dixie Carter Performing Arts and Academic Enrichment Center ( informally called The Dixie ) in Huntingdon , Tennessee , is named in honor of Carter . A public service announcement made by Carter in 2003 describing and offering outreach to sufferers of spasmodic torticollis/cervical dystonia began appearing in New York and New Jersey and then across the United States in 2010 .

easy

Who was Dixie Carter 's spouse from 1977 to 1979?

/wiki/Dixie_Carter#P26#1

Dixie Carter Dixie Virginia Carter ( May 25 , 1939 – April 10 , 2010 ) was an American actress . She starred as Julia Sugarbaker on the sitcom Designing Women ( 1986–1993 ) and as Randi King on the drama series Family Law ( 1999–2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Gloria Hodge on Desperate Housewives ( 2006–2007 ) . Carter made her professional stage debut in a Memphis production of the musical Carousel in 1960 and made her Broadway debut in the 1974 musical Sextet . After appearing for two years as District Attorney Brandy Henderson on the CBS soap The Edge of Night ( 1974–1976 ) , she starred in the 1976 Broadway musical Pal Joey . Her other television roles included the sitcoms On Our Own ( 1977–1978 ) , Filthy Rich ( 1982–1983 ) and Diffrent Strokes ( 1984–1985 ) . She returned to Broadway to play Maria Callas in the play Master Class in 1997 and to play Mrs . Meers in the musical Thoroughly Modern Millie in 2004 . Early life . Dixie Virginia Carter was born May 25 , 1939 , to Esther Virginia ( née Hillsman ; 1909–1988 ) and Halbert Leroy Carter ( 1910–2007 ) in McLemoresville , Tennessee . Carter spent many of her early years in Memphis . She attended the University of Memphis and Rhodes College . In college , she was a member of the Delta Delta Delta sorority . In 1959 , Carter competed in the Miss Tennessee pageant , where she placed first runner-up to Mickie Weyland . Carter won the Miss Volunteer beauty pageant at the University of Tennessee the same year . Career . In 1960 , Carter made her professional stage debut in a Memphis production of Carousel , co-starring George Hearn , who she would go on to marry 17 years later . She moved to New York City in 1963 and got a part in a production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale . In 1967 , she began an eight-year hiatus from acting , to focus on raising her two daughters ; she returned to acting in 1974 , when she filled in for actress Nancy Pinkerton as Dorian Cramer on One Life to Live while Pinkerton was on maternity leave . She subsequently was cast in the role of Assistant D.A . Olivia Brandeis Brandy Henderson on the soap opera The Edge of Night from 1974 to 1976 . Carter took the role though some advised her that doing a daytime soap might negatively affect her career . However , she was first noticed in this role , and after leaving Edge of Night in 1977 , she appeared in several episodes of another soap opera , The Doctors as socialite Linda Elliott . She relocated from New York to Los Angeles and pursued prime-time television roles . In 1976 , she won the Theater World Award for Jesse and the Bandit Queen . She appeared in series such as Out of the Blue ( as Aunt Marion ) , On Our Own ( as April Baxter ) , Diffrent Strokes ( as the first Maggie McKinney Drummond , Phillip Drummonds second wife ) , The Greatest American Hero ( playing a KGB spy ) and as the stuck up and conniving Carlotta Beck on Filthy Rich ( 1982 ) . Carters appearance in Filthy Rich paved the way for her most notable role , that of sharp tongued liberal interior decorator Julia Sugarbaker in the 1986–1993 television program Designing Women , set in Atlanta . Filthy Rich was created by Linda Bloodworth Thomason , who also created Designing Women . ( In the beginning , without knowing the content of the show , Bloodworth-Thomasons only idea was to create a show starring Carter and fellow castmates Delta Burke , Annie Potts and Jean Smart . Filthy Rich also featured fellow Designing Women cast member Delta Burke in its cast. ) After much persuasion from creators Linda Bloodworth-Thomason and her husband Harry Thomason , Hal Holbrook , Carters real-life husband , had a recurring role as attorney Reese Watson . Carters daughters Ginna and Mary Dixie Carter also had guest star roles as Julia Sugarbakers nieces Jennifer and Camilla in the episode The Naked Truth in 1989 . In 1997 , Carter starred as Maria Callas in Terrence McNallys play Master Class . She played the role from January to June . The role previously had been played by Zoe Caldwell and Patti LuPone . Noted for portraying strong-minded Southern women , Carter provided the voice of Necile in Mike Young Productions cartoon feature The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus . She was also in the voice cast of My Neighbors the Yamadas , the English language dub of Studio Ghiblis 1999 anime movie of the same . From 1999 to 2002 , she portrayed Randi King on the legal drama Family Law . From 1999 to 2000 , she was a cast member on the short-lived sitcom Ladies Man , appearing as a regular on both Ladies Man and Family Law . In 2004 , she made a guest appearance on , playing a defense attorney named Denise Brockmorton in the episode called Home , in which she defended the paranoid mother of two children ( Diane Venora ) who had manipulated her older son to kill the younger son after breaking her home rules . Carter starred in several Broadway musicals and plays . She appeared on- and off-Broadway as well , playing the role of Melba Snyder in the 1976 revival of Pal Joey and Maria Callas in Master Class . In 2006–2007 , Carter found a resurgence of fame with a new generation of fans portraying Gloria Hodge , Bree Van de Kamps disturbed ( and scheming ) mother-in-law on Desperate Housewives . Creator Marc Cherry started in Hollywood as Carters assistant on the set of Designing Women . Her first and only Emmy Awards nomination was for the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards under the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Gloria Hodge . Carter gave an interview in 2006 for the feature length documentary That Guy : The Legacy of Dub Taylor , which received support from Taylors family and many of Dubs previous coworkers , including Bill Cosby , Peter Fonda , Don Collier , Cheryl Rogers-Barnett and many others . The project was scheduled to have its world premiere at Taylors childhood hometown of Augusta , Georgia on April 14 , 2007 . Her final film was That Evening Sun , which she filmed with her husband Hal Holbrook in East Tennessee in summer 2008 . The film , produced by Dogwood Entertainment ( a subsidiary of DoubleJay Creative ) , is based on a short story by William Gay . That Evening Sun premiered at South By Southwest , where it competed for the narrative feature grand jury prize . Personal life . In 1967 , Carter married businessman Arthur Carter ( no relation ) . Following the birth of her daughters , Carter left acting for eight years to raise her children with Arthurs three children , Jon , Whendy and Ellen Carter . She divorced Arthur Carter in 1977 and married theater and TV actor George Hearn the same year . Two years later , she divorced Hearn . She was married for the third time on May 27 , 1984 , to fellow actor Hal Holbrook whom she met on the set of the Killing of Randy Webster in 1980 and was talked into riding on the back of Holbrooks motorcycle for the first ( and last ) time . She and Holbrook divided their time between their homes in Beverly Hills , California and McLemoresville , Tennessee where she spent her finest years working closely with architect Hoyte Johnson to revive and expand her childhood homeplace making room for grand entertainment with her family and friends and tender care for her father , Hal Carter , until his death . In 1996 , Carter published a memoir titled Trying to Get to Heaven , in which she talked frankly about her life with Hal Holbrook , Designing Women and her plastic surgery during the shows run . She acknowledged , along with other celebrities , having used human growth hormone for its antiaging properties . Political views . Carter was a registered Republican who described her political views as libertarian . She was interviewed by Bill OReilly along with Pat Boone at the 2000 Republican National Convention , and once jokingly described herself as the only Republican in show business . However , Carters Designing Women character , Julia Sugarbaker , was known for her liberal political views and related speeches , for which she was nicknamed The Terminator . Carter disagreed with many of her characters beliefs , and made a deal with the shows producers that if Julia delivered a Terminator monologue , she would get to sing a song in a future episode . Death and legacy . Carter died on April 10 , 2010 , in Houston , Texas . Carters husband said her death was caused by complications from endometrial cancer , diagnosed earlier in 2010 . Dixie Carter was interred in McLemoresville , Tennessee . The Dixie Carter Performing Arts and Academic Enrichment Center ( informally called The Dixie ) in Huntingdon , Tennessee , is named in honor of Carter . A public service announcement made by Carter in 2003 describing and offering outreach to sufferers of spasmodic torticollis/cervical dystonia began appearing in New York and New Jersey and then across the United States in 2010 .

easy

Who was the spouse of Dixie Carter from 1984 to 2010?

/wiki/Dixie_Carter#P26#2

Dixie Carter Dixie Virginia Carter ( May 25 , 1939 – April 10 , 2010 ) was an American actress . She starred as Julia Sugarbaker on the sitcom Designing Women ( 1986–1993 ) and as Randi King on the drama series Family Law ( 1999–2002 ) . She was nominated for the 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Gloria Hodge on Desperate Housewives ( 2006–2007 ) . Carter made her professional stage debut in a Memphis production of the musical Carousel in 1960 and made her Broadway debut in the 1974 musical Sextet . After appearing for two years as District Attorney Brandy Henderson on the CBS soap The Edge of Night ( 1974–1976 ) , she starred in the 1976 Broadway musical Pal Joey . Her other television roles included the sitcoms On Our Own ( 1977–1978 ) , Filthy Rich ( 1982–1983 ) and Diffrent Strokes ( 1984–1985 ) . She returned to Broadway to play Maria Callas in the play Master Class in 1997 and to play Mrs . Meers in the musical Thoroughly Modern Millie in 2004 . Early life . Dixie Virginia Carter was born May 25 , 1939 , to Esther Virginia ( née Hillsman ; 1909–1988 ) and Halbert Leroy Carter ( 1910–2007 ) in McLemoresville , Tennessee . Carter spent many of her early years in Memphis . She attended the University of Memphis and Rhodes College . In college , she was a member of the Delta Delta Delta sorority . In 1959 , Carter competed in the Miss Tennessee pageant , where she placed first runner-up to Mickie Weyland . Carter won the Miss Volunteer beauty pageant at the University of Tennessee the same year . Career . In 1960 , Carter made her professional stage debut in a Memphis production of Carousel , co-starring George Hearn , who she would go on to marry 17 years later . She moved to New York City in 1963 and got a part in a production of Shakespeares The Winters Tale . In 1967 , she began an eight-year hiatus from acting , to focus on raising her two daughters ; she returned to acting in 1974 , when she filled in for actress Nancy Pinkerton as Dorian Cramer on One Life to Live while Pinkerton was on maternity leave . She subsequently was cast in the role of Assistant D.A . Olivia Brandeis Brandy Henderson on the soap opera The Edge of Night from 1974 to 1976 . Carter took the role though some advised her that doing a daytime soap might negatively affect her career . However , she was first noticed in this role , and after leaving Edge of Night in 1977 , she appeared in several episodes of another soap opera , The Doctors as socialite Linda Elliott . She relocated from New York to Los Angeles and pursued prime-time television roles . In 1976 , she won the Theater World Award for Jesse and the Bandit Queen . She appeared in series such as Out of the Blue ( as Aunt Marion ) , On Our Own ( as April Baxter ) , Diffrent Strokes ( as the first Maggie McKinney Drummond , Phillip Drummonds second wife ) , The Greatest American Hero ( playing a KGB spy ) and as the stuck up and conniving Carlotta Beck on Filthy Rich ( 1982 ) . Carters appearance in Filthy Rich paved the way for her most notable role , that of sharp tongued liberal interior decorator Julia Sugarbaker in the 1986–1993 television program Designing Women , set in Atlanta . Filthy Rich was created by Linda Bloodworth Thomason , who also created Designing Women . ( In the beginning , without knowing the content of the show , Bloodworth-Thomasons only idea was to create a show starring Carter and fellow castmates Delta Burke , Annie Potts and Jean Smart . Filthy Rich also featured fellow Designing Women cast member Delta Burke in its cast. ) After much persuasion from creators Linda Bloodworth-Thomason and her husband Harry Thomason , Hal Holbrook , Carters real-life husband , had a recurring role as attorney Reese Watson . Carters daughters Ginna and Mary Dixie Carter also had guest star roles as Julia Sugarbakers nieces Jennifer and Camilla in the episode The Naked Truth in 1989 . In 1997 , Carter starred as Maria Callas in Terrence McNallys play Master Class . She played the role from January to June . The role previously had been played by Zoe Caldwell and Patti LuPone . Noted for portraying strong-minded Southern women , Carter provided the voice of Necile in Mike Young Productions cartoon feature The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus . She was also in the voice cast of My Neighbors the Yamadas , the English language dub of Studio Ghiblis 1999 anime movie of the same . From 1999 to 2002 , she portrayed Randi King on the legal drama Family Law . From 1999 to 2000 , she was a cast member on the short-lived sitcom Ladies Man , appearing as a regular on both Ladies Man and Family Law . In 2004 , she made a guest appearance on , playing a defense attorney named Denise Brockmorton in the episode called Home , in which she defended the paranoid mother of two children ( Diane Venora ) who had manipulated her older son to kill the younger son after breaking her home rules . Carter starred in several Broadway musicals and plays . She appeared on- and off-Broadway as well , playing the role of Melba Snyder in the 1976 revival of Pal Joey and Maria Callas in Master Class . In 2006–2007 , Carter found a resurgence of fame with a new generation of fans portraying Gloria Hodge , Bree Van de Kamps disturbed ( and scheming ) mother-in-law on Desperate Housewives . Creator Marc Cherry started in Hollywood as Carters assistant on the set of Designing Women . Her first and only Emmy Awards nomination was for the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards under the category of Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Gloria Hodge . Carter gave an interview in 2006 for the feature length documentary That Guy : The Legacy of Dub Taylor , which received support from Taylors family and many of Dubs previous coworkers , including Bill Cosby , Peter Fonda , Don Collier , Cheryl Rogers-Barnett and many others . The project was scheduled to have its world premiere at Taylors childhood hometown of Augusta , Georgia on April 14 , 2007 . Her final film was That Evening Sun , which she filmed with her husband Hal Holbrook in East Tennessee in summer 2008 . The film , produced by Dogwood Entertainment ( a subsidiary of DoubleJay Creative ) , is based on a short story by William Gay . That Evening Sun premiered at South By Southwest , where it competed for the narrative feature grand jury prize . Personal life . In 1967 , Carter married businessman Arthur Carter ( no relation ) . Following the birth of her daughters , Carter left acting for eight years to raise her children with Arthurs three children , Jon , Whendy and Ellen Carter . She divorced Arthur Carter in 1977 and married theater and TV actor George Hearn the same year . Two years later , she divorced Hearn . She was married for the third time on May 27 , 1984 , to fellow actor Hal Holbrook whom she met on the set of the Killing of Randy Webster in 1980 and was talked into riding on the back of Holbrooks motorcycle for the first ( and last ) time . She and Holbrook divided their time between their homes in Beverly Hills , California and McLemoresville , Tennessee where she spent her finest years working closely with architect Hoyte Johnson to revive and expand her childhood homeplace making room for grand entertainment with her family and friends and tender care for her father , Hal Carter , until his death . In 1996 , Carter published a memoir titled Trying to Get to Heaven , in which she talked frankly about her life with Hal Holbrook , Designing Women and her plastic surgery during the shows run . She acknowledged , along with other celebrities , having used human growth hormone for its antiaging properties . Political views . Carter was a registered Republican who described her political views as libertarian . She was interviewed by Bill OReilly along with Pat Boone at the 2000 Republican National Convention , and once jokingly described herself as the only Republican in show business . However , Carters Designing Women character , Julia Sugarbaker , was known for her liberal political views and related speeches , for which she was nicknamed The Terminator . Carter disagreed with many of her characters beliefs , and made a deal with the shows producers that if Julia delivered a Terminator monologue , she would get to sing a song in a future episode . Death and legacy . Carter died on April 10 , 2010 , in Houston , Texas . Carters husband said her death was caused by complications from endometrial cancer , diagnosed earlier in 2010 . Dixie Carter was interred in McLemoresville , Tennessee . The Dixie Carter Performing Arts and Academic Enrichment Center ( informally called The Dixie ) in Huntingdon , Tennessee , is named in honor of Carter . A public service announcement made by Carter in 2003 describing and offering outreach to sufferers of spasmodic torticollis/cervical dystonia began appearing in New York and New Jersey and then across the United States in 2010 .

easy

Who owned Helmut Lang (fashion brand) from 1986 to 1999?

/wiki/Helmut_Lang_(fashion_brand)#P127#0

Helmut Lang ( fashion brand ) The Helmut Lang fashion brand was created by Austrian fashion designer Helmut Lang in 1986 . The Helmut Lang brand still exists today , but has been carried on without Langs involvement since 2005 . The label . Helmut Lang , a fashion autodidact , set up a made-to-measure fashion studio in Vienna in 1977 and opened a boutique there in 1979 at the age of 23 . His clothes were fairly successful in his native Austria , and , after presenting his work as part of an exhibition titled lApocalypse Joyeuse at the Centre Pompidou in Paris , initiated by the Austrian government , he branched out successfully to Paris in 1986 and created the label Helmut Lang . At this time in the late 1980s and early 1990s , minimalist fashion was at its height . His clothes were made with very sharp lines and careful cuts , creating basic but extremely elegant silhouettes in high quality and often high-tech fabrics . His work has been compared to Rei Kawakubo and Yohji Yamamoto for his sometimes austere , intellectual designs . Lang is known for his minimalist , deconstructivist , and often severe designs . His fashion house became famous in the late 1980s for its simple but refined designs , its slim suits in black or white , its denim collection , and the use of high-tech fabrics . Helmut Lang fashions were sold in upscale department stores and through select retailers , as well as in signature Helmut Lang stores around the world . In 1999 , Lang entered into a partnership with Prada Group which resulted in the acquisition of the Helmut Lang brand by Prada in 2004 , and Mr . Langs departure from the label in 2005 . Prada consequently sold it to Link Theory of Japan in 2006 . Link Theory re-launched the Helmut Lang label with new designers in 2007 . Since then , Helmut Lang fashions have been available again at upscale department stores and signature Helmut Lang boutiques worldwide . New York City . Lang moved to New York in 1997 and subsequently set up his companys headquarters in 80 Greene St . in SoHo in 1998 . In New York , he decided in April 1998 , three days before his designs were to be presented to a New York audience , to show his collection through a live internet broadcast to the world , via the newly created companys web site . As a first in the fashion industry , ads for the brand could be seen on New York taxi tops from 1998 to 2004 . The following season he announced to show his collections not only before New York Fashion Week , but also before the Milan and Paris runway shows . As a result , with many American designers following suit , New York Fashion Week was permanently moved up six weeks to herald the established runway shows . From 2000 on , unconventional print ads for the brand were placed with National Geographic magazine . Helmut Lang fashion . Throughout the years , both a womens and mens line existed , kept under a single name and always presented in one fashion show . Underwear ( 1995 ) and jeans ( 1996 ) lines as well as accessories , such as footwear ( 1990 ) and fragrances ( 1999 ) were launched , but otherwise the brand was kept unified to solidify its identity and strength . The runway show venues for the Helmut Lang label were switched from Paris ( until 1998 ) to New York by Mr . Lang and back again to Paris by Prada ( from 2002 to 2005 ) . The collections/presentations used to be called ( working sessions ) by Mr . Lang . Prada partnership . In 1999 , Milan-based fashion house Prada acquired 51% of the Helmut Lang company in the course of a multi-brand strategy , which also included the acquisition of German fashion label Jil Sander . After alleged disputes with Prada Groups CEO Patrizio Bertelli on how the brand should be continued , and after Mr . Lang had sold his remaining shares to Prada in October 2004 , he left his own label in January 2005 . Lang joined the growing number of designer departures , including Jil Sander from her own label at Prada and Tom Ford from Gucci . However , Mr . Lang has publicly maintained that he had no problem with Mr . Bertelli . Acquisition by Link Theory . On March 17 , 2006 , Prada Group announced that , after six loss-making years , Link Theory Holdings ( LTH ) of Tokyo would be acquiring the Helmut Lang brand for an estimated €20 million . This came about three weeks after Prada had sold the Jil Sander label to British equity firm Change Capital Partners ( CCP ) . Already in spring 2005 , it had been rumored that Prada was trying to sell the label . Prada Group was said to want to concentrate on its core labels , Prada and Miu Miu , again . The Japanese holding company LTH , developer of the theory fashion label in Japan and the US , re-launched the Helmut Lang collections under the direction of a suitable designer for the spring/summer 2007 season ( presented in fall 2006 ) , in select boutiques worldwide as a contemporary brand . The new label is based out of New York City . It was never expected that Lang himself would return to the label that bears his name , although Chikara Sasake , president and chief executive of LTH , gave to understand that if Lang wants to come back , the door is always open . Helmut Lang brand re-launch . In May 2006 , it was announced that Michael and Nicole Colovos , an American-New Zealand designer couple , who formerly had their own Los Angeles-based denim label Habitual , had been installed by Link Theory as creative directors for the new Helmut Lang brand . From February 2007 , select upscale retailers such as Barneys or Bergdorf Goodman started to carry the spring/summer 2007 Helmut Lang contemporary sportswear collection . The design office has been set up in West Chelsea in New York . The collection , described as a commercial reduction of [ Mr . Langs ] fashion identity , has received quite favorable reviews even though it is clearly not seen as a continuation of the original line . The item prices in the collection are about 20% above those for comparable theory items and , hence , below the original Helmut Lang prices . Link Theory expects to generate US$ 8 million in revenues in 2008 , and make a profit in 2009 with the label . The company also announced that over the long term they intend to also establish exclusive Helmut Lang shops in the US , Europe and Japan . The Helmut Lang web site was re-activated at the end of 2006 and was fully launched in spring 2007 . Mr . Lang , who now resides on Long Island of independent means , is said not to be involved in the labels re-launch in any way . In February 2014 , Michael and Nicole Colovos , after eight years of being creative directors , left the company . The Colovos designed the 2014 Fall collection called Rough Terrain . In March 2017 , it was announced that in lieu of a creative designer , Helmut Lang would re-launch with Isabella Burley , editor of the British youth culture magazine Dazed & Confused , as “editor in residence.” In January 2018 , it was announced that Alix Browne would be appointed as editor-in-residence , replacing Isabella Burley . In August 2018 , the brand engaged in a series of layoffs after several years of profitability , with the aim to restructure the organization . Helmut Lang stores . Original stores ( until 2005 ) . All of the original , art-inspired signature Helmut Lang stores that existed in Vienna , Munich , Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Milan , Paris , New York , Hong Kong , Singapore , and Tokyo , as well as several stores-in-store in the Asian market , that existed between 1995 and 2005 have been closed . The last one to close was the Paris location in 2005 . New stores ( after 2007 ) . In March 2007 , Link Theory opened the first post-Prada signature Helmut Lang store in Tokyos fashionable Aoyama district . In Japan , the company has since then installed several Helmut Lang stores-in-store at local department stores . In August 2007 , a new freestanding Helmut Lang store was opened on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles . It is , after the Tokyo store , the second signature Helmut Lang store since the closing of the last original store in Paris . The store is adjacent to an existing theory store at 8424 Melrose Avenue . Another Helmut Lang store opened on September 28 , 2007 , on Maiden Lane in San Francisco , in the building previously occupied by Jil Sander . However , in April 2008 , this store was converted into a theory store . In New York City , a temporary pop-up shop opened in mid-December 2007 , while the company is apparently looking for a larger location in the Meatpacking District . May 8 , 2008 , saw the opening of a Helmut Lang outlet store at Woodbury Common Premium Outlets in New York , however , this store has since closed . In May 2019 , the Melrose Avenue store in Los Angeles closed . Original fragrances . Three different perfumes were associated with the Helmut Lang label , produced in cooperation with Procter & Gamble , all of which were discontinued with the closing of the original brand in 2005 . - Helmut Lang Eau de Parfum - 2000 - Helmut Lang Eau de Cologne - 2000 - Helmut Lang Cuiron ( mens ) - 2002 - Helmut Lang Velviona - 2001 References . - Specific - General - Link Theory sets turnround goals for Helmut Lang ( Financial Times ) - Link-Theory fiscal year 2006 report ( Link-Theory ) - A new Helmut line , of sorts ( International Herald Tribune ) - WWD : Helmut Lang taps new designers ( Link-Theory ) - Fashion Wire Daily : Prada to Flog Helmut Lang to Link Theory Holdings ( Yahoo News ) - Helmut Langs new theory ( International Herald Tribune ) External links . - Official Helmut Lang website - Link Theory Holdings - Official theory web site

easy

Who owned Helmut Lang (fashion brand) from 1999 to 2004?

/wiki/Helmut_Lang_(fashion_brand)#P127#1

Helmut Lang ( fashion brand ) The Helmut Lang fashion brand was created by Austrian fashion designer Helmut Lang in 1986 . The Helmut Lang brand still exists today , but has been carried on without Langs involvement since 2005 . The label . Helmut Lang , a fashion autodidact , set up a made-to-measure fashion studio in Vienna in 1977 and opened a boutique there in 1979 at the age of 23 . His clothes were fairly successful in his native Austria , and , after presenting his work as part of an exhibition titled lApocalypse Joyeuse at the Centre Pompidou in Paris , initiated by the Austrian government , he branched out successfully to Paris in 1986 and created the label Helmut Lang . At this time in the late 1980s and early 1990s , minimalist fashion was at its height . His clothes were made with very sharp lines and careful cuts , creating basic but extremely elegant silhouettes in high quality and often high-tech fabrics . His work has been compared to Rei Kawakubo and Yohji Yamamoto for his sometimes austere , intellectual designs . Lang is known for his minimalist , deconstructivist , and often severe designs . His fashion house became famous in the late 1980s for its simple but refined designs , its slim suits in black or white , its denim collection , and the use of high-tech fabrics . Helmut Lang fashions were sold in upscale department stores and through select retailers , as well as in signature Helmut Lang stores around the world . In 1999 , Lang entered into a partnership with Prada Group which resulted in the acquisition of the Helmut Lang brand by Prada in 2004 , and Mr . Langs departure from the label in 2005 . Prada consequently sold it to Link Theory of Japan in 2006 . Link Theory re-launched the Helmut Lang label with new designers in 2007 . Since then , Helmut Lang fashions have been available again at upscale department stores and signature Helmut Lang boutiques worldwide . New York City . Lang moved to New York in 1997 and subsequently set up his companys headquarters in 80 Greene St . in SoHo in 1998 . In New York , he decided in April 1998 , three days before his designs were to be presented to a New York audience , to show his collection through a live internet broadcast to the world , via the newly created companys web site . As a first in the fashion industry , ads for the brand could be seen on New York taxi tops from 1998 to 2004 . The following season he announced to show his collections not only before New York Fashion Week , but also before the Milan and Paris runway shows . As a result , with many American designers following suit , New York Fashion Week was permanently moved up six weeks to herald the established runway shows . From 2000 on , unconventional print ads for the brand were placed with National Geographic magazine . Helmut Lang fashion . Throughout the years , both a womens and mens line existed , kept under a single name and always presented in one fashion show . Underwear ( 1995 ) and jeans ( 1996 ) lines as well as accessories , such as footwear ( 1990 ) and fragrances ( 1999 ) were launched , but otherwise the brand was kept unified to solidify its identity and strength . The runway show venues for the Helmut Lang label were switched from Paris ( until 1998 ) to New York by Mr . Lang and back again to Paris by Prada ( from 2002 to 2005 ) . The collections/presentations used to be called ( working sessions ) by Mr . Lang . Prada partnership . In 1999 , Milan-based fashion house Prada acquired 51% of the Helmut Lang company in the course of a multi-brand strategy , which also included the acquisition of German fashion label Jil Sander . After alleged disputes with Prada Groups CEO Patrizio Bertelli on how the brand should be continued , and after Mr . Lang had sold his remaining shares to Prada in October 2004 , he left his own label in January 2005 . Lang joined the growing number of designer departures , including Jil Sander from her own label at Prada and Tom Ford from Gucci . However , Mr . Lang has publicly maintained that he had no problem with Mr . Bertelli . Acquisition by Link Theory . On March 17 , 2006 , Prada Group announced that , after six loss-making years , Link Theory Holdings ( LTH ) of Tokyo would be acquiring the Helmut Lang brand for an estimated €20 million . This came about three weeks after Prada had sold the Jil Sander label to British equity firm Change Capital Partners ( CCP ) . Already in spring 2005 , it had been rumored that Prada was trying to sell the label . Prada Group was said to want to concentrate on its core labels , Prada and Miu Miu , again . The Japanese holding company LTH , developer of the theory fashion label in Japan and the US , re-launched the Helmut Lang collections under the direction of a suitable designer for the spring/summer 2007 season ( presented in fall 2006 ) , in select boutiques worldwide as a contemporary brand . The new label is based out of New York City . It was never expected that Lang himself would return to the label that bears his name , although Chikara Sasake , president and chief executive of LTH , gave to understand that if Lang wants to come back , the door is always open . Helmut Lang brand re-launch . In May 2006 , it was announced that Michael and Nicole Colovos , an American-New Zealand designer couple , who formerly had their own Los Angeles-based denim label Habitual , had been installed by Link Theory as creative directors for the new Helmut Lang brand . From February 2007 , select upscale retailers such as Barneys or Bergdorf Goodman started to carry the spring/summer 2007 Helmut Lang contemporary sportswear collection . The design office has been set up in West Chelsea in New York . The collection , described as a commercial reduction of [ Mr . Langs ] fashion identity , has received quite favorable reviews even though it is clearly not seen as a continuation of the original line . The item prices in the collection are about 20% above those for comparable theory items and , hence , below the original Helmut Lang prices . Link Theory expects to generate US$ 8 million in revenues in 2008 , and make a profit in 2009 with the label . The company also announced that over the long term they intend to also establish exclusive Helmut Lang shops in the US , Europe and Japan . The Helmut Lang web site was re-activated at the end of 2006 and was fully launched in spring 2007 . Mr . Lang , who now resides on Long Island of independent means , is said not to be involved in the labels re-launch in any way . In February 2014 , Michael and Nicole Colovos , after eight years of being creative directors , left the company . The Colovos designed the 2014 Fall collection called Rough Terrain . In March 2017 , it was announced that in lieu of a creative designer , Helmut Lang would re-launch with Isabella Burley , editor of the British youth culture magazine Dazed & Confused , as “editor in residence.” In January 2018 , it was announced that Alix Browne would be appointed as editor-in-residence , replacing Isabella Burley . In August 2018 , the brand engaged in a series of layoffs after several years of profitability , with the aim to restructure the organization . Helmut Lang stores . Original stores ( until 2005 ) . All of the original , art-inspired signature Helmut Lang stores that existed in Vienna , Munich , Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Milan , Paris , New York , Hong Kong , Singapore , and Tokyo , as well as several stores-in-store in the Asian market , that existed between 1995 and 2005 have been closed . The last one to close was the Paris location in 2005 . New stores ( after 2007 ) . In March 2007 , Link Theory opened the first post-Prada signature Helmut Lang store in Tokyos fashionable Aoyama district . In Japan , the company has since then installed several Helmut Lang stores-in-store at local department stores . In August 2007 , a new freestanding Helmut Lang store was opened on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles . It is , after the Tokyo store , the second signature Helmut Lang store since the closing of the last original store in Paris . The store is adjacent to an existing theory store at 8424 Melrose Avenue . Another Helmut Lang store opened on September 28 , 2007 , on Maiden Lane in San Francisco , in the building previously occupied by Jil Sander . However , in April 2008 , this store was converted into a theory store . In New York City , a temporary pop-up shop opened in mid-December 2007 , while the company is apparently looking for a larger location in the Meatpacking District . May 8 , 2008 , saw the opening of a Helmut Lang outlet store at Woodbury Common Premium Outlets in New York , however , this store has since closed . In May 2019 , the Melrose Avenue store in Los Angeles closed . Original fragrances . Three different perfumes were associated with the Helmut Lang label , produced in cooperation with Procter & Gamble , all of which were discontinued with the closing of the original brand in 2005 . - Helmut Lang Eau de Parfum - 2000 - Helmut Lang Eau de Cologne - 2000 - Helmut Lang Cuiron ( mens ) - 2002 - Helmut Lang Velviona - 2001 References . - Specific - General - Link Theory sets turnround goals for Helmut Lang ( Financial Times ) - Link-Theory fiscal year 2006 report ( Link-Theory ) - A new Helmut line , of sorts ( International Herald Tribune ) - WWD : Helmut Lang taps new designers ( Link-Theory ) - Fashion Wire Daily : Prada to Flog Helmut Lang to Link Theory Holdings ( Yahoo News ) - Helmut Langs new theory ( International Herald Tribune ) External links . - Official Helmut Lang website - Link Theory Holdings - Official theory web site

easy

Who was the owner of Helmut Lang (fashion brand) from 2004 to 2006?

/wiki/Helmut_Lang_(fashion_brand)#P127#2

Helmut Lang ( fashion brand ) The Helmut Lang fashion brand was created by Austrian fashion designer Helmut Lang in 1986 . The Helmut Lang brand still exists today , but has been carried on without Langs involvement since 2005 . The label . Helmut Lang , a fashion autodidact , set up a made-to-measure fashion studio in Vienna in 1977 and opened a boutique there in 1979 at the age of 23 . His clothes were fairly successful in his native Austria , and , after presenting his work as part of an exhibition titled lApocalypse Joyeuse at the Centre Pompidou in Paris , initiated by the Austrian government , he branched out successfully to Paris in 1986 and created the label Helmut Lang . At this time in the late 1980s and early 1990s , minimalist fashion was at its height . His clothes were made with very sharp lines and careful cuts , creating basic but extremely elegant silhouettes in high quality and often high-tech fabrics . His work has been compared to Rei Kawakubo and Yohji Yamamoto for his sometimes austere , intellectual designs . Lang is known for his minimalist , deconstructivist , and often severe designs . His fashion house became famous in the late 1980s for its simple but refined designs , its slim suits in black or white , its denim collection , and the use of high-tech fabrics . Helmut Lang fashions were sold in upscale department stores and through select retailers , as well as in signature Helmut Lang stores around the world . In 1999 , Lang entered into a partnership with Prada Group which resulted in the acquisition of the Helmut Lang brand by Prada in 2004 , and Mr . Langs departure from the label in 2005 . Prada consequently sold it to Link Theory of Japan in 2006 . Link Theory re-launched the Helmut Lang label with new designers in 2007 . Since then , Helmut Lang fashions have been available again at upscale department stores and signature Helmut Lang boutiques worldwide . New York City . Lang moved to New York in 1997 and subsequently set up his companys headquarters in 80 Greene St . in SoHo in 1998 . In New York , he decided in April 1998 , three days before his designs were to be presented to a New York audience , to show his collection through a live internet broadcast to the world , via the newly created companys web site . As a first in the fashion industry , ads for the brand could be seen on New York taxi tops from 1998 to 2004 . The following season he announced to show his collections not only before New York Fashion Week , but also before the Milan and Paris runway shows . As a result , with many American designers following suit , New York Fashion Week was permanently moved up six weeks to herald the established runway shows . From 2000 on , unconventional print ads for the brand were placed with National Geographic magazine . Helmut Lang fashion . Throughout the years , both a womens and mens line existed , kept under a single name and always presented in one fashion show . Underwear ( 1995 ) and jeans ( 1996 ) lines as well as accessories , such as footwear ( 1990 ) and fragrances ( 1999 ) were launched , but otherwise the brand was kept unified to solidify its identity and strength . The runway show venues for the Helmut Lang label were switched from Paris ( until 1998 ) to New York by Mr . Lang and back again to Paris by Prada ( from 2002 to 2005 ) . The collections/presentations used to be called ( working sessions ) by Mr . Lang . Prada partnership . In 1999 , Milan-based fashion house Prada acquired 51% of the Helmut Lang company in the course of a multi-brand strategy , which also included the acquisition of German fashion label Jil Sander . After alleged disputes with Prada Groups CEO Patrizio Bertelli on how the brand should be continued , and after Mr . Lang had sold his remaining shares to Prada in October 2004 , he left his own label in January 2005 . Lang joined the growing number of designer departures , including Jil Sander from her own label at Prada and Tom Ford from Gucci . However , Mr . Lang has publicly maintained that he had no problem with Mr . Bertelli . Acquisition by Link Theory . On March 17 , 2006 , Prada Group announced that , after six loss-making years , Link Theory Holdings ( LTH ) of Tokyo would be acquiring the Helmut Lang brand for an estimated €20 million . This came about three weeks after Prada had sold the Jil Sander label to British equity firm Change Capital Partners ( CCP ) . Already in spring 2005 , it had been rumored that Prada was trying to sell the label . Prada Group was said to want to concentrate on its core labels , Prada and Miu Miu , again . The Japanese holding company LTH , developer of the theory fashion label in Japan and the US , re-launched the Helmut Lang collections under the direction of a suitable designer for the spring/summer 2007 season ( presented in fall 2006 ) , in select boutiques worldwide as a contemporary brand . The new label is based out of New York City . It was never expected that Lang himself would return to the label that bears his name , although Chikara Sasake , president and chief executive of LTH , gave to understand that if Lang wants to come back , the door is always open . Helmut Lang brand re-launch . In May 2006 , it was announced that Michael and Nicole Colovos , an American-New Zealand designer couple , who formerly had their own Los Angeles-based denim label Habitual , had been installed by Link Theory as creative directors for the new Helmut Lang brand . From February 2007 , select upscale retailers such as Barneys or Bergdorf Goodman started to carry the spring/summer 2007 Helmut Lang contemporary sportswear collection . The design office has been set up in West Chelsea in New York . The collection , described as a commercial reduction of [ Mr . Langs ] fashion identity , has received quite favorable reviews even though it is clearly not seen as a continuation of the original line . The item prices in the collection are about 20% above those for comparable theory items and , hence , below the original Helmut Lang prices . Link Theory expects to generate US$ 8 million in revenues in 2008 , and make a profit in 2009 with the label . The company also announced that over the long term they intend to also establish exclusive Helmut Lang shops in the US , Europe and Japan . The Helmut Lang web site was re-activated at the end of 2006 and was fully launched in spring 2007 . Mr . Lang , who now resides on Long Island of independent means , is said not to be involved in the labels re-launch in any way . In February 2014 , Michael and Nicole Colovos , after eight years of being creative directors , left the company . The Colovos designed the 2014 Fall collection called Rough Terrain . In March 2017 , it was announced that in lieu of a creative designer , Helmut Lang would re-launch with Isabella Burley , editor of the British youth culture magazine Dazed & Confused , as “editor in residence.” In January 2018 , it was announced that Alix Browne would be appointed as editor-in-residence , replacing Isabella Burley . In August 2018 , the brand engaged in a series of layoffs after several years of profitability , with the aim to restructure the organization . Helmut Lang stores . Original stores ( until 2005 ) . All of the original , art-inspired signature Helmut Lang stores that existed in Vienna , Munich , Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Milan , Paris , New York , Hong Kong , Singapore , and Tokyo , as well as several stores-in-store in the Asian market , that existed between 1995 and 2005 have been closed . The last one to close was the Paris location in 2005 . New stores ( after 2007 ) . In March 2007 , Link Theory opened the first post-Prada signature Helmut Lang store in Tokyos fashionable Aoyama district . In Japan , the company has since then installed several Helmut Lang stores-in-store at local department stores . In August 2007 , a new freestanding Helmut Lang store was opened on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles . It is , after the Tokyo store , the second signature Helmut Lang store since the closing of the last original store in Paris . The store is adjacent to an existing theory store at 8424 Melrose Avenue . Another Helmut Lang store opened on September 28 , 2007 , on Maiden Lane in San Francisco , in the building previously occupied by Jil Sander . However , in April 2008 , this store was converted into a theory store . In New York City , a temporary pop-up shop opened in mid-December 2007 , while the company is apparently looking for a larger location in the Meatpacking District . May 8 , 2008 , saw the opening of a Helmut Lang outlet store at Woodbury Common Premium Outlets in New York , however , this store has since closed . In May 2019 , the Melrose Avenue store in Los Angeles closed . Original fragrances . Three different perfumes were associated with the Helmut Lang label , produced in cooperation with Procter & Gamble , all of which were discontinued with the closing of the original brand in 2005 . - Helmut Lang Eau de Parfum - 2000 - Helmut Lang Eau de Cologne - 2000 - Helmut Lang Cuiron ( mens ) - 2002 - Helmut Lang Velviona - 2001 References . - Specific - General - Link Theory sets turnround goals for Helmut Lang ( Financial Times ) - Link-Theory fiscal year 2006 report ( Link-Theory ) - A new Helmut line , of sorts ( International Herald Tribune ) - WWD : Helmut Lang taps new designers ( Link-Theory ) - Fashion Wire Daily : Prada to Flog Helmut Lang to Link Theory Holdings ( Yahoo News ) - Helmut Langs new theory ( International Herald Tribune ) External links . - Official Helmut Lang website - Link Theory Holdings - Official theory web site

easy

Who was the owner of Helmut Lang (fashion brand) from 2006 to 2007?

/wiki/Helmut_Lang_(fashion_brand)#P127#3

Helmut Lang ( fashion brand ) The Helmut Lang fashion brand was created by Austrian fashion designer Helmut Lang in 1986 . The Helmut Lang brand still exists today , but has been carried on without Langs involvement since 2005 . The label . Helmut Lang , a fashion autodidact , set up a made-to-measure fashion studio in Vienna in 1977 and opened a boutique there in 1979 at the age of 23 . His clothes were fairly successful in his native Austria , and , after presenting his work as part of an exhibition titled lApocalypse Joyeuse at the Centre Pompidou in Paris , initiated by the Austrian government , he branched out successfully to Paris in 1986 and created the label Helmut Lang . At this time in the late 1980s and early 1990s , minimalist fashion was at its height . His clothes were made with very sharp lines and careful cuts , creating basic but extremely elegant silhouettes in high quality and often high-tech fabrics . His work has been compared to Rei Kawakubo and Yohji Yamamoto for his sometimes austere , intellectual designs . Lang is known for his minimalist , deconstructivist , and often severe designs . His fashion house became famous in the late 1980s for its simple but refined designs , its slim suits in black or white , its denim collection , and the use of high-tech fabrics . Helmut Lang fashions were sold in upscale department stores and through select retailers , as well as in signature Helmut Lang stores around the world . In 1999 , Lang entered into a partnership with Prada Group which resulted in the acquisition of the Helmut Lang brand by Prada in 2004 , and Mr . Langs departure from the label in 2005 . Prada consequently sold it to Link Theory of Japan in 2006 . Link Theory re-launched the Helmut Lang label with new designers in 2007 . Since then , Helmut Lang fashions have been available again at upscale department stores and signature Helmut Lang boutiques worldwide . New York City . Lang moved to New York in 1997 and subsequently set up his companys headquarters in 80 Greene St . in SoHo in 1998 . In New York , he decided in April 1998 , three days before his designs were to be presented to a New York audience , to show his collection through a live internet broadcast to the world , via the newly created companys web site . As a first in the fashion industry , ads for the brand could be seen on New York taxi tops from 1998 to 2004 . The following season he announced to show his collections not only before New York Fashion Week , but also before the Milan and Paris runway shows . As a result , with many American designers following suit , New York Fashion Week was permanently moved up six weeks to herald the established runway shows . From 2000 on , unconventional print ads for the brand were placed with National Geographic magazine . Helmut Lang fashion . Throughout the years , both a womens and mens line existed , kept under a single name and always presented in one fashion show . Underwear ( 1995 ) and jeans ( 1996 ) lines as well as accessories , such as footwear ( 1990 ) and fragrances ( 1999 ) were launched , but otherwise the brand was kept unified to solidify its identity and strength . The runway show venues for the Helmut Lang label were switched from Paris ( until 1998 ) to New York by Mr . Lang and back again to Paris by Prada ( from 2002 to 2005 ) . The collections/presentations used to be called ( working sessions ) by Mr . Lang . Prada partnership . In 1999 , Milan-based fashion house Prada acquired 51% of the Helmut Lang company in the course of a multi-brand strategy , which also included the acquisition of German fashion label Jil Sander . After alleged disputes with Prada Groups CEO Patrizio Bertelli on how the brand should be continued , and after Mr . Lang had sold his remaining shares to Prada in October 2004 , he left his own label in January 2005 . Lang joined the growing number of designer departures , including Jil Sander from her own label at Prada and Tom Ford from Gucci . However , Mr . Lang has publicly maintained that he had no problem with Mr . Bertelli . Acquisition by Link Theory . On March 17 , 2006 , Prada Group announced that , after six loss-making years , Link Theory Holdings ( LTH ) of Tokyo would be acquiring the Helmut Lang brand for an estimated €20 million . This came about three weeks after Prada had sold the Jil Sander label to British equity firm Change Capital Partners ( CCP ) . Already in spring 2005 , it had been rumored that Prada was trying to sell the label . Prada Group was said to want to concentrate on its core labels , Prada and Miu Miu , again . The Japanese holding company LTH , developer of the theory fashion label in Japan and the US , re-launched the Helmut Lang collections under the direction of a suitable designer for the spring/summer 2007 season ( presented in fall 2006 ) , in select boutiques worldwide as a contemporary brand . The new label is based out of New York City . It was never expected that Lang himself would return to the label that bears his name , although Chikara Sasake , president and chief executive of LTH , gave to understand that if Lang wants to come back , the door is always open . Helmut Lang brand re-launch . In May 2006 , it was announced that Michael and Nicole Colovos , an American-New Zealand designer couple , who formerly had their own Los Angeles-based denim label Habitual , had been installed by Link Theory as creative directors for the new Helmut Lang brand . From February 2007 , select upscale retailers such as Barneys or Bergdorf Goodman started to carry the spring/summer 2007 Helmut Lang contemporary sportswear collection . The design office has been set up in West Chelsea in New York . The collection , described as a commercial reduction of [ Mr . Langs ] fashion identity , has received quite favorable reviews even though it is clearly not seen as a continuation of the original line . The item prices in the collection are about 20% above those for comparable theory items and , hence , below the original Helmut Lang prices . Link Theory expects to generate US$ 8 million in revenues in 2008 , and make a profit in 2009 with the label . The company also announced that over the long term they intend to also establish exclusive Helmut Lang shops in the US , Europe and Japan . The Helmut Lang web site was re-activated at the end of 2006 and was fully launched in spring 2007 . Mr . Lang , who now resides on Long Island of independent means , is said not to be involved in the labels re-launch in any way . In February 2014 , Michael and Nicole Colovos , after eight years of being creative directors , left the company . The Colovos designed the 2014 Fall collection called Rough Terrain . In March 2017 , it was announced that in lieu of a creative designer , Helmut Lang would re-launch with Isabella Burley , editor of the British youth culture magazine Dazed & Confused , as “editor in residence.” In January 2018 , it was announced that Alix Browne would be appointed as editor-in-residence , replacing Isabella Burley . In August 2018 , the brand engaged in a series of layoffs after several years of profitability , with the aim to restructure the organization . Helmut Lang stores . Original stores ( until 2005 ) . All of the original , art-inspired signature Helmut Lang stores that existed in Vienna , Munich , Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Milan , Paris , New York , Hong Kong , Singapore , and Tokyo , as well as several stores-in-store in the Asian market , that existed between 1995 and 2005 have been closed . The last one to close was the Paris location in 2005 . New stores ( after 2007 ) . In March 2007 , Link Theory opened the first post-Prada signature Helmut Lang store in Tokyos fashionable Aoyama district . In Japan , the company has since then installed several Helmut Lang stores-in-store at local department stores . In August 2007 , a new freestanding Helmut Lang store was opened on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles . It is , after the Tokyo store , the second signature Helmut Lang store since the closing of the last original store in Paris . The store is adjacent to an existing theory store at 8424 Melrose Avenue . Another Helmut Lang store opened on September 28 , 2007 , on Maiden Lane in San Francisco , in the building previously occupied by Jil Sander . However , in April 2008 , this store was converted into a theory store . In New York City , a temporary pop-up shop opened in mid-December 2007 , while the company is apparently looking for a larger location in the Meatpacking District . May 8 , 2008 , saw the opening of a Helmut Lang outlet store at Woodbury Common Premium Outlets in New York , however , this store has since closed . In May 2019 , the Melrose Avenue store in Los Angeles closed . Original fragrances . Three different perfumes were associated with the Helmut Lang label , produced in cooperation with Procter & Gamble , all of which were discontinued with the closing of the original brand in 2005 . - Helmut Lang Eau de Parfum - 2000 - Helmut Lang Eau de Cologne - 2000 - Helmut Lang Cuiron ( mens ) - 2002 - Helmut Lang Velviona - 2001 References . - Specific - General - Link Theory sets turnround goals for Helmut Lang ( Financial Times ) - Link-Theory fiscal year 2006 report ( Link-Theory ) - A new Helmut line , of sorts ( International Herald Tribune ) - WWD : Helmut Lang taps new designers ( Link-Theory ) - Fashion Wire Daily : Prada to Flog Helmut Lang to Link Theory Holdings ( Yahoo News ) - Helmut Langs new theory ( International Herald Tribune ) External links . - Official Helmut Lang website - Link Theory Holdings - Official theory web site

easy

Which team did Chao Pengfei play for from 2005 to 2009?

/wiki/Chao_Pengfei#P54#0

Chao Pengfei Chao Pengfei ( born 11 July 1987 , in Dalian ) is a former Chinese-born Hong Kong professional football player . He played as a striker . Club career . Chao Pengfei was born in Dalian in China . South China . On 25 May 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick against Happy Valley in the season closing match . It turned out this was his last outing for South China . Sun Hei . Chao Pengfei joined Sun Hei in 2010 summer after spending one season in South China . Chao scored for Sun Hei on his debut against Tai Chung on 7 September 2010 . He received his first red card in Sun Hei against Citizen on 17 October 2010 , which caused the team to lose 4–5 . He scored his second league goals against Hong Kong Football Club on 1 May 2011 , which helped the team to win over 3–1 . Biu Chun Rangers . Chao Pengfei moved to Biu Chun Rangers in the summer of 2011 . He made his debut for Biu Chun Rangers against TSW Pegasus as a starting XI on 9 September 2011 , but he could not help the team to win the match . He scored his first goal for Biu Chun Rangers in a 4–1 victory against Tai Po on 24 September 2011 . He made a total of 7 league appearances and scored 1 goal . Kitchee . In January 2012 , Chao is loaned to Kitchee to strengthen the clubs attack as it prepares for the 2012 AFC Cup . He made his league debut for Kitchee against his old club Biu Chun Rangers as a half-time substitute for Huang Yang on 8 January 2012 . He did not score any goal in the match , but he helped the team to win over the opponent 6–2 . He made four league appearances for Kitchee . He also made 1 league cup and 3 FA Cup appearances for Kitchee . Although he played eight matches for Kitchee , he did not score any goals . Chao helped the team to win the First Division League , the League Cup and the FA Cup . Tuen Mun . Chao joined Tuen Mun in the 2012–13 season . When Chao played for the club , it offered him a monthly salary of HKD$80,800 . International career . Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick and fellow striker Chan Siu Ki scored 4 goals to help Hong Kong defeat Guam and qualify for the finals of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . Chao Pengfei was a member of the squad that won the mens football gold medal in the 2009 East Asian Games . Chao also played in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship and 2010 Asian Games but he scored no goals . On 28 September 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a goal for Hong Kong national under-23 football team against Australia national under-20 football team in a friendly . The match ended 2:2 . Honour . Club . Kitchee - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong FA Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong League Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 South China - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield ( 1 ) : 2009–10 National . With Hong Kong : - 2009 East Asian Games Football Event : Gold Career statistics . Club . Updated 18 June 2012

easy

Which team did the player Chao Pengfei belong to from 2009 to 2010?

/wiki/Chao_Pengfei#P54#1

Chao Pengfei Chao Pengfei ( born 11 July 1987 , in Dalian ) is a former Chinese-born Hong Kong professional football player . He played as a striker . Club career . Chao Pengfei was born in Dalian in China . South China . On 25 May 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick against Happy Valley in the season closing match . It turned out this was his last outing for South China . Sun Hei . Chao Pengfei joined Sun Hei in 2010 summer after spending one season in South China . Chao scored for Sun Hei on his debut against Tai Chung on 7 September 2010 . He received his first red card in Sun Hei against Citizen on 17 October 2010 , which caused the team to lose 4–5 . He scored his second league goals against Hong Kong Football Club on 1 May 2011 , which helped the team to win over 3–1 . Biu Chun Rangers . Chao Pengfei moved to Biu Chun Rangers in the summer of 2011 . He made his debut for Biu Chun Rangers against TSW Pegasus as a starting XI on 9 September 2011 , but he could not help the team to win the match . He scored his first goal for Biu Chun Rangers in a 4–1 victory against Tai Po on 24 September 2011 . He made a total of 7 league appearances and scored 1 goal . Kitchee . In January 2012 , Chao is loaned to Kitchee to strengthen the clubs attack as it prepares for the 2012 AFC Cup . He made his league debut for Kitchee against his old club Biu Chun Rangers as a half-time substitute for Huang Yang on 8 January 2012 . He did not score any goal in the match , but he helped the team to win over the opponent 6–2 . He made four league appearances for Kitchee . He also made 1 league cup and 3 FA Cup appearances for Kitchee . Although he played eight matches for Kitchee , he did not score any goals . Chao helped the team to win the First Division League , the League Cup and the FA Cup . Tuen Mun . Chao joined Tuen Mun in the 2012–13 season . When Chao played for the club , it offered him a monthly salary of HKD$80,800 . International career . Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick and fellow striker Chan Siu Ki scored 4 goals to help Hong Kong defeat Guam and qualify for the finals of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . Chao Pengfei was a member of the squad that won the mens football gold medal in the 2009 East Asian Games . Chao also played in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship and 2010 Asian Games but he scored no goals . On 28 September 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a goal for Hong Kong national under-23 football team against Australia national under-20 football team in a friendly . The match ended 2:2 . Honour . Club . Kitchee - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong FA Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong League Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 South China - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield ( 1 ) : 2009–10 National . With Hong Kong : - 2009 East Asian Games Football Event : Gold Career statistics . Club . Updated 18 June 2012

easy

Which team did Chao Pengfei play for from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Chao_Pengfei#P54#2

Chao Pengfei Chao Pengfei ( born 11 July 1987 , in Dalian ) is a former Chinese-born Hong Kong professional football player . He played as a striker . Club career . Chao Pengfei was born in Dalian in China . South China . On 25 May 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick against Happy Valley in the season closing match . It turned out this was his last outing for South China . Sun Hei . Chao Pengfei joined Sun Hei in 2010 summer after spending one season in South China . Chao scored for Sun Hei on his debut against Tai Chung on 7 September 2010 . He received his first red card in Sun Hei against Citizen on 17 October 2010 , which caused the team to lose 4–5 . He scored his second league goals against Hong Kong Football Club on 1 May 2011 , which helped the team to win over 3–1 . Biu Chun Rangers . Chao Pengfei moved to Biu Chun Rangers in the summer of 2011 . He made his debut for Biu Chun Rangers against TSW Pegasus as a starting XI on 9 September 2011 , but he could not help the team to win the match . He scored his first goal for Biu Chun Rangers in a 4–1 victory against Tai Po on 24 September 2011 . He made a total of 7 league appearances and scored 1 goal . Kitchee . In January 2012 , Chao is loaned to Kitchee to strengthen the clubs attack as it prepares for the 2012 AFC Cup . He made his league debut for Kitchee against his old club Biu Chun Rangers as a half-time substitute for Huang Yang on 8 January 2012 . He did not score any goal in the match , but he helped the team to win over the opponent 6–2 . He made four league appearances for Kitchee . He also made 1 league cup and 3 FA Cup appearances for Kitchee . Although he played eight matches for Kitchee , he did not score any goals . Chao helped the team to win the First Division League , the League Cup and the FA Cup . Tuen Mun . Chao joined Tuen Mun in the 2012–13 season . When Chao played for the club , it offered him a monthly salary of HKD$80,800 . International career . Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick and fellow striker Chan Siu Ki scored 4 goals to help Hong Kong defeat Guam and qualify for the finals of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . Chao Pengfei was a member of the squad that won the mens football gold medal in the 2009 East Asian Games . Chao also played in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship and 2010 Asian Games but he scored no goals . On 28 September 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a goal for Hong Kong national under-23 football team against Australia national under-20 football team in a friendly . The match ended 2:2 . Honour . Club . Kitchee - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong FA Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong League Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 South China - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield ( 1 ) : 2009–10 National . With Hong Kong : - 2009 East Asian Games Football Event : Gold Career statistics . Club . Updated 18 June 2012

easy

Which team did Chao Pengfei play for from 2011 to 2012?

/wiki/Chao_Pengfei#P54#3

Chao Pengfei Chao Pengfei ( born 11 July 1987 , in Dalian ) is a former Chinese-born Hong Kong professional football player . He played as a striker . Club career . Chao Pengfei was born in Dalian in China . South China . On 25 May 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick against Happy Valley in the season closing match . It turned out this was his last outing for South China . Sun Hei . Chao Pengfei joined Sun Hei in 2010 summer after spending one season in South China . Chao scored for Sun Hei on his debut against Tai Chung on 7 September 2010 . He received his first red card in Sun Hei against Citizen on 17 October 2010 , which caused the team to lose 4–5 . He scored his second league goals against Hong Kong Football Club on 1 May 2011 , which helped the team to win over 3–1 . Biu Chun Rangers . Chao Pengfei moved to Biu Chun Rangers in the summer of 2011 . He made his debut for Biu Chun Rangers against TSW Pegasus as a starting XI on 9 September 2011 , but he could not help the team to win the match . He scored his first goal for Biu Chun Rangers in a 4–1 victory against Tai Po on 24 September 2011 . He made a total of 7 league appearances and scored 1 goal . Kitchee . In January 2012 , Chao is loaned to Kitchee to strengthen the clubs attack as it prepares for the 2012 AFC Cup . He made his league debut for Kitchee against his old club Biu Chun Rangers as a half-time substitute for Huang Yang on 8 January 2012 . He did not score any goal in the match , but he helped the team to win over the opponent 6–2 . He made four league appearances for Kitchee . He also made 1 league cup and 3 FA Cup appearances for Kitchee . Although he played eight matches for Kitchee , he did not score any goals . Chao helped the team to win the First Division League , the League Cup and the FA Cup . Tuen Mun . Chao joined Tuen Mun in the 2012–13 season . When Chao played for the club , it offered him a monthly salary of HKD$80,800 . International career . Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick and fellow striker Chan Siu Ki scored 4 goals to help Hong Kong defeat Guam and qualify for the finals of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . Chao Pengfei was a member of the squad that won the mens football gold medal in the 2009 East Asian Games . Chao also played in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship and 2010 Asian Games but he scored no goals . On 28 September 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a goal for Hong Kong national under-23 football team against Australia national under-20 football team in a friendly . The match ended 2:2 . Honour . Club . Kitchee - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong FA Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong League Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 South China - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield ( 1 ) : 2009–10 National . With Hong Kong : - 2009 East Asian Games Football Event : Gold Career statistics . Club . Updated 18 June 2012

easy

Which team did the player Chao Pengfei belong to from 2012 to 2016?

/wiki/Chao_Pengfei#P54#4

Chao Pengfei Chao Pengfei ( born 11 July 1987 , in Dalian ) is a former Chinese-born Hong Kong professional football player . He played as a striker . Club career . Chao Pengfei was born in Dalian in China . South China . On 25 May 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick against Happy Valley in the season closing match . It turned out this was his last outing for South China . Sun Hei . Chao Pengfei joined Sun Hei in 2010 summer after spending one season in South China . Chao scored for Sun Hei on his debut against Tai Chung on 7 September 2010 . He received his first red card in Sun Hei against Citizen on 17 October 2010 , which caused the team to lose 4–5 . He scored his second league goals against Hong Kong Football Club on 1 May 2011 , which helped the team to win over 3–1 . Biu Chun Rangers . Chao Pengfei moved to Biu Chun Rangers in the summer of 2011 . He made his debut for Biu Chun Rangers against TSW Pegasus as a starting XI on 9 September 2011 , but he could not help the team to win the match . He scored his first goal for Biu Chun Rangers in a 4–1 victory against Tai Po on 24 September 2011 . He made a total of 7 league appearances and scored 1 goal . Kitchee . In January 2012 , Chao is loaned to Kitchee to strengthen the clubs attack as it prepares for the 2012 AFC Cup . He made his league debut for Kitchee against his old club Biu Chun Rangers as a half-time substitute for Huang Yang on 8 January 2012 . He did not score any goal in the match , but he helped the team to win over the opponent 6–2 . He made four league appearances for Kitchee . He also made 1 league cup and 3 FA Cup appearances for Kitchee . Although he played eight matches for Kitchee , he did not score any goals . Chao helped the team to win the First Division League , the League Cup and the FA Cup . Tuen Mun . Chao joined Tuen Mun in the 2012–13 season . When Chao played for the club , it offered him a monthly salary of HKD$80,800 . International career . Chao Pengfei scored a hat-trick and fellow striker Chan Siu Ki scored 4 goals to help Hong Kong defeat Guam and qualify for the finals of the 2010 East Asian Football Championship . Chao Pengfei was a member of the squad that won the mens football gold medal in the 2009 East Asian Games . Chao also played in the 2010 East Asian Football Championship and 2010 Asian Games but he scored no goals . On 28 September 2010 , Chao Pengfei scored a goal for Hong Kong national under-23 football team against Australia national under-20 football team in a friendly . The match ended 2:2 . Honour . Club . Kitchee - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong FA Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 - Hong Kong League Cup ( 1 ) : 2011–12 South China - Hong Kong First Division League ( 1 ) : 2009–10 - Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield ( 1 ) : 2009–10 National . With Hong Kong : - 2009 East Asian Games Football Event : Gold Career statistics . Club . Updated 18 June 2012

easy

Which political party did Vera Lengsfeld belong to from 1975 to 1983?

/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld#P102#0

Vera Lengsfeld Vera Lengsfeld ( Sondershausen , East Germany , 4 May 1952 ) is a German politician . She was a prominent civil rights activist in East Germany and after the German reunification she first represented the Alliance 90/The Greens and then the German Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) in the Bundestag . Early life . Lengsfeld was born in Sondershausen . Her father was an officer in the Stasi , the East German secret police . After leaving school she studied Philosophy at Humboldt University Berlin . Following her studies , she worked as a lecturer and researcher at the National Institute of Philosophy in the Academy of Sciences of East Germany . From 1975 , she was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) . After a party procedure she was transferred to the Institute for Scientific Information . In 1981 she left the academy and went to work as an editor . She became a born-again Christian in 1981 , and was active in various civic organizations in East Germany ( GDR ) . She was the co-founder of Pankow Peace Circle in the autumn of 1981 , the Environment Library Berlin ; Profession group and the Church from Below in 1986 . Their commitment included the organization of numerous events of the peace and environmental movements in the GDR , including a Peace laboratory , Peace Conference , Environment Seminar , Human Rights Seminar , Church from Below . She was a member of the Continuation Committee for the delegates meeting of the peace group members , who gathered under the title Specifically for Peace a year . She was co-organizer of the first human rights seminar held in 1986 in Berlin . Due to her public protests against the stationing of Soviet nuclear missiles in East Germany , she was expelled from the SED in 1983 and her profession . In the following years she earned her living as a beekeeper and translator . In 1985 she graduated with a Theology degree . In January 1988 she was arrested in advance of the demonstration in honour of Liebknecht and Luxemburg in East Berlin carrying a poster declaring Every citizen has the right to express his opinion freely and openly ( Article 27 of the Constitution of East Germany ) and detained in Berlin Hohenschönhausen prison . She was put on trial by the city district of Lichtenberg on the grounds of attempted riotous assembly and although given a custodial sentence she was instead allowed the option of leaving the GDR on a temporary visa effectively deporting her from the country . In February 1988 she went to Cambridge in the United Kingdom where she studied Philosophy of Religion at St . Johns College . On the morning of 9 November 1989 she returned to East Germany . After German reunification . After the Fall of the Berlin Wall she resumed her work as a civil rights activist and served as a member of the Constitutional Commission on the reunification of West Germany and East Germany . At this time she joined Alliance 90 , the Green Party of the GDR , and at the 1990 election was elected to the member of the GDR parliament until its dissolution on 2 October 1990 as a member of Alliance 90/The Greens , the coalition between Alliance 90 and The Greens . Then at the first election after German reunification she was elected to the Bundestag . In 1991 she protested the Gulf War by keeping quiet during her allotted speech time in the Bundestag until she was cut off . She was re-elected in the 1994 General election . However , in 1996 Alliance 90/The Greens decided to enter into alliances with the Party of Democratic Socialism , the successors to the former SED . A civil rights activist rather than a leftist , Lengsfeld together with other civil rights activists such as Guenter Nooke and Ehrhart Neubert defected to the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) . She was re-elected at the 1998 and 2002 elections as a CDU list candidate in her home state of Thuringia . However , for the 2005 election she stood in a single member constituency instead and lost her seat . For the 2009 election she ran in the Berlin Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg - Prenzlauer Berg East constituency , the only constituency in the Bundestag to be represented by her former party Alliance 90/Greens . With CDU having finished a distant fourth at the previous election she was thought to have no chance of success and in the event she finished a distant fourth , slightly increasing the CDU vote share . In August 2009 she produced election posters featuring photos emphasizing her cleavage along with a picture of Angela Merkel in a very low-cut dress , emblazoned with the slogan We have more to offer . The posters drew a great deal of attention and some criticism . They were featured on Japanese television and in Brazilian and Peruvian newspapers . Some of the posters were reportedly stolen as souvenirs according to the Agence France-Presse news agency . Lengsfeld has opposed immigration into Germany , and helped to organize the Erklärung 2018 declaration and petition in opposition to it . Personal life and Stasi observation . In 1980 she married her second husband , the mathematician and poet Knud Wollenberger with whom she has two sons . Wollenberger was born in Denmark and enjoyed travel privileges . Unbeknownst to Lengsfeld , he had been a Stasi informant since 1972 , and during their marriage he continued to file reports on her activities . It is not known whether the Stasi specifically ordered him to approach Lengsfeld . They divorced in 1992 after his Stasi involvement had come to light . Lengsfeld later said that she felt betrayed that anyone could marry or have children under such circumstances . He later explained to her that he , as a Jew , supported the GDR since he saw it as a response to Auschwitz . She forgave him in 2000 when he was gravely ill . Lengsfelds father retired from the Stasi in 1986 rather than obey an order to break with his daughter ; in 1988 he publicly took her side . Her son Philip is treasurer of the CDU parliamentary group of the district assembly of Berlins Pankow district . Published works . - Virus der Heuchler . Innenansicht aus Stasiakten , Espresso/Elef.Press , Berlin 1992 , - Mein Weg zur Freiheit . Von nun an ging’s bergauf . Langen Müller , Berlin 2002 , . - Neustart ! Was sich in Politik und Gesellschaft ändern muss . Umdenken lohnt . Freiheit und Fairness statt Gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit . Berlin 2006 , . - Ich wollte frei sein . Die Mauer , die Stasi , die Revolution . Herbig Verlag , München 2011 , .

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Which political party did Vera Lengsfeld belong to from 1990 to Dec 1996?

/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld#P102#1

Vera Lengsfeld Vera Lengsfeld ( Sondershausen , East Germany , 4 May 1952 ) is a German politician . She was a prominent civil rights activist in East Germany and after the German reunification she first represented the Alliance 90/The Greens and then the German Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) in the Bundestag . Early life . Lengsfeld was born in Sondershausen . Her father was an officer in the Stasi , the East German secret police . After leaving school she studied Philosophy at Humboldt University Berlin . Following her studies , she worked as a lecturer and researcher at the National Institute of Philosophy in the Academy of Sciences of East Germany . From 1975 , she was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) . After a party procedure she was transferred to the Institute for Scientific Information . In 1981 she left the academy and went to work as an editor . She became a born-again Christian in 1981 , and was active in various civic organizations in East Germany ( GDR ) . She was the co-founder of Pankow Peace Circle in the autumn of 1981 , the Environment Library Berlin ; Profession group and the Church from Below in 1986 . Their commitment included the organization of numerous events of the peace and environmental movements in the GDR , including a Peace laboratory , Peace Conference , Environment Seminar , Human Rights Seminar , Church from Below . She was a member of the Continuation Committee for the delegates meeting of the peace group members , who gathered under the title Specifically for Peace a year . She was co-organizer of the first human rights seminar held in 1986 in Berlin . Due to her public protests against the stationing of Soviet nuclear missiles in East Germany , she was expelled from the SED in 1983 and her profession . In the following years she earned her living as a beekeeper and translator . In 1985 she graduated with a Theology degree . In January 1988 she was arrested in advance of the demonstration in honour of Liebknecht and Luxemburg in East Berlin carrying a poster declaring Every citizen has the right to express his opinion freely and openly ( Article 27 of the Constitution of East Germany ) and detained in Berlin Hohenschönhausen prison . She was put on trial by the city district of Lichtenberg on the grounds of attempted riotous assembly and although given a custodial sentence she was instead allowed the option of leaving the GDR on a temporary visa effectively deporting her from the country . In February 1988 she went to Cambridge in the United Kingdom where she studied Philosophy of Religion at St . Johns College . On the morning of 9 November 1989 she returned to East Germany . After German reunification . After the Fall of the Berlin Wall she resumed her work as a civil rights activist and served as a member of the Constitutional Commission on the reunification of West Germany and East Germany . At this time she joined Alliance 90 , the Green Party of the GDR , and at the 1990 election was elected to the member of the GDR parliament until its dissolution on 2 October 1990 as a member of Alliance 90/The Greens , the coalition between Alliance 90 and The Greens . Then at the first election after German reunification she was elected to the Bundestag . In 1991 she protested the Gulf War by keeping quiet during her allotted speech time in the Bundestag until she was cut off . She was re-elected in the 1994 General election . However , in 1996 Alliance 90/The Greens decided to enter into alliances with the Party of Democratic Socialism , the successors to the former SED . A civil rights activist rather than a leftist , Lengsfeld together with other civil rights activists such as Guenter Nooke and Ehrhart Neubert defected to the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) . She was re-elected at the 1998 and 2002 elections as a CDU list candidate in her home state of Thuringia . However , for the 2005 election she stood in a single member constituency instead and lost her seat . For the 2009 election she ran in the Berlin Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg - Prenzlauer Berg East constituency , the only constituency in the Bundestag to be represented by her former party Alliance 90/Greens . With CDU having finished a distant fourth at the previous election she was thought to have no chance of success and in the event she finished a distant fourth , slightly increasing the CDU vote share . In August 2009 she produced election posters featuring photos emphasizing her cleavage along with a picture of Angela Merkel in a very low-cut dress , emblazoned with the slogan We have more to offer . The posters drew a great deal of attention and some criticism . They were featured on Japanese television and in Brazilian and Peruvian newspapers . Some of the posters were reportedly stolen as souvenirs according to the Agence France-Presse news agency . Lengsfeld has opposed immigration into Germany , and helped to organize the Erklärung 2018 declaration and petition in opposition to it . Personal life and Stasi observation . In 1980 she married her second husband , the mathematician and poet Knud Wollenberger with whom she has two sons . Wollenberger was born in Denmark and enjoyed travel privileges . Unbeknownst to Lengsfeld , he had been a Stasi informant since 1972 , and during their marriage he continued to file reports on her activities . It is not known whether the Stasi specifically ordered him to approach Lengsfeld . They divorced in 1992 after his Stasi involvement had come to light . Lengsfeld later said that she felt betrayed that anyone could marry or have children under such circumstances . He later explained to her that he , as a Jew , supported the GDR since he saw it as a response to Auschwitz . She forgave him in 2000 when he was gravely ill . Lengsfelds father retired from the Stasi in 1986 rather than obey an order to break with his daughter ; in 1988 he publicly took her side . Her son Philip is treasurer of the CDU parliamentary group of the district assembly of Berlins Pankow district . Published works . - Virus der Heuchler . Innenansicht aus Stasiakten , Espresso/Elef.Press , Berlin 1992 , - Mein Weg zur Freiheit . Von nun an ging’s bergauf . Langen Müller , Berlin 2002 , . - Neustart ! Was sich in Politik und Gesellschaft ändern muss . Umdenken lohnt . Freiheit und Fairness statt Gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit . Berlin 2006 , . - Ich wollte frei sein . Die Mauer , die Stasi , die Revolution . Herbig Verlag , München 2011 , .

easy

Which political party did Vera Lengsfeld belong to from Dec 1996 to Dec 1997?

/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld#P102#2

Vera Lengsfeld Vera Lengsfeld ( Sondershausen , East Germany , 4 May 1952 ) is a German politician . She was a prominent civil rights activist in East Germany and after the German reunification she first represented the Alliance 90/The Greens and then the German Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) in the Bundestag . Early life . Lengsfeld was born in Sondershausen . Her father was an officer in the Stasi , the East German secret police . After leaving school she studied Philosophy at Humboldt University Berlin . Following her studies , she worked as a lecturer and researcher at the National Institute of Philosophy in the Academy of Sciences of East Germany . From 1975 , she was a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) . After a party procedure she was transferred to the Institute for Scientific Information . In 1981 she left the academy and went to work as an editor . She became a born-again Christian in 1981 , and was active in various civic organizations in East Germany ( GDR ) . She was the co-founder of Pankow Peace Circle in the autumn of 1981 , the Environment Library Berlin ; Profession group and the Church from Below in 1986 . Their commitment included the organization of numerous events of the peace and environmental movements in the GDR , including a Peace laboratory , Peace Conference , Environment Seminar , Human Rights Seminar , Church from Below . She was a member of the Continuation Committee for the delegates meeting of the peace group members , who gathered under the title Specifically for Peace a year . She was co-organizer of the first human rights seminar held in 1986 in Berlin . Due to her public protests against the stationing of Soviet nuclear missiles in East Germany , she was expelled from the SED in 1983 and her profession . In the following years she earned her living as a beekeeper and translator . In 1985 she graduated with a Theology degree . In January 1988 she was arrested in advance of the demonstration in honour of Liebknecht and Luxemburg in East Berlin carrying a poster declaring Every citizen has the right to express his opinion freely and openly ( Article 27 of the Constitution of East Germany ) and detained in Berlin Hohenschönhausen prison . She was put on trial by the city district of Lichtenberg on the grounds of attempted riotous assembly and although given a custodial sentence she was instead allowed the option of leaving the GDR on a temporary visa effectively deporting her from the country . In February 1988 she went to Cambridge in the United Kingdom where she studied Philosophy of Religion at St . Johns College . On the morning of 9 November 1989 she returned to East Germany . After German reunification . After the Fall of the Berlin Wall she resumed her work as a civil rights activist and served as a member of the Constitutional Commission on the reunification of West Germany and East Germany . At this time she joined Alliance 90 , the Green Party of the GDR , and at the 1990 election was elected to the member of the GDR parliament until its dissolution on 2 October 1990 as a member of Alliance 90/The Greens , the coalition between Alliance 90 and The Greens . Then at the first election after German reunification she was elected to the Bundestag . In 1991 she protested the Gulf War by keeping quiet during her allotted speech time in the Bundestag until she was cut off . She was re-elected in the 1994 General election . However , in 1996 Alliance 90/The Greens decided to enter into alliances with the Party of Democratic Socialism , the successors to the former SED . A civil rights activist rather than a leftist , Lengsfeld together with other civil rights activists such as Guenter Nooke and Ehrhart Neubert defected to the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) . She was re-elected at the 1998 and 2002 elections as a CDU list candidate in her home state of Thuringia . However , for the 2005 election she stood in a single member constituency instead and lost her seat . For the 2009 election she ran in the Berlin Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg - Prenzlauer Berg East constituency , the only constituency in the Bundestag to be represented by her former party Alliance 90/Greens . With CDU having finished a distant fourth at the previous election she was thought to have no chance of success and in the event she finished a distant fourth , slightly increasing the CDU vote share . In August 2009 she produced election posters featuring photos emphasizing her cleavage along with a picture of Angela Merkel in a very low-cut dress , emblazoned with the slogan We have more to offer . The posters drew a great deal of attention and some criticism . They were featured on Japanese television and in Brazilian and Peruvian newspapers . Some of the posters were reportedly stolen as souvenirs according to the Agence France-Presse news agency . Lengsfeld has opposed immigration into Germany , and helped to organize the Erklärung 2018 declaration and petition in opposition to it . Personal life and Stasi observation . In 1980 she married her second husband , the mathematician and poet Knud Wollenberger with whom she has two sons . Wollenberger was born in Denmark and enjoyed travel privileges . Unbeknownst to Lengsfeld , he had been a Stasi informant since 1972 , and during their marriage he continued to file reports on her activities . It is not known whether the Stasi specifically ordered him to approach Lengsfeld . They divorced in 1992 after his Stasi involvement had come to light . Lengsfeld later said that she felt betrayed that anyone could marry or have children under such circumstances . He later explained to her that he , as a Jew , supported the GDR since he saw it as a response to Auschwitz . She forgave him in 2000 when he was gravely ill . Lengsfelds father retired from the Stasi in 1986 rather than obey an order to break with his daughter ; in 1988 he publicly took her side . Her son Philip is treasurer of the CDU parliamentary group of the district assembly of Berlins Pankow district . Published works . - Virus der Heuchler . Innenansicht aus Stasiakten , Espresso/Elef.Press , Berlin 1992 , - Mein Weg zur Freiheit . Von nun an ging’s bergauf . Langen Müller , Berlin 2002 , . - Neustart ! Was sich in Politik und Gesellschaft ändern muss . Umdenken lohnt . Freiheit und Fairness statt Gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit . Berlin 2006 , . - Ich wollte frei sein . Die Mauer , die Stasi , die Revolution . Herbig Verlag , München 2011 , .

easy

Which position did Eino Pekkala hold from Sep 1927 to Jul 1930?

