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Which team did the player Dave Mackay belong to from 1968 to 1971?

/wiki/Dave_Mackay#P54#2

Dave Mackay David Craig Mackay ( 14 November 1934 – 2 March 2015 ) was a Scottish football player and manager . Mackay was best known for a highly successful playing career with Heart of Midlothian , the Double-winning Tottenham Hotspur side of 1961 , and winning the league with Derby County as a manager . He also represented Scotland 22 times , and was selected for their 1958 FIFA World Cup squad . Mackay tied with Tony Book of Manchester City for the Football Writers Associations Footballer of the Year award in 1969 and was later listed by the Football League in their 100 Legends , as well as being an inaugural inductee to both the English and Scottish Football Halls of Fame . He was described , by Tottenham Hotspur , as one of their greatest players and was known as the heartbeat of their most successful ever team . Early life . Mackay was born in Edinburgh . His father was a printer who worked for The Scotsman newspaper . As a young footballer , he was a Scottish Schoolboy internationalist . Club career . Heart of Midlothian . Mackay supported Hearts as a boy . He signed as a professional in 1952 , initially on a part-time basis as he also worked as joiner . Mackay was given his first team debut in November 1953 . He would be paired with John Cumming at wing half , which was to become the core of the team . Mackay was a talented all-round player ; a strong tackler , physically fit and had good technique with the ball . Cummings Iron Man nickname says much of his determination . Despite his commitment he retained control of his temper and was never booked in his career . Cumming was the only player to collect medals for all seven of the trophies Hearts won under manager Tommy Walker . He never had a bad game . It was either a fairly good game or an excellent game , said Mackay later of his former teammate . Both went on to become full Scotland internationals while playing for Hearts . Mackay was given a regular place in the team in the 1954–55 season , with Freddie Glidden now playing at centre-half . Hearts won their first trophy since 1906 , 48 years before , as they beat Motherwell 4–2 in the 1954 Scottish League Cup Final . This would be the first of seven trophies over nine seasons between 1954 and 1963 . After signing Alex Young and Bobby Kirk , Walkers side proceeded to win the 1955–56 Scottish Cup . They thrashed Rangers 4–0 in the quarter finals with goals from Crawford , Conn and a Bauld double . Mackay completed the set of Scottish domestic honours by winning the league championship in 1957–58 . Jimmy Wardhaugh was the leagues top goalscorer with 28 , while Jimmy Murray and Alex Young also scored more than 20 . Mackay was fourth in Hearts league scoring charts , with 12 . Hearts won that League title in 1957–58 with record-breaking points , goals scored and goal difference totals . Their record from 34 league games of 62 points out of a maximum possible 68 was 13 more than their nearest rival . They scored 132 goals ( still the Scottish top tier record ) with only 29 against for a record net difference of +103 . Murray and Mackay both played for Scotland at the 1958 FIFA World Cup , where Murray scored in a 1–1 draw against Yugoslavia . Mackay played in only the third of Scotlands three games at the World Cup . In the 1958–59 Scottish League Cup group stage Hearts eliminated Rangers . That October 1958 Scottish League Cup Final was won with a heavy 5–1 defeat of Partick Thistle . Bauld and Murray each scored two and Johnny Hamilton netted one . This was the fourth and last Hearts trophy for Mackay . He had some injury issues in what was to be his last year at Hearts . From late March he missed the last five games of the 1957–58 successful league run in . He then missed the first five Hearts games at the start of the 1958–59 season , returning at the end of August . After 6 December he was then eight weeks out the team with the 13 December 1959 crucial 5–0 defeat away to Rangers the first game he missed before returning on 4 February for the 3–1 Scottish Cup victory away at Queen of the South . Just over a month after he regained his place in the first team , Mackay again played Queen of the South this time in a 2–1 home league win on 7 March 1959 . The league game against QoS was Mackays last for Hearts after they accepted a bid of £32,000 from Tottenham Hotspur for their captain . In Hearts next game Mackays vacated half back berth was taken by George Thomson , who moved from inside forward . Thomsons inside forward spot was given to debutant Bobby Rankin , who had been signed for £4,000 from Queen of the South two days before Mackays last Hearts game . Hearts spent £23,000 of the transfer on stadium improvements . Tottenham Hotspur . Aged 24 , he was signed by Tottenham Hotspur for £32,000 in March 1959 making his debut on 21 March in a 3–1 home win against Manchester City . During the 1960s his fierce determination and skill contributed to the team which won the Double in 1960–61 . As double winners Spurs played in the 1961 FA Charity Shield against an FA XI which Spurs won 3–2 . In that 1961 FA Cup Final they beat Leicester City 2–0 . They retained the trophy when they won the 1962 FA Cup Final beating Burnley 3–1 . This put them into a second successive Charity Shield . In that 1962 FA Charity Shield they beat Ipswich Town 5–1 . This put Spurs into the 1962–63 Cup Winners Cup . However Mackay missed the 5–1 1963 European Cup Winners Cup Final victory over the defending champions Atlético Madrid at De Kuip in Rotterdam due to injured stomach muscles . Mackay had scored in the semi-final victory against OFK Beograd . Spurs defended the Cup Winners Cup the season after and were drawn to play the then FA Cup-holders , Manchester United , in the second round . Mackay scored the opener in the first leg 2–0 victory at White Hart Lane . On 10 December 1963 Mackay broke his left leg in a challenge with Uniteds Noel Cantwell after eight minutes of the return tie at Old Trafford . Without him his teammates lost 4–1 due to a double strike by Bobby Charlton in the last 13 minutes . Mackay had just turned 29 the month before . The break was a serious one , and it took nine months before he attempted a comeback . Playing for Tottenhams reserves at home to Shrewsbury Town on 12 September 1964 , he broke the same bone a second time , this time in a challenge with Peter Dolby . Mackay returned at the start of the 1965–66 season having missed a year and a half of first-team football . In 1966 Mackay was photographed by Daily Mirror photographer Monte Fresco in an on-pitch confrontation with Leeds Uniteds Billy Bremner . Mackays face contorted , he is seen grabbing Bremners shirt . The image is seen as one of the most iconic in UK football although Mackay hated it as it portrayed him as a bully . Mackay stated he reacted in the manner he did since Bremner targeted Mackays left leg ( the one he had broken twice ) even though this leg was furthest away from Bremner . Tottenham won the 1967 FA Cup Final beating Chelsea 2–1 for a third success in that tournament with Mackay . In the subsequent Charity Shield , Spurs drew 3–3 with Manchester United in a match remembered for goalkeeper Pat Jennings scoring with a kick from his own penalty area . Mackay made 268 league appearances for Tottenham . With Mackay Spurs won one league championship , three FA Cups , one European Cup Winners Cup and two FA Charity Shields as well as the 1967 Charity Shield that they shared because of the draw . None of these trophies were won in the two seasons affected by Mackays lengthy injury due to his leg break . Brian Clough claimed in 2003 that Mackay was Tottenham Hotspurs greatest ever player . Derby County . Aged 33 , at the start of the 1968–69 season he transferred to Derby County for £5,000 . Brian Clough and Peter Taylor persuaded him to sign . In his first season at the Baseball Ground , in which the club gained promotion to the First Division , he was chosen FWA Footballer of the Year , jointly with Manchester Citys Tony Book . When he was a player at Derby County , Clough made Mackay play in a sweeping role and used his influence on the team to encourage them to turn defence into attack through a passing game . He left Derby in 1971 , a year before they won the First Division title . Swindon Town . Aged 36 , he joined Swindon Town in 1971 as player/manager where he stayed one season before he retired as a player and focused solely on management . International career . Aged 22 , Mackay made his debut for Scotland on 26 May 1957 in a qualifying game for the 1958 World Cup , against Spain at the Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid . Scotland qualified for the tournament in Sweden , with Mackay playing a single game , on 15 June 1958 , against France ; a 2–1 defeat at the Eyravallen Stadium in Örebro . He first captained his country in his third international , on 18 October 1958 , in a 3–0 away win against Wales in the British Home Championships . The first four of his full caps were when he was with Hearts . The remainder were when he was with Tottenham . The first of his four international goals was in a friendly game at the Prater Stadium in Vienna on 29 May 1960 in a 3–1 away defeat to Austria . His 15th cap was the disastrous 9–3 defeat at Wembley to England in April 1961; . Mackay then spent two years out of the side , with Jim Baxter and Pat Crerand usually being the preferred half back pairing . Mackay was recalled two years later in April 1963 , again versus England at Wembley , but this time Scotland won 2–1 . In his two years out the team Mackay missed the entire qualification campaign for the 1962 FIFA World Cup ( Scotland were eliminated in a play off by the eventual tournament runners-up , Czechoslovakia ) . Mackay had been incumbent in the half back line for three straight games leading up to the game for Spurs in December 1963 in which he broke his leg . He made 22 national appearances , his last coming on 2 October 1965 , again in the British Home Championships , a 3–2 away defeat to Northern Ireland . His last cap was the only one he collected after the leg break . Managerial career . In 1971 Mackay was appointed player-manager of Swindon Town but left after just one season to take charge of Nottingham Forest . He remained at the City Ground until October 1973 , when he returned to Derby as manager following Cloughs resignation . In his first season Derby finished third in the table . In his second season in charge of Derby , he guided the team to the 1974–75 league title . The following season , he managed the club to a respectable fourth-place finish in the league , the semi-finals of the FA Cup , and a second-round exit to Real Madrid in the 1975–76 European Cup . Having beaten them 4–1 in the first leg , a weakened Derby side were beaten 5–1 in the return leg . At one stage the side had been in the running for the Double . Mackay was sacked in November 1976 after a poor start to the 1976–77 season . Mackay then had a spell as Walsall manager from March 1977 to August 1978 . This was followed by nine years coaching in Kuwait . He returned to the UK and was appointed manager of Doncaster Rovers in 1987 , a year after being linked with the Scotland managers job ( which ultimately went to Andy Roxburgh ) . Mackays reign at Belle Vue lasted until March 1989 before he moved to Birmingham City , who had just been relegated to the third tier of the league for the first time in their history . His task was simple – to get Birmingham promoted to the Second Division . But he was unsuccessful in trying to achieve this and resigned in 1991 . After that , Mackay headed to Africa to manage Egyptian club Zamalek SC , a Cairo based football team , with which he won the Egyptian Premier League two times , in both the seasons he was manager . He then spent a further three years in Qatar , managing the Qatar national football team , before retiring from football altogether in 1997 . Legacy . In 2004 The Real Mackay was published , an autobiography written with Martin Knight . Mackay had previously published Soccer My Spur in the early 1960s . Mackay was made an inaugural inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the English game as both a player and manager , Two years later , he was an inaugural inductee of the Scottish Football Hall of Fame . In 2006 , he also became an inaugural inductee of the Heart of Midlothian Hall of Fame in recognition of his success as a player in the 1950s . In 2013 , Mackay was one of eleven British football stars chosen by Royal Mail to feature on a set of stamps marking the 150th anniversary of The Football Association . Mackay appears as a character in David Peaces novel The Damned Utd , a fictionalised account of Brian Cloughs time as manager of Derby County and Leeds United . In the film adaptation of the book , The Damned United , Mackay is played by Brian McCardie . Mackay successfully took legal action against the makers of the film over its inaccurate portrayal of the events surrounding Cloughs departure from Derby and Mackays appointment . George Best ( 1946–2005 ) , of Manchester United , one of Tottenhams fiercest rivals in the 1960s , described Mackay as the hardest man I have ever played against – and certainly the bravest . Mackay died on 2 March 2015 at the age of 80 . Heart of Midlothian stated It is with deep regret that we have to advise of the death of Dave Mackay who was possibly the most complete midfield player that Scotland has ever produced . Tottenham wrote in an obituary Dave Mackay will certainly always be remembered here as one of our greatest ever players and a man who never failed to inspire those around him . In short , a Spurs legend . His coffin was brought into his funeral by John Robertson and Gordon Marshall ( ex-Hearts ) , Pat Jennings and Cliff Jones ( ex-Tottenham ) and Roy McFarland and John McGovern ( ex-Derby ) . A eulogy was given by Alex Ferguson . After his sacking at Derby County there was a cutting in Norman Stanley Fletchers cell Mackay Sacked in Porridge which was a joke to Mr . Mackay . Honours . Player . - Heart of Midlothian - Scottish League Division One : 1957–58 - Scottish Cup : 1955–56 - Scottish League Cup : 1954–55 , 1958–59 - Tottenham Hotspur - Football League First Division : 1960–61 - FA Cup : 1960–61 , 1961–62 , 1966–67 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1962–63 - FA Charity Shield : 1961 ( won ) , 1962 ( won ) , 1967 ( shared ) - Derby County - Football League Second Division : 1968–69 - Watney Cup : 1970 Manager . - Derby County - Football League First Division : 1974–75 - FA Charity Shield : 1975 - Zamalek SC - Egyptian Premier League : 1991–92 , 1992–93 - Al-Arabi SC - VIVA Premier League : 5 - Kuwait Emir Cup : 2

easy

Which team did the player Dave Mackay belong to from 1971 to 1972?