/wiki/Eino_Pekkala#P39#0

Eino Pekkala Eino Oskari Pekkala ( 29 November 1887 − 30 September 1956 ) was a Finnish lawyer and politician . He was a member of the Parliament of Finland , representing the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders 1927–1930 and the Finnish Peoples Democratic League 1945–1948 . In the 1920−1930s , Pekkala was twice in prison for his political activities , and he was even kidnapped by the fascist Lapua Movement in 1930 . As the political situation in Finland changed after the World War II , Pekkala was the Minister of Education 1945–1946 , and the Minister of Justice 1946–1948 . In his youth , Pekkala was a talented athlete . His greatest achievements were three Finnish Championship titles in decathlon . His brother was the Prime Minister of Finland Mauno Pekkala . Life . Early years . Eino Pekkala was born in 1887 to the family of the park ranger Johan Oskari Pekkala ( 1864–1939 ) and Amanda Matilda Grönroos ( 1864–1925 ) . In 1888 , the family moved to Sysmä , and since 1898 , Johan Pekkala worked for the Teiskola Manor in Teisko . The family had four children . They were educated in Tampere , where Pekkala graduated from the high school in 1906 . Pekkala entered the University of Helsinki and finished his masters degree in 1911 . After working as a teacher in Tampere and Hämeenlinna , he re-entered the University of Helsinki in 1916 for law studies . Pekkala did not participate the 1918 Finnish Civil War although he was active in the Social Democratic movement . Instead of joining the Reds , Pekkala finished his studies . After the war , Pekkala and Väinö Hakkila opened a law firm in Helsinki to help the captured Red Guard fighters . In the politics . In 1919 , Pekkala was one of the key figures of the left-wing opposition of the Social Democratic Party which soon became the Socialist Workers Party of Finland . In May 1920 , Pekkala was arrested , and given a 1,5-year sentence for his activism in the Komintern-related party . Since 1926 , Pekkala and Asser Salo had a law firm in Helsinki . In the late 1920s , Pekkala was active in the Left Group of Finnish Workers which criticized the underground Communist Party of Finland . In the 1927 parliamentary election , Pekkala was elected to the parliament as a member of the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders ( STPV ) . In 5 July 1930 , the fascist Lapua Movement kidnapped Pekkala and Jalmari Rötkö from the meeting of the Constitutional Law Committee and took them to their headquarters in the Ostrobothnia province . On the following day , Pekkala and Rötkö were handed over to the authorities , after the Minister of Interior E . V . Kuokkanen gave an order to arrest all 23 STPV parliamentarians . As the anti-Communist laws were passed , Pekkala was given a 3-year sentence in November 1930 for an intent to commit a treason . In July 1933 , Pekkala took part on a hunger strike in the Tammisaari forced labour camp . The strike ended as five political prisoners died of forced feeding . After his release , Pekkala worked as a lawyer in Helsinki . During the World War II , he assisted arrested Communists and activists of the anti-war resistance . His clients included Pellervo Takatalo , Aimo Rikka and Martta Koskinen who were all given the capital punishment . Pekkala managed to change Takatalos and Rikkas sentences for life in prison , but Koskinen was executed in September 1943 . As the war was over , the Communist organizations were legalized , and Pekkala was re-elected to the Parliament in the 1945 parliamentary election representing the Finnish Peoples Democratic League . In 1945–1946 he served as the Minister of Education , and 1946–1948 as the Minister of Justice . In 1946–1947 , Pekkala was a member of the special court of the War-responsibility trials set by the Allies . Pekkala left the politics in 1948 , and ran a law firm in Helsinki until his death in September 1956 . Sports . Pekkala won 16 medals in the Finnish Championships in Athletics between 1907 and 1911 . He was the triple champion of decathlon ( 1907 , 1909 and 1910 ) , and the silver medalist of 110 metres hurdles ( 1910–1911 ) . In 1919 , Pekkala was a founder of the Finnish Workers Sports Federation , and served as its first chairman until 1927 . He was also a member of the organizing committee of the 1952 Summer Olympics . Personal life . Pekkala was married to the Estonian communist Salme Murrik from 1913 to 1924 . In 1928 , he married the British communist Mary Moorhouse . Their daughter Salme Anne Pekkala ( b . 1928 ) was married to the diplomat Risto Hyvärinen .

easy

Eino Pekkala took which position from Apr 1945 to Dec 1945?

/wiki/Eino_Pekkala#P39#1

Eino Pekkala Eino Oskari Pekkala ( 29 November 1887 − 30 September 1956 ) was a Finnish lawyer and politician . He was a member of the Parliament of Finland , representing the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders 1927–1930 and the Finnish Peoples Democratic League 1945–1948 . In the 1920−1930s , Pekkala was twice in prison for his political activities , and he was even kidnapped by the fascist Lapua Movement in 1930 . As the political situation in Finland changed after the World War II , Pekkala was the Minister of Education 1945–1946 , and the Minister of Justice 1946–1948 . In his youth , Pekkala was a talented athlete . His greatest achievements were three Finnish Championship titles in decathlon . His brother was the Prime Minister of Finland Mauno Pekkala . Life . Early years . Eino Pekkala was born in 1887 to the family of the park ranger Johan Oskari Pekkala ( 1864–1939 ) and Amanda Matilda Grönroos ( 1864–1925 ) . In 1888 , the family moved to Sysmä , and since 1898 , Johan Pekkala worked for the Teiskola Manor in Teisko . The family had four children . They were educated in Tampere , where Pekkala graduated from the high school in 1906 . Pekkala entered the University of Helsinki and finished his masters degree in 1911 . After working as a teacher in Tampere and Hämeenlinna , he re-entered the University of Helsinki in 1916 for law studies . Pekkala did not participate the 1918 Finnish Civil War although he was active in the Social Democratic movement . Instead of joining the Reds , Pekkala finished his studies . After the war , Pekkala and Väinö Hakkila opened a law firm in Helsinki to help the captured Red Guard fighters . In the politics . In 1919 , Pekkala was one of the key figures of the left-wing opposition of the Social Democratic Party which soon became the Socialist Workers Party of Finland . In May 1920 , Pekkala was arrested , and given a 1,5-year sentence for his activism in the Komintern-related party . Since 1926 , Pekkala and Asser Salo had a law firm in Helsinki . In the late 1920s , Pekkala was active in the Left Group of Finnish Workers which criticized the underground Communist Party of Finland . In the 1927 parliamentary election , Pekkala was elected to the parliament as a member of the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders ( STPV ) . In 5 July 1930 , the fascist Lapua Movement kidnapped Pekkala and Jalmari Rötkö from the meeting of the Constitutional Law Committee and took them to their headquarters in the Ostrobothnia province . On the following day , Pekkala and Rötkö were handed over to the authorities , after the Minister of Interior E . V . Kuokkanen gave an order to arrest all 23 STPV parliamentarians . As the anti-Communist laws were passed , Pekkala was given a 3-year sentence in November 1930 for an intent to commit a treason . In July 1933 , Pekkala took part on a hunger strike in the Tammisaari forced labour camp . The strike ended as five political prisoners died of forced feeding . After his release , Pekkala worked as a lawyer in Helsinki . During the World War II , he assisted arrested Communists and activists of the anti-war resistance . His clients included Pellervo Takatalo , Aimo Rikka and Martta Koskinen who were all given the capital punishment . Pekkala managed to change Takatalos and Rikkas sentences for life in prison , but Koskinen was executed in September 1943 . As the war was over , the Communist organizations were legalized , and Pekkala was re-elected to the Parliament in the 1945 parliamentary election representing the Finnish Peoples Democratic League . In 1945–1946 he served as the Minister of Education , and 1946–1948 as the Minister of Justice . In 1946–1947 , Pekkala was a member of the special court of the War-responsibility trials set by the Allies . Pekkala left the politics in 1948 , and ran a law firm in Helsinki until his death in September 1956 . Sports . Pekkala won 16 medals in the Finnish Championships in Athletics between 1907 and 1911 . He was the triple champion of decathlon ( 1907 , 1909 and 1910 ) , and the silver medalist of 110 metres hurdles ( 1910–1911 ) . In 1919 , Pekkala was a founder of the Finnish Workers Sports Federation , and served as its first chairman until 1927 . He was also a member of the organizing committee of the 1952 Summer Olympics . Personal life . Pekkala was married to the Estonian communist Salme Murrik from 1913 to 1924 . In 1928 , he married the British communist Mary Moorhouse . Their daughter Salme Anne Pekkala ( b . 1928 ) was married to the diplomat Risto Hyvärinen .

easy

What was the position of Eino Pekkala from Dec 1945 to Mar 1946?

/wiki/Eino_Pekkala#P39#2

Eino Pekkala Eino Oskari Pekkala ( 29 November 1887 − 30 September 1956 ) was a Finnish lawyer and politician . He was a member of the Parliament of Finland , representing the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders 1927–1930 and the Finnish Peoples Democratic League 1945–1948 . In the 1920−1930s , Pekkala was twice in prison for his political activities , and he was even kidnapped by the fascist Lapua Movement in 1930 . As the political situation in Finland changed after the World War II , Pekkala was the Minister of Education 1945–1946 , and the Minister of Justice 1946–1948 . In his youth , Pekkala was a talented athlete . His greatest achievements were three Finnish Championship titles in decathlon . His brother was the Prime Minister of Finland Mauno Pekkala . Life . Early years . Eino Pekkala was born in 1887 to the family of the park ranger Johan Oskari Pekkala ( 1864–1939 ) and Amanda Matilda Grönroos ( 1864–1925 ) . In 1888 , the family moved to Sysmä , and since 1898 , Johan Pekkala worked for the Teiskola Manor in Teisko . The family had four children . They were educated in Tampere , where Pekkala graduated from the high school in 1906 . Pekkala entered the University of Helsinki and finished his masters degree in 1911 . After working as a teacher in Tampere and Hämeenlinna , he re-entered the University of Helsinki in 1916 for law studies . Pekkala did not participate the 1918 Finnish Civil War although he was active in the Social Democratic movement . Instead of joining the Reds , Pekkala finished his studies . After the war , Pekkala and Väinö Hakkila opened a law firm in Helsinki to help the captured Red Guard fighters . In the politics . In 1919 , Pekkala was one of the key figures of the left-wing opposition of the Social Democratic Party which soon became the Socialist Workers Party of Finland . In May 1920 , Pekkala was arrested , and given a 1,5-year sentence for his activism in the Komintern-related party . Since 1926 , Pekkala and Asser Salo had a law firm in Helsinki . In the late 1920s , Pekkala was active in the Left Group of Finnish Workers which criticized the underground Communist Party of Finland . In the 1927 parliamentary election , Pekkala was elected to the parliament as a member of the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders ( STPV ) . In 5 July 1930 , the fascist Lapua Movement kidnapped Pekkala and Jalmari Rötkö from the meeting of the Constitutional Law Committee and took them to their headquarters in the Ostrobothnia province . On the following day , Pekkala and Rötkö were handed over to the authorities , after the Minister of Interior E . V . Kuokkanen gave an order to arrest all 23 STPV parliamentarians . As the anti-Communist laws were passed , Pekkala was given a 3-year sentence in November 1930 for an intent to commit a treason . In July 1933 , Pekkala took part on a hunger strike in the Tammisaari forced labour camp . The strike ended as five political prisoners died of forced feeding . After his release , Pekkala worked as a lawyer in Helsinki . During the World War II , he assisted arrested Communists and activists of the anti-war resistance . His clients included Pellervo Takatalo , Aimo Rikka and Martta Koskinen who were all given the capital punishment . Pekkala managed to change Takatalos and Rikkas sentences for life in prison , but Koskinen was executed in September 1943 . As the war was over , the Communist organizations were legalized , and Pekkala was re-elected to the Parliament in the 1945 parliamentary election representing the Finnish Peoples Democratic League . In 1945–1946 he served as the Minister of Education , and 1946–1948 as the Minister of Justice . In 1946–1947 , Pekkala was a member of the special court of the War-responsibility trials set by the Allies . Pekkala left the politics in 1948 , and ran a law firm in Helsinki until his death in September 1956 . Sports . Pekkala won 16 medals in the Finnish Championships in Athletics between 1907 and 1911 . He was the triple champion of decathlon ( 1907 , 1909 and 1910 ) , and the silver medalist of 110 metres hurdles ( 1910–1911 ) . In 1919 , Pekkala was a founder of the Finnish Workers Sports Federation , and served as its first chairman until 1927 . He was also a member of the organizing committee of the 1952 Summer Olympics . Personal life . Pekkala was married to the Estonian communist Salme Murrik from 1913 to 1924 . In 1928 , he married the British communist Mary Moorhouse . Their daughter Salme Anne Pekkala ( b . 1928 ) was married to the diplomat Risto Hyvärinen .

easy

What was the position of Eino Pekkala from Mar 1946 to Jul 1948?

/wiki/Eino_Pekkala#P39#3

Eino Pekkala Eino Oskari Pekkala ( 29 November 1887 − 30 September 1956 ) was a Finnish lawyer and politician . He was a member of the Parliament of Finland , representing the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders 1927–1930 and the Finnish Peoples Democratic League 1945–1948 . In the 1920−1930s , Pekkala was twice in prison for his political activities , and he was even kidnapped by the fascist Lapua Movement in 1930 . As the political situation in Finland changed after the World War II , Pekkala was the Minister of Education 1945–1946 , and the Minister of Justice 1946–1948 . In his youth , Pekkala was a talented athlete . His greatest achievements were three Finnish Championship titles in decathlon . His brother was the Prime Minister of Finland Mauno Pekkala . Life . Early years . Eino Pekkala was born in 1887 to the family of the park ranger Johan Oskari Pekkala ( 1864–1939 ) and Amanda Matilda Grönroos ( 1864–1925 ) . In 1888 , the family moved to Sysmä , and since 1898 , Johan Pekkala worked for the Teiskola Manor in Teisko . The family had four children . They were educated in Tampere , where Pekkala graduated from the high school in 1906 . Pekkala entered the University of Helsinki and finished his masters degree in 1911 . After working as a teacher in Tampere and Hämeenlinna , he re-entered the University of Helsinki in 1916 for law studies . Pekkala did not participate the 1918 Finnish Civil War although he was active in the Social Democratic movement . Instead of joining the Reds , Pekkala finished his studies . After the war , Pekkala and Väinö Hakkila opened a law firm in Helsinki to help the captured Red Guard fighters . In the politics . In 1919 , Pekkala was one of the key figures of the left-wing opposition of the Social Democratic Party which soon became the Socialist Workers Party of Finland . In May 1920 , Pekkala was arrested , and given a 1,5-year sentence for his activism in the Komintern-related party . Since 1926 , Pekkala and Asser Salo had a law firm in Helsinki . In the late 1920s , Pekkala was active in the Left Group of Finnish Workers which criticized the underground Communist Party of Finland . In the 1927 parliamentary election , Pekkala was elected to the parliament as a member of the Socialist Electoral Organisation of Workers and Smallholders ( STPV ) . In 5 July 1930 , the fascist Lapua Movement kidnapped Pekkala and Jalmari Rötkö from the meeting of the Constitutional Law Committee and took them to their headquarters in the Ostrobothnia province . On the following day , Pekkala and Rötkö were handed over to the authorities , after the Minister of Interior E . V . Kuokkanen gave an order to arrest all 23 STPV parliamentarians . As the anti-Communist laws were passed , Pekkala was given a 3-year sentence in November 1930 for an intent to commit a treason . In July 1933 , Pekkala took part on a hunger strike in the Tammisaari forced labour camp . The strike ended as five political prisoners died of forced feeding . After his release , Pekkala worked as a lawyer in Helsinki . During the World War II , he assisted arrested Communists and activists of the anti-war resistance . His clients included Pellervo Takatalo , Aimo Rikka and Martta Koskinen who were all given the capital punishment . Pekkala managed to change Takatalos and Rikkas sentences for life in prison , but Koskinen was executed in September 1943 . As the war was over , the Communist organizations were legalized , and Pekkala was re-elected to the Parliament in the 1945 parliamentary election representing the Finnish Peoples Democratic League . In 1945–1946 he served as the Minister of Education , and 1946–1948 as the Minister of Justice . In 1946–1947 , Pekkala was a member of the special court of the War-responsibility trials set by the Allies . Pekkala left the politics in 1948 , and ran a law firm in Helsinki until his death in September 1956 . Sports . Pekkala won 16 medals in the Finnish Championships in Athletics between 1907 and 1911 . He was the triple champion of decathlon ( 1907 , 1909 and 1910 ) , and the silver medalist of 110 metres hurdles ( 1910–1911 ) . In 1919 , Pekkala was a founder of the Finnish Workers Sports Federation , and served as its first chairman until 1927 . He was also a member of the organizing committee of the 1952 Summer Olympics . Personal life . Pekkala was married to the Estonian communist Salme Murrik from 1913 to 1924 . In 1928 , he married the British communist Mary Moorhouse . Their daughter Salme Anne Pekkala ( b . 1928 ) was married to the diplomat Risto Hyvärinen .

easy

What operated SECR N class from 1917 to Dec 1922?

/wiki/SECR_N_class#P137#0

SECR N class The SECR N class was a type of 2-6-0 ( mogul ) steam locomotive designed in 1914 by Richard Maunsell for mixed-traffic duties on the South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) . Built between 1917 and 1934 , it was the first non-Great Western Railway ( GWR ) type to use and improve upon the basic design principles established by GWR Chief Mechanical Engineer ( CME ) George Jackson Churchward . The N class was based on the GWR 4300 Class design , improved with Midland Railway concepts . The N class was mechanically similar to the SECR K class 2-6-4 passenger tank engine , also by Maunsell . It influenced future 2-6-0 development in Britain and provided the basis for the 3 cylinder N1 class of 1922 . Production was delayed by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 , and the first N class rolled out of Ashford Works in 1917 , three years after design work was completed . The class replaced obsolete 0-6-0s as part of the SECRs fleet standardisation , as they used parts interchangeable with those of other classes . Eighty N class locomotives were built in three batches between the First and Second World Wars . Fifty were assembled from kits of parts made at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , giving rise to the nickname of Woolworths . They worked over most of the Southern Railway ( SR ) network , and were used by the Southern Region of British Railways ( BR ) until the last was withdrawn in 1966 . One N class locomotive is preserved on the Swanage Railway in Dorset , undergoing overhaul . Background . Three factors dictated the type of locomotive that could run on the South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) : increased freight and passenger train loadings , poor track quality , and weak , lightly built bridges . An increasing number of passengers used the SECR to reach the cross-Channel ferries at Dover and Folkestone between 1910 and 1913 , and heavy goods trains between Tonbridge and Hither Green marshalling yard stretched the capabilities of existing locomotives and infrastructure . On the lines of the former London , Chatham and Dover Railway ( LCDR ) , flint beach pebbles on a bed of ash had been used for ballast . Conventional track ballast has irregular shapes that lock together to keep the track in place , whereas the smooth pebbles used by the LCDR failed to prevent track movement under strain . The economies in construction meant that only locomotives with low axle loadings could run safely on the track . These restrictions meant that the SECR was unable to follow a coherent locomotive strategy that reduced costs and increased serviceability . The railways Operating Department had to use mismatched classes of underpowered and obsolete 4-4-0 and 0-6-0 locomotives because they could run within the restrictions imposed by the infrastructure . This meant frequent double-heading that increased operational costs . Richard Maunsell was appointed CME of the SECR in 1913 , following the retirement of Harry Wainwright due to ill health . Wainwright left a legacy of competent but unspectacular locomotives that struggled to cope with the increased train lengths and loadings . Maunsell took control of the short-term situation by improving existing designs , and he introduced new engines to progressively replace obsolete classes . New designs could also cut costs on the SECR , as one capable mixed-traffic locomotive could undertake the work of two separate passenger or freight types . The first new design was to become Maunsells N class 2-6-0 . Design and construction . The N class was designed by Maunsell in 1914 to provide a sturdy mixed-traffic locomotive with high route availability . Intended to replace several obsolete 0-6-0 types , the N class was the first step in the SECRs fleet standardisation programme , which also included the K class 2-6-4T passenger tank locomotive . Maunsell enlisted the help of former GWR engineer Harold Holcroft , who suggested that a 2-6-0 wheel arrangement would allow the class to run on the poor-quality track in north Kent . This arrangement allowed for a longer wheelbase with leading axle to permit greater stability at speed on tight track curves , which had constrained the size of locomotives operating on the SECR . A longer locomotive could also accommodate a larger boiler than an 0-6-0 , giving the N class sufficient power to avoid double-heading of locomotives on heavier trains . The N class incorporated the principles of power and reliability established by George Churchward , using a Belpaire firebox that sloped downwards towards the cab instead of a round-topped version , a regulator located in the smokebox , long-travel valves for free running up to , a sharply tapered and domeless boiler , and a right-hand driving position . These features are attributed to Holcroft , who worked on the GWR 4300 class before joining the SECR . The boiler was intended to become a standard component for use on future SECR locomotive designs , thereby reducing building times and improving organisation at the works . The size was constrained by the heavier axle-loading of Maunsells proposed 2-6-4 tank locomotive variant of the N class , the K class , and was consequently smaller than was otherwise possible on the 2-6-0 chassis . The need to reduce overall weight also meant that the latter would feature lightly braced frames . Maunsells Chief Locomotive Draughtsman , James Clayton , brought functional Midland Railway influences to the design , such as the shape of the cab and the drumhead-type smokebox , which sat on a saddle that was of wider diameter than the fully lagged and clad boiler . Clayton was also responsible for the tender and chimney designs . Snifting valves were provided to prevent vacuum formation in the cylinders when the locomotive was stationary , and the outside Walschaerts valve gear incorporated single slide-bars and piston tail rods . Innovations added by Maunsells team included steam-powered locomotive brakes , locating the boiler water top feed inside a dome-like cover with external clackboxes and water feed pipes mounted on either side , and a new type of superheater that segregated saturated and superheated steam . Maunsell also incorporated a screw reverser to control valve events , which was easier to maintain than the complex steam reverser configuration of previous SECR designs . All components were standardised for interchange with similar locomotive classes to ease maintenance and reduce production costs . SECR batch . Production of the first batch was delayed by the outbreak of the First World War . Assembly began towards the end of the war and the first locomotive , No . 810 , emerged from Ashford Works for proving trials in July 1917 , one month after the first K class tank , whose design was derived from the N class . Entering service in August 1917 , No . 810 was trialled for three years before another 15 locomotives ( Nos . 811–825 ) were ordered in 1919 . These were built between 1920 and 1923 ; their construction delayed by a backlog of repairs caused by the war . The first left Ashford Works in June 1920 , featuring a greater superheating surface area within the boiler as a result of operational experience with No . 810 . All locomotives were equipped with tenders . In 1922 modifications were made to No . 822 during assembly . This was because production delays at Ashford prevented the building of a proposed 3-cylinder design drawn-up in 1919 . Maunsell and Holcroft revised No . 822s cylinder arrangement to accommodate a third inside cylinder fitted between the frames . The outside cylinders were also reduced to diameter to accommodate the inside cylinder and its associated valve linkages . The differences between No . 822 and the rest of the N class meant that this locomotive was re-designated as the 1919 proposal , becoming the prototype of the SR N1 class when completed in March 1923 . Woolwich batch . The first batch of the N class proved successful in service , and few problems were encountered after settling-in . The Ministry of Supply drew up a contract for a second batch to the same specification – to be built at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . The government backing came as part of a proposal to nationalise the railways , which would require a standard fleet of locomotives to promote economies in production and maintenance . The nationalisation proposal was abandoned ; instead , the government passed the 1921 Railways Act , which grouped the railways into the Big Four in 1923 . Building of the second batch went ahead to retain skilled labour at Woolwich , but the fabrication of 119 boilers for allocation to the kits of parts was contracted-out because of limited production capacity at Woolwich and Ashford ; the North British Locomotive Company built 85 , Robert Stephenson and Company 20 , and Kitson & Co . 14 . By 1924 , the prefabricated components stored at Woolwich formed 100 complete N class kits for purchase from the government . The newly created Southern Railway , which had absorbed the SECR in the 1923 Grouping , undertook trials in early 1924 to compare the performance of its freight locomotives . Because the Ns were designed to haul both freight and passenger traffic , Maunsell , as the newly appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway , decided to compare the design with the N1 , LSWR S15 and LB&SCR K classes in trials that involved hauling trains of 65 loaded wagons . Although the S15 was superior in freight haulage capacity and operational economy , the N class’ good all-round performance on passenger and freight meant that the type was adopted as the companys standard mixed-traffic design . The Southern Railway subsequently bought fifty Woolwich kits for assembly at Ashford between June 1924 and August 1925 . These were identical to the SECR batch and were given numbers in the series A826–A875 . The Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland bought 12 kits prior to its amalgamation into the Great Southern Railways , which bought an extra 15 . The latter 15 locomotives were divided into eight GSR Class 372 with driving wheels and six GSR Class 393 with driving wheels : the final kit was kept for spares . The Metropolitan Railway bought six kits for conversion to the Metropolitan Railway K Class 2-6-4T tank engines , which were similar in outline to the SECR K class . The remaining 17 complete kits at Woolwich were bought by the Southern Railway , and formed the basis of later locomotive classes such as the three-cylinder SR W class 2-6-4 tank locomotive . The prototype W class was produced in 1932 from N class parts with the addition of water tanks , a coal bunker , a rear bogie and a third cylinder between the frames . Woolwich also stocked a surplus of N class bogie components , and these were bought by the Southern for rebuilding the LB&SCR E1 class 0-6-0 tanks into the E1R class 0-6-2 tanks . Southern Railway batch . In 1932 , the Southern Railway ordered a final batch of 15 locomotives ( Nos . 1400–1414 ) to expand class availability on the Southern Railways network . These were built at Ashford works and differed from the previous 65 in a number of ways . The cabs of the final eight locomotives ( Nos . 1407–1414 ) were fitted for left-hand driving , which was adopted as standard by the Southern Railway . The original N class chimney was replaced with the lower-profile version used on the U1 class , which increased route availability by allowing the locomotives to pass under lower bridges and tunnels . Maunsell had begun to research smoke deflection techniques to improve driver visibility on the King Arthur class between 1926 and 1927 , which resulted in the adoption of a standard smoke deflector design for the Southern Railway . A smaller version was fitted to Nos . 1400–1414 during building . Before entering service , the batch was attached to tenders to increase operational range over the Southern Railways long Western section routes . Despite this advantage , tenders fitted to the eight left-hand drive examples were intended for use with right-hand drive locomotives . This resulted in the location of the firemans fittings on the wrong side of the cab . The design also necessitated the addition of a step to the footplate , as the boiler backhead was lower than the fall-plate that connected the tender and cab floors . The new batch incorporated a new set of footsteps beneath the front buffer beam , modified slide-bars and the dome was redesigned to incorporate the regulator to ease access during routine maintenance . Operational details . The N class was used to haul services over most of the SECR network and became a familiar sight on the difficult cross-country route between and , on which the steep gradients had taxed the companys 4-4-0 and 0-6-0 designs . The success of the 2-6-0 in traversing this route was due to their higher-capacity tapered boilers that produced an ample supply of steam , and the small 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) driving wheels that delivered considerable tractive effort when climbing gradients such as the 1 in 100 between and . After The Grouping in 1923 , the N class remained on the former SECR network , which was incorporated into the Southern Railways Eastern section . Typical services included , Ashford and freights , and Cannon Street to Dover passenger trains . In early 1924 Nos . A815 and A825 were transferred to the former LSWR mainline between Waterloo and Guildford for trials . These proved successful , and paved the way for the allocation of most of the Woolwich batch to the Southern Railways Western section . The type regularly replaced Dugald Drummonds ageing LSWR T9 class 4-4-0s on portions of the Atlantic Coast Express over the steeply graded mainlines west of Exeter . The N class was also successful on the Central section , where they worked alongside L . B . Billintons LB&SCR K class 2-6-0s . However the large cylinder and cab sizes of the N class prevented use of the type on the Eastern sections Tonbridge–Hastings line . The routes narrow bridges and tunnels were unable to accommodate the class , and provided justification for using the narrower 3-cylinder N1 class 2-6-0 on the route . Despite these restrictions , the class was capable of hauling heavy loads at moderate speeds , a useful attribute that was exploited throughout the Second World War . The entire class came into British Railways ownership in 1948 and could be seen in most areas of the Southern Region . Performance of the class and modifications . When introduced in 1917 , the N class proved adept at hauling both passenger and freight services on the SECR . They were well liked by crews who appreciated the general robustness of the design , although the lightly built frames caused excessive vibration and rough riding on the footplate when worked hard . Despite there being little wrong with the original design , the N class’ full steaming potential was not realised because of the failure to capitalise upon a larger boiler , which was a direct consequence of Maunsells standardisation policy . Instead , the SECR batch was trial-fitted with stovepipe chimneys in an attempt to improve draughting . This was initially applied to No . 812 in 1921 , although two more were fitted to Nos . 817 and 819 during building because of a shortage of chimneys at Ashford Works . The chimney fitted to No . 819 was transferred to No . 818 sometime between 1921 and 1924 , though all stovepipes had been replaced with the standard N class type by April 1927 . Another trial saw the addition of a second slidebar to No . 825 , which gave better support to the valve gear and helped protect it from spillage from the driving wheel sander fillers . The quality of the original design was such that No . A866 was put on display at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley from May to November 1925 , and no class-wide modifications were made until 1934 . This was when the SECR and Woolwich batches began to receive new domes and front footsteps during overhauls and general repairs . These were the same design as those used on Nos . 1400–1414 , and were intended to standardise components between the batches . The SECR and Woolwich batches also received smoke deflectors to prevent drifting smoke from obscuring the drivers vision ahead . The U1 chimneys replaced the standard N class type on the earlier locomotives , which , along with the removal of the piston tail rods on the earlier batches , created a truly standardised appearance . In 1937 , Maunsells replacement Oliver Bulleid saw no need to improve draughting of the class , and spared them from trials with Lemaître multiple-jet blastpipes and wide-diameter chimneys . However , he had Maunsells smokebox-mounted anti-vacuum snifting valves removed at the end of the Second World War in an effort to reduce maintenance . Bulleid also had eight new tenders built specially for the left-hand drive locomotives . In 1947 , No . 1831 was given electric lighting and converted to oil-burning as part of government-backed fuel trials in anticipation of a post-war coal shortage , though it was reverted to coal-firing in December 1948 . The class was heavily used by British Railways : 29 locomotives required replacement cylinders between 1955 and 1961 due to excessive wear . Frames were occasionally replaced due to stress caused by heavy use , and the steam circuit was revised when new cylinders were fitted : the inside steam pipes of Maunsells original design were replaced by outside steam pipes emerging from the smokebox , behind the smoke deflectors . From 1957 , some of the locomotives had larger-diameter BR Standard Class 4 chimneys fitted to improve draughting with poor-quality coal , though the decline of steam on the Southern Region precluded use on the entire class . Crew reports maintained that the latter modifications cut fuel and water consumption . The final set of modifications constituted the fitting of new injectors and Automatic Warning System ( AWS ) equipment in 1957 and 1959 respectively . Experiments . Although sufficient for the Southern Railways needs , the N class was an ideal test-bed for experiments with new steam technology . The first experiment entailed fitting a Worthington feed pump to No . A819 in 1924 . The trial was moderately successful , and the pump remained in use until removal in 1927 . In June 1930 , No . A816 was withdrawn from service for the application of experimental Anderson steam conservation equipment at Eastleigh Works . This was designed by a Scottish marine draughtsman , Mr . A.P.H . Anderson , who proposed the use of a fan system to condense spent steam and improve draughting of the fire on long-distance runs in regions with poor access to water . No . A816 emerged from Eastleigh in August 1931 for trials , but was stopped when temperature variations within the condensing equipment caused water leakage . Modifications were made to improve the draughting of the locomotive , incorporating a box-like chimney attached to the condenser array by pipes . No . A816 was released for more trials , and produced performances well-below those displayed by the unmodified members of the class . The experiment was ended when the systems developers ran out of money , and the locomotive was converted back to standard form between May and August 1935 , re-entering service as No . 1816 . The final experiment with performance enhancement began in October 1933 , when No . 1850 had its Walschaerts valve gear replaced with J.T . Marshall valve gear at Eastleigh Works . The engine was trialled on the Western section , where the gear showed promise at slower speeds , with reduced consumption of coal and water . Problems were encountered at speeds over , at which a severe knocking sound was reported by the footplate crew . When trialled on a Basingstoke–Waterloo semi-fast ( a high-speed passenger train that stops at selected intermediate stations ) , the valve gear disintegrated near . After immediate withdrawal from traffic , the locomotive had its Walschaerts valve gear re-fitted and No . 1850 re-entered traffic in April 1934 . Withdrawal . Suitable work for the class began to decline after completion of the Kent Coast route electrification in 1959 . The reduction of work precipitated a phased reduction of the class that began with the withdrawal of No . 31409 in November 1962 . The withdrawal programme intensified after boundary changes on the Southern Region placed the lines west of Salisbury under Western Region control in 1963 . Class members based at Exmouth Junction shed were withdrawn in 1964 , whilst the Southern Regions allocation was gradually replaced by Bulleids Light Pacifics . The last operational members of the class were Nos . 31405 and 31408 ; both were withdrawn in June 1966 . Accidents and incidents . - On 4 April 1958 , locomotive No . 31867 was hauling a parcels train that overran signals and collided with an electric multiple unit at Gloucester Road Junction , Croydon , Surrey . Nine people were injured . Livery and numbering . SECR and Southern Railway . N class locomotives were initially painted in an unlined dark grey livery with white lettering and numbering . This Maunsell grey livery was introduced by the SECR as a wartime economy measure . After Grouping in 1923 , the Southern Railway replaced the different liveries of the constituent companies with a standard sage green livery ( the colour was that previously used by Robert Urie on the LSWR ) with black and white lining , primrose yellow numbering and Southern on the tender . This livery was first applied to No . 825 . From 1925 , the class was repainted in a darker olive green livery , introduced by Maunsell , with plain white lining , black borders and primrose yellow markings . In 1939 , shortly after the start of the Second World War , locomotives Nos . 1413 and 1850 were painted in unlined olive green because of labour shortages . In 1941 , Nos . 1821 , 1825 , 1847 , 1878 and 1403 were run in unlined olive green with Bulleids gilt block lettering . Labour and paint shortages during the Second World War meant that all N class locomotives were painted in plain black by 1945 . In 1946 , two locomotives , Nos . 1817 and 1854 , were repainted in Bulleids malachite green livery , with yellow and black lining and Sunshine yellow lettering . The 15 locomotives built by Ashford Works for the SECR between August 1917 and December 1923 were numbered 810–824 . The Royal Arsenal batch of 50 locomotives purchased by the newly formed Southern Railway from 1923 were numbered A825–A875 ; the numbers followed consecutively from the Ashford batch but with a prefix A to denote a locomotive allocated for overhaul at Ashford Works . The prefix was gradually applied to the SECR batch . From 1928 , a new system was adopted where all Southern Railway locomotives were renumbered into one sequence . The SECR and Woolwich N class batches became Nos . 1810–1875 . The final batch of 15 locomotives , built between 1932 and 1934 , were numbered 1400–1414 from new . British Railways . The class was absorbed by British Railways in 1948 , and initially given the power classification 4MT in 1949 . Under British Railways ownership , the class was reclassified from 4MT to 4P5FB in 1953 ; the B denoting the brake power rating when used on unfitted ( non-vacuum braked ) goods trains . The locomotives at first retained their Southern Railway livery , but with British Railways painted on the tender in Bulleid block lettering . Eight locomotives had light repairs prior to 1950 and were given an S prefix to the Southern number ( e.g . s1405 ) . From 1949 to 1950 N class locomotives were repainted in the British Railways mixed-traffic lined black livery with red , cream and grey lining and the British Railways crest on the tender . Numbering was changed to the British Railways standard numbering system : the series 31810–31875 was allocated to the earlier locomotives , and 31400–31414 to the final 15 . Operational assessment and preservation . The N class was the first to combine Churchward design principles with the best practices of other railways ; it was an important step in the development of the British 2-6-0 , providing inspiration for the LMS Hughes Crab of 1926 and subsequent Maunsell designs . The locomotives were well received by crews , who nicknamed them Woolworths , because the majority were fabricated from inexpensively produced parts from Woolwich . The robustness and reliability of the design ensured that their sphere of operation was expanded to cover most of the Southern Railway network . The utility of the N class as capable mixed-traffic locomotives ensured their continued use until withdrawal in 1966 . One member of the class is preserved , No . ( 3 ) 1874 , which was rescued in March 1974 from the Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry , Vale of Glamorgan , South Wales . One of the Woolwich batch , this locomotive was bought and restored for use on the Mid-Hants Railway ; it was steamed for the first time in preservation in 1977 , and was operational at the railways re-opening as a heritage attraction in April 1977 . The locomotive received two names during the late 1970s , the first one was Aznar Line , which was the shipping company that helped move the locomotives out of the scrapyard , and the second one was Brian Fisk who helped out with the locomotives restoration . The locomotive was withdrawn in 1998 due to problems that require firebox reconstruction . In 2012 , the locomotive was repainted into its SR Wartime Black guise of 1874 for the first time in decades . The locomotive was moved from the Mid-Hants Railway to the Swanage Railway in 2014 along with U Classes 31806 and 31625 . In August 2014 , the overhaul to return 31874 to operational condition began . Models . - Bachmann Branchline make a model of the N class in 00 gauge . - Graham Farish make a model of the N class in N gauge . External links . - Number 1850 and the Marshall valve gea

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What operated SECR N class from 1923 to Dec 1947?

/wiki/SECR_N_class#P137#1

SECR N class The SECR N class was a type of 2-6-0 ( mogul ) steam locomotive designed in 1914 by Richard Maunsell for mixed-traffic duties on the South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) . Built between 1917 and 1934 , it was the first non-Great Western Railway ( GWR ) type to use and improve upon the basic design principles established by GWR Chief Mechanical Engineer ( CME ) George Jackson Churchward . The N class was based on the GWR 4300 Class design , improved with Midland Railway concepts . The N class was mechanically similar to the SECR K class 2-6-4 passenger tank engine , also by Maunsell . It influenced future 2-6-0 development in Britain and provided the basis for the 3 cylinder N1 class of 1922 . Production was delayed by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 , and the first N class rolled out of Ashford Works in 1917 , three years after design work was completed . The class replaced obsolete 0-6-0s as part of the SECRs fleet standardisation , as they used parts interchangeable with those of other classes . Eighty N class locomotives were built in three batches between the First and Second World Wars . Fifty were assembled from kits of parts made at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , giving rise to the nickname of Woolworths . They worked over most of the Southern Railway ( SR ) network , and were used by the Southern Region of British Railways ( BR ) until the last was withdrawn in 1966 . One N class locomotive is preserved on the Swanage Railway in Dorset , undergoing overhaul . Background . Three factors dictated the type of locomotive that could run on the South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) : increased freight and passenger train loadings , poor track quality , and weak , lightly built bridges . An increasing number of passengers used the SECR to reach the cross-Channel ferries at Dover and Folkestone between 1910 and 1913 , and heavy goods trains between Tonbridge and Hither Green marshalling yard stretched the capabilities of existing locomotives and infrastructure . On the lines of the former London , Chatham and Dover Railway ( LCDR ) , flint beach pebbles on a bed of ash had been used for ballast . Conventional track ballast has irregular shapes that lock together to keep the track in place , whereas the smooth pebbles used by the LCDR failed to prevent track movement under strain . The economies in construction meant that only locomotives with low axle loadings could run safely on the track . These restrictions meant that the SECR was unable to follow a coherent locomotive strategy that reduced costs and increased serviceability . The railways Operating Department had to use mismatched classes of underpowered and obsolete 4-4-0 and 0-6-0 locomotives because they could run within the restrictions imposed by the infrastructure . This meant frequent double-heading that increased operational costs . Richard Maunsell was appointed CME of the SECR in 1913 , following the retirement of Harry Wainwright due to ill health . Wainwright left a legacy of competent but unspectacular locomotives that struggled to cope with the increased train lengths and loadings . Maunsell took control of the short-term situation by improving existing designs , and he introduced new engines to progressively replace obsolete classes . New designs could also cut costs on the SECR , as one capable mixed-traffic locomotive could undertake the work of two separate passenger or freight types . The first new design was to become Maunsells N class 2-6-0 . Design and construction . The N class was designed by Maunsell in 1914 to provide a sturdy mixed-traffic locomotive with high route availability . Intended to replace several obsolete 0-6-0 types , the N class was the first step in the SECRs fleet standardisation programme , which also included the K class 2-6-4T passenger tank locomotive . Maunsell enlisted the help of former GWR engineer Harold Holcroft , who suggested that a 2-6-0 wheel arrangement would allow the class to run on the poor-quality track in north Kent . This arrangement allowed for a longer wheelbase with leading axle to permit greater stability at speed on tight track curves , which had constrained the size of locomotives operating on the SECR . A longer locomotive could also accommodate a larger boiler than an 0-6-0 , giving the N class sufficient power to avoid double-heading of locomotives on heavier trains . The N class incorporated the principles of power and reliability established by George Churchward , using a Belpaire firebox that sloped downwards towards the cab instead of a round-topped version , a regulator located in the smokebox , long-travel valves for free running up to , a sharply tapered and domeless boiler , and a right-hand driving position . These features are attributed to Holcroft , who worked on the GWR 4300 class before joining the SECR . The boiler was intended to become a standard component for use on future SECR locomotive designs , thereby reducing building times and improving organisation at the works . The size was constrained by the heavier axle-loading of Maunsells proposed 2-6-4 tank locomotive variant of the N class , the K class , and was consequently smaller than was otherwise possible on the 2-6-0 chassis . The need to reduce overall weight also meant that the latter would feature lightly braced frames . Maunsells Chief Locomotive Draughtsman , James Clayton , brought functional Midland Railway influences to the design , such as the shape of the cab and the drumhead-type smokebox , which sat on a saddle that was of wider diameter than the fully lagged and clad boiler . Clayton was also responsible for the tender and chimney designs . Snifting valves were provided to prevent vacuum formation in the cylinders when the locomotive was stationary , and the outside Walschaerts valve gear incorporated single slide-bars and piston tail rods . Innovations added by Maunsells team included steam-powered locomotive brakes , locating the boiler water top feed inside a dome-like cover with external clackboxes and water feed pipes mounted on either side , and a new type of superheater that segregated saturated and superheated steam . Maunsell also incorporated a screw reverser to control valve events , which was easier to maintain than the complex steam reverser configuration of previous SECR designs . All components were standardised for interchange with similar locomotive classes to ease maintenance and reduce production costs . SECR batch . Production of the first batch was delayed by the outbreak of the First World War . Assembly began towards the end of the war and the first locomotive , No . 810 , emerged from Ashford Works for proving trials in July 1917 , one month after the first K class tank , whose design was derived from the N class . Entering service in August 1917 , No . 810 was trialled for three years before another 15 locomotives ( Nos . 811–825 ) were ordered in 1919 . These were built between 1920 and 1923 ; their construction delayed by a backlog of repairs caused by the war . The first left Ashford Works in June 1920 , featuring a greater superheating surface area within the boiler as a result of operational experience with No . 810 . All locomotives were equipped with tenders . In 1922 modifications were made to No . 822 during assembly . This was because production delays at Ashford prevented the building of a proposed 3-cylinder design drawn-up in 1919 . Maunsell and Holcroft revised No . 822s cylinder arrangement to accommodate a third inside cylinder fitted between the frames . The outside cylinders were also reduced to diameter to accommodate the inside cylinder and its associated valve linkages . The differences between No . 822 and the rest of the N class meant that this locomotive was re-designated as the 1919 proposal , becoming the prototype of the SR N1 class when completed in March 1923 . Woolwich batch . The first batch of the N class proved successful in service , and few problems were encountered after settling-in . The Ministry of Supply drew up a contract for a second batch to the same specification – to be built at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . The government backing came as part of a proposal to nationalise the railways , which would require a standard fleet of locomotives to promote economies in production and maintenance . The nationalisation proposal was abandoned ; instead , the government passed the 1921 Railways Act , which grouped the railways into the Big Four in 1923 . Building of the second batch went ahead to retain skilled labour at Woolwich , but the fabrication of 119 boilers for allocation to the kits of parts was contracted-out because of limited production capacity at Woolwich and Ashford ; the North British Locomotive Company built 85 , Robert Stephenson and Company 20 , and Kitson & Co . 14 . By 1924 , the prefabricated components stored at Woolwich formed 100 complete N class kits for purchase from the government . The newly created Southern Railway , which had absorbed the SECR in the 1923 Grouping , undertook trials in early 1924 to compare the performance of its freight locomotives . Because the Ns were designed to haul both freight and passenger traffic , Maunsell , as the newly appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway , decided to compare the design with the N1 , LSWR S15 and LB&SCR K classes in trials that involved hauling trains of 65 loaded wagons . Although the S15 was superior in freight haulage capacity and operational economy , the N class’ good all-round performance on passenger and freight meant that the type was adopted as the companys standard mixed-traffic design . The Southern Railway subsequently bought fifty Woolwich kits for assembly at Ashford between June 1924 and August 1925 . These were identical to the SECR batch and were given numbers in the series A826–A875 . The Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland bought 12 kits prior to its amalgamation into the Great Southern Railways , which bought an extra 15 . The latter 15 locomotives were divided into eight GSR Class 372 with driving wheels and six GSR Class 393 with driving wheels : the final kit was kept for spares . The Metropolitan Railway bought six kits for conversion to the Metropolitan Railway K Class 2-6-4T tank engines , which were similar in outline to the SECR K class . The remaining 17 complete kits at Woolwich were bought by the Southern Railway , and formed the basis of later locomotive classes such as the three-cylinder SR W class 2-6-4 tank locomotive . The prototype W class was produced in 1932 from N class parts with the addition of water tanks , a coal bunker , a rear bogie and a third cylinder between the frames . Woolwich also stocked a surplus of N class bogie components , and these were bought by the Southern for rebuilding the LB&SCR E1 class 0-6-0 tanks into the E1R class 0-6-2 tanks . Southern Railway batch . In 1932 , the Southern Railway ordered a final batch of 15 locomotives ( Nos . 1400–1414 ) to expand class availability on the Southern Railways network . These were built at Ashford works and differed from the previous 65 in a number of ways . The cabs of the final eight locomotives ( Nos . 1407–1414 ) were fitted for left-hand driving , which was adopted as standard by the Southern Railway . The original N class chimney was replaced with the lower-profile version used on the U1 class , which increased route availability by allowing the locomotives to pass under lower bridges and tunnels . Maunsell had begun to research smoke deflection techniques to improve driver visibility on the King Arthur class between 1926 and 1927 , which resulted in the adoption of a standard smoke deflector design for the Southern Railway . A smaller version was fitted to Nos . 1400–1414 during building . Before entering service , the batch was attached to tenders to increase operational range over the Southern Railways long Western section routes . Despite this advantage , tenders fitted to the eight left-hand drive examples were intended for use with right-hand drive locomotives . This resulted in the location of the firemans fittings on the wrong side of the cab . The design also necessitated the addition of a step to the footplate , as the boiler backhead was lower than the fall-plate that connected the tender and cab floors . The new batch incorporated a new set of footsteps beneath the front buffer beam , modified slide-bars and the dome was redesigned to incorporate the regulator to ease access during routine maintenance . Operational details . The N class was used to haul services over most of the SECR network and became a familiar sight on the difficult cross-country route between and , on which the steep gradients had taxed the companys 4-4-0 and 0-6-0 designs . The success of the 2-6-0 in traversing this route was due to their higher-capacity tapered boilers that produced an ample supply of steam , and the small 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) driving wheels that delivered considerable tractive effort when climbing gradients such as the 1 in 100 between and . After The Grouping in 1923 , the N class remained on the former SECR network , which was incorporated into the Southern Railways Eastern section . Typical services included , Ashford and freights , and Cannon Street to Dover passenger trains . In early 1924 Nos . A815 and A825 were transferred to the former LSWR mainline between Waterloo and Guildford for trials . These proved successful , and paved the way for the allocation of most of the Woolwich batch to the Southern Railways Western section . The type regularly replaced Dugald Drummonds ageing LSWR T9 class 4-4-0s on portions of the Atlantic Coast Express over the steeply graded mainlines west of Exeter . The N class was also successful on the Central section , where they worked alongside L . B . Billintons LB&SCR K class 2-6-0s . However the large cylinder and cab sizes of the N class prevented use of the type on the Eastern sections Tonbridge–Hastings line . The routes narrow bridges and tunnels were unable to accommodate the class , and provided justification for using the narrower 3-cylinder N1 class 2-6-0 on the route . Despite these restrictions , the class was capable of hauling heavy loads at moderate speeds , a useful attribute that was exploited throughout the Second World War . The entire class came into British Railways ownership in 1948 and could be seen in most areas of the Southern Region . Performance of the class and modifications . When introduced in 1917 , the N class proved adept at hauling both passenger and freight services on the SECR . They were well liked by crews who appreciated the general robustness of the design , although the lightly built frames caused excessive vibration and rough riding on the footplate when worked hard . Despite there being little wrong with the original design , the N class’ full steaming potential was not realised because of the failure to capitalise upon a larger boiler , which was a direct consequence of Maunsells standardisation policy . Instead , the SECR batch was trial-fitted with stovepipe chimneys in an attempt to improve draughting . This was initially applied to No . 812 in 1921 , although two more were fitted to Nos . 817 and 819 during building because of a shortage of chimneys at Ashford Works . The chimney fitted to No . 819 was transferred to No . 818 sometime between 1921 and 1924 , though all stovepipes had been replaced with the standard N class type by April 1927 . Another trial saw the addition of a second slidebar to No . 825 , which gave better support to the valve gear and helped protect it from spillage from the driving wheel sander fillers . The quality of the original design was such that No . A866 was put on display at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley from May to November 1925 , and no class-wide modifications were made until 1934 . This was when the SECR and Woolwich batches began to receive new domes and front footsteps during overhauls and general repairs . These were the same design as those used on Nos . 1400–1414 , and were intended to standardise components between the batches . The SECR and Woolwich batches also received smoke deflectors to prevent drifting smoke from obscuring the drivers vision ahead . The U1 chimneys replaced the standard N class type on the earlier locomotives , which , along with the removal of the piston tail rods on the earlier batches , created a truly standardised appearance . In 1937 , Maunsells replacement Oliver Bulleid saw no need to improve draughting of the class , and spared them from trials with Lemaître multiple-jet blastpipes and wide-diameter chimneys . However , he had Maunsells smokebox-mounted anti-vacuum snifting valves removed at the end of the Second World War in an effort to reduce maintenance . Bulleid also had eight new tenders built specially for the left-hand drive locomotives . In 1947 , No . 1831 was given electric lighting and converted to oil-burning as part of government-backed fuel trials in anticipation of a post-war coal shortage , though it was reverted to coal-firing in December 1948 . The class was heavily used by British Railways : 29 locomotives required replacement cylinders between 1955 and 1961 due to excessive wear . Frames were occasionally replaced due to stress caused by heavy use , and the steam circuit was revised when new cylinders were fitted : the inside steam pipes of Maunsells original design were replaced by outside steam pipes emerging from the smokebox , behind the smoke deflectors . From 1957 , some of the locomotives had larger-diameter BR Standard Class 4 chimneys fitted to improve draughting with poor-quality coal , though the decline of steam on the Southern Region precluded use on the entire class . Crew reports maintained that the latter modifications cut fuel and water consumption . The final set of modifications constituted the fitting of new injectors and Automatic Warning System ( AWS ) equipment in 1957 and 1959 respectively . Experiments . Although sufficient for the Southern Railways needs , the N class was an ideal test-bed for experiments with new steam technology . The first experiment entailed fitting a Worthington feed pump to No . A819 in 1924 . The trial was moderately successful , and the pump remained in use until removal in 1927 . In June 1930 , No . A816 was withdrawn from service for the application of experimental Anderson steam conservation equipment at Eastleigh Works . This was designed by a Scottish marine draughtsman , Mr . A.P.H . Anderson , who proposed the use of a fan system to condense spent steam and improve draughting of the fire on long-distance runs in regions with poor access to water . No . A816 emerged from Eastleigh in August 1931 for trials , but was stopped when temperature variations within the condensing equipment caused water leakage . Modifications were made to improve the draughting of the locomotive , incorporating a box-like chimney attached to the condenser array by pipes . No . A816 was released for more trials , and produced performances well-below those displayed by the unmodified members of the class . The experiment was ended when the systems developers ran out of money , and the locomotive was converted back to standard form between May and August 1935 , re-entering service as No . 1816 . The final experiment with performance enhancement began in October 1933 , when No . 1850 had its Walschaerts valve gear replaced with J.T . Marshall valve gear at Eastleigh Works . The engine was trialled on the Western section , where the gear showed promise at slower speeds , with reduced consumption of coal and water . Problems were encountered at speeds over , at which a severe knocking sound was reported by the footplate crew . When trialled on a Basingstoke–Waterloo semi-fast ( a high-speed passenger train that stops at selected intermediate stations ) , the valve gear disintegrated near . After immediate withdrawal from traffic , the locomotive had its Walschaerts valve gear re-fitted and No . 1850 re-entered traffic in April 1934 . Withdrawal . Suitable work for the class began to decline after completion of the Kent Coast route electrification in 1959 . The reduction of work precipitated a phased reduction of the class that began with the withdrawal of No . 31409 in November 1962 . The withdrawal programme intensified after boundary changes on the Southern Region placed the lines west of Salisbury under Western Region control in 1963 . Class members based at Exmouth Junction shed were withdrawn in 1964 , whilst the Southern Regions allocation was gradually replaced by Bulleids Light Pacifics . The last operational members of the class were Nos . 31405 and 31408 ; both were withdrawn in June 1966 . Accidents and incidents . - On 4 April 1958 , locomotive No . 31867 was hauling a parcels train that overran signals and collided with an electric multiple unit at Gloucester Road Junction , Croydon , Surrey . Nine people were injured . Livery and numbering . SECR and Southern Railway . N class locomotives were initially painted in an unlined dark grey livery with white lettering and numbering . This Maunsell grey livery was introduced by the SECR as a wartime economy measure . After Grouping in 1923 , the Southern Railway replaced the different liveries of the constituent companies with a standard sage green livery ( the colour was that previously used by Robert Urie on the LSWR ) with black and white lining , primrose yellow numbering and Southern on the tender . This livery was first applied to No . 825 . From 1925 , the class was repainted in a darker olive green livery , introduced by Maunsell , with plain white lining , black borders and primrose yellow markings . In 1939 , shortly after the start of the Second World War , locomotives Nos . 1413 and 1850 were painted in unlined olive green because of labour shortages . In 1941 , Nos . 1821 , 1825 , 1847 , 1878 and 1403 were run in unlined olive green with Bulleids gilt block lettering . Labour and paint shortages during the Second World War meant that all N class locomotives were painted in plain black by 1945 . In 1946 , two locomotives , Nos . 1817 and 1854 , were repainted in Bulleids malachite green livery , with yellow and black lining and Sunshine yellow lettering . The 15 locomotives built by Ashford Works for the SECR between August 1917 and December 1923 were numbered 810–824 . The Royal Arsenal batch of 50 locomotives purchased by the newly formed Southern Railway from 1923 were numbered A825–A875 ; the numbers followed consecutively from the Ashford batch but with a prefix A to denote a locomotive allocated for overhaul at Ashford Works . The prefix was gradually applied to the SECR batch . From 1928 , a new system was adopted where all Southern Railway locomotives were renumbered into one sequence . The SECR and Woolwich N class batches became Nos . 1810–1875 . The final batch of 15 locomotives , built between 1932 and 1934 , were numbered 1400–1414 from new . British Railways . The class was absorbed by British Railways in 1948 , and initially given the power classification 4MT in 1949 . Under British Railways ownership , the class was reclassified from 4MT to 4P5FB in 1953 ; the B denoting the brake power rating when used on unfitted ( non-vacuum braked ) goods trains . The locomotives at first retained their Southern Railway livery , but with British Railways painted on the tender in Bulleid block lettering . Eight locomotives had light repairs prior to 1950 and were given an S prefix to the Southern number ( e.g . s1405 ) . From 1949 to 1950 N class locomotives were repainted in the British Railways mixed-traffic lined black livery with red , cream and grey lining and the British Railways crest on the tender . Numbering was changed to the British Railways standard numbering system : the series 31810–31875 was allocated to the earlier locomotives , and 31400–31414 to the final 15 . Operational assessment and preservation . The N class was the first to combine Churchward design principles with the best practices of other railways ; it was an important step in the development of the British 2-6-0 , providing inspiration for the LMS Hughes Crab of 1926 and subsequent Maunsell designs . The locomotives were well received by crews , who nicknamed them Woolworths , because the majority were fabricated from inexpensively produced parts from Woolwich . The robustness and reliability of the design ensured that their sphere of operation was expanded to cover most of the Southern Railway network . The utility of the N class as capable mixed-traffic locomotives ensured their continued use until withdrawal in 1966 . One member of the class is preserved , No . ( 3 ) 1874 , which was rescued in March 1974 from the Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry , Vale of Glamorgan , South Wales . One of the Woolwich batch , this locomotive was bought and restored for use on the Mid-Hants Railway ; it was steamed for the first time in preservation in 1977 , and was operational at the railways re-opening as a heritage attraction in April 1977 . The locomotive received two names during the late 1970s , the first one was Aznar Line , which was the shipping company that helped move the locomotives out of the scrapyard , and the second one was Brian Fisk who helped out with the locomotives restoration . The locomotive was withdrawn in 1998 due to problems that require firebox reconstruction . In 2012 , the locomotive was repainted into its SR Wartime Black guise of 1874 for the first time in decades . The locomotive was moved from the Mid-Hants Railway to the Swanage Railway in 2014 along with U Classes 31806 and 31625 . In August 2014 , the overhaul to return 31874 to operational condition began . Models . - Bachmann Branchline make a model of the N class in 00 gauge . - Graham Farish make a model of the N class in N gauge . External links . - Number 1850 and the Marshall valve gea

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What operated SECR N class from 1948 to 1966?

/wiki/SECR_N_class#P137#2

SECR N class The SECR N class was a type of 2-6-0 ( mogul ) steam locomotive designed in 1914 by Richard Maunsell for mixed-traffic duties on the South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) . Built between 1917 and 1934 , it was the first non-Great Western Railway ( GWR ) type to use and improve upon the basic design principles established by GWR Chief Mechanical Engineer ( CME ) George Jackson Churchward . The N class was based on the GWR 4300 Class design , improved with Midland Railway concepts . The N class was mechanically similar to the SECR K class 2-6-4 passenger tank engine , also by Maunsell . It influenced future 2-6-0 development in Britain and provided the basis for the 3 cylinder N1 class of 1922 . Production was delayed by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 , and the first N class rolled out of Ashford Works in 1917 , three years after design work was completed . The class replaced obsolete 0-6-0s as part of the SECRs fleet standardisation , as they used parts interchangeable with those of other classes . Eighty N class locomotives were built in three batches between the First and Second World Wars . Fifty were assembled from kits of parts made at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich , giving rise to the nickname of Woolworths . They worked over most of the Southern Railway ( SR ) network , and were used by the Southern Region of British Railways ( BR ) until the last was withdrawn in 1966 . One N class locomotive is preserved on the Swanage Railway in Dorset , undergoing overhaul . Background . Three factors dictated the type of locomotive that could run on the South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) : increased freight and passenger train loadings , poor track quality , and weak , lightly built bridges . An increasing number of passengers used the SECR to reach the cross-Channel ferries at Dover and Folkestone between 1910 and 1913 , and heavy goods trains between Tonbridge and Hither Green marshalling yard stretched the capabilities of existing locomotives and infrastructure . On the lines of the former London , Chatham and Dover Railway ( LCDR ) , flint beach pebbles on a bed of ash had been used for ballast . Conventional track ballast has irregular shapes that lock together to keep the track in place , whereas the smooth pebbles used by the LCDR failed to prevent track movement under strain . The economies in construction meant that only locomotives with low axle loadings could run safely on the track . These restrictions meant that the SECR was unable to follow a coherent locomotive strategy that reduced costs and increased serviceability . The railways Operating Department had to use mismatched classes of underpowered and obsolete 4-4-0 and 0-6-0 locomotives because they could run within the restrictions imposed by the infrastructure . This meant frequent double-heading that increased operational costs . Richard Maunsell was appointed CME of the SECR in 1913 , following the retirement of Harry Wainwright due to ill health . Wainwright left a legacy of competent but unspectacular locomotives that struggled to cope with the increased train lengths and loadings . Maunsell took control of the short-term situation by improving existing designs , and he introduced new engines to progressively replace obsolete classes . New designs could also cut costs on the SECR , as one capable mixed-traffic locomotive could undertake the work of two separate passenger or freight types . The first new design was to become Maunsells N class 2-6-0 . Design and construction . The N class was designed by Maunsell in 1914 to provide a sturdy mixed-traffic locomotive with high route availability . Intended to replace several obsolete 0-6-0 types , the N class was the first step in the SECRs fleet standardisation programme , which also included the K class 2-6-4T passenger tank locomotive . Maunsell enlisted the help of former GWR engineer Harold Holcroft , who suggested that a 2-6-0 wheel arrangement would allow the class to run on the poor-quality track in north Kent . This arrangement allowed for a longer wheelbase with leading axle to permit greater stability at speed on tight track curves , which had constrained the size of locomotives operating on the SECR . A longer locomotive could also accommodate a larger boiler than an 0-6-0 , giving the N class sufficient power to avoid double-heading of locomotives on heavier trains . The N class incorporated the principles of power and reliability established by George Churchward , using a Belpaire firebox that sloped downwards towards the cab instead of a round-topped version , a regulator located in the smokebox , long-travel valves for free running up to , a sharply tapered and domeless boiler , and a right-hand driving position . These features are attributed to Holcroft , who worked on the GWR 4300 class before joining the SECR . The boiler was intended to become a standard component for use on future SECR locomotive designs , thereby reducing building times and improving organisation at the works . The size was constrained by the heavier axle-loading of Maunsells proposed 2-6-4 tank locomotive variant of the N class , the K class , and was consequently smaller than was otherwise possible on the 2-6-0 chassis . The need to reduce overall weight also meant that the latter would feature lightly braced frames . Maunsells Chief Locomotive Draughtsman , James Clayton , brought functional Midland Railway influences to the design , such as the shape of the cab and the drumhead-type smokebox , which sat on a saddle that was of wider diameter than the fully lagged and clad boiler . Clayton was also responsible for the tender and chimney designs . Snifting valves were provided to prevent vacuum formation in the cylinders when the locomotive was stationary , and the outside Walschaerts valve gear incorporated single slide-bars and piston tail rods . Innovations added by Maunsells team included steam-powered locomotive brakes , locating the boiler water top feed inside a dome-like cover with external clackboxes and water feed pipes mounted on either side , and a new type of superheater that segregated saturated and superheated steam . Maunsell also incorporated a screw reverser to control valve events , which was easier to maintain than the complex steam reverser configuration of previous SECR designs . All components were standardised for interchange with similar locomotive classes to ease maintenance and reduce production costs . SECR batch . Production of the first batch was delayed by the outbreak of the First World War . Assembly began towards the end of the war and the first locomotive , No . 810 , emerged from Ashford Works for proving trials in July 1917 , one month after the first K class tank , whose design was derived from the N class . Entering service in August 1917 , No . 810 was trialled for three years before another 15 locomotives ( Nos . 811–825 ) were ordered in 1919 . These were built between 1920 and 1923 ; their construction delayed by a backlog of repairs caused by the war . The first left Ashford Works in June 1920 , featuring a greater superheating surface area within the boiler as a result of operational experience with No . 810 . All locomotives were equipped with tenders . In 1922 modifications were made to No . 822 during assembly . This was because production delays at Ashford prevented the building of a proposed 3-cylinder design drawn-up in 1919 . Maunsell and Holcroft revised No . 822s cylinder arrangement to accommodate a third inside cylinder fitted between the frames . The outside cylinders were also reduced to diameter to accommodate the inside cylinder and its associated valve linkages . The differences between No . 822 and the rest of the N class meant that this locomotive was re-designated as the 1919 proposal , becoming the prototype of the SR N1 class when completed in March 1923 . Woolwich batch . The first batch of the N class proved successful in service , and few problems were encountered after settling-in . The Ministry of Supply drew up a contract for a second batch to the same specification – to be built at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . The government backing came as part of a proposal to nationalise the railways , which would require a standard fleet of locomotives to promote economies in production and maintenance . The nationalisation proposal was abandoned ; instead , the government passed the 1921 Railways Act , which grouped the railways into the Big Four in 1923 . Building of the second batch went ahead to retain skilled labour at Woolwich , but the fabrication of 119 boilers for allocation to the kits of parts was contracted-out because of limited production capacity at Woolwich and Ashford ; the North British Locomotive Company built 85 , Robert Stephenson and Company 20 , and Kitson & Co . 14 . By 1924 , the prefabricated components stored at Woolwich formed 100 complete N class kits for purchase from the government . The newly created Southern Railway , which had absorbed the SECR in the 1923 Grouping , undertook trials in early 1924 to compare the performance of its freight locomotives . Because the Ns were designed to haul both freight and passenger traffic , Maunsell , as the newly appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Southern Railway , decided to compare the design with the N1 , LSWR S15 and LB&SCR K classes in trials that involved hauling trains of 65 loaded wagons . Although the S15 was superior in freight haulage capacity and operational economy , the N class’ good all-round performance on passenger and freight meant that the type was adopted as the companys standard mixed-traffic design . The Southern Railway subsequently bought fifty Woolwich kits for assembly at Ashford between June 1924 and August 1925 . These were identical to the SECR batch and were given numbers in the series A826–A875 . The Midland Great Western Railway of Ireland bought 12 kits prior to its amalgamation into the Great Southern Railways , which bought an extra 15 . The latter 15 locomotives were divided into eight GSR Class 372 with driving wheels and six GSR Class 393 with driving wheels : the final kit was kept for spares . The Metropolitan Railway bought six kits for conversion to the Metropolitan Railway K Class 2-6-4T tank engines , which were similar in outline to the SECR K class . The remaining 17 complete kits at Woolwich were bought by the Southern Railway , and formed the basis of later locomotive classes such as the three-cylinder SR W class 2-6-4 tank locomotive . The prototype W class was produced in 1932 from N class parts with the addition of water tanks , a coal bunker , a rear bogie and a third cylinder between the frames . Woolwich also stocked a surplus of N class bogie components , and these were bought by the Southern for rebuilding the LB&SCR E1 class 0-6-0 tanks into the E1R class 0-6-2 tanks . Southern Railway batch . In 1932 , the Southern Railway ordered a final batch of 15 locomotives ( Nos . 1400–1414 ) to expand class availability on the Southern Railways network . These were built at Ashford works and differed from the previous 65 in a number of ways . The cabs of the final eight locomotives ( Nos . 1407–1414 ) were fitted for left-hand driving , which was adopted as standard by the Southern Railway . The original N class chimney was replaced with the lower-profile version used on the U1 class , which increased route availability by allowing the locomotives to pass under lower bridges and tunnels . Maunsell had begun to research smoke deflection techniques to improve driver visibility on the King Arthur class between 1926 and 1927 , which resulted in the adoption of a standard smoke deflector design for the Southern Railway . A smaller version was fitted to Nos . 1400–1414 during building . Before entering service , the batch was attached to tenders to increase operational range over the Southern Railways long Western section routes . Despite this advantage , tenders fitted to the eight left-hand drive examples were intended for use with right-hand drive locomotives . This resulted in the location of the firemans fittings on the wrong side of the cab . The design also necessitated the addition of a step to the footplate , as the boiler backhead was lower than the fall-plate that connected the tender and cab floors . The new batch incorporated a new set of footsteps beneath the front buffer beam , modified slide-bars and the dome was redesigned to incorporate the regulator to ease access during routine maintenance . Operational details . The N class was used to haul services over most of the SECR network and became a familiar sight on the difficult cross-country route between and , on which the steep gradients had taxed the companys 4-4-0 and 0-6-0 designs . The success of the 2-6-0 in traversing this route was due to their higher-capacity tapered boilers that produced an ample supply of steam , and the small 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) driving wheels that delivered considerable tractive effort when climbing gradients such as the 1 in 100 between and . After The Grouping in 1923 , the N class remained on the former SECR network , which was incorporated into the Southern Railways Eastern section . Typical services included , Ashford and freights , and Cannon Street to Dover passenger trains . In early 1924 Nos . A815 and A825 were transferred to the former LSWR mainline between Waterloo and Guildford for trials . These proved successful , and paved the way for the allocation of most of the Woolwich batch to the Southern Railways Western section . The type regularly replaced Dugald Drummonds ageing LSWR T9 class 4-4-0s on portions of the Atlantic Coast Express over the steeply graded mainlines west of Exeter . The N class was also successful on the Central section , where they worked alongside L . B . Billintons LB&SCR K class 2-6-0s . However the large cylinder and cab sizes of the N class prevented use of the type on the Eastern sections Tonbridge–Hastings line . The routes narrow bridges and tunnels were unable to accommodate the class , and provided justification for using the narrower 3-cylinder N1 class 2-6-0 on the route . Despite these restrictions , the class was capable of hauling heavy loads at moderate speeds , a useful attribute that was exploited throughout the Second World War . The entire class came into British Railways ownership in 1948 and could be seen in most areas of the Southern Region . Performance of the class and modifications . When introduced in 1917 , the N class proved adept at hauling both passenger and freight services on the SECR . They were well liked by crews who appreciated the general robustness of the design , although the lightly built frames caused excessive vibration and rough riding on the footplate when worked hard . Despite there being little wrong with the original design , the N class’ full steaming potential was not realised because of the failure to capitalise upon a larger boiler , which was a direct consequence of Maunsells standardisation policy . Instead , the SECR batch was trial-fitted with stovepipe chimneys in an attempt to improve draughting . This was initially applied to No . 812 in 1921 , although two more were fitted to Nos . 817 and 819 during building because of a shortage of chimneys at Ashford Works . The chimney fitted to No . 819 was transferred to No . 818 sometime between 1921 and 1924 , though all stovepipes had been replaced with the standard N class type by April 1927 . Another trial saw the addition of a second slidebar to No . 825 , which gave better support to the valve gear and helped protect it from spillage from the driving wheel sander fillers . The quality of the original design was such that No . A866 was put on display at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley from May to November 1925 , and no class-wide modifications were made until 1934 . This was when the SECR and Woolwich batches began to receive new domes and front footsteps during overhauls and general repairs . These were the same design as those used on Nos . 1400–1414 , and were intended to standardise components between the batches . The SECR and Woolwich batches also received smoke deflectors to prevent drifting smoke from obscuring the drivers vision ahead . The U1 chimneys replaced the standard N class type on the earlier locomotives , which , along with the removal of the piston tail rods on the earlier batches , created a truly standardised appearance . In 1937 , Maunsells replacement Oliver Bulleid saw no need to improve draughting of the class , and spared them from trials with Lemaître multiple-jet blastpipes and wide-diameter chimneys . However , he had Maunsells smokebox-mounted anti-vacuum snifting valves removed at the end of the Second World War in an effort to reduce maintenance . Bulleid also had eight new tenders built specially for the left-hand drive locomotives . In 1947 , No . 1831 was given electric lighting and converted to oil-burning as part of government-backed fuel trials in anticipation of a post-war coal shortage , though it was reverted to coal-firing in December 1948 . The class was heavily used by British Railways : 29 locomotives required replacement cylinders between 1955 and 1961 due to excessive wear . Frames were occasionally replaced due to stress caused by heavy use , and the steam circuit was revised when new cylinders were fitted : the inside steam pipes of Maunsells original design were replaced by outside steam pipes emerging from the smokebox , behind the smoke deflectors . From 1957 , some of the locomotives had larger-diameter BR Standard Class 4 chimneys fitted to improve draughting with poor-quality coal , though the decline of steam on the Southern Region precluded use on the entire class . Crew reports maintained that the latter modifications cut fuel and water consumption . The final set of modifications constituted the fitting of new injectors and Automatic Warning System ( AWS ) equipment in 1957 and 1959 respectively . Experiments . Although sufficient for the Southern Railways needs , the N class was an ideal test-bed for experiments with new steam technology . The first experiment entailed fitting a Worthington feed pump to No . A819 in 1924 . The trial was moderately successful , and the pump remained in use until removal in 1927 . In June 1930 , No . A816 was withdrawn from service for the application of experimental Anderson steam conservation equipment at Eastleigh Works . This was designed by a Scottish marine draughtsman , Mr . A.P.H . Anderson , who proposed the use of a fan system to condense spent steam and improve draughting of the fire on long-distance runs in regions with poor access to water . No . A816 emerged from Eastleigh in August 1931 for trials , but was stopped when temperature variations within the condensing equipment caused water leakage . Modifications were made to improve the draughting of the locomotive , incorporating a box-like chimney attached to the condenser array by pipes . No . A816 was released for more trials , and produced performances well-below those displayed by the unmodified members of the class . The experiment was ended when the systems developers ran out of money , and the locomotive was converted back to standard form between May and August 1935 , re-entering service as No . 1816 . The final experiment with performance enhancement began in October 1933 , when No . 1850 had its Walschaerts valve gear replaced with J.T . Marshall valve gear at Eastleigh Works . The engine was trialled on the Western section , where the gear showed promise at slower speeds , with reduced consumption of coal and water . Problems were encountered at speeds over , at which a severe knocking sound was reported by the footplate crew . When trialled on a Basingstoke–Waterloo semi-fast ( a high-speed passenger train that stops at selected intermediate stations ) , the valve gear disintegrated near . After immediate withdrawal from traffic , the locomotive had its Walschaerts valve gear re-fitted and No . 1850 re-entered traffic in April 1934 . Withdrawal . Suitable work for the class began to decline after completion of the Kent Coast route electrification in 1959 . The reduction of work precipitated a phased reduction of the class that began with the withdrawal of No . 31409 in November 1962 . The withdrawal programme intensified after boundary changes on the Southern Region placed the lines west of Salisbury under Western Region control in 1963 . Class members based at Exmouth Junction shed were withdrawn in 1964 , whilst the Southern Regions allocation was gradually replaced by Bulleids Light Pacifics . The last operational members of the class were Nos . 31405 and 31408 ; both were withdrawn in June 1966 . Accidents and incidents . - On 4 April 1958 , locomotive No . 31867 was hauling a parcels train that overran signals and collided with an electric multiple unit at Gloucester Road Junction , Croydon , Surrey . Nine people were injured . Livery and numbering . SECR and Southern Railway . N class locomotives were initially painted in an unlined dark grey livery with white lettering and numbering . This Maunsell grey livery was introduced by the SECR as a wartime economy measure . After Grouping in 1923 , the Southern Railway replaced the different liveries of the constituent companies with a standard sage green livery ( the colour was that previously used by Robert Urie on the LSWR ) with black and white lining , primrose yellow numbering and Southern on the tender . This livery was first applied to No . 825 . From 1925 , the class was repainted in a darker olive green livery , introduced by Maunsell , with plain white lining , black borders and primrose yellow markings . In 1939 , shortly after the start of the Second World War , locomotives Nos . 1413 and 1850 were painted in unlined olive green because of labour shortages . In 1941 , Nos . 1821 , 1825 , 1847 , 1878 and 1403 were run in unlined olive green with Bulleids gilt block lettering . Labour and paint shortages during the Second World War meant that all N class locomotives were painted in plain black by 1945 . In 1946 , two locomotives , Nos . 1817 and 1854 , were repainted in Bulleids malachite green livery , with yellow and black lining and Sunshine yellow lettering . The 15 locomotives built by Ashford Works for the SECR between August 1917 and December 1923 were numbered 810–824 . The Royal Arsenal batch of 50 locomotives purchased by the newly formed Southern Railway from 1923 were numbered A825–A875 ; the numbers followed consecutively from the Ashford batch but with a prefix A to denote a locomotive allocated for overhaul at Ashford Works . The prefix was gradually applied to the SECR batch . From 1928 , a new system was adopted where all Southern Railway locomotives were renumbered into one sequence . The SECR and Woolwich N class batches became Nos . 1810–1875 . The final batch of 15 locomotives , built between 1932 and 1934 , were numbered 1400–1414 from new . British Railways . The class was absorbed by British Railways in 1948 , and initially given the power classification 4MT in 1949 . Under British Railways ownership , the class was reclassified from 4MT to 4P5FB in 1953 ; the B denoting the brake power rating when used on unfitted ( non-vacuum braked ) goods trains . The locomotives at first retained their Southern Railway livery , but with British Railways painted on the tender in Bulleid block lettering . Eight locomotives had light repairs prior to 1950 and were given an S prefix to the Southern number ( e.g . s1405 ) . From 1949 to 1950 N class locomotives were repainted in the British Railways mixed-traffic lined black livery with red , cream and grey lining and the British Railways crest on the tender . Numbering was changed to the British Railways standard numbering system : the series 31810–31875 was allocated to the earlier locomotives , and 31400–31414 to the final 15 . Operational assessment and preservation . The N class was the first to combine Churchward design principles with the best practices of other railways ; it was an important step in the development of the British 2-6-0 , providing inspiration for the LMS Hughes Crab of 1926 and subsequent Maunsell designs . The locomotives were well received by crews , who nicknamed them Woolworths , because the majority were fabricated from inexpensively produced parts from Woolwich . The robustness and reliability of the design ensured that their sphere of operation was expanded to cover most of the Southern Railway network . The utility of the N class as capable mixed-traffic locomotives ensured their continued use until withdrawal in 1966 . One member of the class is preserved , No . ( 3 ) 1874 , which was rescued in March 1974 from the Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry , Vale of Glamorgan , South Wales . One of the Woolwich batch , this locomotive was bought and restored for use on the Mid-Hants Railway ; it was steamed for the first time in preservation in 1977 , and was operational at the railways re-opening as a heritage attraction in April 1977 . The locomotive received two names during the late 1970s , the first one was Aznar Line , which was the shipping company that helped move the locomotives out of the scrapyard , and the second one was Brian Fisk who helped out with the locomotives restoration . The locomotive was withdrawn in 1998 due to problems that require firebox reconstruction . In 2012 , the locomotive was repainted into its SR Wartime Black guise of 1874 for the first time in decades . The locomotive was moved from the Mid-Hants Railway to the Swanage Railway in 2014 along with U Classes 31806 and 31625 . In August 2014 , the overhaul to return 31874 to operational condition began . Models . - Bachmann Branchline make a model of the N class in 00 gauge . - Graham Farish make a model of the N class in N gauge . External links . - Number 1850 and the Marshall valve gea

easy

Sebastián Leto played for which team from 2005 to 2007?