/wiki/Dave_Mackay#P54#3

Dave Mackay David Craig Mackay ( 14 November 1934 – 2 March 2015 ) was a Scottish football player and manager . Mackay was best known for a highly successful playing career with Heart of Midlothian , the Double-winning Tottenham Hotspur side of 1961 , and winning the league with Derby County as a manager . He also represented Scotland 22 times , and was selected for their 1958 FIFA World Cup squad . Mackay tied with Tony Book of Manchester City for the Football Writers Associations Footballer of the Year award in 1969 and was later listed by the Football League in their 100 Legends , as well as being an inaugural inductee to both the English and Scottish Football Halls of Fame . He was described , by Tottenham Hotspur , as one of their greatest players and was known as the heartbeat of their most successful ever team . Early life . Mackay was born in Edinburgh . His father was a printer who worked for The Scotsman newspaper . As a young footballer , he was a Scottish Schoolboy internationalist . Club career . Heart of Midlothian . Mackay supported Hearts as a boy . He signed as a professional in 1952 , initially on a part-time basis as he also worked as joiner . Mackay was given his first team debut in November 1953 . He would be paired with John Cumming at wing half , which was to become the core of the team . Mackay was a talented all-round player ; a strong tackler , physically fit and had good technique with the ball . Cummings Iron Man nickname says much of his determination . Despite his commitment he retained control of his temper and was never booked in his career . Cumming was the only player to collect medals for all seven of the trophies Hearts won under manager Tommy Walker . He never had a bad game . It was either a fairly good game or an excellent game , said Mackay later of his former teammate . Both went on to become full Scotland internationals while playing for Hearts . Mackay was given a regular place in the team in the 1954–55 season , with Freddie Glidden now playing at centre-half . Hearts won their first trophy since 1906 , 48 years before , as they beat Motherwell 4–2 in the 1954 Scottish League Cup Final . This would be the first of seven trophies over nine seasons between 1954 and 1963 . After signing Alex Young and Bobby Kirk , Walkers side proceeded to win the 1955–56 Scottish Cup . They thrashed Rangers 4–0 in the quarter finals with goals from Crawford , Conn and a Bauld double . Mackay completed the set of Scottish domestic honours by winning the league championship in 1957–58 . Jimmy Wardhaugh was the leagues top goalscorer with 28 , while Jimmy Murray and Alex Young also scored more than 20 . Mackay was fourth in Hearts league scoring charts , with 12 . Hearts won that League title in 1957–58 with record-breaking points , goals scored and goal difference totals . Their record from 34 league games of 62 points out of a maximum possible 68 was 13 more than their nearest rival . They scored 132 goals ( still the Scottish top tier record ) with only 29 against for a record net difference of +103 . Murray and Mackay both played for Scotland at the 1958 FIFA World Cup , where Murray scored in a 1–1 draw against Yugoslavia . Mackay played in only the third of Scotlands three games at the World Cup . In the 1958–59 Scottish League Cup group stage Hearts eliminated Rangers . That October 1958 Scottish League Cup Final was won with a heavy 5–1 defeat of Partick Thistle . Bauld and Murray each scored two and Johnny Hamilton netted one . This was the fourth and last Hearts trophy for Mackay . He had some injury issues in what was to be his last year at Hearts . From late March he missed the last five games of the 1957–58 successful league run in . He then missed the first five Hearts games at the start of the 1958–59 season , returning at the end of August . After 6 December he was then eight weeks out the team with the 13 December 1959 crucial 5–0 defeat away to Rangers the first game he missed before returning on 4 February for the 3–1 Scottish Cup victory away at Queen of the South . Just over a month after he regained his place in the first team , Mackay again played Queen of the South this time in a 2–1 home league win on 7 March 1959 . The league game against QoS was Mackays last for Hearts after they accepted a bid of £32,000 from Tottenham Hotspur for their captain . In Hearts next game Mackays vacated half back berth was taken by George Thomson , who moved from inside forward . Thomsons inside forward spot was given to debutant Bobby Rankin , who had been signed for £4,000 from Queen of the South two days before Mackays last Hearts game . Hearts spent £23,000 of the transfer on stadium improvements . Tottenham Hotspur . Aged 24 , he was signed by Tottenham Hotspur for £32,000 in March 1959 making his debut on 21 March in a 3–1 home win against Manchester City . During the 1960s his fierce determination and skill contributed to the team which won the Double in 1960–61 . As double winners Spurs played in the 1961 FA Charity Shield against an FA XI which Spurs won 3–2 . In that 1961 FA Cup Final they beat Leicester City 2–0 . They retained the trophy when they won the 1962 FA Cup Final beating Burnley 3–1 . This put them into a second successive Charity Shield . In that 1962 FA Charity Shield they beat Ipswich Town 5–1 . This put Spurs into the 1962–63 Cup Winners Cup . However Mackay missed the 5–1 1963 European Cup Winners Cup Final victory over the defending champions Atlético Madrid at De Kuip in Rotterdam due to injured stomach muscles . Mackay had scored in the semi-final victory against OFK Beograd . Spurs defended the Cup Winners Cup the season after and were drawn to play the then FA Cup-holders , Manchester United , in the second round . Mackay scored the opener in the first leg 2–0 victory at White Hart Lane . On 10 December 1963 Mackay broke his left leg in a challenge with Uniteds Noel Cantwell after eight minutes of the return tie at Old Trafford . Without him his teammates lost 4–1 due to a double strike by Bobby Charlton in the last 13 minutes . Mackay had just turned 29 the month before . The break was a serious one , and it took nine months before he attempted a comeback . Playing for Tottenhams reserves at home to Shrewsbury Town on 12 September 1964 , he broke the same bone a second time , this time in a challenge with Peter Dolby . Mackay returned at the start of the 1965–66 season having missed a year and a half of first-team football . In 1966 Mackay was photographed by Daily Mirror photographer Monte Fresco in an on-pitch confrontation with Leeds Uniteds Billy Bremner . Mackays face contorted , he is seen grabbing Bremners shirt . The image is seen as one of the most iconic in UK football although Mackay hated it as it portrayed him as a bully . Mackay stated he reacted in the manner he did since Bremner targeted Mackays left leg ( the one he had broken twice ) even though this leg was furthest away from Bremner . Tottenham won the 1967 FA Cup Final beating Chelsea 2–1 for a third success in that tournament with Mackay . In the subsequent Charity Shield , Spurs drew 3–3 with Manchester United in a match remembered for goalkeeper Pat Jennings scoring with a kick from his own penalty area . Mackay made 268 league appearances for Tottenham . With Mackay Spurs won one league championship , three FA Cups , one European Cup Winners Cup and two FA Charity Shields as well as the 1967 Charity Shield that they shared because of the draw . None of these trophies were won in the two seasons affected by Mackays lengthy injury due to his leg break . Brian Clough claimed in 2003 that Mackay was Tottenham Hotspurs greatest ever player . Derby County . Aged 33 , at the start of the 1968–69 season he transferred to Derby County for £5,000 . Brian Clough and Peter Taylor persuaded him to sign . In his first season at the Baseball Ground , in which the club gained promotion to the First Division , he was chosen FWA Footballer of the Year , jointly with Manchester Citys Tony Book . When he was a player at Derby County , Clough made Mackay play in a sweeping role and used his influence on the team to encourage them to turn defence into attack through a passing game . He left Derby in 1971 , a year before they won the First Division title . Swindon Town . Aged 36 , he joined Swindon Town in 1971 as player/manager where he stayed one season before he retired as a player and focused solely on management . International career . Aged 22 , Mackay made his debut for Scotland on 26 May 1957 in a qualifying game for the 1958 World Cup , against Spain at the Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid . Scotland qualified for the tournament in Sweden , with Mackay playing a single game , on 15 June 1958 , against France ; a 2–1 defeat at the Eyravallen Stadium in Örebro . He first captained his country in his third international , on 18 October 1958 , in a 3–0 away win against Wales in the British Home Championships . The first four of his full caps were when he was with Hearts . The remainder were when he was with Tottenham . The first of his four international goals was in a friendly game at the Prater Stadium in Vienna on 29 May 1960 in a 3–1 away defeat to Austria . His 15th cap was the disastrous 9–3 defeat at Wembley to England in April 1961; . Mackay then spent two years out of the side , with Jim Baxter and Pat Crerand usually being the preferred half back pairing . Mackay was recalled two years later in April 1963 , again versus England at Wembley , but this time Scotland won 2–1 . In his two years out the team Mackay missed the entire qualification campaign for the 1962 FIFA World Cup ( Scotland were eliminated in a play off by the eventual tournament runners-up , Czechoslovakia ) . Mackay had been incumbent in the half back line for three straight games leading up to the game for Spurs in December 1963 in which he broke his leg . He made 22 national appearances , his last coming on 2 October 1965 , again in the British Home Championships , a 3–2 away defeat to Northern Ireland . His last cap was the only one he collected after the leg break . Managerial career . In 1971 Mackay was appointed player-manager of Swindon Town but left after just one season to take charge of Nottingham Forest . He remained at the City Ground until October 1973 , when he returned to Derby as manager following Cloughs resignation . In his first season Derby finished third in the table . In his second season in charge of Derby , he guided the team to the 1974–75 league title . The following season , he managed the club to a respectable fourth-place finish in the league , the semi-finals of the FA Cup , and a second-round exit to Real Madrid in the 1975–76 European Cup . Having beaten them 4–1 in the first leg , a weakened Derby side were beaten 5–1 in the return leg . At one stage the side had been in the running for the Double . Mackay was sacked in November 1976 after a poor start to the 1976–77 season . Mackay then had a spell as Walsall manager from March 1977 to August 1978 . This was followed by nine years coaching in Kuwait . He returned to the UK and was appointed manager of Doncaster Rovers in 1987 , a year after being linked with the Scotland managers job ( which ultimately went to Andy Roxburgh ) . Mackays reign at Belle Vue lasted until March 1989 before he moved to Birmingham City , who had just been relegated to the third tier of the league for the first time in their history . His task was simple – to get Birmingham promoted to the Second Division . But he was unsuccessful in trying to achieve this and resigned in 1991 . After that , Mackay headed to Africa to manage Egyptian club Zamalek SC , a Cairo based football team , with which he won the Egyptian Premier League two times , in both the seasons he was manager . He then spent a further three years in Qatar , managing the Qatar national football team , before retiring from football altogether in 1997 . Legacy . In 2004 The Real Mackay was published , an autobiography written with Martin Knight . Mackay had previously published Soccer My Spur in the early 1960s . Mackay was made an inaugural inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the English game as both a player and manager , Two years later , he was an inaugural inductee of the Scottish Football Hall of Fame . In 2006 , he also became an inaugural inductee of the Heart of Midlothian Hall of Fame in recognition of his success as a player in the 1950s . In 2013 , Mackay was one of eleven British football stars chosen by Royal Mail to feature on a set of stamps marking the 150th anniversary of The Football Association . Mackay appears as a character in David Peaces novel The Damned Utd , a fictionalised account of Brian Cloughs time as manager of Derby County and Leeds United . In the film adaptation of the book , The Damned United , Mackay is played by Brian McCardie . Mackay successfully took legal action against the makers of the film over its inaccurate portrayal of the events surrounding Cloughs departure from Derby and Mackays appointment . George Best ( 1946–2005 ) , of Manchester United , one of Tottenhams fiercest rivals in the 1960s , described Mackay as the hardest man I have ever played against – and certainly the bravest . Mackay died on 2 March 2015 at the age of 80 . Heart of Midlothian stated It is with deep regret that we have to advise of the death of Dave Mackay who was possibly the most complete midfield player that Scotland has ever produced . Tottenham wrote in an obituary Dave Mackay will certainly always be remembered here as one of our greatest ever players and a man who never failed to inspire those around him . In short , a Spurs legend . His coffin was brought into his funeral by John Robertson and Gordon Marshall ( ex-Hearts ) , Pat Jennings and Cliff Jones ( ex-Tottenham ) and Roy McFarland and John McGovern ( ex-Derby ) . A eulogy was given by Alex Ferguson . After his sacking at Derby County there was a cutting in Norman Stanley Fletchers cell Mackay Sacked in Porridge which was a joke to Mr . Mackay . Honours . Player . - Heart of Midlothian - Scottish League Division One : 1957–58 - Scottish Cup : 1955–56 - Scottish League Cup : 1954–55 , 1958–59 - Tottenham Hotspur - Football League First Division : 1960–61 - FA Cup : 1960–61 , 1961–62 , 1966–67 - European Cup Winners Cup : 1962–63 - FA Charity Shield : 1961 ( won ) , 1962 ( won ) , 1967 ( shared ) - Derby County - Football League Second Division : 1968–69 - Watney Cup : 1970 Manager . - Derby County - Football League First Division : 1974–75 - FA Charity Shield : 1975 - Zamalek SC - Egyptian Premier League : 1991–92 , 1992–93 - Al-Arabi SC - VIVA Premier League : 5 - Kuwait Emir Cup : 2

easy

Where was Laura Russo educated from 1941 to 1942?

/wiki/Laura_Russo#P69#0

Laura Russo Laura Garcia Moreno Russo ( Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil , February 20 , 1915 − São Paulo , SP , Brazil , April 30 , 2001 ) was a Brazilian librarian who had a fundamental role in the creation and approval of organizations and legislation that would regulate the practice of librarianship in Brazil . Laura Russo was one of the people responsible for the regulation of the librarian profession . She was the founder and first president of the Federação Brasileira de Associações de Bibliotecários ( FEBAB ) and of the Conselho Federal de Biblioteconomia ( CFB ) . As a librarian , she worked at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo , at the Academia Paulista de Letras , at the Biblioteca Mário de Andrade , among other institutions . Education . Laura Russo obtained a bachelors degree in Library Science in 1942 from the Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política . In 1959 , she got a degree in Documentation from the same institution . In 1958 she got a masters degree in Library and Archival Science from the National Library of Spain . During the 1960s , she took courses in Library Science in the United States . In 1975 , she obtained a bachelors degree in Law from the Universidade de São Paulo . Career . Russo worked as a librarian at Santa Casa from 1942 to 1950 , working specifically at the First Surgical Clinic for Women from 1950 to 1952 . In 1947 she received an award from the Associação Paulista de Bibliotecários for her work with hospital libraries . In 1951 , she founded the circulating library Prof . Celestino Bourroul for the hospital patients . Russo worked as a librarian for the Municipal Library System of São Paulo . From 1942 to 1959 , she worked in the Acquisitions department of the Mário de Andrade Library . From 1959 to 1961 , she was the head of the Child Psychology Section of the Monteiro Lobato Library , returning to Mário de Andrades Acquisition department as chief librarian from 1961 to 1968 . In 1968 , she became Library Director of Mário de Andrade Library . From 1955 to 1957 , Russo was the librarian at Casa Cervantes , receiving an award from the institution in 1957 for her work . Professional associations . In 1959 , Russo gave a presentation with Rodolfo Rocha Júnior at the II Congresso de Biblioteconomia e Documentação in Salvador , Bahia , that would lead to the creation of the Federação Brasileira de Associações de Bibliotecários ( FEBAB ) . She was nominated as FEBABs first director in 1961 . Russo worked as editor of FEBABs bulletin from 1961 to 1970 , and as editor for the Revista Brasileira de Biblioteconomia e Documentação from 1973 to 1977 . In 1966 , Russo participated in the creation of the Conselho Federal de Biblioteconomia ( CFB ) and the Regional Councils ( Conselhos Regionais ) . She was elected as CFBs first president . Legislation and regulation of the profession . With the assistance of Maria Helena Brandão , Russo wrote the document that would become the Law 4.084 of 1962 , defining the profession of the librarian and regulating its exercise . Ultimately , the goal of the legislation was to create a market reserve for librarians , guaranteeing that only those with a bachelors in Library Science could practice the profession . It was believed that this would bring greater visibility and respect for the profession . In 1962 , she received an award from the Associação Paulista de Bibliotecários for her work with Law 4.084/62 . Code of ethics . Laura Russo wrote the first version of the Librarian Professional Code of Ethics in 1961 . The code would be approved in 1963 , achieving legal status in 1966 and falling under the responsibility of CFB . Laura Russo Award . As a tribute to her professional work , the Regional Council of Librarianship of the State of São Paulo ( CRB-8 ) created the Laura Russo Prize in 1998 , that aims to recognize cultural initiatives and encourage the use of the library and library services . Notable publications . - RUSSO , Laura Garcia Moreno . A biblioteconomia brasileira , 1915-1965 . Instituto National do Livro , 1966 . External links . - Lei n . 4.084/62 that regulates the practice of librarianship

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Laura Russo went to which school from 1957 to 1958?

/wiki/Laura_Russo#P69#1

Laura Russo Laura Garcia Moreno Russo ( Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil , February 20 , 1915 − São Paulo , SP , Brazil , April 30 , 2001 ) was a Brazilian librarian who had a fundamental role in the creation and approval of organizations and legislation that would regulate the practice of librarianship in Brazil . Laura Russo was one of the people responsible for the regulation of the librarian profession . She was the founder and first president of the Federação Brasileira de Associações de Bibliotecários ( FEBAB ) and of the Conselho Federal de Biblioteconomia ( CFB ) . As a librarian , she worked at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo , at the Academia Paulista de Letras , at the Biblioteca Mário de Andrade , among other institutions . Education . Laura Russo obtained a bachelors degree in Library Science in 1942 from the Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política . In 1959 , she got a degree in Documentation from the same institution . In 1958 she got a masters degree in Library and Archival Science from the National Library of Spain . During the 1960s , she took courses in Library Science in the United States . In 1975 , she obtained a bachelors degree in Law from the Universidade de São Paulo . Career . Russo worked as a librarian at Santa Casa from 1942 to 1950 , working specifically at the First Surgical Clinic for Women from 1950 to 1952 . In 1947 she received an award from the Associação Paulista de Bibliotecários for her work with hospital libraries . In 1951 , she founded the circulating library Prof . Celestino Bourroul for the hospital patients . Russo worked as a librarian for the Municipal Library System of São Paulo . From 1942 to 1959 , she worked in the Acquisitions department of the Mário de Andrade Library . From 1959 to 1961 , she was the head of the Child Psychology Section of the Monteiro Lobato Library , returning to Mário de Andrades Acquisition department as chief librarian from 1961 to 1968 . In 1968 , she became Library Director of Mário de Andrade Library . From 1955 to 1957 , Russo was the librarian at Casa Cervantes , receiving an award from the institution in 1957 for her work . Professional associations . In 1959 , Russo gave a presentation with Rodolfo Rocha Júnior at the II Congresso de Biblioteconomia e Documentação in Salvador , Bahia , that would lead to the creation of the Federação Brasileira de Associações de Bibliotecários ( FEBAB ) . She was nominated as FEBABs first director in 1961 . Russo worked as editor of FEBABs bulletin from 1961 to 1970 , and as editor for the Revista Brasileira de Biblioteconomia e Documentação from 1973 to 1977 . In 1966 , Russo participated in the creation of the Conselho Federal de Biblioteconomia ( CFB ) and the Regional Councils ( Conselhos Regionais ) . She was elected as CFBs first president . Legislation and regulation of the profession . With the assistance of Maria Helena Brandão , Russo wrote the document that would become the Law 4.084 of 1962 , defining the profession of the librarian and regulating its exercise . Ultimately , the goal of the legislation was to create a market reserve for librarians , guaranteeing that only those with a bachelors in Library Science could practice the profession . It was believed that this would bring greater visibility and respect for the profession . In 1962 , she received an award from the Associação Paulista de Bibliotecários for her work with Law 4.084/62 . Code of ethics . Laura Russo wrote the first version of the Librarian Professional Code of Ethics in 1961 . The code would be approved in 1963 , achieving legal status in 1966 and falling under the responsibility of CFB . Laura Russo Award . As a tribute to her professional work , the Regional Council of Librarianship of the State of São Paulo ( CRB-8 ) created the Laura Russo Prize in 1998 , that aims to recognize cultural initiatives and encourage the use of the library and library services . Notable publications . - RUSSO , Laura Garcia Moreno . A biblioteconomia brasileira , 1915-1965 . Instituto National do Livro , 1966 . External links . - Lei n . 4.084/62 that regulates the practice of librarianship

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Laura Russo went to which school from 1971 to 1975?

/wiki/Laura_Russo#P69#2

Laura Russo Laura Garcia Moreno Russo ( Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil , February 20 , 1915 − São Paulo , SP , Brazil , April 30 , 2001 ) was a Brazilian librarian who had a fundamental role in the creation and approval of organizations and legislation that would regulate the practice of librarianship in Brazil . Laura Russo was one of the people responsible for the regulation of the librarian profession . She was the founder and first president of the Federação Brasileira de Associações de Bibliotecários ( FEBAB ) and of the Conselho Federal de Biblioteconomia ( CFB ) . As a librarian , she worked at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo , at the Academia Paulista de Letras , at the Biblioteca Mário de Andrade , among other institutions . Education . Laura Russo obtained a bachelors degree in Library Science in 1942 from the Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política . In 1959 , she got a degree in Documentation from the same institution . In 1958 she got a masters degree in Library and Archival Science from the National Library of Spain . During the 1960s , she took courses in Library Science in the United States . In 1975 , she obtained a bachelors degree in Law from the Universidade de São Paulo . Career . Russo worked as a librarian at Santa Casa from 1942 to 1950 , working specifically at the First Surgical Clinic for Women from 1950 to 1952 . In 1947 she received an award from the Associação Paulista de Bibliotecários for her work with hospital libraries . In 1951 , she founded the circulating library Prof . Celestino Bourroul for the hospital patients . Russo worked as a librarian for the Municipal Library System of São Paulo . From 1942 to 1959 , she worked in the Acquisitions department of the Mário de Andrade Library . From 1959 to 1961 , she was the head of the Child Psychology Section of the Monteiro Lobato Library , returning to Mário de Andrades Acquisition department as chief librarian from 1961 to 1968 . In 1968 , she became Library Director of Mário de Andrade Library . From 1955 to 1957 , Russo was the librarian at Casa Cervantes , receiving an award from the institution in 1957 for her work . Professional associations . In 1959 , Russo gave a presentation with Rodolfo Rocha Júnior at the II Congresso de Biblioteconomia e Documentação in Salvador , Bahia , that would lead to the creation of the Federação Brasileira de Associações de Bibliotecários ( FEBAB ) . She was nominated as FEBABs first director in 1961 . Russo worked as editor of FEBABs bulletin from 1961 to 1970 , and as editor for the Revista Brasileira de Biblioteconomia e Documentação from 1973 to 1977 . In 1966 , Russo participated in the creation of the Conselho Federal de Biblioteconomia ( CFB ) and the Regional Councils ( Conselhos Regionais ) . She was elected as CFBs first president . Legislation and regulation of the profession . With the assistance of Maria Helena Brandão , Russo wrote the document that would become the Law 4.084 of 1962 , defining the profession of the librarian and regulating its exercise . Ultimately , the goal of the legislation was to create a market reserve for librarians , guaranteeing that only those with a bachelors in Library Science could practice the profession . It was believed that this would bring greater visibility and respect for the profession . In 1962 , she received an award from the Associação Paulista de Bibliotecários for her work with Law 4.084/62 . Code of ethics . Laura Russo wrote the first version of the Librarian Professional Code of Ethics in 1961 . The code would be approved in 1963 , achieving legal status in 1966 and falling under the responsibility of CFB . Laura Russo Award . As a tribute to her professional work , the Regional Council of Librarianship of the State of São Paulo ( CRB-8 ) created the Laura Russo Prize in 1998 , that aims to recognize cultural initiatives and encourage the use of the library and library services . Notable publications . - RUSSO , Laura Garcia Moreno . A biblioteconomia brasileira , 1915-1965 . Instituto National do Livro , 1966 . External links . - Lei n . 4.084/62 that regulates the practice of librarianship

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Who was the director or manager of Max Planck Institute for Astronomy from 1968 to 1978?