/wiki/Sebastián_Leto#P54#0

Sebastián Leto Sebastián Eduardo Leto ( born 30 August 1986 ) is a former Argentine professional footballer who played as a winger or forward . Club career . Lanús . Born in Alejandro Korn , Leto began his career with Buenos Aires club Lanús , making his first team debut on 25 June 2005 . He spent two seasons at the club , making 52 appearances and scoring 8 goals . Liverpool . On 10 August 2007 , Leto signed for Liverpool for £1,850,000 ( $3.6million ) . His debut was against Toulouse , in a 4–0 victory for UEFA Champions League qualifying round fixture on 28 August 2007 . Following this he featured in another Champions League game and two Football League Cup matches . He never made his Premier League debut due to problems with his passport , forcing him to play in the Liverpool reserve team instead . Leto was granted an Italian passport in mid-2007 but this was later revoked , making the Argentine need to apply for a work permit ; a request which was later refused . Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez criticised the decision given the players track record in the Champions League and national selection for the Olympics . Olympiacos . Leto joined the Greek team Olympiacos in June 2008 on a one-year loan deal . On 16 September 2008 , Leto scored the second goal in the 2–0 UEFA Cup first round , first leg victory away against FC Nordsjælland . He scored his first and only league goal in a 2–1 home win against Thrassyvoulos in December 2008 . Panathinaikos . On 23 June 2009 , Liverpool accepted an offer from Panathinaikos believed to be in the region of £3,000,000 . On 1 July 2009 , the player signed a 5-year contract for about 1.2 million ( with bonus fees ) . On 28 July , Leto made his debut appearance for the greens on the away UEFA Champions League qualifying stages game against Sparta Prague , coming from the bench on the second half . On 8 August in Athens , Panathinaikos needed a two-goal margin victory and Leto was one of the starting eleven for the Greek side who dominated the game 3–0 and qualified to the next round . On 19 August , Leto came from the bench to score in Panathinaikos 2–3 defeat to Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Champions League play-off first leg . On 22 August Leto scored two goals against the Cretan side Ergotelis away in a 3–0 victory . On 13 September , Leto scored the only goal against the Thracians Panthrakikos in an important 1–0 away victory . On 24 April 2010 he scored the victorious goal of Panathinaikos at the Greek Cup final against Aris Thessaloniki . The previous week he also won the Greek championship , thus achieving the double ( second consequent double of his career , after the first one with Olympiacos in 2009 ) . After the departure of captain Djibril Cissé and vice-captain Gilberto Silva he was chosen after two seasons serving the club to be the 3rd Captain . Leto started the 2011–12 Superleague Greece in commanding form , netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over Xanthi on 16 October . He followed this up by notching another brace against Ergotelis on 22 October , in which Panathinaikos ran out 4–0 winners . Letos good performances were enough for Serie B table-toppers Torino to report interest in the Argentine , as they look to regain status in the Italian top flight . On 30 October , Panathinaikos faced PAOK , Leto grabbed a goal as his side won 3–1 and maintained their lead at the top of the Greek first division . In the following game against Ergotelis , Leto added two more goals as his side won 4–0 . Letos inspired start to the season resulted with ten goals and one assist from the first seven games . His performances were enough to guide Panathinaikos to the top of the table on 19 points , having played fewer games than most of their title challengers . Leto continued in brilliant form scoring 15 goals in 13 matches as well as 5 assists , keeping Panathinaikos still in the fight for the title . Through the first 17 league fixtures , Leto lead the goal-scorers chart with 15 league goals . On 25 January 2012 , Leto suffered a knee injury and flew to Bologna to be checked by a specialist who said that he would be forced out at least until March . It was revealed in March though that he would not be available until at least early April with continued knee problems . After a few days , it was revealed that Leto will not be available for the whole season . On 22 January 2013 , Leto terminated his contract with Panathinaikos . Catania . On 16 April 2013 , Catania confirmed that they had signed the Argentine on a deal over a few seasons , the exact details of the length and payment were not released . Sebastian Leto was brought in during the summer 2013 , on a free transfer as a replacement for the departed Alejandro Gomez . The former Panathinaikos winger had a history of knee problems , which ultimately led to his release from the Greek club . Catania took a gamble , but he failed to live up to expectations . Leto suffered another knee injury and was being unfairly compared to Gomez , who was arguably the Rossazzuri’s best player , but the Argentinean did not succeed in making an impact at the club , and in January 2015 signed a year-long loan with his former Argentinian club Lanús . On 11 February 2015 , Leto was taken to hospital for emergency treatment after a barbell fell on his head during training . The then 28-year-old , who had been on loan at Argentinian club Lanus since February 3 for a loan fee of €500,000 , was initially sent home by the medical staff with a deep wound in his head . But he later went to the hospital after suffering headaches and was placed in intensive care . Doctors feared Leto may have had internal hemorrhaging . At the end of the loan , Cypriot club Anorthosis have made an offer for Sebastian Leto , but the Argentine left winger asked for a 48 hours deadline because he prefers to join Greek side Panathinaikos . The 29-year-old playerwas recently released by Lanús and wants to return to the Greens after three years , asking for a low-salary contract . Second spell at Panathinaikos . In early February 2015 , there were rumours of a return to Panathinaikos , after Leto was released from Catania . The manager of Palermo , Guillermo Barros Schelotto spoke about his compatriot and former player at Lanús , Sebastian Leto , and his desire to return in Greece for Panathinaikos.Leto was enjoying being in an argentine club and having his family along , but he always wanted to return in Greece for Panathinaikos . He had a serious accident , but he is strong and despite not playing match in Lanus , in a good fitness condition . Sebastian is a talented and clever player , with quality and still a future ahead of him , he will help Panathinaikos very much and maybe the next season decrease the difference from champions Olympiakos , said the 43-year-old Argentine at SDNA . On 5 February 2016 , Panathinaikos officially announced the signing of Sebastian Leto until the end of the following season and the Argentinian left winger returned to the club after three years . On 3 April 2016 , he helped his club by scoring a brace to win a game against Veria for the Greek Super League . At the beginning of the 2016–17 Superleague Greece he eventually picked up his favorite number , no.11 . On 11 September 2016 , he scored his first goal for the 2016-17 season in a 3-0 away win against Levadiakos . On 24 May 2017 , thanks to a spot kick by the experienced Argentine attacking midfielder , Panathinaikos won a crucial game rivals AEK Athens at Leoforos Stadium , for the 2016-17 Play offs . On 1 June 2017 , Panathinaikos announced that the club will not renew Letos contract , so their co-operation ended . On 8 October 2017 , Leto , ( after Michael Essien , Rasmus Thelander , Jens Wemmer , Stathis Tavlaridis and Niklas Hult ) became the latest player to file an appeal against Panathinaikos for late payment . The Argentinian claimed had not been paid his wages by the club since January 2017 , estimated to amount to €181,315 . Emirates Club . On 20 August 2017 , he signed a long season contract , with the possible extension for a year , with UAE Arabian Gulf League club Emirates Club . On 17 September in his debut with the club , he scored his first goal against Al Dhafra FC sealing a 3-3 home draw . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Football Cup : 2008–09 Panathinaikos - Super League Greece : 2009–10 - Greek Football Cup : 2009–10 External links . - Fan club - Best YouTube Tribute Video ( for season 09-10 ) - Sebastián Leto statistics at Fútbol XXI - Sebastián Leto player page on Lanúss official site - LFChistory.net player profile

easy

Which team did Sebastián Leto play for from 2007 to 2009?

/wiki/Sebastián_Leto#P54#1

Sebastián Leto Sebastián Eduardo Leto ( born 30 August 1986 ) is a former Argentine professional footballer who played as a winger or forward . Club career . Lanús . Born in Alejandro Korn , Leto began his career with Buenos Aires club Lanús , making his first team debut on 25 June 2005 . He spent two seasons at the club , making 52 appearances and scoring 8 goals . Liverpool . On 10 August 2007 , Leto signed for Liverpool for £1,850,000 ( $3.6million ) . His debut was against Toulouse , in a 4–0 victory for UEFA Champions League qualifying round fixture on 28 August 2007 . Following this he featured in another Champions League game and two Football League Cup matches . He never made his Premier League debut due to problems with his passport , forcing him to play in the Liverpool reserve team instead . Leto was granted an Italian passport in mid-2007 but this was later revoked , making the Argentine need to apply for a work permit ; a request which was later refused . Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez criticised the decision given the players track record in the Champions League and national selection for the Olympics . Olympiacos . Leto joined the Greek team Olympiacos in June 2008 on a one-year loan deal . On 16 September 2008 , Leto scored the second goal in the 2–0 UEFA Cup first round , first leg victory away against FC Nordsjælland . He scored his first and only league goal in a 2–1 home win against Thrassyvoulos in December 2008 . Panathinaikos . On 23 June 2009 , Liverpool accepted an offer from Panathinaikos believed to be in the region of £3,000,000 . On 1 July 2009 , the player signed a 5-year contract for about 1.2 million ( with bonus fees ) . On 28 July , Leto made his debut appearance for the greens on the away UEFA Champions League qualifying stages game against Sparta Prague , coming from the bench on the second half . On 8 August in Athens , Panathinaikos needed a two-goal margin victory and Leto was one of the starting eleven for the Greek side who dominated the game 3–0 and qualified to the next round . On 19 August , Leto came from the bench to score in Panathinaikos 2–3 defeat to Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Champions League play-off first leg . On 22 August Leto scored two goals against the Cretan side Ergotelis away in a 3–0 victory . On 13 September , Leto scored the only goal against the Thracians Panthrakikos in an important 1–0 away victory . On 24 April 2010 he scored the victorious goal of Panathinaikos at the Greek Cup final against Aris Thessaloniki . The previous week he also won the Greek championship , thus achieving the double ( second consequent double of his career , after the first one with Olympiacos in 2009 ) . After the departure of captain Djibril Cissé and vice-captain Gilberto Silva he was chosen after two seasons serving the club to be the 3rd Captain . Leto started the 2011–12 Superleague Greece in commanding form , netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over Xanthi on 16 October . He followed this up by notching another brace against Ergotelis on 22 October , in which Panathinaikos ran out 4–0 winners . Letos good performances were enough for Serie B table-toppers Torino to report interest in the Argentine , as they look to regain status in the Italian top flight . On 30 October , Panathinaikos faced PAOK , Leto grabbed a goal as his side won 3–1 and maintained their lead at the top of the Greek first division . In the following game against Ergotelis , Leto added two more goals as his side won 4–0 . Letos inspired start to the season resulted with ten goals and one assist from the first seven games . His performances were enough to guide Panathinaikos to the top of the table on 19 points , having played fewer games than most of their title challengers . Leto continued in brilliant form scoring 15 goals in 13 matches as well as 5 assists , keeping Panathinaikos still in the fight for the title . Through the first 17 league fixtures , Leto lead the goal-scorers chart with 15 league goals . On 25 January 2012 , Leto suffered a knee injury and flew to Bologna to be checked by a specialist who said that he would be forced out at least until March . It was revealed in March though that he would not be available until at least early April with continued knee problems . After a few days , it was revealed that Leto will not be available for the whole season . On 22 January 2013 , Leto terminated his contract with Panathinaikos . Catania . On 16 April 2013 , Catania confirmed that they had signed the Argentine on a deal over a few seasons , the exact details of the length and payment were not released . Sebastian Leto was brought in during the summer 2013 , on a free transfer as a replacement for the departed Alejandro Gomez . The former Panathinaikos winger had a history of knee problems , which ultimately led to his release from the Greek club . Catania took a gamble , but he failed to live up to expectations . Leto suffered another knee injury and was being unfairly compared to Gomez , who was arguably the Rossazzuri’s best player , but the Argentinean did not succeed in making an impact at the club , and in January 2015 signed a year-long loan with his former Argentinian club Lanús . On 11 February 2015 , Leto was taken to hospital for emergency treatment after a barbell fell on his head during training . The then 28-year-old , who had been on loan at Argentinian club Lanus since February 3 for a loan fee of €500,000 , was initially sent home by the medical staff with a deep wound in his head . But he later went to the hospital after suffering headaches and was placed in intensive care . Doctors feared Leto may have had internal hemorrhaging . At the end of the loan , Cypriot club Anorthosis have made an offer for Sebastian Leto , but the Argentine left winger asked for a 48 hours deadline because he prefers to join Greek side Panathinaikos . The 29-year-old playerwas recently released by Lanús and wants to return to the Greens after three years , asking for a low-salary contract . Second spell at Panathinaikos . In early February 2015 , there were rumours of a return to Panathinaikos , after Leto was released from Catania . The manager of Palermo , Guillermo Barros Schelotto spoke about his compatriot and former player at Lanús , Sebastian Leto , and his desire to return in Greece for Panathinaikos.Leto was enjoying being in an argentine club and having his family along , but he always wanted to return in Greece for Panathinaikos . He had a serious accident , but he is strong and despite not playing match in Lanus , in a good fitness condition . Sebastian is a talented and clever player , with quality and still a future ahead of him , he will help Panathinaikos very much and maybe the next season decrease the difference from champions Olympiakos , said the 43-year-old Argentine at SDNA . On 5 February 2016 , Panathinaikos officially announced the signing of Sebastian Leto until the end of the following season and the Argentinian left winger returned to the club after three years . On 3 April 2016 , he helped his club by scoring a brace to win a game against Veria for the Greek Super League . At the beginning of the 2016–17 Superleague Greece he eventually picked up his favorite number , no.11 . On 11 September 2016 , he scored his first goal for the 2016-17 season in a 3-0 away win against Levadiakos . On 24 May 2017 , thanks to a spot kick by the experienced Argentine attacking midfielder , Panathinaikos won a crucial game rivals AEK Athens at Leoforos Stadium , for the 2016-17 Play offs . On 1 June 2017 , Panathinaikos announced that the club will not renew Letos contract , so their co-operation ended . On 8 October 2017 , Leto , ( after Michael Essien , Rasmus Thelander , Jens Wemmer , Stathis Tavlaridis and Niklas Hult ) became the latest player to file an appeal against Panathinaikos for late payment . The Argentinian claimed had not been paid his wages by the club since January 2017 , estimated to amount to €181,315 . Emirates Club . On 20 August 2017 , he signed a long season contract , with the possible extension for a year , with UAE Arabian Gulf League club Emirates Club . On 17 September in his debut with the club , he scored his first goal against Al Dhafra FC sealing a 3-3 home draw . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Football Cup : 2008–09 Panathinaikos - Super League Greece : 2009–10 - Greek Football Cup : 2009–10 External links . - Fan club - Best YouTube Tribute Video ( for season 09-10 ) - Sebastián Leto statistics at Fútbol XXI - Sebastián Leto player page on Lanúss official site - LFChistory.net player profile

easy

Which team did the player Sebastián Leto belong to from 2009 to 2013?

/wiki/Sebastián_Leto#P54#2

Sebastián Leto Sebastián Eduardo Leto ( born 30 August 1986 ) is a former Argentine professional footballer who played as a winger or forward . Club career . Lanús . Born in Alejandro Korn , Leto began his career with Buenos Aires club Lanús , making his first team debut on 25 June 2005 . He spent two seasons at the club , making 52 appearances and scoring 8 goals . Liverpool . On 10 August 2007 , Leto signed for Liverpool for £1,850,000 ( $3.6million ) . His debut was against Toulouse , in a 4–0 victory for UEFA Champions League qualifying round fixture on 28 August 2007 . Following this he featured in another Champions League game and two Football League Cup matches . He never made his Premier League debut due to problems with his passport , forcing him to play in the Liverpool reserve team instead . Leto was granted an Italian passport in mid-2007 but this was later revoked , making the Argentine need to apply for a work permit ; a request which was later refused . Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez criticised the decision given the players track record in the Champions League and national selection for the Olympics . Olympiacos . Leto joined the Greek team Olympiacos in June 2008 on a one-year loan deal . On 16 September 2008 , Leto scored the second goal in the 2–0 UEFA Cup first round , first leg victory away against FC Nordsjælland . He scored his first and only league goal in a 2–1 home win against Thrassyvoulos in December 2008 . Panathinaikos . On 23 June 2009 , Liverpool accepted an offer from Panathinaikos believed to be in the region of £3,000,000 . On 1 July 2009 , the player signed a 5-year contract for about 1.2 million ( with bonus fees ) . On 28 July , Leto made his debut appearance for the greens on the away UEFA Champions League qualifying stages game against Sparta Prague , coming from the bench on the second half . On 8 August in Athens , Panathinaikos needed a two-goal margin victory and Leto was one of the starting eleven for the Greek side who dominated the game 3–0 and qualified to the next round . On 19 August , Leto came from the bench to score in Panathinaikos 2–3 defeat to Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Champions League play-off first leg . On 22 August Leto scored two goals against the Cretan side Ergotelis away in a 3–0 victory . On 13 September , Leto scored the only goal against the Thracians Panthrakikos in an important 1–0 away victory . On 24 April 2010 he scored the victorious goal of Panathinaikos at the Greek Cup final against Aris Thessaloniki . The previous week he also won the Greek championship , thus achieving the double ( second consequent double of his career , after the first one with Olympiacos in 2009 ) . After the departure of captain Djibril Cissé and vice-captain Gilberto Silva he was chosen after two seasons serving the club to be the 3rd Captain . Leto started the 2011–12 Superleague Greece in commanding form , netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over Xanthi on 16 October . He followed this up by notching another brace against Ergotelis on 22 October , in which Panathinaikos ran out 4–0 winners . Letos good performances were enough for Serie B table-toppers Torino to report interest in the Argentine , as they look to regain status in the Italian top flight . On 30 October , Panathinaikos faced PAOK , Leto grabbed a goal as his side won 3–1 and maintained their lead at the top of the Greek first division . In the following game against Ergotelis , Leto added two more goals as his side won 4–0 . Letos inspired start to the season resulted with ten goals and one assist from the first seven games . His performances were enough to guide Panathinaikos to the top of the table on 19 points , having played fewer games than most of their title challengers . Leto continued in brilliant form scoring 15 goals in 13 matches as well as 5 assists , keeping Panathinaikos still in the fight for the title . Through the first 17 league fixtures , Leto lead the goal-scorers chart with 15 league goals . On 25 January 2012 , Leto suffered a knee injury and flew to Bologna to be checked by a specialist who said that he would be forced out at least until March . It was revealed in March though that he would not be available until at least early April with continued knee problems . After a few days , it was revealed that Leto will not be available for the whole season . On 22 January 2013 , Leto terminated his contract with Panathinaikos . Catania . On 16 April 2013 , Catania confirmed that they had signed the Argentine on a deal over a few seasons , the exact details of the length and payment were not released . Sebastian Leto was brought in during the summer 2013 , on a free transfer as a replacement for the departed Alejandro Gomez . The former Panathinaikos winger had a history of knee problems , which ultimately led to his release from the Greek club . Catania took a gamble , but he failed to live up to expectations . Leto suffered another knee injury and was being unfairly compared to Gomez , who was arguably the Rossazzuri’s best player , but the Argentinean did not succeed in making an impact at the club , and in January 2015 signed a year-long loan with his former Argentinian club Lanús . On 11 February 2015 , Leto was taken to hospital for emergency treatment after a barbell fell on his head during training . The then 28-year-old , who had been on loan at Argentinian club Lanus since February 3 for a loan fee of €500,000 , was initially sent home by the medical staff with a deep wound in his head . But he later went to the hospital after suffering headaches and was placed in intensive care . Doctors feared Leto may have had internal hemorrhaging . At the end of the loan , Cypriot club Anorthosis have made an offer for Sebastian Leto , but the Argentine left winger asked for a 48 hours deadline because he prefers to join Greek side Panathinaikos . The 29-year-old playerwas recently released by Lanús and wants to return to the Greens after three years , asking for a low-salary contract . Second spell at Panathinaikos . In early February 2015 , there were rumours of a return to Panathinaikos , after Leto was released from Catania . The manager of Palermo , Guillermo Barros Schelotto spoke about his compatriot and former player at Lanús , Sebastian Leto , and his desire to return in Greece for Panathinaikos.Leto was enjoying being in an argentine club and having his family along , but he always wanted to return in Greece for Panathinaikos . He had a serious accident , but he is strong and despite not playing match in Lanus , in a good fitness condition . Sebastian is a talented and clever player , with quality and still a future ahead of him , he will help Panathinaikos very much and maybe the next season decrease the difference from champions Olympiakos , said the 43-year-old Argentine at SDNA . On 5 February 2016 , Panathinaikos officially announced the signing of Sebastian Leto until the end of the following season and the Argentinian left winger returned to the club after three years . On 3 April 2016 , he helped his club by scoring a brace to win a game against Veria for the Greek Super League . At the beginning of the 2016–17 Superleague Greece he eventually picked up his favorite number , no.11 . On 11 September 2016 , he scored his first goal for the 2016-17 season in a 3-0 away win against Levadiakos . On 24 May 2017 , thanks to a spot kick by the experienced Argentine attacking midfielder , Panathinaikos won a crucial game rivals AEK Athens at Leoforos Stadium , for the 2016-17 Play offs . On 1 June 2017 , Panathinaikos announced that the club will not renew Letos contract , so their co-operation ended . On 8 October 2017 , Leto , ( after Michael Essien , Rasmus Thelander , Jens Wemmer , Stathis Tavlaridis and Niklas Hult ) became the latest player to file an appeal against Panathinaikos for late payment . The Argentinian claimed had not been paid his wages by the club since January 2017 , estimated to amount to €181,315 . Emirates Club . On 20 August 2017 , he signed a long season contract , with the possible extension for a year , with UAE Arabian Gulf League club Emirates Club . On 17 September in his debut with the club , he scored his first goal against Al Dhafra FC sealing a 3-3 home draw . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Football Cup : 2008–09 Panathinaikos - Super League Greece : 2009–10 - Greek Football Cup : 2009–10 External links . - Fan club - Best YouTube Tribute Video ( for season 09-10 ) - Sebastián Leto statistics at Fútbol XXI - Sebastián Leto player page on Lanúss official site - LFChistory.net player profile

easy

Which team did Sebastián Leto play for from 2013 to 2015?

/wiki/Sebastián_Leto#P54#3

Sebastián Leto Sebastián Eduardo Leto ( born 30 August 1986 ) is a former Argentine professional footballer who played as a winger or forward . Club career . Lanús . Born in Alejandro Korn , Leto began his career with Buenos Aires club Lanús , making his first team debut on 25 June 2005 . He spent two seasons at the club , making 52 appearances and scoring 8 goals . Liverpool . On 10 August 2007 , Leto signed for Liverpool for £1,850,000 ( $3.6million ) . His debut was against Toulouse , in a 4–0 victory for UEFA Champions League qualifying round fixture on 28 August 2007 . Following this he featured in another Champions League game and two Football League Cup matches . He never made his Premier League debut due to problems with his passport , forcing him to play in the Liverpool reserve team instead . Leto was granted an Italian passport in mid-2007 but this was later revoked , making the Argentine need to apply for a work permit ; a request which was later refused . Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez criticised the decision given the players track record in the Champions League and national selection for the Olympics . Olympiacos . Leto joined the Greek team Olympiacos in June 2008 on a one-year loan deal . On 16 September 2008 , Leto scored the second goal in the 2–0 UEFA Cup first round , first leg victory away against FC Nordsjælland . He scored his first and only league goal in a 2–1 home win against Thrassyvoulos in December 2008 . Panathinaikos . On 23 June 2009 , Liverpool accepted an offer from Panathinaikos believed to be in the region of £3,000,000 . On 1 July 2009 , the player signed a 5-year contract for about 1.2 million ( with bonus fees ) . On 28 July , Leto made his debut appearance for the greens on the away UEFA Champions League qualifying stages game against Sparta Prague , coming from the bench on the second half . On 8 August in Athens , Panathinaikos needed a two-goal margin victory and Leto was one of the starting eleven for the Greek side who dominated the game 3–0 and qualified to the next round . On 19 August , Leto came from the bench to score in Panathinaikos 2–3 defeat to Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Champions League play-off first leg . On 22 August Leto scored two goals against the Cretan side Ergotelis away in a 3–0 victory . On 13 September , Leto scored the only goal against the Thracians Panthrakikos in an important 1–0 away victory . On 24 April 2010 he scored the victorious goal of Panathinaikos at the Greek Cup final against Aris Thessaloniki . The previous week he also won the Greek championship , thus achieving the double ( second consequent double of his career , after the first one with Olympiacos in 2009 ) . After the departure of captain Djibril Cissé and vice-captain Gilberto Silva he was chosen after two seasons serving the club to be the 3rd Captain . Leto started the 2011–12 Superleague Greece in commanding form , netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over Xanthi on 16 October . He followed this up by notching another brace against Ergotelis on 22 October , in which Panathinaikos ran out 4–0 winners . Letos good performances were enough for Serie B table-toppers Torino to report interest in the Argentine , as they look to regain status in the Italian top flight . On 30 October , Panathinaikos faced PAOK , Leto grabbed a goal as his side won 3–1 and maintained their lead at the top of the Greek first division . In the following game against Ergotelis , Leto added two more goals as his side won 4–0 . Letos inspired start to the season resulted with ten goals and one assist from the first seven games . His performances were enough to guide Panathinaikos to the top of the table on 19 points , having played fewer games than most of their title challengers . Leto continued in brilliant form scoring 15 goals in 13 matches as well as 5 assists , keeping Panathinaikos still in the fight for the title . Through the first 17 league fixtures , Leto lead the goal-scorers chart with 15 league goals . On 25 January 2012 , Leto suffered a knee injury and flew to Bologna to be checked by a specialist who said that he would be forced out at least until March . It was revealed in March though that he would not be available until at least early April with continued knee problems . After a few days , it was revealed that Leto will not be available for the whole season . On 22 January 2013 , Leto terminated his contract with Panathinaikos . Catania . On 16 April 2013 , Catania confirmed that they had signed the Argentine on a deal over a few seasons , the exact details of the length and payment were not released . Sebastian Leto was brought in during the summer 2013 , on a free transfer as a replacement for the departed Alejandro Gomez . The former Panathinaikos winger had a history of knee problems , which ultimately led to his release from the Greek club . Catania took a gamble , but he failed to live up to expectations . Leto suffered another knee injury and was being unfairly compared to Gomez , who was arguably the Rossazzuri’s best player , but the Argentinean did not succeed in making an impact at the club , and in January 2015 signed a year-long loan with his former Argentinian club Lanús . On 11 February 2015 , Leto was taken to hospital for emergency treatment after a barbell fell on his head during training . The then 28-year-old , who had been on loan at Argentinian club Lanus since February 3 for a loan fee of €500,000 , was initially sent home by the medical staff with a deep wound in his head . But he later went to the hospital after suffering headaches and was placed in intensive care . Doctors feared Leto may have had internal hemorrhaging . At the end of the loan , Cypriot club Anorthosis have made an offer for Sebastian Leto , but the Argentine left winger asked for a 48 hours deadline because he prefers to join Greek side Panathinaikos . The 29-year-old playerwas recently released by Lanús and wants to return to the Greens after three years , asking for a low-salary contract . Second spell at Panathinaikos . In early February 2015 , there were rumours of a return to Panathinaikos , after Leto was released from Catania . The manager of Palermo , Guillermo Barros Schelotto spoke about his compatriot and former player at Lanús , Sebastian Leto , and his desire to return in Greece for Panathinaikos.Leto was enjoying being in an argentine club and having his family along , but he always wanted to return in Greece for Panathinaikos . He had a serious accident , but he is strong and despite not playing match in Lanus , in a good fitness condition . Sebastian is a talented and clever player , with quality and still a future ahead of him , he will help Panathinaikos very much and maybe the next season decrease the difference from champions Olympiakos , said the 43-year-old Argentine at SDNA . On 5 February 2016 , Panathinaikos officially announced the signing of Sebastian Leto until the end of the following season and the Argentinian left winger returned to the club after three years . On 3 April 2016 , he helped his club by scoring a brace to win a game against Veria for the Greek Super League . At the beginning of the 2016–17 Superleague Greece he eventually picked up his favorite number , no.11 . On 11 September 2016 , he scored his first goal for the 2016-17 season in a 3-0 away win against Levadiakos . On 24 May 2017 , thanks to a spot kick by the experienced Argentine attacking midfielder , Panathinaikos won a crucial game rivals AEK Athens at Leoforos Stadium , for the 2016-17 Play offs . On 1 June 2017 , Panathinaikos announced that the club will not renew Letos contract , so their co-operation ended . On 8 October 2017 , Leto , ( after Michael Essien , Rasmus Thelander , Jens Wemmer , Stathis Tavlaridis and Niklas Hult ) became the latest player to file an appeal against Panathinaikos for late payment . The Argentinian claimed had not been paid his wages by the club since January 2017 , estimated to amount to €181,315 . Emirates Club . On 20 August 2017 , he signed a long season contract , with the possible extension for a year , with UAE Arabian Gulf League club Emirates Club . On 17 September in his debut with the club , he scored his first goal against Al Dhafra FC sealing a 3-3 home draw . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Football Cup : 2008–09 Panathinaikos - Super League Greece : 2009–10 - Greek Football Cup : 2009–10 External links . - Fan club - Best YouTube Tribute Video ( for season 09-10 ) - Sebastián Leto statistics at Fútbol XXI - Sebastián Leto player page on Lanúss official site - LFChistory.net player profile

easy

Which team did Sebastián Leto play for from 2015 to 2016?

/wiki/Sebastián_Leto#P54#4

Sebastián Leto Sebastián Eduardo Leto ( born 30 August 1986 ) is a former Argentine professional footballer who played as a winger or forward . Club career . Lanús . Born in Alejandro Korn , Leto began his career with Buenos Aires club Lanús , making his first team debut on 25 June 2005 . He spent two seasons at the club , making 52 appearances and scoring 8 goals . Liverpool . On 10 August 2007 , Leto signed for Liverpool for £1,850,000 ( $3.6million ) . His debut was against Toulouse , in a 4–0 victory for UEFA Champions League qualifying round fixture on 28 August 2007 . Following this he featured in another Champions League game and two Football League Cup matches . He never made his Premier League debut due to problems with his passport , forcing him to play in the Liverpool reserve team instead . Leto was granted an Italian passport in mid-2007 but this was later revoked , making the Argentine need to apply for a work permit ; a request which was later refused . Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez criticised the decision given the players track record in the Champions League and national selection for the Olympics . Olympiacos . Leto joined the Greek team Olympiacos in June 2008 on a one-year loan deal . On 16 September 2008 , Leto scored the second goal in the 2–0 UEFA Cup first round , first leg victory away against FC Nordsjælland . He scored his first and only league goal in a 2–1 home win against Thrassyvoulos in December 2008 . Panathinaikos . On 23 June 2009 , Liverpool accepted an offer from Panathinaikos believed to be in the region of £3,000,000 . On 1 July 2009 , the player signed a 5-year contract for about 1.2 million ( with bonus fees ) . On 28 July , Leto made his debut appearance for the greens on the away UEFA Champions League qualifying stages game against Sparta Prague , coming from the bench on the second half . On 8 August in Athens , Panathinaikos needed a two-goal margin victory and Leto was one of the starting eleven for the Greek side who dominated the game 3–0 and qualified to the next round . On 19 August , Leto came from the bench to score in Panathinaikos 2–3 defeat to Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Champions League play-off first leg . On 22 August Leto scored two goals against the Cretan side Ergotelis away in a 3–0 victory . On 13 September , Leto scored the only goal against the Thracians Panthrakikos in an important 1–0 away victory . On 24 April 2010 he scored the victorious goal of Panathinaikos at the Greek Cup final against Aris Thessaloniki . The previous week he also won the Greek championship , thus achieving the double ( second consequent double of his career , after the first one with Olympiacos in 2009 ) . After the departure of captain Djibril Cissé and vice-captain Gilberto Silva he was chosen after two seasons serving the club to be the 3rd Captain . Leto started the 2011–12 Superleague Greece in commanding form , netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over Xanthi on 16 October . He followed this up by notching another brace against Ergotelis on 22 October , in which Panathinaikos ran out 4–0 winners . Letos good performances were enough for Serie B table-toppers Torino to report interest in the Argentine , as they look to regain status in the Italian top flight . On 30 October , Panathinaikos faced PAOK , Leto grabbed a goal as his side won 3–1 and maintained their lead at the top of the Greek first division . In the following game against Ergotelis , Leto added two more goals as his side won 4–0 . Letos inspired start to the season resulted with ten goals and one assist from the first seven games . His performances were enough to guide Panathinaikos to the top of the table on 19 points , having played fewer games than most of their title challengers . Leto continued in brilliant form scoring 15 goals in 13 matches as well as 5 assists , keeping Panathinaikos still in the fight for the title . Through the first 17 league fixtures , Leto lead the goal-scorers chart with 15 league goals . On 25 January 2012 , Leto suffered a knee injury and flew to Bologna to be checked by a specialist who said that he would be forced out at least until March . It was revealed in March though that he would not be available until at least early April with continued knee problems . After a few days , it was revealed that Leto will not be available for the whole season . On 22 January 2013 , Leto terminated his contract with Panathinaikos . Catania . On 16 April 2013 , Catania confirmed that they had signed the Argentine on a deal over a few seasons , the exact details of the length and payment were not released . Sebastian Leto was brought in during the summer 2013 , on a free transfer as a replacement for the departed Alejandro Gomez . The former Panathinaikos winger had a history of knee problems , which ultimately led to his release from the Greek club . Catania took a gamble , but he failed to live up to expectations . Leto suffered another knee injury and was being unfairly compared to Gomez , who was arguably the Rossazzuri’s best player , but the Argentinean did not succeed in making an impact at the club , and in January 2015 signed a year-long loan with his former Argentinian club Lanús . On 11 February 2015 , Leto was taken to hospital for emergency treatment after a barbell fell on his head during training . The then 28-year-old , who had been on loan at Argentinian club Lanus since February 3 for a loan fee of €500,000 , was initially sent home by the medical staff with a deep wound in his head . But he later went to the hospital after suffering headaches and was placed in intensive care . Doctors feared Leto may have had internal hemorrhaging . At the end of the loan , Cypriot club Anorthosis have made an offer for Sebastian Leto , but the Argentine left winger asked for a 48 hours deadline because he prefers to join Greek side Panathinaikos . The 29-year-old playerwas recently released by Lanús and wants to return to the Greens after three years , asking for a low-salary contract . Second spell at Panathinaikos . In early February 2015 , there were rumours of a return to Panathinaikos , after Leto was released from Catania . The manager of Palermo , Guillermo Barros Schelotto spoke about his compatriot and former player at Lanús , Sebastian Leto , and his desire to return in Greece for Panathinaikos.Leto was enjoying being in an argentine club and having his family along , but he always wanted to return in Greece for Panathinaikos . He had a serious accident , but he is strong and despite not playing match in Lanus , in a good fitness condition . Sebastian is a talented and clever player , with quality and still a future ahead of him , he will help Panathinaikos very much and maybe the next season decrease the difference from champions Olympiakos , said the 43-year-old Argentine at SDNA . On 5 February 2016 , Panathinaikos officially announced the signing of Sebastian Leto until the end of the following season and the Argentinian left winger returned to the club after three years . On 3 April 2016 , he helped his club by scoring a brace to win a game against Veria for the Greek Super League . At the beginning of the 2016–17 Superleague Greece he eventually picked up his favorite number , no.11 . On 11 September 2016 , he scored his first goal for the 2016-17 season in a 3-0 away win against Levadiakos . On 24 May 2017 , thanks to a spot kick by the experienced Argentine attacking midfielder , Panathinaikos won a crucial game rivals AEK Athens at Leoforos Stadium , for the 2016-17 Play offs . On 1 June 2017 , Panathinaikos announced that the club will not renew Letos contract , so their co-operation ended . On 8 October 2017 , Leto , ( after Michael Essien , Rasmus Thelander , Jens Wemmer , Stathis Tavlaridis and Niklas Hult ) became the latest player to file an appeal against Panathinaikos for late payment . The Argentinian claimed had not been paid his wages by the club since January 2017 , estimated to amount to €181,315 . Emirates Club . On 20 August 2017 , he signed a long season contract , with the possible extension for a year , with UAE Arabian Gulf League club Emirates Club . On 17 September in his debut with the club , he scored his first goal against Al Dhafra FC sealing a 3-3 home draw . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Football Cup : 2008–09 Panathinaikos - Super League Greece : 2009–10 - Greek Football Cup : 2009–10 External links . - Fan club - Best YouTube Tribute Video ( for season 09-10 ) - Sebastián Leto statistics at Fútbol XXI - Sebastián Leto player page on Lanúss official site - LFChistory.net player profile

easy

Sebastián Leto played for which team from 2016 to 2017?

/wiki/Sebastián_Leto#P54#5

Sebastián Leto Sebastián Eduardo Leto ( born 30 August 1986 ) is a former Argentine professional footballer who played as a winger or forward . Club career . Lanús . Born in Alejandro Korn , Leto began his career with Buenos Aires club Lanús , making his first team debut on 25 June 2005 . He spent two seasons at the club , making 52 appearances and scoring 8 goals . Liverpool . On 10 August 2007 , Leto signed for Liverpool for £1,850,000 ( $3.6million ) . His debut was against Toulouse , in a 4–0 victory for UEFA Champions League qualifying round fixture on 28 August 2007 . Following this he featured in another Champions League game and two Football League Cup matches . He never made his Premier League debut due to problems with his passport , forcing him to play in the Liverpool reserve team instead . Leto was granted an Italian passport in mid-2007 but this was later revoked , making the Argentine need to apply for a work permit ; a request which was later refused . Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez criticised the decision given the players track record in the Champions League and national selection for the Olympics . Olympiacos . Leto joined the Greek team Olympiacos in June 2008 on a one-year loan deal . On 16 September 2008 , Leto scored the second goal in the 2–0 UEFA Cup first round , first leg victory away against FC Nordsjælland . He scored his first and only league goal in a 2–1 home win against Thrassyvoulos in December 2008 . Panathinaikos . On 23 June 2009 , Liverpool accepted an offer from Panathinaikos believed to be in the region of £3,000,000 . On 1 July 2009 , the player signed a 5-year contract for about 1.2 million ( with bonus fees ) . On 28 July , Leto made his debut appearance for the greens on the away UEFA Champions League qualifying stages game against Sparta Prague , coming from the bench on the second half . On 8 August in Athens , Panathinaikos needed a two-goal margin victory and Leto was one of the starting eleven for the Greek side who dominated the game 3–0 and qualified to the next round . On 19 August , Leto came from the bench to score in Panathinaikos 2–3 defeat to Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Champions League play-off first leg . On 22 August Leto scored two goals against the Cretan side Ergotelis away in a 3–0 victory . On 13 September , Leto scored the only goal against the Thracians Panthrakikos in an important 1–0 away victory . On 24 April 2010 he scored the victorious goal of Panathinaikos at the Greek Cup final against Aris Thessaloniki . The previous week he also won the Greek championship , thus achieving the double ( second consequent double of his career , after the first one with Olympiacos in 2009 ) . After the departure of captain Djibril Cissé and vice-captain Gilberto Silva he was chosen after two seasons serving the club to be the 3rd Captain . Leto started the 2011–12 Superleague Greece in commanding form , netting a brace in a 3–2 victory over Xanthi on 16 October . He followed this up by notching another brace against Ergotelis on 22 October , in which Panathinaikos ran out 4–0 winners . Letos good performances were enough for Serie B table-toppers Torino to report interest in the Argentine , as they look to regain status in the Italian top flight . On 30 October , Panathinaikos faced PAOK , Leto grabbed a goal as his side won 3–1 and maintained their lead at the top of the Greek first division . In the following game against Ergotelis , Leto added two more goals as his side won 4–0 . Letos inspired start to the season resulted with ten goals and one assist from the first seven games . His performances were enough to guide Panathinaikos to the top of the table on 19 points , having played fewer games than most of their title challengers . Leto continued in brilliant form scoring 15 goals in 13 matches as well as 5 assists , keeping Panathinaikos still in the fight for the title . Through the first 17 league fixtures , Leto lead the goal-scorers chart with 15 league goals . On 25 January 2012 , Leto suffered a knee injury and flew to Bologna to be checked by a specialist who said that he would be forced out at least until March . It was revealed in March though that he would not be available until at least early April with continued knee problems . After a few days , it was revealed that Leto will not be available for the whole season . On 22 January 2013 , Leto terminated his contract with Panathinaikos . Catania . On 16 April 2013 , Catania confirmed that they had signed the Argentine on a deal over a few seasons , the exact details of the length and payment were not released . Sebastian Leto was brought in during the summer 2013 , on a free transfer as a replacement for the departed Alejandro Gomez . The former Panathinaikos winger had a history of knee problems , which ultimately led to his release from the Greek club . Catania took a gamble , but he failed to live up to expectations . Leto suffered another knee injury and was being unfairly compared to Gomez , who was arguably the Rossazzuri’s best player , but the Argentinean did not succeed in making an impact at the club , and in January 2015 signed a year-long loan with his former Argentinian club Lanús . On 11 February 2015 , Leto was taken to hospital for emergency treatment after a barbell fell on his head during training . The then 28-year-old , who had been on loan at Argentinian club Lanus since February 3 for a loan fee of €500,000 , was initially sent home by the medical staff with a deep wound in his head . But he later went to the hospital after suffering headaches and was placed in intensive care . Doctors feared Leto may have had internal hemorrhaging . At the end of the loan , Cypriot club Anorthosis have made an offer for Sebastian Leto , but the Argentine left winger asked for a 48 hours deadline because he prefers to join Greek side Panathinaikos . The 29-year-old playerwas recently released by Lanús and wants to return to the Greens after three years , asking for a low-salary contract . Second spell at Panathinaikos . In early February 2015 , there were rumours of a return to Panathinaikos , after Leto was released from Catania . The manager of Palermo , Guillermo Barros Schelotto spoke about his compatriot and former player at Lanús , Sebastian Leto , and his desire to return in Greece for Panathinaikos.Leto was enjoying being in an argentine club and having his family along , but he always wanted to return in Greece for Panathinaikos . He had a serious accident , but he is strong and despite not playing match in Lanus , in a good fitness condition . Sebastian is a talented and clever player , with quality and still a future ahead of him , he will help Panathinaikos very much and maybe the next season decrease the difference from champions Olympiakos , said the 43-year-old Argentine at SDNA . On 5 February 2016 , Panathinaikos officially announced the signing of Sebastian Leto until the end of the following season and the Argentinian left winger returned to the club after three years . On 3 April 2016 , he helped his club by scoring a brace to win a game against Veria for the Greek Super League . At the beginning of the 2016–17 Superleague Greece he eventually picked up his favorite number , no.11 . On 11 September 2016 , he scored his first goal for the 2016-17 season in a 3-0 away win against Levadiakos . On 24 May 2017 , thanks to a spot kick by the experienced Argentine attacking midfielder , Panathinaikos won a crucial game rivals AEK Athens at Leoforos Stadium , for the 2016-17 Play offs . On 1 June 2017 , Panathinaikos announced that the club will not renew Letos contract , so their co-operation ended . On 8 October 2017 , Leto , ( after Michael Essien , Rasmus Thelander , Jens Wemmer , Stathis Tavlaridis and Niklas Hult ) became the latest player to file an appeal against Panathinaikos for late payment . The Argentinian claimed had not been paid his wages by the club since January 2017 , estimated to amount to €181,315 . Emirates Club . On 20 August 2017 , he signed a long season contract , with the possible extension for a year , with UAE Arabian Gulf League club Emirates Club . On 17 September in his debut with the club , he scored his first goal against Al Dhafra FC sealing a 3-3 home draw . Honours . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Football Cup : 2008–09 Panathinaikos - Super League Greece : 2009–10 - Greek Football Cup : 2009–10 External links . - Fan club - Best YouTube Tribute Video ( for season 09-10 ) - Sebastián Leto statistics at Fútbol XXI - Sebastián Leto player page on Lanúss official site - LFChistory.net player profile

easy

Who was the occupant of Mannheim Observatory from 1774 to 1783?

/wiki/Mannheim_Observatory#P466#0

Mannheim Observatory The Mannheim Observatory was a tower observatory built between 1772 and 1774 in Mannheim , Germany , which remained in operation until 1880 . The observatory was transferred to Karlsruhe and finally in 1898 , was established on the Königstuhl near Heidelberg where todays successor institution the State Observatory Heidelberg-Königstuhl is located . The observatory tower is now owned by the city and was restored in 1905–1906 , and after the Second World War . Since 1958 , the tower houses studio flats . History . Schwetzingen . The Palatinate Elector Karl Theodor was a prince of the Age of Enlightenment . The French thinker Voltaire was a frequent visitor to his Court , the Elector made numerous reforms during his reign and founded scientific institutions . The Physics Institute , established in 1751 in Heidelberg , had as its Professor of Experimental Physics and Mathematics the Jesuit Father Christian Mayer . In 1756 Mayer was sent to Paris to study the local water supply , he also studied at one of the centres of contemporary astronomy . He was given an Astronomical Quadrant , by the instrument maker , Canivet . In 1759 , he observed the return of the comet predicted by Edmond Halley . Transit of Venus 1761/1769 . Mayer observed the Transit of Venus across the Sun on 6 June 1761 from a temporary Observatory built of wood by Karl Theodor in the Orangery in the park of Schwetzingen Castle . The observations convinced the elector as early as July to begin work on an observatory building on the palace roof , which was inaugurated in 1764 . A few years later , Mayer travelled for a year to St . Petersburg and observed there , another Transit of Venus on 3 June 1769 . The Schwetzinger observatory was not unused , however . Carl Theodor and a visitor , Prince Franz Xavier of Saxony , wished to observe the phenomenon , but were unsuccessful due to bad weather . Mayer published his results from the two Venus Transits in St . Petersburg and calculated , with the help of his observations of the two transits , that the average Earth-Sun distance was 146.2 million kilometers , which is only three million kilometers less than the actual value , however , with a significant measurement uncertainty . The Palatinate Period . The Founding of the Mannheim Observatory . On New Years Day 1771 Mayer finally presented a memorandum on the construction of an observatory to the Mannheim Court . In 1772 the Elector charged the Court Chamberlain with the construction of the observatory . In the same year the foundation stone of the tower next to Schloss Mannheim , in the vicinity of the Jesuit College was laid . In the following years , Mayer acquired numerous instruments , and with the help of books delivered from the Electoral Library made the Mannheim Observatory into an internationally known research facility . In the visitors book of the Mannheim observatory not only are there entries by many well-known colleagues , but also illustrious guests such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Benjamin Franklin , Envoy of the young United States , and even Arabic and other writings . Mayers astronomical work found its peak in the discovery of binary stars . The majority of the binary stars published in Bodes star chart of 1782 were observed by Mayer . Elector Karl Theodor left the Palatinate in 1778 , to govern Bavaria . Not least because of the absence of a personal patron prince , the history of the observatory after the death of Christian Mayer in 1783 was less happy . Christian Mayer’s Successors . The new Court Astronomer , the Jesuit Karl König , was transferred to Munich by the Elector Karl Theodor soon after he arrived in Mannheim , the next , the ex-Jesuit John Fischer , made so many enemies that in 1788 after only a year and a half he resigned . The Vincentian priest Peter Ungeschick was probably a better choice , but in 1790 he died on the return journey from studying in Paris . He was followed by Roger Barry , also a member of the Order of Vincentians . Barrys initial successes were undone by the wars of the Napoleonic Era during which severe damage was inflicted on the Observatory . The tower was repeatedly shelled , instruments were destroyed and others damaged . Some disappeared in unexplained ways . Barry was imprisoned for a time by the French , although he was given the opportunity to observe a Transit of Mercury , but little else . The Baden Period . From the Napoleonic Wars to the German Revolution . After the 1806 war over the Grand Duchy of Badens claims to areas of the Palatinate and thus the observatory , the Court Astronomer , Roger Barry , recommenced his observations , but fell ill in 1810 and the observatory remained unused until his death in 1813 . His numerous observations with the Mural Quadrant made after 1800 remained unpublished by his successors , as they were not classified . The running of the Mannheim Observatory by Catholic Orders was now over . In the years up to the Baden Revolution in 1848 the observatory declined . Famous astronomers were not retained , such as Heinrich Christian Schumacher ( Director 1813–1815 ) , founder of the oldest existing journal of astronomy , Astronomische Nachrichten , and of the Altona Observatory . Friedrich Wilhelm Struve , founder and first director of Pulkovo Observatory at St . Petersburg , despite being interested was deterred by clumsy personnel policy . From 1816 until his death in 1846 Bernhard Nicolai was Court Astronomer , being mainly dedicated to the orbits of comets . In his time , amongst other things , a three-stage refracting telescope was purchased from Fraunhofer , which was later used by the German expeditions of 1874 and 1882 to observe the Transit of Venus . The instruments and the Observatory Tower itself were aging . Already mature plans for construction of a new observatory drawn up in the revolutionary period were no longer to be , and on 10 June 1850 it was decided to end the Institute by appointing no new Court Astronomer . In 1852 the Heidelberg professor Nell took over the unpaid supervision of the institute . In 1859 this modest institute planned renewal with the purchase of a six-stage telescope . Move to Karlsruhe . In 1859 Eduard Schönfeld was appointed Director with a salary . The observatory equipment at his disposal was somewhat antiquated , his largest telescope being a small refractor of 73 lines aperture , but he selected a line of work to suit the instruments at his disposal , observing Nebulae , for which he soon made a name for himself , and variable stars and keeping a watch on comets and new planets . The results of his observations of nebulae are contained in two catalogues published in the Astronomische Beobachtungen der Grossherzoglichen Sternwarte zu Mannheim , 1st and 2nd parts ( 1862 and 1875 ) , and those of his variable star observations appeared in the Jahresberichte des Mannheimer Vereins für Naturkunde , Nos . 32 and 39 ( 1866 and 1875 ) . His work contributed significantly to the Bonn Survey , a star catalogue still in use today . Moreover , he organized several astronomical meetings . At one such a meeting , 28 August 1863 in Heidelberg , the Astronomische Gesellschaft , the second oldest astronomical society after the Royal Astronomical Society . was founded . Schönfeld was on the founding board . Among many other activities , he was a member of the 1871 Advisory Commission in preparation for the 1874/82 Transits of Venus . Schönfeld left for Bonn in 1875 and Karl Wilhelm Valentiner took over the Mannheim Directorship . The location of the Observatory in the middle of the town was no longer suitable . The Observatory was moved to a makeshift building in Karlsruhe in 1880 but no significant observations were made . Plans to build a permanent observatory in Karlsruhe did not become a reality , very much to Valentines annoyance , even though the first telescopes and instruments were purchased . During that time the desire for an observatory arose at the University of Heidelberg . The young Heidelberg astronomer Max Wolf had already built a private observatory in his parents house in 1880 . He believed firmly in the use of photography for observation and as a result he quickly made a name for himself in astronomy . The Mountain Observatory at Heidelberg . In 1892 a deputation of Heidelberg professors , amongst them Max Wolf , petitioned the Grand Duke of Karlsruhe for a University research and teaching observatory . This was not financially feasible at that time for Baden which could do little more than construct the buildings , and could not afford the instruments for Wolfs specialisation of astrophotography . Wolf sought supporters for the purchase of new telescopes . The search proved to be very successful : Catherine Wolfe Bruce , the noted American philanthropist and patroness of science , donated $10,000 for a telescope , and this donation was followed by others . Finally , on the construction of an observatory it was granted that the Karlsruhe instruments should be transferred to Heidelberg . On 20 June 1898 , the Großherzogliche Bergsternwarte at Königstuhl ( the present day Heidelberg Observatory ) was ceremonially inaugurated by Frederick I , Grand Duke of Baden . The astronomical institute comprised two competing departments , the Astrophysics Department under Max Wolf , containing the instruments from his private observatory and the new foundations instruments , and the Astrometry Department under Karl Wilhelm Valentiner , containing the Karlsruhe instruments . Valentiner was director of the Mannheim Observatory and had initiated the move to Karlsruhe . After Valentiners retirement in 1909 , both departments were amalgamated under the administration of Max Wolf . Wolf worked on many areas of astrophysics , he investigated the structure of the Milky Way , star spectroscopy and gas nebula , and searched intensively for Asteroids , of which he discovered more than 800 . As an honorary citizen of Heidelberg , he was buried in the cemetery on the mountain in 1932 . After the Second World War , there was a new beginning for the Institute , now named the Königstuhl State Observatory ( LSW ) . In 1983 the Mannheim instruments were donated to the State Museum of Technology and Industry in Mannheim , where some of them now form part of the permanent exhibition . The 1859 six-stage telescope was given to the city of Karlsruhe in 1957 for the establishment of the Public Astronomical Observatory of Karlsruhe , another instrument was given to the National Astronomical Observatory Heppenheim . The valuable book collection of the old library , the oldest of which dates back to 1476 , was transferred to the Manuscript Department of the University Library .

easy

Who was the occupant of Mannheim Observatory from 1813 to 1815?

/wiki/Mannheim_Observatory#P466#1

Mannheim Observatory The Mannheim Observatory was a tower observatory built between 1772 and 1774 in Mannheim , Germany , which remained in operation until 1880 . The observatory was transferred to Karlsruhe and finally in 1898 , was established on the Königstuhl near Heidelberg where todays successor institution the State Observatory Heidelberg-Königstuhl is located . The observatory tower is now owned by the city and was restored in 1905–1906 , and after the Second World War . Since 1958 , the tower houses studio flats . History . Schwetzingen . The Palatinate Elector Karl Theodor was a prince of the Age of Enlightenment . The French thinker Voltaire was a frequent visitor to his Court , the Elector made numerous reforms during his reign and founded scientific institutions . The Physics Institute , established in 1751 in Heidelberg , had as its Professor of Experimental Physics and Mathematics the Jesuit Father Christian Mayer . In 1756 Mayer was sent to Paris to study the local water supply , he also studied at one of the centres of contemporary astronomy . He was given an Astronomical Quadrant , by the instrument maker , Canivet . In 1759 , he observed the return of the comet predicted by Edmond Halley . Transit of Venus 1761/1769 . Mayer observed the Transit of Venus across the Sun on 6 June 1761 from a temporary Observatory built of wood by Karl Theodor in the Orangery in the park of Schwetzingen Castle . The observations convinced the elector as early as July to begin work on an observatory building on the palace roof , which was inaugurated in 1764 . A few years later , Mayer travelled for a year to St . Petersburg and observed there , another Transit of Venus on 3 June 1769 . The Schwetzinger observatory was not unused , however . Carl Theodor and a visitor , Prince Franz Xavier of Saxony , wished to observe the phenomenon , but were unsuccessful due to bad weather . Mayer published his results from the two Venus Transits in St . Petersburg and calculated , with the help of his observations of the two transits , that the average Earth-Sun distance was 146.2 million kilometers , which is only three million kilometers less than the actual value , however , with a significant measurement uncertainty . The Palatinate Period . The Founding of the Mannheim Observatory . On New Years Day 1771 Mayer finally presented a memorandum on the construction of an observatory to the Mannheim Court . In 1772 the Elector charged the Court Chamberlain with the construction of the observatory . In the same year the foundation stone of the tower next to Schloss Mannheim , in the vicinity of the Jesuit College was laid . In the following years , Mayer acquired numerous instruments , and with the help of books delivered from the Electoral Library made the Mannheim Observatory into an internationally known research facility . In the visitors book of the Mannheim observatory not only are there entries by many well-known colleagues , but also illustrious guests such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Benjamin Franklin , Envoy of the young United States , and even Arabic and other writings . Mayers astronomical work found its peak in the discovery of binary stars . The majority of the binary stars published in Bodes star chart of 1782 were observed by Mayer . Elector Karl Theodor left the Palatinate in 1778 , to govern Bavaria . Not least because of the absence of a personal patron prince , the history of the observatory after the death of Christian Mayer in 1783 was less happy . Christian Mayer’s Successors . The new Court Astronomer , the Jesuit Karl König , was transferred to Munich by the Elector Karl Theodor soon after he arrived in Mannheim , the next , the ex-Jesuit John Fischer , made so many enemies that in 1788 after only a year and a half he resigned . The Vincentian priest Peter Ungeschick was probably a better choice , but in 1790 he died on the return journey from studying in Paris . He was followed by Roger Barry , also a member of the Order of Vincentians . Barrys initial successes were undone by the wars of the Napoleonic Era during which severe damage was inflicted on the Observatory . The tower was repeatedly shelled , instruments were destroyed and others damaged . Some disappeared in unexplained ways . Barry was imprisoned for a time by the French , although he was given the opportunity to observe a Transit of Mercury , but little else . The Baden Period . From the Napoleonic Wars to the German Revolution . After the 1806 war over the Grand Duchy of Badens claims to areas of the Palatinate and thus the observatory , the Court Astronomer , Roger Barry , recommenced his observations , but fell ill in 1810 and the observatory remained unused until his death in 1813 . His numerous observations with the Mural Quadrant made after 1800 remained unpublished by his successors , as they were not classified . The running of the Mannheim Observatory by Catholic Orders was now over . In the years up to the Baden Revolution in 1848 the observatory declined . Famous astronomers were not retained , such as Heinrich Christian Schumacher ( Director 1813–1815 ) , founder of the oldest existing journal of astronomy , Astronomische Nachrichten , and of the Altona Observatory . Friedrich Wilhelm Struve , founder and first director of Pulkovo Observatory at St . Petersburg , despite being interested was deterred by clumsy personnel policy . From 1816 until his death in 1846 Bernhard Nicolai was Court Astronomer , being mainly dedicated to the orbits of comets . In his time , amongst other things , a three-stage refracting telescope was purchased from Fraunhofer , which was later used by the German expeditions of 1874 and 1882 to observe the Transit of Venus . The instruments and the Observatory Tower itself were aging . Already mature plans for construction of a new observatory drawn up in the revolutionary period were no longer to be , and on 10 June 1850 it was decided to end the Institute by appointing no new Court Astronomer . In 1852 the Heidelberg professor Nell took over the unpaid supervision of the institute . In 1859 this modest institute planned renewal with the purchase of a six-stage telescope . Move to Karlsruhe . In 1859 Eduard Schönfeld was appointed Director with a salary . The observatory equipment at his disposal was somewhat antiquated , his largest telescope being a small refractor of 73 lines aperture , but he selected a line of work to suit the instruments at his disposal , observing Nebulae , for which he soon made a name for himself , and variable stars and keeping a watch on comets and new planets . The results of his observations of nebulae are contained in two catalogues published in the Astronomische Beobachtungen der Grossherzoglichen Sternwarte zu Mannheim , 1st and 2nd parts ( 1862 and 1875 ) , and those of his variable star observations appeared in the Jahresberichte des Mannheimer Vereins für Naturkunde , Nos . 32 and 39 ( 1866 and 1875 ) . His work contributed significantly to the Bonn Survey , a star catalogue still in use today . Moreover , he organized several astronomical meetings . At one such a meeting , 28 August 1863 in Heidelberg , the Astronomische Gesellschaft , the second oldest astronomical society after the Royal Astronomical Society . was founded . Schönfeld was on the founding board . Among many other activities , he was a member of the 1871 Advisory Commission in preparation for the 1874/82 Transits of Venus . Schönfeld left for Bonn in 1875 and Karl Wilhelm Valentiner took over the Mannheim Directorship . The location of the Observatory in the middle of the town was no longer suitable . The Observatory was moved to a makeshift building in Karlsruhe in 1880 but no significant observations were made . Plans to build a permanent observatory in Karlsruhe did not become a reality , very much to Valentines annoyance , even though the first telescopes and instruments were purchased . During that time the desire for an observatory arose at the University of Heidelberg . The young Heidelberg astronomer Max Wolf had already built a private observatory in his parents house in 1880 . He believed firmly in the use of photography for observation and as a result he quickly made a name for himself in astronomy . The Mountain Observatory at Heidelberg . In 1892 a deputation of Heidelberg professors , amongst them Max Wolf , petitioned the Grand Duke of Karlsruhe for a University research and teaching observatory . This was not financially feasible at that time for Baden which could do little more than construct the buildings , and could not afford the instruments for Wolfs specialisation of astrophotography . Wolf sought supporters for the purchase of new telescopes . The search proved to be very successful : Catherine Wolfe Bruce , the noted American philanthropist and patroness of science , donated $10,000 for a telescope , and this donation was followed by others . Finally , on the construction of an observatory it was granted that the Karlsruhe instruments should be transferred to Heidelberg . On 20 June 1898 , the Großherzogliche Bergsternwarte at Königstuhl ( the present day Heidelberg Observatory ) was ceremonially inaugurated by Frederick I , Grand Duke of Baden . The astronomical institute comprised two competing departments , the Astrophysics Department under Max Wolf , containing the instruments from his private observatory and the new foundations instruments , and the Astrometry Department under Karl Wilhelm Valentiner , containing the Karlsruhe instruments . Valentiner was director of the Mannheim Observatory and had initiated the move to Karlsruhe . After Valentiners retirement in 1909 , both departments were amalgamated under the administration of Max Wolf . Wolf worked on many areas of astrophysics , he investigated the structure of the Milky Way , star spectroscopy and gas nebula , and searched intensively for Asteroids , of which he discovered more than 800 . As an honorary citizen of Heidelberg , he was buried in the cemetery on the mountain in 1932 . After the Second World War , there was a new beginning for the Institute , now named the Königstuhl State Observatory ( LSW ) . In 1983 the Mannheim instruments were donated to the State Museum of Technology and Industry in Mannheim , where some of them now form part of the permanent exhibition . The 1859 six-stage telescope was given to the city of Karlsruhe in 1957 for the establishment of the Public Astronomical Observatory of Karlsruhe , another instrument was given to the National Astronomical Observatory Heppenheim . The valuable book collection of the old library , the oldest of which dates back to 1476 , was transferred to the Manuscript Department of the University Library .

easy

Who occupied Mannheim Observatory from 1860 to 1875?

/wiki/Mannheim_Observatory#P466#2

Mannheim Observatory The Mannheim Observatory was a tower observatory built between 1772 and 1774 in Mannheim , Germany , which remained in operation until 1880 . The observatory was transferred to Karlsruhe and finally in 1898 , was established on the Königstuhl near Heidelberg where todays successor institution the State Observatory Heidelberg-Königstuhl is located . The observatory tower is now owned by the city and was restored in 1905–1906 , and after the Second World War . Since 1958 , the tower houses studio flats . History . Schwetzingen . The Palatinate Elector Karl Theodor was a prince of the Age of Enlightenment . The French thinker Voltaire was a frequent visitor to his Court , the Elector made numerous reforms during his reign and founded scientific institutions . The Physics Institute , established in 1751 in Heidelberg , had as its Professor of Experimental Physics and Mathematics the Jesuit Father Christian Mayer . In 1756 Mayer was sent to Paris to study the local water supply , he also studied at one of the centres of contemporary astronomy . He was given an Astronomical Quadrant , by the instrument maker , Canivet . In 1759 , he observed the return of the comet predicted by Edmond Halley . Transit of Venus 1761/1769 . Mayer observed the Transit of Venus across the Sun on 6 June 1761 from a temporary Observatory built of wood by Karl Theodor in the Orangery in the park of Schwetzingen Castle . The observations convinced the elector as early as July to begin work on an observatory building on the palace roof , which was inaugurated in 1764 . A few years later , Mayer travelled for a year to St . Petersburg and observed there , another Transit of Venus on 3 June 1769 . The Schwetzinger observatory was not unused , however . Carl Theodor and a visitor , Prince Franz Xavier of Saxony , wished to observe the phenomenon , but were unsuccessful due to bad weather . Mayer published his results from the two Venus Transits in St . Petersburg and calculated , with the help of his observations of the two transits , that the average Earth-Sun distance was 146.2 million kilometers , which is only three million kilometers less than the actual value , however , with a significant measurement uncertainty . The Palatinate Period . The Founding of the Mannheim Observatory . On New Years Day 1771 Mayer finally presented a memorandum on the construction of an observatory to the Mannheim Court . In 1772 the Elector charged the Court Chamberlain with the construction of the observatory . In the same year the foundation stone of the tower next to Schloss Mannheim , in the vicinity of the Jesuit College was laid . In the following years , Mayer acquired numerous instruments , and with the help of books delivered from the Electoral Library made the Mannheim Observatory into an internationally known research facility . In the visitors book of the Mannheim observatory not only are there entries by many well-known colleagues , but also illustrious guests such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Benjamin Franklin , Envoy of the young United States , and even Arabic and other writings . Mayers astronomical work found its peak in the discovery of binary stars . The majority of the binary stars published in Bodes star chart of 1782 were observed by Mayer . Elector Karl Theodor left the Palatinate in 1778 , to govern Bavaria . Not least because of the absence of a personal patron prince , the history of the observatory after the death of Christian Mayer in 1783 was less happy . Christian Mayer’s Successors . The new Court Astronomer , the Jesuit Karl König , was transferred to Munich by the Elector Karl Theodor soon after he arrived in Mannheim , the next , the ex-Jesuit John Fischer , made so many enemies that in 1788 after only a year and a half he resigned . The Vincentian priest Peter Ungeschick was probably a better choice , but in 1790 he died on the return journey from studying in Paris . He was followed by Roger Barry , also a member of the Order of Vincentians . Barrys initial successes were undone by the wars of the Napoleonic Era during which severe damage was inflicted on the Observatory . The tower was repeatedly shelled , instruments were destroyed and others damaged . Some disappeared in unexplained ways . Barry was imprisoned for a time by the French , although he was given the opportunity to observe a Transit of Mercury , but little else . The Baden Period . From the Napoleonic Wars to the German Revolution . After the 1806 war over the Grand Duchy of Badens claims to areas of the Palatinate and thus the observatory , the Court Astronomer , Roger Barry , recommenced his observations , but fell ill in 1810 and the observatory remained unused until his death in 1813 . His numerous observations with the Mural Quadrant made after 1800 remained unpublished by his successors , as they were not classified . The running of the Mannheim Observatory by Catholic Orders was now over . In the years up to the Baden Revolution in 1848 the observatory declined . Famous astronomers were not retained , such as Heinrich Christian Schumacher ( Director 1813–1815 ) , founder of the oldest existing journal of astronomy , Astronomische Nachrichten , and of the Altona Observatory . Friedrich Wilhelm Struve , founder and first director of Pulkovo Observatory at St . Petersburg , despite being interested was deterred by clumsy personnel policy . From 1816 until his death in 1846 Bernhard Nicolai was Court Astronomer , being mainly dedicated to the orbits of comets . In his time , amongst other things , a three-stage refracting telescope was purchased from Fraunhofer , which was later used by the German expeditions of 1874 and 1882 to observe the Transit of Venus . The instruments and the Observatory Tower itself were aging . Already mature plans for construction of a new observatory drawn up in the revolutionary period were no longer to be , and on 10 June 1850 it was decided to end the Institute by appointing no new Court Astronomer . In 1852 the Heidelberg professor Nell took over the unpaid supervision of the institute . In 1859 this modest institute planned renewal with the purchase of a six-stage telescope . Move to Karlsruhe . In 1859 Eduard Schönfeld was appointed Director with a salary . The observatory equipment at his disposal was somewhat antiquated , his largest telescope being a small refractor of 73 lines aperture , but he selected a line of work to suit the instruments at his disposal , observing Nebulae , for which he soon made a name for himself , and variable stars and keeping a watch on comets and new planets . The results of his observations of nebulae are contained in two catalogues published in the Astronomische Beobachtungen der Grossherzoglichen Sternwarte zu Mannheim , 1st and 2nd parts ( 1862 and 1875 ) , and those of his variable star observations appeared in the Jahresberichte des Mannheimer Vereins für Naturkunde , Nos . 32 and 39 ( 1866 and 1875 ) . His work contributed significantly to the Bonn Survey , a star catalogue still in use today . Moreover , he organized several astronomical meetings . At one such a meeting , 28 August 1863 in Heidelberg , the Astronomische Gesellschaft , the second oldest astronomical society after the Royal Astronomical Society . was founded . Schönfeld was on the founding board . Among many other activities , he was a member of the 1871 Advisory Commission in preparation for the 1874/82 Transits of Venus . Schönfeld left for Bonn in 1875 and Karl Wilhelm Valentiner took over the Mannheim Directorship . The location of the Observatory in the middle of the town was no longer suitable . The Observatory was moved to a makeshift building in Karlsruhe in 1880 but no significant observations were made . Plans to build a permanent observatory in Karlsruhe did not become a reality , very much to Valentines annoyance , even though the first telescopes and instruments were purchased . During that time the desire for an observatory arose at the University of Heidelberg . The young Heidelberg astronomer Max Wolf had already built a private observatory in his parents house in 1880 . He believed firmly in the use of photography for observation and as a result he quickly made a name for himself in astronomy . The Mountain Observatory at Heidelberg . In 1892 a deputation of Heidelberg professors , amongst them Max Wolf , petitioned the Grand Duke of Karlsruhe for a University research and teaching observatory . This was not financially feasible at that time for Baden which could do little more than construct the buildings , and could not afford the instruments for Wolfs specialisation of astrophotography . Wolf sought supporters for the purchase of new telescopes . The search proved to be very successful : Catherine Wolfe Bruce , the noted American philanthropist and patroness of science , donated $10,000 for a telescope , and this donation was followed by others . Finally , on the construction of an observatory it was granted that the Karlsruhe instruments should be transferred to Heidelberg . On 20 June 1898 , the Großherzogliche Bergsternwarte at Königstuhl ( the present day Heidelberg Observatory ) was ceremonially inaugurated by Frederick I , Grand Duke of Baden . The astronomical institute comprised two competing departments , the Astrophysics Department under Max Wolf , containing the instruments from his private observatory and the new foundations instruments , and the Astrometry Department under Karl Wilhelm Valentiner , containing the Karlsruhe instruments . Valentiner was director of the Mannheim Observatory and had initiated the move to Karlsruhe . After Valentiners retirement in 1909 , both departments were amalgamated under the administration of Max Wolf . Wolf worked on many areas of astrophysics , he investigated the structure of the Milky Way , star spectroscopy and gas nebula , and searched intensively for Asteroids , of which he discovered more than 800 . As an honorary citizen of Heidelberg , he was buried in the cemetery on the mountain in 1932 . After the Second World War , there was a new beginning for the Institute , now named the Königstuhl State Observatory ( LSW ) . In 1983 the Mannheim instruments were donated to the State Museum of Technology and Industry in Mannheim , where some of them now form part of the permanent exhibition . The 1859 six-stage telescope was given to the city of Karlsruhe in 1957 for the establishment of the Public Astronomical Observatory of Karlsruhe , another instrument was given to the National Astronomical Observatory Heppenheim . The valuable book collection of the old library , the oldest of which dates back to 1476 , was transferred to the Manuscript Department of the University Library .

easy

Who occupied Mannheim Observatory from 1875 to 1880?

/wiki/Mannheim_Observatory#P466#3

Mannheim Observatory The Mannheim Observatory was a tower observatory built between 1772 and 1774 in Mannheim , Germany , which remained in operation until 1880 . The observatory was transferred to Karlsruhe and finally in 1898 , was established on the Königstuhl near Heidelberg where todays successor institution the State Observatory Heidelberg-Königstuhl is located . The observatory tower is now owned by the city and was restored in 1905–1906 , and after the Second World War . Since 1958 , the tower houses studio flats . History . Schwetzingen . The Palatinate Elector Karl Theodor was a prince of the Age of Enlightenment . The French thinker Voltaire was a frequent visitor to his Court , the Elector made numerous reforms during his reign and founded scientific institutions . The Physics Institute , established in 1751 in Heidelberg , had as its Professor of Experimental Physics and Mathematics the Jesuit Father Christian Mayer . In 1756 Mayer was sent to Paris to study the local water supply , he also studied at one of the centres of contemporary astronomy . He was given an Astronomical Quadrant , by the instrument maker , Canivet . In 1759 , he observed the return of the comet predicted by Edmond Halley . Transit of Venus 1761/1769 . Mayer observed the Transit of Venus across the Sun on 6 June 1761 from a temporary Observatory built of wood by Karl Theodor in the Orangery in the park of Schwetzingen Castle . The observations convinced the elector as early as July to begin work on an observatory building on the palace roof , which was inaugurated in 1764 . A few years later , Mayer travelled for a year to St . Petersburg and observed there , another Transit of Venus on 3 June 1769 . The Schwetzinger observatory was not unused , however . Carl Theodor and a visitor , Prince Franz Xavier of Saxony , wished to observe the phenomenon , but were unsuccessful due to bad weather . Mayer published his results from the two Venus Transits in St . Petersburg and calculated , with the help of his observations of the two transits , that the average Earth-Sun distance was 146.2 million kilometers , which is only three million kilometers less than the actual value , however , with a significant measurement uncertainty . The Palatinate Period . The Founding of the Mannheim Observatory . On New Years Day 1771 Mayer finally presented a memorandum on the construction of an observatory to the Mannheim Court . In 1772 the Elector charged the Court Chamberlain with the construction of the observatory . In the same year the foundation stone of the tower next to Schloss Mannheim , in the vicinity of the Jesuit College was laid . In the following years , Mayer acquired numerous instruments , and with the help of books delivered from the Electoral Library made the Mannheim Observatory into an internationally known research facility . In the visitors book of the Mannheim observatory not only are there entries by many well-known colleagues , but also illustrious guests such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Benjamin Franklin , Envoy of the young United States , and even Arabic and other writings . Mayers astronomical work found its peak in the discovery of binary stars . The majority of the binary stars published in Bodes star chart of 1782 were observed by Mayer . Elector Karl Theodor left the Palatinate in 1778 , to govern Bavaria . Not least because of the absence of a personal patron prince , the history of the observatory after the death of Christian Mayer in 1783 was less happy . Christian Mayer’s Successors . The new Court Astronomer , the Jesuit Karl König , was transferred to Munich by the Elector Karl Theodor soon after he arrived in Mannheim , the next , the ex-Jesuit John Fischer , made so many enemies that in 1788 after only a year and a half he resigned . The Vincentian priest Peter Ungeschick was probably a better choice , but in 1790 he died on the return journey from studying in Paris . He was followed by Roger Barry , also a member of the Order of Vincentians . Barrys initial successes were undone by the wars of the Napoleonic Era during which severe damage was inflicted on the Observatory . The tower was repeatedly shelled , instruments were destroyed and others damaged . Some disappeared in unexplained ways . Barry was imprisoned for a time by the French , although he was given the opportunity to observe a Transit of Mercury , but little else . The Baden Period . From the Napoleonic Wars to the German Revolution . After the 1806 war over the Grand Duchy of Badens claims to areas of the Palatinate and thus the observatory , the Court Astronomer , Roger Barry , recommenced his observations , but fell ill in 1810 and the observatory remained unused until his death in 1813 . His numerous observations with the Mural Quadrant made after 1800 remained unpublished by his successors , as they were not classified . The running of the Mannheim Observatory by Catholic Orders was now over . In the years up to the Baden Revolution in 1848 the observatory declined . Famous astronomers were not retained , such as Heinrich Christian Schumacher ( Director 1813–1815 ) , founder of the oldest existing journal of astronomy , Astronomische Nachrichten , and of the Altona Observatory . Friedrich Wilhelm Struve , founder and first director of Pulkovo Observatory at St . Petersburg , despite being interested was deterred by clumsy personnel policy . From 1816 until his death in 1846 Bernhard Nicolai was Court Astronomer , being mainly dedicated to the orbits of comets . In his time , amongst other things , a three-stage refracting telescope was purchased from Fraunhofer , which was later used by the German expeditions of 1874 and 1882 to observe the Transit of Venus . The instruments and the Observatory Tower itself were aging . Already mature plans for construction of a new observatory drawn up in the revolutionary period were no longer to be , and on 10 June 1850 it was decided to end the Institute by appointing no new Court Astronomer . In 1852 the Heidelberg professor Nell took over the unpaid supervision of the institute . In 1859 this modest institute planned renewal with the purchase of a six-stage telescope . Move to Karlsruhe . In 1859 Eduard Schönfeld was appointed Director with a salary . The observatory equipment at his disposal was somewhat antiquated , his largest telescope being a small refractor of 73 lines aperture , but he selected a line of work to suit the instruments at his disposal , observing Nebulae , for which he soon made a name for himself , and variable stars and keeping a watch on comets and new planets . The results of his observations of nebulae are contained in two catalogues published in the Astronomische Beobachtungen der Grossherzoglichen Sternwarte zu Mannheim , 1st and 2nd parts ( 1862 and 1875 ) , and those of his variable star observations appeared in the Jahresberichte des Mannheimer Vereins für Naturkunde , Nos . 32 and 39 ( 1866 and 1875 ) . His work contributed significantly to the Bonn Survey , a star catalogue still in use today . Moreover , he organized several astronomical meetings . At one such a meeting , 28 August 1863 in Heidelberg , the Astronomische Gesellschaft , the second oldest astronomical society after the Royal Astronomical Society . was founded . Schönfeld was on the founding board . Among many other activities , he was a member of the 1871 Advisory Commission in preparation for the 1874/82 Transits of Venus . Schönfeld left for Bonn in 1875 and Karl Wilhelm Valentiner took over the Mannheim Directorship . The location of the Observatory in the middle of the town was no longer suitable . The Observatory was moved to a makeshift building in Karlsruhe in 1880 but no significant observations were made . Plans to build a permanent observatory in Karlsruhe did not become a reality , very much to Valentines annoyance , even though the first telescopes and instruments were purchased . During that time the desire for an observatory arose at the University of Heidelberg . The young Heidelberg astronomer Max Wolf had already built a private observatory in his parents house in 1880 . He believed firmly in the use of photography for observation and as a result he quickly made a name for himself in astronomy . The Mountain Observatory at Heidelberg . In 1892 a deputation of Heidelberg professors , amongst them Max Wolf , petitioned the Grand Duke of Karlsruhe for a University research and teaching observatory . This was not financially feasible at that time for Baden which could do little more than construct the buildings , and could not afford the instruments for Wolfs specialisation of astrophotography . Wolf sought supporters for the purchase of new telescopes . The search proved to be very successful : Catherine Wolfe Bruce , the noted American philanthropist and patroness of science , donated $10,000 for a telescope , and this donation was followed by others . Finally , on the construction of an observatory it was granted that the Karlsruhe instruments should be transferred to Heidelberg . On 20 June 1898 , the Großherzogliche Bergsternwarte at Königstuhl ( the present day Heidelberg Observatory ) was ceremonially inaugurated by Frederick I , Grand Duke of Baden . The astronomical institute comprised two competing departments , the Astrophysics Department under Max Wolf , containing the instruments from his private observatory and the new foundations instruments , and the Astrometry Department under Karl Wilhelm Valentiner , containing the Karlsruhe instruments . Valentiner was director of the Mannheim Observatory and had initiated the move to Karlsruhe . After Valentiners retirement in 1909 , both departments were amalgamated under the administration of Max Wolf . Wolf worked on many areas of astrophysics , he investigated the structure of the Milky Way , star spectroscopy and gas nebula , and searched intensively for Asteroids , of which he discovered more than 800 . As an honorary citizen of Heidelberg , he was buried in the cemetery on the mountain in 1932 . After the Second World War , there was a new beginning for the Institute , now named the Königstuhl State Observatory ( LSW ) . In 1983 the Mannheim instruments were donated to the State Museum of Technology and Industry in Mannheim , where some of them now form part of the permanent exhibition . The 1859 six-stage telescope was given to the city of Karlsruhe in 1957 for the establishment of the Public Astronomical Observatory of Karlsruhe , another instrument was given to the National Astronomical Observatory Heppenheim . The valuable book collection of the old library , the oldest of which dates back to 1476 , was transferred to the Manuscript Department of the University Library .

easy

What was the name of the employer David Satter work for from 1972 to 1976?