/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy#P1037#0

Max Planck Institute for Astronomy The Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie ( Max Planck Institute for Astronomy , MPIA ) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society ( MPG ) . It is located in Heidelberg , Baden-Württemberg , Germany near the top of the Königstuhl , adjacent to the historic Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl astronomical observatory . The institute primarily conducts basic research in the natural sciences in the field of astronomy . In addition to its own astronomical observations and astronomical research , the Institute is also actively involved in the development of observation instruments . The instruments or parts of them are manufactured in the institutes own workshops . History . The founding of the institute in 1967 resulted from the insight that a supra-regional institute equipped with powerful telescopes was necessary in order to conduct internationally competitive astronomical research . Hans Elsässer , an astronomer , became the founding director in 1968 . In February 1969 , a first group of 5 employees started work in the buildings of the neighbouring Königstuhl State Observatory . The institute , which was completed in 1975 , was initially dedicated to the preparation and evaluation of astronomical observations and the development of new measurement methods . From 1973 to 1984 , it operated the Calar Alto Observatory on Calar Alto near Almería together with Spanish authorities . This largest observatory on the European mainland was used equally by astronomers from both countries until 2019 . On 23 May 2019 , the regional government of Andalusia and the MPG signed a transfer agreement for the 50% share in the observatory . Since then , it has been owned exclusively by Spain . Since 2005 , the MPIA has been operating the Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT ) together with partners from Germany , Italy and the USA and equipping it with measuring instruments . The LBT is located on Mount Graham near Tucson , Arizona , which is 3190 m high . On its mount , it carries two primary mirrors , each 8.4 meters in diameter , making it the largest optical reflecting telescope with single monolithic primary mirrors in the world . Research interests . Two scientific questions are given priority at the MPIA . One is the formation and development of stars and planets in our cosmic neighbourhood . The resonating question is : Is the Sun with its inhabited planet Earth unique , or are there also conditions in the vicinity of other stars , at least the numerous sun-like ones among them , that are conducive to life ? On the other hand , the area of galaxies and cosmology is about understanding the development of todays richly structured Universe with its galaxies and stars and its emergence from the simple initial state after the Big Bang . The research topics at a glance : - Star formation and young objects , planet formation , astrobiology , interstellar matter , astrochemistry - Structure and evolution of the Milky Way , quasars and active galaxies , evolution of galaxies , galaxy clusters , cosmology Together with the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg , the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies ( HITS ) and the Department of Astro- and Particle Physics of the MPI for Nuclear Physics ( MPIK ) , the MPIA in Heidelberg is a globally renowned centre of astronomical research . Since 2015 , the MPIA has been running the Heidelberg Initiative for the Origins of Life ( HIFOL ) together with the MPIK , the HITS , the Institute of Geosciences at Heidelberg University and the Department of Chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University Munich ( LMU ) . HIFOL brings together top researchers from astrophysics , geosciences , chemistry and the life sciences to promote , strengthen and combine scientific research towards the prerequisites for the emergence of life . Structure . - Galaxies and Cosmology Department ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Gaia Galactic Survey Mission ( Coryn Bailer-Jones ) - Supermassive black holes and galaxies in the epoch of reionization ( Eduardo Banados ) - Stellar spectroscopy and populations ( Maria Bergemann ) - AGN Jet Physics ( Christian Fendt ) - High angular resolution astronomy ( Tom Herbst ) - Coevolution of Galaxies and Black Holes ( Emmy Noether ) - Euclid Mission Group ( Knud Jahnke ) - Stellar Physics and the Evolution of Chemical Elements ( Karin Lind ) - Structure of Active Galactic Nuclei ( Klaus Meisenheimer ) - Galactic Nuclei ( Nadine Neumayer ) - Galaxies and Cosmology Theory ( Annalisa Pillepich ) - Black Hole and Accretion Research/Instrumentation ( Jörg-Uwe Pott ) - Galaxy Evolution and Milky Way groups ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Extragalactic Star Formation ( Eva Schinnerer ) - Interstellar Matter and High-z QSOs ( Fabian Walter ) - Planet and Star Formation Department ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Star Formation ( Henrik Beuther ) - Planet Formation in Accretion Discs ( Bertram Bitsch ) - Adaptive Optics ( Wolfgang Brandner ) - Unveiling Planet Formation by Simulations and ObservationS ( Mario Flock ) - Center Frontiers of Interferometry in Germany ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Disks and Exoplanets ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Laboratory Astrophysics ( Cornelia Jäger ) - Theory of Planet and Star Formation ( Hubert Klahr ) - Infrared Space ( Oliver Krause ) - The Genesis of Planets ( Paola Pinilla ) - Atmospheric Physics of Exoplanets ( Laura Kreidberg ) - Technical Departments Instrumentation . The MPIA also builds instruments or parts of them for ground-based telescopes and satellites , including the following : - Calar Alto Observatory ( Spain ) - La Silla Observatory of the European Southern Observatory ( ESO ) - Paranal Observatory and E-ELT ( ESO ) - Large Binocular Telescope - Infrared Space Observatory ( ESA ) - Herschel Space Observatory ( ESA , NASA ) - James Webb Space Telescope ( NASA , ESA ) The MPIA is also participating in the Gaia mission . Gaia is a space mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , in which the exact positions , distances and velocities of around one billion Milky Way stars are determined . Directors . - Hans Elsässer , Founding director , 1968–1997 - Guido Münch , 1978–1989 - Steven Beckwith , 1991–2001 - Immo Appenzeller , 1998–2000 ( interim ) - Hans-Walter Rix , since 1999 - Thomas Henning , since 2001 Infrastructure . The managing director is Hans-Walter Rix ( August 2019 ) . Former and current external scientific members of the MPIA were and are : - Prof . Dr . Karl-Heinz Böhm ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Walter Fricke ( † ) - Prof . Dr . George H . Herbig ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Conny Aerts ( University of Leuven/Radboud University Nijmegen ) - Prof . Dr . Immo Appenzeller ( Emeritus , Heidelberg University ) - Prof . Dr . Steven V.W . Beckwith ( University of California , Berkeley ) - Prof . Dr . Willy Benz ( University of Bern ) - Prof . Dr . Rafael Rebolo ( Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias ) - Prof . Dr . Volker Springel ( Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics ) At the end of 2018 , a total of 413 people were employed at the Institute , including 227 scientists , among them 34 junior and visiting scientists . In the same year , 79 doctoral students were supervised in cooperation with the University of Heidelberg . Nine independent research groups have been established at the MPIA per 2018 . These include three Max Planck Research Groups and five European research groups . One group is funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation . Graduate program . The MPIA participates in the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics . The IMPRS is an English-language doctoral program that started in 2005 . Other partners of the IMPRS are the MPIK , the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and the HITS . Since 2007 , the IMPRS has been part of the Heidelberg Graduate School of Fundamental Physics . Spokespersons of the IMPRS are Hans-Walter Rix from MPIA and Stefan Wagner from the Landessternwarte Heidelberg . Public relations and outreach . The MPIA hosts the editorial office of the popular journal Sterne und Weltraum ( lit . Stars and Space ) , which was founded in 1962 by Hans Elsässer , later founding director of the MPIA , among others . It is also the patron of the Wissenschaft in die Schulen ! ( lit . Science into Schools ) initiative , which develops educational materials for secondary schools . In December 2008 , the institute and the Klaus Tschira Foundation announced their intention to bundle the activities of the Heidelberg astronomers in public relations and work with pupils and teachers in a newly founded . Haus der Astronomie . In 2009 , Haus der Astronomie , a center for astronomy education and outreach was founded on the MPIA campus . The center is a partnership between the Max Planck Society , the Klaus Tschira Foundation , Heidelberg University and the City of Heidelberg . The centers galaxy-shaped building , funded and constructed by the Klaus Tschira Foundation , was opened in December 2011 . It is operated by the Max Planck Society , which has delegated the task to the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy . Activities in Haus der Astronomie include public talks and guided tours , planetarium shows , workshops for school classes or kindergarten groups , the development of educational materials , pre-service training for teacher students at Heidelberg University and in-service training for German and international teachers . External links . - Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Homepage of the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics - Homepage of Haus der Astronomie

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Max Planck Institute for Astronomy was managed or directed by whom from 1978 to 1989?

/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy#P1037#1

Max Planck Institute for Astronomy The Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie ( Max Planck Institute for Astronomy , MPIA ) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society ( MPG ) . It is located in Heidelberg , Baden-Württemberg , Germany near the top of the Königstuhl , adjacent to the historic Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl astronomical observatory . The institute primarily conducts basic research in the natural sciences in the field of astronomy . In addition to its own astronomical observations and astronomical research , the Institute is also actively involved in the development of observation instruments . The instruments or parts of them are manufactured in the institutes own workshops . History . The founding of the institute in 1967 resulted from the insight that a supra-regional institute equipped with powerful telescopes was necessary in order to conduct internationally competitive astronomical research . Hans Elsässer , an astronomer , became the founding director in 1968 . In February 1969 , a first group of 5 employees started work in the buildings of the neighbouring Königstuhl State Observatory . The institute , which was completed in 1975 , was initially dedicated to the preparation and evaluation of astronomical observations and the development of new measurement methods . From 1973 to 1984 , it operated the Calar Alto Observatory on Calar Alto near Almería together with Spanish authorities . This largest observatory on the European mainland was used equally by astronomers from both countries until 2019 . On 23 May 2019 , the regional government of Andalusia and the MPG signed a transfer agreement for the 50% share in the observatory . Since then , it has been owned exclusively by Spain . Since 2005 , the MPIA has been operating the Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT ) together with partners from Germany , Italy and the USA and equipping it with measuring instruments . The LBT is located on Mount Graham near Tucson , Arizona , which is 3190 m high . On its mount , it carries two primary mirrors , each 8.4 meters in diameter , making it the largest optical reflecting telescope with single monolithic primary mirrors in the world . Research interests . Two scientific questions are given priority at the MPIA . One is the formation and development of stars and planets in our cosmic neighbourhood . The resonating question is : Is the Sun with its inhabited planet Earth unique , or are there also conditions in the vicinity of other stars , at least the numerous sun-like ones among them , that are conducive to life ? On the other hand , the area of galaxies and cosmology is about understanding the development of todays richly structured Universe with its galaxies and stars and its emergence from the simple initial state after the Big Bang . The research topics at a glance : - Star formation and young objects , planet formation , astrobiology , interstellar matter , astrochemistry - Structure and evolution of the Milky Way , quasars and active galaxies , evolution of galaxies , galaxy clusters , cosmology Together with the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg , the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies ( HITS ) and the Department of Astro- and Particle Physics of the MPI for Nuclear Physics ( MPIK ) , the MPIA in Heidelberg is a globally renowned centre of astronomical research . Since 2015 , the MPIA has been running the Heidelberg Initiative for the Origins of Life ( HIFOL ) together with the MPIK , the HITS , the Institute of Geosciences at Heidelberg University and the Department of Chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University Munich ( LMU ) . HIFOL brings together top researchers from astrophysics , geosciences , chemistry and the life sciences to promote , strengthen and combine scientific research towards the prerequisites for the emergence of life . Structure . - Galaxies and Cosmology Department ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Gaia Galactic Survey Mission ( Coryn Bailer-Jones ) - Supermassive black holes and galaxies in the epoch of reionization ( Eduardo Banados ) - Stellar spectroscopy and populations ( Maria Bergemann ) - AGN Jet Physics ( Christian Fendt ) - High angular resolution astronomy ( Tom Herbst ) - Coevolution of Galaxies and Black Holes ( Emmy Noether ) - Euclid Mission Group ( Knud Jahnke ) - Stellar Physics and the Evolution of Chemical Elements ( Karin Lind ) - Structure of Active Galactic Nuclei ( Klaus Meisenheimer ) - Galactic Nuclei ( Nadine Neumayer ) - Galaxies and Cosmology Theory ( Annalisa Pillepich ) - Black Hole and Accretion Research/Instrumentation ( Jörg-Uwe Pott ) - Galaxy Evolution and Milky Way groups ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Extragalactic Star Formation ( Eva Schinnerer ) - Interstellar Matter and High-z QSOs ( Fabian Walter ) - Planet and Star Formation Department ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Star Formation ( Henrik Beuther ) - Planet Formation in Accretion Discs ( Bertram Bitsch ) - Adaptive Optics ( Wolfgang Brandner ) - Unveiling Planet Formation by Simulations and ObservationS ( Mario Flock ) - Center Frontiers of Interferometry in Germany ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Disks and Exoplanets ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Laboratory Astrophysics ( Cornelia Jäger ) - Theory of Planet and Star Formation ( Hubert Klahr ) - Infrared Space ( Oliver Krause ) - The Genesis of Planets ( Paola Pinilla ) - Atmospheric Physics of Exoplanets ( Laura Kreidberg ) - Technical Departments Instrumentation . The MPIA also builds instruments or parts of them for ground-based telescopes and satellites , including the following : - Calar Alto Observatory ( Spain ) - La Silla Observatory of the European Southern Observatory ( ESO ) - Paranal Observatory and E-ELT ( ESO ) - Large Binocular Telescope - Infrared Space Observatory ( ESA ) - Herschel Space Observatory ( ESA , NASA ) - James Webb Space Telescope ( NASA , ESA ) The MPIA is also participating in the Gaia mission . Gaia is a space mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , in which the exact positions , distances and velocities of around one billion Milky Way stars are determined . Directors . - Hans Elsässer , Founding director , 1968–1997 - Guido Münch , 1978–1989 - Steven Beckwith , 1991–2001 - Immo Appenzeller , 1998–2000 ( interim ) - Hans-Walter Rix , since 1999 - Thomas Henning , since 2001 Infrastructure . The managing director is Hans-Walter Rix ( August 2019 ) . Former and current external scientific members of the MPIA were and are : - Prof . Dr . Karl-Heinz Böhm ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Walter Fricke ( † ) - Prof . Dr . George H . Herbig ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Conny Aerts ( University of Leuven/Radboud University Nijmegen ) - Prof . Dr . Immo Appenzeller ( Emeritus , Heidelberg University ) - Prof . Dr . Steven V.W . Beckwith ( University of California , Berkeley ) - Prof . Dr . Willy Benz ( University of Bern ) - Prof . Dr . Rafael Rebolo ( Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias ) - Prof . Dr . Volker Springel ( Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics ) At the end of 2018 , a total of 413 people were employed at the Institute , including 227 scientists , among them 34 junior and visiting scientists . In the same year , 79 doctoral students were supervised in cooperation with the University of Heidelberg . Nine independent research groups have been established at the MPIA per 2018 . These include three Max Planck Research Groups and five European research groups . One group is funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation . Graduate program . The MPIA participates in the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics . The IMPRS is an English-language doctoral program that started in 2005 . Other partners of the IMPRS are the MPIK , the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and the HITS . Since 2007 , the IMPRS has been part of the Heidelberg Graduate School of Fundamental Physics . Spokespersons of the IMPRS are Hans-Walter Rix from MPIA and Stefan Wagner from the Landessternwarte Heidelberg . Public relations and outreach . The MPIA hosts the editorial office of the popular journal Sterne und Weltraum ( lit . Stars and Space ) , which was founded in 1962 by Hans Elsässer , later founding director of the MPIA , among others . It is also the patron of the Wissenschaft in die Schulen ! ( lit . Science into Schools ) initiative , which develops educational materials for secondary schools . In December 2008 , the institute and the Klaus Tschira Foundation announced their intention to bundle the activities of the Heidelberg astronomers in public relations and work with pupils and teachers in a newly founded . Haus der Astronomie . In 2009 , Haus der Astronomie , a center for astronomy education and outreach was founded on the MPIA campus . The center is a partnership between the Max Planck Society , the Klaus Tschira Foundation , Heidelberg University and the City of Heidelberg . The centers galaxy-shaped building , funded and constructed by the Klaus Tschira Foundation , was opened in December 2011 . It is operated by the Max Planck Society , which has delegated the task to the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy . Activities in Haus der Astronomie include public talks and guided tours , planetarium shows , workshops for school classes or kindergarten groups , the development of educational materials , pre-service training for teacher students at Heidelberg University and in-service training for German and international teachers . External links . - Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Homepage of the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics - Homepage of Haus der Astronomie

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Who directed or managed Max Planck Institute for Astronomy from 1991 to 1999?

/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy#P1037#2

Max Planck Institute for Astronomy The Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie ( Max Planck Institute for Astronomy , MPIA ) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society ( MPG ) . It is located in Heidelberg , Baden-Württemberg , Germany near the top of the Königstuhl , adjacent to the historic Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl astronomical observatory . The institute primarily conducts basic research in the natural sciences in the field of astronomy . In addition to its own astronomical observations and astronomical research , the Institute is also actively involved in the development of observation instruments . The instruments or parts of them are manufactured in the institutes own workshops . History . The founding of the institute in 1967 resulted from the insight that a supra-regional institute equipped with powerful telescopes was necessary in order to conduct internationally competitive astronomical research . Hans Elsässer , an astronomer , became the founding director in 1968 . In February 1969 , a first group of 5 employees started work in the buildings of the neighbouring Königstuhl State Observatory . The institute , which was completed in 1975 , was initially dedicated to the preparation and evaluation of astronomical observations and the development of new measurement methods . From 1973 to 1984 , it operated the Calar Alto Observatory on Calar Alto near Almería together with Spanish authorities . This largest observatory on the European mainland was used equally by astronomers from both countries until 2019 . On 23 May 2019 , the regional government of Andalusia and the MPG signed a transfer agreement for the 50% share in the observatory . Since then , it has been owned exclusively by Spain . Since 2005 , the MPIA has been operating the Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT ) together with partners from Germany , Italy and the USA and equipping it with measuring instruments . The LBT is located on Mount Graham near Tucson , Arizona , which is 3190 m high . On its mount , it carries two primary mirrors , each 8.4 meters in diameter , making it the largest optical reflecting telescope with single monolithic primary mirrors in the world . Research interests . Two scientific questions are given priority at the MPIA . One is the formation and development of stars and planets in our cosmic neighbourhood . The resonating question is : Is the Sun with its inhabited planet Earth unique , or are there also conditions in the vicinity of other stars , at least the numerous sun-like ones among them , that are conducive to life ? On the other hand , the area of galaxies and cosmology is about understanding the development of todays richly structured Universe with its galaxies and stars and its emergence from the simple initial state after the Big Bang . The research topics at a glance : - Star formation and young objects , planet formation , astrobiology , interstellar matter , astrochemistry - Structure and evolution of the Milky Way , quasars and active galaxies , evolution of galaxies , galaxy clusters , cosmology Together with the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg , the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies ( HITS ) and the Department of Astro- and Particle Physics of the MPI for Nuclear Physics ( MPIK ) , the MPIA in Heidelberg is a globally renowned centre of astronomical research . Since 2015 , the MPIA has been running the Heidelberg Initiative for the Origins of Life ( HIFOL ) together with the MPIK , the HITS , the Institute of Geosciences at Heidelberg University and the Department of Chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University Munich ( LMU ) . HIFOL brings together top researchers from astrophysics , geosciences , chemistry and the life sciences to promote , strengthen and combine scientific research towards the prerequisites for the emergence of life . Structure . - Galaxies and Cosmology Department ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Gaia Galactic Survey Mission ( Coryn Bailer-Jones ) - Supermassive black holes and galaxies in the epoch of reionization ( Eduardo Banados ) - Stellar spectroscopy and populations ( Maria Bergemann ) - AGN Jet Physics ( Christian Fendt ) - High angular resolution astronomy ( Tom Herbst ) - Coevolution of Galaxies and Black Holes ( Emmy Noether ) - Euclid Mission Group ( Knud Jahnke ) - Stellar Physics and the Evolution of Chemical Elements ( Karin Lind ) - Structure of Active Galactic Nuclei ( Klaus Meisenheimer ) - Galactic Nuclei ( Nadine Neumayer ) - Galaxies and Cosmology Theory ( Annalisa Pillepich ) - Black Hole and Accretion Research/Instrumentation ( Jörg-Uwe Pott ) - Galaxy Evolution and Milky Way groups ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Extragalactic Star Formation ( Eva Schinnerer ) - Interstellar Matter and High-z QSOs ( Fabian Walter ) - Planet and Star Formation Department ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Star Formation ( Henrik Beuther ) - Planet Formation in Accretion Discs ( Bertram Bitsch ) - Adaptive Optics ( Wolfgang Brandner ) - Unveiling Planet Formation by Simulations and ObservationS ( Mario Flock ) - Center Frontiers of Interferometry in Germany ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Disks and Exoplanets ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Laboratory Astrophysics ( Cornelia Jäger ) - Theory of Planet and Star Formation ( Hubert Klahr ) - Infrared Space ( Oliver Krause ) - The Genesis of Planets ( Paola Pinilla ) - Atmospheric Physics of Exoplanets ( Laura Kreidberg ) - Technical Departments Instrumentation . The MPIA also builds instruments or parts of them for ground-based telescopes and satellites , including the following : - Calar Alto Observatory ( Spain ) - La Silla Observatory of the European Southern Observatory ( ESO ) - Paranal Observatory and E-ELT ( ESO ) - Large Binocular Telescope - Infrared Space Observatory ( ESA ) - Herschel Space Observatory ( ESA , NASA ) - James Webb Space Telescope ( NASA , ESA ) The MPIA is also participating in the Gaia mission . Gaia is a space mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , in which the exact positions , distances and velocities of around one billion Milky Way stars are determined . Directors . - Hans Elsässer , Founding director , 1968–1997 - Guido Münch , 1978–1989 - Steven Beckwith , 1991–2001 - Immo Appenzeller , 1998–2000 ( interim ) - Hans-Walter Rix , since 1999 - Thomas Henning , since 2001 Infrastructure . The managing director is Hans-Walter Rix ( August 2019 ) . Former and current external scientific members of the MPIA were and are : - Prof . Dr . Karl-Heinz Böhm ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Walter Fricke ( † ) - Prof . Dr . George H . Herbig ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Conny Aerts ( University of Leuven/Radboud University Nijmegen ) - Prof . Dr . Immo Appenzeller ( Emeritus , Heidelberg University ) - Prof . Dr . Steven V.W . Beckwith ( University of California , Berkeley ) - Prof . Dr . Willy Benz ( University of Bern ) - Prof . Dr . Rafael Rebolo ( Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias ) - Prof . Dr . Volker Springel ( Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics ) At the end of 2018 , a total of 413 people were employed at the Institute , including 227 scientists , among them 34 junior and visiting scientists . In the same year , 79 doctoral students were supervised in cooperation with the University of Heidelberg . Nine independent research groups have been established at the MPIA per 2018 . These include three Max Planck Research Groups and five European research groups . One group is funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation . Graduate program . The MPIA participates in the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics . The IMPRS is an English-language doctoral program that started in 2005 . Other partners of the IMPRS are the MPIK , the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and the HITS . Since 2007 , the IMPRS has been part of the Heidelberg Graduate School of Fundamental Physics . Spokespersons of the IMPRS are Hans-Walter Rix from MPIA and Stefan Wagner from the Landessternwarte Heidelberg . Public relations and outreach . The MPIA hosts the editorial office of the popular journal Sterne und Weltraum ( lit . Stars and Space ) , which was founded in 1962 by Hans Elsässer , later founding director of the MPIA , among others . It is also the patron of the Wissenschaft in die Schulen ! ( lit . Science into Schools ) initiative , which develops educational materials for secondary schools . In December 2008 , the institute and the Klaus Tschira Foundation announced their intention to bundle the activities of the Heidelberg astronomers in public relations and work with pupils and teachers in a newly founded . Haus der Astronomie . In 2009 , Haus der Astronomie , a center for astronomy education and outreach was founded on the MPIA campus . The center is a partnership between the Max Planck Society , the Klaus Tschira Foundation , Heidelberg University and the City of Heidelberg . The centers galaxy-shaped building , funded and constructed by the Klaus Tschira Foundation , was opened in December 2011 . It is operated by the Max Planck Society , which has delegated the task to the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy . Activities in Haus der Astronomie include public talks and guided tours , planetarium shows , workshops for school classes or kindergarten groups , the development of educational materials , pre-service training for teacher students at Heidelberg University and in-service training for German and international teachers . External links . - Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Homepage of the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics - Homepage of Haus der Astronomie

easy

Max Planck Institute for Astronomy was managed or directed by whom from 1999 to 2001?