/wiki/David_Satter#P108#0

David Satter David A . Satter ( born August 1 , 1947 ) is an American journalist who writes about Russia and the Soviet Union . He has authored books and articles about the decline and fall of the Soviet Union and the rise of post-Soviet Russia . Satter was expelled from Russia by the government in 2013 . He is perhaps best known as the first researcher who claimed that Vladimir Putin and Russias Federal Security Service were behind the 1999 Russian apartment bombings and is particularly critical of Putins rise to the Russian presidency . Life and career . Satter was born in Chicago , the son of Clarice Komsky , a homemaker , and Mark Satter , a well-regarded attorney and civil rights activist . He graduated from the University of Chicago and from the University of Oxford where he was a Rhodes Scholar . From 1976 to 1982 , he was the Moscow correspondent of the Financial Times of London . He then became a special correspondent on Soviet affairs of The Wall Street Journal . He is currently a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a fellow of the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies . He has been a research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a visiting professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . His partner is Nadezhda Kutepova , a human rights lawyer and Russian political refugee in France ( DocumentaryCity 40 , 2016 ) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_40_ ( film ) Post-Soviet Russia . In the 1990s , Satter wrote extensively about post-Soviet Russia . In an article in The Wall Street Journal Europe , April 2 , 1997 , he wrote : When the Soviet Union fell… the moral impulse motivating the democratic movement had to become the basis of Russia’s political practices . The tragedy of the present situation is that Russian gangsters are cutting off this development before it has a chance to take root . Reviews . Jack Matlock , the former U.S . ambassador in Moscow , writing in The Washington Post , said that Age of Delirium was spellbinding and gave a visceral sense of what it felt like to be trapped in the communist system . The Virginia Quarterly Review wrote , The brilliance of this book lies in its eccentricity and in the author’s profound knowledge of and sympathy for the suffering of the Russian people under communism . Martin Sieff , writing in the Canadian National Post , wrote that Darkness at Dawn was Vivid , impeccably researched and truly frightening . Angus Macqueen , writing in The Guardian , compared Darkness at Dawn to Putin’s Russia by Anna Politkovskaya . Sieff wrote : Both of these books underline the moral vacuum that the destruction of the Soviet Union has left . 1999 Russian apartment bombings . In his book , Darkness at Dawn , Satter charged that the Russian Federal Security Service ( FSB ) was responsible for the bombings of Russian apartment buildings in 1999 that claimed nearly 300 lives and provided the justification for a second Chechen War . He argued that this was part of a conspiracy to bring Putin to power as Boris Yeltsin was fading . During testimony before the U.S . House of Representatives , Satter stated : On 14 July 2016 , David Satter filed a request to obtain official assessment of who was responsible for the bombings from the State Department , the CIA and the FBI under the Freedom of Information Act . He received response that all documents were classified by US government because that information had the potential .. . to cause serious damage to the relationship with the Russian government . CIA refused even to acknowledge the existence of any relevant records because doing so would reveal very specific aspects of the Agencys intelligence interest , or lack thereof , in the Russian bombings . According to a cable on the Ryazan incident from the U.S . embassy in Moscow , on 24 March 2000 , cited by Satter , a former Russian intelligence officer , apparently one of the embassys principal informants , said that the real story about the Ryazan incident could never be known because it would destroy the country . The informant said the FSB had a specially trained team of men whose mission was to carry out this type of urban warfare and Viktor Cherkesov , the FSBs first deputy director and an interrogator of Soviet dissidents was exactly the right person to order and carry out such actions. . The latest book by Satter on this subject was The Less You Know , The Better You Sleep : Russias Road to Terror and Dictatorship under Yeltsin and Putin Documentary films . A documentary film about the fall of the Soviet Union based on Satters book Age of Delirium was completed in 2011 . Satter also appears in the 2004 documentary Disbelief about the Russian apartment bombings made by director Andrei Nekrasov . Expulsion from Russia . In December 2013 , the Russian government expelled Satter from the country for allegedly committing multiple gross violations of Russian migration law ; Satter said he followed the procedures the Russian Foreign Ministry set out for him and said that the manner of his expulsion was a formula reserved for spies . Luke Harding suggested that Satters expulsion from the Russian Federation was part of a wider trend by the FSB that is , increasingly rejecting visa applications from Western academics seeking to visit Russia if their publications are deemed hostile . His books . - Age of Delirium : The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union . Yale University Press , 2001 , - Darkness at Dawn : The Rise of the Russian Criminal State . Yale University Press , 2003 , - It Was a Long Time Ago and It Never Happened Anyway : Russia and the Communist Past . Yale University Press , 2007 , - The Less You Know , The Better You Sleep : Russias Road to Terror and Dictatorship under Yeltsin and Putin . Yale University Press , 2016 , - How America Helped Make Vladimir Putin Dictator for Life ( 2017 ) - Never Speak to Strangers and Other Writing from Russia and the Soviet Union . Columbia University Press , ( 2020 ) External links . - Biography at the Hudson Institute site - His articles

easy

What was the name of the employer David Satter work for from 1976 to 1982?

/wiki/David_Satter#P108#1

David Satter David A . Satter ( born August 1 , 1947 ) is an American journalist who writes about Russia and the Soviet Union . He has authored books and articles about the decline and fall of the Soviet Union and the rise of post-Soviet Russia . Satter was expelled from Russia by the government in 2013 . He is perhaps best known as the first researcher who claimed that Vladimir Putin and Russias Federal Security Service were behind the 1999 Russian apartment bombings and is particularly critical of Putins rise to the Russian presidency . Life and career . Satter was born in Chicago , the son of Clarice Komsky , a homemaker , and Mark Satter , a well-regarded attorney and civil rights activist . He graduated from the University of Chicago and from the University of Oxford where he was a Rhodes Scholar . From 1976 to 1982 , he was the Moscow correspondent of the Financial Times of London . He then became a special correspondent on Soviet affairs of The Wall Street Journal . He is currently a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a fellow of the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies . He has been a research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a visiting professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . His partner is Nadezhda Kutepova , a human rights lawyer and Russian political refugee in France ( DocumentaryCity 40 , 2016 ) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_40_ ( film ) Post-Soviet Russia . In the 1990s , Satter wrote extensively about post-Soviet Russia . In an article in The Wall Street Journal Europe , April 2 , 1997 , he wrote : When the Soviet Union fell… the moral impulse motivating the democratic movement had to become the basis of Russia’s political practices . The tragedy of the present situation is that Russian gangsters are cutting off this development before it has a chance to take root . Reviews . Jack Matlock , the former U.S . ambassador in Moscow , writing in The Washington Post , said that Age of Delirium was spellbinding and gave a visceral sense of what it felt like to be trapped in the communist system . The Virginia Quarterly Review wrote , The brilliance of this book lies in its eccentricity and in the author’s profound knowledge of and sympathy for the suffering of the Russian people under communism . Martin Sieff , writing in the Canadian National Post , wrote that Darkness at Dawn was Vivid , impeccably researched and truly frightening . Angus Macqueen , writing in The Guardian , compared Darkness at Dawn to Putin’s Russia by Anna Politkovskaya . Sieff wrote : Both of these books underline the moral vacuum that the destruction of the Soviet Union has left . 1999 Russian apartment bombings . In his book , Darkness at Dawn , Satter charged that the Russian Federal Security Service ( FSB ) was responsible for the bombings of Russian apartment buildings in 1999 that claimed nearly 300 lives and provided the justification for a second Chechen War . He argued that this was part of a conspiracy to bring Putin to power as Boris Yeltsin was fading . During testimony before the U.S . House of Representatives , Satter stated : On 14 July 2016 , David Satter filed a request to obtain official assessment of who was responsible for the bombings from the State Department , the CIA and the FBI under the Freedom of Information Act . He received response that all documents were classified by US government because that information had the potential .. . to cause serious damage to the relationship with the Russian government . CIA refused even to acknowledge the existence of any relevant records because doing so would reveal very specific aspects of the Agencys intelligence interest , or lack thereof , in the Russian bombings . According to a cable on the Ryazan incident from the U.S . embassy in Moscow , on 24 March 2000 , cited by Satter , a former Russian intelligence officer , apparently one of the embassys principal informants , said that the real story about the Ryazan incident could never be known because it would destroy the country . The informant said the FSB had a specially trained team of men whose mission was to carry out this type of urban warfare and Viktor Cherkesov , the FSBs first deputy director and an interrogator of Soviet dissidents was exactly the right person to order and carry out such actions. . The latest book by Satter on this subject was The Less You Know , The Better You Sleep : Russias Road to Terror and Dictatorship under Yeltsin and Putin Documentary films . A documentary film about the fall of the Soviet Union based on Satters book Age of Delirium was completed in 2011 . Satter also appears in the 2004 documentary Disbelief about the Russian apartment bombings made by director Andrei Nekrasov . Expulsion from Russia . In December 2013 , the Russian government expelled Satter from the country for allegedly committing multiple gross violations of Russian migration law ; Satter said he followed the procedures the Russian Foreign Ministry set out for him and said that the manner of his expulsion was a formula reserved for spies . Luke Harding suggested that Satters expulsion from the Russian Federation was part of a wider trend by the FSB that is , increasingly rejecting visa applications from Western academics seeking to visit Russia if their publications are deemed hostile . His books . - Age of Delirium : The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union . Yale University Press , 2001 , - Darkness at Dawn : The Rise of the Russian Criminal State . Yale University Press , 2003 , - It Was a Long Time Ago and It Never Happened Anyway : Russia and the Communist Past . Yale University Press , 2007 , - The Less You Know , The Better You Sleep : Russias Road to Terror and Dictatorship under Yeltsin and Putin . Yale University Press , 2016 , - How America Helped Make Vladimir Putin Dictator for Life ( 2017 ) - Never Speak to Strangers and Other Writing from Russia and the Soviet Union . Columbia University Press , ( 2020 ) External links . - Biography at the Hudson Institute site - His articles

easy

Which employer did David Satter work for from 1982 to 1983?

/wiki/David_Satter#P108#2

David Satter David A . Satter ( born August 1 , 1947 ) is an American journalist who writes about Russia and the Soviet Union . He has authored books and articles about the decline and fall of the Soviet Union and the rise of post-Soviet Russia . Satter was expelled from Russia by the government in 2013 . He is perhaps best known as the first researcher who claimed that Vladimir Putin and Russias Federal Security Service were behind the 1999 Russian apartment bombings and is particularly critical of Putins rise to the Russian presidency . Life and career . Satter was born in Chicago , the son of Clarice Komsky , a homemaker , and Mark Satter , a well-regarded attorney and civil rights activist . He graduated from the University of Chicago and from the University of Oxford where he was a Rhodes Scholar . From 1976 to 1982 , he was the Moscow correspondent of the Financial Times of London . He then became a special correspondent on Soviet affairs of The Wall Street Journal . He is currently a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and a fellow of the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies . He has been a research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and a visiting professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign . His partner is Nadezhda Kutepova , a human rights lawyer and Russian political refugee in France ( DocumentaryCity 40 , 2016 ) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_40_ ( film ) Post-Soviet Russia . In the 1990s , Satter wrote extensively about post-Soviet Russia . In an article in The Wall Street Journal Europe , April 2 , 1997 , he wrote : When the Soviet Union fell… the moral impulse motivating the democratic movement had to become the basis of Russia’s political practices . The tragedy of the present situation is that Russian gangsters are cutting off this development before it has a chance to take root . Reviews . Jack Matlock , the former U.S . ambassador in Moscow , writing in The Washington Post , said that Age of Delirium was spellbinding and gave a visceral sense of what it felt like to be trapped in the communist system . The Virginia Quarterly Review wrote , The brilliance of this book lies in its eccentricity and in the author’s profound knowledge of and sympathy for the suffering of the Russian people under communism . Martin Sieff , writing in the Canadian National Post , wrote that Darkness at Dawn was Vivid , impeccably researched and truly frightening . Angus Macqueen , writing in The Guardian , compared Darkness at Dawn to Putin’s Russia by Anna Politkovskaya . Sieff wrote : Both of these books underline the moral vacuum that the destruction of the Soviet Union has left . 1999 Russian apartment bombings . In his book , Darkness at Dawn , Satter charged that the Russian Federal Security Service ( FSB ) was responsible for the bombings of Russian apartment buildings in 1999 that claimed nearly 300 lives and provided the justification for a second Chechen War . He argued that this was part of a conspiracy to bring Putin to power as Boris Yeltsin was fading . During testimony before the U.S . House of Representatives , Satter stated : On 14 July 2016 , David Satter filed a request to obtain official assessment of who was responsible for the bombings from the State Department , the CIA and the FBI under the Freedom of Information Act . He received response that all documents were classified by US government because that information had the potential .. . to cause serious damage to the relationship with the Russian government . CIA refused even to acknowledge the existence of any relevant records because doing so would reveal very specific aspects of the Agencys intelligence interest , or lack thereof , in the Russian bombings . According to a cable on the Ryazan incident from the U.S . embassy in Moscow , on 24 March 2000 , cited by Satter , a former Russian intelligence officer , apparently one of the embassys principal informants , said that the real story about the Ryazan incident could never be known because it would destroy the country . The informant said the FSB had a specially trained team of men whose mission was to carry out this type of urban warfare and Viktor Cherkesov , the FSBs first deputy director and an interrogator of Soviet dissidents was exactly the right person to order and carry out such actions. . The latest book by Satter on this subject was The Less You Know , The Better You Sleep : Russias Road to Terror and Dictatorship under Yeltsin and Putin Documentary films . A documentary film about the fall of the Soviet Union based on Satters book Age of Delirium was completed in 2011 . Satter also appears in the 2004 documentary Disbelief about the Russian apartment bombings made by director Andrei Nekrasov . Expulsion from Russia . In December 2013 , the Russian government expelled Satter from the country for allegedly committing multiple gross violations of Russian migration law ; Satter said he followed the procedures the Russian Foreign Ministry set out for him and said that the manner of his expulsion was a formula reserved for spies . Luke Harding suggested that Satters expulsion from the Russian Federation was part of a wider trend by the FSB that is , increasingly rejecting visa applications from Western academics seeking to visit Russia if their publications are deemed hostile . His books . - Age of Delirium : The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union . Yale University Press , 2001 , - Darkness at Dawn : The Rise of the Russian Criminal State . Yale University Press , 2003 , - It Was a Long Time Ago and It Never Happened Anyway : Russia and the Communist Past . Yale University Press , 2007 , - The Less You Know , The Better You Sleep : Russias Road to Terror and Dictatorship under Yeltsin and Putin . Yale University Press , 2016 , - How America Helped Make Vladimir Putin Dictator for Life ( 2017 ) - Never Speak to Strangers and Other Writing from Russia and the Soviet Union . Columbia University Press , ( 2020 ) External links . - Biography at the Hudson Institute site - His articles

easy

Which team did the player Jamie Guy belong to from 2004 to 2008?

/wiki/Jamie_Guy#P54#0

Jamie Guy Jamie Leslie Guy ( born 1 August 1987 ) is an English footballer who plays as a forward for Isthmian League Division One North club Witham Town . He enjoyed a six-year career with Colchester United between 2004 and 2010 , playing on loan for Tiptree United , Gravesend & Northfleet , Cambridge United , Oxford United , Dagenham & Redbridge , and Port Vale . Following a brief spell with Conference club Grays Athletic in 2010 , he moved on to Braintree Town of the Conference South . He won promotion in his first season with the club , but suffered a double open fractured leg in a match against Eastleigh . He played on loan at Thurrock in 2011–12 to aid his recovery . He later played for non-League sides Maldon & Tiptree , Needham Market , Heybridge Swifts , Bishops Stortford , Witham Town , Billericay Town , Brentwood Town , VCD Athletic , Great Wakering Rovers , Stanway Rovers , Ware , Holland , Walthamstow and Debenham LC . Playing career . Colchester United . Guy grew up in the East End of London and studied at Eastbrook Comprehensive School – also the school of Tony Adams and Paul Konchesky . A former under-15 player at West Ham United , he joined the Colchester United youth team , turning professional at the club in 2004 . At the start of the 2004–05 season , Guy joined non-league Tiptree United on a one-month loan . He came through the ranks at parent club Colchester to make his senior debut at Layer Road in a 1–0 defeat to Blackpool on 5 February 2005 . He replaced Sam Stockley on 82 minutes . Three weeks later he played the last two minutes of a 2–0 defeat away at Hull City , this time coming on for Gareth Williams . Starting the 2005–06 with a couple of late minute appearances , Guy joined Gravesend & Northfleet on loan for October . Coming on for Kim Grant 65 minutes into a 2–2 draw with York City at Stonebridge Road , he played no further part of the clubs Conference National campaign . Back with Colchester , he got his first start in a League Trophy game at Milton Keynes Dons , though made way for Greg Halford on 70 minutes . In February , he returned to the Conference , on loan with Cambridge United . He bagged his first goal in a 1–0 defeat of Woking on 4 March and on 4 April scored a last minute winning goal at the Abbey Stadium against Exeter City . He spent mid-March back at Layer Road , playing both legs of the League Trophy Southern Final clash with eventual winners Swansea City . He spent all of the 2006–07 season with Colchester , who by now were in the Championship . He scored his first senior goal in the 2–1 defeat to West Bromwich Albion on 19 August , scoring seconds after coming on for Kemal Izzet . Becoming something of a super-sub , he also scored late goals against Coventry City and Cardiff City . Overall his stats of 34 appearances that season betray the fact that he rarely played more than 20 minutes of each match . In July , he signed an extended contract with the club . The following season he was called on less frequently , making just 12 appearances . In need of regular football , the young striker joined Conference outfit Oxford United on a season-long loan deal from Colchester United in July 2008 . During the pre-season , Guy was in fine form , giving manager Darren Patterson cause for optimism . Guy claimed the dressing room atmosphere was a key reason for the impressive summer run . However , in a pre-season friendly with Portsmouth he suffered a hamstring injury , before being struck down by a minor ankle injury . These injuries frustrated attempts to build a strike partnership with James Constable . Following Pattersons departure in late November , Guy was unsure of his future at the Kassam Stadium . A few days later he scored two goals in a game for the first time , in the FA Trophy game with Sudbury and was well fancied by caretaker manager Jim Smith . However , with Chris Wilders entrance came Guys departure , as he returned to Layer Road at the end of the year . After four games under new Colchester manager Paul Lambert , he joined League Two promotion hopefuls Dagenham & Redbridge , initially on a one-month loan . He made his debut for the club the same evening as he signed , coming on as a late substitute in a 3–0 home defeat to Lincoln City on 3 March . After scoring the only goal in a league match against Port Vale at Vale Park seven days later , the Daggers were keen to extend the deal to the end of the season , which Colchester duly obliged to . In July 2009 , he joined Port Vale on trial , in view of a loan move for the start of the 2009–10 season . Guy was especially keen on a possible move , saying Hopefully we can get something worked out and I can come in on loan and do a job for Port Vale . The deal fell through after Guy tore a cartilage in his knee , requiring surgery to correct the damage . In October 2009 , the loan deal went ahead , lasting until January 2010 . However the deal was cut short in November , after five games . Non-league . On 19 January 2010 , he had his contract at Colchester ended by mutual consent , and signed for Conference National side Grays Athletic two days later . He was released at the end of the 2009–10 season , and subsequently signed for Conference South club Braintree Town in July 2010 . Braintree enjoyed an extremely successful season , winning promotion to the Conference National as champions of the Conference South . However it was a disastrous season for Guy , who suffered a catalogue in injuries , culminating in a broken leg that left his career in jeopardy . During pre-season he was struck with an ankle injury after he broke a bone in the joint . Poor pitch quality was a factor in the injury . Yet he made an early recovery to return to fitness by August , before later suffering a hamstring injury . The broken leg incident occurred in February following a collision with Eastleigh goalkeeper Gareth Barfoot ; Guy was left with a double open leg fracture and broken tibia and fibula . The injury was so severe that Braintree manager Rod Stringer stressed that the first priority was making sure Guy could regain the ability to walk properly . Stringer blamed both the poor quality pitch and the recklessness of Barfoots challenge , and stated that it was probably the worst injury Ive seen , at any club Ive been at . Braintree Town and Colchester United organized a benefit match for Guy on 16 July 2011 at Cressing Road , as Guy began a lengthy rehabilitation period . He joined Conference South club Thurrock on a one-month loan in November 2011 . Upon his return to Cressing Road he pledged to repay Braintree for standing by him during his recovery . Guy signed with Isthmian League side Maldon & Tiptree in August 2012 . He helped the club to a second-place finish in Division One North in 2012–13 , though they lost the play-off final to Thamesmead Town . He signed with league rivals Needham Market on a two-year contract in summer 2013 . He was transfer listed in December by manager Mark Morsley , who said Its more to do with the way we play and our style which is not always suiting Jamie . In January 2014 , he signed for Heybridge Swifts . He signed with Bishops Stortford of the Conference South in June 2014 , having rejected an approach from Witham Town . He went on to re-sign with Grays Athletic 15 August , having failed to make a competitive appearance for Bishops Stortford . Guy left Grays in December 2014 , having scored eight goals in 24 appearances in all competitions . He then joined Witham Town on 8 December , and Harlow Town in March 2015 . In July 2015 Guy signed for Isthmian League side Billericay Town , Brentwood Town in August 2015 , and Heybridge Swifts again in December 2015 . In August 2016 he joined VCD Athletic , and in January 2017 league rivals Great Wakering Rovers before returning to VCD Athletic in March 2017 . Former Colchester United teammate Kemal Izzet , now manager of Eastern Counties League side Stanway Rovers , signed Guy in June 2017 . On 18 November 2017 , he made his debut for Ware in the Isthmian League North Division . He was released the following month , as Craig Edwards took over the manager role of the club . He re-united with Holland joint-manager and former Stanway Rovers coach Jon Willis , as he made his debut for Eastern Counties League Division One club Holland in a 3–1 defeat at Framlingham Town on 6 January 2018 . He also featured for Sunday league team Marquis of the Colchester & District Football League during the 2017–18 season . In June 2018 , he joined Walthamstow of the Essex Senior League . On 21 September 2018 , he signed for Debenham LC of the Eastern Counties League Division One North . Guy then rejoined Witham Town in July 2019 and manager Marc Benterman said Guy was considerably fitter than he was during his first spell at the club . Personal life . In June 2007 , Guy was forced to pay a £550 fine after pleading guilty to creating a disturbance in the Colchester town centre the previous month . He also received a twelve-month ban for drink driving in July 2008 and a £100 fine for play fighting with a friend in a car park . In September 2009 , Guy pled guilty to threatening behaviour and was given a £350 fine , with £200 costs and compensation . The charges came following a night out where he got into an argument with former girlfriend , Ellysha Stephens , and spat in her face and pulled her around by her hair , causing a clump of her hair to come out . He had a son with Stephens , born in April 2008 . A month after his conviction for threatening behaviour , Guy was in trouble with the law again . He was in court answering a charge of racially-aggravated behaviour , following an alleged racist remark he made to an off-duty police officer in Hanley city centre . He was found not guilty , after no evidence was offered by the CPS . Judge Tonking stressed that Guy was not guilty of this offence , but warned him that Drink disinhibits all of us . When people have too much they do things they would not do when sober . Knowing what I do about your background , I am absolutely satisfied you are one of these people . You need to learn self-control . In June 2016 , he was handed a suspended prison sentence after he pled guilty to assault by beating ( common assault ) and using violence to secure entry to a property after an attack on his then-girlfriend five months earlier ; prosecutor Gerard Renouf stated that he has laid his hands on her before but it did not come to court . Honours . - Colchester United - League One runners-up : 2005–06 - Braintree Town - Conference South champion : 2010–11

easy

Jamie Guy played for which team from 2008 to 2009?

/wiki/Jamie_Guy#P54#1

Jamie Guy Jamie Leslie Guy ( born 1 August 1987 ) is an English footballer who plays as a forward for Isthmian League Division One North club Witham Town . He enjoyed a six-year career with Colchester United between 2004 and 2010 , playing on loan for Tiptree United , Gravesend & Northfleet , Cambridge United , Oxford United , Dagenham & Redbridge , and Port Vale . Following a brief spell with Conference club Grays Athletic in 2010 , he moved on to Braintree Town of the Conference South . He won promotion in his first season with the club , but suffered a double open fractured leg in a match against Eastleigh . He played on loan at Thurrock in 2011–12 to aid his recovery . He later played for non-League sides Maldon & Tiptree , Needham Market , Heybridge Swifts , Bishops Stortford , Witham Town , Billericay Town , Brentwood Town , VCD Athletic , Great Wakering Rovers , Stanway Rovers , Ware , Holland , Walthamstow and Debenham LC . Playing career . Colchester United . Guy grew up in the East End of London and studied at Eastbrook Comprehensive School – also the school of Tony Adams and Paul Konchesky . A former under-15 player at West Ham United , he joined the Colchester United youth team , turning professional at the club in 2004 . At the start of the 2004–05 season , Guy joined non-league Tiptree United on a one-month loan . He came through the ranks at parent club Colchester to make his senior debut at Layer Road in a 1–0 defeat to Blackpool on 5 February 2005 . He replaced Sam Stockley on 82 minutes . Three weeks later he played the last two minutes of a 2–0 defeat away at Hull City , this time coming on for Gareth Williams . Starting the 2005–06 with a couple of late minute appearances , Guy joined Gravesend & Northfleet on loan for October . Coming on for Kim Grant 65 minutes into a 2–2 draw with York City at Stonebridge Road , he played no further part of the clubs Conference National campaign . Back with Colchester , he got his first start in a League Trophy game at Milton Keynes Dons , though made way for Greg Halford on 70 minutes . In February , he returned to the Conference , on loan with Cambridge United . He bagged his first goal in a 1–0 defeat of Woking on 4 March and on 4 April scored a last minute winning goal at the Abbey Stadium against Exeter City . He spent mid-March back at Layer Road , playing both legs of the League Trophy Southern Final clash with eventual winners Swansea City . He spent all of the 2006–07 season with Colchester , who by now were in the Championship . He scored his first senior goal in the 2–1 defeat to West Bromwich Albion on 19 August , scoring seconds after coming on for Kemal Izzet . Becoming something of a super-sub , he also scored late goals against Coventry City and Cardiff City . Overall his stats of 34 appearances that season betray the fact that he rarely played more than 20 minutes of each match . In July , he signed an extended contract with the club . The following season he was called on less frequently , making just 12 appearances . In need of regular football , the young striker joined Conference outfit Oxford United on a season-long loan deal from Colchester United in July 2008 . During the pre-season , Guy was in fine form , giving manager Darren Patterson cause for optimism . Guy claimed the dressing room atmosphere was a key reason for the impressive summer run . However , in a pre-season friendly with Portsmouth he suffered a hamstring injury , before being struck down by a minor ankle injury . These injuries frustrated attempts to build a strike partnership with James Constable . Following Pattersons departure in late November , Guy was unsure of his future at the Kassam Stadium . A few days later he scored two goals in a game for the first time , in the FA Trophy game with Sudbury and was well fancied by caretaker manager Jim Smith . However , with Chris Wilders entrance came Guys departure , as he returned to Layer Road at the end of the year . After four games under new Colchester manager Paul Lambert , he joined League Two promotion hopefuls Dagenham & Redbridge , initially on a one-month loan . He made his debut for the club the same evening as he signed , coming on as a late substitute in a 3–0 home defeat to Lincoln City on 3 March . After scoring the only goal in a league match against Port Vale at Vale Park seven days later , the Daggers were keen to extend the deal to the end of the season , which Colchester duly obliged to . In July 2009 , he joined Port Vale on trial , in view of a loan move for the start of the 2009–10 season . Guy was especially keen on a possible move , saying Hopefully we can get something worked out and I can come in on loan and do a job for Port Vale . The deal fell through after Guy tore a cartilage in his knee , requiring surgery to correct the damage . In October 2009 , the loan deal went ahead , lasting until January 2010 . However the deal was cut short in November , after five games . Non-league . On 19 January 2010 , he had his contract at Colchester ended by mutual consent , and signed for Conference National side Grays Athletic two days later . He was released at the end of the 2009–10 season , and subsequently signed for Conference South club Braintree Town in July 2010 . Braintree enjoyed an extremely successful season , winning promotion to the Conference National as champions of the Conference South . However it was a disastrous season for Guy , who suffered a catalogue in injuries , culminating in a broken leg that left his career in jeopardy . During pre-season he was struck with an ankle injury after he broke a bone in the joint . Poor pitch quality was a factor in the injury . Yet he made an early recovery to return to fitness by August , before later suffering a hamstring injury . The broken leg incident occurred in February following a collision with Eastleigh goalkeeper Gareth Barfoot ; Guy was left with a double open leg fracture and broken tibia and fibula . The injury was so severe that Braintree manager Rod Stringer stressed that the first priority was making sure Guy could regain the ability to walk properly . Stringer blamed both the poor quality pitch and the recklessness of Barfoots challenge , and stated that it was probably the worst injury Ive seen , at any club Ive been at . Braintree Town and Colchester United organized a benefit match for Guy on 16 July 2011 at Cressing Road , as Guy began a lengthy rehabilitation period . He joined Conference South club Thurrock on a one-month loan in November 2011 . Upon his return to Cressing Road he pledged to repay Braintree for standing by him during his recovery . Guy signed with Isthmian League side Maldon & Tiptree in August 2012 . He helped the club to a second-place finish in Division One North in 2012–13 , though they lost the play-off final to Thamesmead Town . He signed with league rivals Needham Market on a two-year contract in summer 2013 . He was transfer listed in December by manager Mark Morsley , who said Its more to do with the way we play and our style which is not always suiting Jamie . In January 2014 , he signed for Heybridge Swifts . He signed with Bishops Stortford of the Conference South in June 2014 , having rejected an approach from Witham Town . He went on to re-sign with Grays Athletic 15 August , having failed to make a competitive appearance for Bishops Stortford . Guy left Grays in December 2014 , having scored eight goals in 24 appearances in all competitions . He then joined Witham Town on 8 December , and Harlow Town in March 2015 . In July 2015 Guy signed for Isthmian League side Billericay Town , Brentwood Town in August 2015 , and Heybridge Swifts again in December 2015 . In August 2016 he joined VCD Athletic , and in January 2017 league rivals Great Wakering Rovers before returning to VCD Athletic in March 2017 . Former Colchester United teammate Kemal Izzet , now manager of Eastern Counties League side Stanway Rovers , signed Guy in June 2017 . On 18 November 2017 , he made his debut for Ware in the Isthmian League North Division . He was released the following month , as Craig Edwards took over the manager role of the club . He re-united with Holland joint-manager and former Stanway Rovers coach Jon Willis , as he made his debut for Eastern Counties League Division One club Holland in a 3–1 defeat at Framlingham Town on 6 January 2018 . He also featured for Sunday league team Marquis of the Colchester & District Football League during the 2017–18 season . In June 2018 , he joined Walthamstow of the Essex Senior League . On 21 September 2018 , he signed for Debenham LC of the Eastern Counties League Division One North . Guy then rejoined Witham Town in July 2019 and manager Marc Benterman said Guy was considerably fitter than he was during his first spell at the club . Personal life . In June 2007 , Guy was forced to pay a £550 fine after pleading guilty to creating a disturbance in the Colchester town centre the previous month . He also received a twelve-month ban for drink driving in July 2008 and a £100 fine for play fighting with a friend in a car park . In September 2009 , Guy pled guilty to threatening behaviour and was given a £350 fine , with £200 costs and compensation . The charges came following a night out where he got into an argument with former girlfriend , Ellysha Stephens , and spat in her face and pulled her around by her hair , causing a clump of her hair to come out . He had a son with Stephens , born in April 2008 . A month after his conviction for threatening behaviour , Guy was in trouble with the law again . He was in court answering a charge of racially-aggravated behaviour , following an alleged racist remark he made to an off-duty police officer in Hanley city centre . He was found not guilty , after no evidence was offered by the CPS . Judge Tonking stressed that Guy was not guilty of this offence , but warned him that Drink disinhibits all of us . When people have too much they do things they would not do when sober . Knowing what I do about your background , I am absolutely satisfied you are one of these people . You need to learn self-control . In June 2016 , he was handed a suspended prison sentence after he pled guilty to assault by beating ( common assault ) and using violence to secure entry to a property after an attack on his then-girlfriend five months earlier ; prosecutor Gerard Renouf stated that he has laid his hands on her before but it did not come to court . Honours . - Colchester United - League One runners-up : 2005–06 - Braintree Town - Conference South champion : 2010–11

easy

Which team did Jamie Guy play for from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Jamie_Guy#P54#2

Jamie Guy Jamie Leslie Guy ( born 1 August 1987 ) is an English footballer who plays as a forward for Isthmian League Division One North club Witham Town . He enjoyed a six-year career with Colchester United between 2004 and 2010 , playing on loan for Tiptree United , Gravesend & Northfleet , Cambridge United , Oxford United , Dagenham & Redbridge , and Port Vale . Following a brief spell with Conference club Grays Athletic in 2010 , he moved on to Braintree Town of the Conference South . He won promotion in his first season with the club , but suffered a double open fractured leg in a match against Eastleigh . He played on loan at Thurrock in 2011–12 to aid his recovery . He later played for non-League sides Maldon & Tiptree , Needham Market , Heybridge Swifts , Bishops Stortford , Witham Town , Billericay Town , Brentwood Town , VCD Athletic , Great Wakering Rovers , Stanway Rovers , Ware , Holland , Walthamstow and Debenham LC . Playing career . Colchester United . Guy grew up in the East End of London and studied at Eastbrook Comprehensive School – also the school of Tony Adams and Paul Konchesky . A former under-15 player at West Ham United , he joined the Colchester United youth team , turning professional at the club in 2004 . At the start of the 2004–05 season , Guy joined non-league Tiptree United on a one-month loan . He came through the ranks at parent club Colchester to make his senior debut at Layer Road in a 1–0 defeat to Blackpool on 5 February 2005 . He replaced Sam Stockley on 82 minutes . Three weeks later he played the last two minutes of a 2–0 defeat away at Hull City , this time coming on for Gareth Williams . Starting the 2005–06 with a couple of late minute appearances , Guy joined Gravesend & Northfleet on loan for October . Coming on for Kim Grant 65 minutes into a 2–2 draw with York City at Stonebridge Road , he played no further part of the clubs Conference National campaign . Back with Colchester , he got his first start in a League Trophy game at Milton Keynes Dons , though made way for Greg Halford on 70 minutes . In February , he returned to the Conference , on loan with Cambridge United . He bagged his first goal in a 1–0 defeat of Woking on 4 March and on 4 April scored a last minute winning goal at the Abbey Stadium against Exeter City . He spent mid-March back at Layer Road , playing both legs of the League Trophy Southern Final clash with eventual winners Swansea City . He spent all of the 2006–07 season with Colchester , who by now were in the Championship . He scored his first senior goal in the 2–1 defeat to West Bromwich Albion on 19 August , scoring seconds after coming on for Kemal Izzet . Becoming something of a super-sub , he also scored late goals against Coventry City and Cardiff City . Overall his stats of 34 appearances that season betray the fact that he rarely played more than 20 minutes of each match . In July , he signed an extended contract with the club . The following season he was called on less frequently , making just 12 appearances . In need of regular football , the young striker joined Conference outfit Oxford United on a season-long loan deal from Colchester United in July 2008 . During the pre-season , Guy was in fine form , giving manager Darren Patterson cause for optimism . Guy claimed the dressing room atmosphere was a key reason for the impressive summer run . However , in a pre-season friendly with Portsmouth he suffered a hamstring injury , before being struck down by a minor ankle injury . These injuries frustrated attempts to build a strike partnership with James Constable . Following Pattersons departure in late November , Guy was unsure of his future at the Kassam Stadium . A few days later he scored two goals in a game for the first time , in the FA Trophy game with Sudbury and was well fancied by caretaker manager Jim Smith . However , with Chris Wilders entrance came Guys departure , as he returned to Layer Road at the end of the year . After four games under new Colchester manager Paul Lambert , he joined League Two promotion hopefuls Dagenham & Redbridge , initially on a one-month loan . He made his debut for the club the same evening as he signed , coming on as a late substitute in a 3–0 home defeat to Lincoln City on 3 March . After scoring the only goal in a league match against Port Vale at Vale Park seven days later , the Daggers were keen to extend the deal to the end of the season , which Colchester duly obliged to . In July 2009 , he joined Port Vale on trial , in view of a loan move for the start of the 2009–10 season . Guy was especially keen on a possible move , saying Hopefully we can get something worked out and I can come in on loan and do a job for Port Vale . The deal fell through after Guy tore a cartilage in his knee , requiring surgery to correct the damage . In October 2009 , the loan deal went ahead , lasting until January 2010 . However the deal was cut short in November , after five games . Non-league . On 19 January 2010 , he had his contract at Colchester ended by mutual consent , and signed for Conference National side Grays Athletic two days later . He was released at the end of the 2009–10 season , and subsequently signed for Conference South club Braintree Town in July 2010 . Braintree enjoyed an extremely successful season , winning promotion to the Conference National as champions of the Conference South . However it was a disastrous season for Guy , who suffered a catalogue in injuries , culminating in a broken leg that left his career in jeopardy . During pre-season he was struck with an ankle injury after he broke a bone in the joint . Poor pitch quality was a factor in the injury . Yet he made an early recovery to return to fitness by August , before later suffering a hamstring injury . The broken leg incident occurred in February following a collision with Eastleigh goalkeeper Gareth Barfoot ; Guy was left with a double open leg fracture and broken tibia and fibula . The injury was so severe that Braintree manager Rod Stringer stressed that the first priority was making sure Guy could regain the ability to walk properly . Stringer blamed both the poor quality pitch and the recklessness of Barfoots challenge , and stated that it was probably the worst injury Ive seen , at any club Ive been at . Braintree Town and Colchester United organized a benefit match for Guy on 16 July 2011 at Cressing Road , as Guy began a lengthy rehabilitation period . He joined Conference South club Thurrock on a one-month loan in November 2011 . Upon his return to Cressing Road he pledged to repay Braintree for standing by him during his recovery . Guy signed with Isthmian League side Maldon & Tiptree in August 2012 . He helped the club to a second-place finish in Division One North in 2012–13 , though they lost the play-off final to Thamesmead Town . He signed with league rivals Needham Market on a two-year contract in summer 2013 . He was transfer listed in December by manager Mark Morsley , who said Its more to do with the way we play and our style which is not always suiting Jamie . In January 2014 , he signed for Heybridge Swifts . He signed with Bishops Stortford of the Conference South in June 2014 , having rejected an approach from Witham Town . He went on to re-sign with Grays Athletic 15 August , having failed to make a competitive appearance for Bishops Stortford . Guy left Grays in December 2014 , having scored eight goals in 24 appearances in all competitions . He then joined Witham Town on 8 December , and Harlow Town in March 2015 . In July 2015 Guy signed for Isthmian League side Billericay Town , Brentwood Town in August 2015 , and Heybridge Swifts again in December 2015 . In August 2016 he joined VCD Athletic , and in January 2017 league rivals Great Wakering Rovers before returning to VCD Athletic in March 2017 . Former Colchester United teammate Kemal Izzet , now manager of Eastern Counties League side Stanway Rovers , signed Guy in June 2017 . On 18 November 2017 , he made his debut for Ware in the Isthmian League North Division . He was released the following month , as Craig Edwards took over the manager role of the club . He re-united with Holland joint-manager and former Stanway Rovers coach Jon Willis , as he made his debut for Eastern Counties League Division One club Holland in a 3–1 defeat at Framlingham Town on 6 January 2018 . He also featured for Sunday league team Marquis of the Colchester & District Football League during the 2017–18 season . In June 2018 , he joined Walthamstow of the Essex Senior League . On 21 September 2018 , he signed for Debenham LC of the Eastern Counties League Division One North . Guy then rejoined Witham Town in July 2019 and manager Marc Benterman said Guy was considerably fitter than he was during his first spell at the club . Personal life . In June 2007 , Guy was forced to pay a £550 fine after pleading guilty to creating a disturbance in the Colchester town centre the previous month . He also received a twelve-month ban for drink driving in July 2008 and a £100 fine for play fighting with a friend in a car park . In September 2009 , Guy pled guilty to threatening behaviour and was given a £350 fine , with £200 costs and compensation . The charges came following a night out where he got into an argument with former girlfriend , Ellysha Stephens , and spat in her face and pulled her around by her hair , causing a clump of her hair to come out . He had a son with Stephens , born in April 2008 . A month after his conviction for threatening behaviour , Guy was in trouble with the law again . He was in court answering a charge of racially-aggravated behaviour , following an alleged racist remark he made to an off-duty police officer in Hanley city centre . He was found not guilty , after no evidence was offered by the CPS . Judge Tonking stressed that Guy was not guilty of this offence , but warned him that Drink disinhibits all of us . When people have too much they do things they would not do when sober . Knowing what I do about your background , I am absolutely satisfied you are one of these people . You need to learn self-control . In June 2016 , he was handed a suspended prison sentence after he pled guilty to assault by beating ( common assault ) and using violence to secure entry to a property after an attack on his then-girlfriend five months earlier ; prosecutor Gerard Renouf stated that he has laid his hands on her before but it did not come to court . Honours . - Colchester United - League One runners-up : 2005–06 - Braintree Town - Conference South champion : 2010–11

easy

Jamie Guy played for which team from 2011 to 2012?

/wiki/Jamie_Guy#P54#3

Jamie Guy Jamie Leslie Guy ( born 1 August 1987 ) is an English footballer who plays as a forward for Isthmian League Division One North club Witham Town . He enjoyed a six-year career with Colchester United between 2004 and 2010 , playing on loan for Tiptree United , Gravesend & Northfleet , Cambridge United , Oxford United , Dagenham & Redbridge , and Port Vale . Following a brief spell with Conference club Grays Athletic in 2010 , he moved on to Braintree Town of the Conference South . He won promotion in his first season with the club , but suffered a double open fractured leg in a match against Eastleigh . He played on loan at Thurrock in 2011–12 to aid his recovery . He later played for non-League sides Maldon & Tiptree , Needham Market , Heybridge Swifts , Bishops Stortford , Witham Town , Billericay Town , Brentwood Town , VCD Athletic , Great Wakering Rovers , Stanway Rovers , Ware , Holland , Walthamstow and Debenham LC . Playing career . Colchester United . Guy grew up in the East End of London and studied at Eastbrook Comprehensive School – also the school of Tony Adams and Paul Konchesky . A former under-15 player at West Ham United , he joined the Colchester United youth team , turning professional at the club in 2004 . At the start of the 2004–05 season , Guy joined non-league Tiptree United on a one-month loan . He came through the ranks at parent club Colchester to make his senior debut at Layer Road in a 1–0 defeat to Blackpool on 5 February 2005 . He replaced Sam Stockley on 82 minutes . Three weeks later he played the last two minutes of a 2–0 defeat away at Hull City , this time coming on for Gareth Williams . Starting the 2005–06 with a couple of late minute appearances , Guy joined Gravesend & Northfleet on loan for October . Coming on for Kim Grant 65 minutes into a 2–2 draw with York City at Stonebridge Road , he played no further part of the clubs Conference National campaign . Back with Colchester , he got his first start in a League Trophy game at Milton Keynes Dons , though made way for Greg Halford on 70 minutes . In February , he returned to the Conference , on loan with Cambridge United . He bagged his first goal in a 1–0 defeat of Woking on 4 March and on 4 April scored a last minute winning goal at the Abbey Stadium against Exeter City . He spent mid-March back at Layer Road , playing both legs of the League Trophy Southern Final clash with eventual winners Swansea City . He spent all of the 2006–07 season with Colchester , who by now were in the Championship . He scored his first senior goal in the 2–1 defeat to West Bromwich Albion on 19 August , scoring seconds after coming on for Kemal Izzet . Becoming something of a super-sub , he also scored late goals against Coventry City and Cardiff City . Overall his stats of 34 appearances that season betray the fact that he rarely played more than 20 minutes of each match . In July , he signed an extended contract with the club . The following season he was called on less frequently , making just 12 appearances . In need of regular football , the young striker joined Conference outfit Oxford United on a season-long loan deal from Colchester United in July 2008 . During the pre-season , Guy was in fine form , giving manager Darren Patterson cause for optimism . Guy claimed the dressing room atmosphere was a key reason for the impressive summer run . However , in a pre-season friendly with Portsmouth he suffered a hamstring injury , before being struck down by a minor ankle injury . These injuries frustrated attempts to build a strike partnership with James Constable . Following Pattersons departure in late November , Guy was unsure of his future at the Kassam Stadium . A few days later he scored two goals in a game for the first time , in the FA Trophy game with Sudbury and was well fancied by caretaker manager Jim Smith . However , with Chris Wilders entrance came Guys departure , as he returned to Layer Road at the end of the year . After four games under new Colchester manager Paul Lambert , he joined League Two promotion hopefuls Dagenham & Redbridge , initially on a one-month loan . He made his debut for the club the same evening as he signed , coming on as a late substitute in a 3–0 home defeat to Lincoln City on 3 March . After scoring the only goal in a league match against Port Vale at Vale Park seven days later , the Daggers were keen to extend the deal to the end of the season , which Colchester duly obliged to . In July 2009 , he joined Port Vale on trial , in view of a loan move for the start of the 2009–10 season . Guy was especially keen on a possible move , saying Hopefully we can get something worked out and I can come in on loan and do a job for Port Vale . The deal fell through after Guy tore a cartilage in his knee , requiring surgery to correct the damage . In October 2009 , the loan deal went ahead , lasting until January 2010 . However the deal was cut short in November , after five games . Non-league . On 19 January 2010 , he had his contract at Colchester ended by mutual consent , and signed for Conference National side Grays Athletic two days later . He was released at the end of the 2009–10 season , and subsequently signed for Conference South club Braintree Town in July 2010 . Braintree enjoyed an extremely successful season , winning promotion to the Conference National as champions of the Conference South . However it was a disastrous season for Guy , who suffered a catalogue in injuries , culminating in a broken leg that left his career in jeopardy . During pre-season he was struck with an ankle injury after he broke a bone in the joint . Poor pitch quality was a factor in the injury . Yet he made an early recovery to return to fitness by August , before later suffering a hamstring injury . The broken leg incident occurred in February following a collision with Eastleigh goalkeeper Gareth Barfoot ; Guy was left with a double open leg fracture and broken tibia and fibula . The injury was so severe that Braintree manager Rod Stringer stressed that the first priority was making sure Guy could regain the ability to walk properly . Stringer blamed both the poor quality pitch and the recklessness of Barfoots challenge , and stated that it was probably the worst injury Ive seen , at any club Ive been at . Braintree Town and Colchester United organized a benefit match for Guy on 16 July 2011 at Cressing Road , as Guy began a lengthy rehabilitation period . He joined Conference South club Thurrock on a one-month loan in November 2011 . Upon his return to Cressing Road he pledged to repay Braintree for standing by him during his recovery . Guy signed with Isthmian League side Maldon & Tiptree in August 2012 . He helped the club to a second-place finish in Division One North in 2012–13 , though they lost the play-off final to Thamesmead Town . He signed with league rivals Needham Market on a two-year contract in summer 2013 . He was transfer listed in December by manager Mark Morsley , who said Its more to do with the way we play and our style which is not always suiting Jamie . In January 2014 , he signed for Heybridge Swifts . He signed with Bishops Stortford of the Conference South in June 2014 , having rejected an approach from Witham Town . He went on to re-sign with Grays Athletic 15 August , having failed to make a competitive appearance for Bishops Stortford . Guy left Grays in December 2014 , having scored eight goals in 24 appearances in all competitions . He then joined Witham Town on 8 December , and Harlow Town in March 2015 . In July 2015 Guy signed for Isthmian League side Billericay Town , Brentwood Town in August 2015 , and Heybridge Swifts again in December 2015 . In August 2016 he joined VCD Athletic , and in January 2017 league rivals Great Wakering Rovers before returning to VCD Athletic in March 2017 . Former Colchester United teammate Kemal Izzet , now manager of Eastern Counties League side Stanway Rovers , signed Guy in June 2017 . On 18 November 2017 , he made his debut for Ware in the Isthmian League North Division . He was released the following month , as Craig Edwards took over the manager role of the club . He re-united with Holland joint-manager and former Stanway Rovers coach Jon Willis , as he made his debut for Eastern Counties League Division One club Holland in a 3–1 defeat at Framlingham Town on 6 January 2018 . He also featured for Sunday league team Marquis of the Colchester & District Football League during the 2017–18 season . In June 2018 , he joined Walthamstow of the Essex Senior League . On 21 September 2018 , he signed for Debenham LC of the Eastern Counties League Division One North . Guy then rejoined Witham Town in July 2019 and manager Marc Benterman said Guy was considerably fitter than he was during his first spell at the club . Personal life . In June 2007 , Guy was forced to pay a £550 fine after pleading guilty to creating a disturbance in the Colchester town centre the previous month . He also received a twelve-month ban for drink driving in July 2008 and a £100 fine for play fighting with a friend in a car park . In September 2009 , Guy pled guilty to threatening behaviour and was given a £350 fine , with £200 costs and compensation . The charges came following a night out where he got into an argument with former girlfriend , Ellysha Stephens , and spat in her face and pulled her around by her hair , causing a clump of her hair to come out . He had a son with Stephens , born in April 2008 . A month after his conviction for threatening behaviour , Guy was in trouble with the law again . He was in court answering a charge of racially-aggravated behaviour , following an alleged racist remark he made to an off-duty police officer in Hanley city centre . He was found not guilty , after no evidence was offered by the CPS . Judge Tonking stressed that Guy was not guilty of this offence , but warned him that Drink disinhibits all of us . When people have too much they do things they would not do when sober . Knowing what I do about your background , I am absolutely satisfied you are one of these people . You need to learn self-control . In June 2016 , he was handed a suspended prison sentence after he pled guilty to assault by beating ( common assault ) and using violence to secure entry to a property after an attack on his then-girlfriend five months earlier ; prosecutor Gerard Renouf stated that he has laid his hands on her before but it did not come to court . Honours . - Colchester United - League One runners-up : 2005–06 - Braintree Town - Conference South champion : 2010–11

easy

Which team did the player Kurtis Patterson belong to from 2011 to 2012?

/wiki/Kurtis_Patterson#P54#0

Kurtis Patterson Kurtis Robert Patterson ( born 5 April 1993 ) is an Australian cricketer , currently playing for the New South Wales cricket team in the Sheffield Shield , and the Perth Scorchers in the Big Bash League . Patterson scored a century on his first-class cricket debut for New South Wales in November 2011 , becoming the youngest batsman to score a century in Sheffield Shield cricket . In January 2019 , he made his Test debut for Australia against Sri Lanka , becoming the 457th person to play test cricket for Australia . He made a century in just his second test match in Canberra , also against Sri Lanka . He was not selected for the 2019 Ashes series and returned to play domestically in the 2019/2020 season . Early life . Kurtis Patterson was born in the Sydney suburb of Hurstville and grew up in Roselands and then Lugarno . He was born into a family with a strong sporting pedigree . His mum Dana played volleyball for Australia and his father Brad played cricket for Northern Districts in Sydneys first grade competition . Patterson went to high school at Christian Brothers in Lewisham . He played much of his junior cricket with St George Cricket Club . Aged 13 , he played for St George in the AW Green Shield , which is Sydneys premier cricket competition for under 16s . Playing Green Shield again the following year , he scored a total of 442 runs at an average of 88.40 . By the time he was 17 , Patterson was playing first grade for St George . At the start of the 2011/2012 season , he scored two centuries in the first 4 rounds , which saw him be selected to make his debut for New South Wales . Domestic career . Patterson made his Sheffield Shield debut for New South Wales against Western Australia in November 2011 . He made an immediate statement by scoring 157 in the first innings and remaining 6 not out in the second innings as New South Wales won the match by 6 wickets . This performance earned him the player of the match honours . His century in the first innings saw him become the youngest player to score a century in the Sheffield Shield . At the age of 18 years and 206 days he broke the record that was previously held by Barry Shepherd , who scored a century aged 18 years and 241 days in 1955 . Despite this initial success , he was not selected to play for New South Wales for the rest of the season . Patterson returned to the New South Wales side during the 2013/2014 season , playing 7 out of 11 games . Throughout the season he scored a total of 403 runs at an average of 31.00 . He scored 4 half-centuries during the season , including 52 in the final against Western Australia , which was won by New South Wales . Patterson produced similar statistics during the 2014/2015 season , scoring 372 runs at an average of 28.61 . Pattersons break out year came during the 2015/2016 season . Play all but one game , he scored a total of 737 runs at an average of 52.64 , which included two centuries and four half-centuries . This made him the highest run-scorer for New South Wales that season and the 6th highest run-scorer in the whole competition . He was then selected for Australia A to play in a 2016 winter series against South Africa A and India A . In two unofficial test matches against South Africa A , Patterson made scores of 74 , 6 , 92 , and 50 not out . This made him the highest scorer in the series among both sides . During this offseason , he also played 6 one day matches for Australia A in a quadrangular series against India A , South Africa A , and Australias National Performance Squad . His stand-out performance in the series was a score of 115 against India A in a match that Australia A won by 1 run . Still aged just 23 and with a first-class batting average of 42.91 , Patterson was now in contention for national selection . Before the start of the 2016/2017 season , former New South Wales and Australian wicketkeeper Brad Haddin said that Patterson could be in contention to play for Australia that summer . He furthered his case by scoring a century against Queensland in the first round of the 2016/2017 Sheffield Shield season . After this innings , New South Wales coach Trent Johnston said he believed Patterson was ready for test cricket and deserved a chance at international level . However , Patterson was not selected for Australia and played out the rest of the season in the Sheffield Shield . Although he did not score a century for the rest of the season , he still finished the season with 668 runs at an average of 44.53 . This was followed by another strong domestic season in 2017/2018 where he scored 672 runs . This marked the second time in three years that Patterson was the highest run-scorer for New South Wales . Despite his consistent run scoring ability , questions began to be asked in the media about his ability to convert his half-centuries into bigger scores . However , in round 5 of the 2018/2019 , he made a score of 107 not out against Western Australia , his first Sheffield Shield century since 2016 . Between that time , he had scored a total of 14 half-centuries without scoring a century . Domestic One-Day Career . Since 2013 , Patterson has played for New South Wales in Australias domestic one-day competition . In his first year playing in the competition , he played 7 out of 8 matches and made 152 runs at an average of 25.33 as New South Wales finished runners up in the competition . He following year he had a slightly improved season , scoring 230 runs at an average of 32.85 . He had his most successful season in the 2016 competition when he averaged 49.40 . In the final , Patterson scored 77 not out as New South Wales won the title . Just before the start of the 2018 competition , New South Wales captain Peter Nevill broke his thumb , and Patterson was named as the new captain . He had a difficult start as captain as New South Wales lost the first 3 games of the season . He also struggled individually , averaging 23.80 for the season . After being in contention for a Test call-up in the 2017–18 Ashes series , Patterson played every match for New South Wales in the 2017–18 JLT One-Day Cup , scoring two fifties and averaging 41.33 runs per innings to be one of the teams top run-scorers for the tournament . During the 2019 season , Patterson was hampered by a quad injury , playing only two matches in the competition . Big Bash career . For the inaugural season of the Big Bash League , Australias franchise Twenty20 competition , Patterson was offered a roster spot by the Sydney Thunder . However , he turned it down to focus on making the New South Wales Sheffield Shield side . In the second season of the Big Bash , Patterson was signed by the Sydney Sixers franchise for the 2012/2013 season . In his first season , he only played one game for the Sixers . The following season , he was signed by cross-town rivals the Sydney Thunder . Patterson was not regularly selected for the Thunder , playing only 9 games in each of the next three seasons . In later seasons of the Big Bash he began to play for games for the Thunder but failed to make a significant impact . In his time at the Thunder , he played a total of 25 matches in 8 seasons with a total of 438 runs and a high score of 48 . Just before the start of the 2019/2020 Big Bash season , Patterson signed a 3-year deal with the Perth Scorchers . He missed the opening rounds of the season due to a hamstring injury . He finally made his debut for the Scorchers in January 2020 , however , after scoring 38 runs in 3 matches , he was dropped for the remainder of the season due to lack of runs . International career . During the 2018/19 season , Patterson was selected to play for a Cricket Australia XI side against the touring Sri Lankans as a warm-up for the test series . Patterson scored unbeaten centuries in both innings , with 157 not out in the first innings and 102 not out in the second innings . He was named the player of the match . Despite this performance against the Sri Lankans , the Australian squad for the test series had already been named the previous week and Patterson had not been included . However the selectors backtracked and he was added to Australias Test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . He made his Test debut for Australia against Sri Lanka on 24 January 2019 . He had his baggy green cap presented to him by Michael Hussey . Batting at number 6 , he made 30 off 82 balls in his first test innings before being dismissed LBW . He was not required to bat in the second innings as Australia won by an innings and 40 runs . He also took three catches in the match , including a diving , one-handed catch in the gully to dismiss Dilruwan Perera . He was retained in the side for the second Test match in Canberra . In the second test , he scored a century , the first of his Test career as Australia romped to a huge total , with Joe Burns and Travis Head also scoring centuries . Patterson finished with a score of 114 not out . With Travis Head also scoring his first test century in the same innings , it was the first time since 1989 that two Australian batsmen had made their first test centuries in the same innings . Both his parents and many of his friends were in the crowd when he reached his century . He did not bat in the second innings as Australia beat Sri Lanka by 366 runs , winning the series 2–0 . 2019 Australia A tour of England . Following the conclusion of the test series , Patterson returned to play for New South Wales in the Sheffield Shield . He finished the competition with a total of 724 runs , making him the 5th highest run-scorer for the season . This meant that Patterson was suddenly in contention for selection in the Australian side due to tour England for the 2019 Ashes series . Patterson was selected for the Australia A team that toured England in the lead up to the Ashes . These matches were considered to be crucial in deciding who would be selected for the Ashes . Before this tour , Patterson had only played 8 weeks of club cricket in England and he struggled to make runs . He scored 4 , 32 , and 28 for Australia A before scoring 2 and 0 in an intra-squad trial match . Ultimately , Patterson was not selected for the series , with Chairman of selectors Trevor Hohns saying Patterson was desperately unlucky to not be selected . Hohns also said the return of Steve Smith , David Warner , and Cameron Bancroft from their ball-tampering suspensions pushed players like Patterson out of the side . Injury and 2020 season . At the start of the 2019/2020 season , Patterson suffered a quadriceps injury playing grade cricket for St George . While he started the Sheffield Shield season for New South Wales , he reinjured his leg while fielding against Tasmania and missed several months of cricket . This injury also meant that Patterson did not have a chance to impress national selectors before the Australia test squad for the summer was named . On his return from injury , Patterson only played 3 matches for New South Wales before the COVID-19 pandemic caused the cancellation of the last round of the season . Patterson stated towards the end of the season that he did not think the injury was affecting his batting . He was also selected for Australia A against England Lions in February 2020 . He top-scored with 94 not out in the second innings of the match . Patterson against the Pink Ball . Since the introduction of day-night first-class cricket in 2013 , one particular strength of Patterson has been his batting performances against the pink ball , which is used for these day-night games . Before being selected for Australia in 2019 , Patterson had an average of 57.31 against the pink ball . This was compared to his usual batting average of 40.93 . This was speculated to be a reason why he included in the side for his debut match against Sri Lanka , a day-night game in Brisbane . These statistics are more significant as batsmen have generally struggled against the pink ball in comparison to the red ball . Evidence has shown that the pink ball is more difficult for batsmen to see during twilight . It has also been suggested that a batsmans timing could be negatively affected when playing against a pink ball at night . On facing the pink ball , Patterson said that while facing the pink ball is very different at night , he believes he has played enough cricket with a pink ball that he can adjust .

easy

Kurtis Patterson played for which team from 2012 to 2013?

/wiki/Kurtis_Patterson#P54#1

Kurtis Patterson Kurtis Robert Patterson ( born 5 April 1993 ) is an Australian cricketer , currently playing for the New South Wales cricket team in the Sheffield Shield , and the Perth Scorchers in the Big Bash League . Patterson scored a century on his first-class cricket debut for New South Wales in November 2011 , becoming the youngest batsman to score a century in Sheffield Shield cricket . In January 2019 , he made his Test debut for Australia against Sri Lanka , becoming the 457th person to play test cricket for Australia . He made a century in just his second test match in Canberra , also against Sri Lanka . He was not selected for the 2019 Ashes series and returned to play domestically in the 2019/2020 season . Early life . Kurtis Patterson was born in the Sydney suburb of Hurstville and grew up in Roselands and then Lugarno . He was born into a family with a strong sporting pedigree . His mum Dana played volleyball for Australia and his father Brad played cricket for Northern Districts in Sydneys first grade competition . Patterson went to high school at Christian Brothers in Lewisham . He played much of his junior cricket with St George Cricket Club . Aged 13 , he played for St George in the AW Green Shield , which is Sydneys premier cricket competition for under 16s . Playing Green Shield again the following year , he scored a total of 442 runs at an average of 88.40 . By the time he was 17 , Patterson was playing first grade for St George . At the start of the 2011/2012 season , he scored two centuries in the first 4 rounds , which saw him be selected to make his debut for New South Wales . Domestic career . Patterson made his Sheffield Shield debut for New South Wales against Western Australia in November 2011 . He made an immediate statement by scoring 157 in the first innings and remaining 6 not out in the second innings as New South Wales won the match by 6 wickets . This performance earned him the player of the match honours . His century in the first innings saw him become the youngest player to score a century in the Sheffield Shield . At the age of 18 years and 206 days he broke the record that was previously held by Barry Shepherd , who scored a century aged 18 years and 241 days in 1955 . Despite this initial success , he was not selected to play for New South Wales for the rest of the season . Patterson returned to the New South Wales side during the 2013/2014 season , playing 7 out of 11 games . Throughout the season he scored a total of 403 runs at an average of 31.00 . He scored 4 half-centuries during the season , including 52 in the final against Western Australia , which was won by New South Wales . Patterson produced similar statistics during the 2014/2015 season , scoring 372 runs at an average of 28.61 . Pattersons break out year came during the 2015/2016 season . Play all but one game , he scored a total of 737 runs at an average of 52.64 , which included two centuries and four half-centuries . This made him the highest run-scorer for New South Wales that season and the 6th highest run-scorer in the whole competition . He was then selected for Australia A to play in a 2016 winter series against South Africa A and India A . In two unofficial test matches against South Africa A , Patterson made scores of 74 , 6 , 92 , and 50 not out . This made him the highest scorer in the series among both sides . During this offseason , he also played 6 one day matches for Australia A in a quadrangular series against India A , South Africa A , and Australias National Performance Squad . His stand-out performance in the series was a score of 115 against India A in a match that Australia A won by 1 run . Still aged just 23 and with a first-class batting average of 42.91 , Patterson was now in contention for national selection . Before the start of the 2016/2017 season , former New South Wales and Australian wicketkeeper Brad Haddin said that Patterson could be in contention to play for Australia that summer . He furthered his case by scoring a century against Queensland in the first round of the 2016/2017 Sheffield Shield season . After this innings , New South Wales coach Trent Johnston said he believed Patterson was ready for test cricket and deserved a chance at international level . However , Patterson was not selected for Australia and played out the rest of the season in the Sheffield Shield . Although he did not score a century for the rest of the season , he still finished the season with 668 runs at an average of 44.53 . This was followed by another strong domestic season in 2017/2018 where he scored 672 runs . This marked the second time in three years that Patterson was the highest run-scorer for New South Wales . Despite his consistent run scoring ability , questions began to be asked in the media about his ability to convert his half-centuries into bigger scores . However , in round 5 of the 2018/2019 , he made a score of 107 not out against Western Australia , his first Sheffield Shield century since 2016 . Between that time , he had scored a total of 14 half-centuries without scoring a century . Domestic One-Day Career . Since 2013 , Patterson has played for New South Wales in Australias domestic one-day competition . In his first year playing in the competition , he played 7 out of 8 matches and made 152 runs at an average of 25.33 as New South Wales finished runners up in the competition . He following year he had a slightly improved season , scoring 230 runs at an average of 32.85 . He had his most successful season in the 2016 competition when he averaged 49.40 . In the final , Patterson scored 77 not out as New South Wales won the title . Just before the start of the 2018 competition , New South Wales captain Peter Nevill broke his thumb , and Patterson was named as the new captain . He had a difficult start as captain as New South Wales lost the first 3 games of the season . He also struggled individually , averaging 23.80 for the season . After being in contention for a Test call-up in the 2017–18 Ashes series , Patterson played every match for New South Wales in the 2017–18 JLT One-Day Cup , scoring two fifties and averaging 41.33 runs per innings to be one of the teams top run-scorers for the tournament . During the 2019 season , Patterson was hampered by a quad injury , playing only two matches in the competition . Big Bash career . For the inaugural season of the Big Bash League , Australias franchise Twenty20 competition , Patterson was offered a roster spot by the Sydney Thunder . However , he turned it down to focus on making the New South Wales Sheffield Shield side . In the second season of the Big Bash , Patterson was signed by the Sydney Sixers franchise for the 2012/2013 season . In his first season , he only played one game for the Sixers . The following season , he was signed by cross-town rivals the Sydney Thunder . Patterson was not regularly selected for the Thunder , playing only 9 games in each of the next three seasons . In later seasons of the Big Bash he began to play for games for the Thunder but failed to make a significant impact . In his time at the Thunder , he played a total of 25 matches in 8 seasons with a total of 438 runs and a high score of 48 . Just before the start of the 2019/2020 Big Bash season , Patterson signed a 3-year deal with the Perth Scorchers . He missed the opening rounds of the season due to a hamstring injury . He finally made his debut for the Scorchers in January 2020 , however , after scoring 38 runs in 3 matches , he was dropped for the remainder of the season due to lack of runs . International career . During the 2018/19 season , Patterson was selected to play for a Cricket Australia XI side against the touring Sri Lankans as a warm-up for the test series . Patterson scored unbeaten centuries in both innings , with 157 not out in the first innings and 102 not out in the second innings . He was named the player of the match . Despite this performance against the Sri Lankans , the Australian squad for the test series had already been named the previous week and Patterson had not been included . However the selectors backtracked and he was added to Australias Test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . He made his Test debut for Australia against Sri Lanka on 24 January 2019 . He had his baggy green cap presented to him by Michael Hussey . Batting at number 6 , he made 30 off 82 balls in his first test innings before being dismissed LBW . He was not required to bat in the second innings as Australia won by an innings and 40 runs . He also took three catches in the match , including a diving , one-handed catch in the gully to dismiss Dilruwan Perera . He was retained in the side for the second Test match in Canberra . In the second test , he scored a century , the first of his Test career as Australia romped to a huge total , with Joe Burns and Travis Head also scoring centuries . Patterson finished with a score of 114 not out . With Travis Head also scoring his first test century in the same innings , it was the first time since 1989 that two Australian batsmen had made their first test centuries in the same innings . Both his parents and many of his friends were in the crowd when he reached his century . He did not bat in the second innings as Australia beat Sri Lanka by 366 runs , winning the series 2–0 . 2019 Australia A tour of England . Following the conclusion of the test series , Patterson returned to play for New South Wales in the Sheffield Shield . He finished the competition with a total of 724 runs , making him the 5th highest run-scorer for the season . This meant that Patterson was suddenly in contention for selection in the Australian side due to tour England for the 2019 Ashes series . Patterson was selected for the Australia A team that toured England in the lead up to the Ashes . These matches were considered to be crucial in deciding who would be selected for the Ashes . Before this tour , Patterson had only played 8 weeks of club cricket in England and he struggled to make runs . He scored 4 , 32 , and 28 for Australia A before scoring 2 and 0 in an intra-squad trial match . Ultimately , Patterson was not selected for the series , with Chairman of selectors Trevor Hohns saying Patterson was desperately unlucky to not be selected . Hohns also said the return of Steve Smith , David Warner , and Cameron Bancroft from their ball-tampering suspensions pushed players like Patterson out of the side . Injury and 2020 season . At the start of the 2019/2020 season , Patterson suffered a quadriceps injury playing grade cricket for St George . While he started the Sheffield Shield season for New South Wales , he reinjured his leg while fielding against Tasmania and missed several months of cricket . This injury also meant that Patterson did not have a chance to impress national selectors before the Australia test squad for the summer was named . On his return from injury , Patterson only played 3 matches for New South Wales before the COVID-19 pandemic caused the cancellation of the last round of the season . Patterson stated towards the end of the season that he did not think the injury was affecting his batting . He was also selected for Australia A against England Lions in February 2020 . He top-scored with 94 not out in the second innings of the match . Patterson against the Pink Ball . Since the introduction of day-night first-class cricket in 2013 , one particular strength of Patterson has been his batting performances against the pink ball , which is used for these day-night games . Before being selected for Australia in 2019 , Patterson had an average of 57.31 against the pink ball . This was compared to his usual batting average of 40.93 . This was speculated to be a reason why he included in the side for his debut match against Sri Lanka , a day-night game in Brisbane . These statistics are more significant as batsmen have generally struggled against the pink ball in comparison to the red ball . Evidence has shown that the pink ball is more difficult for batsmen to see during twilight . It has also been suggested that a batsmans timing could be negatively affected when playing against a pink ball at night . On facing the pink ball , Patterson said that while facing the pink ball is very different at night , he believes he has played enough cricket with a pink ball that he can adjust .

easy

Which team did the player Kurtis Patterson belong to from 2013 to 2014?