/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy#P1037#3

Max Planck Institute for Astronomy The Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie ( Max Planck Institute for Astronomy , MPIA ) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society ( MPG ) . It is located in Heidelberg , Baden-Württemberg , Germany near the top of the Königstuhl , adjacent to the historic Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl astronomical observatory . The institute primarily conducts basic research in the natural sciences in the field of astronomy . In addition to its own astronomical observations and astronomical research , the Institute is also actively involved in the development of observation instruments . The instruments or parts of them are manufactured in the institutes own workshops . History . The founding of the institute in 1967 resulted from the insight that a supra-regional institute equipped with powerful telescopes was necessary in order to conduct internationally competitive astronomical research . Hans Elsässer , an astronomer , became the founding director in 1968 . In February 1969 , a first group of 5 employees started work in the buildings of the neighbouring Königstuhl State Observatory . The institute , which was completed in 1975 , was initially dedicated to the preparation and evaluation of astronomical observations and the development of new measurement methods . From 1973 to 1984 , it operated the Calar Alto Observatory on Calar Alto near Almería together with Spanish authorities . This largest observatory on the European mainland was used equally by astronomers from both countries until 2019 . On 23 May 2019 , the regional government of Andalusia and the MPG signed a transfer agreement for the 50% share in the observatory . Since then , it has been owned exclusively by Spain . Since 2005 , the MPIA has been operating the Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT ) together with partners from Germany , Italy and the USA and equipping it with measuring instruments . The LBT is located on Mount Graham near Tucson , Arizona , which is 3190 m high . On its mount , it carries two primary mirrors , each 8.4 meters in diameter , making it the largest optical reflecting telescope with single monolithic primary mirrors in the world . Research interests . Two scientific questions are given priority at the MPIA . One is the formation and development of stars and planets in our cosmic neighbourhood . The resonating question is : Is the Sun with its inhabited planet Earth unique , or are there also conditions in the vicinity of other stars , at least the numerous sun-like ones among them , that are conducive to life ? On the other hand , the area of galaxies and cosmology is about understanding the development of todays richly structured Universe with its galaxies and stars and its emergence from the simple initial state after the Big Bang . The research topics at a glance : - Star formation and young objects , planet formation , astrobiology , interstellar matter , astrochemistry - Structure and evolution of the Milky Way , quasars and active galaxies , evolution of galaxies , galaxy clusters , cosmology Together with the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg , the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies ( HITS ) and the Department of Astro- and Particle Physics of the MPI for Nuclear Physics ( MPIK ) , the MPIA in Heidelberg is a globally renowned centre of astronomical research . Since 2015 , the MPIA has been running the Heidelberg Initiative for the Origins of Life ( HIFOL ) together with the MPIK , the HITS , the Institute of Geosciences at Heidelberg University and the Department of Chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University Munich ( LMU ) . HIFOL brings together top researchers from astrophysics , geosciences , chemistry and the life sciences to promote , strengthen and combine scientific research towards the prerequisites for the emergence of life . Structure . - Galaxies and Cosmology Department ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Gaia Galactic Survey Mission ( Coryn Bailer-Jones ) - Supermassive black holes and galaxies in the epoch of reionization ( Eduardo Banados ) - Stellar spectroscopy and populations ( Maria Bergemann ) - AGN Jet Physics ( Christian Fendt ) - High angular resolution astronomy ( Tom Herbst ) - Coevolution of Galaxies and Black Holes ( Emmy Noether ) - Euclid Mission Group ( Knud Jahnke ) - Stellar Physics and the Evolution of Chemical Elements ( Karin Lind ) - Structure of Active Galactic Nuclei ( Klaus Meisenheimer ) - Galactic Nuclei ( Nadine Neumayer ) - Galaxies and Cosmology Theory ( Annalisa Pillepich ) - Black Hole and Accretion Research/Instrumentation ( Jörg-Uwe Pott ) - Galaxy Evolution and Milky Way groups ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Extragalactic Star Formation ( Eva Schinnerer ) - Interstellar Matter and High-z QSOs ( Fabian Walter ) - Planet and Star Formation Department ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Star Formation ( Henrik Beuther ) - Planet Formation in Accretion Discs ( Bertram Bitsch ) - Adaptive Optics ( Wolfgang Brandner ) - Unveiling Planet Formation by Simulations and ObservationS ( Mario Flock ) - Center Frontiers of Interferometry in Germany ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Disks and Exoplanets ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Laboratory Astrophysics ( Cornelia Jäger ) - Theory of Planet and Star Formation ( Hubert Klahr ) - Infrared Space ( Oliver Krause ) - The Genesis of Planets ( Paola Pinilla ) - Atmospheric Physics of Exoplanets ( Laura Kreidberg ) - Technical Departments Instrumentation . The MPIA also builds instruments or parts of them for ground-based telescopes and satellites , including the following : - Calar Alto Observatory ( Spain ) - La Silla Observatory of the European Southern Observatory ( ESO ) - Paranal Observatory and E-ELT ( ESO ) - Large Binocular Telescope - Infrared Space Observatory ( ESA ) - Herschel Space Observatory ( ESA , NASA ) - James Webb Space Telescope ( NASA , ESA ) The MPIA is also participating in the Gaia mission . Gaia is a space mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , in which the exact positions , distances and velocities of around one billion Milky Way stars are determined . Directors . - Hans Elsässer , Founding director , 1968–1997 - Guido Münch , 1978–1989 - Steven Beckwith , 1991–2001 - Immo Appenzeller , 1998–2000 ( interim ) - Hans-Walter Rix , since 1999 - Thomas Henning , since 2001 Infrastructure . The managing director is Hans-Walter Rix ( August 2019 ) . Former and current external scientific members of the MPIA were and are : - Prof . Dr . Karl-Heinz Böhm ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Walter Fricke ( † ) - Prof . Dr . George H . Herbig ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Conny Aerts ( University of Leuven/Radboud University Nijmegen ) - Prof . Dr . Immo Appenzeller ( Emeritus , Heidelberg University ) - Prof . Dr . Steven V.W . Beckwith ( University of California , Berkeley ) - Prof . Dr . Willy Benz ( University of Bern ) - Prof . Dr . Rafael Rebolo ( Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias ) - Prof . Dr . Volker Springel ( Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics ) At the end of 2018 , a total of 413 people were employed at the Institute , including 227 scientists , among them 34 junior and visiting scientists . In the same year , 79 doctoral students were supervised in cooperation with the University of Heidelberg . Nine independent research groups have been established at the MPIA per 2018 . These include three Max Planck Research Groups and five European research groups . One group is funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation . Graduate program . The MPIA participates in the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics . The IMPRS is an English-language doctoral program that started in 2005 . Other partners of the IMPRS are the MPIK , the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and the HITS . Since 2007 , the IMPRS has been part of the Heidelberg Graduate School of Fundamental Physics . Spokespersons of the IMPRS are Hans-Walter Rix from MPIA and Stefan Wagner from the Landessternwarte Heidelberg . Public relations and outreach . The MPIA hosts the editorial office of the popular journal Sterne und Weltraum ( lit . Stars and Space ) , which was founded in 1962 by Hans Elsässer , later founding director of the MPIA , among others . It is also the patron of the Wissenschaft in die Schulen ! ( lit . Science into Schools ) initiative , which develops educational materials for secondary schools . In December 2008 , the institute and the Klaus Tschira Foundation announced their intention to bundle the activities of the Heidelberg astronomers in public relations and work with pupils and teachers in a newly founded . Haus der Astronomie . In 2009 , Haus der Astronomie , a center for astronomy education and outreach was founded on the MPIA campus . The center is a partnership between the Max Planck Society , the Klaus Tschira Foundation , Heidelberg University and the City of Heidelberg . The centers galaxy-shaped building , funded and constructed by the Klaus Tschira Foundation , was opened in December 2011 . It is operated by the Max Planck Society , which has delegated the task to the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy . Activities in Haus der Astronomie include public talks and guided tours , planetarium shows , workshops for school classes or kindergarten groups , the development of educational materials , pre-service training for teacher students at Heidelberg University and in-service training for German and international teachers . External links . - Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Homepage of the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics - Homepage of Haus der Astronomie

easy

Who was the director or manager of Max Planck Institute for Astronomy from 2001 to 2002?

/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Astronomy#P1037#4

Max Planck Institute for Astronomy The Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie ( Max Planck Institute for Astronomy , MPIA ) is a research institute of the Max Planck Society ( MPG ) . It is located in Heidelberg , Baden-Württemberg , Germany near the top of the Königstuhl , adjacent to the historic Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl astronomical observatory . The institute primarily conducts basic research in the natural sciences in the field of astronomy . In addition to its own astronomical observations and astronomical research , the Institute is also actively involved in the development of observation instruments . The instruments or parts of them are manufactured in the institutes own workshops . History . The founding of the institute in 1967 resulted from the insight that a supra-regional institute equipped with powerful telescopes was necessary in order to conduct internationally competitive astronomical research . Hans Elsässer , an astronomer , became the founding director in 1968 . In February 1969 , a first group of 5 employees started work in the buildings of the neighbouring Königstuhl State Observatory . The institute , which was completed in 1975 , was initially dedicated to the preparation and evaluation of astronomical observations and the development of new measurement methods . From 1973 to 1984 , it operated the Calar Alto Observatory on Calar Alto near Almería together with Spanish authorities . This largest observatory on the European mainland was used equally by astronomers from both countries until 2019 . On 23 May 2019 , the regional government of Andalusia and the MPG signed a transfer agreement for the 50% share in the observatory . Since then , it has been owned exclusively by Spain . Since 2005 , the MPIA has been operating the Large Binocular Telescope ( LBT ) together with partners from Germany , Italy and the USA and equipping it with measuring instruments . The LBT is located on Mount Graham near Tucson , Arizona , which is 3190 m high . On its mount , it carries two primary mirrors , each 8.4 meters in diameter , making it the largest optical reflecting telescope with single monolithic primary mirrors in the world . Research interests . Two scientific questions are given priority at the MPIA . One is the formation and development of stars and planets in our cosmic neighbourhood . The resonating question is : Is the Sun with its inhabited planet Earth unique , or are there also conditions in the vicinity of other stars , at least the numerous sun-like ones among them , that are conducive to life ? On the other hand , the area of galaxies and cosmology is about understanding the development of todays richly structured Universe with its galaxies and stars and its emergence from the simple initial state after the Big Bang . The research topics at a glance : - Star formation and young objects , planet formation , astrobiology , interstellar matter , astrochemistry - Structure and evolution of the Milky Way , quasars and active galaxies , evolution of galaxies , galaxy clusters , cosmology Together with the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg , the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies ( HITS ) and the Department of Astro- and Particle Physics of the MPI for Nuclear Physics ( MPIK ) , the MPIA in Heidelberg is a globally renowned centre of astronomical research . Since 2015 , the MPIA has been running the Heidelberg Initiative for the Origins of Life ( HIFOL ) together with the MPIK , the HITS , the Institute of Geosciences at Heidelberg University and the Department of Chemistry at the Ludwig Maximilian University Munich ( LMU ) . HIFOL brings together top researchers from astrophysics , geosciences , chemistry and the life sciences to promote , strengthen and combine scientific research towards the prerequisites for the emergence of life . Structure . - Galaxies and Cosmology Department ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Gaia Galactic Survey Mission ( Coryn Bailer-Jones ) - Supermassive black holes and galaxies in the epoch of reionization ( Eduardo Banados ) - Stellar spectroscopy and populations ( Maria Bergemann ) - AGN Jet Physics ( Christian Fendt ) - High angular resolution astronomy ( Tom Herbst ) - Coevolution of Galaxies and Black Holes ( Emmy Noether ) - Euclid Mission Group ( Knud Jahnke ) - Stellar Physics and the Evolution of Chemical Elements ( Karin Lind ) - Structure of Active Galactic Nuclei ( Klaus Meisenheimer ) - Galactic Nuclei ( Nadine Neumayer ) - Galaxies and Cosmology Theory ( Annalisa Pillepich ) - Black Hole and Accretion Research/Instrumentation ( Jörg-Uwe Pott ) - Galaxy Evolution and Milky Way groups ( Hans-Walter Rix ) - Extragalactic Star Formation ( Eva Schinnerer ) - Interstellar Matter and High-z QSOs ( Fabian Walter ) - Planet and Star Formation Department ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Star Formation ( Henrik Beuther ) - Planet Formation in Accretion Discs ( Bertram Bitsch ) - Adaptive Optics ( Wolfgang Brandner ) - Unveiling Planet Formation by Simulations and ObservationS ( Mario Flock ) - Center Frontiers of Interferometry in Germany ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Disks and Exoplanets ( Thomas K . Henning ) - Laboratory Astrophysics ( Cornelia Jäger ) - Theory of Planet and Star Formation ( Hubert Klahr ) - Infrared Space ( Oliver Krause ) - The Genesis of Planets ( Paola Pinilla ) - Atmospheric Physics of Exoplanets ( Laura Kreidberg ) - Technical Departments Instrumentation . The MPIA also builds instruments or parts of them for ground-based telescopes and satellites , including the following : - Calar Alto Observatory ( Spain ) - La Silla Observatory of the European Southern Observatory ( ESO ) - Paranal Observatory and E-ELT ( ESO ) - Large Binocular Telescope - Infrared Space Observatory ( ESA ) - Herschel Space Observatory ( ESA , NASA ) - James Webb Space Telescope ( NASA , ESA ) The MPIA is also participating in the Gaia mission . Gaia is a space mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , in which the exact positions , distances and velocities of around one billion Milky Way stars are determined . Directors . - Hans Elsässer , Founding director , 1968–1997 - Guido Münch , 1978–1989 - Steven Beckwith , 1991–2001 - Immo Appenzeller , 1998–2000 ( interim ) - Hans-Walter Rix , since 1999 - Thomas Henning , since 2001 Infrastructure . The managing director is Hans-Walter Rix ( August 2019 ) . Former and current external scientific members of the MPIA were and are : - Prof . Dr . Karl-Heinz Böhm ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Walter Fricke ( † ) - Prof . Dr . George H . Herbig ( † ) - Prof . Dr . Conny Aerts ( University of Leuven/Radboud University Nijmegen ) - Prof . Dr . Immo Appenzeller ( Emeritus , Heidelberg University ) - Prof . Dr . Steven V.W . Beckwith ( University of California , Berkeley ) - Prof . Dr . Willy Benz ( University of Bern ) - Prof . Dr . Rafael Rebolo ( Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias ) - Prof . Dr . Volker Springel ( Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics ) At the end of 2018 , a total of 413 people were employed at the Institute , including 227 scientists , among them 34 junior and visiting scientists . In the same year , 79 doctoral students were supervised in cooperation with the University of Heidelberg . Nine independent research groups have been established at the MPIA per 2018 . These include three Max Planck Research Groups and five European research groups . One group is funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation . Graduate program . The MPIA participates in the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics . The IMPRS is an English-language doctoral program that started in 2005 . Other partners of the IMPRS are the MPIK , the Center for Astronomy at the University of Heidelberg and the HITS . Since 2007 , the IMPRS has been part of the Heidelberg Graduate School of Fundamental Physics . Spokespersons of the IMPRS are Hans-Walter Rix from MPIA and Stefan Wagner from the Landessternwarte Heidelberg . Public relations and outreach . The MPIA hosts the editorial office of the popular journal Sterne und Weltraum ( lit . Stars and Space ) , which was founded in 1962 by Hans Elsässer , later founding director of the MPIA , among others . It is also the patron of the Wissenschaft in die Schulen ! ( lit . Science into Schools ) initiative , which develops educational materials for secondary schools . In December 2008 , the institute and the Klaus Tschira Foundation announced their intention to bundle the activities of the Heidelberg astronomers in public relations and work with pupils and teachers in a newly founded . Haus der Astronomie . In 2009 , Haus der Astronomie , a center for astronomy education and outreach was founded on the MPIA campus . The center is a partnership between the Max Planck Society , the Klaus Tschira Foundation , Heidelberg University and the City of Heidelberg . The centers galaxy-shaped building , funded and constructed by the Klaus Tschira Foundation , was opened in December 2011 . It is operated by the Max Planck Society , which has delegated the task to the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy . Activities in Haus der Astronomie include public talks and guided tours , planetarium shows , workshops for school classes or kindergarten groups , the development of educational materials , pre-service training for teacher students at Heidelberg University and in-service training for German and international teachers . External links . - Homepage of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy - Homepage of the International Max Planck Research School ( IMPRS ) for Astronomy and Cosmic Physics - Homepage of Haus der Astronomie

easy

Which team did Brian Saah play for from 2003 to 2009?