/wiki/Kurtis_Patterson#P54#2

Kurtis Patterson Kurtis Robert Patterson ( born 5 April 1993 ) is an Australian cricketer , currently playing for the New South Wales cricket team in the Sheffield Shield , and the Perth Scorchers in the Big Bash League . Patterson scored a century on his first-class cricket debut for New South Wales in November 2011 , becoming the youngest batsman to score a century in Sheffield Shield cricket . In January 2019 , he made his Test debut for Australia against Sri Lanka , becoming the 457th person to play test cricket for Australia . He made a century in just his second test match in Canberra , also against Sri Lanka . He was not selected for the 2019 Ashes series and returned to play domestically in the 2019/2020 season . Early life . Kurtis Patterson was born in the Sydney suburb of Hurstville and grew up in Roselands and then Lugarno . He was born into a family with a strong sporting pedigree . His mum Dana played volleyball for Australia and his father Brad played cricket for Northern Districts in Sydneys first grade competition . Patterson went to high school at Christian Brothers in Lewisham . He played much of his junior cricket with St George Cricket Club . Aged 13 , he played for St George in the AW Green Shield , which is Sydneys premier cricket competition for under 16s . Playing Green Shield again the following year , he scored a total of 442 runs at an average of 88.40 . By the time he was 17 , Patterson was playing first grade for St George . At the start of the 2011/2012 season , he scored two centuries in the first 4 rounds , which saw him be selected to make his debut for New South Wales . Domestic career . Patterson made his Sheffield Shield debut for New South Wales against Western Australia in November 2011 . He made an immediate statement by scoring 157 in the first innings and remaining 6 not out in the second innings as New South Wales won the match by 6 wickets . This performance earned him the player of the match honours . His century in the first innings saw him become the youngest player to score a century in the Sheffield Shield . At the age of 18 years and 206 days he broke the record that was previously held by Barry Shepherd , who scored a century aged 18 years and 241 days in 1955 . Despite this initial success , he was not selected to play for New South Wales for the rest of the season . Patterson returned to the New South Wales side during the 2013/2014 season , playing 7 out of 11 games . Throughout the season he scored a total of 403 runs at an average of 31.00 . He scored 4 half-centuries during the season , including 52 in the final against Western Australia , which was won by New South Wales . Patterson produced similar statistics during the 2014/2015 season , scoring 372 runs at an average of 28.61 . Pattersons break out year came during the 2015/2016 season . Play all but one game , he scored a total of 737 runs at an average of 52.64 , which included two centuries and four half-centuries . This made him the highest run-scorer for New South Wales that season and the 6th highest run-scorer in the whole competition . He was then selected for Australia A to play in a 2016 winter series against South Africa A and India A . In two unofficial test matches against South Africa A , Patterson made scores of 74 , 6 , 92 , and 50 not out . This made him the highest scorer in the series among both sides . During this offseason , he also played 6 one day matches for Australia A in a quadrangular series against India A , South Africa A , and Australias National Performance Squad . His stand-out performance in the series was a score of 115 against India A in a match that Australia A won by 1 run . Still aged just 23 and with a first-class batting average of 42.91 , Patterson was now in contention for national selection . Before the start of the 2016/2017 season , former New South Wales and Australian wicketkeeper Brad Haddin said that Patterson could be in contention to play for Australia that summer . He furthered his case by scoring a century against Queensland in the first round of the 2016/2017 Sheffield Shield season . After this innings , New South Wales coach Trent Johnston said he believed Patterson was ready for test cricket and deserved a chance at international level . However , Patterson was not selected for Australia and played out the rest of the season in the Sheffield Shield . Although he did not score a century for the rest of the season , he still finished the season with 668 runs at an average of 44.53 . This was followed by another strong domestic season in 2017/2018 where he scored 672 runs . This marked the second time in three years that Patterson was the highest run-scorer for New South Wales . Despite his consistent run scoring ability , questions began to be asked in the media about his ability to convert his half-centuries into bigger scores . However , in round 5 of the 2018/2019 , he made a score of 107 not out against Western Australia , his first Sheffield Shield century since 2016 . Between that time , he had scored a total of 14 half-centuries without scoring a century . Domestic One-Day Career . Since 2013 , Patterson has played for New South Wales in Australias domestic one-day competition . In his first year playing in the competition , he played 7 out of 8 matches and made 152 runs at an average of 25.33 as New South Wales finished runners up in the competition . He following year he had a slightly improved season , scoring 230 runs at an average of 32.85 . He had his most successful season in the 2016 competition when he averaged 49.40 . In the final , Patterson scored 77 not out as New South Wales won the title . Just before the start of the 2018 competition , New South Wales captain Peter Nevill broke his thumb , and Patterson was named as the new captain . He had a difficult start as captain as New South Wales lost the first 3 games of the season . He also struggled individually , averaging 23.80 for the season . After being in contention for a Test call-up in the 2017–18 Ashes series , Patterson played every match for New South Wales in the 2017–18 JLT One-Day Cup , scoring two fifties and averaging 41.33 runs per innings to be one of the teams top run-scorers for the tournament . During the 2019 season , Patterson was hampered by a quad injury , playing only two matches in the competition . Big Bash career . For the inaugural season of the Big Bash League , Australias franchise Twenty20 competition , Patterson was offered a roster spot by the Sydney Thunder . However , he turned it down to focus on making the New South Wales Sheffield Shield side . In the second season of the Big Bash , Patterson was signed by the Sydney Sixers franchise for the 2012/2013 season . In his first season , he only played one game for the Sixers . The following season , he was signed by cross-town rivals the Sydney Thunder . Patterson was not regularly selected for the Thunder , playing only 9 games in each of the next three seasons . In later seasons of the Big Bash he began to play for games for the Thunder but failed to make a significant impact . In his time at the Thunder , he played a total of 25 matches in 8 seasons with a total of 438 runs and a high score of 48 . Just before the start of the 2019/2020 Big Bash season , Patterson signed a 3-year deal with the Perth Scorchers . He missed the opening rounds of the season due to a hamstring injury . He finally made his debut for the Scorchers in January 2020 , however , after scoring 38 runs in 3 matches , he was dropped for the remainder of the season due to lack of runs . International career . During the 2018/19 season , Patterson was selected to play for a Cricket Australia XI side against the touring Sri Lankans as a warm-up for the test series . Patterson scored unbeaten centuries in both innings , with 157 not out in the first innings and 102 not out in the second innings . He was named the player of the match . Despite this performance against the Sri Lankans , the Australian squad for the test series had already been named the previous week and Patterson had not been included . However the selectors backtracked and he was added to Australias Test squad for the series against Sri Lanka . He made his Test debut for Australia against Sri Lanka on 24 January 2019 . He had his baggy green cap presented to him by Michael Hussey . Batting at number 6 , he made 30 off 82 balls in his first test innings before being dismissed LBW . He was not required to bat in the second innings as Australia won by an innings and 40 runs . He also took three catches in the match , including a diving , one-handed catch in the gully to dismiss Dilruwan Perera . He was retained in the side for the second Test match in Canberra . In the second test , he scored a century , the first of his Test career as Australia romped to a huge total , with Joe Burns and Travis Head also scoring centuries . Patterson finished with a score of 114 not out . With Travis Head also scoring his first test century in the same innings , it was the first time since 1989 that two Australian batsmen had made their first test centuries in the same innings . Both his parents and many of his friends were in the crowd when he reached his century . He did not bat in the second innings as Australia beat Sri Lanka by 366 runs , winning the series 2–0 . 2019 Australia A tour of England . Following the conclusion of the test series , Patterson returned to play for New South Wales in the Sheffield Shield . He finished the competition with a total of 724 runs , making him the 5th highest run-scorer for the season . This meant that Patterson was suddenly in contention for selection in the Australian side due to tour England for the 2019 Ashes series . Patterson was selected for the Australia A team that toured England in the lead up to the Ashes . These matches were considered to be crucial in deciding who would be selected for the Ashes . Before this tour , Patterson had only played 8 weeks of club cricket in England and he struggled to make runs . He scored 4 , 32 , and 28 for Australia A before scoring 2 and 0 in an intra-squad trial match . Ultimately , Patterson was not selected for the series , with Chairman of selectors Trevor Hohns saying Patterson was desperately unlucky to not be selected . Hohns also said the return of Steve Smith , David Warner , and Cameron Bancroft from their ball-tampering suspensions pushed players like Patterson out of the side . Injury and 2020 season . At the start of the 2019/2020 season , Patterson suffered a quadriceps injury playing grade cricket for St George . While he started the Sheffield Shield season for New South Wales , he reinjured his leg while fielding against Tasmania and missed several months of cricket . This injury also meant that Patterson did not have a chance to impress national selectors before the Australia test squad for the summer was named . On his return from injury , Patterson only played 3 matches for New South Wales before the COVID-19 pandemic caused the cancellation of the last round of the season . Patterson stated towards the end of the season that he did not think the injury was affecting his batting . He was also selected for Australia A against England Lions in February 2020 . He top-scored with 94 not out in the second innings of the match . Patterson against the Pink Ball . Since the introduction of day-night first-class cricket in 2013 , one particular strength of Patterson has been his batting performances against the pink ball , which is used for these day-night games . Before being selected for Australia in 2019 , Patterson had an average of 57.31 against the pink ball . This was compared to his usual batting average of 40.93 . This was speculated to be a reason why he included in the side for his debut match against Sri Lanka , a day-night game in Brisbane . These statistics are more significant as batsmen have generally struggled against the pink ball in comparison to the red ball . Evidence has shown that the pink ball is more difficult for batsmen to see during twilight . It has also been suggested that a batsmans timing could be negatively affected when playing against a pink ball at night . On facing the pink ball , Patterson said that while facing the pink ball is very different at night , he believes he has played enough cricket with a pink ball that he can adjust .

easy

Ruud Lubbers took which position from 1973 to 1977?

/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers#P39#0

Ruud Lubbers Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Ruud Lubbers ( ; 7 May 1939 – 14 February 2018 ) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of the Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) that merged to become the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) party and businessman who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 to 22 August 1994 , and as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005 . Lubbers studied Economics at the Rotterdam School of Economics obtaining a Master of Economics degree and worked as a corporate director for the manufacturing company in Rotterdam from April 1963 until May 1973 and as trade association executive for the Christian Employers Association ( NCW ) from January 1965 until May 1973 . After the election of 1972 Lubbers was appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Den Uyl taking office on 11 May 1973 . Lubbers was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1977 serving from 8 June 1977 until 8 September 1977 . Following the cabinet formation of 1977 Lubbers was asked to become Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning in the new cabinet but declined and returned as a Member of the House of Representatives on 22 December 1977 , serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs . Following the resignation of Parliamentary leader Willem Aantjes Lubbers was selected as his successor taking office on 7 November 1978 . Shortly after the election of 1981 incumbent Prime Minister and Leader Dries van Agt unexpectedly announced he was stepping down and Lubbers was anonymously selected as his successor as Leader and the de facto next Prime Minister . Following cabinet formation of 1982 Lubbers formed the Cabinet Lubbers I and became Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office on 4 November 1982 . For the election of 1986 Lubbers served as Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) and after a cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Lubbers II and continued as Prime Minister for a second term . For the election of 1989 Lubbers again served as Lijsttrekker and following another successful cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Lubbers III and continued as Prime Minister for a third term . In October 1993 Lubbers announced he was stepping down as Leader , and that he would not stand atthe election of 1994 or serve another term as Prime Minister . He left office at the installation of the Cabinet Kok I on 22 August 1994 . Lubbers semi-retired from active politics and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , he also served as a distinguished visiting professor of International relations and Globalization at the Tilburg University and the John F . Kennedy School of Government of the Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts from February 1995 until December 2000 . In November 2000 Lubbers was nominated as the next United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees serving from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005 . Following his retirement Lubbers continued to be active public sector and worked as an advocate , lobbyist and activist for Humanitarian , Conservation , Environmentalism , Sustainable development and Climate change issues . Lubbers was known for his abilities as a team leader and consensus builder . During his premiership , his cabinets were responsible for major reforms to Social security , stimulating Privatization and Sustainable development , revitalizing the economy following the recession in the 1980s and reducing the deficit . Lubbers was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 31 January 1995 and continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until his death at the age of 78 . He is both the youngest Prime Minister of the Netherlands at 43 years , and the longest-serving with , and is consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as one of the best Prime Ministers after World War II . Biography . Early life . Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Lubbers was born on 7 May 1939 in Rotterdam in the Province of South Holland . He studied economics at the Erasmus University Rotterdam , and was a student of the first Nobel Prize in Economics laureate Jan Tinbergen . As suggested by the title of his 1962 thesis – The influence of differing productivity trends in various countries on the current account of the balance of payments – his main interest was in monetary affairs . He originally planned an academic career , but was compelled by family circumstances to join the management of Lubbers Construction Workshops and Machinery Fabricators Hollandia B.V . Politics . From 11 May 1973 to 19 December 1977 , Ruud Lubbers was Minister of Economic Affairs in the Den Uyl-government and a member of the Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) . He was an effective , if sometimes somewhat bad-tempered minister . He chose to return to Parliament on the formation of the Van Agt-government in 1977 , becoming senior deputy parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) , the alliance between the KVP and the other two main Christian parties . His career got an unexpected boost when the leader of the parliamentary faction of the CDA , Willem Aantjes , had to resign in 1978 because of accusations that he had served in the Germanic-SS during the Second World War . Lubbers succeeded him and suddenly found himself in a powerful political position . In 1982 , after the general election won by Prime Minister Dries van Agt , a similar thing happened when Van Agt suddenly announced he would not serve for a third term . Lubbers took over the post . He was the youngest prime minister in Dutch history ; he had turned 43 only six months earlier . Major aspects of his time in office included extensive cutbacks in public spending , the launch of far-reaching deregulation and privatisation programs , and a massive demonstration in The Hague ( 1983 ) against the planned installation in the Netherlands of nuclear-armed U.S . cruise missiles ( which was cancelled after all due to arms reduction talks between the US and the Soviet Union ) . After leaving office in 1994 , Lubbers was put forward as a candidate for the head of NATO , but the U.S . vetoed his appointment . He was on the advisory board of the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum ( OMFIF ) , where he was regularly involved in meetings regarding the financial and monetary system . Lubbers was regarded by many during his time in office as an ideological heir to Margaret Thatcher . One of his campaign slogans was : Meer markt , minder overheid ( more market , less government ) . Ecological activities . In the follow-up of the Earth Summit in 1992 , Lubbers engaged with the Earth Charter Initiative in cooperation with Mikhail Gorbachev and Maurice Strong . The Earth Charter document was launched in the Peace Palace in The Hague in June 2000 . Lubbers was an active member of the international Earth Charter Commission and reached out , especially to youth in the Netherland , with the message of the Earth Charter for a sustainable and peaceful world . Academic . From 1995 to 2000 , he taught Globalization Studies at Tilburg University in the Netherlands and at the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in the United States . He was also vice-chairman of the Independent World Commission on the Oceans and chair of Globus , the Institute for Globalization and Development based in Tilburg . UN High Commissioner for Refugees . At the end of the year 2000 , Lubbers was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to succeed Sadako Ogata as UN High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . From 1 January 2001 , Lubbers headed the UNHCR , which comprised over 5,000 employees who work across the globe , and which was concerned with an estimated 21 million refugees and internally displaced in over 120 countries worldwide . During his tenure , the number of refugees worldwide decreased by almost 22% , from 21.8 million in 2001 to close to 17.1 million at the beginning of 2004 . Lubbers also favoured a generous refugee policy for the Netherlands , and he was critical of the Foreign Citizens Law ( Vreemdelingenwet ) . He also stabilised the UNHCRs financial situation and greatly increased the financial means for the sheltering of refugees . He annually donated some $300,000 to the refugee agency since he assumed his post in 2001 , thereby covering his own $167,000 annual salary and travel expenses . Sexual harassment complaint . In May 2004 , Lubbers was accused by Cynthia Brzak , an American UNHCR employee , of sexual harassment following a meeting in his office that was attended by two other UNHCR staff members . The complaint was reported in the media , prompting Lubbers to inform UNHCR staff about the accusation . On this occasion , he denied any wrongdoing and rejected the allegation against him . On 2 June 2004 , the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) , which was tasked with investigating the accusation , sent its report to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan . In its public annual report to the UN Secretary-General ( presented to the UN General Assembly ) , the OIOS reported concerning the case that it had submitted a report to the Secretary-General supporting the allegations and recommended that appropriate actions be taken accordingly . Lubbers responded to the OIOS report in a letter setting out to ( a ) deny acts of sexual harassment or abuse took place ; ( b ) establish that such evidence of the alleged misconduct as is said to exist is insufficient and flawed ; and ( c ) conclude that the report itself would appear to be based on an irregular statutory basis and also flawed by errors of law and reasoning . Lubbers asked Max van der Stoel , former High Commissioner on National Minorities , to comment on the confidential report . He concluded that the OIOS report is deficient in objectivity and impartiality . He added that the only two other persons in the room did not provide evidence confirming the version given by the complainant . Furthermore , he accused UN officials of leaking information to the press and recommended that an investigation of the leaks be undertaken . The Secretary-General reviewed the report and the responses of the High Commissioner and the senior manager to the report , and decided that the complaint could not be substantiated by the evidence and therefore closed the matter . He is also reported to have consulted with Stephen Schwebel , an American judge and former President of the International Court of Justice . The Secretary-General failed to order an investigation of the deliberate leaking by OIOS itself to the media as recommended by Max van der Stoel . Resignation . In February 2005 , the case was in the news again when the British daily newspaper The Independent obtained a copy of the OIOS report and , accompanied by an article by Kate Holt , published its contents . Among other things , the report stated that : the allegation against Lubbers is substantiated in that Lubbers did engage in unwanted physical contact with the complainant , a subordinate female staff member . New allegations that came to OIOSs attention during the investigation , were also examined and indicate a pattern of sexual harassment by Lubbers , OIOS is also of the view that Lubbers abused his authority as High Commissioner by his intense , pervasive and intimidating attempts to influence the outcome of this Investigation . Lubbers met with the Secretary-General on 18 February 2005 , and resigned as High Commissioner on Sunday , 20 February 2005 , stating to the press : For more than four years I gave all my energy to UNHCR . To be frank , despite all my loyalty , insult has now been added to injury and therefore I resign as High Commissioner . The Secretary-Generals office issued a statement the same day which stated that the High Commissioners resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR . In his letter of resignation , Lubbers stated that his resignation constituted no expression of guilt , but that he had become the victim of smearing , adding that he had resigned in the interest of the organisation . In October 2005 , Annan reiterated that he had come to the conclusion that the evidence did not support the accusation but that , because of ongoing media-pressure , Lubbers resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR . During a farewell meeting for Lubbers as High Commissioner for Refugees , he received from Acting High Commissioner Wendy Chamberlin the first annual UNHCR Achievement Award for exceptional services to UNHCR and for the worlds refugees . In a formal statement , Netherlands Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende called the departure of Lubbers bitter , since the complaint against him had been dismissed as unsustainable . Handling of the UNHCR/SC-UK 2002 report on sexual exploitation in the aid sector in West Africa Three years prior to the controversy over the sexual harassment case , Ruud Lubbers was criticised for his mis-handling of the UNHCR/SC-UK 2002 which uncovered the widespread sexual exploitation of refugee children by aid workers and peacekeepers in three West African countries ( Liberia , Guinea and Sierra Leone ) . The study team which had encountered these findings unexpectedly whilst conducting a broader assessment documented 67 allegations implicating 40 aid agencies and several peacekeeping battalions , and often involving humanitarian workers and peacekeepers exchanging meagre aid supplies ( biscuits , soap , plastic sheeting ) for sex with children . Ruud Lubbers response was to deny these findings , discredit the authors and excuse these behaviours ; for example in a CNN interview on 8 May 2002 , Lubbers was heard to deny the problem in the face of CNNs own research which confirmed the problem existed and was taken to task by the interviewer for dismissing these exploitative relationships inter alia as romances . He was roundly criticised by his own staff for that interview . Despite repeated attempts by Lubbers to lead a negative campaign against the report , the international community and governments in particular , took the allegations seriously and passed a UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/57/306 , Investigation into sexual exploitation of refugees by aid workers in West Africa in May 2003 , requiring the UN to take action at the highest level to tackle such abuses . This led to the UN Secretary-Generals Bulletin , Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse in October 2003 , and an endorsement of the Inter-agency standing Committees working group on sexual abuse and exploitation which had already been set up a year earlier in June 2002 in response to the report . Informateur . After the fall of the Second Balkenende cabinet , Lubbers became the informateur for the formation of the demissionary interim Third Balkenende cabinet . For the 2010 Dutch cabinet formation , after coalition meetings between Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy , Labour Party , Democrats 66 , and GreenLeft failed to form a new Purple government , Lubbers was asked again to become Informateur to seek possibilities for a new coalition . Personal life and death . On 10 October 1962 , Lubbers married Ria Hoogeweegen ( born 12 November 1940 ) and had two sons and one daughter , Paul , Bart and Heleen . Lubbers died in Rotterdam on 14 February 2018 , at the age of 78 , of natural causes . Among the world leaders who offered condolences were former President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev , Prime Minister of Russia and former President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev , Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel , Secretary-General of the United Nations and former Prime Minister of Portugal and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi and President of the European Commission and former Prime Ministers of Luxembourg Jean-Claude Juncker . His ceremonial funeral was held in Rotterdam on 20 February 2018 and was attended by Prime Minister Mark Rutte and all living former Prime Ministers Dries van Agt , Wim Kok and Jan Peter Balkenende and other high-profile ( former ) politicians . This was also the last public appearance of his successor as Prime Minister Wim Kok , who himself died eight months later at the age of 80 . External links . - Official - Dr . R.F.M . ( Ruud ) Lubbers Parlement & Politiek - Drs . R.F.M . Lubbers Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers I Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers II Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers III Rijksoverheid

easy

What position did Ruud Lubbers take from Nov 1982 to Sep 1989?

/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers#P39#1

Ruud Lubbers Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Ruud Lubbers ( ; 7 May 1939 – 14 February 2018 ) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of the Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) that merged to become the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) party and businessman who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 to 22 August 1994 , and as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005 . Lubbers studied Economics at the Rotterdam School of Economics obtaining a Master of Economics degree and worked as a corporate director for the manufacturing company in Rotterdam from April 1963 until May 1973 and as trade association executive for the Christian Employers Association ( NCW ) from January 1965 until May 1973 . After the election of 1972 Lubbers was appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Den Uyl taking office on 11 May 1973 . Lubbers was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1977 serving from 8 June 1977 until 8 September 1977 . Following the cabinet formation of 1977 Lubbers was asked to become Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning in the new cabinet but declined and returned as a Member of the House of Representatives on 22 December 1977 , serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs . Following the resignation of Parliamentary leader Willem Aantjes Lubbers was selected as his successor taking office on 7 November 1978 . Shortly after the election of 1981 incumbent Prime Minister and Leader Dries van Agt unexpectedly announced he was stepping down and Lubbers was anonymously selected as his successor as Leader and the de facto next Prime Minister . Following cabinet formation of 1982 Lubbers formed the Cabinet Lubbers I and became Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office on 4 November 1982 . For the election of 1986 Lubbers served as Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) and after a cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Lubbers II and continued as Prime Minister for a second term . For the election of 1989 Lubbers again served as Lijsttrekker and following another successful cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Lubbers III and continued as Prime Minister for a third term . In October 1993 Lubbers announced he was stepping down as Leader , and that he would not stand atthe election of 1994 or serve another term as Prime Minister . He left office at the installation of the Cabinet Kok I on 22 August 1994 . Lubbers semi-retired from active politics and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , he also served as a distinguished visiting professor of International relations and Globalization at the Tilburg University and the John F . Kennedy School of Government of the Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts from February 1995 until December 2000 . In November 2000 Lubbers was nominated as the next United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees serving from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005 . Following his retirement Lubbers continued to be active public sector and worked as an advocate , lobbyist and activist for Humanitarian , Conservation , Environmentalism , Sustainable development and Climate change issues . Lubbers was known for his abilities as a team leader and consensus builder . During his premiership , his cabinets were responsible for major reforms to Social security , stimulating Privatization and Sustainable development , revitalizing the economy following the recession in the 1980s and reducing the deficit . Lubbers was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 31 January 1995 and continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until his death at the age of 78 . He is both the youngest Prime Minister of the Netherlands at 43 years , and the longest-serving with , and is consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as one of the best Prime Ministers after World War II . Biography . Early life . Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Lubbers was born on 7 May 1939 in Rotterdam in the Province of South Holland . He studied economics at the Erasmus University Rotterdam , and was a student of the first Nobel Prize in Economics laureate Jan Tinbergen . As suggested by the title of his 1962 thesis – The influence of differing productivity trends in various countries on the current account of the balance of payments – his main interest was in monetary affairs . He originally planned an academic career , but was compelled by family circumstances to join the management of Lubbers Construction Workshops and Machinery Fabricators Hollandia B.V . Politics . From 11 May 1973 to 19 December 1977 , Ruud Lubbers was Minister of Economic Affairs in the Den Uyl-government and a member of the Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) . He was an effective , if sometimes somewhat bad-tempered minister . He chose to return to Parliament on the formation of the Van Agt-government in 1977 , becoming senior deputy parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) , the alliance between the KVP and the other two main Christian parties . His career got an unexpected boost when the leader of the parliamentary faction of the CDA , Willem Aantjes , had to resign in 1978 because of accusations that he had served in the Germanic-SS during the Second World War . Lubbers succeeded him and suddenly found himself in a powerful political position . In 1982 , after the general election won by Prime Minister Dries van Agt , a similar thing happened when Van Agt suddenly announced he would not serve for a third term . Lubbers took over the post . He was the youngest prime minister in Dutch history ; he had turned 43 only six months earlier . Major aspects of his time in office included extensive cutbacks in public spending , the launch of far-reaching deregulation and privatisation programs , and a massive demonstration in The Hague ( 1983 ) against the planned installation in the Netherlands of nuclear-armed U.S . cruise missiles ( which was cancelled after all due to arms reduction talks between the US and the Soviet Union ) . After leaving office in 1994 , Lubbers was put forward as a candidate for the head of NATO , but the U.S . vetoed his appointment . He was on the advisory board of the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum ( OMFIF ) , where he was regularly involved in meetings regarding the financial and monetary system . Lubbers was regarded by many during his time in office as an ideological heir to Margaret Thatcher . One of his campaign slogans was : Meer markt , minder overheid ( more market , less government ) . Ecological activities . In the follow-up of the Earth Summit in 1992 , Lubbers engaged with the Earth Charter Initiative in cooperation with Mikhail Gorbachev and Maurice Strong . The Earth Charter document was launched in the Peace Palace in The Hague in June 2000 . Lubbers was an active member of the international Earth Charter Commission and reached out , especially to youth in the Netherland , with the message of the Earth Charter for a sustainable and peaceful world . Academic . From 1995 to 2000 , he taught Globalization Studies at Tilburg University in the Netherlands and at the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in the United States . He was also vice-chairman of the Independent World Commission on the Oceans and chair of Globus , the Institute for Globalization and Development based in Tilburg . UN High Commissioner for Refugees . At the end of the year 2000 , Lubbers was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to succeed Sadako Ogata as UN High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . From 1 January 2001 , Lubbers headed the UNHCR , which comprised over 5,000 employees who work across the globe , and which was concerned with an estimated 21 million refugees and internally displaced in over 120 countries worldwide . During his tenure , the number of refugees worldwide decreased by almost 22% , from 21.8 million in 2001 to close to 17.1 million at the beginning of 2004 . Lubbers also favoured a generous refugee policy for the Netherlands , and he was critical of the Foreign Citizens Law ( Vreemdelingenwet ) . He also stabilised the UNHCRs financial situation and greatly increased the financial means for the sheltering of refugees . He annually donated some $300,000 to the refugee agency since he assumed his post in 2001 , thereby covering his own $167,000 annual salary and travel expenses . Sexual harassment complaint . In May 2004 , Lubbers was accused by Cynthia Brzak , an American UNHCR employee , of sexual harassment following a meeting in his office that was attended by two other UNHCR staff members . The complaint was reported in the media , prompting Lubbers to inform UNHCR staff about the accusation . On this occasion , he denied any wrongdoing and rejected the allegation against him . On 2 June 2004 , the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) , which was tasked with investigating the accusation , sent its report to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan . In its public annual report to the UN Secretary-General ( presented to the UN General Assembly ) , the OIOS reported concerning the case that it had submitted a report to the Secretary-General supporting the allegations and recommended that appropriate actions be taken accordingly . Lubbers responded to the OIOS report in a letter setting out to ( a ) deny acts of sexual harassment or abuse took place ; ( b ) establish that such evidence of the alleged misconduct as is said to exist is insufficient and flawed ; and ( c ) conclude that the report itself would appear to be based on an irregular statutory basis and also flawed by errors of law and reasoning . Lubbers asked Max van der Stoel , former High Commissioner on National Minorities , to comment on the confidential report . He concluded that the OIOS report is deficient in objectivity and impartiality . He added that the only two other persons in the room did not provide evidence confirming the version given by the complainant . Furthermore , he accused UN officials of leaking information to the press and recommended that an investigation of the leaks be undertaken . The Secretary-General reviewed the report and the responses of the High Commissioner and the senior manager to the report , and decided that the complaint could not be substantiated by the evidence and therefore closed the matter . He is also reported to have consulted with Stephen Schwebel , an American judge and former President of the International Court of Justice . The Secretary-General failed to order an investigation of the deliberate leaking by OIOS itself to the media as recommended by Max van der Stoel . Resignation . In February 2005 , the case was in the news again when the British daily newspaper The Independent obtained a copy of the OIOS report and , accompanied by an article by Kate Holt , published its contents . Among other things , the report stated that : the allegation against Lubbers is substantiated in that Lubbers did engage in unwanted physical contact with the complainant , a subordinate female staff member . New allegations that came to OIOSs attention during the investigation , were also examined and indicate a pattern of sexual harassment by Lubbers , OIOS is also of the view that Lubbers abused his authority as High Commissioner by his intense , pervasive and intimidating attempts to influence the outcome of this Investigation . Lubbers met with the Secretary-General on 18 February 2005 , and resigned as High Commissioner on Sunday , 20 February 2005 , stating to the press : For more than four years I gave all my energy to UNHCR . To be frank , despite all my loyalty , insult has now been added to injury and therefore I resign as High Commissioner . The Secretary-Generals office issued a statement the same day which stated that the High Commissioners resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR . In his letter of resignation , Lubbers stated that his resignation constituted no expression of guilt , but that he had become the victim of smearing , adding that he had resigned in the interest of the organisation . In October 2005 , Annan reiterated that he had come to the conclusion that the evidence did not support the accusation but that , because of ongoing media-pressure , Lubbers resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR . During a farewell meeting for Lubbers as High Commissioner for Refugees , he received from Acting High Commissioner Wendy Chamberlin the first annual UNHCR Achievement Award for exceptional services to UNHCR and for the worlds refugees . In a formal statement , Netherlands Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende called the departure of Lubbers bitter , since the complaint against him had been dismissed as unsustainable . Handling of the UNHCR/SC-UK 2002 report on sexual exploitation in the aid sector in West Africa Three years prior to the controversy over the sexual harassment case , Ruud Lubbers was criticised for his mis-handling of the UNHCR/SC-UK 2002 which uncovered the widespread sexual exploitation of refugee children by aid workers and peacekeepers in three West African countries ( Liberia , Guinea and Sierra Leone ) . The study team which had encountered these findings unexpectedly whilst conducting a broader assessment documented 67 allegations implicating 40 aid agencies and several peacekeeping battalions , and often involving humanitarian workers and peacekeepers exchanging meagre aid supplies ( biscuits , soap , plastic sheeting ) for sex with children . Ruud Lubbers response was to deny these findings , discredit the authors and excuse these behaviours ; for example in a CNN interview on 8 May 2002 , Lubbers was heard to deny the problem in the face of CNNs own research which confirmed the problem existed and was taken to task by the interviewer for dismissing these exploitative relationships inter alia as romances . He was roundly criticised by his own staff for that interview . Despite repeated attempts by Lubbers to lead a negative campaign against the report , the international community and governments in particular , took the allegations seriously and passed a UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/57/306 , Investigation into sexual exploitation of refugees by aid workers in West Africa in May 2003 , requiring the UN to take action at the highest level to tackle such abuses . This led to the UN Secretary-Generals Bulletin , Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse in October 2003 , and an endorsement of the Inter-agency standing Committees working group on sexual abuse and exploitation which had already been set up a year earlier in June 2002 in response to the report . Informateur . After the fall of the Second Balkenende cabinet , Lubbers became the informateur for the formation of the demissionary interim Third Balkenende cabinet . For the 2010 Dutch cabinet formation , after coalition meetings between Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy , Labour Party , Democrats 66 , and GreenLeft failed to form a new Purple government , Lubbers was asked again to become Informateur to seek possibilities for a new coalition . Personal life and death . On 10 October 1962 , Lubbers married Ria Hoogeweegen ( born 12 November 1940 ) and had two sons and one daughter , Paul , Bart and Heleen . Lubbers died in Rotterdam on 14 February 2018 , at the age of 78 , of natural causes . Among the world leaders who offered condolences were former President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev , Prime Minister of Russia and former President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev , Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel , Secretary-General of the United Nations and former Prime Minister of Portugal and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi and President of the European Commission and former Prime Ministers of Luxembourg Jean-Claude Juncker . His ceremonial funeral was held in Rotterdam on 20 February 2018 and was attended by Prime Minister Mark Rutte and all living former Prime Ministers Dries van Agt , Wim Kok and Jan Peter Balkenende and other high-profile ( former ) politicians . This was also the last public appearance of his successor as Prime Minister Wim Kok , who himself died eight months later at the age of 80 . External links . - Official - Dr . R.F.M . ( Ruud ) Lubbers Parlement & Politiek - Drs . R.F.M . Lubbers Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers I Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers II Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers III Rijksoverheid

easy

Which position did Ruud Lubbers hold in Sep 1989?

/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers#P39#2

Ruud Lubbers Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Ruud Lubbers ( ; 7 May 1939 – 14 February 2018 ) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of the Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) that merged to become the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) party and businessman who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 to 22 August 1994 , and as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005 . Lubbers studied Economics at the Rotterdam School of Economics obtaining a Master of Economics degree and worked as a corporate director for the manufacturing company in Rotterdam from April 1963 until May 1973 and as trade association executive for the Christian Employers Association ( NCW ) from January 1965 until May 1973 . After the election of 1972 Lubbers was appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Den Uyl taking office on 11 May 1973 . Lubbers was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1977 serving from 8 June 1977 until 8 September 1977 . Following the cabinet formation of 1977 Lubbers was asked to become Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning in the new cabinet but declined and returned as a Member of the House of Representatives on 22 December 1977 , serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs . Following the resignation of Parliamentary leader Willem Aantjes Lubbers was selected as his successor taking office on 7 November 1978 . Shortly after the election of 1981 incumbent Prime Minister and Leader Dries van Agt unexpectedly announced he was stepping down and Lubbers was anonymously selected as his successor as Leader and the de facto next Prime Minister . Following cabinet formation of 1982 Lubbers formed the Cabinet Lubbers I and became Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office on 4 November 1982 . For the election of 1986 Lubbers served as Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) and after a cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Lubbers II and continued as Prime Minister for a second term . For the election of 1989 Lubbers again served as Lijsttrekker and following another successful cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Lubbers III and continued as Prime Minister for a third term . In October 1993 Lubbers announced he was stepping down as Leader , and that he would not stand atthe election of 1994 or serve another term as Prime Minister . He left office at the installation of the Cabinet Kok I on 22 August 1994 . Lubbers semi-retired from active politics and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , he also served as a distinguished visiting professor of International relations and Globalization at the Tilburg University and the John F . Kennedy School of Government of the Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts from February 1995 until December 2000 . In November 2000 Lubbers was nominated as the next United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees serving from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005 . Following his retirement Lubbers continued to be active public sector and worked as an advocate , lobbyist and activist for Humanitarian , Conservation , Environmentalism , Sustainable development and Climate change issues . Lubbers was known for his abilities as a team leader and consensus builder . During his premiership , his cabinets were responsible for major reforms to Social security , stimulating Privatization and Sustainable development , revitalizing the economy following the recession in the 1980s and reducing the deficit . Lubbers was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 31 January 1995 and continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until his death at the age of 78 . He is both the youngest Prime Minister of the Netherlands at 43 years , and the longest-serving with , and is consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as one of the best Prime Ministers after World War II . Biography . Early life . Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Lubbers was born on 7 May 1939 in Rotterdam in the Province of South Holland . He studied economics at the Erasmus University Rotterdam , and was a student of the first Nobel Prize in Economics laureate Jan Tinbergen . As suggested by the title of his 1962 thesis – The influence of differing productivity trends in various countries on the current account of the balance of payments – his main interest was in monetary affairs . He originally planned an academic career , but was compelled by family circumstances to join the management of Lubbers Construction Workshops and Machinery Fabricators Hollandia B.V . Politics . From 11 May 1973 to 19 December 1977 , Ruud Lubbers was Minister of Economic Affairs in the Den Uyl-government and a member of the Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) . He was an effective , if sometimes somewhat bad-tempered minister . He chose to return to Parliament on the formation of the Van Agt-government in 1977 , becoming senior deputy parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) , the alliance between the KVP and the other two main Christian parties . His career got an unexpected boost when the leader of the parliamentary faction of the CDA , Willem Aantjes , had to resign in 1978 because of accusations that he had served in the Germanic-SS during the Second World War . Lubbers succeeded him and suddenly found himself in a powerful political position . In 1982 , after the general election won by Prime Minister Dries van Agt , a similar thing happened when Van Agt suddenly announced he would not serve for a third term . Lubbers took over the post . He was the youngest prime minister in Dutch history ; he had turned 43 only six months earlier . Major aspects of his time in office included extensive cutbacks in public spending , the launch of far-reaching deregulation and privatisation programs , and a massive demonstration in The Hague ( 1983 ) against the planned installation in the Netherlands of nuclear-armed U.S . cruise missiles ( which was cancelled after all due to arms reduction talks between the US and the Soviet Union ) . After leaving office in 1994 , Lubbers was put forward as a candidate for the head of NATO , but the U.S . vetoed his appointment . He was on the advisory board of the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum ( OMFIF ) , where he was regularly involved in meetings regarding the financial and monetary system . Lubbers was regarded by many during his time in office as an ideological heir to Margaret Thatcher . One of his campaign slogans was : Meer markt , minder overheid ( more market , less government ) . Ecological activities . In the follow-up of the Earth Summit in 1992 , Lubbers engaged with the Earth Charter Initiative in cooperation with Mikhail Gorbachev and Maurice Strong . The Earth Charter document was launched in the Peace Palace in The Hague in June 2000 . Lubbers was an active member of the international Earth Charter Commission and reached out , especially to youth in the Netherland , with the message of the Earth Charter for a sustainable and peaceful world . Academic . From 1995 to 2000 , he taught Globalization Studies at Tilburg University in the Netherlands and at the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in the United States . He was also vice-chairman of the Independent World Commission on the Oceans and chair of Globus , the Institute for Globalization and Development based in Tilburg . UN High Commissioner for Refugees . At the end of the year 2000 , Lubbers was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to succeed Sadako Ogata as UN High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . From 1 January 2001 , Lubbers headed the UNHCR , which comprised over 5,000 employees who work across the globe , and which was concerned with an estimated 21 million refugees and internally displaced in over 120 countries worldwide . During his tenure , the number of refugees worldwide decreased by almost 22% , from 21.8 million in 2001 to close to 17.1 million at the beginning of 2004 . Lubbers also favoured a generous refugee policy for the Netherlands , and he was critical of the Foreign Citizens Law ( Vreemdelingenwet ) . He also stabilised the UNHCRs financial situation and greatly increased the financial means for the sheltering of refugees . He annually donated some $300,000 to the refugee agency since he assumed his post in 2001 , thereby covering his own $167,000 annual salary and travel expenses . Sexual harassment complaint . In May 2004 , Lubbers was accused by Cynthia Brzak , an American UNHCR employee , of sexual harassment following a meeting in his office that was attended by two other UNHCR staff members . The complaint was reported in the media , prompting Lubbers to inform UNHCR staff about the accusation . On this occasion , he denied any wrongdoing and rejected the allegation against him . On 2 June 2004 , the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) , which was tasked with investigating the accusation , sent its report to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan . In its public annual report to the UN Secretary-General ( presented to the UN General Assembly ) , the OIOS reported concerning the case that it had submitted a report to the Secretary-General supporting the allegations and recommended that appropriate actions be taken accordingly . Lubbers responded to the OIOS report in a letter setting out to ( a ) deny acts of sexual harassment or abuse took place ; ( b ) establish that such evidence of the alleged misconduct as is said to exist is insufficient and flawed ; and ( c ) conclude that the report itself would appear to be based on an irregular statutory basis and also flawed by errors of law and reasoning . Lubbers asked Max van der Stoel , former High Commissioner on National Minorities , to comment on the confidential report . He concluded that the OIOS report is deficient in objectivity and impartiality . He added that the only two other persons in the room did not provide evidence confirming the version given by the complainant . Furthermore , he accused UN officials of leaking information to the press and recommended that an investigation of the leaks be undertaken . The Secretary-General reviewed the report and the responses of the High Commissioner and the senior manager to the report , and decided that the complaint could not be substantiated by the evidence and therefore closed the matter . He is also reported to have consulted with Stephen Schwebel , an American judge and former President of the International Court of Justice . The Secretary-General failed to order an investigation of the deliberate leaking by OIOS itself to the media as recommended by Max van der Stoel . Resignation . In February 2005 , the case was in the news again when the British daily newspaper The Independent obtained a copy of the OIOS report and , accompanied by an article by Kate Holt , published its contents . Among other things , the report stated that : the allegation against Lubbers is substantiated in that Lubbers did engage in unwanted physical contact with the complainant , a subordinate female staff member . New allegations that came to OIOSs attention during the investigation , were also examined and indicate a pattern of sexual harassment by Lubbers , OIOS is also of the view that Lubbers abused his authority as High Commissioner by his intense , pervasive and intimidating attempts to influence the outcome of this Investigation . Lubbers met with the Secretary-General on 18 February 2005 , and resigned as High Commissioner on Sunday , 20 February 2005 , stating to the press : For more than four years I gave all my energy to UNHCR . To be frank , despite all my loyalty , insult has now been added to injury and therefore I resign as High Commissioner . The Secretary-Generals office issued a statement the same day which stated that the High Commissioners resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR . In his letter of resignation , Lubbers stated that his resignation constituted no expression of guilt , but that he had become the victim of smearing , adding that he had resigned in the interest of the organisation . In October 2005 , Annan reiterated that he had come to the conclusion that the evidence did not support the accusation but that , because of ongoing media-pressure , Lubbers resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR . During a farewell meeting for Lubbers as High Commissioner for Refugees , he received from Acting High Commissioner Wendy Chamberlin the first annual UNHCR Achievement Award for exceptional services to UNHCR and for the worlds refugees . In a formal statement , Netherlands Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende called the departure of Lubbers bitter , since the complaint against him had been dismissed as unsustainable . Handling of the UNHCR/SC-UK 2002 report on sexual exploitation in the aid sector in West Africa Three years prior to the controversy over the sexual harassment case , Ruud Lubbers was criticised for his mis-handling of the UNHCR/SC-UK 2002 which uncovered the widespread sexual exploitation of refugee children by aid workers and peacekeepers in three West African countries ( Liberia , Guinea and Sierra Leone ) . The study team which had encountered these findings unexpectedly whilst conducting a broader assessment documented 67 allegations implicating 40 aid agencies and several peacekeeping battalions , and often involving humanitarian workers and peacekeepers exchanging meagre aid supplies ( biscuits , soap , plastic sheeting ) for sex with children . Ruud Lubbers response was to deny these findings , discredit the authors and excuse these behaviours ; for example in a CNN interview on 8 May 2002 , Lubbers was heard to deny the problem in the face of CNNs own research which confirmed the problem existed and was taken to task by the interviewer for dismissing these exploitative relationships inter alia as romances . He was roundly criticised by his own staff for that interview . Despite repeated attempts by Lubbers to lead a negative campaign against the report , the international community and governments in particular , took the allegations seriously and passed a UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/57/306 , Investigation into sexual exploitation of refugees by aid workers in West Africa in May 2003 , requiring the UN to take action at the highest level to tackle such abuses . This led to the UN Secretary-Generals Bulletin , Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse in October 2003 , and an endorsement of the Inter-agency standing Committees working group on sexual abuse and exploitation which had already been set up a year earlier in June 2002 in response to the report . Informateur . After the fall of the Second Balkenende cabinet , Lubbers became the informateur for the formation of the demissionary interim Third Balkenende cabinet . For the 2010 Dutch cabinet formation , after coalition meetings between Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy , Labour Party , Democrats 66 , and GreenLeft failed to form a new Purple government , Lubbers was asked again to become Informateur to seek possibilities for a new coalition . Personal life and death . On 10 October 1962 , Lubbers married Ria Hoogeweegen ( born 12 November 1940 ) and had two sons and one daughter , Paul , Bart and Heleen . Lubbers died in Rotterdam on 14 February 2018 , at the age of 78 , of natural causes . Among the world leaders who offered condolences were former President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev , Prime Minister of Russia and former President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev , Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel , Secretary-General of the United Nations and former Prime Minister of Portugal and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi and President of the European Commission and former Prime Ministers of Luxembourg Jean-Claude Juncker . His ceremonial funeral was held in Rotterdam on 20 February 2018 and was attended by Prime Minister Mark Rutte and all living former Prime Ministers Dries van Agt , Wim Kok and Jan Peter Balkenende and other high-profile ( former ) politicians . This was also the last public appearance of his successor as Prime Minister Wim Kok , who himself died eight months later at the age of 80 . External links . - Official - Dr . R.F.M . ( Ruud ) Lubbers Parlement & Politiek - Drs . R.F.M . Lubbers Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers I Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers II Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers III Rijksoverheid

easy

What position did Ruud Lubbers take from 2001 to Feb 2005?

/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers#P39#3

Ruud Lubbers Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Ruud Lubbers ( ; 7 May 1939 – 14 February 2018 ) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of the Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) that merged to become the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) party and businessman who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 4 November 1982 to 22 August 1994 , and as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005 . Lubbers studied Economics at the Rotterdam School of Economics obtaining a Master of Economics degree and worked as a corporate director for the manufacturing company in Rotterdam from April 1963 until May 1973 and as trade association executive for the Christian Employers Association ( NCW ) from January 1965 until May 1973 . After the election of 1972 Lubbers was appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Den Uyl taking office on 11 May 1973 . Lubbers was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 1977 serving from 8 June 1977 until 8 September 1977 . Following the cabinet formation of 1977 Lubbers was asked to become Minister of Housing and Spatial Planning in the new cabinet but declined and returned as a Member of the House of Representatives on 22 December 1977 , serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Economic Affairs . Following the resignation of Parliamentary leader Willem Aantjes Lubbers was selected as his successor taking office on 7 November 1978 . Shortly after the election of 1981 incumbent Prime Minister and Leader Dries van Agt unexpectedly announced he was stepping down and Lubbers was anonymously selected as his successor as Leader and the de facto next Prime Minister . Following cabinet formation of 1982 Lubbers formed the Cabinet Lubbers I and became Prime Minister of the Netherlands taking office on 4 November 1982 . For the election of 1986 Lubbers served as Lijsttrekker ( top candidate ) and after a cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Lubbers II and continued as Prime Minister for a second term . For the election of 1989 Lubbers again served as Lijsttrekker and following another successful cabinet formation formed the Cabinet Lubbers III and continued as Prime Minister for a third term . In October 1993 Lubbers announced he was stepping down as Leader , and that he would not stand atthe election of 1994 or serve another term as Prime Minister . He left office at the installation of the Cabinet Kok I on 22 August 1994 . Lubbers semi-retired from active politics and became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several and councils on behalf of the government , he also served as a distinguished visiting professor of International relations and Globalization at the Tilburg University and the John F . Kennedy School of Government of the Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts from February 1995 until December 2000 . In November 2000 Lubbers was nominated as the next United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees serving from 1 January 2001 until 20 February 2005 . Following his retirement Lubbers continued to be active public sector and worked as an advocate , lobbyist and activist for Humanitarian , Conservation , Environmentalism , Sustainable development and Climate change issues . Lubbers was known for his abilities as a team leader and consensus builder . During his premiership , his cabinets were responsible for major reforms to Social security , stimulating Privatization and Sustainable development , revitalizing the economy following the recession in the 1980s and reducing the deficit . Lubbers was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 31 January 1995 and continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until his death at the age of 78 . He is both the youngest Prime Minister of the Netherlands at 43 years , and the longest-serving with , and is consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as one of the best Prime Ministers after World War II . Biography . Early life . Rudolphus Franciscus Marie Lubbers was born on 7 May 1939 in Rotterdam in the Province of South Holland . He studied economics at the Erasmus University Rotterdam , and was a student of the first Nobel Prize in Economics laureate Jan Tinbergen . As suggested by the title of his 1962 thesis – The influence of differing productivity trends in various countries on the current account of the balance of payments – his main interest was in monetary affairs . He originally planned an academic career , but was compelled by family circumstances to join the management of Lubbers Construction Workshops and Machinery Fabricators Hollandia B.V . Politics . From 11 May 1973 to 19 December 1977 , Ruud Lubbers was Minister of Economic Affairs in the Den Uyl-government and a member of the Catholic Peoples Party ( KVP ) . He was an effective , if sometimes somewhat bad-tempered minister . He chose to return to Parliament on the formation of the Van Agt-government in 1977 , becoming senior deputy parliamentary leader of the Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA ) , the alliance between the KVP and the other two main Christian parties . His career got an unexpected boost when the leader of the parliamentary faction of the CDA , Willem Aantjes , had to resign in 1978 because of accusations that he had served in the Germanic-SS during the Second World War . Lubbers succeeded him and suddenly found himself in a powerful political position . In 1982 , after the general election won by Prime Minister Dries van Agt , a similar thing happened when Van Agt suddenly announced he would not serve for a third term . Lubbers took over the post . He was the youngest prime minister in Dutch history ; he had turned 43 only six months earlier . Major aspects of his time in office included extensive cutbacks in public spending , the launch of far-reaching deregulation and privatisation programs , and a massive demonstration in The Hague ( 1983 ) against the planned installation in the Netherlands of nuclear-armed U.S . cruise missiles ( which was cancelled after all due to arms reduction talks between the US and the Soviet Union ) . After leaving office in 1994 , Lubbers was put forward as a candidate for the head of NATO , but the U.S . vetoed his appointment . He was on the advisory board of the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Forum ( OMFIF ) , where he was regularly involved in meetings regarding the financial and monetary system . Lubbers was regarded by many during his time in office as an ideological heir to Margaret Thatcher . One of his campaign slogans was : Meer markt , minder overheid ( more market , less government ) . Ecological activities . In the follow-up of the Earth Summit in 1992 , Lubbers engaged with the Earth Charter Initiative in cooperation with Mikhail Gorbachev and Maurice Strong . The Earth Charter document was launched in the Peace Palace in The Hague in June 2000 . Lubbers was an active member of the international Earth Charter Commission and reached out , especially to youth in the Netherland , with the message of the Earth Charter for a sustainable and peaceful world . Academic . From 1995 to 2000 , he taught Globalization Studies at Tilburg University in the Netherlands and at the John F . Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in the United States . He was also vice-chairman of the Independent World Commission on the Oceans and chair of Globus , the Institute for Globalization and Development based in Tilburg . UN High Commissioner for Refugees . At the end of the year 2000 , Lubbers was appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to succeed Sadako Ogata as UN High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . From 1 January 2001 , Lubbers headed the UNHCR , which comprised over 5,000 employees who work across the globe , and which was concerned with an estimated 21 million refugees and internally displaced in over 120 countries worldwide . During his tenure , the number of refugees worldwide decreased by almost 22% , from 21.8 million in 2001 to close to 17.1 million at the beginning of 2004 . Lubbers also favoured a generous refugee policy for the Netherlands , and he was critical of the Foreign Citizens Law ( Vreemdelingenwet ) . He also stabilised the UNHCRs financial situation and greatly increased the financial means for the sheltering of refugees . He annually donated some $300,000 to the refugee agency since he assumed his post in 2001 , thereby covering his own $167,000 annual salary and travel expenses . Sexual harassment complaint . In May 2004 , Lubbers was accused by Cynthia Brzak , an American UNHCR employee , of sexual harassment following a meeting in his office that was attended by two other UNHCR staff members . The complaint was reported in the media , prompting Lubbers to inform UNHCR staff about the accusation . On this occasion , he denied any wrongdoing and rejected the allegation against him . On 2 June 2004 , the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) , which was tasked with investigating the accusation , sent its report to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan . In its public annual report to the UN Secretary-General ( presented to the UN General Assembly ) , the OIOS reported concerning the case that it had submitted a report to the Secretary-General supporting the allegations and recommended that appropriate actions be taken accordingly . Lubbers responded to the OIOS report in a letter setting out to ( a ) deny acts of sexual harassment or abuse took place ; ( b ) establish that such evidence of the alleged misconduct as is said to exist is insufficient and flawed ; and ( c ) conclude that the report itself would appear to be based on an irregular statutory basis and also flawed by errors of law and reasoning . Lubbers asked Max van der Stoel , former High Commissioner on National Minorities , to comment on the confidential report . He concluded that the OIOS report is deficient in objectivity and impartiality . He added that the only two other persons in the room did not provide evidence confirming the version given by the complainant . Furthermore , he accused UN officials of leaking information to the press and recommended that an investigation of the leaks be undertaken . The Secretary-General reviewed the report and the responses of the High Commissioner and the senior manager to the report , and decided that the complaint could not be substantiated by the evidence and therefore closed the matter . He is also reported to have consulted with Stephen Schwebel , an American judge and former President of the International Court of Justice . The Secretary-General failed to order an investigation of the deliberate leaking by OIOS itself to the media as recommended by Max van der Stoel . Resignation . In February 2005 , the case was in the news again when the British daily newspaper The Independent obtained a copy of the OIOS report and , accompanied by an article by Kate Holt , published its contents . Among other things , the report stated that : the allegation against Lubbers is substantiated in that Lubbers did engage in unwanted physical contact with the complainant , a subordinate female staff member . New allegations that came to OIOSs attention during the investigation , were also examined and indicate a pattern of sexual harassment by Lubbers , OIOS is also of the view that Lubbers abused his authority as High Commissioner by his intense , pervasive and intimidating attempts to influence the outcome of this Investigation . Lubbers met with the Secretary-General on 18 February 2005 , and resigned as High Commissioner on Sunday , 20 February 2005 , stating to the press : For more than four years I gave all my energy to UNHCR . To be frank , despite all my loyalty , insult has now been added to injury and therefore I resign as High Commissioner . The Secretary-Generals office issued a statement the same day which stated that the High Commissioners resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR . In his letter of resignation , Lubbers stated that his resignation constituted no expression of guilt , but that he had become the victim of smearing , adding that he had resigned in the interest of the organisation . In October 2005 , Annan reiterated that he had come to the conclusion that the evidence did not support the accusation but that , because of ongoing media-pressure , Lubbers resignation was in the best interests of the UNHCR . During a farewell meeting for Lubbers as High Commissioner for Refugees , he received from Acting High Commissioner Wendy Chamberlin the first annual UNHCR Achievement Award for exceptional services to UNHCR and for the worlds refugees . In a formal statement , Netherlands Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende called the departure of Lubbers bitter , since the complaint against him had been dismissed as unsustainable . Handling of the UNHCR/SC-UK 2002 report on sexual exploitation in the aid sector in West Africa Three years prior to the controversy over the sexual harassment case , Ruud Lubbers was criticised for his mis-handling of the UNHCR/SC-UK 2002 which uncovered the widespread sexual exploitation of refugee children by aid workers and peacekeepers in three West African countries ( Liberia , Guinea and Sierra Leone ) . The study team which had encountered these findings unexpectedly whilst conducting a broader assessment documented 67 allegations implicating 40 aid agencies and several peacekeeping battalions , and often involving humanitarian workers and peacekeepers exchanging meagre aid supplies ( biscuits , soap , plastic sheeting ) for sex with children . Ruud Lubbers response was to deny these findings , discredit the authors and excuse these behaviours ; for example in a CNN interview on 8 May 2002 , Lubbers was heard to deny the problem in the face of CNNs own research which confirmed the problem existed and was taken to task by the interviewer for dismissing these exploitative relationships inter alia as romances . He was roundly criticised by his own staff for that interview . Despite repeated attempts by Lubbers to lead a negative campaign against the report , the international community and governments in particular , took the allegations seriously and passed a UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/57/306 , Investigation into sexual exploitation of refugees by aid workers in West Africa in May 2003 , requiring the UN to take action at the highest level to tackle such abuses . This led to the UN Secretary-Generals Bulletin , Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse in October 2003 , and an endorsement of the Inter-agency standing Committees working group on sexual abuse and exploitation which had already been set up a year earlier in June 2002 in response to the report . Informateur . After the fall of the Second Balkenende cabinet , Lubbers became the informateur for the formation of the demissionary interim Third Balkenende cabinet . For the 2010 Dutch cabinet formation , after coalition meetings between Peoples Party for Freedom and Democracy , Labour Party , Democrats 66 , and GreenLeft failed to form a new Purple government , Lubbers was asked again to become Informateur to seek possibilities for a new coalition . Personal life and death . On 10 October 1962 , Lubbers married Ria Hoogeweegen ( born 12 November 1940 ) and had two sons and one daughter , Paul , Bart and Heleen . Lubbers died in Rotterdam on 14 February 2018 , at the age of 78 , of natural causes . Among the world leaders who offered condolences were former President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev , Prime Minister of Russia and former President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev , Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel , Secretary-General of the United Nations and former Prime Minister of Portugal and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees António Guterres , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi and President of the European Commission and former Prime Ministers of Luxembourg Jean-Claude Juncker . His ceremonial funeral was held in Rotterdam on 20 February 2018 and was attended by Prime Minister Mark Rutte and all living former Prime Ministers Dries van Agt , Wim Kok and Jan Peter Balkenende and other high-profile ( former ) politicians . This was also the last public appearance of his successor as Prime Minister Wim Kok , who himself died eight months later at the age of 80 . External links . - Official - Dr . R.F.M . ( Ruud ) Lubbers Parlement & Politiek - Drs . R.F.M . Lubbers Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers I Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers II Rijksoverheid - Kabinet-Lubbers III Rijksoverheid

easy

Which school did Srđa Trifković go to from 1976 to 1977?

/wiki/Srđa_Trifković#P69#0

Srđa Trifković Srđa Trifković ( , ; born 19 July 1954 ) is a Serbian-American publicist , politician and historian . He is a foreign affairs editor for the paleoconservative magazine Chronicles . He was director of the Center for International Affairs at the Rockford Institute until his resignation on 31 December 2008 . Trifković was an unofficial spokesman for the Republika Srpska government in the 1990s and a former adviser to Serbian president Vojislav Koštunica and Republika Srpska president Biljana Plavšić . Trifković is the author of many books , among which is Sword of the Prophet , a book on the history , doctrines , and impact of Islam on the world . He comments on Balkan politics and is a regular columnist for several conservative publications in the United States . Trifković argues that the accepted interpretation of the Srebrenica genocide is a myth based on a lie . Biography . Trifković earned a BA ( Hon ) in International Relations from the University of Sussex in 1977 and another , in Political Science , from the University of Zagreb in 1987 . Since 1990 he has held a PhD in modern history from the University of Southampton , and in 1991-1992 he pursued post-doctoral research on a Title VIII grant from the U.S . Department of State as a Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution in California . Beginning in 1980 , he has been a radio broadcaster for BBC World Service and Voice of America and later a correspondent covering southeast Europe for U.S . News & World Report and the Washington Times during which time he was an editor for the Belgrade magazine Duga . In 1994–95 he acted as an unofficial spokesman for the Bosnian Serb government ( while preferring to describe himself as a Balkan affairs analyst with close links to the Bosnian Serbs ) . He has published op-eds and commentaries in The Times of London , the San Francisco Chronicle , the American Conservative , the Philadelphia Inquirer , and The Alternative Right . He has been a commentator on numerous national and international TV and radio programs , including MSNBC , CNN , CNN International , Sky News , BBC Radio 4 , BBC World Service and CBC . He has contributed to Liberty , the newspaper of the Serbian National Defense Council of America . He has been an adjunct professor at the University of St Thomas in Houston , Texas ( 1996–1997 ) , and , in August 1997 , joined the faculty of Rose Hill College in Aiken , South Carolina . He has worked as unofficial representative of the Republika Srpska in London . In February 2000 , he testified to the Canadian House of Commons on the situation in the Balkans . In July 2000 he took part in a Congressional briefing organized by Rep . Dennis Kucinich . In March 2003 , he testified as a defense witness for Milomir Stakić at his trial before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia . Stakić was later convicted of extermination , murder and persecutions and sentenced to 40 years imprisonment . In June 2006 , he was one of two dozen people who presented works at a symposium on the Holocaust in Yugoslavia , 1941–1945 , co-organized by two Serbian institutions and held at Yad Vashem Center in Jerusalem . In September 2008 , he testified as a defense witness for Ljubiša Beara in the Popović et al . trial . Beara was later convicted of genocide , extermination , murder , persecutions and sentenced to life imprisonment . In August 2011 , responding to the claim that his work inspired Norwegian murderer Anders Behring Breivik , Trifković rejected the idea that his work was a basis for the actions of this mentally deranged narcissistic psychopath any more than the Beatles have inspired Charles Manson . In 2013 he testified on behalf of Radovan Karadžić . Trifković denied being a former spokesman for Karadžić at a time he was a journalist and analyst reporting on Karadžićs activities . He is also professor in Faculty of Political Science of University of Banja Luka in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Writings on Islam . Trifković is the author of Sword of the Prophet : The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam , a book about the history and tenets of Islam which identifies the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as the greatest danger to Western values since the end of the Cold War . According to James Bissett , former Canadian ambassador to Yugoslavia and a close associate of Trifković , Trifković sees the source of this threat in the absence of separation of church and state under Islam - because Islam is a way of life , Muslims are required to subordinate themselves to the teachings of Allah and live as members of the total Islamic community , calling into question their ability to give their political loyalty to a non-Muslim state . Trifković considers this to be a particularly important issue for the countries of Western Europe , with a population of over 50 million Muslims , and the United States ( approx . 3.3 million ) . Refusal of admission to Canada . In February 2011 , Canadian authorities refused to allow Trifković entry into Canada to address a meeting at the University of British Columbia at Vancouver . Trifković reported in the journal Chronicles that he was refused entry to Canada on 24 February 2011 on the transparently spurious grounds that he was inadmissible on grounds of violating human or international rights for being a proscribed senior official in the service of a government that , in the opinion of the minister , engages or has engaged in terrorism , systematic or gross human rights violations , or genocide , a war crime or a crime against humanity within the meaning of subsections 6 ( 3 ) to ( 5 ) of the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act . He claimed his inadmissibility was due to contacts with the Bosnian Serb leaders in the early 1990s but claimed that the Canadian authorities grounds for refusing him admission were transparently spurious and they had in fact yielded to a Bosniak-inspired campaign against him . The Canadian Institute for the Research of Genocide alleged that Trifković was promoting hatred , antisemitism and Islamophobia and accused him of publicly denying what New American termed the alleged massacre of Bosniaks at Srebrenica in July 1995 , found by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to be a crime of genocide . Works . - Ustasa : Croatian separatism and European politics , 1929-1945 , London ( 1998 ) ; - The Sword of the Prophet : The politically incorrect guide to Islam : History , Theology , Impact on the World , Boston , Regina Orthodox Press ( 2002 ) ; - Defeating Jihad : How the War on Terrorism May Yet Be Won , In Spite of Ourselves , Regina Orthodox Press ( 2006 ) - The Krajina Chronicle : A History of Serbs in Croatia , Slavonia and Dalmatia , The Lord Byron Foundation , ( 2010 ) Filmography . - The Weight of Chains ( documentary interview )

easy

Which school did Srđa Trifković go to from 1977 to 1987?

/wiki/Srđa_Trifković#P69#1

Srđa Trifković Srđa Trifković ( , ; born 19 July 1954 ) is a Serbian-American publicist , politician and historian . He is a foreign affairs editor for the paleoconservative magazine Chronicles . He was director of the Center for International Affairs at the Rockford Institute until his resignation on 31 December 2008 . Trifković was an unofficial spokesman for the Republika Srpska government in the 1990s and a former adviser to Serbian president Vojislav Koštunica and Republika Srpska president Biljana Plavšić . Trifković is the author of many books , among which is Sword of the Prophet , a book on the history , doctrines , and impact of Islam on the world . He comments on Balkan politics and is a regular columnist for several conservative publications in the United States . Trifković argues that the accepted interpretation of the Srebrenica genocide is a myth based on a lie . Biography . Trifković earned a BA ( Hon ) in International Relations from the University of Sussex in 1977 and another , in Political Science , from the University of Zagreb in 1987 . Since 1990 he has held a PhD in modern history from the University of Southampton , and in 1991-1992 he pursued post-doctoral research on a Title VIII grant from the U.S . Department of State as a Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution in California . Beginning in 1980 , he has been a radio broadcaster for BBC World Service and Voice of America and later a correspondent covering southeast Europe for U.S . News & World Report and the Washington Times during which time he was an editor for the Belgrade magazine Duga . In 1994–95 he acted as an unofficial spokesman for the Bosnian Serb government ( while preferring to describe himself as a Balkan affairs analyst with close links to the Bosnian Serbs ) . He has published op-eds and commentaries in The Times of London , the San Francisco Chronicle , the American Conservative , the Philadelphia Inquirer , and The Alternative Right . He has been a commentator on numerous national and international TV and radio programs , including MSNBC , CNN , CNN International , Sky News , BBC Radio 4 , BBC World Service and CBC . He has contributed to Liberty , the newspaper of the Serbian National Defense Council of America . He has been an adjunct professor at the University of St Thomas in Houston , Texas ( 1996–1997 ) , and , in August 1997 , joined the faculty of Rose Hill College in Aiken , South Carolina . He has worked as unofficial representative of the Republika Srpska in London . In February 2000 , he testified to the Canadian House of Commons on the situation in the Balkans . In July 2000 he took part in a Congressional briefing organized by Rep . Dennis Kucinich . In March 2003 , he testified as a defense witness for Milomir Stakić at his trial before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia . Stakić was later convicted of extermination , murder and persecutions and sentenced to 40 years imprisonment . In June 2006 , he was one of two dozen people who presented works at a symposium on the Holocaust in Yugoslavia , 1941–1945 , co-organized by two Serbian institutions and held at Yad Vashem Center in Jerusalem . In September 2008 , he testified as a defense witness for Ljubiša Beara in the Popović et al . trial . Beara was later convicted of genocide , extermination , murder , persecutions and sentenced to life imprisonment . In August 2011 , responding to the claim that his work inspired Norwegian murderer Anders Behring Breivik , Trifković rejected the idea that his work was a basis for the actions of this mentally deranged narcissistic psychopath any more than the Beatles have inspired Charles Manson . In 2013 he testified on behalf of Radovan Karadžić . Trifković denied being a former spokesman for Karadžić at a time he was a journalist and analyst reporting on Karadžićs activities . He is also professor in Faculty of Political Science of University of Banja Luka in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Writings on Islam . Trifković is the author of Sword of the Prophet : The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam , a book about the history and tenets of Islam which identifies the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as the greatest danger to Western values since the end of the Cold War . According to James Bissett , former Canadian ambassador to Yugoslavia and a close associate of Trifković , Trifković sees the source of this threat in the absence of separation of church and state under Islam - because Islam is a way of life , Muslims are required to subordinate themselves to the teachings of Allah and live as members of the total Islamic community , calling into question their ability to give their political loyalty to a non-Muslim state . Trifković considers this to be a particularly important issue for the countries of Western Europe , with a population of over 50 million Muslims , and the United States ( approx . 3.3 million ) . Refusal of admission to Canada . In February 2011 , Canadian authorities refused to allow Trifković entry into Canada to address a meeting at the University of British Columbia at Vancouver . Trifković reported in the journal Chronicles that he was refused entry to Canada on 24 February 2011 on the transparently spurious grounds that he was inadmissible on grounds of violating human or international rights for being a proscribed senior official in the service of a government that , in the opinion of the minister , engages or has engaged in terrorism , systematic or gross human rights violations , or genocide , a war crime or a crime against humanity within the meaning of subsections 6 ( 3 ) to ( 5 ) of the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act . He claimed his inadmissibility was due to contacts with the Bosnian Serb leaders in the early 1990s but claimed that the Canadian authorities grounds for refusing him admission were transparently spurious and they had in fact yielded to a Bosniak-inspired campaign against him . The Canadian Institute for the Research of Genocide alleged that Trifković was promoting hatred , antisemitism and Islamophobia and accused him of publicly denying what New American termed the alleged massacre of Bosniaks at Srebrenica in July 1995 , found by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to be a crime of genocide . Works . - Ustasa : Croatian separatism and European politics , 1929-1945 , London ( 1998 ) ; - The Sword of the Prophet : The politically incorrect guide to Islam : History , Theology , Impact on the World , Boston , Regina Orthodox Press ( 2002 ) ; - Defeating Jihad : How the War on Terrorism May Yet Be Won , In Spite of Ourselves , Regina Orthodox Press ( 2006 ) - The Krajina Chronicle : A History of Serbs in Croatia , Slavonia and Dalmatia , The Lord Byron Foundation , ( 2010 ) Filmography . - The Weight of Chains ( documentary interview )

easy

Srđa Trifković went to which school from 1987 to 1990?

/wiki/Srđa_Trifković#P69#2

Srđa Trifković Srđa Trifković ( , ; born 19 July 1954 ) is a Serbian-American publicist , politician and historian . He is a foreign affairs editor for the paleoconservative magazine Chronicles . He was director of the Center for International Affairs at the Rockford Institute until his resignation on 31 December 2008 . Trifković was an unofficial spokesman for the Republika Srpska government in the 1990s and a former adviser to Serbian president Vojislav Koštunica and Republika Srpska president Biljana Plavšić . Trifković is the author of many books , among which is Sword of the Prophet , a book on the history , doctrines , and impact of Islam on the world . He comments on Balkan politics and is a regular columnist for several conservative publications in the United States . Trifković argues that the accepted interpretation of the Srebrenica genocide is a myth based on a lie . Biography . Trifković earned a BA ( Hon ) in International Relations from the University of Sussex in 1977 and another , in Political Science , from the University of Zagreb in 1987 . Since 1990 he has held a PhD in modern history from the University of Southampton , and in 1991-1992 he pursued post-doctoral research on a Title VIII grant from the U.S . Department of State as a Visiting Scholar at the Hoover Institution in California . Beginning in 1980 , he has been a radio broadcaster for BBC World Service and Voice of America and later a correspondent covering southeast Europe for U.S . News & World Report and the Washington Times during which time he was an editor for the Belgrade magazine Duga . In 1994–95 he acted as an unofficial spokesman for the Bosnian Serb government ( while preferring to describe himself as a Balkan affairs analyst with close links to the Bosnian Serbs ) . He has published op-eds and commentaries in The Times of London , the San Francisco Chronicle , the American Conservative , the Philadelphia Inquirer , and The Alternative Right . He has been a commentator on numerous national and international TV and radio programs , including MSNBC , CNN , CNN International , Sky News , BBC Radio 4 , BBC World Service and CBC . He has contributed to Liberty , the newspaper of the Serbian National Defense Council of America . He has been an adjunct professor at the University of St Thomas in Houston , Texas ( 1996–1997 ) , and , in August 1997 , joined the faculty of Rose Hill College in Aiken , South Carolina . He has worked as unofficial representative of the Republika Srpska in London . In February 2000 , he testified to the Canadian House of Commons on the situation in the Balkans . In July 2000 he took part in a Congressional briefing organized by Rep . Dennis Kucinich . In March 2003 , he testified as a defense witness for Milomir Stakić at his trial before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia . Stakić was later convicted of extermination , murder and persecutions and sentenced to 40 years imprisonment . In June 2006 , he was one of two dozen people who presented works at a symposium on the Holocaust in Yugoslavia , 1941–1945 , co-organized by two Serbian institutions and held at Yad Vashem Center in Jerusalem . In September 2008 , he testified as a defense witness for Ljubiša Beara in the Popović et al . trial . Beara was later convicted of genocide , extermination , murder , persecutions and sentenced to life imprisonment . In August 2011 , responding to the claim that his work inspired Norwegian murderer Anders Behring Breivik , Trifković rejected the idea that his work was a basis for the actions of this mentally deranged narcissistic psychopath any more than the Beatles have inspired Charles Manson . In 2013 he testified on behalf of Radovan Karadžić . Trifković denied being a former spokesman for Karadžić at a time he was a journalist and analyst reporting on Karadžićs activities . He is also professor in Faculty of Political Science of University of Banja Luka in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Writings on Islam . Trifković is the author of Sword of the Prophet : The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam , a book about the history and tenets of Islam which identifies the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as the greatest danger to Western values since the end of the Cold War . According to James Bissett , former Canadian ambassador to Yugoslavia and a close associate of Trifković , Trifković sees the source of this threat in the absence of separation of church and state under Islam - because Islam is a way of life , Muslims are required to subordinate themselves to the teachings of Allah and live as members of the total Islamic community , calling into question their ability to give their political loyalty to a non-Muslim state . Trifković considers this to be a particularly important issue for the countries of Western Europe , with a population of over 50 million Muslims , and the United States ( approx . 3.3 million ) . Refusal of admission to Canada . In February 2011 , Canadian authorities refused to allow Trifković entry into Canada to address a meeting at the University of British Columbia at Vancouver . Trifković reported in the journal Chronicles that he was refused entry to Canada on 24 February 2011 on the transparently spurious grounds that he was inadmissible on grounds of violating human or international rights for being a proscribed senior official in the service of a government that , in the opinion of the minister , engages or has engaged in terrorism , systematic or gross human rights violations , or genocide , a war crime or a crime against humanity within the meaning of subsections 6 ( 3 ) to ( 5 ) of the Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act . He claimed his inadmissibility was due to contacts with the Bosnian Serb leaders in the early 1990s but claimed that the Canadian authorities grounds for refusing him admission were transparently spurious and they had in fact yielded to a Bosniak-inspired campaign against him . The Canadian Institute for the Research of Genocide alleged that Trifković was promoting hatred , antisemitism and Islamophobia and accused him of publicly denying what New American termed the alleged massacre of Bosniaks at Srebrenica in July 1995 , found by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to be a crime of genocide . Works . - Ustasa : Croatian separatism and European politics , 1929-1945 , London ( 1998 ) ; - The Sword of the Prophet : The politically incorrect guide to Islam : History , Theology , Impact on the World , Boston , Regina Orthodox Press ( 2002 ) ; - Defeating Jihad : How the War on Terrorism May Yet Be Won , In Spite of Ourselves , Regina Orthodox Press ( 2006 ) - The Krajina Chronicle : A History of Serbs in Croatia , Slavonia and Dalmatia , The Lord Byron Foundation , ( 2010 ) Filmography . - The Weight of Chains ( documentary interview )

easy

What position did Robert Burren Morgan take from 1955 to 1969?

/wiki/Robert_Burren_Morgan#P39#0

Robert Burren Morgan Robert Burren Morgan ( October 5 , 1925 – July 16 , 2016 ) was an American politician . He was a Democratic United States Senator from the state of North Carolina , a position that he filled for a single term from 1975 until 1981 . To date he is the only alum of East Carolina University to serve in the US senate , and was succeeded by to date the only faculty of East Carolina University to serve in the US senate , John Porter East . Life and career . Born in Lillington , North Carolina , Morgan attended Lillington public schools and later East Carolina College and Wake Forest University School of Law . Morgans political career began early when political leaders in his home county of Harnett County , including highly respected Democratic stalwart Veneble Baggett , visited him at the Wake Forest Law School and urged him to run for Clerk of Court . Morgan did so and was elected . After building a reputation in that office , he went into the private practice of law . His skill as a trial lawyer caused his practice to grow , and he soon established a reputation that extended across the state . Personal injury , real property and antitrust law were among his specialties . He next ran for the North Carolina State Senate and won . He rose to the Senates highest office , President Pro Tempore , and chaired key committees . In 1968 , Morgan challenged long-time incumbent Attorney General Wade Bruton in the Democratic Party primary , defeated him , and then won the General Election . He served one four-year term and then was re-elected . He served two years of that term and then resigned to run for the U.S . Senate . Early in his political career , Morgan was considered a supporter of segregation because of his allegiance to his former Wake Forest law professor , politician I . Beverly Lake , Sr. , who ran an unsuccessful pro-segregation campaign for governor in 1960 against the progressive supporter of civil rights , Terry Sanford . But later , as an influential state senator , as North Carolina attorney general from 1969 to 1974 , and as the successful candidate to succeed Democratic U.S . Senator Sam Ervin , Morgan was considered a moderate . After winning the Democratic primary for U.S . Senate in 1974 , Morgan resigned as attorney general . He then won the general election over Republican William Stevens , garnering 63% of the vote . Morgan was defeated for re-election in 1980 by Republican John Porter East , an ally of the states senior senator , Jesse Helms , in an extremely close race . Morgan returned to the practice of law and also served as director of North Carolinas State Bureau of Investigation under Attorney General Lacy Thornburg . From 2000 to 2003 , Morgan served as founding president of the North Carolina Center for Voter Education , a Raleigh , North Carolina based nonprofit and nonpartisan organization that seeks to increase civic engagement in North Carolina . Morgan was president emeritus of that organization . Morgan died at the age of 90 at his home in Buies Creek , North Carolina on July 16 , 2016 surrounded by family . External links . - Civil Rights Greensboro : Robert Morgan - Robert Morgan Papers ( #268 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J . Y . Joyner Library , East Carolina University - Historical Marker for Robert B . Morgan located in Lillington , North Carolina

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Which position did Robert Burren Morgan hold from 1969 to Aug 1974?

/wiki/Robert_Burren_Morgan#P39#1

Robert Burren Morgan Robert Burren Morgan ( October 5 , 1925 – July 16 , 2016 ) was an American politician . He was a Democratic United States Senator from the state of North Carolina , a position that he filled for a single term from 1975 until 1981 . To date he is the only alum of East Carolina University to serve in the US senate , and was succeeded by to date the only faculty of East Carolina University to serve in the US senate , John Porter East . Life and career . Born in Lillington , North Carolina , Morgan attended Lillington public schools and later East Carolina College and Wake Forest University School of Law . Morgans political career began early when political leaders in his home county of Harnett County , including highly respected Democratic stalwart Veneble Baggett , visited him at the Wake Forest Law School and urged him to run for Clerk of Court . Morgan did so and was elected . After building a reputation in that office , he went into the private practice of law . His skill as a trial lawyer caused his practice to grow , and he soon established a reputation that extended across the state . Personal injury , real property and antitrust law were among his specialties . He next ran for the North Carolina State Senate and won . He rose to the Senates highest office , President Pro Tempore , and chaired key committees . In 1968 , Morgan challenged long-time incumbent Attorney General Wade Bruton in the Democratic Party primary , defeated him , and then won the General Election . He served one four-year term and then was re-elected . He served two years of that term and then resigned to run for the U.S . Senate . Early in his political career , Morgan was considered a supporter of segregation because of his allegiance to his former Wake Forest law professor , politician I . Beverly Lake , Sr. , who ran an unsuccessful pro-segregation campaign for governor in 1960 against the progressive supporter of civil rights , Terry Sanford . But later , as an influential state senator , as North Carolina attorney general from 1969 to 1974 , and as the successful candidate to succeed Democratic U.S . Senator Sam Ervin , Morgan was considered a moderate . After winning the Democratic primary for U.S . Senate in 1974 , Morgan resigned as attorney general . He then won the general election over Republican William Stevens , garnering 63% of the vote . Morgan was defeated for re-election in 1980 by Republican John Porter East , an ally of the states senior senator , Jesse Helms , in an extremely close race . Morgan returned to the practice of law and also served as director of North Carolinas State Bureau of Investigation under Attorney General Lacy Thornburg . From 2000 to 2003 , Morgan served as founding president of the North Carolina Center for Voter Education , a Raleigh , North Carolina based nonprofit and nonpartisan organization that seeks to increase civic engagement in North Carolina . Morgan was president emeritus of that organization . Morgan died at the age of 90 at his home in Buies Creek , North Carolina on July 16 , 2016 surrounded by family . External links . - Civil Rights Greensboro : Robert Morgan - Robert Morgan Papers ( #268 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J . Y . Joyner Library , East Carolina University - Historical Marker for Robert B . Morgan located in Lillington , North Carolina

easy

Which position did Robert Burren Morgan hold from 1975 to 1981?

/wiki/Robert_Burren_Morgan#P39#2

Robert Burren Morgan Robert Burren Morgan ( October 5 , 1925 – July 16 , 2016 ) was an American politician . He was a Democratic United States Senator from the state of North Carolina , a position that he filled for a single term from 1975 until 1981 . To date he is the only alum of East Carolina University to serve in the US senate , and was succeeded by to date the only faculty of East Carolina University to serve in the US senate , John Porter East . Life and career . Born in Lillington , North Carolina , Morgan attended Lillington public schools and later East Carolina College and Wake Forest University School of Law . Morgans political career began early when political leaders in his home county of Harnett County , including highly respected Democratic stalwart Veneble Baggett , visited him at the Wake Forest Law School and urged him to run for Clerk of Court . Morgan did so and was elected . After building a reputation in that office , he went into the private practice of law . His skill as a trial lawyer caused his practice to grow , and he soon established a reputation that extended across the state . Personal injury , real property and antitrust law were among his specialties . He next ran for the North Carolina State Senate and won . He rose to the Senates highest office , President Pro Tempore , and chaired key committees . In 1968 , Morgan challenged long-time incumbent Attorney General Wade Bruton in the Democratic Party primary , defeated him , and then won the General Election . He served one four-year term and then was re-elected . He served two years of that term and then resigned to run for the U.S . Senate . Early in his political career , Morgan was considered a supporter of segregation because of his allegiance to his former Wake Forest law professor , politician I . Beverly Lake , Sr. , who ran an unsuccessful pro-segregation campaign for governor in 1960 against the progressive supporter of civil rights , Terry Sanford . But later , as an influential state senator , as North Carolina attorney general from 1969 to 1974 , and as the successful candidate to succeed Democratic U.S . Senator Sam Ervin , Morgan was considered a moderate . After winning the Democratic primary for U.S . Senate in 1974 , Morgan resigned as attorney general . He then won the general election over Republican William Stevens , garnering 63% of the vote . Morgan was defeated for re-election in 1980 by Republican John Porter East , an ally of the states senior senator , Jesse Helms , in an extremely close race . Morgan returned to the practice of law and also served as director of North Carolinas State Bureau of Investigation under Attorney General Lacy Thornburg . From 2000 to 2003 , Morgan served as founding president of the North Carolina Center for Voter Education , a Raleigh , North Carolina based nonprofit and nonpartisan organization that seeks to increase civic engagement in North Carolina . Morgan was president emeritus of that organization . Morgan died at the age of 90 at his home in Buies Creek , North Carolina on July 16 , 2016 surrounded by family . External links . - Civil Rights Greensboro : Robert Morgan - Robert Morgan Papers ( #268 ) , East Carolina Manuscript Collection , J . Y . Joyner Library , East Carolina University - Historical Marker for Robert B . Morgan located in Lillington , North Carolina

easy

VFA-94 was officially named what from Mar 1952 to Aug 1958?

/wiki/VFA-94#P1448#0

VFA-94 Strike Fighter Squadron 94 ( VFA-94 ) , also known as the Mighty Shrikes , is a United States Navy fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore . It is an operational fleet squadron currently flying the F/A-18F Super Hornet . It is attached to Carrier Air Wing 17 ( CVW 17 ) and based at NAS Lemoore , California . Its tail code is NA and its radio call sign is Hobo . Insignia and nickname . The original squadron was known as the Tough Kitties and had a cartoon cat insignia . When the second squadron was formed and deployed aboard during its world cruise in 1954 , it also used a cartoon cat insignia . There is no record of this insignia being officially approved for use by the squadron . The squadron’s first official insignia was approved by Chief of Naval Operations on 21 November 1955 , and consisted of a yellow and black tiger paw with lightning bolts on a blue background . A new insignia was approved on 21 April 1959 consisting of a dark blue stylized aircraft with above an atom symbol on a blue background . A modification to this insignia was approved on 16 May 1967 , replacing the atom symbol by a stylized bird design . The stylized bird was orange and the other colors from the previous design stayed the same . Nicknamed the Mighty Shrikes , the squadron was named after a small carnivorous bird of prey , the loggerhead shrike . It engages in aerial combat to strike its prey in the air and on the ground , and then impales its victim on a sharp thorn . History . Two distinct US Navy squadrons have held the designation VA-94 . The first VA-94 served in World War II and was disestablished on 30 November 1949 . The second VA-94 later became VFA-94 , the main subject of this article . Officially , the US Navy does not recognize a direct lineage of newly formed squadrons with disestablished squadrons . Often however , the new squadron will assume the nickname , insignia , and traditions of the earlier squadrons . That appears to have happened in this case , as ( for a short time ) the new squadron used a cat insignia similar to the earlier one . 1950s . Fighter Squadron 94 ( VF-94 ) was established at NAS Alameda , California on March 26 , 1952 . The squadron began flying the Vought F4U Corsair , but quickly transitioned to jet aircraft . Over the next eight years , the squadron received and flew numerous fighter aircraft before becoming an attack squadron . In September 1953 , the squadron received the F9F-5 Panther . In January 1955 the squadron moved to NAS Moffett Field and received the FJ-3M Fury in February 1955 . In November 1955 , it transitioned to the F9F Cougar . It again flew various models of the FJ-3 Fury from June 1957 until 1959 . The squadron was redesignated as Attack Squadron 94 ( VA-94 ) on 1 August 1958 and moved back to NAS Alameda on 20 August 1958 . In January 1959 , it transitioned to the aircraft it would fly ( in various models ) for the next twelve years , the A-4 Skyhawk . 1960s . On 8 March 1962 , VA-94 moved to NAS Lemoore , California . As the Vietnam War escalated , the squadron completed seven consecutive combat deployments to Southeast Asia , commencing with a cruise aboard in 1962 . On 1 December 1963 , the squadron flew its first sorties in support of Yankee Team Operations , armed escort for photo-reconnaissance missions over Laos . On 7 February 1965 , following a Viet Cong attack against American advisors in South Vietnam , President Lyndon Johnson ordered a reprisal strike against North Vietnam , named Flaming Dart I . The squadron’s target was concealed by heavy weather and the mission was aborted . On 11 February , the squadron participated in Flaming Dart II , retaliatory strikes against the Chanh Hoa military barracks near Dong Hoi , North Vietnam . In March 1965 , the squadron participated in Rolling Thunder strikes against targets in North Vietnam . In October 1965 , as part of Air Wing 9 , the squadron moved to NAS Norfolk to join on her first combat cruise . The squadron was assigned to Air Wing 5 in 1966 and completed four combat deployments aboard and . 1970s . In February 1971 , the squadron transitioned to the A-7 Corsair II and was assigned to Air Wing 15/ . From May–June 1972 , VA-94 participated in Operation Linebacker , heavy air strikes against targets in North Vietnam . On 9 May 1972 , the squadron participated in Operation Pocket Money , the mining of Haiphong harbor . The first mine was dropped at 08:59 to coincide with President Richard Nixons public announcement of the mining . All mines were set with 72-hour arming delays , thus permitting merchant ships time for departure or a change in destination consistent with the Presidents public warning . It was the beginning of a mining campaign that planted over 11,000 MK36 type destructor and 108 special Mk 52-2 mines over the next eight months . In 1973 , the squadron deployed on its first peacetime cruise in a decade , again with Carrier Air Wing 15 aboard USS Coral Sea . On 29 April 1975 , squadron aircraft provided air cover for Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of American citizens from Saigon that terminated United States military involvement in Vietnam . On 15 May 1975 , squadron aircraft , along with other elements from CVW-15 launched air strikes against the Cambodian mainland after the capture of the SS Mayaguez by Khmer Rouge gunboats . From May 1979 to January 1980 , the squadron deployed aboard to the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans , including 63 days of operations in the Arabian Sea during the Iran Hostage Crisis . 1980s . The squadrons next deployment aboard USS Kitty Hawk was completed in 1981 . In 1986 , aboard , VA-94 made history as part of the first nuclear aircraft carrier to transit the Suez Canal and then cruised the Mediterranean for three months , supporting operations against Libya . From February to May 1988 , the squadron flew air support for Operation Earnest Will , escorting reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf . In April 1988 , the squadron struck the naval forces of Iran as part of Operation Praying Mantis , the first major U.S . naval battle since World War II . Squadron aircraft delivered direct hits on the Iranian frigate Sahand . In December 1989 , the squadron participated in Operation Classic Resolve , providing support for the Philippine government during a coup attempt . 1990s . In June 1990 , the squadron received its first F/A-18C Hornet and was redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 94 ( VFA-94 ) on 1 January 1991 . In May 1991 , it deployed aboard to the Persian Gulf in support of United Nations sanctions following the war in Iraq . The squadron also participated in Operation Fiery Vigil , evacuating thousands of homeless people from the Philippines after the Mount Pinatubo eruption . It subsequently received the Joint Meritorious Unit Commendation for its contribution to the disaster relief efforts . On 15 June 1993 , the squadron deployed aboard USS Abraham Lincoln flying missions over southern Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch . In October 1993 , USS Abraham Lincoln left the Persian Gulf for Somalia to provide force protection for U.S . and other United Nations forces aiding in the humanitarian relief effort . VFA-94 earned the coveted Battle E Award designating it as the Navys top FA-18 squadron in 1994 . The squadron participated in Operation Vigilant Sentinel during its 1995 deployment , again aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln . The squadron next deployed aboard USS Kitty Hawk on 10 October 1996 to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Southern Watch . On 13 May 1997 , the squadron deployed aboard , and again on 10 November 1998 to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Fox . 2000s . Following the September 11 attacks , the squadron led the first missions of Operation Enduring Freedom on October 7 , 2001 . In the months that followed , VFA-94 and Air Wing Eleven participated in precision strikes against key Taliban locations in Afghanistan . The squadron amassed 664 combat sorties and expended 550,000 pounds of ordnance on targets in Afghanistan . The squadron returned home on 19 January 2002 . The squadron deployed again on 3 March 2003 for an eight-month combat deployment aboard with CVW-11 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . On 7 May 2005 , the squadron again deployed aboard USS Nimitz to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . In October 2006 , the squadron successfully completed the Strike Fighter Advanced Readiness Program , in preparation for the squadrons transition to an expeditionary role . In January 2007 , VFA-94 joined its sister squadron VFA-97 as one of only two F/A-18 squadrons to deploy overseas as part of the Unit Deployment Program ( UDP ) . VFA-94 departed NAS Lemoore on its first expeditionary evolution to MCAS Iwakuni , Japan . The squadron traversed nearly of open ocean , totaling almost 18 flight hours per jet . During the deployment , VFA-94 participated in Exercise Foal Eagle , the first ever U.S . Navy expeditionary deployment to Korea and Exercise Cobra Gold in Thailand . In July 2008 , VFA-94 completed its second UDP deployment to Japan in support of the Global War on Terror and Pacific Operations . The squadron participated in Exercises Talon Vision at Clark Air Base , Philippines ; Wolmi-Do Fury at Kadena Air Base , Okinawa and Exercise Lava Viper at Hickam AFB , Hawaii . The squadron returned home in February 2009 after completing this successful 7-month deployment . The squadron has been awarded two Joint Meritorious Unit Awards , five Navy Unit Commendations , five Meritorious Unit Commendations , five Battle Efficiency Awards , two Navy Expeditionary Medals , three Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals , and Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal and a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal . 2010s . In January 2012 , after returning from UDP duties in Japan , the squadron returned to NAS Lemoore , but apparently was not assigned to one of the West Coast air wings until around August 2012 , as it temporarily took sister squadron VFA-25s place within CVW-17 . VFA-25 was returned to its former slot within CVW-17 , thus replacing VFA-94 . On 12 September 2014 , two F/A-18Cs , one from VFA-94 and the other from VFA-113 collided and crashed approximately west of Wake Island . One aviator was recovered in fair condition and received medical treatment aboard the Carl Vinson . Search-and-rescue ( SAR ) operations continued for the other aviator . The Carl Vinson was participating in Exercise Valiant Shield 2014 at the time of the mid-air collision . The search was called off on 14 September 2014 , and the missing aviator was declared missing and presumed dead , with the crash incident under investigation . The Mighty Shrikes began its transition from the F/A-18C Hornet to the F/A-18F Super Hornet in September 2015 , completing the transition in March 2016 .

easy

VFA-94 was officially named what from Aug 1958 to Jun 1990?

/wiki/VFA-94#P1448#1

VFA-94 Strike Fighter Squadron 94 ( VFA-94 ) , also known as the Mighty Shrikes , is a United States Navy fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore . It is an operational fleet squadron currently flying the F/A-18F Super Hornet . It is attached to Carrier Air Wing 17 ( CVW 17 ) and based at NAS Lemoore , California . Its tail code is NA and its radio call sign is Hobo . Insignia and nickname . The original squadron was known as the Tough Kitties and had a cartoon cat insignia . When the second squadron was formed and deployed aboard during its world cruise in 1954 , it also used a cartoon cat insignia . There is no record of this insignia being officially approved for use by the squadron . The squadron’s first official insignia was approved by Chief of Naval Operations on 21 November 1955 , and consisted of a yellow and black tiger paw with lightning bolts on a blue background . A new insignia was approved on 21 April 1959 consisting of a dark blue stylized aircraft with above an atom symbol on a blue background . A modification to this insignia was approved on 16 May 1967 , replacing the atom symbol by a stylized bird design . The stylized bird was orange and the other colors from the previous design stayed the same . Nicknamed the Mighty Shrikes , the squadron was named after a small carnivorous bird of prey , the loggerhead shrike . It engages in aerial combat to strike its prey in the air and on the ground , and then impales its victim on a sharp thorn . History . Two distinct US Navy squadrons have held the designation VA-94 . The first VA-94 served in World War II and was disestablished on 30 November 1949 . The second VA-94 later became VFA-94 , the main subject of this article . Officially , the US Navy does not recognize a direct lineage of newly formed squadrons with disestablished squadrons . Often however , the new squadron will assume the nickname , insignia , and traditions of the earlier squadrons . That appears to have happened in this case , as ( for a short time ) the new squadron used a cat insignia similar to the earlier one . 1950s . Fighter Squadron 94 ( VF-94 ) was established at NAS Alameda , California on March 26 , 1952 . The squadron began flying the Vought F4U Corsair , but quickly transitioned to jet aircraft . Over the next eight years , the squadron received and flew numerous fighter aircraft before becoming an attack squadron . In September 1953 , the squadron received the F9F-5 Panther . In January 1955 the squadron moved to NAS Moffett Field and received the FJ-3M Fury in February 1955 . In November 1955 , it transitioned to the F9F Cougar . It again flew various models of the FJ-3 Fury from June 1957 until 1959 . The squadron was redesignated as Attack Squadron 94 ( VA-94 ) on 1 August 1958 and moved back to NAS Alameda on 20 August 1958 . In January 1959 , it transitioned to the aircraft it would fly ( in various models ) for the next twelve years , the A-4 Skyhawk . 1960s . On 8 March 1962 , VA-94 moved to NAS Lemoore , California . As the Vietnam War escalated , the squadron completed seven consecutive combat deployments to Southeast Asia , commencing with a cruise aboard in 1962 . On 1 December 1963 , the squadron flew its first sorties in support of Yankee Team Operations , armed escort for photo-reconnaissance missions over Laos . On 7 February 1965 , following a Viet Cong attack against American advisors in South Vietnam , President Lyndon Johnson ordered a reprisal strike against North Vietnam , named Flaming Dart I . The squadron’s target was concealed by heavy weather and the mission was aborted . On 11 February , the squadron participated in Flaming Dart II , retaliatory strikes against the Chanh Hoa military barracks near Dong Hoi , North Vietnam . In March 1965 , the squadron participated in Rolling Thunder strikes against targets in North Vietnam . In October 1965 , as part of Air Wing 9 , the squadron moved to NAS Norfolk to join on her first combat cruise . The squadron was assigned to Air Wing 5 in 1966 and completed four combat deployments aboard and . 1970s . In February 1971 , the squadron transitioned to the A-7 Corsair II and was assigned to Air Wing 15/ . From May–June 1972 , VA-94 participated in Operation Linebacker , heavy air strikes against targets in North Vietnam . On 9 May 1972 , the squadron participated in Operation Pocket Money , the mining of Haiphong harbor . The first mine was dropped at 08:59 to coincide with President Richard Nixons public announcement of the mining . All mines were set with 72-hour arming delays , thus permitting merchant ships time for departure or a change in destination consistent with the Presidents public warning . It was the beginning of a mining campaign that planted over 11,000 MK36 type destructor and 108 special Mk 52-2 mines over the next eight months . In 1973 , the squadron deployed on its first peacetime cruise in a decade , again with Carrier Air Wing 15 aboard USS Coral Sea . On 29 April 1975 , squadron aircraft provided air cover for Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of American citizens from Saigon that terminated United States military involvement in Vietnam . On 15 May 1975 , squadron aircraft , along with other elements from CVW-15 launched air strikes against the Cambodian mainland after the capture of the SS Mayaguez by Khmer Rouge gunboats . From May 1979 to January 1980 , the squadron deployed aboard to the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans , including 63 days of operations in the Arabian Sea during the Iran Hostage Crisis . 1980s . The squadrons next deployment aboard USS Kitty Hawk was completed in 1981 . In 1986 , aboard , VA-94 made history as part of the first nuclear aircraft carrier to transit the Suez Canal and then cruised the Mediterranean for three months , supporting operations against Libya . From February to May 1988 , the squadron flew air support for Operation Earnest Will , escorting reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf . In April 1988 , the squadron struck the naval forces of Iran as part of Operation Praying Mantis , the first major U.S . naval battle since World War II . Squadron aircraft delivered direct hits on the Iranian frigate Sahand . In December 1989 , the squadron participated in Operation Classic Resolve , providing support for the Philippine government during a coup attempt . 1990s . In June 1990 , the squadron received its first F/A-18C Hornet and was redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 94 ( VFA-94 ) on 1 January 1991 . In May 1991 , it deployed aboard to the Persian Gulf in support of United Nations sanctions following the war in Iraq . The squadron also participated in Operation Fiery Vigil , evacuating thousands of homeless people from the Philippines after the Mount Pinatubo eruption . It subsequently received the Joint Meritorious Unit Commendation for its contribution to the disaster relief efforts . On 15 June 1993 , the squadron deployed aboard USS Abraham Lincoln flying missions over southern Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch . In October 1993 , USS Abraham Lincoln left the Persian Gulf for Somalia to provide force protection for U.S . and other United Nations forces aiding in the humanitarian relief effort . VFA-94 earned the coveted Battle E Award designating it as the Navys top FA-18 squadron in 1994 . The squadron participated in Operation Vigilant Sentinel during its 1995 deployment , again aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln . The squadron next deployed aboard USS Kitty Hawk on 10 October 1996 to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Southern Watch . On 13 May 1997 , the squadron deployed aboard , and again on 10 November 1998 to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Fox . 2000s . Following the September 11 attacks , the squadron led the first missions of Operation Enduring Freedom on October 7 , 2001 . In the months that followed , VFA-94 and Air Wing Eleven participated in precision strikes against key Taliban locations in Afghanistan . The squadron amassed 664 combat sorties and expended 550,000 pounds of ordnance on targets in Afghanistan . The squadron returned home on 19 January 2002 . The squadron deployed again on 3 March 2003 for an eight-month combat deployment aboard with CVW-11 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . On 7 May 2005 , the squadron again deployed aboard USS Nimitz to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . In October 2006 , the squadron successfully completed the Strike Fighter Advanced Readiness Program , in preparation for the squadrons transition to an expeditionary role . In January 2007 , VFA-94 joined its sister squadron VFA-97 as one of only two F/A-18 squadrons to deploy overseas as part of the Unit Deployment Program ( UDP ) . VFA-94 departed NAS Lemoore on its first expeditionary evolution to MCAS Iwakuni , Japan . The squadron traversed nearly of open ocean , totaling almost 18 flight hours per jet . During the deployment , VFA-94 participated in Exercise Foal Eagle , the first ever U.S . Navy expeditionary deployment to Korea and Exercise Cobra Gold in Thailand . In July 2008 , VFA-94 completed its second UDP deployment to Japan in support of the Global War on Terror and Pacific Operations . The squadron participated in Exercises Talon Vision at Clark Air Base , Philippines ; Wolmi-Do Fury at Kadena Air Base , Okinawa and Exercise Lava Viper at Hickam AFB , Hawaii . The squadron returned home in February 2009 after completing this successful 7-month deployment . The squadron has been awarded two Joint Meritorious Unit Awards , five Navy Unit Commendations , five Meritorious Unit Commendations , five Battle Efficiency Awards , two Navy Expeditionary Medals , three Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals , and Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal and a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal . 2010s . In January 2012 , after returning from UDP duties in Japan , the squadron returned to NAS Lemoore , but apparently was not assigned to one of the West Coast air wings until around August 2012 , as it temporarily took sister squadron VFA-25s place within CVW-17 . VFA-25 was returned to its former slot within CVW-17 , thus replacing VFA-94 . On 12 September 2014 , two F/A-18Cs , one from VFA-94 and the other from VFA-113 collided and crashed approximately west of Wake Island . One aviator was recovered in fair condition and received medical treatment aboard the Carl Vinson . Search-and-rescue ( SAR ) operations continued for the other aviator . The Carl Vinson was participating in Exercise Valiant Shield 2014 at the time of the mid-air collision . The search was called off on 14 September 2014 , and the missing aviator was declared missing and presumed dead , with the crash incident under investigation . The Mighty Shrikes began its transition from the F/A-18C Hornet to the F/A-18F Super Hornet in September 2015 , completing the transition in March 2016 .

easy

VFA-94 was officially named what from Jun 1990 to Jun 1991?

/wiki/VFA-94#P1448#2

VFA-94 Strike Fighter Squadron 94 ( VFA-94 ) , also known as the Mighty Shrikes , is a United States Navy fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore . It is an operational fleet squadron currently flying the F/A-18F Super Hornet . It is attached to Carrier Air Wing 17 ( CVW 17 ) and based at NAS Lemoore , California . Its tail code is NA and its radio call sign is Hobo . Insignia and nickname . The original squadron was known as the Tough Kitties and had a cartoon cat insignia . When the second squadron was formed and deployed aboard during its world cruise in 1954 , it also used a cartoon cat insignia . There is no record of this insignia being officially approved for use by the squadron . The squadron’s first official insignia was approved by Chief of Naval Operations on 21 November 1955 , and consisted of a yellow and black tiger paw with lightning bolts on a blue background . A new insignia was approved on 21 April 1959 consisting of a dark blue stylized aircraft with above an atom symbol on a blue background . A modification to this insignia was approved on 16 May 1967 , replacing the atom symbol by a stylized bird design . The stylized bird was orange and the other colors from the previous design stayed the same . Nicknamed the Mighty Shrikes , the squadron was named after a small carnivorous bird of prey , the loggerhead shrike . It engages in aerial combat to strike its prey in the air and on the ground , and then impales its victim on a sharp thorn . History . Two distinct US Navy squadrons have held the designation VA-94 . The first VA-94 served in World War II and was disestablished on 30 November 1949 . The second VA-94 later became VFA-94 , the main subject of this article . Officially , the US Navy does not recognize a direct lineage of newly formed squadrons with disestablished squadrons . Often however , the new squadron will assume the nickname , insignia , and traditions of the earlier squadrons . That appears to have happened in this case , as ( for a short time ) the new squadron used a cat insignia similar to the earlier one . 1950s . Fighter Squadron 94 ( VF-94 ) was established at NAS Alameda , California on March 26 , 1952 . The squadron began flying the Vought F4U Corsair , but quickly transitioned to jet aircraft . Over the next eight years , the squadron received and flew numerous fighter aircraft before becoming an attack squadron . In September 1953 , the squadron received the F9F-5 Panther . In January 1955 the squadron moved to NAS Moffett Field and received the FJ-3M Fury in February 1955 . In November 1955 , it transitioned to the F9F Cougar . It again flew various models of the FJ-3 Fury from June 1957 until 1959 . The squadron was redesignated as Attack Squadron 94 ( VA-94 ) on 1 August 1958 and moved back to NAS Alameda on 20 August 1958 . In January 1959 , it transitioned to the aircraft it would fly ( in various models ) for the next twelve years , the A-4 Skyhawk . 1960s . On 8 March 1962 , VA-94 moved to NAS Lemoore , California . As the Vietnam War escalated , the squadron completed seven consecutive combat deployments to Southeast Asia , commencing with a cruise aboard in 1962 . On 1 December 1963 , the squadron flew its first sorties in support of Yankee Team Operations , armed escort for photo-reconnaissance missions over Laos . On 7 February 1965 , following a Viet Cong attack against American advisors in South Vietnam , President Lyndon Johnson ordered a reprisal strike against North Vietnam , named Flaming Dart I . The squadron’s target was concealed by heavy weather and the mission was aborted . On 11 February , the squadron participated in Flaming Dart II , retaliatory strikes against the Chanh Hoa military barracks near Dong Hoi , North Vietnam . In March 1965 , the squadron participated in Rolling Thunder strikes against targets in North Vietnam . In October 1965 , as part of Air Wing 9 , the squadron moved to NAS Norfolk to join on her first combat cruise . The squadron was assigned to Air Wing 5 in 1966 and completed four combat deployments aboard and . 1970s . In February 1971 , the squadron transitioned to the A-7 Corsair II and was assigned to Air Wing 15/ . From May–June 1972 , VA-94 participated in Operation Linebacker , heavy air strikes against targets in North Vietnam . On 9 May 1972 , the squadron participated in Operation Pocket Money , the mining of Haiphong harbor . The first mine was dropped at 08:59 to coincide with President Richard Nixons public announcement of the mining . All mines were set with 72-hour arming delays , thus permitting merchant ships time for departure or a change in destination consistent with the Presidents public warning . It was the beginning of a mining campaign that planted over 11,000 MK36 type destructor and 108 special Mk 52-2 mines over the next eight months . In 1973 , the squadron deployed on its first peacetime cruise in a decade , again with Carrier Air Wing 15 aboard USS Coral Sea . On 29 April 1975 , squadron aircraft provided air cover for Operation Frequent Wind , the evacuation of American citizens from Saigon that terminated United States military involvement in Vietnam . On 15 May 1975 , squadron aircraft , along with other elements from CVW-15 launched air strikes against the Cambodian mainland after the capture of the SS Mayaguez by Khmer Rouge gunboats . From May 1979 to January 1980 , the squadron deployed aboard to the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans , including 63 days of operations in the Arabian Sea during the Iran Hostage Crisis . 1980s . The squadrons next deployment aboard USS Kitty Hawk was completed in 1981 . In 1986 , aboard , VA-94 made history as part of the first nuclear aircraft carrier to transit the Suez Canal and then cruised the Mediterranean for three months , supporting operations against Libya . From February to May 1988 , the squadron flew air support for Operation Earnest Will , escorting reflagged Kuwaiti oil tankers in the Persian Gulf . In April 1988 , the squadron struck the naval forces of Iran as part of Operation Praying Mantis , the first major U.S . naval battle since World War II . Squadron aircraft delivered direct hits on the Iranian frigate Sahand . In December 1989 , the squadron participated in Operation Classic Resolve , providing support for the Philippine government during a coup attempt . 1990s . In June 1990 , the squadron received its first F/A-18C Hornet and was redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 94 ( VFA-94 ) on 1 January 1991 . In May 1991 , it deployed aboard to the Persian Gulf in support of United Nations sanctions following the war in Iraq . The squadron also participated in Operation Fiery Vigil , evacuating thousands of homeless people from the Philippines after the Mount Pinatubo eruption . It subsequently received the Joint Meritorious Unit Commendation for its contribution to the disaster relief efforts . On 15 June 1993 , the squadron deployed aboard USS Abraham Lincoln flying missions over southern Iraq in support of Operation Southern Watch . In October 1993 , USS Abraham Lincoln left the Persian Gulf for Somalia to provide force protection for U.S . and other United Nations forces aiding in the humanitarian relief effort . VFA-94 earned the coveted Battle E Award designating it as the Navys top FA-18 squadron in 1994 . The squadron participated in Operation Vigilant Sentinel during its 1995 deployment , again aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln . The squadron next deployed aboard USS Kitty Hawk on 10 October 1996 to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Southern Watch . On 13 May 1997 , the squadron deployed aboard , and again on 10 November 1998 to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Fox . 2000s . Following the September 11 attacks , the squadron led the first missions of Operation Enduring Freedom on October 7 , 2001 . In the months that followed , VFA-94 and Air Wing Eleven participated in precision strikes against key Taliban locations in Afghanistan . The squadron amassed 664 combat sorties and expended 550,000 pounds of ordnance on targets in Afghanistan . The squadron returned home on 19 January 2002 . The squadron deployed again on 3 March 2003 for an eight-month combat deployment aboard with CVW-11 in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . On 7 May 2005 , the squadron again deployed aboard USS Nimitz to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom . In October 2006 , the squadron successfully completed the Strike Fighter Advanced Readiness Program , in preparation for the squadrons transition to an expeditionary role . In January 2007 , VFA-94 joined its sister squadron VFA-97 as one of only two F/A-18 squadrons to deploy overseas as part of the Unit Deployment Program ( UDP ) . VFA-94 departed NAS Lemoore on its first expeditionary evolution to MCAS Iwakuni , Japan . The squadron traversed nearly of open ocean , totaling almost 18 flight hours per jet . During the deployment , VFA-94 participated in Exercise Foal Eagle , the first ever U.S . Navy expeditionary deployment to Korea and Exercise Cobra Gold in Thailand . In July 2008 , VFA-94 completed its second UDP deployment to Japan in support of the Global War on Terror and Pacific Operations . The squadron participated in Exercises Talon Vision at Clark Air Base , Philippines ; Wolmi-Do Fury at Kadena Air Base , Okinawa and Exercise Lava Viper at Hickam AFB , Hawaii . The squadron returned home in February 2009 after completing this successful 7-month deployment . The squadron has been awarded two Joint Meritorious Unit Awards , five Navy Unit Commendations , five Meritorious Unit Commendations , five Battle Efficiency Awards , two Navy Expeditionary Medals , three Armed Forces Expeditionary Medals , and Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal and a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal . 2010s . In January 2012 , after returning from UDP duties in Japan , the squadron returned to NAS Lemoore , but apparently was not assigned to one of the West Coast air wings until around August 2012 , as it temporarily took sister squadron VFA-25s place within CVW-17 . VFA-25 was returned to its former slot within CVW-17 , thus replacing VFA-94 . On 12 September 2014 , two F/A-18Cs , one from VFA-94 and the other from VFA-113 collided and crashed approximately west of Wake Island . One aviator was recovered in fair condition and received medical treatment aboard the Carl Vinson . Search-and-rescue ( SAR ) operations continued for the other aviator . The Carl Vinson was participating in Exercise Valiant Shield 2014 at the time of the mid-air collision . The search was called off on 14 September 2014 , and the missing aviator was declared missing and presumed dead , with the crash incident under investigation . The Mighty Shrikes began its transition from the F/A-18C Hornet to the F/A-18F Super Hornet in September 2015 , completing the transition in March 2016 .

easy

Which team did the player Matthew Dellavedova belong to from 2009 to 2013?

/wiki/Matthew_Dellavedova#P54#0

Matthew Dellavedova Matthew William Dellavedova ( born 8 September 1990 ) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Saint Marys College and has played on the Australian national team . Dellavedova won an NBA championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 . Early life . Born and raised in Maryborough , Victoria , Dellavedova is the oldest of three children in his family and is a sixth-generation Italian Australian . His father , Mark , grew up playing Australian rules football and his mother , Leanne , played netball . Dellavedova began playing basketball at the age of four . He attended Maryborough Regional College and played junior basketball for the Maryborough Blazers and played in under-12 and under-14 Bendigo Braves squads . Along with basketball , he played tennis , soccer , and Australian rules football at the junior level . In the latter sport , Dellavedova played the position of wing and kicked a total of 32 goals in 26 games between 1999 and 2001 , but gave the game away to focus solely on basketball . Despite giving the game away at a young age , he is an avid supporter of the Collingwood Magpies in the Australian Football League . Throughout his teenage years , he was selected for several Victorian state representative basketball sides and played alongside future Collingwood captain , Scott Pendlebury . In 2007 , he moved to Canberra to attend the Australian Institute of Sport ( AIS ) where he spent three years playing in the South East Australian Basketball League ( SEABL ) . Both of Dellavedovas sisters , Yana and Ingrid , play basketball as well , with Yana playing U.S . college basketball for Long Beach State in 2012–13 . College career . Dellavedova was recruited by Randy Bennett and the Saint Marys College of California in 2009 and signed with the Gaels before the 2009–10 season . He was ranked by ESPN as one of the top junior players in Australia . Dellavedova immediately contributed for the Gaels and started all 34 games as a freshman . In 2009–10 , he averaged 12.1 points , 3.5 rebounds , and 4.5 assists per game . That season , the Gaels won 28 games and reached the Sweet Sixteen of the 2010 NCAA mens basketball tournament . The Gaels reached the Sweet Sixteen by upsetting Villanova , 75–68 . Dellavedovas crucial late free throws iced the game against the Wildcats . On 16 January 2013 , Dellavedova scored 18 points , including a game-winning three-point buzzer-beater , in a 70–69 victory over the BYU Cougars . The forty-foot shot soon became known as the Dellavedagger . In 2012–13 , Dellavedova was an Academic All-America selection and a Senior CLASS Award finalist . Dellavedova graduated from Saint Marys in 2013 with a degree in psychology . He finished his college career as Saint Marys all-time leader in scoring , assists , games played , free throw percentage , and three-point shots . St . Marys retired his jersey on 15 February 2014 . Dellavedovas #4 was the second retired by the schools mens basketball program , joining Tom Meschery in the rafters of McKeon Pavilion . Professional career . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2013–2016 ) . 2013–14 season . After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft , Dellavedova joined the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2013 NBA Summer League . On 12 September 2013 , he signed a two-year , $1.3 million contract with the Cavaliers , with $100,000 guaranteed . On 26 March 2014 , he had a season-best game with 21 points and 6 assists in a 97–96 win over the Detroit Pistons . 2014–15 season . In July 2014 , Dellavedova re-joined the Cavaliers for the 2014 NBA Summer League . On 9 November 2014 , he was ruled out for four to six weeks with a sprained left knee ( MCL ) that he sustained in the fourth quarter of Clevelands loss to the Portland Trail Blazers on 4 November . On 8 December 2014 , he returned from injury to face the Brooklyn Nets . On 11 February 2015 , Dellavedova was selected to participate in the Rising Stars Challenge as part of the 2015 NBA All-Star weekend . On 14 May 2015 , Dellavedova scored a team-high 19 points to help the Cavaliers defeat the Chicago Bulls and advance to the Conference Finals for the first time since 2009 . Following the Cavaliers Game 3 win over the Atlanta Hawks in Eastern Conference Finals , Dellavedovas aggressive play became a major talking point with some describing him as a dirty player . Despite this criticism , teammate LeBron James and NBA great Charles Barkley both defended Dellavedovas style of play . In Game 2 of the NBA Finals against the Golden State Warriors , in the absence of the injured Kyrie Irving , Dellavedova held Stephen Curry to 0-of-8 shooting and four turnovers while guarding him . The Cavaliers won Game 2 in double-overtime , 95–93 , for their first victory of an NBA Finals game in franchise history . In Game 3 , Dellavedova scored a playoff career-high 20 points as the Cavaliers defeated the Warriors to take a 2–1 series lead . After the game , Dellavedova was so dehydrated that he needed an IV , and he was quickly taken to the Cleveland Clinic for medical attention . The Cavaliers went on to lose the last three games of the series , however , as Dellavedova shot just 19% from the field in those three games . 2015–16 season . On 27 July 2015 , Dellavedova re-signed with the Cavaliers . On 19 November 2015 , he recorded 7 points and a career-high 13 assists in a 115–100 win over the Milwaukee Bucks . Four days later , he had a season-best game starting in place of injured guards Kyrie Irving and Mo Williams . In just under 24 minutes of action , he recorded 15 points and 9 assists in a 117–103 win over the Orlando Magic . On 20 December , he scored a season-high 20 points on 7-of-10 shooting in a 108–86 win over the Philadelphia 76ers . On 18 February , he returned to the line-up after missing five straight games with a strained hamstring . Dellavedova went on to help the Cavaliers defeat the Toronto Raptors on 27 May in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals . The 4–2 series win advanced the Cavaliers to their second straight NBA Finals . In a Finals rematch with the Warriors , the Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to win the championship after being down 3–1 in the series . Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016–2018 ) . On 7 July 2016 , Dellavedova was acquired by the Milwaukee Bucks in a sign-and-trade deal with the Cavaliers , in which Cleveland received a $4.8 million trade exception and the rights to Albert Miralles , while Milwaukee also received cash considerations . Dellavedovas contract gave him $38 million over four years . Dellavedova made his debut for the Bucks in their season opener on 26 October 2016 , scoring 11 points in 29 minutes as a starter in a 107–96 loss to the Charlotte Hornets . On 3 December 2016 , he scored 12 of his season-high 18 points in the fourth quarter of the Bucks 112–103 win over the Brooklyn Nets . After starting all 30 games to begin the season , he missed five straight games in late December and early January with a strained right hamstring . Dellavedova missed 15 consecutive games with left knee tendinitis during November and December of the 2017–18 season . On 1 January 2018 , Dellavedova had a season-high 10 assists in a 131–127 overtime loss to the Toronto Raptors . A right ankle sprain suffered on 4 February against the Nets saw Dellavedova miss 29 straight games , returning to action in the Bucks regular-season finale against the Philadelphia 76ers on 11 April . He went on to play in six of the Bucks seven playoff games . Return to Cleveland ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Dellavedova was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that also involved the Bucks and the Washington Wizards . In his return game for the Cavaliers in Milwaukee three days later , Dellavedova received an ovation when he entered the game and finished with 11 points in 16 minutes in a 108–92 loss to the Bucks . On 8 March 2020 in a game against the Denver Nuggets , Dellavedova had a career high 14 assists in a 104–102 win . On 25 November 2020 , Dellavedova re-signed with the Cavaliers . Player profile . Dellavedova is well known for his high levels of effort while playing . Multiple players , coaches , and commentators have praised his toughness and competitiveness , particularly on defense . On account of his aggressiveness , some have cast Dellavedova as reckless or dirty . However , multiple current and former players have spoken in defense of Dellavedova , including LeBron James , Kobe Bryant , Charles Barkley , and Antonio Davis . Dellavedovas offensive strengths includes his three-point shot , his floater , and his passing ability . International career . Dellavedova competed for the Australian junior national team at the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship . He was the teams third leading scorer – averaging 10.1 points per game – for the fourth-place Australians . He was named in the Australian senior national team , the Boomers , to compete for the first time at the 2009 FIBA Oceania Championship . At age 19 , he was the youngest Australian player at the competition . He went on to compete for the Boomers at the 2012 London Olympics , the 2014 World Cup in Spain , the 2016 Rio Olympics , and the 2019 World Cup in China . Personal life . Dellavedova married his long-time girlfriend , Anna Schroeder , on 1 July 2017 , after proposing to her on 10 September 2016 . Dellavedova met Schroeder at Saint Marys , where she played volleyball and was an honor roll student . They started dating after his senior year . On 5 July 2019 , the couple announced they were expecting their first child , a boy . On 6 November , he announced the birth of his son , Anders Ralph Dellavedova . He has a second cousin , also named Matthew Dellavedova , who is a tennis player in Australia . Dellavedova is good friends with his former Cavaliers teammate , Joe Harris . Community involvement . On 28 March 2015 , Dellavedova escorted Jackie Custer , a 17-year-old cancer patient , to Akron Childrens Hospitals A Prom to Remember event . Custer was asked to choose a celebrity guest to escort her to the event , and chose Dellavedova . Custer stated , Going to prom with Delly was a night Ill never forget . It was definitely magical , and hes the sweetest guy Ive ever met . External links . - espn.com profile - 2012 Olympic profile - Saint Marys Gaels bio

easy

Matthew Dellavedova played for which team from 2013 to 2016?

/wiki/Matthew_Dellavedova#P54#1

Matthew Dellavedova Matthew William Dellavedova ( born 8 September 1990 ) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Saint Marys College and has played on the Australian national team . Dellavedova won an NBA championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 . Early life . Born and raised in Maryborough , Victoria , Dellavedova is the oldest of three children in his family and is a sixth-generation Italian Australian . His father , Mark , grew up playing Australian rules football and his mother , Leanne , played netball . Dellavedova began playing basketball at the age of four . He attended Maryborough Regional College and played junior basketball for the Maryborough Blazers and played in under-12 and under-14 Bendigo Braves squads . Along with basketball , he played tennis , soccer , and Australian rules football at the junior level . In the latter sport , Dellavedova played the position of wing and kicked a total of 32 goals in 26 games between 1999 and 2001 , but gave the game away to focus solely on basketball . Despite giving the game away at a young age , he is an avid supporter of the Collingwood Magpies in the Australian Football League . Throughout his teenage years , he was selected for several Victorian state representative basketball sides and played alongside future Collingwood captain , Scott Pendlebury . In 2007 , he moved to Canberra to attend the Australian Institute of Sport ( AIS ) where he spent three years playing in the South East Australian Basketball League ( SEABL ) . Both of Dellavedovas sisters , Yana and Ingrid , play basketball as well , with Yana playing U.S . college basketball for Long Beach State in 2012–13 . College career . Dellavedova was recruited by Randy Bennett and the Saint Marys College of California in 2009 and signed with the Gaels before the 2009–10 season . He was ranked by ESPN as one of the top junior players in Australia . Dellavedova immediately contributed for the Gaels and started all 34 games as a freshman . In 2009–10 , he averaged 12.1 points , 3.5 rebounds , and 4.5 assists per game . That season , the Gaels won 28 games and reached the Sweet Sixteen of the 2010 NCAA mens basketball tournament . The Gaels reached the Sweet Sixteen by upsetting Villanova , 75–68 . Dellavedovas crucial late free throws iced the game against the Wildcats . On 16 January 2013 , Dellavedova scored 18 points , including a game-winning three-point buzzer-beater , in a 70–69 victory over the BYU Cougars . The forty-foot shot soon became known as the Dellavedagger . In 2012–13 , Dellavedova was an Academic All-America selection and a Senior CLASS Award finalist . Dellavedova graduated from Saint Marys in 2013 with a degree in psychology . He finished his college career as Saint Marys all-time leader in scoring , assists , games played , free throw percentage , and three-point shots . St . Marys retired his jersey on 15 February 2014 . Dellavedovas #4 was the second retired by the schools mens basketball program , joining Tom Meschery in the rafters of McKeon Pavilion . Professional career . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2013–2016 ) . 2013–14 season . After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft , Dellavedova joined the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2013 NBA Summer League . On 12 September 2013 , he signed a two-year , $1.3 million contract with the Cavaliers , with $100,000 guaranteed . On 26 March 2014 , he had a season-best game with 21 points and 6 assists in a 97–96 win over the Detroit Pistons . 2014–15 season . In July 2014 , Dellavedova re-joined the Cavaliers for the 2014 NBA Summer League . On 9 November 2014 , he was ruled out for four to six weeks with a sprained left knee ( MCL ) that he sustained in the fourth quarter of Clevelands loss to the Portland Trail Blazers on 4 November . On 8 December 2014 , he returned from injury to face the Brooklyn Nets . On 11 February 2015 , Dellavedova was selected to participate in the Rising Stars Challenge as part of the 2015 NBA All-Star weekend . On 14 May 2015 , Dellavedova scored a team-high 19 points to help the Cavaliers defeat the Chicago Bulls and advance to the Conference Finals for the first time since 2009 . Following the Cavaliers Game 3 win over the Atlanta Hawks in Eastern Conference Finals , Dellavedovas aggressive play became a major talking point with some describing him as a dirty player . Despite this criticism , teammate LeBron James and NBA great Charles Barkley both defended Dellavedovas style of play . In Game 2 of the NBA Finals against the Golden State Warriors , in the absence of the injured Kyrie Irving , Dellavedova held Stephen Curry to 0-of-8 shooting and four turnovers while guarding him . The Cavaliers won Game 2 in double-overtime , 95–93 , for their first victory of an NBA Finals game in franchise history . In Game 3 , Dellavedova scored a playoff career-high 20 points as the Cavaliers defeated the Warriors to take a 2–1 series lead . After the game , Dellavedova was so dehydrated that he needed an IV , and he was quickly taken to the Cleveland Clinic for medical attention . The Cavaliers went on to lose the last three games of the series , however , as Dellavedova shot just 19% from the field in those three games . 2015–16 season . On 27 July 2015 , Dellavedova re-signed with the Cavaliers . On 19 November 2015 , he recorded 7 points and a career-high 13 assists in a 115–100 win over the Milwaukee Bucks . Four days later , he had a season-best game starting in place of injured guards Kyrie Irving and Mo Williams . In just under 24 minutes of action , he recorded 15 points and 9 assists in a 117–103 win over the Orlando Magic . On 20 December , he scored a season-high 20 points on 7-of-10 shooting in a 108–86 win over the Philadelphia 76ers . On 18 February , he returned to the line-up after missing five straight games with a strained hamstring . Dellavedova went on to help the Cavaliers defeat the Toronto Raptors on 27 May in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals . The 4–2 series win advanced the Cavaliers to their second straight NBA Finals . In a Finals rematch with the Warriors , the Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to win the championship after being down 3–1 in the series . Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016–2018 ) . On 7 July 2016 , Dellavedova was acquired by the Milwaukee Bucks in a sign-and-trade deal with the Cavaliers , in which Cleveland received a $4.8 million trade exception and the rights to Albert Miralles , while Milwaukee also received cash considerations . Dellavedovas contract gave him $38 million over four years . Dellavedova made his debut for the Bucks in their season opener on 26 October 2016 , scoring 11 points in 29 minutes as a starter in a 107–96 loss to the Charlotte Hornets . On 3 December 2016 , he scored 12 of his season-high 18 points in the fourth quarter of the Bucks 112–103 win over the Brooklyn Nets . After starting all 30 games to begin the season , he missed five straight games in late December and early January with a strained right hamstring . Dellavedova missed 15 consecutive games with left knee tendinitis during November and December of the 2017–18 season . On 1 January 2018 , Dellavedova had a season-high 10 assists in a 131–127 overtime loss to the Toronto Raptors . A right ankle sprain suffered on 4 February against the Nets saw Dellavedova miss 29 straight games , returning to action in the Bucks regular-season finale against the Philadelphia 76ers on 11 April . He went on to play in six of the Bucks seven playoff games . Return to Cleveland ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Dellavedova was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that also involved the Bucks and the Washington Wizards . In his return game for the Cavaliers in Milwaukee three days later , Dellavedova received an ovation when he entered the game and finished with 11 points in 16 minutes in a 108–92 loss to the Bucks . On 8 March 2020 in a game against the Denver Nuggets , Dellavedova had a career high 14 assists in a 104–102 win . On 25 November 2020 , Dellavedova re-signed with the Cavaliers . Player profile . Dellavedova is well known for his high levels of effort while playing . Multiple players , coaches , and commentators have praised his toughness and competitiveness , particularly on defense . On account of his aggressiveness , some have cast Dellavedova as reckless or dirty . However , multiple current and former players have spoken in defense of Dellavedova , including LeBron James , Kobe Bryant , Charles Barkley , and Antonio Davis . Dellavedovas offensive strengths includes his three-point shot , his floater , and his passing ability . International career . Dellavedova competed for the Australian junior national team at the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship . He was the teams third leading scorer – averaging 10.1 points per game – for the fourth-place Australians . He was named in the Australian senior national team , the Boomers , to compete for the first time at the 2009 FIBA Oceania Championship . At age 19 , he was the youngest Australian player at the competition . He went on to compete for the Boomers at the 2012 London Olympics , the 2014 World Cup in Spain , the 2016 Rio Olympics , and the 2019 World Cup in China . Personal life . Dellavedova married his long-time girlfriend , Anna Schroeder , on 1 July 2017 , after proposing to her on 10 September 2016 . Dellavedova met Schroeder at Saint Marys , where she played volleyball and was an honor roll student . They started dating after his senior year . On 5 July 2019 , the couple announced they were expecting their first child , a boy . On 6 November , he announced the birth of his son , Anders Ralph Dellavedova . He has a second cousin , also named Matthew Dellavedova , who is a tennis player in Australia . Dellavedova is good friends with his former Cavaliers teammate , Joe Harris . Community involvement . On 28 March 2015 , Dellavedova escorted Jackie Custer , a 17-year-old cancer patient , to Akron Childrens Hospitals A Prom to Remember event . Custer was asked to choose a celebrity guest to escort her to the event , and chose Dellavedova . Custer stated , Going to prom with Delly was a night Ill never forget . It was definitely magical , and hes the sweetest guy Ive ever met . External links . - espn.com profile - 2012 Olympic profile - Saint Marys Gaels bio

easy

Which team did the player Matthew Dellavedova belong to from 2016 to 2017?

/wiki/Matthew_Dellavedova#P54#2

Matthew Dellavedova Matthew William Dellavedova ( born 8 September 1990 ) is an Australian professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for Saint Marys College and has played on the Australian national team . Dellavedova won an NBA championship with the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2016 . Early life . Born and raised in Maryborough , Victoria , Dellavedova is the oldest of three children in his family and is a sixth-generation Italian Australian . His father , Mark , grew up playing Australian rules football and his mother , Leanne , played netball . Dellavedova began playing basketball at the age of four . He attended Maryborough Regional College and played junior basketball for the Maryborough Blazers and played in under-12 and under-14 Bendigo Braves squads . Along with basketball , he played tennis , soccer , and Australian rules football at the junior level . In the latter sport , Dellavedova played the position of wing and kicked a total of 32 goals in 26 games between 1999 and 2001 , but gave the game away to focus solely on basketball . Despite giving the game away at a young age , he is an avid supporter of the Collingwood Magpies in the Australian Football League . Throughout his teenage years , he was selected for several Victorian state representative basketball sides and played alongside future Collingwood captain , Scott Pendlebury . In 2007 , he moved to Canberra to attend the Australian Institute of Sport ( AIS ) where he spent three years playing in the South East Australian Basketball League ( SEABL ) . Both of Dellavedovas sisters , Yana and Ingrid , play basketball as well , with Yana playing U.S . college basketball for Long Beach State in 2012–13 . College career . Dellavedova was recruited by Randy Bennett and the Saint Marys College of California in 2009 and signed with the Gaels before the 2009–10 season . He was ranked by ESPN as one of the top junior players in Australia . Dellavedova immediately contributed for the Gaels and started all 34 games as a freshman . In 2009–10 , he averaged 12.1 points , 3.5 rebounds , and 4.5 assists per game . That season , the Gaels won 28 games and reached the Sweet Sixteen of the 2010 NCAA mens basketball tournament . The Gaels reached the Sweet Sixteen by upsetting Villanova , 75–68 . Dellavedovas crucial late free throws iced the game against the Wildcats . On 16 January 2013 , Dellavedova scored 18 points , including a game-winning three-point buzzer-beater , in a 70–69 victory over the BYU Cougars . The forty-foot shot soon became known as the Dellavedagger . In 2012–13 , Dellavedova was an Academic All-America selection and a Senior CLASS Award finalist . Dellavedova graduated from Saint Marys in 2013 with a degree in psychology . He finished his college career as Saint Marys all-time leader in scoring , assists , games played , free throw percentage , and three-point shots . St . Marys retired his jersey on 15 February 2014 . Dellavedovas #4 was the second retired by the schools mens basketball program , joining Tom Meschery in the rafters of McKeon Pavilion . Professional career . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2013–2016 ) . 2013–14 season . After going undrafted in the 2013 NBA draft , Dellavedova joined the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2013 NBA Summer League . On 12 September 2013 , he signed a two-year , $1.3 million contract with the Cavaliers , with $100,000 guaranteed . On 26 March 2014 , he had a season-best game with 21 points and 6 assists in a 97–96 win over the Detroit Pistons . 2014–15 season . In July 2014 , Dellavedova re-joined the Cavaliers for the 2014 NBA Summer League . On 9 November 2014 , he was ruled out for four to six weeks with a sprained left knee ( MCL ) that he sustained in the fourth quarter of Clevelands loss to the Portland Trail Blazers on 4 November . On 8 December 2014 , he returned from injury to face the Brooklyn Nets . On 11 February 2015 , Dellavedova was selected to participate in the Rising Stars Challenge as part of the 2015 NBA All-Star weekend . On 14 May 2015 , Dellavedova scored a team-high 19 points to help the Cavaliers defeat the Chicago Bulls and advance to the Conference Finals for the first time since 2009 . Following the Cavaliers Game 3 win over the Atlanta Hawks in Eastern Conference Finals , Dellavedovas aggressive play became a major talking point with some describing him as a dirty player . Despite this criticism , teammate LeBron James and NBA great Charles Barkley both defended Dellavedovas style of play . In Game 2 of the NBA Finals against the Golden State Warriors , in the absence of the injured Kyrie Irving , Dellavedova held Stephen Curry to 0-of-8 shooting and four turnovers while guarding him . The Cavaliers won Game 2 in double-overtime , 95–93 , for their first victory of an NBA Finals game in franchise history . In Game 3 , Dellavedova scored a playoff career-high 20 points as the Cavaliers defeated the Warriors to take a 2–1 series lead . After the game , Dellavedova was so dehydrated that he needed an IV , and he was quickly taken to the Cleveland Clinic for medical attention . The Cavaliers went on to lose the last three games of the series , however , as Dellavedova shot just 19% from the field in those three games . 2015–16 season . On 27 July 2015 , Dellavedova re-signed with the Cavaliers . On 19 November 2015 , he recorded 7 points and a career-high 13 assists in a 115–100 win over the Milwaukee Bucks . Four days later , he had a season-best game starting in place of injured guards Kyrie Irving and Mo Williams . In just under 24 minutes of action , he recorded 15 points and 9 assists in a 117–103 win over the Orlando Magic . On 20 December , he scored a season-high 20 points on 7-of-10 shooting in a 108–86 win over the Philadelphia 76ers . On 18 February , he returned to the line-up after missing five straight games with a strained hamstring . Dellavedova went on to help the Cavaliers defeat the Toronto Raptors on 27 May in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Finals . The 4–2 series win advanced the Cavaliers to their second straight NBA Finals . In a Finals rematch with the Warriors , the Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to win the championship after being down 3–1 in the series . Milwaukee Bucks ( 2016–2018 ) . On 7 July 2016 , Dellavedova was acquired by the Milwaukee Bucks in a sign-and-trade deal with the Cavaliers , in which Cleveland received a $4.8 million trade exception and the rights to Albert Miralles , while Milwaukee also received cash considerations . Dellavedovas contract gave him $38 million over four years . Dellavedova made his debut for the Bucks in their season opener on 26 October 2016 , scoring 11 points in 29 minutes as a starter in a 107–96 loss to the Charlotte Hornets . On 3 December 2016 , he scored 12 of his season-high 18 points in the fourth quarter of the Bucks 112–103 win over the Brooklyn Nets . After starting all 30 games to begin the season , he missed five straight games in late December and early January with a strained right hamstring . Dellavedova missed 15 consecutive games with left knee tendinitis during November and December of the 2017–18 season . On 1 January 2018 , Dellavedova had a season-high 10 assists in a 131–127 overtime loss to the Toronto Raptors . A right ankle sprain suffered on 4 February against the Nets saw Dellavedova miss 29 straight games , returning to action in the Bucks regular-season finale against the Philadelphia 76ers on 11 April . He went on to play in six of the Bucks seven playoff games . Return to Cleveland ( 2018–present ) . On 7 December 2018 , Dellavedova was acquired by the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-team trade that also involved the Bucks and the Washington Wizards . In his return game for the Cavaliers in Milwaukee three days later , Dellavedova received an ovation when he entered the game and finished with 11 points in 16 minutes in a 108–92 loss to the Bucks . On 8 March 2020 in a game against the Denver Nuggets , Dellavedova had a career high 14 assists in a 104–102 win . On 25 November 2020 , Dellavedova re-signed with the Cavaliers . Player profile . Dellavedova is well known for his high levels of effort while playing . Multiple players , coaches , and commentators have praised his toughness and competitiveness , particularly on defense . On account of his aggressiveness , some have cast Dellavedova as reckless or dirty . However , multiple current and former players have spoken in defense of Dellavedova , including LeBron James , Kobe Bryant , Charles Barkley , and Antonio Davis . Dellavedovas offensive strengths includes his three-point shot , his floater , and his passing ability . International career . Dellavedova competed for the Australian junior national team at the 2009 FIBA Under-19 World Championship . He was the teams third leading scorer – averaging 10.1 points per game – for the fourth-place Australians . He was named in the Australian senior national team , the Boomers , to compete for the first time at the 2009 FIBA Oceania Championship . At age 19 , he was the youngest Australian player at the competition . He went on to compete for the Boomers at the 2012 London Olympics , the 2014 World Cup in Spain , the 2016 Rio Olympics , and the 2019 World Cup in China . Personal life . Dellavedova married his long-time girlfriend , Anna Schroeder , on 1 July 2017 , after proposing to her on 10 September 2016 . Dellavedova met Schroeder at Saint Marys , where she played volleyball and was an honor roll student . They started dating after his senior year . On 5 July 2019 , the couple announced they were expecting their first child , a boy . On 6 November , he announced the birth of his son , Anders Ralph Dellavedova . He has a second cousin , also named Matthew Dellavedova , who is a tennis player in Australia . Dellavedova is good friends with his former Cavaliers teammate , Joe Harris . Community involvement . On 28 March 2015 , Dellavedova escorted Jackie Custer , a 17-year-old cancer patient , to Akron Childrens Hospitals A Prom to Remember event . Custer was asked to choose a celebrity guest to escort her to the event , and chose Dellavedova . Custer stated , Going to prom with Delly was a night Ill never forget . It was definitely magical , and hes the sweetest guy Ive ever met . External links . - espn.com profile - 2012 Olympic profile - Saint Marys Gaels bio

easy

Who was Vittorio Gassman 's spouse from Apr 1944 to 1952?

/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman#P26#0

Vittorio Gassman Vittorio Gassman ( ; born Gassmann ; 1 September 1922 – 29 June 2000 ) , popularly known as , was an Italian actor , director and screenwriter . He is considered one of the greatest Italian actors , whose career includes both important productions as well as dozens of divertissements . Biography . Early life . He was born in Genoa to a German father , Heinrich Gassmann ( an engineer from Karlsruhe ) , and a Pisan Jewish mother , Luisa Ambron . While still very young he moved to Rome , where he studied at the Silvio DAmico National Academy of Dramatic Arts . Career . Gassmans debut was in Milan , in 1942 , with Alda Borelli in Niccodemis La Nemica ( theatre ) . He then moved to Rome and acted at the Teatro Eliseo joining Tino Carraro and Ernesto Calindri in a team that remained famous for some time ; with them he acted in a range of plays from bourgeois comedy to sophisticated intellectual theatre . In 1946 , he made his film debut in Preludio damore , while only one year later he appeared in five films . In 1948 he played in Riso amaro . It was with Luchino Viscontis company that Gassman achieved his mature successes , together with Paolo Stoppa , Rina Morelli and Paola Borboni . He played Stanley Kowalski in Tennessee Williams Un tram che si chiama desiderio ( A Streetcar Named Desire ) , as well as in Come vi piace ( As You Like It ) by Shakespeare and Oreste ( by Vittorio Alfieri ) . He joined the Teatro Nazionale with Tommaso Salvini , Massimo Girotti , Arnoldo Foà to create a successful Peer Gynt ( by Henrik Ibsen ) . With Luigi Squarzina in 1952 he co-founded and co-directed the Teatro dArte Italiano , producing the first complete version of Hamlet in Italy , followed by rare works such as Senecas Thyestes and Aeschyluss The Persians . In 1956 Gassman played the title role in a production of Othello . He was so well received by his acting in the television series entitled that Il Mattatore became the nickname that accompanied him for the rest of his life . Gassmans debut in the commedia allitaliana genre was rather accidental , in Mario Monicellis I soliti ignoti ( Big Deal on Madonna Street , 1958 ) . Famous movies featuring Gassman include : Il sorpasso ( 1962 ) , La Grande Guerra ( 1962 ) , I mostri ( 1963 ) , LArmata Brancaleone ( 1966 ) , Profumo di donna ( 1974 ) and Ceravamo tanto amati ( 1974 ) . He directed Adelchi , a lesser-known work by Alessandro Manzoni . Gassman brought this production to half a million spectators , crossing Italy with his Teatro Popolare Itinerante ( a newer edition of the famous Carro di Tespi ) . His productions have included many of the famous authors and playwrights of the 20th century , with repeated returns to the classics of Shakespeare , Dostoyevsky and the Greek tragicians . He also founded a theatre school in Florence ( Bottega Teatrale di Firenze ) , which educated many of the more talented actors of the current generation of Italian thespians . In cinema , he worked frequently both in Italy and abroad . He met and fell in love with American actress Shelley Winters while she was touring Europe with fiancé Farley Granger . When Winters was forced to return to Hollywood to fulfill contractual obligations , he followed her there and married her . With his natural charisma and his fluency in English he scored a number of roles in Hollywood , including Rhapsody with Elizabeth Taylor and The Glass Wall before returning to Italy and the theatre . In the 1990s he took part in the popular Rai 3 TV show Tunnel in which he very formally and seriously recited documents such as utility bills , yellow pages and similar trivial texts , such as washing instructions for a wool sweater or cookies ingredients . He rendered them with the same professional skill that made him famous while reciting Dantes Divine Comedy . In 1994 , Gassman voiced Mufasa in the Italian dubbed version of The Lion King . Gassmans voice was redubbed in several of his films by historical Italian actors and dubbers which include Emilio Cigoli , Sandro Ruffini , Gualtiero De Angelis , Stefano Sibaldi , Enrico Maria Salerno and Pino Locchi . Personal life . Gassman married three times , all to actresses : Nora Ricci ( with whom he had Paola , an actress and wife of Ugo Pagliai ) ; Shelley Winters ( mother of his daughter Vittoria ) ; and Diletta DAndrea ( mother of his son Jacopo ) . While rehearsing Hamlet , he began an affair with Anna Maria Ferrero , his 16-year-old Ophelia , which ended his marriage to Winters . He and Winters were forced to work together on Mambo just as their marriage was unraveling , providing fodder for tabloids all over the world . From 1964 to 1968 he was the partner of French actress Juliette Mayniel ( mother of his son Alessandro , also an actor ) . Through Alessandro , he is the grandfather of singer-songwriter Leo Gassmann . Death . In the later stages of his life , Gassman suffered from bipolar disorder and on 29 June 2000 , he died of a heart attack in his sleep at his home in Rome at the age of 77 . He was buried at Campo Verano . Filmography . Actor . - Incontro con Laura ( 1945 ) - The Captains Daughter ( 1947 ) as Svabrin - Preludio damore ( Love Prelude , 1947 ) as Davide - Le avventure di Pinocchio ( The Adventures of Pinocchio , 1947 ) as The Green Fisherman - Daniele Cortis ( 1947 ) as Daniele Cortis - Lebreo errante ( The Wandering Jew , 1948 ) as Mathieu Nahum / Mathieu Blumenthal - Il cavaliere misterioso ( The Mysterious Rider , 1948 ) as Giacomo Casanova , cavaliere di Seingalt - Riso amaro ( Bitter Rice , 1949 ) as Walter - Una voce nel tuo cuore ( 1949 ) as Paolo Baldini - The Wolf of the Sila ( 1949 ) as Pietro Campolo - Ho sognato il paradiso ( Streets of Sorrow , 1950 ) as Giorgio - I fuorilegge , ( The Outlaws , 1950 ) as Turi - Lo sparviero del Nilo ( Hawk of the Nile , 1950 ) as Yussuf - Il leone di Amalfi ( The Lion of Amalfi , 1950 ) as Mauro - Il tradimento ( Double Cross , 1951 ) as Renato Salvi - La corona negra ( 1951 ) as Mauricio - Anna ( 1951 ) as Vittorio - The Dream of Zorro ( 1952 ) as Don Antonio / Juan - Girls Marked Danger ( 1952 ) as Michele - The Glass Wall ( 1953 ) as Peter Kaban - Sombrero ( 1953 ) as Alejandro Castillo - Cry of the Hunted ( 1953 ) as Jory - Rhapsody ( 1954 ) as Paul Bronte - Mambo ( 1954 ) as Mario Rossi - La donna più bella del mondo ( 1955 ) as Prince Sergei - The Violent Patriot ( 1956 ) as Giovanni de Medici dalle Bande Nere - War and Peace ( 1956 ) as Anatol Kuragin - Difendo il mio amore ( 1956 ) as Giovanni Marchi - ( 1957 ) as Edmund Kean - I soliti ignoti ( Big Deal on Madonna Street , 1958 ) as Peppe il pantera - La ragazza del palio ( 1958 ) as Piero di Montalcino - La tempesta ( 1958 ) as Prosecutor - The Great War ( 1959 ) as Giovanni Busacca - The Miracle ( 1959 ) as Guido - La cambiale ( 1959 ) as Michele - Le sorprese dellamore ( 1959 ) as The Schoolteacher ( uncredited ) - Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti ( Hold-up à la milanaise , 1959 ) as Peppe er pantera - Il Mattatore ( 1960 ) as Gerardo Latini - Crimen ( Killing in Monte Carlo , 1960 ) as Remo Capretti - Fantasmi a Roma ( Ghosts of Rome , 1961 ) as Giovanni Battista Villari , aka il Caparra - A Difficult Life ( 1961 ) as Himself ( uncredited ) - The Last Judgement ( 1961 ) as Cimino - I briganti italiani ( 1961 ) as O Caporale - Barabbas ( 1961 ) as Sahak - Anima nera ( 1962 ) as Adriano Zucchelli - Il giorno più corto ( 1962 ) - Il Sorpasso ( The Easy Life , 1962 ) as Bruno Cortona - La Marcia su Roma ( March on Rome , 1962 ) as Domenico Rocchetti - Lamore difficile ( Sex Can Be Difficult , 1962 ) as Lavvocato ( segment Lavaro ) - La Smania addosso ( 1963 ) as Giorgio Mazzanò - lawyer - Il Successo ( 1963 ) as Giulio Ceriani - I Mostri ( 1963 ) as The Actor ( segment La Raccomandazione ) / Policeman ( segment Il Mostro ) / Production Assistant & Movie Director ( segment Presa dalla Vita ) / Nicola ( segment Che Vitaccia! ) / Blonde Latin Lover ( segment Latin Lovers-Amanti latini ) / Defence Layer DAmore ( segment Testimone volontario ) / Richetto ( segment I due Orfanelli ) / Roberto ( segment Il Sacrificato ) / Elisa ( segment La Musa ) / The Road Hog ( segment La Strada è di Tutti ) / The Friar ( segment Il Testamento di Francesco ) / Artemio Altidori ( segment La nobile Arte ) - Frenesia dellestate ( 1964 ) as Captain Mario Nardoni - Se permettete parliamo di donne ( Lets Talk About Women , 1964 ) as Stranger / Practical Joker / Client / Lover / Impatient Lover / Waiter / Timid Brother / Ragman / Prisoner - Il Gaucho ( 1964 ) as Marco Ravicchio - La Congiuntura ( Hard Time for Princes , 1965 ) as Giuliano - The Dirty Game ( 1965 ) as Perego / Ferrari ( French ) - Slalom ( 1965 ) as Lucio Ridolfi - Una Vergine per il Principe ( Virgin for the Prince , 1966 ) as Principe don vincenzo gonzaga - LArmata Brancaleone ( 1966 ) as Brancaleone da Norcia - Le piacevoli notti ( 1966 ) as Bastiano da Sangallo - The Devil in Love ( Larcidiavolo , 1966 ) as Belfagor - Il Tigre ( 1967 ) as Francesco Vincenzini - Sette Volte Donna ( Woman Times Seven , 1967 ) as Cenci ( segment Two Against One ) - Questi fantasmi ( Ghosts – Italian Style , 1968 ) as Pasquale Lojacono - Lo scatenato ( 1968 ) as Bob Chiaramonte - Il Profeta ( 1968 ) as Pietro Breccia - La pecora nera ( The Black Sheep , 1968 ) as Mario Agasti / Filippo Agasti - LAlibi ( Alibi , 1969 ) as Vittorio - Dove vai tutta nuda ? ( Where Are You Going All Naked? , 1969 ) as Rufus Conforti - Una su 13 ( The 13 Chairs , 1969 ) as Mario Beretti - LArcangelo ( 1969 ) as Furio Bertuccia - Contestazione generale ( 1970 ) as Riccardo - The Divorce ( 1970 ) as Leonardo Nenci - Brancaleone alle Crociate ( Brancaleone at the Crusades , 1970 ) as Brancaleone da Norcia - Scipione detto anche lafricano ( Scipio the African , 1971 ) as Catone il Censore - In nome del popolo italiano ( 1971 ) as Lorenzo Santenocito - Senza famiglia , nullatenenti cercano affetto ( 1972 ) as Armando Zavanatti - Ludienza ( The Audience , 1972 ) as Principe Donati - Che centriamo noi con la rivoluzione ? ( 1972 ) as Guido Guidi - La Tosca ( 1973 ) as Scarpia - Profumo di donna ( Scent of a Woman , 1974 ) as Il capitano Fausto Consolo - Ceravamo tanto amati ( We All Loved Each Other So Much , 1974 ) as Gianni Perego - A mezzanotte va la ronda del piacere ( Midnight Pleasures , 1975 ) as Andrea Sansoni - Telefoni bianchi ( 1976 ) as Franco Denza - Come una rosa al naso ( Pure as a Lily , 1976 ) as Anthony M . Wilson - Signore e signori , buonanotte ( 1976 ) as CIA agent / Tuttumpezzo - The Desert of the Tartars ( The Desert of the Tartars , 1976 ) as Colonel Giovanbattista Filimore - Anima persa ( The Forbidden Room , 1977 ) as Fabio Stolz - I nuovi mostri ( Via lItalia! , 1977 ) as Il cardinale ( segment Tantum ergo ) / Il cameriere ( segment Hostaria ) / Il marito ( segment Sequestro di persona cara ) / Il commissario ( segment Il sospetto ) / Il padre di famiglia ( segment Cittadino esemplare ) - A Wedding ( 1978 ) as Luigi Corelli - Quintet ( 1979 ) as St . Christopher - Caro papà ( Dear Father , 1979 ) as Albino Millozza - Due pezzi di pane ( Happy Hobos , 1979 ) as Pippo Mifà - Sono fotogenico ( 1980 ) as Himself ( uncredited ) - La terrazza ( The Terrace , 1980 ) as Mario - The Nude Bomb ( 1980 ) as Sauvage / Nino Salvatori Sebastiani - Camera dalbergo ( Chambre dhôtel , 1981 ) as Achille Mengaroni - Il Turno ( 1981 ) as Ciro Coppa - Sharkys Machine ( 1981 ) as Victor - Di padre in figlio ( 1982 ) as Himself - Tempest ( 1982 ) as Alonzo - Il Conte Tacchia ( Count Tacchia , 1982 ) as Prince Torquato Terenzi - La Vie est un roman ( Life Is a Bed of Roses , 1983 ) as Walter Guarini - Benvenuta ( 1983 ) as Livio Carpi - Paradigma ( Power of Evil , 1985 ) as Gottfried - I Soliti ignoti ventanni dopo ( Big Deal After 20 Years , 1985 ) as Peppe il pantera - La Famiglia ( The Family , 1987 ) as Carlo , as a man / Carlos grandfather - I Picari ( 1987 ) as Marchese Felipe de Aragona - Mortacci ( 1989 ) as Domenico - Lo zio indegno ( 1989 ) as Uncle Luca - Dimenticare Palermo ( 1990 ) as Il Principe - Tolgo il disturbo ( 1990 ) as Augusto Scribani - Les 1001 Nuits ( 1990 ) as Sinbad - I Divertimenti della vita privata ( The Amusements of Private Life , 1990 ) as Marquis - Rossini ! Rossini ! ( 1991 ) as Ludwig van Beethoven ( uncredited ) - El Largo invierno ( 1992 ) as Claudio - When We Were Repressed ( 1992 ) as The Sexologist - Abraham ( 1993 , TV series ) as Terah - Tutti gli anni una volta lanno ( 1994 ) as Giuseppe - Sleepers ( 1996 ) as King Benny - Deserto di fuoco ( 1997 , TV Series ) as Tarek - Un homme digne de confiance ( 1997 ) as Adriano Venturi - La cena ( 1998 ) as Maestro Pezzullo - La bomba ( 1999 ) as Don Vito Bracalone - Luchino Visconti ( 1999 ) as Himself Director . - Kean ( 1956 ) - LAlibi ( 1969 ) - Senza famiglia , nullatenenti cercano affetto ( 1972 ) - Di padre in figlio ( 1982 ) Dubbing roles . Animation . - Mufasa in The Lion King ( 1994 ) , dubbing James Earl Jones Live action . - Narrator in Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) , dubbing Laurence Olivier Writer . - Luca de Numeri . Novel , in 1947 won the Fogazzaro prize , published in 1965 ( ed . Lerici ) - Un grande avvenire dietro le spalle . Milan , ( 1981 ) . Longanesi & C . - Vocalizzi . Milan , ( 1988 ) . Longanesi & C . - Memorie del sottoscala . Milan , ( 1990 ) . Longanesi & C . Audiobooks . - CL 0426 – Antologia moderna – Ungaretti , Cardarelli , Palazzeschi , Montale , Quasimodo . - CL 0401 – Dante Alighieri – Inferno canto quinto . - CL 0437 – Dante Alighieri – Inferno canto XXVI . - CL 0402 – Dante Alighieri – Paradiso canto XXXIII . - CL 0457 – Elogio Olimpico – Poesie sportive . - CL 0459 – Eschilo – Coefore – with Valentina Fortunato and Maria Fabbri . - CL 0438 – Foscolo – Sepolcri . - CL 0439 – Leopardi – Poesie - CL 0440 – Leopardi – Poesie . - CL 0458 – Manzoni – Adelchi , with Carlo DAngelo . - CL 0414 – Manzoni – Promessi sposi . - CL 0416 – Manzoni – Il cinque maggio . - CL 0441 – Mistici del 200 . - CL 0470 – Pascarella – Sonetti . - CL 0417 – Pascoli – Poesie . - CL 0420 – Saba – Poesie . - CL 0415 – Shakespeare – Amleto . - CL 0427 – Sonetti attraverso i secoli . - CL 0443 – Gassman nel Mattatore prose varie . - CL 0444 – Gassman nel Mattatore prose varie . - CLV 0604 – Shakespeare – Otello . - CLV 0607 – Irma la dolce . - CLV 0609 – Gassman – Il Mattatore prose varie .

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Who was Vittorio Gassman 's spouse from 1952 to 1954?