/wiki/Brian_Saah#P54#0

Brian Saah Brian Ebo Saah ( born 16 December 1986 ) is an English is a former professional footballer , who is currently an academy coach for Football League Two side Leyton Orient . Club career . Leyton Orient . Saah was born in Hornchurch , London . He started his career in the youth system at Leyton Orient , making his debut at the age of sixteen in a 3–0 defeat to Huddersfield Town in September 2003 . He scored his first goal for the club in a Football League Trophy tie against future club Woking on 28 September 2004 . Despite starting as a central midfielder , Saah was converted to a central defender and won praise for his displays deputising for first team regulars John Mackie and Gabriel Zakuani during the 2005–06 promotion season to League One.<ref Orient promotion squad 2005/06 : Where are they now?></ref> At the end of the season he was rewarded with his first professional contract . He began to establish himself in the team and become a first team regular during the 2006–07 season , and was rewarded with a new two-year contract in March 2007 . There was also speculation that Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur had offered £2 million for the defender , after scouts had been sent to see him action . However , Orient manager Martin Ling rubbished the story saying the offer would have been accepted , but still claimed that Saah was the best defender outside the Championship . He scored his first league goal in a 3–1 loss at Bournemouth on 26 December 2007 . Saah featured quite frequently over the next two seasons but was released at the end of his contract in May 2009 , after making a total of 110 appearances scoring twice . Cambridge United . Following his release from Orient , he spent time in pre-season at Southend United and Tranmere Rovers on trial , featuring in friendlies against Dagenham & Redbridge and Shrewsbury Town . In August 2009 , Saah dropped into the non-league game , re-uniting with former Orient boss Martin Ling at Conference Premier team Cambridge United . He started in all of the Us first seventeen league games , scoring twice before a double hernia operation in November kept him out of action for six weeks . In May 2010 , he signed a new two-year contract extension after in impressive first season where he made 33 league appearances and came runner-up in the Internet Player of the Year awards . He was also made club captain , taking some off-field responsibilities away from team captain Paul Carden . In January 2011 , Saah found himself playing in a defensive midfield role which coincided with two back-to-back away victories . In total , Saah made eighty appearances for Cambridge scoring eight times . Torquay United . In July 2011 , Saah signed for League Two club Torquay United reuniting again with Martin Ling , despite him having a year to run on his Cambridge contract . The club didnt want him to leave , but he didnt fit into the new wage structure that the club adopted as they had to slash the playing budget by twenty-five per cent . He was made club captain in his first season at the club as the Gulls missed out on promotion via the play-offs with defeat to Cheltenham Town . Saah again remained a first team regular with Torquay during his second season with the club making 46 appearances , but rejected the offer of a new contract and chose to leave the Gulls in the summer of 2013 . He stated that he wanted to find a club nearer his family home in London as his son was starting school . He left having played a total of 86 games , scoring twice . Dagenham & Redbridge . In July 2013 , he signed for his hometown club Dagenham & Redbridge in League Two on a two-year contract , after impressing in pre-season friendlies . In his first season with the club he forged a strong partnership with Scott Doe as the Daggers finished in the top half narrowly avoiding the play-offs . Featuring 48 times for the club , he was also named as runner-up in the Player of the Year awards . He also scored twice during their Football League Trophy run ; once against Colchester United and once against Southend United . He started the 2014–15 season as first choice centre-back continuing his partnership with Scott Doe , but lost his place in the team around Christmas due to the emergence of loan signing Ayo Obileye . In March 2015 , he was sent out on loan to Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan in order to help boost their promotion push . The loan deal was extended three weeks later until the end of the season . In May 2015 , Saah was released from the club after two seasons , having made 75 appearances and scoring twice . Woking . On 6 March 2015 , Saah joined Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan . On 24 March 2015 , Saah made his Woking debut in a 3–2 victory over Torquay United , in which he played the full 90 minutes . On 1 August 2015 , upon his release from Dagenham & Redbridge , Saah re-joined Woking on a permanent deal after his previous successful loan spell at the club . On 12 September 2015 , Saah scored his first Woking goal in a 4–4 draw with Guiseley , in which he scored just before the half time break . On 12 December 2015 , Saah netted in Wokings FA Trophy triumph over Boreham Wood , in which he got the equalizer before Giuseppe Sole got the winner in the remaining seconds of the fixture . On 23 June 2016 , Saah signed a new one-year deal at Woking , therefore keeping him at the club for the forthcoming season . On the opening day of the 2016–17 campaign , Saah played the full 90 minutes in Wokings 3–1 home defeat to Lincoln City . On 14 January 2017 , Saah scored his first goal of the 2016–17 campaign , in Wokings 2–1 away victory against Torquay United . Netting the Cards second in the 36th minute after teammate , Fabio Saraiva had given the Surrey-based side the lead inside the opening ten minutes . On 23 May 2017 , it was announced that Saah would leave Woking upon the expiry of his current deal in June 2017 . Following his release from Woking , Saah decided to retire from professional football in November 2017 . He re-joined Leyton Orient as academy coach in July 2019 . International career . In May 2010 , Saah was called up to an eighteen-man squad to play for England C for an International Challenge Trophy match against the Republic of Ireland in Waterford . However , he remained an unused substitute in a 2–1 England win . He made his debut for the team in September 2010 , playing in a 2–2 draw with the Wales Semi-Pro team , replacing Aden Flint as a substitute . External links . - Brian Saah profile at the Woking F.C . website

easy

Brian Saah played for which team from 2009 to 2011?

/wiki/Brian_Saah#P54#1

Brian Saah Brian Ebo Saah ( born 16 December 1986 ) is an English is a former professional footballer , who is currently an academy coach for Football League Two side Leyton Orient . Club career . Leyton Orient . Saah was born in Hornchurch , London . He started his career in the youth system at Leyton Orient , making his debut at the age of sixteen in a 3–0 defeat to Huddersfield Town in September 2003 . He scored his first goal for the club in a Football League Trophy tie against future club Woking on 28 September 2004 . Despite starting as a central midfielder , Saah was converted to a central defender and won praise for his displays deputising for first team regulars John Mackie and Gabriel Zakuani during the 2005–06 promotion season to League One.<ref Orient promotion squad 2005/06 : Where are they now?></ref> At the end of the season he was rewarded with his first professional contract . He began to establish himself in the team and become a first team regular during the 2006–07 season , and was rewarded with a new two-year contract in March 2007 . There was also speculation that Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur had offered £2 million for the defender , after scouts had been sent to see him action . However , Orient manager Martin Ling rubbished the story saying the offer would have been accepted , but still claimed that Saah was the best defender outside the Championship . He scored his first league goal in a 3–1 loss at Bournemouth on 26 December 2007 . Saah featured quite frequently over the next two seasons but was released at the end of his contract in May 2009 , after making a total of 110 appearances scoring twice . Cambridge United . Following his release from Orient , he spent time in pre-season at Southend United and Tranmere Rovers on trial , featuring in friendlies against Dagenham & Redbridge and Shrewsbury Town . In August 2009 , Saah dropped into the non-league game , re-uniting with former Orient boss Martin Ling at Conference Premier team Cambridge United . He started in all of the Us first seventeen league games , scoring twice before a double hernia operation in November kept him out of action for six weeks . In May 2010 , he signed a new two-year contract extension after in impressive first season where he made 33 league appearances and came runner-up in the Internet Player of the Year awards . He was also made club captain , taking some off-field responsibilities away from team captain Paul Carden . In January 2011 , Saah found himself playing in a defensive midfield role which coincided with two back-to-back away victories . In total , Saah made eighty appearances for Cambridge scoring eight times . Torquay United . In July 2011 , Saah signed for League Two club Torquay United reuniting again with Martin Ling , despite him having a year to run on his Cambridge contract . The club didnt want him to leave , but he didnt fit into the new wage structure that the club adopted as they had to slash the playing budget by twenty-five per cent . He was made club captain in his first season at the club as the Gulls missed out on promotion via the play-offs with defeat to Cheltenham Town . Saah again remained a first team regular with Torquay during his second season with the club making 46 appearances , but rejected the offer of a new contract and chose to leave the Gulls in the summer of 2013 . He stated that he wanted to find a club nearer his family home in London as his son was starting school . He left having played a total of 86 games , scoring twice . Dagenham & Redbridge . In July 2013 , he signed for his hometown club Dagenham & Redbridge in League Two on a two-year contract , after impressing in pre-season friendlies . In his first season with the club he forged a strong partnership with Scott Doe as the Daggers finished in the top half narrowly avoiding the play-offs . Featuring 48 times for the club , he was also named as runner-up in the Player of the Year awards . He also scored twice during their Football League Trophy run ; once against Colchester United and once against Southend United . He started the 2014–15 season as first choice centre-back continuing his partnership with Scott Doe , but lost his place in the team around Christmas due to the emergence of loan signing Ayo Obileye . In March 2015 , he was sent out on loan to Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan in order to help boost their promotion push . The loan deal was extended three weeks later until the end of the season . In May 2015 , Saah was released from the club after two seasons , having made 75 appearances and scoring twice . Woking . On 6 March 2015 , Saah joined Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan . On 24 March 2015 , Saah made his Woking debut in a 3–2 victory over Torquay United , in which he played the full 90 minutes . On 1 August 2015 , upon his release from Dagenham & Redbridge , Saah re-joined Woking on a permanent deal after his previous successful loan spell at the club . On 12 September 2015 , Saah scored his first Woking goal in a 4–4 draw with Guiseley , in which he scored just before the half time break . On 12 December 2015 , Saah netted in Wokings FA Trophy triumph over Boreham Wood , in which he got the equalizer before Giuseppe Sole got the winner in the remaining seconds of the fixture . On 23 June 2016 , Saah signed a new one-year deal at Woking , therefore keeping him at the club for the forthcoming season . On the opening day of the 2016–17 campaign , Saah played the full 90 minutes in Wokings 3–1 home defeat to Lincoln City . On 14 January 2017 , Saah scored his first goal of the 2016–17 campaign , in Wokings 2–1 away victory against Torquay United . Netting the Cards second in the 36th minute after teammate , Fabio Saraiva had given the Surrey-based side the lead inside the opening ten minutes . On 23 May 2017 , it was announced that Saah would leave Woking upon the expiry of his current deal in June 2017 . Following his release from Woking , Saah decided to retire from professional football in November 2017 . He re-joined Leyton Orient as academy coach in July 2019 . International career . In May 2010 , Saah was called up to an eighteen-man squad to play for England C for an International Challenge Trophy match against the Republic of Ireland in Waterford . However , he remained an unused substitute in a 2–1 England win . He made his debut for the team in September 2010 , playing in a 2–2 draw with the Wales Semi-Pro team , replacing Aden Flint as a substitute . External links . - Brian Saah profile at the Woking F.C . website

easy

Which team did Brian Saah play for from 2011 to 2013?