/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman#P26#1

Vittorio Gassman Vittorio Gassman ( ; born Gassmann ; 1 September 1922 – 29 June 2000 ) , popularly known as , was an Italian actor , director and screenwriter . He is considered one of the greatest Italian actors , whose career includes both important productions as well as dozens of divertissements . Biography . Early life . He was born in Genoa to a German father , Heinrich Gassmann ( an engineer from Karlsruhe ) , and a Pisan Jewish mother , Luisa Ambron . While still very young he moved to Rome , where he studied at the Silvio DAmico National Academy of Dramatic Arts . Career . Gassmans debut was in Milan , in 1942 , with Alda Borelli in Niccodemis La Nemica ( theatre ) . He then moved to Rome and acted at the Teatro Eliseo joining Tino Carraro and Ernesto Calindri in a team that remained famous for some time ; with them he acted in a range of plays from bourgeois comedy to sophisticated intellectual theatre . In 1946 , he made his film debut in Preludio damore , while only one year later he appeared in five films . In 1948 he played in Riso amaro . It was with Luchino Viscontis company that Gassman achieved his mature successes , together with Paolo Stoppa , Rina Morelli and Paola Borboni . He played Stanley Kowalski in Tennessee Williams Un tram che si chiama desiderio ( A Streetcar Named Desire ) , as well as in Come vi piace ( As You Like It ) by Shakespeare and Oreste ( by Vittorio Alfieri ) . He joined the Teatro Nazionale with Tommaso Salvini , Massimo Girotti , Arnoldo Foà to create a successful Peer Gynt ( by Henrik Ibsen ) . With Luigi Squarzina in 1952 he co-founded and co-directed the Teatro dArte Italiano , producing the first complete version of Hamlet in Italy , followed by rare works such as Senecas Thyestes and Aeschyluss The Persians . In 1956 Gassman played the title role in a production of Othello . He was so well received by his acting in the television series entitled that Il Mattatore became the nickname that accompanied him for the rest of his life . Gassmans debut in the commedia allitaliana genre was rather accidental , in Mario Monicellis I soliti ignoti ( Big Deal on Madonna Street , 1958 ) . Famous movies featuring Gassman include : Il sorpasso ( 1962 ) , La Grande Guerra ( 1962 ) , I mostri ( 1963 ) , LArmata Brancaleone ( 1966 ) , Profumo di donna ( 1974 ) and Ceravamo tanto amati ( 1974 ) . He directed Adelchi , a lesser-known work by Alessandro Manzoni . Gassman brought this production to half a million spectators , crossing Italy with his Teatro Popolare Itinerante ( a newer edition of the famous Carro di Tespi ) . His productions have included many of the famous authors and playwrights of the 20th century , with repeated returns to the classics of Shakespeare , Dostoyevsky and the Greek tragicians . He also founded a theatre school in Florence ( Bottega Teatrale di Firenze ) , which educated many of the more talented actors of the current generation of Italian thespians . In cinema , he worked frequently both in Italy and abroad . He met and fell in love with American actress Shelley Winters while she was touring Europe with fiancé Farley Granger . When Winters was forced to return to Hollywood to fulfill contractual obligations , he followed her there and married her . With his natural charisma and his fluency in English he scored a number of roles in Hollywood , including Rhapsody with Elizabeth Taylor and The Glass Wall before returning to Italy and the theatre . In the 1990s he took part in the popular Rai 3 TV show Tunnel in which he very formally and seriously recited documents such as utility bills , yellow pages and similar trivial texts , such as washing instructions for a wool sweater or cookies ingredients . He rendered them with the same professional skill that made him famous while reciting Dantes Divine Comedy . In 1994 , Gassman voiced Mufasa in the Italian dubbed version of The Lion King . Gassmans voice was redubbed in several of his films by historical Italian actors and dubbers which include Emilio Cigoli , Sandro Ruffini , Gualtiero De Angelis , Stefano Sibaldi , Enrico Maria Salerno and Pino Locchi . Personal life . Gassman married three times , all to actresses : Nora Ricci ( with whom he had Paola , an actress and wife of Ugo Pagliai ) ; Shelley Winters ( mother of his daughter Vittoria ) ; and Diletta DAndrea ( mother of his son Jacopo ) . While rehearsing Hamlet , he began an affair with Anna Maria Ferrero , his 16-year-old Ophelia , which ended his marriage to Winters . He and Winters were forced to work together on Mambo just as their marriage was unraveling , providing fodder for tabloids all over the world . From 1964 to 1968 he was the partner of French actress Juliette Mayniel ( mother of his son Alessandro , also an actor ) . Through Alessandro , he is the grandfather of singer-songwriter Leo Gassmann . Death . In the later stages of his life , Gassman suffered from bipolar disorder and on 29 June 2000 , he died of a heart attack in his sleep at his home in Rome at the age of 77 . He was buried at Campo Verano . Filmography . Actor . - Incontro con Laura ( 1945 ) - The Captains Daughter ( 1947 ) as Svabrin - Preludio damore ( Love Prelude , 1947 ) as Davide - Le avventure di Pinocchio ( The Adventures of Pinocchio , 1947 ) as The Green Fisherman - Daniele Cortis ( 1947 ) as Daniele Cortis - Lebreo errante ( The Wandering Jew , 1948 ) as Mathieu Nahum / Mathieu Blumenthal - Il cavaliere misterioso ( The Mysterious Rider , 1948 ) as Giacomo Casanova , cavaliere di Seingalt - Riso amaro ( Bitter Rice , 1949 ) as Walter - Una voce nel tuo cuore ( 1949 ) as Paolo Baldini - The Wolf of the Sila ( 1949 ) as Pietro Campolo - Ho sognato il paradiso ( Streets of Sorrow , 1950 ) as Giorgio - I fuorilegge , ( The Outlaws , 1950 ) as Turi - Lo sparviero del Nilo ( Hawk of the Nile , 1950 ) as Yussuf - Il leone di Amalfi ( The Lion of Amalfi , 1950 ) as Mauro - Il tradimento ( Double Cross , 1951 ) as Renato Salvi - La corona negra ( 1951 ) as Mauricio - Anna ( 1951 ) as Vittorio - The Dream of Zorro ( 1952 ) as Don Antonio / Juan - Girls Marked Danger ( 1952 ) as Michele - The Glass Wall ( 1953 ) as Peter Kaban - Sombrero ( 1953 ) as Alejandro Castillo - Cry of the Hunted ( 1953 ) as Jory - Rhapsody ( 1954 ) as Paul Bronte - Mambo ( 1954 ) as Mario Rossi - La donna più bella del mondo ( 1955 ) as Prince Sergei - The Violent Patriot ( 1956 ) as Giovanni de Medici dalle Bande Nere - War and Peace ( 1956 ) as Anatol Kuragin - Difendo il mio amore ( 1956 ) as Giovanni Marchi - ( 1957 ) as Edmund Kean - I soliti ignoti ( Big Deal on Madonna Street , 1958 ) as Peppe il pantera - La ragazza del palio ( 1958 ) as Piero di Montalcino - La tempesta ( 1958 ) as Prosecutor - The Great War ( 1959 ) as Giovanni Busacca - The Miracle ( 1959 ) as Guido - La cambiale ( 1959 ) as Michele - Le sorprese dellamore ( 1959 ) as The Schoolteacher ( uncredited ) - Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti ( Hold-up à la milanaise , 1959 ) as Peppe er pantera - Il Mattatore ( 1960 ) as Gerardo Latini - Crimen ( Killing in Monte Carlo , 1960 ) as Remo Capretti - Fantasmi a Roma ( Ghosts of Rome , 1961 ) as Giovanni Battista Villari , aka il Caparra - A Difficult Life ( 1961 ) as Himself ( uncredited ) - The Last Judgement ( 1961 ) as Cimino - I briganti italiani ( 1961 ) as O Caporale - Barabbas ( 1961 ) as Sahak - Anima nera ( 1962 ) as Adriano Zucchelli - Il giorno più corto ( 1962 ) - Il Sorpasso ( The Easy Life , 1962 ) as Bruno Cortona - La Marcia su Roma ( March on Rome , 1962 ) as Domenico Rocchetti - Lamore difficile ( Sex Can Be Difficult , 1962 ) as Lavvocato ( segment Lavaro ) - La Smania addosso ( 1963 ) as Giorgio Mazzanò - lawyer - Il Successo ( 1963 ) as Giulio Ceriani - I Mostri ( 1963 ) as The Actor ( segment La Raccomandazione ) / Policeman ( segment Il Mostro ) / Production Assistant & Movie Director ( segment Presa dalla Vita ) / Nicola ( segment Che Vitaccia! ) / Blonde Latin Lover ( segment Latin Lovers-Amanti latini ) / Defence Layer DAmore ( segment Testimone volontario ) / Richetto ( segment I due Orfanelli ) / Roberto ( segment Il Sacrificato ) / Elisa ( segment La Musa ) / The Road Hog ( segment La Strada è di Tutti ) / The Friar ( segment Il Testamento di Francesco ) / Artemio Altidori ( segment La nobile Arte ) - Frenesia dellestate ( 1964 ) as Captain Mario Nardoni - Se permettete parliamo di donne ( Lets Talk About Women , 1964 ) as Stranger / Practical Joker / Client / Lover / Impatient Lover / Waiter / Timid Brother / Ragman / Prisoner - Il Gaucho ( 1964 ) as Marco Ravicchio - La Congiuntura ( Hard Time for Princes , 1965 ) as Giuliano - The Dirty Game ( 1965 ) as Perego / Ferrari ( French ) - Slalom ( 1965 ) as Lucio Ridolfi - Una Vergine per il Principe ( Virgin for the Prince , 1966 ) as Principe don vincenzo gonzaga - LArmata Brancaleone ( 1966 ) as Brancaleone da Norcia - Le piacevoli notti ( 1966 ) as Bastiano da Sangallo - The Devil in Love ( Larcidiavolo , 1966 ) as Belfagor - Il Tigre ( 1967 ) as Francesco Vincenzini - Sette Volte Donna ( Woman Times Seven , 1967 ) as Cenci ( segment Two Against One ) - Questi fantasmi ( Ghosts – Italian Style , 1968 ) as Pasquale Lojacono - Lo scatenato ( 1968 ) as Bob Chiaramonte - Il Profeta ( 1968 ) as Pietro Breccia - La pecora nera ( The Black Sheep , 1968 ) as Mario Agasti / Filippo Agasti - LAlibi ( Alibi , 1969 ) as Vittorio - Dove vai tutta nuda ? ( Where Are You Going All Naked? , 1969 ) as Rufus Conforti - Una su 13 ( The 13 Chairs , 1969 ) as Mario Beretti - LArcangelo ( 1969 ) as Furio Bertuccia - Contestazione generale ( 1970 ) as Riccardo - The Divorce ( 1970 ) as Leonardo Nenci - Brancaleone alle Crociate ( Brancaleone at the Crusades , 1970 ) as Brancaleone da Norcia - Scipione detto anche lafricano ( Scipio the African , 1971 ) as Catone il Censore - In nome del popolo italiano ( 1971 ) as Lorenzo Santenocito - Senza famiglia , nullatenenti cercano affetto ( 1972 ) as Armando Zavanatti - Ludienza ( The Audience , 1972 ) as Principe Donati - Che centriamo noi con la rivoluzione ? ( 1972 ) as Guido Guidi - La Tosca ( 1973 ) as Scarpia - Profumo di donna ( Scent of a Woman , 1974 ) as Il capitano Fausto Consolo - Ceravamo tanto amati ( We All Loved Each Other So Much , 1974 ) as Gianni Perego - A mezzanotte va la ronda del piacere ( Midnight Pleasures , 1975 ) as Andrea Sansoni - Telefoni bianchi ( 1976 ) as Franco Denza - Come una rosa al naso ( Pure as a Lily , 1976 ) as Anthony M . Wilson - Signore e signori , buonanotte ( 1976 ) as CIA agent / Tuttumpezzo - The Desert of the Tartars ( The Desert of the Tartars , 1976 ) as Colonel Giovanbattista Filimore - Anima persa ( The Forbidden Room , 1977 ) as Fabio Stolz - I nuovi mostri ( Via lItalia! , 1977 ) as Il cardinale ( segment Tantum ergo ) / Il cameriere ( segment Hostaria ) / Il marito ( segment Sequestro di persona cara ) / Il commissario ( segment Il sospetto ) / Il padre di famiglia ( segment Cittadino esemplare ) - A Wedding ( 1978 ) as Luigi Corelli - Quintet ( 1979 ) as St . Christopher - Caro papà ( Dear Father , 1979 ) as Albino Millozza - Due pezzi di pane ( Happy Hobos , 1979 ) as Pippo Mifà - Sono fotogenico ( 1980 ) as Himself ( uncredited ) - La terrazza ( The Terrace , 1980 ) as Mario - The Nude Bomb ( 1980 ) as Sauvage / Nino Salvatori Sebastiani - Camera dalbergo ( Chambre dhôtel , 1981 ) as Achille Mengaroni - Il Turno ( 1981 ) as Ciro Coppa - Sharkys Machine ( 1981 ) as Victor - Di padre in figlio ( 1982 ) as Himself - Tempest ( 1982 ) as Alonzo - Il Conte Tacchia ( Count Tacchia , 1982 ) as Prince Torquato Terenzi - La Vie est un roman ( Life Is a Bed of Roses , 1983 ) as Walter Guarini - Benvenuta ( 1983 ) as Livio Carpi - Paradigma ( Power of Evil , 1985 ) as Gottfried - I Soliti ignoti ventanni dopo ( Big Deal After 20 Years , 1985 ) as Peppe il pantera - La Famiglia ( The Family , 1987 ) as Carlo , as a man / Carlos grandfather - I Picari ( 1987 ) as Marchese Felipe de Aragona - Mortacci ( 1989 ) as Domenico - Lo zio indegno ( 1989 ) as Uncle Luca - Dimenticare Palermo ( 1990 ) as Il Principe - Tolgo il disturbo ( 1990 ) as Augusto Scribani - Les 1001 Nuits ( 1990 ) as Sinbad - I Divertimenti della vita privata ( The Amusements of Private Life , 1990 ) as Marquis - Rossini ! Rossini ! ( 1991 ) as Ludwig van Beethoven ( uncredited ) - El Largo invierno ( 1992 ) as Claudio - When We Were Repressed ( 1992 ) as The Sexologist - Abraham ( 1993 , TV series ) as Terah - Tutti gli anni una volta lanno ( 1994 ) as Giuseppe - Sleepers ( 1996 ) as King Benny - Deserto di fuoco ( 1997 , TV Series ) as Tarek - Un homme digne de confiance ( 1997 ) as Adriano Venturi - La cena ( 1998 ) as Maestro Pezzullo - La bomba ( 1999 ) as Don Vito Bracalone - Luchino Visconti ( 1999 ) as Himself Director . - Kean ( 1956 ) - LAlibi ( 1969 ) - Senza famiglia , nullatenenti cercano affetto ( 1972 ) - Di padre in figlio ( 1982 ) Dubbing roles . Animation . - Mufasa in The Lion King ( 1994 ) , dubbing James Earl Jones Live action . - Narrator in Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) , dubbing Laurence Olivier Writer . - Luca de Numeri . Novel , in 1947 won the Fogazzaro prize , published in 1965 ( ed . Lerici ) - Un grande avvenire dietro le spalle . Milan , ( 1981 ) . Longanesi & C . - Vocalizzi . Milan , ( 1988 ) . Longanesi & C . - Memorie del sottoscala . Milan , ( 1990 ) . Longanesi & C . Audiobooks . - CL 0426 – Antologia moderna – Ungaretti , Cardarelli , Palazzeschi , Montale , Quasimodo . - CL 0401 – Dante Alighieri – Inferno canto quinto . - CL 0437 – Dante Alighieri – Inferno canto XXVI . - CL 0402 – Dante Alighieri – Paradiso canto XXXIII . - CL 0457 – Elogio Olimpico – Poesie sportive . - CL 0459 – Eschilo – Coefore – with Valentina Fortunato and Maria Fabbri . - CL 0438 – Foscolo – Sepolcri . - CL 0439 – Leopardi – Poesie - CL 0440 – Leopardi – Poesie . - CL 0458 – Manzoni – Adelchi , with Carlo DAngelo . - CL 0414 – Manzoni – Promessi sposi . - CL 0416 – Manzoni – Il cinque maggio . - CL 0441 – Mistici del 200 . - CL 0470 – Pascarella – Sonetti . - CL 0417 – Pascoli – Poesie . - CL 0420 – Saba – Poesie . - CL 0415 – Shakespeare – Amleto . - CL 0427 – Sonetti attraverso i secoli . - CL 0443 – Gassman nel Mattatore prose varie . - CL 0444 – Gassman nel Mattatore prose varie . - CLV 0604 – Shakespeare – Otello . - CLV 0607 – Irma la dolce . - CLV 0609 – Gassman – Il Mattatore prose varie .

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Who was the spouse of Vittorio Gassman from Dec 1970 to Jun 2000?

/wiki/Vittorio_Gassman#P26#2

Vittorio Gassman Vittorio Gassman ( ; born Gassmann ; 1 September 1922 – 29 June 2000 ) , popularly known as , was an Italian actor , director and screenwriter . He is considered one of the greatest Italian actors , whose career includes both important productions as well as dozens of divertissements . Biography . Early life . He was born in Genoa to a German father , Heinrich Gassmann ( an engineer from Karlsruhe ) , and a Pisan Jewish mother , Luisa Ambron . While still very young he moved to Rome , where he studied at the Silvio DAmico National Academy of Dramatic Arts . Career . Gassmans debut was in Milan , in 1942 , with Alda Borelli in Niccodemis La Nemica ( theatre ) . He then moved to Rome and acted at the Teatro Eliseo joining Tino Carraro and Ernesto Calindri in a team that remained famous for some time ; with them he acted in a range of plays from bourgeois comedy to sophisticated intellectual theatre . In 1946 , he made his film debut in Preludio damore , while only one year later he appeared in five films . In 1948 he played in Riso amaro . It was with Luchino Viscontis company that Gassman achieved his mature successes , together with Paolo Stoppa , Rina Morelli and Paola Borboni . He played Stanley Kowalski in Tennessee Williams Un tram che si chiama desiderio ( A Streetcar Named Desire ) , as well as in Come vi piace ( As You Like It ) by Shakespeare and Oreste ( by Vittorio Alfieri ) . He joined the Teatro Nazionale with Tommaso Salvini , Massimo Girotti , Arnoldo Foà to create a successful Peer Gynt ( by Henrik Ibsen ) . With Luigi Squarzina in 1952 he co-founded and co-directed the Teatro dArte Italiano , producing the first complete version of Hamlet in Italy , followed by rare works such as Senecas Thyestes and Aeschyluss The Persians . In 1956 Gassman played the title role in a production of Othello . He was so well received by his acting in the television series entitled that Il Mattatore became the nickname that accompanied him for the rest of his life . Gassmans debut in the commedia allitaliana genre was rather accidental , in Mario Monicellis I soliti ignoti ( Big Deal on Madonna Street , 1958 ) . Famous movies featuring Gassman include : Il sorpasso ( 1962 ) , La Grande Guerra ( 1962 ) , I mostri ( 1963 ) , LArmata Brancaleone ( 1966 ) , Profumo di donna ( 1974 ) and Ceravamo tanto amati ( 1974 ) . He directed Adelchi , a lesser-known work by Alessandro Manzoni . Gassman brought this production to half a million spectators , crossing Italy with his Teatro Popolare Itinerante ( a newer edition of the famous Carro di Tespi ) . His productions have included many of the famous authors and playwrights of the 20th century , with repeated returns to the classics of Shakespeare , Dostoyevsky and the Greek tragicians . He also founded a theatre school in Florence ( Bottega Teatrale di Firenze ) , which educated many of the more talented actors of the current generation of Italian thespians . In cinema , he worked frequently both in Italy and abroad . He met and fell in love with American actress Shelley Winters while she was touring Europe with fiancé Farley Granger . When Winters was forced to return to Hollywood to fulfill contractual obligations , he followed her there and married her . With his natural charisma and his fluency in English he scored a number of roles in Hollywood , including Rhapsody with Elizabeth Taylor and The Glass Wall before returning to Italy and the theatre . In the 1990s he took part in the popular Rai 3 TV show Tunnel in which he very formally and seriously recited documents such as utility bills , yellow pages and similar trivial texts , such as washing instructions for a wool sweater or cookies ingredients . He rendered them with the same professional skill that made him famous while reciting Dantes Divine Comedy . In 1994 , Gassman voiced Mufasa in the Italian dubbed version of The Lion King . Gassmans voice was redubbed in several of his films by historical Italian actors and dubbers which include Emilio Cigoli , Sandro Ruffini , Gualtiero De Angelis , Stefano Sibaldi , Enrico Maria Salerno and Pino Locchi . Personal life . Gassman married three times , all to actresses : Nora Ricci ( with whom he had Paola , an actress and wife of Ugo Pagliai ) ; Shelley Winters ( mother of his daughter Vittoria ) ; and Diletta DAndrea ( mother of his son Jacopo ) . While rehearsing Hamlet , he began an affair with Anna Maria Ferrero , his 16-year-old Ophelia , which ended his marriage to Winters . He and Winters were forced to work together on Mambo just as their marriage was unraveling , providing fodder for tabloids all over the world . From 1964 to 1968 he was the partner of French actress Juliette Mayniel ( mother of his son Alessandro , also an actor ) . Through Alessandro , he is the grandfather of singer-songwriter Leo Gassmann . Death . In the later stages of his life , Gassman suffered from bipolar disorder and on 29 June 2000 , he died of a heart attack in his sleep at his home in Rome at the age of 77 . He was buried at Campo Verano . Filmography . Actor . - Incontro con Laura ( 1945 ) - The Captains Daughter ( 1947 ) as Svabrin - Preludio damore ( Love Prelude , 1947 ) as Davide - Le avventure di Pinocchio ( The Adventures of Pinocchio , 1947 ) as The Green Fisherman - Daniele Cortis ( 1947 ) as Daniele Cortis - Lebreo errante ( The Wandering Jew , 1948 ) as Mathieu Nahum / Mathieu Blumenthal - Il cavaliere misterioso ( The Mysterious Rider , 1948 ) as Giacomo Casanova , cavaliere di Seingalt - Riso amaro ( Bitter Rice , 1949 ) as Walter - Una voce nel tuo cuore ( 1949 ) as Paolo Baldini - The Wolf of the Sila ( 1949 ) as Pietro Campolo - Ho sognato il paradiso ( Streets of Sorrow , 1950 ) as Giorgio - I fuorilegge , ( The Outlaws , 1950 ) as Turi - Lo sparviero del Nilo ( Hawk of the Nile , 1950 ) as Yussuf - Il leone di Amalfi ( The Lion of Amalfi , 1950 ) as Mauro - Il tradimento ( Double Cross , 1951 ) as Renato Salvi - La corona negra ( 1951 ) as Mauricio - Anna ( 1951 ) as Vittorio - The Dream of Zorro ( 1952 ) as Don Antonio / Juan - Girls Marked Danger ( 1952 ) as Michele - The Glass Wall ( 1953 ) as Peter Kaban - Sombrero ( 1953 ) as Alejandro Castillo - Cry of the Hunted ( 1953 ) as Jory - Rhapsody ( 1954 ) as Paul Bronte - Mambo ( 1954 ) as Mario Rossi - La donna più bella del mondo ( 1955 ) as Prince Sergei - The Violent Patriot ( 1956 ) as Giovanni de Medici dalle Bande Nere - War and Peace ( 1956 ) as Anatol Kuragin - Difendo il mio amore ( 1956 ) as Giovanni Marchi - ( 1957 ) as Edmund Kean - I soliti ignoti ( Big Deal on Madonna Street , 1958 ) as Peppe il pantera - La ragazza del palio ( 1958 ) as Piero di Montalcino - La tempesta ( 1958 ) as Prosecutor - The Great War ( 1959 ) as Giovanni Busacca - The Miracle ( 1959 ) as Guido - La cambiale ( 1959 ) as Michele - Le sorprese dellamore ( 1959 ) as The Schoolteacher ( uncredited ) - Audace colpo dei soliti ignoti ( Hold-up à la milanaise , 1959 ) as Peppe er pantera - Il Mattatore ( 1960 ) as Gerardo Latini - Crimen ( Killing in Monte Carlo , 1960 ) as Remo Capretti - Fantasmi a Roma ( Ghosts of Rome , 1961 ) as Giovanni Battista Villari , aka il Caparra - A Difficult Life ( 1961 ) as Himself ( uncredited ) - The Last Judgement ( 1961 ) as Cimino - I briganti italiani ( 1961 ) as O Caporale - Barabbas ( 1961 ) as Sahak - Anima nera ( 1962 ) as Adriano Zucchelli - Il giorno più corto ( 1962 ) - Il Sorpasso ( The Easy Life , 1962 ) as Bruno Cortona - La Marcia su Roma ( March on Rome , 1962 ) as Domenico Rocchetti - Lamore difficile ( Sex Can Be Difficult , 1962 ) as Lavvocato ( segment Lavaro ) - La Smania addosso ( 1963 ) as Giorgio Mazzanò - lawyer - Il Successo ( 1963 ) as Giulio Ceriani - I Mostri ( 1963 ) as The Actor ( segment La Raccomandazione ) / Policeman ( segment Il Mostro ) / Production Assistant & Movie Director ( segment Presa dalla Vita ) / Nicola ( segment Che Vitaccia! ) / Blonde Latin Lover ( segment Latin Lovers-Amanti latini ) / Defence Layer DAmore ( segment Testimone volontario ) / Richetto ( segment I due Orfanelli ) / Roberto ( segment Il Sacrificato ) / Elisa ( segment La Musa ) / The Road Hog ( segment La Strada è di Tutti ) / The Friar ( segment Il Testamento di Francesco ) / Artemio Altidori ( segment La nobile Arte ) - Frenesia dellestate ( 1964 ) as Captain Mario Nardoni - Se permettete parliamo di donne ( Lets Talk About Women , 1964 ) as Stranger / Practical Joker / Client / Lover / Impatient Lover / Waiter / Timid Brother / Ragman / Prisoner - Il Gaucho ( 1964 ) as Marco Ravicchio - La Congiuntura ( Hard Time for Princes , 1965 ) as Giuliano - The Dirty Game ( 1965 ) as Perego / Ferrari ( French ) - Slalom ( 1965 ) as Lucio Ridolfi - Una Vergine per il Principe ( Virgin for the Prince , 1966 ) as Principe don vincenzo gonzaga - LArmata Brancaleone ( 1966 ) as Brancaleone da Norcia - Le piacevoli notti ( 1966 ) as Bastiano da Sangallo - The Devil in Love ( Larcidiavolo , 1966 ) as Belfagor - Il Tigre ( 1967 ) as Francesco Vincenzini - Sette Volte Donna ( Woman Times Seven , 1967 ) as Cenci ( segment Two Against One ) - Questi fantasmi ( Ghosts – Italian Style , 1968 ) as Pasquale Lojacono - Lo scatenato ( 1968 ) as Bob Chiaramonte - Il Profeta ( 1968 ) as Pietro Breccia - La pecora nera ( The Black Sheep , 1968 ) as Mario Agasti / Filippo Agasti - LAlibi ( Alibi , 1969 ) as Vittorio - Dove vai tutta nuda ? ( Where Are You Going All Naked? , 1969 ) as Rufus Conforti - Una su 13 ( The 13 Chairs , 1969 ) as Mario Beretti - LArcangelo ( 1969 ) as Furio Bertuccia - Contestazione generale ( 1970 ) as Riccardo - The Divorce ( 1970 ) as Leonardo Nenci - Brancaleone alle Crociate ( Brancaleone at the Crusades , 1970 ) as Brancaleone da Norcia - Scipione detto anche lafricano ( Scipio the African , 1971 ) as Catone il Censore - In nome del popolo italiano ( 1971 ) as Lorenzo Santenocito - Senza famiglia , nullatenenti cercano affetto ( 1972 ) as Armando Zavanatti - Ludienza ( The Audience , 1972 ) as Principe Donati - Che centriamo noi con la rivoluzione ? ( 1972 ) as Guido Guidi - La Tosca ( 1973 ) as Scarpia - Profumo di donna ( Scent of a Woman , 1974 ) as Il capitano Fausto Consolo - Ceravamo tanto amati ( We All Loved Each Other So Much , 1974 ) as Gianni Perego - A mezzanotte va la ronda del piacere ( Midnight Pleasures , 1975 ) as Andrea Sansoni - Telefoni bianchi ( 1976 ) as Franco Denza - Come una rosa al naso ( Pure as a Lily , 1976 ) as Anthony M . Wilson - Signore e signori , buonanotte ( 1976 ) as CIA agent / Tuttumpezzo - The Desert of the Tartars ( The Desert of the Tartars , 1976 ) as Colonel Giovanbattista Filimore - Anima persa ( The Forbidden Room , 1977 ) as Fabio Stolz - I nuovi mostri ( Via lItalia! , 1977 ) as Il cardinale ( segment Tantum ergo ) / Il cameriere ( segment Hostaria ) / Il marito ( segment Sequestro di persona cara ) / Il commissario ( segment Il sospetto ) / Il padre di famiglia ( segment Cittadino esemplare ) - A Wedding ( 1978 ) as Luigi Corelli - Quintet ( 1979 ) as St . Christopher - Caro papà ( Dear Father , 1979 ) as Albino Millozza - Due pezzi di pane ( Happy Hobos , 1979 ) as Pippo Mifà - Sono fotogenico ( 1980 ) as Himself ( uncredited ) - La terrazza ( The Terrace , 1980 ) as Mario - The Nude Bomb ( 1980 ) as Sauvage / Nino Salvatori Sebastiani - Camera dalbergo ( Chambre dhôtel , 1981 ) as Achille Mengaroni - Il Turno ( 1981 ) as Ciro Coppa - Sharkys Machine ( 1981 ) as Victor - Di padre in figlio ( 1982 ) as Himself - Tempest ( 1982 ) as Alonzo - Il Conte Tacchia ( Count Tacchia , 1982 ) as Prince Torquato Terenzi - La Vie est un roman ( Life Is a Bed of Roses , 1983 ) as Walter Guarini - Benvenuta ( 1983 ) as Livio Carpi - Paradigma ( Power of Evil , 1985 ) as Gottfried - I Soliti ignoti ventanni dopo ( Big Deal After 20 Years , 1985 ) as Peppe il pantera - La Famiglia ( The Family , 1987 ) as Carlo , as a man / Carlos grandfather - I Picari ( 1987 ) as Marchese Felipe de Aragona - Mortacci ( 1989 ) as Domenico - Lo zio indegno ( 1989 ) as Uncle Luca - Dimenticare Palermo ( 1990 ) as Il Principe - Tolgo il disturbo ( 1990 ) as Augusto Scribani - Les 1001 Nuits ( 1990 ) as Sinbad - I Divertimenti della vita privata ( The Amusements of Private Life , 1990 ) as Marquis - Rossini ! Rossini ! ( 1991 ) as Ludwig van Beethoven ( uncredited ) - El Largo invierno ( 1992 ) as Claudio - When We Were Repressed ( 1992 ) as The Sexologist - Abraham ( 1993 , TV series ) as Terah - Tutti gli anni una volta lanno ( 1994 ) as Giuseppe - Sleepers ( 1996 ) as King Benny - Deserto di fuoco ( 1997 , TV Series ) as Tarek - Un homme digne de confiance ( 1997 ) as Adriano Venturi - La cena ( 1998 ) as Maestro Pezzullo - La bomba ( 1999 ) as Don Vito Bracalone - Luchino Visconti ( 1999 ) as Himself Director . - Kean ( 1956 ) - LAlibi ( 1969 ) - Senza famiglia , nullatenenti cercano affetto ( 1972 ) - Di padre in figlio ( 1982 ) Dubbing roles . Animation . - Mufasa in The Lion King ( 1994 ) , dubbing James Earl Jones Live action . - Narrator in Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) , dubbing Laurence Olivier Writer . - Luca de Numeri . Novel , in 1947 won the Fogazzaro prize , published in 1965 ( ed . Lerici ) - Un grande avvenire dietro le spalle . Milan , ( 1981 ) . Longanesi & C . - Vocalizzi . Milan , ( 1988 ) . Longanesi & C . - Memorie del sottoscala . Milan , ( 1990 ) . Longanesi & C . Audiobooks . - CL 0426 – Antologia moderna – Ungaretti , Cardarelli , Palazzeschi , Montale , Quasimodo . - CL 0401 – Dante Alighieri – Inferno canto quinto . - CL 0437 – Dante Alighieri – Inferno canto XXVI . - CL 0402 – Dante Alighieri – Paradiso canto XXXIII . - CL 0457 – Elogio Olimpico – Poesie sportive . - CL 0459 – Eschilo – Coefore – with Valentina Fortunato and Maria Fabbri . - CL 0438 – Foscolo – Sepolcri . - CL 0439 – Leopardi – Poesie - CL 0440 – Leopardi – Poesie . - CL 0458 – Manzoni – Adelchi , with Carlo DAngelo . - CL 0414 – Manzoni – Promessi sposi . - CL 0416 – Manzoni – Il cinque maggio . - CL 0441 – Mistici del 200 . - CL 0470 – Pascarella – Sonetti . - CL 0417 – Pascoli – Poesie . - CL 0420 – Saba – Poesie . - CL 0415 – Shakespeare – Amleto . - CL 0427 – Sonetti attraverso i secoli . - CL 0443 – Gassman nel Mattatore prose varie . - CL 0444 – Gassman nel Mattatore prose varie . - CLV 0604 – Shakespeare – Otello . - CLV 0607 – Irma la dolce . - CLV 0609 – Gassman – Il Mattatore prose varie .

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Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb 2001 to Sep 2003?

/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine#P488#0

Security Service of Ukraine The Security Service of Ukraine ( ; Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny ) or SBU is Ukraines law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism . Duties and responsibilities . The Security Service of Ukraine is vested , within its competence defined by law , with the protection of national sovereignty , constitutional order , territorial integrity , economical , scientific , technical , and defense potential of Ukraine , legal interests of the state , and civil rights , from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations , groups and individuals , as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets . Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind , terrorism , corruption , and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy , as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraines vital interests . Organization . The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor ( KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials . Both of them became independent institutions . However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province . According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000 . It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together . Structure . - Central Apparatus ( consists of some 25 departments ) - Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction - Regional Departments ( 26 departments ) - Special Department - Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior , Ministry of Defense , Ministry of Emergencies , State Border Guard Service , and others . - Educational Institutions - National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine - Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise . - Others - State Archives of the SBU - Special Group Alpha History . Ukrainian Peoples Republic/Ukrainian State . On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian Peoples Republic founded its Security Services . In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service . This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana ( the secret police force of the Russian Empire ) . After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic ( UNR ) in December 1918 , the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State . Therefore , the new secret services founded in January 1919 ( with two divisions - domestic and foreign ) had to start practically from scratch . It never became as well lead , nor successful , as the security services of the Ukrainian State . The security services of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic on the other hand were well-organized . The West Ukrainian Peoples Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army ( it also served as military police ) . There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic and Ukrainian Peoples Republic security services . In 1924 former ( April–July 1919 ) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet era . The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3 , 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenins orders . The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30 , 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee . To support the Soviet government in Ukraine , in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka . In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe , Stanislav Kosior , and Martin Latsis . In its early years the security agency fought against the kulak-nationalistic banditry ( peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms ) . On August 19 , 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution . On December 10 , 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved , becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine . 1990s–2005 . The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch of the Soviet KGB , keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel . Many of whom came from the KGBs 5th directorate . It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine . The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia . ( Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994. ) Since 1992 , the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense . Despite this , a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert , Ihor Smeshko , served as an SBU chief until 2005 . According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine ( Donetsk ) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property ( so-called prykhvatizatsiya ) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence . A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents , interrogated and brutally tortured for three days . He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody . Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko . He was arrested the next year . Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s . Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants . In 2004 , the SBUs Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine . It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security . As of 2004 , the exact functions of the new service , and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet . On November 7 , 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information , also known as Derzhspetszvyazok ( StateSpecCom ) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency . The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine ( ) , the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials , which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB . The SBUs State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Melnychenko , the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchmas bodyguard team . Melnychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal ( 2000 ) —one of the main events in Ukraines post-independence history . SBU became involved in the case when Melnychenko accused Leonid Derkach , SBU Chief at the time , of several crimes , e.g. , of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich . However , the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal , so Melnychenko himself has never been an SBU agent . Later , the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case , the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself . In 2004 , General Valeriy Kravchenko , SBUs intelligence representative in Germany , publicly accused his agency of political involvement , including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists . He was fired without returning home . After a half-year of hiding in Germany , Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 ( an investigation is underway ) . Later , the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko , at the home of Smeshkos first deputy . However , neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers . It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenkos personal security since he became a candidate . During the Orange Revolution , several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect , while the agency as a whole remained neutral . 2005–2010 . In 2005 , soon after the elections , sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolutions events . They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests , contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBUs special forces units . This story was first described by the American journalist C.J . Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally . The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones . An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko . Yuriy Mozola , an initial suspect in the investigation , died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture . Several agents were convicted in the case . The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics . 2010–2014 . The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure . The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU , forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize . Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Nico Lange , was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him . The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding . Khoroshkovskiy , as the Chairman of the SBU , eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter , officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy , in the face of TVi and Channel 5 . In July 2010 , Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo . The most important source of Khoroshkovskiys came from RosUkrEnergo . The Presidents spokesperson , Hanna Herman , in an interview with this newspaper , did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions , with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman . Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo . However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter . Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo , arresting their main opponents ( see RosUkrEnergo ) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign . Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews : When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18 , 2012 , Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day . Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A . Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV . 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky , however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine . Khoroshkovskiy said the SBUs main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine . On July 26 , 2010 it arrested an internet blogger , producing a warrant for his arrest the next day . SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine , citing his comment May thunder strike Yanukovych! ; he was released after a short discussion . However , SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation . Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists . On May 22 , 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi , Deputy Head of the SBU , was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income . The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade . The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009 . A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011 . 2014–present . In February 2014 , numerous documents , hard drives , and flash drives , including data on over 22,000 officers and informants , were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych . Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest . According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed . After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty , saying the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea . There were no operative files , no weapons . Institutionally , the place was totally destroyed . Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies . Indeed , Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later . Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine . At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents , including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin , and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched ; also all regional directors had been changed , as well as half of their deputies . In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents . The danger is no longer widespread” . The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine , many of them in their early twenties . To test loyalty , all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests . In June 2015 , the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU , Vitaly Malikov , had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea . According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security , after Russias annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea . According to the SBU itself ( in November 2017 ) 13% did so . On December 21 , 2017 , two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia , one of them being an SBU employee while the other , Stanislav Yezhov , worked for various cabinet ministers . In late 2018 , the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) churches and priests . On July 8 , 2019 , the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh , who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a person of interest when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17 . The SBU mentioned that hes a witness to the incident . On April 14 , 2020 , the SBU announced the arrest of Lt . General Valeriy Shaytanov , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov . He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine . He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev , a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression . Directors . Ukrainian Peoples Republic . - Mykola Chebotarov ( April–July 1919 ) ( starting in 1924 Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. ) All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Department of the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs - Isaak Shvarts , December 3 , 1918 – April 2 , 1919 - Martin Latsis , April 2 , 1919 – August 16 , 1919 Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions and Special Departments . Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee - Vasiliy Mantsev , August 16 , 1919 – March 17 , 1920 Central Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , March 17 , 1920 – April 2 , 1921 All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , April 2 , 1921 – August 2 , 1923 - ( acting ) Vsevolod Balitsky , August 2 , 1923 – September 3 , 1923 State Political Directorate ( GPU ) . Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - Vsevolod Balitsky , September 3 , 1923 – June 31 , 1931 - Stanislav Redens , 1931 – 1933 - Vsevolod Balitsky , February 21 , 1933 – July 10 , 1934 - Vsevolod Balitsky , 1934 – 1937 - ( acting ) Vasiliy Timofeyevich Ivanov , 1937 - Israel Moiseyevich Leplevsky , 1937 – 1938 - Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky , 1938 - ( acting ) Amayak Zakharovich Kobulov , 1938 – 1939 - Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov , 1939 – 1941 - Pavel Yakovich Meshik , 1941 - Vasiliy Timofeyevich Sergienko , 1941 – 1943 Ministry of State Security ( MGB ) . - Sergei Romanovich Savchenko , 1943–1949 - Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk , 1949–1952 - Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin , 1952–1956 Committee for State Security ( KDB ) . - Tymofiy Amvrosiyovych Strokach , 1953 – 1954 - Vitaliy Fedotovych Nikitchenko , April 6 , 1954 – July 16 , 1970 - Vitaliy Vasyliovych Fedorchuk , July 18 , 1970 – May 26 , 1982 - Stepan Nestorovych Mukha , May 26 , 1982 – 1987 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko , 1987 – September 20 , 1991 Security Service of Ukraine ( SBU ) . - establishment 20 September 1991 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko ( acting ) , September 20 , 1991 – November 6 , 1991 - Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk , November 6 , 1991 – July 12 , 1994 - Valeriy Vasyliovych Malikov , July 12 , 1994 – July 3 , 1995 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , July 3 , 1995 – April 22 , 1998 - Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach , April 22 , 1998 – February 10 , 2001 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , February 10 , 2001 – September 2 , 2003 - Ihor Petrovych Smeshko , September 4 , 2003 – February 4 , 2005 - Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov , February 4 , 2005 – September 8 , 2005 - Ihor Vasylovych Drizhchany , September 8 , 2005 – December 22 , 2006 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko December 22 , 2006 – March 6 , 2009 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko , March 6 , 2009 – March 11 , 2010 - Valeriy Ivanovych Khoroshkovsky , March 11 , 2010 – January 18 , 2012 . - Volodymyr Rokytsky ( acting ) , January 19 , 2012 – February 3 , 2012 - Igor Kalinin , February 3 , 2012 – January 9 , 2013 - Aleksandr Grigoryevich Yakimenko , January 9 , 2013 – February 24 , 2014 - Valentyn Nalyvaichenko , February 24 , 2014 – June 18 , 2015 - Vasyl Hrytsak , July 2 , 2015 – 29 August 2019 - Ivan Bakanov ( officially appointed by parliament on ) August 29 , 2019 Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities . - 2017–2019 Dmytro Yarmak - 2019–present Roman Semenchenko Human rights and freedom of speech violations . According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine , the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings , sexual violence , and torture . In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture . In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with freedom of opinion and expression in Ukraine which facing mounting challenges . According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists , bloggers , and media activists .

easy

Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep 2003 to Feb 2005?

/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine#P488#1

Security Service of Ukraine The Security Service of Ukraine ( ; Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny ) or SBU is Ukraines law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism . Duties and responsibilities . The Security Service of Ukraine is vested , within its competence defined by law , with the protection of national sovereignty , constitutional order , territorial integrity , economical , scientific , technical , and defense potential of Ukraine , legal interests of the state , and civil rights , from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations , groups and individuals , as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets . Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind , terrorism , corruption , and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy , as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraines vital interests . Organization . The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor ( KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials . Both of them became independent institutions . However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province . According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000 . It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together . Structure . - Central Apparatus ( consists of some 25 departments ) - Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction - Regional Departments ( 26 departments ) - Special Department - Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior , Ministry of Defense , Ministry of Emergencies , State Border Guard Service , and others . - Educational Institutions - National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine - Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise . - Others - State Archives of the SBU - Special Group Alpha History . Ukrainian Peoples Republic/Ukrainian State . On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian Peoples Republic founded its Security Services . In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service . This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana ( the secret police force of the Russian Empire ) . After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic ( UNR ) in December 1918 , the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State . Therefore , the new secret services founded in January 1919 ( with two divisions - domestic and foreign ) had to start practically from scratch . It never became as well lead , nor successful , as the security services of the Ukrainian State . The security services of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic on the other hand were well-organized . The West Ukrainian Peoples Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army ( it also served as military police ) . There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic and Ukrainian Peoples Republic security services . In 1924 former ( April–July 1919 ) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet era . The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3 , 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenins orders . The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30 , 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee . To support the Soviet government in Ukraine , in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka . In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe , Stanislav Kosior , and Martin Latsis . In its early years the security agency fought against the kulak-nationalistic banditry ( peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms ) . On August 19 , 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution . On December 10 , 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved , becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine . 1990s–2005 . The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch of the Soviet KGB , keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel . Many of whom came from the KGBs 5th directorate . It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine . The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia . ( Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994. ) Since 1992 , the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense . Despite this , a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert , Ihor Smeshko , served as an SBU chief until 2005 . According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine ( Donetsk ) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property ( so-called prykhvatizatsiya ) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence . A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents , interrogated and brutally tortured for three days . He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody . Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko . He was arrested the next year . Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s . Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants . In 2004 , the SBUs Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine . It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security . As of 2004 , the exact functions of the new service , and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet . On November 7 , 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information , also known as Derzhspetszvyazok ( StateSpecCom ) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency . The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine ( ) , the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials , which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB . The SBUs State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Melnychenko , the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchmas bodyguard team . Melnychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal ( 2000 ) —one of the main events in Ukraines post-independence history . SBU became involved in the case when Melnychenko accused Leonid Derkach , SBU Chief at the time , of several crimes , e.g. , of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich . However , the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal , so Melnychenko himself has never been an SBU agent . Later , the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case , the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself . In 2004 , General Valeriy Kravchenko , SBUs intelligence representative in Germany , publicly accused his agency of political involvement , including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists . He was fired without returning home . After a half-year of hiding in Germany , Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 ( an investigation is underway ) . Later , the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko , at the home of Smeshkos first deputy . However , neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers . It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenkos personal security since he became a candidate . During the Orange Revolution , several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect , while the agency as a whole remained neutral . 2005–2010 . In 2005 , soon after the elections , sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolutions events . They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests , contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBUs special forces units . This story was first described by the American journalist C.J . Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally . The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones . An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko . Yuriy Mozola , an initial suspect in the investigation , died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture . Several agents were convicted in the case . The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics . 2010–2014 . The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure . The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU , forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize . Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Nico Lange , was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him . The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding . Khoroshkovskiy , as the Chairman of the SBU , eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter , officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy , in the face of TVi and Channel 5 . In July 2010 , Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo . The most important source of Khoroshkovskiys came from RosUkrEnergo . The Presidents spokesperson , Hanna Herman , in an interview with this newspaper , did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions , with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman . Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo . However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter . Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo , arresting their main opponents ( see RosUkrEnergo ) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign . Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews : When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18 , 2012 , Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day . Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A . Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV . 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky , however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine . Khoroshkovskiy said the SBUs main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine . On July 26 , 2010 it arrested an internet blogger , producing a warrant for his arrest the next day . SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine , citing his comment May thunder strike Yanukovych! ; he was released after a short discussion . However , SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation . Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists . On May 22 , 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi , Deputy Head of the SBU , was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income . The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade . The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009 . A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011 . 2014–present . In February 2014 , numerous documents , hard drives , and flash drives , including data on over 22,000 officers and informants , were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych . Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest . According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed . After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty , saying the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea . There were no operative files , no weapons . Institutionally , the place was totally destroyed . Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies . Indeed , Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later . Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine . At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents , including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin , and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched ; also all regional directors had been changed , as well as half of their deputies . In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents . The danger is no longer widespread” . The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine , many of them in their early twenties . To test loyalty , all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests . In June 2015 , the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU , Vitaly Malikov , had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea . According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security , after Russias annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea . According to the SBU itself ( in November 2017 ) 13% did so . On December 21 , 2017 , two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia , one of them being an SBU employee while the other , Stanislav Yezhov , worked for various cabinet ministers . In late 2018 , the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) churches and priests . On July 8 , 2019 , the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh , who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a person of interest when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17 . The SBU mentioned that hes a witness to the incident . On April 14 , 2020 , the SBU announced the arrest of Lt . General Valeriy Shaytanov , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov . He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine . He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev , a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression . Directors . Ukrainian Peoples Republic . - Mykola Chebotarov ( April–July 1919 ) ( starting in 1924 Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. ) All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Department of the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs - Isaak Shvarts , December 3 , 1918 – April 2 , 1919 - Martin Latsis , April 2 , 1919 – August 16 , 1919 Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions and Special Departments . Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee - Vasiliy Mantsev , August 16 , 1919 – March 17 , 1920 Central Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , March 17 , 1920 – April 2 , 1921 All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , April 2 , 1921 – August 2 , 1923 - ( acting ) Vsevolod Balitsky , August 2 , 1923 – September 3 , 1923 State Political Directorate ( GPU ) . Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - Vsevolod Balitsky , September 3 , 1923 – June 31 , 1931 - Stanislav Redens , 1931 – 1933 - Vsevolod Balitsky , February 21 , 1933 – July 10 , 1934 - Vsevolod Balitsky , 1934 – 1937 - ( acting ) Vasiliy Timofeyevich Ivanov , 1937 - Israel Moiseyevich Leplevsky , 1937 – 1938 - Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky , 1938 - ( acting ) Amayak Zakharovich Kobulov , 1938 – 1939 - Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov , 1939 – 1941 - Pavel Yakovich Meshik , 1941 - Vasiliy Timofeyevich Sergienko , 1941 – 1943 Ministry of State Security ( MGB ) . - Sergei Romanovich Savchenko , 1943–1949 - Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk , 1949–1952 - Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin , 1952–1956 Committee for State Security ( KDB ) . - Tymofiy Amvrosiyovych Strokach , 1953 – 1954 - Vitaliy Fedotovych Nikitchenko , April 6 , 1954 – July 16 , 1970 - Vitaliy Vasyliovych Fedorchuk , July 18 , 1970 – May 26 , 1982 - Stepan Nestorovych Mukha , May 26 , 1982 – 1987 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko , 1987 – September 20 , 1991 Security Service of Ukraine ( SBU ) . - establishment 20 September 1991 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko ( acting ) , September 20 , 1991 – November 6 , 1991 - Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk , November 6 , 1991 – July 12 , 1994 - Valeriy Vasyliovych Malikov , July 12 , 1994 – July 3 , 1995 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , July 3 , 1995 – April 22 , 1998 - Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach , April 22 , 1998 – February 10 , 2001 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , February 10 , 2001 – September 2 , 2003 - Ihor Petrovych Smeshko , September 4 , 2003 – February 4 , 2005 - Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov , February 4 , 2005 – September 8 , 2005 - Ihor Vasylovych Drizhchany , September 8 , 2005 – December 22 , 2006 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko December 22 , 2006 – March 6 , 2009 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko , March 6 , 2009 – March 11 , 2010 - Valeriy Ivanovych Khoroshkovsky , March 11 , 2010 – January 18 , 2012 . - Volodymyr Rokytsky ( acting ) , January 19 , 2012 – February 3 , 2012 - Igor Kalinin , February 3 , 2012 – January 9 , 2013 - Aleksandr Grigoryevich Yakimenko , January 9 , 2013 – February 24 , 2014 - Valentyn Nalyvaichenko , February 24 , 2014 – June 18 , 2015 - Vasyl Hrytsak , July 2 , 2015 – 29 August 2019 - Ivan Bakanov ( officially appointed by parliament on ) August 29 , 2019 Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities . - 2017–2019 Dmytro Yarmak - 2019–present Roman Semenchenko Human rights and freedom of speech violations . According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine , the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings , sexual violence , and torture . In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture . In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with freedom of opinion and expression in Ukraine which facing mounting challenges . According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists , bloggers , and media activists .

easy

Who was the head of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb 2005 to Sep 2005?

/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine#P488#2

Security Service of Ukraine The Security Service of Ukraine ( ; Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny ) or SBU is Ukraines law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism . Duties and responsibilities . The Security Service of Ukraine is vested , within its competence defined by law , with the protection of national sovereignty , constitutional order , territorial integrity , economical , scientific , technical , and defense potential of Ukraine , legal interests of the state , and civil rights , from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations , groups and individuals , as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets . Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind , terrorism , corruption , and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy , as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraines vital interests . Organization . The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor ( KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials . Both of them became independent institutions . However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province . According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000 . It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together . Structure . - Central Apparatus ( consists of some 25 departments ) - Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction - Regional Departments ( 26 departments ) - Special Department - Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior , Ministry of Defense , Ministry of Emergencies , State Border Guard Service , and others . - Educational Institutions - National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine - Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise . - Others - State Archives of the SBU - Special Group Alpha History . Ukrainian Peoples Republic/Ukrainian State . On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian Peoples Republic founded its Security Services . In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service . This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana ( the secret police force of the Russian Empire ) . After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic ( UNR ) in December 1918 , the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State . Therefore , the new secret services founded in January 1919 ( with two divisions - domestic and foreign ) had to start practically from scratch . It never became as well lead , nor successful , as the security services of the Ukrainian State . The security services of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic on the other hand were well-organized . The West Ukrainian Peoples Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army ( it also served as military police ) . There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic and Ukrainian Peoples Republic security services . In 1924 former ( April–July 1919 ) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet era . The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3 , 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenins orders . The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30 , 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee . To support the Soviet government in Ukraine , in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka . In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe , Stanislav Kosior , and Martin Latsis . In its early years the security agency fought against the kulak-nationalistic banditry ( peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms ) . On August 19 , 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution . On December 10 , 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved , becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine . 1990s–2005 . The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch of the Soviet KGB , keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel . Many of whom came from the KGBs 5th directorate . It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine . The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia . ( Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994. ) Since 1992 , the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense . Despite this , a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert , Ihor Smeshko , served as an SBU chief until 2005 . According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine ( Donetsk ) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property ( so-called prykhvatizatsiya ) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence . A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents , interrogated and brutally tortured for three days . He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody . Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko . He was arrested the next year . Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s . Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants . In 2004 , the SBUs Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine . It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security . As of 2004 , the exact functions of the new service , and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet . On November 7 , 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information , also known as Derzhspetszvyazok ( StateSpecCom ) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency . The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine ( ) , the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials , which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB . The SBUs State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Melnychenko , the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchmas bodyguard team . Melnychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal ( 2000 ) —one of the main events in Ukraines post-independence history . SBU became involved in the case when Melnychenko accused Leonid Derkach , SBU Chief at the time , of several crimes , e.g. , of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich . However , the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal , so Melnychenko himself has never been an SBU agent . Later , the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case , the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself . In 2004 , General Valeriy Kravchenko , SBUs intelligence representative in Germany , publicly accused his agency of political involvement , including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists . He was fired without returning home . After a half-year of hiding in Germany , Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 ( an investigation is underway ) . Later , the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko , at the home of Smeshkos first deputy . However , neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers . It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenkos personal security since he became a candidate . During the Orange Revolution , several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect , while the agency as a whole remained neutral . 2005–2010 . In 2005 , soon after the elections , sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolutions events . They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests , contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBUs special forces units . This story was first described by the American journalist C.J . Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally . The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones . An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko . Yuriy Mozola , an initial suspect in the investigation , died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture . Several agents were convicted in the case . The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics . 2010–2014 . The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure . The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU , forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize . Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Nico Lange , was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him . The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding . Khoroshkovskiy , as the Chairman of the SBU , eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter , officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy , in the face of TVi and Channel 5 . In July 2010 , Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo . The most important source of Khoroshkovskiys came from RosUkrEnergo . The Presidents spokesperson , Hanna Herman , in an interview with this newspaper , did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions , with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman . Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo . However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter . Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo , arresting their main opponents ( see RosUkrEnergo ) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign . Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews : When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18 , 2012 , Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day . Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A . Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV . 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky , however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine . Khoroshkovskiy said the SBUs main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine . On July 26 , 2010 it arrested an internet blogger , producing a warrant for his arrest the next day . SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine , citing his comment May thunder strike Yanukovych! ; he was released after a short discussion . However , SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation . Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists . On May 22 , 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi , Deputy Head of the SBU , was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income . The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade . The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009 . A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011 . 2014–present . In February 2014 , numerous documents , hard drives , and flash drives , including data on over 22,000 officers and informants , were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych . Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest . According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed . After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty , saying the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea . There were no operative files , no weapons . Institutionally , the place was totally destroyed . Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies . Indeed , Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later . Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine . At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents , including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin , and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched ; also all regional directors had been changed , as well as half of their deputies . In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents . The danger is no longer widespread” . The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine , many of them in their early twenties . To test loyalty , all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests . In June 2015 , the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU , Vitaly Malikov , had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea . According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security , after Russias annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea . According to the SBU itself ( in November 2017 ) 13% did so . On December 21 , 2017 , two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia , one of them being an SBU employee while the other , Stanislav Yezhov , worked for various cabinet ministers . In late 2018 , the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) churches and priests . On July 8 , 2019 , the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh , who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a person of interest when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17 . The SBU mentioned that hes a witness to the incident . On April 14 , 2020 , the SBU announced the arrest of Lt . General Valeriy Shaytanov , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov . He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine . He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev , a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression . Directors . Ukrainian Peoples Republic . - Mykola Chebotarov ( April–July 1919 ) ( starting in 1924 Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. ) All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Department of the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs - Isaak Shvarts , December 3 , 1918 – April 2 , 1919 - Martin Latsis , April 2 , 1919 – August 16 , 1919 Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions and Special Departments . Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee - Vasiliy Mantsev , August 16 , 1919 – March 17 , 1920 Central Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , March 17 , 1920 – April 2 , 1921 All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , April 2 , 1921 – August 2 , 1923 - ( acting ) Vsevolod Balitsky , August 2 , 1923 – September 3 , 1923 State Political Directorate ( GPU ) . Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - Vsevolod Balitsky , September 3 , 1923 – June 31 , 1931 - Stanislav Redens , 1931 – 1933 - Vsevolod Balitsky , February 21 , 1933 – July 10 , 1934 - Vsevolod Balitsky , 1934 – 1937 - ( acting ) Vasiliy Timofeyevich Ivanov , 1937 - Israel Moiseyevich Leplevsky , 1937 – 1938 - Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky , 1938 - ( acting ) Amayak Zakharovich Kobulov , 1938 – 1939 - Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov , 1939 – 1941 - Pavel Yakovich Meshik , 1941 - Vasiliy Timofeyevich Sergienko , 1941 – 1943 Ministry of State Security ( MGB ) . - Sergei Romanovich Savchenko , 1943–1949 - Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk , 1949–1952 - Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin , 1952–1956 Committee for State Security ( KDB ) . - Tymofiy Amvrosiyovych Strokach , 1953 – 1954 - Vitaliy Fedotovych Nikitchenko , April 6 , 1954 – July 16 , 1970 - Vitaliy Vasyliovych Fedorchuk , July 18 , 1970 – May 26 , 1982 - Stepan Nestorovych Mukha , May 26 , 1982 – 1987 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko , 1987 – September 20 , 1991 Security Service of Ukraine ( SBU ) . - establishment 20 September 1991 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko ( acting ) , September 20 , 1991 – November 6 , 1991 - Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk , November 6 , 1991 – July 12 , 1994 - Valeriy Vasyliovych Malikov , July 12 , 1994 – July 3 , 1995 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , July 3 , 1995 – April 22 , 1998 - Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach , April 22 , 1998 – February 10 , 2001 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , February 10 , 2001 – September 2 , 2003 - Ihor Petrovych Smeshko , September 4 , 2003 – February 4 , 2005 - Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov , February 4 , 2005 – September 8 , 2005 - Ihor Vasylovych Drizhchany , September 8 , 2005 – December 22 , 2006 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko December 22 , 2006 – March 6 , 2009 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko , March 6 , 2009 – March 11 , 2010 - Valeriy Ivanovych Khoroshkovsky , March 11 , 2010 – January 18 , 2012 . - Volodymyr Rokytsky ( acting ) , January 19 , 2012 – February 3 , 2012 - Igor Kalinin , February 3 , 2012 – January 9 , 2013 - Aleksandr Grigoryevich Yakimenko , January 9 , 2013 – February 24 , 2014 - Valentyn Nalyvaichenko , February 24 , 2014 – June 18 , 2015 - Vasyl Hrytsak , July 2 , 2015 – 29 August 2019 - Ivan Bakanov ( officially appointed by parliament on ) August 29 , 2019 Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities . - 2017–2019 Dmytro Yarmak - 2019–present Roman Semenchenko Human rights and freedom of speech violations . According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine , the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings , sexual violence , and torture . In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture . In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with freedom of opinion and expression in Ukraine which facing mounting challenges . According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists , bloggers , and media activists .

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Who was the head of Security Service of Ukraine from Sep 2005 to Dec 2006?

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Security Service of Ukraine The Security Service of Ukraine ( ; Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny ) or SBU is Ukraines law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism . Duties and responsibilities . The Security Service of Ukraine is vested , within its competence defined by law , with the protection of national sovereignty , constitutional order , territorial integrity , economical , scientific , technical , and defense potential of Ukraine , legal interests of the state , and civil rights , from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations , groups and individuals , as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets . Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind , terrorism , corruption , and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy , as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraines vital interests . Organization . The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor ( KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials . Both of them became independent institutions . However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province . According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000 . It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together . Structure . - Central Apparatus ( consists of some 25 departments ) - Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction - Regional Departments ( 26 departments ) - Special Department - Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior , Ministry of Defense , Ministry of Emergencies , State Border Guard Service , and others . - Educational Institutions - National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine - Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise . - Others - State Archives of the SBU - Special Group Alpha History . Ukrainian Peoples Republic/Ukrainian State . On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian Peoples Republic founded its Security Services . In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service . This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana ( the secret police force of the Russian Empire ) . After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic ( UNR ) in December 1918 , the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State . Therefore , the new secret services founded in January 1919 ( with two divisions - domestic and foreign ) had to start practically from scratch . It never became as well lead , nor successful , as the security services of the Ukrainian State . The security services of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic on the other hand were well-organized . The West Ukrainian Peoples Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army ( it also served as military police ) . There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic and Ukrainian Peoples Republic security services . In 1924 former ( April–July 1919 ) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet era . The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3 , 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenins orders . The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30 , 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee . To support the Soviet government in Ukraine , in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka . In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe , Stanislav Kosior , and Martin Latsis . In its early years the security agency fought against the kulak-nationalistic banditry ( peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms ) . On August 19 , 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution . On December 10 , 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved , becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine . 1990s–2005 . The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch of the Soviet KGB , keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel . Many of whom came from the KGBs 5th directorate . It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine . The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia . ( Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994. ) Since 1992 , the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense . Despite this , a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert , Ihor Smeshko , served as an SBU chief until 2005 . According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine ( Donetsk ) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property ( so-called prykhvatizatsiya ) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence . A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents , interrogated and brutally tortured for three days . He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody . Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko . He was arrested the next year . Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s . Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants . In 2004 , the SBUs Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine . It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security . As of 2004 , the exact functions of the new service , and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet . On November 7 , 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information , also known as Derzhspetszvyazok ( StateSpecCom ) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency . The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine ( ) , the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials , which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB . The SBUs State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Melnychenko , the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchmas bodyguard team . Melnychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal ( 2000 ) —one of the main events in Ukraines post-independence history . SBU became involved in the case when Melnychenko accused Leonid Derkach , SBU Chief at the time , of several crimes , e.g. , of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich . However , the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal , so Melnychenko himself has never been an SBU agent . Later , the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case , the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself . In 2004 , General Valeriy Kravchenko , SBUs intelligence representative in Germany , publicly accused his agency of political involvement , including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists . He was fired without returning home . After a half-year of hiding in Germany , Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 ( an investigation is underway ) . Later , the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko , at the home of Smeshkos first deputy . However , neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers . It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenkos personal security since he became a candidate . During the Orange Revolution , several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect , while the agency as a whole remained neutral . 2005–2010 . In 2005 , soon after the elections , sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolutions events . They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests , contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBUs special forces units . This story was first described by the American journalist C.J . Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally . The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones . An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko . Yuriy Mozola , an initial suspect in the investigation , died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture . Several agents were convicted in the case . The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics . 2010–2014 . The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure . The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU , forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize . Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Nico Lange , was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him . The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding . Khoroshkovskiy , as the Chairman of the SBU , eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter , officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy , in the face of TVi and Channel 5 . In July 2010 , Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo . The most important source of Khoroshkovskiys came from RosUkrEnergo . The Presidents spokesperson , Hanna Herman , in an interview with this newspaper , did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions , with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman . Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo . However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter . Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo , arresting their main opponents ( see RosUkrEnergo ) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign . Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews : When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18 , 2012 , Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day . Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A . Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV . 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky , however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine . Khoroshkovskiy said the SBUs main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine . On July 26 , 2010 it arrested an internet blogger , producing a warrant for his arrest the next day . SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine , citing his comment May thunder strike Yanukovych! ; he was released after a short discussion . However , SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation . Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists . On May 22 , 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi , Deputy Head of the SBU , was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income . The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade . The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009 . A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011 . 2014–present . In February 2014 , numerous documents , hard drives , and flash drives , including data on over 22,000 officers and informants , were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych . Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest . According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed . After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty , saying the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea . There were no operative files , no weapons . Institutionally , the place was totally destroyed . Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies . Indeed , Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later . Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine . At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents , including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin , and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched ; also all regional directors had been changed , as well as half of their deputies . In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents . The danger is no longer widespread” . The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine , many of them in their early twenties . To test loyalty , all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests . In June 2015 , the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU , Vitaly Malikov , had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea . According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security , after Russias annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea . According to the SBU itself ( in November 2017 ) 13% did so . On December 21 , 2017 , two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia , one of them being an SBU employee while the other , Stanislav Yezhov , worked for various cabinet ministers . In late 2018 , the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) churches and priests . On July 8 , 2019 , the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh , who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a person of interest when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17 . The SBU mentioned that hes a witness to the incident . On April 14 , 2020 , the SBU announced the arrest of Lt . General Valeriy Shaytanov , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov . He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine . He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev , a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression . Directors . Ukrainian Peoples Republic . - Mykola Chebotarov ( April–July 1919 ) ( starting in 1924 Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. ) All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Department of the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs - Isaak Shvarts , December 3 , 1918 – April 2 , 1919 - Martin Latsis , April 2 , 1919 – August 16 , 1919 Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions and Special Departments . Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee - Vasiliy Mantsev , August 16 , 1919 – March 17 , 1920 Central Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , March 17 , 1920 – April 2 , 1921 All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , April 2 , 1921 – August 2 , 1923 - ( acting ) Vsevolod Balitsky , August 2 , 1923 – September 3 , 1923 State Political Directorate ( GPU ) . Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - Vsevolod Balitsky , September 3 , 1923 – June 31 , 1931 - Stanislav Redens , 1931 – 1933 - Vsevolod Balitsky , February 21 , 1933 – July 10 , 1934 - Vsevolod Balitsky , 1934 – 1937 - ( acting ) Vasiliy Timofeyevich Ivanov , 1937 - Israel Moiseyevich Leplevsky , 1937 – 1938 - Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky , 1938 - ( acting ) Amayak Zakharovich Kobulov , 1938 – 1939 - Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov , 1939 – 1941 - Pavel Yakovich Meshik , 1941 - Vasiliy Timofeyevich Sergienko , 1941 – 1943 Ministry of State Security ( MGB ) . - Sergei Romanovich Savchenko , 1943–1949 - Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk , 1949–1952 - Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin , 1952–1956 Committee for State Security ( KDB ) . - Tymofiy Amvrosiyovych Strokach , 1953 – 1954 - Vitaliy Fedotovych Nikitchenko , April 6 , 1954 – July 16 , 1970 - Vitaliy Vasyliovych Fedorchuk , July 18 , 1970 – May 26 , 1982 - Stepan Nestorovych Mukha , May 26 , 1982 – 1987 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko , 1987 – September 20 , 1991 Security Service of Ukraine ( SBU ) . - establishment 20 September 1991 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko ( acting ) , September 20 , 1991 – November 6 , 1991 - Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk , November 6 , 1991 – July 12 , 1994 - Valeriy Vasyliovych Malikov , July 12 , 1994 – July 3 , 1995 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , July 3 , 1995 – April 22 , 1998 - Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach , April 22 , 1998 – February 10 , 2001 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , February 10 , 2001 – September 2 , 2003 - Ihor Petrovych Smeshko , September 4 , 2003 – February 4 , 2005 - Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov , February 4 , 2005 – September 8 , 2005 - Ihor Vasylovych Drizhchany , September 8 , 2005 – December 22 , 2006 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko December 22 , 2006 – March 6 , 2009 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko , March 6 , 2009 – March 11 , 2010 - Valeriy Ivanovych Khoroshkovsky , March 11 , 2010 – January 18 , 2012 . - Volodymyr Rokytsky ( acting ) , January 19 , 2012 – February 3 , 2012 - Igor Kalinin , February 3 , 2012 – January 9 , 2013 - Aleksandr Grigoryevich Yakimenko , January 9 , 2013 – February 24 , 2014 - Valentyn Nalyvaichenko , February 24 , 2014 – June 18 , 2015 - Vasyl Hrytsak , July 2 , 2015 – 29 August 2019 - Ivan Bakanov ( officially appointed by parliament on ) August 29 , 2019 Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities . - 2017–2019 Dmytro Yarmak - 2019–present Roman Semenchenko Human rights and freedom of speech violations . According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine , the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings , sexual violence , and torture . In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture . In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with freedom of opinion and expression in Ukraine which facing mounting challenges . According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists , bloggers , and media activists .

easy

Who was the chair of Security Service of Ukraine from Dec 2006 to Mar 2010?

/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine#P488#4

Security Service of Ukraine The Security Service of Ukraine ( ; Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny ) or SBU is Ukraines law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism . Duties and responsibilities . The Security Service of Ukraine is vested , within its competence defined by law , with the protection of national sovereignty , constitutional order , territorial integrity , economical , scientific , technical , and defense potential of Ukraine , legal interests of the state , and civil rights , from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations , groups and individuals , as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets . Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind , terrorism , corruption , and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy , as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraines vital interests . Organization . The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor ( KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials . Both of them became independent institutions . However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province . According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000 . It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together . Structure . - Central Apparatus ( consists of some 25 departments ) - Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction - Regional Departments ( 26 departments ) - Special Department - Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior , Ministry of Defense , Ministry of Emergencies , State Border Guard Service , and others . - Educational Institutions - National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine - Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise . - Others - State Archives of the SBU - Special Group Alpha History . Ukrainian Peoples Republic/Ukrainian State . On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian Peoples Republic founded its Security Services . In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service . This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana ( the secret police force of the Russian Empire ) . After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic ( UNR ) in December 1918 , the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State . Therefore , the new secret services founded in January 1919 ( with two divisions - domestic and foreign ) had to start practically from scratch . It never became as well lead , nor successful , as the security services of the Ukrainian State . The security services of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic on the other hand were well-organized . The West Ukrainian Peoples Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army ( it also served as military police ) . There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic and Ukrainian Peoples Republic security services . In 1924 former ( April–July 1919 ) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet era . The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3 , 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenins orders . The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30 , 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee . To support the Soviet government in Ukraine , in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka . In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe , Stanislav Kosior , and Martin Latsis . In its early years the security agency fought against the kulak-nationalistic banditry ( peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms ) . On August 19 , 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution . On December 10 , 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved , becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine . 1990s–2005 . The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch of the Soviet KGB , keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel . Many of whom came from the KGBs 5th directorate . It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine . The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia . ( Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994. ) Since 1992 , the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense . Despite this , a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert , Ihor Smeshko , served as an SBU chief until 2005 . According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine ( Donetsk ) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property ( so-called prykhvatizatsiya ) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence . A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents , interrogated and brutally tortured for three days . He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody . Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko . He was arrested the next year . Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s . Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants . In 2004 , the SBUs Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine . It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security . As of 2004 , the exact functions of the new service , and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet . On November 7 , 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information , also known as Derzhspetszvyazok ( StateSpecCom ) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency . The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine ( ) , the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials , which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB . The SBUs State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Melnychenko , the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchmas bodyguard team . Melnychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal ( 2000 ) —one of the main events in Ukraines post-independence history . SBU became involved in the case when Melnychenko accused Leonid Derkach , SBU Chief at the time , of several crimes , e.g. , of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich . However , the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal , so Melnychenko himself has never been an SBU agent . Later , the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case , the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself . In 2004 , General Valeriy Kravchenko , SBUs intelligence representative in Germany , publicly accused his agency of political involvement , including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists . He was fired without returning home . After a half-year of hiding in Germany , Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 ( an investigation is underway ) . Later , the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko , at the home of Smeshkos first deputy . However , neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers . It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenkos personal security since he became a candidate . During the Orange Revolution , several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect , while the agency as a whole remained neutral . 2005–2010 . In 2005 , soon after the elections , sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolutions events . They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests , contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBUs special forces units . This story was first described by the American journalist C.J . Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally . The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones . An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko . Yuriy Mozola , an initial suspect in the investigation , died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture . Several agents were convicted in the case . The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics . 2010–2014 . The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure . The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU , forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize . Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Nico Lange , was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him . The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding . Khoroshkovskiy , as the Chairman of the SBU , eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter , officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy , in the face of TVi and Channel 5 . In July 2010 , Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo . The most important source of Khoroshkovskiys came from RosUkrEnergo . The Presidents spokesperson , Hanna Herman , in an interview with this newspaper , did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions , with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman . Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo . However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter . Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo , arresting their main opponents ( see RosUkrEnergo ) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign . Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews : When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18 , 2012 , Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day . Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A . Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV . 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky , however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine . Khoroshkovskiy said the SBUs main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine . On July 26 , 2010 it arrested an internet blogger , producing a warrant for his arrest the next day . SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine , citing his comment May thunder strike Yanukovych! ; he was released after a short discussion . However , SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation . Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists . On May 22 , 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi , Deputy Head of the SBU , was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income . The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade . The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009 . A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011 . 2014–present . In February 2014 , numerous documents , hard drives , and flash drives , including data on over 22,000 officers and informants , were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych . Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest . According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed . After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty , saying the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea . There were no operative files , no weapons . Institutionally , the place was totally destroyed . Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies . Indeed , Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later . Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine . At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents , including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin , and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched ; also all regional directors had been changed , as well as half of their deputies . In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents . The danger is no longer widespread” . The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine , many of them in their early twenties . To test loyalty , all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests . In June 2015 , the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU , Vitaly Malikov , had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea . According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security , after Russias annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea . According to the SBU itself ( in November 2017 ) 13% did so . On December 21 , 2017 , two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia , one of them being an SBU employee while the other , Stanislav Yezhov , worked for various cabinet ministers . In late 2018 , the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) churches and priests . On July 8 , 2019 , the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh , who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a person of interest when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17 . The SBU mentioned that hes a witness to the incident . On April 14 , 2020 , the SBU announced the arrest of Lt . General Valeriy Shaytanov , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov . He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine . He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev , a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression . Directors . Ukrainian Peoples Republic . - Mykola Chebotarov ( April–July 1919 ) ( starting in 1924 Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. ) All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Department of the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs - Isaak Shvarts , December 3 , 1918 – April 2 , 1919 - Martin Latsis , April 2 , 1919 – August 16 , 1919 Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions and Special Departments . Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee - Vasiliy Mantsev , August 16 , 1919 – March 17 , 1920 Central Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , March 17 , 1920 – April 2 , 1921 All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , April 2 , 1921 – August 2 , 1923 - ( acting ) Vsevolod Balitsky , August 2 , 1923 – September 3 , 1923 State Political Directorate ( GPU ) . Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - Vsevolod Balitsky , September 3 , 1923 – June 31 , 1931 - Stanislav Redens , 1931 – 1933 - Vsevolod Balitsky , February 21 , 1933 – July 10 , 1934 - Vsevolod Balitsky , 1934 – 1937 - ( acting ) Vasiliy Timofeyevich Ivanov , 1937 - Israel Moiseyevich Leplevsky , 1937 – 1938 - Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky , 1938 - ( acting ) Amayak Zakharovich Kobulov , 1938 – 1939 - Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov , 1939 – 1941 - Pavel Yakovich Meshik , 1941 - Vasiliy Timofeyevich Sergienko , 1941 – 1943 Ministry of State Security ( MGB ) . - Sergei Romanovich Savchenko , 1943–1949 - Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk , 1949–1952 - Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin , 1952–1956 Committee for State Security ( KDB ) . - Tymofiy Amvrosiyovych Strokach , 1953 – 1954 - Vitaliy Fedotovych Nikitchenko , April 6 , 1954 – July 16 , 1970 - Vitaliy Vasyliovych Fedorchuk , July 18 , 1970 – May 26 , 1982 - Stepan Nestorovych Mukha , May 26 , 1982 – 1987 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko , 1987 – September 20 , 1991 Security Service of Ukraine ( SBU ) . - establishment 20 September 1991 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko ( acting ) , September 20 , 1991 – November 6 , 1991 - Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk , November 6 , 1991 – July 12 , 1994 - Valeriy Vasyliovych Malikov , July 12 , 1994 – July 3 , 1995 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , July 3 , 1995 – April 22 , 1998 - Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach , April 22 , 1998 – February 10 , 2001 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , February 10 , 2001 – September 2 , 2003 - Ihor Petrovych Smeshko , September 4 , 2003 – February 4 , 2005 - Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov , February 4 , 2005 – September 8 , 2005 - Ihor Vasylovych Drizhchany , September 8 , 2005 – December 22 , 2006 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko December 22 , 2006 – March 6 , 2009 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko , March 6 , 2009 – March 11 , 2010 - Valeriy Ivanovych Khoroshkovsky , March 11 , 2010 – January 18 , 2012 . - Volodymyr Rokytsky ( acting ) , January 19 , 2012 – February 3 , 2012 - Igor Kalinin , February 3 , 2012 – January 9 , 2013 - Aleksandr Grigoryevich Yakimenko , January 9 , 2013 – February 24 , 2014 - Valentyn Nalyvaichenko , February 24 , 2014 – June 18 , 2015 - Vasyl Hrytsak , July 2 , 2015 – 29 August 2019 - Ivan Bakanov ( officially appointed by parliament on ) August 29 , 2019 Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities . - 2017–2019 Dmytro Yarmak - 2019–present Roman Semenchenko Human rights and freedom of speech violations . According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine , the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings , sexual violence , and torture . In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture . In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with freedom of opinion and expression in Ukraine which facing mounting challenges . According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists , bloggers , and media activists .

easy

Who was the head of Security Service of Ukraine from Mar 2010 to 2012?

/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine#P488#5

Security Service of Ukraine The Security Service of Ukraine ( ; Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny ) or SBU is Ukraines law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism . Duties and responsibilities . The Security Service of Ukraine is vested , within its competence defined by law , with the protection of national sovereignty , constitutional order , territorial integrity , economical , scientific , technical , and defense potential of Ukraine , legal interests of the state , and civil rights , from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations , groups and individuals , as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets . Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind , terrorism , corruption , and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy , as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraines vital interests . Organization . The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor ( KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials . Both of them became independent institutions . However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province . According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000 . It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together . Structure . - Central Apparatus ( consists of some 25 departments ) - Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction - Regional Departments ( 26 departments ) - Special Department - Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior , Ministry of Defense , Ministry of Emergencies , State Border Guard Service , and others . - Educational Institutions - National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine - Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise . - Others - State Archives of the SBU - Special Group Alpha History . Ukrainian Peoples Republic/Ukrainian State . On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian Peoples Republic founded its Security Services . In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service . This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana ( the secret police force of the Russian Empire ) . After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic ( UNR ) in December 1918 , the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State . Therefore , the new secret services founded in January 1919 ( with two divisions - domestic and foreign ) had to start practically from scratch . It never became as well lead , nor successful , as the security services of the Ukrainian State . The security services of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic on the other hand were well-organized . The West Ukrainian Peoples Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army ( it also served as military police ) . There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic and Ukrainian Peoples Republic security services . In 1924 former ( April–July 1919 ) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet era . The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3 , 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenins orders . The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30 , 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee . To support the Soviet government in Ukraine , in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka . In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe , Stanislav Kosior , and Martin Latsis . In its early years the security agency fought against the kulak-nationalistic banditry ( peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms ) . On August 19 , 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution . On December 10 , 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved , becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine . 1990s–2005 . The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch of the Soviet KGB , keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel . Many of whom came from the KGBs 5th directorate . It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine . The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia . ( Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994. ) Since 1992 , the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense . Despite this , a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert , Ihor Smeshko , served as an SBU chief until 2005 . According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine ( Donetsk ) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property ( so-called prykhvatizatsiya ) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence . A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents , interrogated and brutally tortured for three days . He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody . Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko . He was arrested the next year . Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s . Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants . In 2004 , the SBUs Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine . It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security . As of 2004 , the exact functions of the new service , and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet . On November 7 , 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information , also known as Derzhspetszvyazok ( StateSpecCom ) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency . The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine ( ) , the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials , which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB . The SBUs State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Melnychenko , the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchmas bodyguard team . Melnychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal ( 2000 ) —one of the main events in Ukraines post-independence history . SBU became involved in the case when Melnychenko accused Leonid Derkach , SBU Chief at the time , of several crimes , e.g. , of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich . However , the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal , so Melnychenko himself has never been an SBU agent . Later , the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case , the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself . In 2004 , General Valeriy Kravchenko , SBUs intelligence representative in Germany , publicly accused his agency of political involvement , including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists . He was fired without returning home . After a half-year of hiding in Germany , Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 ( an investigation is underway ) . Later , the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko , at the home of Smeshkos first deputy . However , neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers . It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenkos personal security since he became a candidate . During the Orange Revolution , several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect , while the agency as a whole remained neutral . 2005–2010 . In 2005 , soon after the elections , sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolutions events . They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests , contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBUs special forces units . This story was first described by the American journalist C.J . Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally . The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones . An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko . Yuriy Mozola , an initial suspect in the investigation , died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture . Several agents were convicted in the case . The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics . 2010–2014 . The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure . The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU , forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize . Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Nico Lange , was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him . The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding . Khoroshkovskiy , as the Chairman of the SBU , eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter , officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy , in the face of TVi and Channel 5 . In July 2010 , Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo . The most important source of Khoroshkovskiys came from RosUkrEnergo . The Presidents spokesperson , Hanna Herman , in an interview with this newspaper , did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions , with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman . Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo . However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter . Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo , arresting their main opponents ( see RosUkrEnergo ) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign . Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews : When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18 , 2012 , Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day . Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A . Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV . 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky , however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine . Khoroshkovskiy said the SBUs main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine . On July 26 , 2010 it arrested an internet blogger , producing a warrant for his arrest the next day . SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine , citing his comment May thunder strike Yanukovych! ; he was released after a short discussion . However , SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation . Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists . On May 22 , 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi , Deputy Head of the SBU , was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income . The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade . The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009 . A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011 . 2014–present . In February 2014 , numerous documents , hard drives , and flash drives , including data on over 22,000 officers and informants , were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych . Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest . According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed . After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty , saying the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea . There were no operative files , no weapons . Institutionally , the place was totally destroyed . Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies . Indeed , Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later . Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine . At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents , including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin , and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched ; also all regional directors had been changed , as well as half of their deputies . In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents . The danger is no longer widespread” . The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine , many of them in their early twenties . To test loyalty , all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests . In June 2015 , the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU , Vitaly Malikov , had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea . According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security , after Russias annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea . According to the SBU itself ( in November 2017 ) 13% did so . On December 21 , 2017 , two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia , one of them being an SBU employee while the other , Stanislav Yezhov , worked for various cabinet ministers . In late 2018 , the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) churches and priests . On July 8 , 2019 , the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh , who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a person of interest when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17 . The SBU mentioned that hes a witness to the incident . On April 14 , 2020 , the SBU announced the arrest of Lt . General Valeriy Shaytanov , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov . He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine . He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev , a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression . Directors . Ukrainian Peoples Republic . - Mykola Chebotarov ( April–July 1919 ) ( starting in 1924 Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. ) All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Department of the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs - Isaak Shvarts , December 3 , 1918 – April 2 , 1919 - Martin Latsis , April 2 , 1919 – August 16 , 1919 Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions and Special Departments . Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee - Vasiliy Mantsev , August 16 , 1919 – March 17 , 1920 Central Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , March 17 , 1920 – April 2 , 1921 All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , April 2 , 1921 – August 2 , 1923 - ( acting ) Vsevolod Balitsky , August 2 , 1923 – September 3 , 1923 State Political Directorate ( GPU ) . Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - Vsevolod Balitsky , September 3 , 1923 – June 31 , 1931 - Stanislav Redens , 1931 – 1933 - Vsevolod Balitsky , February 21 , 1933 – July 10 , 1934 - Vsevolod Balitsky , 1934 – 1937 - ( acting ) Vasiliy Timofeyevich Ivanov , 1937 - Israel Moiseyevich Leplevsky , 1937 – 1938 - Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky , 1938 - ( acting ) Amayak Zakharovich Kobulov , 1938 – 1939 - Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov , 1939 – 1941 - Pavel Yakovich Meshik , 1941 - Vasiliy Timofeyevich Sergienko , 1941 – 1943 Ministry of State Security ( MGB ) . - Sergei Romanovich Savchenko , 1943–1949 - Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk , 1949–1952 - Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin , 1952–1956 Committee for State Security ( KDB ) . - Tymofiy Amvrosiyovych Strokach , 1953 – 1954 - Vitaliy Fedotovych Nikitchenko , April 6 , 1954 – July 16 , 1970 - Vitaliy Vasyliovych Fedorchuk , July 18 , 1970 – May 26 , 1982 - Stepan Nestorovych Mukha , May 26 , 1982 – 1987 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko , 1987 – September 20 , 1991 Security Service of Ukraine ( SBU ) . - establishment 20 September 1991 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko ( acting ) , September 20 , 1991 – November 6 , 1991 - Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk , November 6 , 1991 – July 12 , 1994 - Valeriy Vasyliovych Malikov , July 12 , 1994 – July 3 , 1995 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , July 3 , 1995 – April 22 , 1998 - Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach , April 22 , 1998 – February 10 , 2001 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , February 10 , 2001 – September 2 , 2003 - Ihor Petrovych Smeshko , September 4 , 2003 – February 4 , 2005 - Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov , February 4 , 2005 – September 8 , 2005 - Ihor Vasylovych Drizhchany , September 8 , 2005 – December 22 , 2006 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko December 22 , 2006 – March 6 , 2009 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko , March 6 , 2009 – March 11 , 2010 - Valeriy Ivanovych Khoroshkovsky , March 11 , 2010 – January 18 , 2012 . - Volodymyr Rokytsky ( acting ) , January 19 , 2012 – February 3 , 2012 - Igor Kalinin , February 3 , 2012 – January 9 , 2013 - Aleksandr Grigoryevich Yakimenko , January 9 , 2013 – February 24 , 2014 - Valentyn Nalyvaichenko , February 24 , 2014 – June 18 , 2015 - Vasyl Hrytsak , July 2 , 2015 – 29 August 2019 - Ivan Bakanov ( officially appointed by parliament on ) August 29 , 2019 Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities . - 2017–2019 Dmytro Yarmak - 2019–present Roman Semenchenko Human rights and freedom of speech violations . According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine , the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings , sexual violence , and torture . In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture . In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with freedom of opinion and expression in Ukraine which facing mounting challenges . According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists , bloggers , and media activists .

easy

Who was the head of Security Service of Ukraine from Feb 2012 to 2013?

/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine#P488#6

Security Service of Ukraine The Security Service of Ukraine ( ; Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny ) or SBU is Ukraines law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism . Duties and responsibilities . The Security Service of Ukraine is vested , within its competence defined by law , with the protection of national sovereignty , constitutional order , territorial integrity , economical , scientific , technical , and defense potential of Ukraine , legal interests of the state , and civil rights , from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations , groups and individuals , as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets . Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind , terrorism , corruption , and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy , as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraines vital interests . Organization . The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor ( KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials . Both of them became independent institutions . However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province . According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000 . It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together . Structure . - Central Apparatus ( consists of some 25 departments ) - Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction - Regional Departments ( 26 departments ) - Special Department - Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior , Ministry of Defense , Ministry of Emergencies , State Border Guard Service , and others . - Educational Institutions - National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine - Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise . - Others - State Archives of the SBU - Special Group Alpha History . Ukrainian Peoples Republic/Ukrainian State . On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian Peoples Republic founded its Security Services . In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service . This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana ( the secret police force of the Russian Empire ) . After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic ( UNR ) in December 1918 , the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State . Therefore , the new secret services founded in January 1919 ( with two divisions - domestic and foreign ) had to start practically from scratch . It never became as well lead , nor successful , as the security services of the Ukrainian State . The security services of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic on the other hand were well-organized . The West Ukrainian Peoples Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army ( it also served as military police ) . There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic and Ukrainian Peoples Republic security services . In 1924 former ( April–July 1919 ) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet era . The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3 , 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenins orders . The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30 , 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee . To support the Soviet government in Ukraine , in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka . In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe , Stanislav Kosior , and Martin Latsis . In its early years the security agency fought against the kulak-nationalistic banditry ( peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms ) . On August 19 , 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution . On December 10 , 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved , becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine . 1990s–2005 . The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch of the Soviet KGB , keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel . Many of whom came from the KGBs 5th directorate . It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine . The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia . ( Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994. ) Since 1992 , the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense . Despite this , a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert , Ihor Smeshko , served as an SBU chief until 2005 . According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine ( Donetsk ) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property ( so-called prykhvatizatsiya ) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence . A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents , interrogated and brutally tortured for three days . He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody . Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko . He was arrested the next year . Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s . Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants . In 2004 , the SBUs Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine . It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security . As of 2004 , the exact functions of the new service , and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet . On November 7 , 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information , also known as Derzhspetszvyazok ( StateSpecCom ) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency . The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine ( ) , the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials , which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB . The SBUs State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Melnychenko , the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchmas bodyguard team . Melnychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal ( 2000 ) —one of the main events in Ukraines post-independence history . SBU became involved in the case when Melnychenko accused Leonid Derkach , SBU Chief at the time , of several crimes , e.g. , of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich . However , the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal , so Melnychenko himself has never been an SBU agent . Later , the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case , the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself . In 2004 , General Valeriy Kravchenko , SBUs intelligence representative in Germany , publicly accused his agency of political involvement , including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists . He was fired without returning home . After a half-year of hiding in Germany , Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 ( an investigation is underway ) . Later , the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko , at the home of Smeshkos first deputy . However , neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers . It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenkos personal security since he became a candidate . During the Orange Revolution , several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect , while the agency as a whole remained neutral . 2005–2010 . In 2005 , soon after the elections , sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolutions events . They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests , contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBUs special forces units . This story was first described by the American journalist C.J . Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally . The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones . An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko . Yuriy Mozola , an initial suspect in the investigation , died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture . Several agents were convicted in the case . The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics . 2010–2014 . The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure . The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU , forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize . Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Nico Lange , was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him . The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding . Khoroshkovskiy , as the Chairman of the SBU , eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter , officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy , in the face of TVi and Channel 5 . In July 2010 , Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo . The most important source of Khoroshkovskiys came from RosUkrEnergo . The Presidents spokesperson , Hanna Herman , in an interview with this newspaper , did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions , with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman . Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo . However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter . Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo , arresting their main opponents ( see RosUkrEnergo ) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign . Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews : When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18 , 2012 , Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day . Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A . Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV . 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky , however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine . Khoroshkovskiy said the SBUs main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine . On July 26 , 2010 it arrested an internet blogger , producing a warrant for his arrest the next day . SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine , citing his comment May thunder strike Yanukovych! ; he was released after a short discussion . However , SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation . Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists . On May 22 , 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi , Deputy Head of the SBU , was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income . The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade . The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009 . A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011 . 2014–present . In February 2014 , numerous documents , hard drives , and flash drives , including data on over 22,000 officers and informants , were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych . Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest . According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed . After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty , saying the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea . There were no operative files , no weapons . Institutionally , the place was totally destroyed . Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies . Indeed , Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later . Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine . At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents , including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin , and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched ; also all regional directors had been changed , as well as half of their deputies . In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents . The danger is no longer widespread” . The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine , many of them in their early twenties . To test loyalty , all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests . In June 2015 , the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU , Vitaly Malikov , had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea . According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security , after Russias annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea . According to the SBU itself ( in November 2017 ) 13% did so . On December 21 , 2017 , two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia , one of them being an SBU employee while the other , Stanislav Yezhov , worked for various cabinet ministers . In late 2018 , the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) churches and priests . On July 8 , 2019 , the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh , who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a person of interest when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17 . The SBU mentioned that hes a witness to the incident . On April 14 , 2020 , the SBU announced the arrest of Lt . General Valeriy Shaytanov , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov . He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine . He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev , a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression . Directors . Ukrainian Peoples Republic . - Mykola Chebotarov ( April–July 1919 ) ( starting in 1924 Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. ) All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Department of the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs - Isaak Shvarts , December 3 , 1918 – April 2 , 1919 - Martin Latsis , April 2 , 1919 – August 16 , 1919 Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions and Special Departments . Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee - Vasiliy Mantsev , August 16 , 1919 – March 17 , 1920 Central Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , March 17 , 1920 – April 2 , 1921 All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , April 2 , 1921 – August 2 , 1923 - ( acting ) Vsevolod Balitsky , August 2 , 1923 – September 3 , 1923 State Political Directorate ( GPU ) . Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - Vsevolod Balitsky , September 3 , 1923 – June 31 , 1931 - Stanislav Redens , 1931 – 1933 - Vsevolod Balitsky , February 21 , 1933 – July 10 , 1934 - Vsevolod Balitsky , 1934 – 1937 - ( acting ) Vasiliy Timofeyevich Ivanov , 1937 - Israel Moiseyevich Leplevsky , 1937 – 1938 - Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky , 1938 - ( acting ) Amayak Zakharovich Kobulov , 1938 – 1939 - Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov , 1939 – 1941 - Pavel Yakovich Meshik , 1941 - Vasiliy Timofeyevich Sergienko , 1941 – 1943 Ministry of State Security ( MGB ) . - Sergei Romanovich Savchenko , 1943–1949 - Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk , 1949–1952 - Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin , 1952–1956 Committee for State Security ( KDB ) . - Tymofiy Amvrosiyovych Strokach , 1953 – 1954 - Vitaliy Fedotovych Nikitchenko , April 6 , 1954 – July 16 , 1970 - Vitaliy Vasyliovych Fedorchuk , July 18 , 1970 – May 26 , 1982 - Stepan Nestorovych Mukha , May 26 , 1982 – 1987 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko , 1987 – September 20 , 1991 Security Service of Ukraine ( SBU ) . - establishment 20 September 1991 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko ( acting ) , September 20 , 1991 – November 6 , 1991 - Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk , November 6 , 1991 – July 12 , 1994 - Valeriy Vasyliovych Malikov , July 12 , 1994 – July 3 , 1995 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , July 3 , 1995 – April 22 , 1998 - Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach , April 22 , 1998 – February 10 , 2001 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , February 10 , 2001 – September 2 , 2003 - Ihor Petrovych Smeshko , September 4 , 2003 – February 4 , 2005 - Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov , February 4 , 2005 – September 8 , 2005 - Ihor Vasylovych Drizhchany , September 8 , 2005 – December 22 , 2006 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko December 22 , 2006 – March 6 , 2009 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko , March 6 , 2009 – March 11 , 2010 - Valeriy Ivanovych Khoroshkovsky , March 11 , 2010 – January 18 , 2012 . - Volodymyr Rokytsky ( acting ) , January 19 , 2012 – February 3 , 2012 - Igor Kalinin , February 3 , 2012 – January 9 , 2013 - Aleksandr Grigoryevich Yakimenko , January 9 , 2013 – February 24 , 2014 - Valentyn Nalyvaichenko , February 24 , 2014 – June 18 , 2015 - Vasyl Hrytsak , July 2 , 2015 – 29 August 2019 - Ivan Bakanov ( officially appointed by parliament on ) August 29 , 2019 Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities . - 2017–2019 Dmytro Yarmak - 2019–present Roman Semenchenko Human rights and freedom of speech violations . According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine , the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings , sexual violence , and torture . In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture . In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with freedom of opinion and expression in Ukraine which facing mounting challenges . According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists , bloggers , and media activists .

easy

Who was the head of Security Service of Ukraine from 2013 to Feb 2014?

/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine#P488#7

Security Service of Ukraine The Security Service of Ukraine ( ; Sluzhba bezpeky Ukrayiny ) or SBU is Ukraines law-enforcement authority and main government security agency in the areas of counterintelligence activity and combating terrorism . Duties and responsibilities . The Security Service of Ukraine is vested , within its competence defined by law , with the protection of national sovereignty , constitutional order , territorial integrity , economical , scientific , technical , and defense potential of Ukraine , legal interests of the state , and civil rights , from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations , groups and individuals , as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets . Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind , terrorism , corruption , and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy , as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraines vital interests . Organization . The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor ( KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials . Both of them became independent institutions . However the SBU keeps under control special operation units Alpha with bases in every Ukrainian province . According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains to be as bloated in size as the Soviet Ukrainian KGB because the total number of active officers as high as 30,000 . It is six times larger than British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined together . Structure . - Central Apparatus ( consists of some 25 departments ) - Main Directorate on Corruption and Organized Crime Counteraction - Regional Departments ( 26 departments ) - Special Department - Anti-Terrorist Center cooperates with numerous ministries and other state agencies such as the Ministry of Interior , Ministry of Defense , Ministry of Emergencies , State Border Guard Service , and others . - Educational Institutions - National Academy of Security Service of Ukraine - Institute in preparation of Service Personnel at the National Law Academy of Yaroslav the Wise . - Others - State Archives of the SBU - Special Group Alpha History . Ukrainian Peoples Republic/Ukrainian State . On 14 January 1918 the Ukrainian Peoples Republic founded its Security Services . In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service . This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana ( the secret police force of the Russian Empire ) . After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic ( UNR ) in December 1918 , the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State . Therefore , the new secret services founded in January 1919 ( with two divisions - domestic and foreign ) had to start practically from scratch . It never became as well lead , nor successful , as the security services of the Ukrainian State . The security services of the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic on the other hand were well-organized . The West Ukrainian Peoples Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army ( it also served as military police ) . There was no cooperation between the West Ukrainian Peoples Republic and Ukrainian Peoples Republic security services . In 1924 former ( April–July 1919 ) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian Peoples Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR . Soviet era . The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3 , 1918 in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenins orders . The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers and Peasants Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30 , 1919 by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee . To support the Soviet government in Ukraine , in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka . In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe , Stanislav Kosior , and Martin Latsis . In its early years the security agency fought against the kulak-nationalistic banditry ( peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms ) . On August 19 , 1920 the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution . On December 10 , 1934 the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved , becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine . 1990s–2005 . The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch of the Soviet KGB , keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel . Many of whom came from the KGBs 5th directorate . It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine . The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republics Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia . ( Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in Golushko in 1993 and 1994. ) Since 1992 , the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense . Despite this , a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert , Ihor Smeshko , served as an SBU chief until 2005 . According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine ( Donetsk ) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property ( so-called prykhvatizatsiya ) ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence . A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents , interrogated and brutally tortured for three days . He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody . Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko . He was arrested the next year . Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s . Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants . In 2004 , the SBUs Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine . It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security . As of 2004 , the exact functions of the new service , and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet . On November 7 , 2005 the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information , also known as Derzhspetszvyazok ( StateSpecCom ) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency . The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine ( ) , the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials , which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB . The SBUs State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Melnychenko , the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchmas bodyguard team . Melnychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal ( 2000 ) —one of the main events in Ukraines post-independence history . SBU became involved in the case when Melnychenko accused Leonid Derkach , SBU Chief at the time , of several crimes , e.g. , of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich . However , the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal , so Melnychenko himself has never been an SBU agent . Later , the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case , the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself . In 2004 , General Valeriy Kravchenko , SBUs intelligence representative in Germany , publicly accused his agency of political involvement , including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists . He was fired without returning home . After a half-year of hiding in Germany , Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 ( an investigation is underway ) . Later , the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election . Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko , at the home of Smeshkos first deputy . However , neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers . It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenkos personal security since he became a candidate . During the Orange Revolution , several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect , while the agency as a whole remained neutral . 2005–2010 . In 2005 , soon after the elections , sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolutions events . They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests , contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening militsiya with armed involvement of SBUs special forces units . This story was first described by the American journalist C.J . Chivers of The New York Times and has never been supported with documents or legally . The SBU is widely suspected of illegal surveillance and eavesdropping of offices and phones . An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko . Yuriy Mozola , an initial suspect in the investigation , died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture . Several agents were convicted in the case . The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics . 2010–2014 . The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure . The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU , forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize . Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation , Nico Lange , was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the German Chancellery vouched for him . The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding . Khoroshkovskiy , as the Chairman of the SBU , eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter , officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy , in the face of TVi and Channel 5 . In July 2010 , Konrad Schuller of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo . The most important source of Khoroshkovskiys came from RosUkrEnergo . The Presidents spokesperson , Hanna Herman , in an interview with this newspaper , did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions , with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman . Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo . However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter . Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo , arresting their main opponents ( see RosUkrEnergo ) in order to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign . Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews : When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18 , 2012 , Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day . Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A . Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV . 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky , however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine . Khoroshkovskiy said the SBUs main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine . On July 26 , 2010 it arrested an internet blogger , producing a warrant for his arrest the next day . SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine , citing his comment May thunder strike Yanukovych! ; he was released after a short discussion . However , SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation . Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists . On May 22 , 2012 Volodymyr Rokytskyi , Deputy Head of the SBU , was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income . The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade . The SBU uncovered seven spies and 16 special service agents in 2009 . A large number of arrests and searches occurred in 2011 . 2014–present . In February 2014 , numerous documents , hard drives , and flash drives , including data on over 22,000 officers and informants , were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych . Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013-February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest . According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed . After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the February 2014 Ukrainian revolution the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty , saying the agency’s former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea . There were no operative files , no weapons . Institutionally , the place was totally destroyed . Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies . Indeed , Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later . Allegedly in the months following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine . At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents , including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin , and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched ; also all regional directors had been changed , as well as half of their deputies . In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed “There’s no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents . The danger is no longer widespread” . The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine , many of them in their early twenties . To test loyalty , all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests . In June 2015 , the Kyiv Post reported that a deputy chief of the SBU , Vitaly Malikov , had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea . According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security , after Russias annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea . According to the SBU itself ( in November 2017 ) 13% did so . On December 21 , 2017 , two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia , one of them being an SBU employee while the other , Stanislav Yezhov , worked for various cabinet ministers . In late 2018 , the SBU carries out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church ( Moscow Patriarchate ) churches and priests . On July 8 , 2019 , the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh , who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a person of interest when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17 . The SBU mentioned that hes a witness to the incident . On April 14 , 2020 , the SBU announced the arrest of Lt . General Valeriy Shaytanov , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel Igor Egorov . He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine . He had planned the future assassination of Adam Osmayev , a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression . Directors . Ukrainian Peoples Republic . - Mykola Chebotarov ( April–July 1919 ) ( starting in 1924 Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian Peoples Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. ) All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Department of the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs - Isaak Shvarts , December 3 , 1918 – April 2 , 1919 - Martin Latsis , April 2 , 1919 – August 16 , 1919 Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions and Special Departments . Special Commission of the All Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee - Vasiliy Mantsev , August 16 , 1919 – March 17 , 1920 Central Directorate of Extraordinary Commissions . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , March 17 , 1920 – April 2 , 1921 All Ukrainian Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) . Special Commission of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Ukraine - Vasiliy Mantsev , April 2 , 1921 – August 2 , 1923 - ( acting ) Vsevolod Balitsky , August 2 , 1923 – September 3 , 1923 State Political Directorate ( GPU ) . Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - Vsevolod Balitsky , September 3 , 1923 – June 31 , 1931 - Stanislav Redens , 1931 – 1933 - Vsevolod Balitsky , February 21 , 1933 – July 10 , 1934 - Vsevolod Balitsky , 1934 – 1937 - ( acting ) Vasiliy Timofeyevich Ivanov , 1937 - Israel Moiseyevich Leplevsky , 1937 – 1938 - Alexander Ivanovich Uspensky , 1938 - ( acting ) Amayak Zakharovich Kobulov , 1938 – 1939 - Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov , 1939 – 1941 - Pavel Yakovich Meshik , 1941 - Vasiliy Timofeyevich Sergienko , 1941 – 1943 Ministry of State Security ( MGB ) . - Sergei Romanovich Savchenko , 1943–1949 - Nikolai Kuzmich Kovalchuk , 1949–1952 - Pyotr Ivanovich Ivashutin , 1952–1956 Committee for State Security ( KDB ) . - Tymofiy Amvrosiyovych Strokach , 1953 – 1954 - Vitaliy Fedotovych Nikitchenko , April 6 , 1954 – July 16 , 1970 - Vitaliy Vasyliovych Fedorchuk , July 18 , 1970 – May 26 , 1982 - Stepan Nestorovych Mukha , May 26 , 1982 – 1987 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko , 1987 – September 20 , 1991 Security Service of Ukraine ( SBU ) . - establishment 20 September 1991 - Nikolai Mikhailovich Golushko ( acting ) , September 20 , 1991 – November 6 , 1991 - Yevhen Kyrylovych Marchuk , November 6 , 1991 – July 12 , 1994 - Valeriy Vasyliovych Malikov , July 12 , 1994 – July 3 , 1995 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , July 3 , 1995 – April 22 , 1998 - Leonid Vasyliovych Derkach , April 22 , 1998 – February 10 , 2001 - Volodymyr Ivanovych Radchenko , February 10 , 2001 – September 2 , 2003 - Ihor Petrovych Smeshko , September 4 , 2003 – February 4 , 2005 - Oleksandr Valentynovych Turchynov , February 4 , 2005 – September 8 , 2005 - Ihor Vasylovych Drizhchany , September 8 , 2005 – December 22 , 2006 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko December 22 , 2006 – March 6 , 2009 - Valentyn Oleksandrovych Nalyvaichenko , March 6 , 2009 – March 11 , 2010 - Valeriy Ivanovych Khoroshkovsky , March 11 , 2010 – January 18 , 2012 . - Volodymyr Rokytsky ( acting ) , January 19 , 2012 – February 3 , 2012 - Igor Kalinin , February 3 , 2012 – January 9 , 2013 - Aleksandr Grigoryevich Yakimenko , January 9 , 2013 – February 24 , 2014 - Valentyn Nalyvaichenko , February 24 , 2014 – June 18 , 2015 - Vasyl Hrytsak , July 2 , 2015 – 29 August 2019 - Ivan Bakanov ( officially appointed by parliament on ) August 29 , 2019 Presidential Commissioner in control of Security Service of Ukraine activities . - 2017–2019 Dmytro Yarmak - 2019–present Roman Semenchenko Human rights and freedom of speech violations . According to reports of UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine , the SBU personnel is accountable for multiple cases of human rights abuses including enforced disappearings , sexual violence , and torture . In the 2016 Amnesty International and human Rights Watch reported that the SBU operates secret detention facilities where civilians are held incommunicado being subjected to improper treatment and torture . In December 2017 the UN mission in Ukraine expressed concerns about a situation with freedom of opinion and expression in Ukraine which facing mounting challenges . According to the UN reports the SBU is taking advantage of broad interpretation and application of Ukrainian Criminal Code against independent Ukrainian journalists , bloggers , and media activists .

easy

Jiří Drahoš went to which school from 1967 to 1972?

/wiki/Jiří_Drahoš#P69#0

Jiří Drahoš Jiří Drahoš ( born 20 February 1949 ; ) is a Czech physical chemist and politician who has been the Senator of Prague 4 since October 2018 . Previously , Drahoš served as President of the Czech Academy of Sciences from 2009 to 2017 , and was a candidate in the 2018 Czech presidential election . Born in Český Těšín and raised in nearby Jablunkov , Drahoš studied physical chemistry at the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague , and joined the Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1973 , which he later led from 1995 to 2003 . In 2009 , he was elected President of the Czech Academy of Sciences . His term as head of the academy ended on 24 March 2017 . In March 2017 , Drahoš announced his candidacy for President of the Czech Republic in the 2018 election . He ran on a moderate centrist platform , and is generally pro-European and supportive of NATO and Atlanticism . Drahoš lost the second round of the presidential election to his opponent President Miloš Zeman with 48.6% of the vote , but vowed to remain in public life . In October 2018 , he stood for the Czech Senate in the Prague 4 district , winning the election outright in the first round with 52.65% of the vote . Early life and career . Jiří Drahoš was born on 20 February 1949 in Český Těšín to a Czech father originally from Skuteč in Vysočina , and a Polish mother from Jablunkov . He spent most of his childhood in Jablunkov , where his mother Anna lived and worked as a nurse . His father , also named Jiří , was a teacher in a local Czech school . Drahoš studied at the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague and qualified as a scientist in 1972 . He joined the Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals at the Czech Academy of Sciences , and was later head of the institute from 1996 to 2003 . On 13 March 2009 , Drahoš was elected President of the Czech Academy of Sciences , defeating Eva Syková . During his tenure , he successfully opposed 50% budget cuts to the Academy proposed by the governments of Prime Ministers Mirek Topolánek and Jan Fischer as a consequence of the 2008 financial crisis . Drahoš later called it an attempt to destroy my motherly institution . In 2012 , President Václav Klaus awarded him the Medal of Merit in the field of science . His second term as head of the academy ended on 24 March 2017 . He is co-author of 14 patents . Political career . 2018 presidential campaign . On 28 March 2017 , Drahoš announced his intention to stand in the 2018 presidential election . On 24 April 2017 , he started gathering the signatures required to be registered as a candidate . In July 2017 , after meeting with Drahoš , the leaders of Populars and Mayors , Pavel Bělobrádek and Petr Gazdík , announced that they would ask their respective parties members to nominate and endorse Drahošs candidacy . Mayors and Independents endorsed Drahoš on 25 July 2017 while the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( KDU–ČSL ) endorsed him on 14 November 2017 . Young Social Democrats also endorsed Drahoš on 9 December 2017 . Polls in late 2017 showed Drahoš as the second strongest candidate behind Zeman . Drahoš received campaign donations from several influential businessmen , including Dalibor Dědek , Jiří Grygar and Luděk Sekyra . Drahoš started gathering signatures for his nomination in May 2017 . On 19 August 2017 , Drahoš announced he had gathered 78,000 signatures . He submitted his nomination on 3 November 2017 with 142,000 signatures . On 4 November 2017 on Facebook , Drahoš criticized Mirek Topolánek , who had announced his candidacy that day , describing Topolánek as similar to Miloš Zeman and calling his candidacy a bad joke . The two candidates met during a presidential debate at Charles University ; Drahoš reflected that the status he posted was Topolánek-like , to which Topolánek replied that it was written either by a woman or PR mage . Drahoš received media attention when he expressed his fear that the election could be influenced by Russia . He met outgoing Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka to discuss the matter and stated he would also meet the new Prime Minister Andrej Babiš . The incumbent president Miloš Zeman criticized Drahoš and compared his actions to Hillary Clintons when she lost to Donald Trump . Drahoš received criticism when he published a status on social media about Václav Klaus amnesty , when it was revealed that he had copied a similar status by his fellow presidential candidate Michal Horáček . Drahoš apologised and attributed the mistake to an external member of staff . The first round was held on 12 and 13 January 2018 . Drahoš received 1,369,601 ( 26.6% ) votes , and advanced to the second round against the incumbent president Miloš Zeman . In the second round , held on 26–27 January 2018 , Drahoš received 48.63% of the vote and thus lost to Zeman . Drahoš conceded defeat to Zeman , telling a crowd of his supporters that I would like to congratulate election winner Miloš Zeman . Senate . Following the 2018 presidential election , Drahoš vowed to remain in public life , and in March 2018 announced his bid for the Prague 4 Senate seat in the 2018 election , nominated by Mayors and Independents and supported by TOP 09 , KDU–ČSL and the Green Party . He won the election outright in the first round , with 52.65% of the vote . Political views . Drahoš considers himself a centrist politician . As a candidate , Jiří Drahoš has presented himself as someone who can unite society , and as a respectable person who would act according to the constitution . Drahoš emphasises the importance of Czech science and education and has called for solidarity with those who cannot take care of themselves . He has called for a responsible approach to the landscape and environment and has described human reason , creativity and ingeniousness as the only renewable resource of the wealth of the Czech Republic . Drahoš wants the Czech Republic to play an active role in discussions over the future of the European Union , and wants the country to be a part of the Western world . He supports European integration but has said that he believes that the European Union should not impose unnecessary regulations on member states . He also said that he would not rush into Czech adoption of the Euro . Drahoš opposes a referendum about Czech membership of the European Union , and said that important geopolitical questions should not be decided by referendum . He supports the Czech Republics membership of NATO . In August 2015 , Drahoš signed a petition named scientists against fear and apathy in opposition to both anti-Islamic radicalism and anti-immigrant populism . Drahoš suggested that the Catalan independence referendum was not legal , supporting the position of the Spanish government . Drahoš says he supports the anti-Russian sanctions imposed by the United States and the EU . However he also said that having good relations with Russia is in the interest of the Czech Republic and European Union . Drahoš supports trade and economic relations with China , arguing that China is a superpower and many countries are doing business with China . In 2017 , Drahoš rejected the European Unions proposal of compulsory migrant quotas , saying , there is no successful model of Muslim integration in Europe . Drahoš also said that Europe cant feed 100 million Africans , it is necessary to help them at home . Drahoš described the pre-war German minority in Czechoslovakia as Adolf Hitlers fifth column , and said that he agreed with the post-war expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia . Drahoš has described himself as a sympathizer with Israel . External links . - Scientific publications

easy

Where was Jiří Drahoš educated from 1973 to 1977?

/wiki/Jiří_Drahoš#P69#1

Jiří Drahoš Jiří Drahoš ( born 20 February 1949 ; ) is a Czech physical chemist and politician who has been the Senator of Prague 4 since October 2018 . Previously , Drahoš served as President of the Czech Academy of Sciences from 2009 to 2017 , and was a candidate in the 2018 Czech presidential election . Born in Český Těšín and raised in nearby Jablunkov , Drahoš studied physical chemistry at the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague , and joined the Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1973 , which he later led from 1995 to 2003 . In 2009 , he was elected President of the Czech Academy of Sciences . His term as head of the academy ended on 24 March 2017 . In March 2017 , Drahoš announced his candidacy for President of the Czech Republic in the 2018 election . He ran on a moderate centrist platform , and is generally pro-European and supportive of NATO and Atlanticism . Drahoš lost the second round of the presidential election to his opponent President Miloš Zeman with 48.6% of the vote , but vowed to remain in public life . In October 2018 , he stood for the Czech Senate in the Prague 4 district , winning the election outright in the first round with 52.65% of the vote . Early life and career . Jiří Drahoš was born on 20 February 1949 in Český Těšín to a Czech father originally from Skuteč in Vysočina , and a Polish mother from Jablunkov . He spent most of his childhood in Jablunkov , where his mother Anna lived and worked as a nurse . His father , also named Jiří , was a teacher in a local Czech school . Drahoš studied at the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague and qualified as a scientist in 1972 . He joined the Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals at the Czech Academy of Sciences , and was later head of the institute from 1996 to 2003 . On 13 March 2009 , Drahoš was elected President of the Czech Academy of Sciences , defeating Eva Syková . During his tenure , he successfully opposed 50% budget cuts to the Academy proposed by the governments of Prime Ministers Mirek Topolánek and Jan Fischer as a consequence of the 2008 financial crisis . Drahoš later called it an attempt to destroy my motherly institution . In 2012 , President Václav Klaus awarded him the Medal of Merit in the field of science . His second term as head of the academy ended on 24 March 2017 . He is co-author of 14 patents . Political career . 2018 presidential campaign . On 28 March 2017 , Drahoš announced his intention to stand in the 2018 presidential election . On 24 April 2017 , he started gathering the signatures required to be registered as a candidate . In July 2017 , after meeting with Drahoš , the leaders of Populars and Mayors , Pavel Bělobrádek and Petr Gazdík , announced that they would ask their respective parties members to nominate and endorse Drahošs candidacy . Mayors and Independents endorsed Drahoš on 25 July 2017 while the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( KDU–ČSL ) endorsed him on 14 November 2017 . Young Social Democrats also endorsed Drahoš on 9 December 2017 . Polls in late 2017 showed Drahoš as the second strongest candidate behind Zeman . Drahoš received campaign donations from several influential businessmen , including Dalibor Dědek , Jiří Grygar and Luděk Sekyra . Drahoš started gathering signatures for his nomination in May 2017 . On 19 August 2017 , Drahoš announced he had gathered 78,000 signatures . He submitted his nomination on 3 November 2017 with 142,000 signatures . On 4 November 2017 on Facebook , Drahoš criticized Mirek Topolánek , who had announced his candidacy that day , describing Topolánek as similar to Miloš Zeman and calling his candidacy a bad joke . The two candidates met during a presidential debate at Charles University ; Drahoš reflected that the status he posted was Topolánek-like , to which Topolánek replied that it was written either by a woman or PR mage . Drahoš received media attention when he expressed his fear that the election could be influenced by Russia . He met outgoing Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka to discuss the matter and stated he would also meet the new Prime Minister Andrej Babiš . The incumbent president Miloš Zeman criticized Drahoš and compared his actions to Hillary Clintons when she lost to Donald Trump . Drahoš received criticism when he published a status on social media about Václav Klaus amnesty , when it was revealed that he had copied a similar status by his fellow presidential candidate Michal Horáček . Drahoš apologised and attributed the mistake to an external member of staff . The first round was held on 12 and 13 January 2018 . Drahoš received 1,369,601 ( 26.6% ) votes , and advanced to the second round against the incumbent president Miloš Zeman . In the second round , held on 26–27 January 2018 , Drahoš received 48.63% of the vote and thus lost to Zeman . Drahoš conceded defeat to Zeman , telling a crowd of his supporters that I would like to congratulate election winner Miloš Zeman . Senate . Following the 2018 presidential election , Drahoš vowed to remain in public life , and in March 2018 announced his bid for the Prague 4 Senate seat in the 2018 election , nominated by Mayors and Independents and supported by TOP 09 , KDU–ČSL and the Green Party . He won the election outright in the first round , with 52.65% of the vote . Political views . Drahoš considers himself a centrist politician . As a candidate , Jiří Drahoš has presented himself as someone who can unite society , and as a respectable person who would act according to the constitution . Drahoš emphasises the importance of Czech science and education and has called for solidarity with those who cannot take care of themselves . He has called for a responsible approach to the landscape and environment and has described human reason , creativity and ingeniousness as the only renewable resource of the wealth of the Czech Republic . Drahoš wants the Czech Republic to play an active role in discussions over the future of the European Union , and wants the country to be a part of the Western world . He supports European integration but has said that he believes that the European Union should not impose unnecessary regulations on member states . He also said that he would not rush into Czech adoption of the Euro . Drahoš opposes a referendum about Czech membership of the European Union , and said that important geopolitical questions should not be decided by referendum . He supports the Czech Republics membership of NATO . In August 2015 , Drahoš signed a petition named scientists against fear and apathy in opposition to both anti-Islamic radicalism and anti-immigrant populism . Drahoš suggested that the Catalan independence referendum was not legal , supporting the position of the Spanish government . Drahoš says he supports the anti-Russian sanctions imposed by the United States and the EU . However he also said that having good relations with Russia is in the interest of the Czech Republic and European Union . Drahoš supports trade and economic relations with China , arguing that China is a superpower and many countries are doing business with China . In 2017 , Drahoš rejected the European Unions proposal of compulsory migrant quotas , saying , there is no successful model of Muslim integration in Europe . Drahoš also said that Europe cant feed 100 million Africans , it is necessary to help them at home . Drahoš described the pre-war German minority in Czechoslovakia as Adolf Hitlers fifth column , and said that he agreed with the post-war expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia . Drahoš has described himself as a sympathizer with Israel . External links . - Scientific publications

easy

Jiří Drahoš went to which school from 1985 to 1986?

/wiki/Jiří_Drahoš#P69#2

Jiří Drahoš Jiří Drahoš ( born 20 February 1949 ; ) is a Czech physical chemist and politician who has been the Senator of Prague 4 since October 2018 . Previously , Drahoš served as President of the Czech Academy of Sciences from 2009 to 2017 , and was a candidate in the 2018 Czech presidential election . Born in Český Těšín and raised in nearby Jablunkov , Drahoš studied physical chemistry at the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague , and joined the Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1973 , which he later led from 1995 to 2003 . In 2009 , he was elected President of the Czech Academy of Sciences . His term as head of the academy ended on 24 March 2017 . In March 2017 , Drahoš announced his candidacy for President of the Czech Republic in the 2018 election . He ran on a moderate centrist platform , and is generally pro-European and supportive of NATO and Atlanticism . Drahoš lost the second round of the presidential election to his opponent President Miloš Zeman with 48.6% of the vote , but vowed to remain in public life . In October 2018 , he stood for the Czech Senate in the Prague 4 district , winning the election outright in the first round with 52.65% of the vote . Early life and career . Jiří Drahoš was born on 20 February 1949 in Český Těšín to a Czech father originally from Skuteč in Vysočina , and a Polish mother from Jablunkov . He spent most of his childhood in Jablunkov , where his mother Anna lived and worked as a nurse . His father , also named Jiří , was a teacher in a local Czech school . Drahoš studied at the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague and qualified as a scientist in 1972 . He joined the Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals at the Czech Academy of Sciences , and was later head of the institute from 1996 to 2003 . On 13 March 2009 , Drahoš was elected President of the Czech Academy of Sciences , defeating Eva Syková . During his tenure , he successfully opposed 50% budget cuts to the Academy proposed by the governments of Prime Ministers Mirek Topolánek and Jan Fischer as a consequence of the 2008 financial crisis . Drahoš later called it an attempt to destroy my motherly institution . In 2012 , President Václav Klaus awarded him the Medal of Merit in the field of science . His second term as head of the academy ended on 24 March 2017 . He is co-author of 14 patents . Political career . 2018 presidential campaign . On 28 March 2017 , Drahoš announced his intention to stand in the 2018 presidential election . On 24 April 2017 , he started gathering the signatures required to be registered as a candidate . In July 2017 , after meeting with Drahoš , the leaders of Populars and Mayors , Pavel Bělobrádek and Petr Gazdík , announced that they would ask their respective parties members to nominate and endorse Drahošs candidacy . Mayors and Independents endorsed Drahoš on 25 July 2017 while the Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak Peoples Party ( KDU–ČSL ) endorsed him on 14 November 2017 . Young Social Democrats also endorsed Drahoš on 9 December 2017 . Polls in late 2017 showed Drahoš as the second strongest candidate behind Zeman . Drahoš received campaign donations from several influential businessmen , including Dalibor Dědek , Jiří Grygar and Luděk Sekyra . Drahoš started gathering signatures for his nomination in May 2017 . On 19 August 2017 , Drahoš announced he had gathered 78,000 signatures . He submitted his nomination on 3 November 2017 with 142,000 signatures . On 4 November 2017 on Facebook , Drahoš criticized Mirek Topolánek , who had announced his candidacy that day , describing Topolánek as similar to Miloš Zeman and calling his candidacy a bad joke . The two candidates met during a presidential debate at Charles University ; Drahoš reflected that the status he posted was Topolánek-like , to which Topolánek replied that it was written either by a woman or PR mage . Drahoš received media attention when he expressed his fear that the election could be influenced by Russia . He met outgoing Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka to discuss the matter and stated he would also meet the new Prime Minister Andrej Babiš . The incumbent president Miloš Zeman criticized Drahoš and compared his actions to Hillary Clintons when she lost to Donald Trump . Drahoš received criticism when he published a status on social media about Václav Klaus amnesty , when it was revealed that he had copied a similar status by his fellow presidential candidate Michal Horáček . Drahoš apologised and attributed the mistake to an external member of staff . The first round was held on 12 and 13 January 2018 . Drahoš received 1,369,601 ( 26.6% ) votes , and advanced to the second round against the incumbent president Miloš Zeman . In the second round , held on 26–27 January 2018 , Drahoš received 48.63% of the vote and thus lost to Zeman . Drahoš conceded defeat to Zeman , telling a crowd of his supporters that I would like to congratulate election winner Miloš Zeman . Senate . Following the 2018 presidential election , Drahoš vowed to remain in public life , and in March 2018 announced his bid for the Prague 4 Senate seat in the 2018 election , nominated by Mayors and Independents and supported by TOP 09 , KDU–ČSL and the Green Party . He won the election outright in the first round , with 52.65% of the vote . Political views . Drahoš considers himself a centrist politician . As a candidate , Jiří Drahoš has presented himself as someone who can unite society , and as a respectable person who would act according to the constitution . Drahoš emphasises the importance of Czech science and education and has called for solidarity with those who cannot take care of themselves . He has called for a responsible approach to the landscape and environment and has described human reason , creativity and ingeniousness as the only renewable resource of the wealth of the Czech Republic . Drahoš wants the Czech Republic to play an active role in discussions over the future of the European Union , and wants the country to be a part of the Western world . He supports European integration but has said that he believes that the European Union should not impose unnecessary regulations on member states . He also said that he would not rush into Czech adoption of the Euro . Drahoš opposes a referendum about Czech membership of the European Union , and said that important geopolitical questions should not be decided by referendum . He supports the Czech Republics membership of NATO . In August 2015 , Drahoš signed a petition named scientists against fear and apathy in opposition to both anti-Islamic radicalism and anti-immigrant populism . Drahoš suggested that the Catalan independence referendum was not legal , supporting the position of the Spanish government . Drahoš says he supports the anti-Russian sanctions imposed by the United States and the EU . However he also said that having good relations with Russia is in the interest of the Czech Republic and European Union . Drahoš supports trade and economic relations with China , arguing that China is a superpower and many countries are doing business with China . In 2017 , Drahoš rejected the European Unions proposal of compulsory migrant quotas , saying , there is no successful model of Muslim integration in Europe . Drahoš also said that Europe cant feed 100 million Africans , it is necessary to help them at home . Drahoš described the pre-war German minority in Czechoslovakia as Adolf Hitlers fifth column , and said that he agreed with the post-war expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia . Drahoš has described himself as a sympathizer with Israel . External links . - Scientific publications

easy

Piers Robinson was an employee for whom from 1998 to 1999?

/wiki/Piers_Robinson#P108#0

Piers Robinson Piers Gregory Robinson ( born 1970 ) is a British former academic , a co-director of the Organisation for Propaganda Studies , and a founder of the Working Group on Syria , Propaganda and Media ( SPM ) . As part of the SPM working group he has gained attention and criticism for disputing the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War . Education and career . Robinson was born in 1970 . He received his PhD from the University of Bristol in 2000 , with a thesis titled The News Media and Intervention . He was then a lecturer in political communication at the Liverpool University from 1999 to 2005 and senior lecturer in international politics at the Manchester University from 2005 to 2015 . He was the chair in Politics , Society and Political Journalism at Sheffield University but left the university in 2019 . Political research . Media and propaganda . Robinson has argued that Western news media and their respective governments act in concert , especially in the area of foreign affairs . He puts this down to overreliance on government officials as news sources , economic constraints , the imperatives of big business and good old-fashioned patriotism . He has said western governments frequently manipulate the media through deception involving exaggeration , omission and misdirection . As evidence of government use of propaganda he cited Tony Blairs suggestion that the war on terror would require a dedicated tightly knit propaganda unit . In The Propaganda Model : Still Relevant Today he examined the propaganda model put forward by Herman and Chomsky and concluded that it is still useful in describing how the corporate media works . In an opinion piece in The Guardian , Robinson described the UK governments use of the Research , Information and Communications Unit to covertly support grassroots Muslim organisations as an example of black propaganda . CNN effect . Robinson is known for his work on the CNN effect , a term that refers to the influence that televised images and news coverage exercise on foreign policy decisions , especially during military interventions and humanitarian crises . In his 2002 book , The CNN Effect : The Myth of News , Foreign Policy and Intervention , he argued that sympathetic news coverage at key moments in foreign crises can influence the response of Western governments . In Robinsons framework , which focused on the type of media coverage a crisis attracts and on level of policy certainty within the establishment in relation to the crisis , a strong CNN effect requires two conditions : 1 ) media coverage that is highly critical of national policy , while simultaneously emphatically reporting on civilians and refugees , and 2 ) policy makers in a state of indecision with no clear policy regarding use of force . In terms of this framework , Robinson characterised the 1994 NATO intervention in Bosnia that followed the siege of Goražde as exemplifying a strong CNN effect . If either condition is missing , influence on policy makers attitudes is likely to be weak . 9/11 . Robinson gave a positive review to 9/11 Unmasked by David Ray Griffin , saying it represents a serious challenge for mainstream academics and journalists to start to ask substantial questions about 9/11 . When asked to defend his views , he stated My position , as has been the case for some time , is that [ conclusions detailed in 9/11 Unmasked ] demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that significant parts of the official narrative are very likely to be incorrect and It is no longer tenable for academics and journalists to avoid asking probing questions about the possible involvement of state actors in the 9/11 attacks . 9/11 requires further analysis and investigation and this is a position I share with many other academics . 2003 invasion of Iraq . Robinson has paid particular attention to the role of the US and UK governments in manipulating intelligence prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq to increase the perceived threat posed by Iraq . Robinson conducted a study of UK media coverage which concluded that most UK mainstream media reinforced official views rather than challenged them . Syrian Civil War . Robinson and other members of the SPM working group including Vanessa Beeley , Tim Hayward and David Miller have gained considerable attention for disputing the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War , most notably in the Douma incident , alleging a coverup by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , and extremist links of the White Helmets . This has led to members of the group being described as apologists for Assad in articles in The Times . Russia . Robinson has argued that there is no persuasive evidence to implicate the Russian government in the poisoning of Sergei Skripal and says Russia has been blamed to distract from the Wests aggressive regime change strategy in the Middle East . He also opines that there is no persuasive evidence showing Russia conducted any significant propaganda campaign to influence the 2016 US Presidential election . British politics . Robinson says that reports of anti-semitism in the UK Labour Party have been exaggerated for political purposes .

easy

Who did Piers Robinson work for from 1999 to 2005?

/wiki/Piers_Robinson#P108#1

Piers Robinson Piers Gregory Robinson ( born 1970 ) is a British former academic , a co-director of the Organisation for Propaganda Studies , and a founder of the Working Group on Syria , Propaganda and Media ( SPM ) . As part of the SPM working group he has gained attention and criticism for disputing the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War . Education and career . Robinson was born in 1970 . He received his PhD from the University of Bristol in 2000 , with a thesis titled The News Media and Intervention . He was then a lecturer in political communication at the Liverpool University from 1999 to 2005 and senior lecturer in international politics at the Manchester University from 2005 to 2015 . He was the chair in Politics , Society and Political Journalism at Sheffield University but left the university in 2019 . Political research . Media and propaganda . Robinson has argued that Western news media and their respective governments act in concert , especially in the area of foreign affairs . He puts this down to overreliance on government officials as news sources , economic constraints , the imperatives of big business and good old-fashioned patriotism . He has said western governments frequently manipulate the media through deception involving exaggeration , omission and misdirection . As evidence of government use of propaganda he cited Tony Blairs suggestion that the war on terror would require a dedicated tightly knit propaganda unit . In The Propaganda Model : Still Relevant Today he examined the propaganda model put forward by Herman and Chomsky and concluded that it is still useful in describing how the corporate media works . In an opinion piece in The Guardian , Robinson described the UK governments use of the Research , Information and Communications Unit to covertly support grassroots Muslim organisations as an example of black propaganda . CNN effect . Robinson is known for his work on the CNN effect , a term that refers to the influence that televised images and news coverage exercise on foreign policy decisions , especially during military interventions and humanitarian crises . In his 2002 book , The CNN Effect : The Myth of News , Foreign Policy and Intervention , he argued that sympathetic news coverage at key moments in foreign crises can influence the response of Western governments . In Robinsons framework , which focused on the type of media coverage a crisis attracts and on level of policy certainty within the establishment in relation to the crisis , a strong CNN effect requires two conditions : 1 ) media coverage that is highly critical of national policy , while simultaneously emphatically reporting on civilians and refugees , and 2 ) policy makers in a state of indecision with no clear policy regarding use of force . In terms of this framework , Robinson characterised the 1994 NATO intervention in Bosnia that followed the siege of Goražde as exemplifying a strong CNN effect . If either condition is missing , influence on policy makers attitudes is likely to be weak . 9/11 . Robinson gave a positive review to 9/11 Unmasked by David Ray Griffin , saying it represents a serious challenge for mainstream academics and journalists to start to ask substantial questions about 9/11 . When asked to defend his views , he stated My position , as has been the case for some time , is that [ conclusions detailed in 9/11 Unmasked ] demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that significant parts of the official narrative are very likely to be incorrect and It is no longer tenable for academics and journalists to avoid asking probing questions about the possible involvement of state actors in the 9/11 attacks . 9/11 requires further analysis and investigation and this is a position I share with many other academics . 2003 invasion of Iraq . Robinson has paid particular attention to the role of the US and UK governments in manipulating intelligence prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq to increase the perceived threat posed by Iraq . Robinson conducted a study of UK media coverage which concluded that most UK mainstream media reinforced official views rather than challenged them . Syrian Civil War . Robinson and other members of the SPM working group including Vanessa Beeley , Tim Hayward and David Miller have gained considerable attention for disputing the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War , most notably in the Douma incident , alleging a coverup by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , and extremist links of the White Helmets . This has led to members of the group being described as apologists for Assad in articles in The Times . Russia . Robinson has argued that there is no persuasive evidence to implicate the Russian government in the poisoning of Sergei Skripal and says Russia has been blamed to distract from the Wests aggressive regime change strategy in the Middle East . He also opines that there is no persuasive evidence showing Russia conducted any significant propaganda campaign to influence the 2016 US Presidential election . British politics . Robinson says that reports of anti-semitism in the UK Labour Party have been exaggerated for political purposes .

easy

Who did Piers Robinson work for from 2005 to 2015?

/wiki/Piers_Robinson#P108#2

Piers Robinson Piers Gregory Robinson ( born 1970 ) is a British former academic , a co-director of the Organisation for Propaganda Studies , and a founder of the Working Group on Syria , Propaganda and Media ( SPM ) . As part of the SPM working group he has gained attention and criticism for disputing the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War . Education and career . Robinson was born in 1970 . He received his PhD from the University of Bristol in 2000 , with a thesis titled The News Media and Intervention . He was then a lecturer in political communication at the Liverpool University from 1999 to 2005 and senior lecturer in international politics at the Manchester University from 2005 to 2015 . He was the chair in Politics , Society and Political Journalism at Sheffield University but left the university in 2019 . Political research . Media and propaganda . Robinson has argued that Western news media and their respective governments act in concert , especially in the area of foreign affairs . He puts this down to overreliance on government officials as news sources , economic constraints , the imperatives of big business and good old-fashioned patriotism . He has said western governments frequently manipulate the media through deception involving exaggeration , omission and misdirection . As evidence of government use of propaganda he cited Tony Blairs suggestion that the war on terror would require a dedicated tightly knit propaganda unit . In The Propaganda Model : Still Relevant Today he examined the propaganda model put forward by Herman and Chomsky and concluded that it is still useful in describing how the corporate media works . In an opinion piece in The Guardian , Robinson described the UK governments use of the Research , Information and Communications Unit to covertly support grassroots Muslim organisations as an example of black propaganda . CNN effect . Robinson is known for his work on the CNN effect , a term that refers to the influence that televised images and news coverage exercise on foreign policy decisions , especially during military interventions and humanitarian crises . In his 2002 book , The CNN Effect : The Myth of News , Foreign Policy and Intervention , he argued that sympathetic news coverage at key moments in foreign crises can influence the response of Western governments . In Robinsons framework , which focused on the type of media coverage a crisis attracts and on level of policy certainty within the establishment in relation to the crisis , a strong CNN effect requires two conditions : 1 ) media coverage that is highly critical of national policy , while simultaneously emphatically reporting on civilians and refugees , and 2 ) policy makers in a state of indecision with no clear policy regarding use of force . In terms of this framework , Robinson characterised the 1994 NATO intervention in Bosnia that followed the siege of Goražde as exemplifying a strong CNN effect . If either condition is missing , influence on policy makers attitudes is likely to be weak . 9/11 . Robinson gave a positive review to 9/11 Unmasked by David Ray Griffin , saying it represents a serious challenge for mainstream academics and journalists to start to ask substantial questions about 9/11 . When asked to defend his views , he stated My position , as has been the case for some time , is that [ conclusions detailed in 9/11 Unmasked ] demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that significant parts of the official narrative are very likely to be incorrect and It is no longer tenable for academics and journalists to avoid asking probing questions about the possible involvement of state actors in the 9/11 attacks . 9/11 requires further analysis and investigation and this is a position I share with many other academics . 2003 invasion of Iraq . Robinson has paid particular attention to the role of the US and UK governments in manipulating intelligence prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq to increase the perceived threat posed by Iraq . Robinson conducted a study of UK media coverage which concluded that most UK mainstream media reinforced official views rather than challenged them . Syrian Civil War . Robinson and other members of the SPM working group including Vanessa Beeley , Tim Hayward and David Miller have gained considerable attention for disputing the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War , most notably in the Douma incident , alleging a coverup by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , and extremist links of the White Helmets . This has led to members of the group being described as apologists for Assad in articles in The Times . Russia . Robinson has argued that there is no persuasive evidence to implicate the Russian government in the poisoning of Sergei Skripal and says Russia has been blamed to distract from the Wests aggressive regime change strategy in the Middle East . He also opines that there is no persuasive evidence showing Russia conducted any significant propaganda campaign to influence the 2016 US Presidential election . British politics . Robinson says that reports of anti-semitism in the UK Labour Party have been exaggerated for political purposes .

easy

What was the name of the employer Piers Robinson work for from 2015 to 2019?

/wiki/Piers_Robinson#P108#3

Piers Robinson Piers Gregory Robinson ( born 1970 ) is a British former academic , a co-director of the Organisation for Propaganda Studies , and a founder of the Working Group on Syria , Propaganda and Media ( SPM ) . As part of the SPM working group he has gained attention and criticism for disputing the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War . Education and career . Robinson was born in 1970 . He received his PhD from the University of Bristol in 2000 , with a thesis titled The News Media and Intervention . He was then a lecturer in political communication at the Liverpool University from 1999 to 2005 and senior lecturer in international politics at the Manchester University from 2005 to 2015 . He was the chair in Politics , Society and Political Journalism at Sheffield University but left the university in 2019 . Political research . Media and propaganda . Robinson has argued that Western news media and their respective governments act in concert , especially in the area of foreign affairs . He puts this down to overreliance on government officials as news sources , economic constraints , the imperatives of big business and good old-fashioned patriotism . He has said western governments frequently manipulate the media through deception involving exaggeration , omission and misdirection . As evidence of government use of propaganda he cited Tony Blairs suggestion that the war on terror would require a dedicated tightly knit propaganda unit . In The Propaganda Model : Still Relevant Today he examined the propaganda model put forward by Herman and Chomsky and concluded that it is still useful in describing how the corporate media works . In an opinion piece in The Guardian , Robinson described the UK governments use of the Research , Information and Communications Unit to covertly support grassroots Muslim organisations as an example of black propaganda . CNN effect . Robinson is known for his work on the CNN effect , a term that refers to the influence that televised images and news coverage exercise on foreign policy decisions , especially during military interventions and humanitarian crises . In his 2002 book , The CNN Effect : The Myth of News , Foreign Policy and Intervention , he argued that sympathetic news coverage at key moments in foreign crises can influence the response of Western governments . In Robinsons framework , which focused on the type of media coverage a crisis attracts and on level of policy certainty within the establishment in relation to the crisis , a strong CNN effect requires two conditions : 1 ) media coverage that is highly critical of national policy , while simultaneously emphatically reporting on civilians and refugees , and 2 ) policy makers in a state of indecision with no clear policy regarding use of force . In terms of this framework , Robinson characterised the 1994 NATO intervention in Bosnia that followed the siege of Goražde as exemplifying a strong CNN effect . If either condition is missing , influence on policy makers attitudes is likely to be weak . 9/11 . Robinson gave a positive review to 9/11 Unmasked by David Ray Griffin , saying it represents a serious challenge for mainstream academics and journalists to start to ask substantial questions about 9/11 . When asked to defend his views , he stated My position , as has been the case for some time , is that [ conclusions detailed in 9/11 Unmasked ] demonstrate beyond reasonable doubt that significant parts of the official narrative are very likely to be incorrect and It is no longer tenable for academics and journalists to avoid asking probing questions about the possible involvement of state actors in the 9/11 attacks . 9/11 requires further analysis and investigation and this is a position I share with many other academics . 2003 invasion of Iraq . Robinson has paid particular attention to the role of the US and UK governments in manipulating intelligence prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq to increase the perceived threat posed by Iraq . Robinson conducted a study of UK media coverage which concluded that most UK mainstream media reinforced official views rather than challenged them . Syrian Civil War . Robinson and other members of the SPM working group including Vanessa Beeley , Tim Hayward and David Miller have gained considerable attention for disputing the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War , most notably in the Douma incident , alleging a coverup by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , and extremist links of the White Helmets . This has led to members of the group being described as apologists for Assad in articles in The Times . Russia . Robinson has argued that there is no persuasive evidence to implicate the Russian government in the poisoning of Sergei Skripal and says Russia has been blamed to distract from the Wests aggressive regime change strategy in the Middle East . He also opines that there is no persuasive evidence showing Russia conducted any significant propaganda campaign to influence the 2016 US Presidential election . British politics . Robinson says that reports of anti-semitism in the UK Labour Party have been exaggerated for political purposes .

easy

What position did Andy Thompson (Canadian politician) take from 1959 to 1964?

/wiki/Andy_Thompson_(Canadian_politician)#P39#0

Andy Thompson ( Canadian politician ) Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson ( December 14 , 1924 – February 3 , 2016 ) was a Canadian politician . Thompson was leader of the Ontario Liberal Party and later served as a Senator . He was elected as the Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) for the west-end Toronto Dovercourt electoral district in 1959 . He was elected the Ontario Liberal Partys leader in 1964 . His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader . He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967 , forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario . He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade . His health issues never really went away , and gave that as his explanation for his truancy . He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff , salary and expense account for truancy , in 1998 . A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension . Early life and career . Andrew was born in Belfast , Northern Ireland , in 1924 , the fourth child of Joseph Stanley Thompson and his wife Edith Florence Magill . Andrew and his two older brothers , Robert and Hudson , were educated at Monkton Combe School in England from 1936 to 1939 , with Andrew first attending Monkton Combe Junior School from 1936 to 1938 . After emigrating to Canada , he attended Oakwood Collegiate in Toronto . He was a student at the University of Toronto from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II as a Sub-Lieutenant , serving aboard minesweepers . He was discharged after the war in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant . He completed his education at Queens University and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1947 . He received a Master of Social Work from the University of British Columbia in 1949 . He worked in the federal civil service , becoming Regional Liaison Officer for the Prairie Provinces , Canadian Federal Department of Citizenship & Immigration and serving as a special assistant to federal Liberal leader Lester B . Pearson . In 1959 , he married Amy Riisna whom he met at a Liberal conference in Couchiching . They lived in downtown Toronto on St . George Street and raised one daughter . Provincial politics . Thompson was first elected as a Member of Provincial Parliament in the 1959 Ontario election as a candidate of the Ontario Liberal Party in the Toronto riding of Dovercourt . Thompson was close friends with federal Liberal cabinet minister Walter Gordon having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompsons Dovercourt constituency . He made his name in the Ontario legislature in March 1964 when he assailed Attorney-General Fred Cass over Bill 99 , which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the Police State Bill . The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompsons reputation considerably . He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated Charles Templeton on the sixth ballot . Thompson suffered a physical breakdown . He also had health problems , specifically a heart murmur , combined with exhaustion , high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza . On the advice of doctors , Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election . He was succeeded as Liberal leader by Robert Nixon . Senator . Thompson was named to the Senate of Canada on April 6 , 1967 . His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful . He kept a low profile but in 1997 was exposed as having the worst attendance of any currently sitting Senator . Thompson claimed he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness , but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session . At the time Senate rules stated that as long as a Senator did not miss two complete consecutive sittings and proper medical certificates were provided for absences , they would be in good standing . With growing media attention on Thompsons absences from the red chamber , the Reform Party made Thompsons absence a cause celebre , repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in Mexico . Reform Members of Parliament hired a Mariachi band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue . Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed . The resulting furore led to Thompson being expelled from the Liberal caucus on November 19 , 1997 . On December 12 , 1997 , Senator Colin Kenny moved that he be commanded to appear before Senate to explain his absence . On December 16 they voted in favour of the Kenny motion . A subcommittee reported on February 19 recommending that Thompson be found in contempt and that he be suspended for the remainder of the session . The Senate voted to strip him of his privileges and other benefits . Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record , resulting in the suspension of his salary and tax-free expense allowance . In December 1997 , Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges . Some Senators disagreed with the suspension , arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead . He resigned on March 23 , 1998 , 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement but was still able to collect a pension . The medias exposure of Thompsons attendance and his colleagues tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session . Thompson died on February 3 , 2016 , at the age of 91 after years of declining health .

easy

Which position did Andy Thompson (Canadian politician) hold from 1964 to 1966?

/wiki/Andy_Thompson_(Canadian_politician)#P39#1

Andy Thompson ( Canadian politician ) Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson ( December 14 , 1924 – February 3 , 2016 ) was a Canadian politician . Thompson was leader of the Ontario Liberal Party and later served as a Senator . He was elected as the Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) for the west-end Toronto Dovercourt electoral district in 1959 . He was elected the Ontario Liberal Partys leader in 1964 . His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader . He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967 , forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario . He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade . His health issues never really went away , and gave that as his explanation for his truancy . He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff , salary and expense account for truancy , in 1998 . A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension . Early life and career . Andrew was born in Belfast , Northern Ireland , in 1924 , the fourth child of Joseph Stanley Thompson and his wife Edith Florence Magill . Andrew and his two older brothers , Robert and Hudson , were educated at Monkton Combe School in England from 1936 to 1939 , with Andrew first attending Monkton Combe Junior School from 1936 to 1938 . After emigrating to Canada , he attended Oakwood Collegiate in Toronto . He was a student at the University of Toronto from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II as a Sub-Lieutenant , serving aboard minesweepers . He was discharged after the war in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant . He completed his education at Queens University and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1947 . He received a Master of Social Work from the University of British Columbia in 1949 . He worked in the federal civil service , becoming Regional Liaison Officer for the Prairie Provinces , Canadian Federal Department of Citizenship & Immigration and serving as a special assistant to federal Liberal leader Lester B . Pearson . In 1959 , he married Amy Riisna whom he met at a Liberal conference in Couchiching . They lived in downtown Toronto on St . George Street and raised one daughter . Provincial politics . Thompson was first elected as a Member of Provincial Parliament in the 1959 Ontario election as a candidate of the Ontario Liberal Party in the Toronto riding of Dovercourt . Thompson was close friends with federal Liberal cabinet minister Walter Gordon having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompsons Dovercourt constituency . He made his name in the Ontario legislature in March 1964 when he assailed Attorney-General Fred Cass over Bill 99 , which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the Police State Bill . The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompsons reputation considerably . He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated Charles Templeton on the sixth ballot . Thompson suffered a physical breakdown . He also had health problems , specifically a heart murmur , combined with exhaustion , high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza . On the advice of doctors , Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election . He was succeeded as Liberal leader by Robert Nixon . Senator . Thompson was named to the Senate of Canada on April 6 , 1967 . His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful . He kept a low profile but in 1997 was exposed as having the worst attendance of any currently sitting Senator . Thompson claimed he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness , but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session . At the time Senate rules stated that as long as a Senator did not miss two complete consecutive sittings and proper medical certificates were provided for absences , they would be in good standing . With growing media attention on Thompsons absences from the red chamber , the Reform Party made Thompsons absence a cause celebre , repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in Mexico . Reform Members of Parliament hired a Mariachi band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue . Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed . The resulting furore led to Thompson being expelled from the Liberal caucus on November 19 , 1997 . On December 12 , 1997 , Senator Colin Kenny moved that he be commanded to appear before Senate to explain his absence . On December 16 they voted in favour of the Kenny motion . A subcommittee reported on February 19 recommending that Thompson be found in contempt and that he be suspended for the remainder of the session . The Senate voted to strip him of his privileges and other benefits . Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record , resulting in the suspension of his salary and tax-free expense allowance . In December 1997 , Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges . Some Senators disagreed with the suspension , arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead . He resigned on March 23 , 1998 , 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement but was still able to collect a pension . The medias exposure of Thompsons attendance and his colleagues tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session . Thompson died on February 3 , 2016 , at the age of 91 after years of declining health .

easy

What was the position of Andy Thompson (Canadian politician) from 1967 to 1998?

/wiki/Andy_Thompson_(Canadian_politician)#P39#2

Andy Thompson ( Canadian politician ) Andrew Ernest Joseph Thompson ( December 14 , 1924 – February 3 , 2016 ) was a Canadian politician . Thompson was leader of the Ontario Liberal Party and later served as a Senator . He was elected as the Member of Provincial Parliament ( MPP ) for the west-end Toronto Dovercourt electoral district in 1959 . He was elected the Ontario Liberal Partys leader in 1964 . His physical health began to fail in late 1966 forcing him to retire as the Liberal leader . He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1967 , forcing him to resign his provincial seat in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario . He attracted media attention in 1997 and 1998 for making few appearances in the Senate over the past decade . His health issues never really went away , and gave that as his explanation for his truancy . He became the first Senator ever stripped of his office staff , salary and expense account for truancy , in 1998 . A month later he resigned in order to receive his pension . Early life and career . Andrew was born in Belfast , Northern Ireland , in 1924 , the fourth child of Joseph Stanley Thompson and his wife Edith Florence Magill . Andrew and his two older brothers , Robert and Hudson , were educated at Monkton Combe School in England from 1936 to 1939 , with Andrew first attending Monkton Combe Junior School from 1936 to 1938 . After emigrating to Canada , he attended Oakwood Collegiate in Toronto . He was a student at the University of Toronto from 1942 to 1943 until he joined the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II as a Sub-Lieutenant , serving aboard minesweepers . He was discharged after the war in 1946 with the rank of Lieutenant . He completed his education at Queens University and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1947 . He received a Master of Social Work from the University of British Columbia in 1949 . He worked in the federal civil service , becoming Regional Liaison Officer for the Prairie Provinces , Canadian Federal Department of Citizenship & Immigration and serving as a special assistant to federal Liberal leader Lester B . Pearson . In 1959 , he married Amy Riisna whom he met at a Liberal conference in Couchiching . They lived in downtown Toronto on St . George Street and raised one daughter . Provincial politics . Thompson was first elected as a Member of Provincial Parliament in the 1959 Ontario election as a candidate of the Ontario Liberal Party in the Toronto riding of Dovercourt . Thompson was close friends with federal Liberal cabinet minister Walter Gordon having organized his federal candidacy in the federal equivalent of Thompsons Dovercourt constituency . He made his name in the Ontario legislature in March 1964 when he assailed Attorney-General Fred Cass over Bill 99 , which would have amended the Police Act to allow the Ontario Police Commission to interrogate individuals in secret leading to it being derisively referred to as the Police State Bill . The scandal forced Cass to resign and enhanced Thompsons reputation considerably . He was elected leader of the party in the fall of 1964 when he defeated Charles Templeton on the sixth ballot . Thompson suffered a physical breakdown . He also had health problems , specifically a heart murmur , combined with exhaustion , high blood pressure and a lengthy bout of influenza . On the advice of doctors , Thompson resigned as leader in November 1966 without ever having led his party in an election . He was succeeded as Liberal leader by Robert Nixon . Senator . Thompson was named to the Senate of Canada on April 6 , 1967 . His time in the Senate was relatively uneventful . He kept a low profile but in 1997 was exposed as having the worst attendance of any currently sitting Senator . Thompson claimed he was unable to attend Senate sessions due to illness , but continued to draw his salary by showing up for a few days at the beginning of each session . At the time Senate rules stated that as long as a Senator did not miss two complete consecutive sittings and proper medical certificates were provided for absences , they would be in good standing . With growing media attention on Thompsons absences from the red chamber , the Reform Party made Thompsons absence a cause celebre , repeatedly pointing to the fact that he was living in Mexico . Reform Members of Parliament hired a Mariachi band and served burritos in the lobby of the Senate to draw attention to the issue . Thompson was held up as an example of why the Senate needed to be reformed . The resulting furore led to Thompson being expelled from the Liberal caucus on November 19 , 1997 . On December 12 , 1997 , Senator Colin Kenny moved that he be commanded to appear before Senate to explain his absence . On December 16 they voted in favour of the Kenny motion . A subcommittee reported on February 19 recommending that Thompson be found in contempt and that he be suspended for the remainder of the session . The Senate voted to strip him of his privileges and other benefits . Later they found Thompson in contempt of the upper chamber for not complying with orders to return to Ottawa to explain his attendance record , resulting in the suspension of his salary and tax-free expense allowance . In December 1997 , Thompson lost his Senate office and other privileges . Some Senators disagreed with the suspension , arguing that it was too lenient and that he should have been expelled from the chamber instead . He resigned on March 23 , 1998 , 20 months ahead of his scheduled retirement but was still able to collect a pension . The medias exposure of Thompsons attendance and his colleagues tolerance of it led the Senate to toughen the rules governing its members and sick leave while also increasing the financial penalties for missing too many sittings during a session . Thompson died on February 3 , 2016 , at the age of 91 after years of declining health .

easy

Which team did the player Jesús Tato belong to from 2004 to 2007?

/wiki/Jesús_Tato#P54#0

Jesús Tato Jesús Rodríguez Tato ( born 12 July 1983 ) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker . He is currently working as an assistant coach for an Isl club Mumbai City FC He spent most of his career in Segunda División , totalling 191 games and 35 goals in total of seven teams across nine seasons . He also competed professionally in Morocco and India . Club career . Murcia . Born in Murcia , Tato began his development at Real Murcia and concluded it at FC Barcelona , where he made his senior debut for the reserves in Tercera División . In 2004 , he returned to his hometown team in La Liga and made his professional debut on 28 March in a 2–0 home win against RCD Mallorca , coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Juanma ; he made six further appearances off the bench , as the season ended with relegation . Tato scored his first professional goal on 6 May 2006 , a consolation in a 1–2 away loss against CD Castellón for the Segunda División championship . He followed it eight days later with a brace in a 3–1 victory over CD Numancia at the Estadio de La Condomina , also assisting Nacho Garro . Halfway through Murcias promotion-winning season , Tato returned to Catalonia by joining Segunda División B team UE Lleida on loan . The following campaign , he remained in the same level at AD Ceuta , helping them to the play-offs . Journeyman . In 2008 , Tato signed with neighbours FC Cartagena , and renewed his link after winning promotion to division two via the play-offs in his first season . After a second campaign at the Estadio Cartagonova he moved to Albacete Balompié , where he netted a career-best 13 goals in his only season , which ended in relegation from the second tier . Tato joined Xerez CD in June 2011 , being officially presented on 8 July and hoping to help them gain promotion to the top flight , but he left in January 2013 for fellow second division side UD Las Palmas for the same reason . He extended his contract at the latter club in the summer , after helping it to the play-offs . In February 2014 , Tato signed for Girona FC for the remainder of the season , and remained a free agent from then until September , when he joined Real Zaragoza still in the second tier . In July 2015 , Tato moved abroad for the first time in his career at the age of 32 , joining Moroccos Moghreb Tétouan alongside compatriot José Manuel Rueda . He switched to a third continent in September 2016 , signing for FC Pune City ahead of the Indian Super League season . He played all but four games for the latter , who missed out on the play-offs , and headed the opening goal of a 1–1 draw at Delhi Dynamos FC on 27 October . After retiring , Tato worked as assistant manager under his compatriot Sergio Lobera at FC Goa . On 31 January 2020 , the pair left the Fatorda Stadium .