/wiki/Brian_Saah#P54#2

Brian Saah Brian Ebo Saah ( born 16 December 1986 ) is an English is a former professional footballer , who is currently an academy coach for Football League Two side Leyton Orient . Club career . Leyton Orient . Saah was born in Hornchurch , London . He started his career in the youth system at Leyton Orient , making his debut at the age of sixteen in a 3–0 defeat to Huddersfield Town in September 2003 . He scored his first goal for the club in a Football League Trophy tie against future club Woking on 28 September 2004 . Despite starting as a central midfielder , Saah was converted to a central defender and won praise for his displays deputising for first team regulars John Mackie and Gabriel Zakuani during the 2005–06 promotion season to League One.<ref Orient promotion squad 2005/06 : Where are they now?></ref> At the end of the season he was rewarded with his first professional contract . He began to establish himself in the team and become a first team regular during the 2006–07 season , and was rewarded with a new two-year contract in March 2007 . There was also speculation that Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur had offered £2 million for the defender , after scouts had been sent to see him action . However , Orient manager Martin Ling rubbished the story saying the offer would have been accepted , but still claimed that Saah was the best defender outside the Championship . He scored his first league goal in a 3–1 loss at Bournemouth on 26 December 2007 . Saah featured quite frequently over the next two seasons but was released at the end of his contract in May 2009 , after making a total of 110 appearances scoring twice . Cambridge United . Following his release from Orient , he spent time in pre-season at Southend United and Tranmere Rovers on trial , featuring in friendlies against Dagenham & Redbridge and Shrewsbury Town . In August 2009 , Saah dropped into the non-league game , re-uniting with former Orient boss Martin Ling at Conference Premier team Cambridge United . He started in all of the Us first seventeen league games , scoring twice before a double hernia operation in November kept him out of action for six weeks . In May 2010 , he signed a new two-year contract extension after in impressive first season where he made 33 league appearances and came runner-up in the Internet Player of the Year awards . He was also made club captain , taking some off-field responsibilities away from team captain Paul Carden . In January 2011 , Saah found himself playing in a defensive midfield role which coincided with two back-to-back away victories . In total , Saah made eighty appearances for Cambridge scoring eight times . Torquay United . In July 2011 , Saah signed for League Two club Torquay United reuniting again with Martin Ling , despite him having a year to run on his Cambridge contract . The club didnt want him to leave , but he didnt fit into the new wage structure that the club adopted as they had to slash the playing budget by twenty-five per cent . He was made club captain in his first season at the club as the Gulls missed out on promotion via the play-offs with defeat to Cheltenham Town . Saah again remained a first team regular with Torquay during his second season with the club making 46 appearances , but rejected the offer of a new contract and chose to leave the Gulls in the summer of 2013 . He stated that he wanted to find a club nearer his family home in London as his son was starting school . He left having played a total of 86 games , scoring twice . Dagenham & Redbridge . In July 2013 , he signed for his hometown club Dagenham & Redbridge in League Two on a two-year contract , after impressing in pre-season friendlies . In his first season with the club he forged a strong partnership with Scott Doe as the Daggers finished in the top half narrowly avoiding the play-offs . Featuring 48 times for the club , he was also named as runner-up in the Player of the Year awards . He also scored twice during their Football League Trophy run ; once against Colchester United and once against Southend United . He started the 2014–15 season as first choice centre-back continuing his partnership with Scott Doe , but lost his place in the team around Christmas due to the emergence of loan signing Ayo Obileye . In March 2015 , he was sent out on loan to Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan in order to help boost their promotion push . The loan deal was extended three weeks later until the end of the season . In May 2015 , Saah was released from the club after two seasons , having made 75 appearances and scoring twice . Woking . On 6 March 2015 , Saah joined Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan . On 24 March 2015 , Saah made his Woking debut in a 3–2 victory over Torquay United , in which he played the full 90 minutes . On 1 August 2015 , upon his release from Dagenham & Redbridge , Saah re-joined Woking on a permanent deal after his previous successful loan spell at the club . On 12 September 2015 , Saah scored his first Woking goal in a 4–4 draw with Guiseley , in which he scored just before the half time break . On 12 December 2015 , Saah netted in Wokings FA Trophy triumph over Boreham Wood , in which he got the equalizer before Giuseppe Sole got the winner in the remaining seconds of the fixture . On 23 June 2016 , Saah signed a new one-year deal at Woking , therefore keeping him at the club for the forthcoming season . On the opening day of the 2016–17 campaign , Saah played the full 90 minutes in Wokings 3–1 home defeat to Lincoln City . On 14 January 2017 , Saah scored his first goal of the 2016–17 campaign , in Wokings 2–1 away victory against Torquay United . Netting the Cards second in the 36th minute after teammate , Fabio Saraiva had given the Surrey-based side the lead inside the opening ten minutes . On 23 May 2017 , it was announced that Saah would leave Woking upon the expiry of his current deal in June 2017 . Following his release from Woking , Saah decided to retire from professional football in November 2017 . He re-joined Leyton Orient as academy coach in July 2019 . International career . In May 2010 , Saah was called up to an eighteen-man squad to play for England C for an International Challenge Trophy match against the Republic of Ireland in Waterford . However , he remained an unused substitute in a 2–1 England win . He made his debut for the team in September 2010 , playing in a 2–2 draw with the Wales Semi-Pro team , replacing Aden Flint as a substitute . External links . - Brian Saah profile at the Woking F.C . website

easy

Which team did the player Brian Saah belong to from 2013 to 2015?

/wiki/Brian_Saah#P54#3

Brian Saah Brian Ebo Saah ( born 16 December 1986 ) is an English is a former professional footballer , who is currently an academy coach for Football League Two side Leyton Orient . Club career . Leyton Orient . Saah was born in Hornchurch , London . He started his career in the youth system at Leyton Orient , making his debut at the age of sixteen in a 3–0 defeat to Huddersfield Town in September 2003 . He scored his first goal for the club in a Football League Trophy tie against future club Woking on 28 September 2004 . Despite starting as a central midfielder , Saah was converted to a central defender and won praise for his displays deputising for first team regulars John Mackie and Gabriel Zakuani during the 2005–06 promotion season to League One.<ref Orient promotion squad 2005/06 : Where are they now?></ref> At the end of the season he was rewarded with his first professional contract . He began to establish himself in the team and become a first team regular during the 2006–07 season , and was rewarded with a new two-year contract in March 2007 . There was also speculation that Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur had offered £2 million for the defender , after scouts had been sent to see him action . However , Orient manager Martin Ling rubbished the story saying the offer would have been accepted , but still claimed that Saah was the best defender outside the Championship . He scored his first league goal in a 3–1 loss at Bournemouth on 26 December 2007 . Saah featured quite frequently over the next two seasons but was released at the end of his contract in May 2009 , after making a total of 110 appearances scoring twice . Cambridge United . Following his release from Orient , he spent time in pre-season at Southend United and Tranmere Rovers on trial , featuring in friendlies against Dagenham & Redbridge and Shrewsbury Town . In August 2009 , Saah dropped into the non-league game , re-uniting with former Orient boss Martin Ling at Conference Premier team Cambridge United . He started in all of the Us first seventeen league games , scoring twice before a double hernia operation in November kept him out of action for six weeks . In May 2010 , he signed a new two-year contract extension after in impressive first season where he made 33 league appearances and came runner-up in the Internet Player of the Year awards . He was also made club captain , taking some off-field responsibilities away from team captain Paul Carden . In January 2011 , Saah found himself playing in a defensive midfield role which coincided with two back-to-back away victories . In total , Saah made eighty appearances for Cambridge scoring eight times . Torquay United . In July 2011 , Saah signed for League Two club Torquay United reuniting again with Martin Ling , despite him having a year to run on his Cambridge contract . The club didnt want him to leave , but he didnt fit into the new wage structure that the club adopted as they had to slash the playing budget by twenty-five per cent . He was made club captain in his first season at the club as the Gulls missed out on promotion via the play-offs with defeat to Cheltenham Town . Saah again remained a first team regular with Torquay during his second season with the club making 46 appearances , but rejected the offer of a new contract and chose to leave the Gulls in the summer of 2013 . He stated that he wanted to find a club nearer his family home in London as his son was starting school . He left having played a total of 86 games , scoring twice . Dagenham & Redbridge . In July 2013 , he signed for his hometown club Dagenham & Redbridge in League Two on a two-year contract , after impressing in pre-season friendlies . In his first season with the club he forged a strong partnership with Scott Doe as the Daggers finished in the top half narrowly avoiding the play-offs . Featuring 48 times for the club , he was also named as runner-up in the Player of the Year awards . He also scored twice during their Football League Trophy run ; once against Colchester United and once against Southend United . He started the 2014–15 season as first choice centre-back continuing his partnership with Scott Doe , but lost his place in the team around Christmas due to the emergence of loan signing Ayo Obileye . In March 2015 , he was sent out on loan to Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan in order to help boost their promotion push . The loan deal was extended three weeks later until the end of the season . In May 2015 , Saah was released from the club after two seasons , having made 75 appearances and scoring twice . Woking . On 6 March 2015 , Saah joined Conference Premier club Woking on a 28-day loan . On 24 March 2015 , Saah made his Woking debut in a 3–2 victory over Torquay United , in which he played the full 90 minutes . On 1 August 2015 , upon his release from Dagenham & Redbridge , Saah re-joined Woking on a permanent deal after his previous successful loan spell at the club . On 12 September 2015 , Saah scored his first Woking goal in a 4–4 draw with Guiseley , in which he scored just before the half time break . On 12 December 2015 , Saah netted in Wokings FA Trophy triumph over Boreham Wood , in which he got the equalizer before Giuseppe Sole got the winner in the remaining seconds of the fixture . On 23 June 2016 , Saah signed a new one-year deal at Woking , therefore keeping him at the club for the forthcoming season . On the opening day of the 2016–17 campaign , Saah played the full 90 minutes in Wokings 3–1 home defeat to Lincoln City . On 14 January 2017 , Saah scored his first goal of the 2016–17 campaign , in Wokings 2–1 away victory against Torquay United . Netting the Cards second in the 36th minute after teammate , Fabio Saraiva had given the Surrey-based side the lead inside the opening ten minutes . On 23 May 2017 , it was announced that Saah would leave Woking upon the expiry of his current deal in June 2017 . Following his release from Woking , Saah decided to retire from professional football in November 2017 . He re-joined Leyton Orient as academy coach in July 2019 . International career . In May 2010 , Saah was called up to an eighteen-man squad to play for England C for an International Challenge Trophy match against the Republic of Ireland in Waterford . However , he remained an unused substitute in a 2–1 England win . He made his debut for the team in September 2010 , playing in a 2–2 draw with the Wales Semi-Pro team , replacing Aden Flint as a substitute . External links . - Brian Saah profile at the Woking F.C . website

easy

Which child of Hemma was born in 830?

/wiki/Hemma#P40#0

Hemma Emma of Altdorf , also known as Hemma ( – 31 January 876 ) , a member of the Elder House of Welf , was Queen consort of East Francia by marriage to King Louis the German , from 843 until her death . Life . Her father was Welf I ( d . 825 ) , Count of Altorf in Alamannia ; her mother was Hedwig ( Heilwig ; c . 775 – after 833 ) , a daughter of the Saxon count Isambart . Emmas elder sister was Judith , who in February 819 married the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious , and thereby became Queen consort of the Franks and Holy Roman Empress . The marriage marked a crucial step forward in the rise of the Welf dynasty . In 827 , probably at the instigation of Judith , Hemma married Louis the German , the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious from his first marriage with Ermengarde of Hesbaye , and stepson of Hemmas sister Judith . The wedding ceremony possibly took place in Regensburg , where Louis the German resided as King of Bavaria subordinate to his father . In 833 , Hemma received Obermünster Abbey in Regensburg from her husband . Emperor Louis died in 840 . After severe innerdynastic struggles , the Carolingian Empire eventually was divided according to the Treaty of Verdun in 843 . The Kingdom of Bavaria was merged with Louis the Germans Kingdom of East Francia ( the predecessor of the Kingdom of Germany ) , and his wife Hemma became the first East Frankish queen . Hemma is rarely mentioned in contemporary sources ; she does not seem to have had much influence on her husbands rule . The Annales Bertiniani written by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims however reproach her for a pride which displeased the people of Italy . She is also said to have inordinately favoured her son Carloman , designated heir of his father in Bavaria , which led to a revolt by his brothers . Hemma suffered a stroke in 874 and subsequently became paralyzed and speechless ; King Louis visited her the last time in 875 . She died on 31 January 876 , a few months before her husband , and was buried in St . Emmerams Abbey , Regensburg . Her tomb , erected around 1300 , is considered a masterpiece of medieval sculpture . Family . By Louis , she had eight children : - Hildegard ( 827–856 ) - Carloman ( 828–880 ) - Ermengard ( c . 830-866 ) - Gisela , married to Berctolf , Count of Swabia . Grandmother of Cunigunde of Swabia , wife of Conrad I . - Emma - Louis the Younger ( 830–882 ) - Bertha ( died 877 ) - Charles the Fat ( 839–888 ) Her sons became Kings ; three of her daughters became nuns . External links . - http://www.france-pittoresque.com/reines-france/emma.htm

easy

Which child of Hemma was born in 832?

/wiki/Hemma#P40#1

Hemma Emma of Altdorf , also known as Hemma ( – 31 January 876 ) , a member of the Elder House of Welf , was Queen consort of East Francia by marriage to King Louis the German , from 843 until her death . Life . Her father was Welf I ( d . 825 ) , Count of Altorf in Alamannia ; her mother was Hedwig ( Heilwig ; c . 775 – after 833 ) , a daughter of the Saxon count Isambart . Emmas elder sister was Judith , who in February 819 married the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious , and thereby became Queen consort of the Franks and Holy Roman Empress . The marriage marked a crucial step forward in the rise of the Welf dynasty . In 827 , probably at the instigation of Judith , Hemma married Louis the German , the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious from his first marriage with Ermengarde of Hesbaye , and stepson of Hemmas sister Judith . The wedding ceremony possibly took place in Regensburg , where Louis the German resided as King of Bavaria subordinate to his father . In 833 , Hemma received Obermünster Abbey in Regensburg from her husband . Emperor Louis died in 840 . After severe innerdynastic struggles , the Carolingian Empire eventually was divided according to the Treaty of Verdun in 843 . The Kingdom of Bavaria was merged with Louis the Germans Kingdom of East Francia ( the predecessor of the Kingdom of Germany ) , and his wife Hemma became the first East Frankish queen . Hemma is rarely mentioned in contemporary sources ; she does not seem to have had much influence on her husbands rule . The Annales Bertiniani written by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims however reproach her for a pride which displeased the people of Italy . She is also said to have inordinately favoured her son Carloman , designated heir of his father in Bavaria , which led to a revolt by his brothers . Hemma suffered a stroke in 874 and subsequently became paralyzed and speechless ; King Louis visited her the last time in 875 . She died on 31 January 876 , a few months before her husband , and was buried in St . Emmerams Abbey , Regensburg . Her tomb , erected around 1300 , is considered a masterpiece of medieval sculpture . Family . By Louis , she had eight children : - Hildegard ( 827–856 ) - Carloman ( 828–880 ) - Ermengard ( c . 830-866 ) - Gisela , married to Berctolf , Count of Swabia . Grandmother of Cunigunde of Swabia , wife of Conrad I . - Emma - Louis the Younger ( 830–882 ) - Bertha ( died 877 ) - Charles the Fat ( 839–888 ) Her sons became Kings ; three of her daughters became nuns . External links . - http://www.france-pittoresque.com/reines-france/emma.htm

easy

Which child of Hemma was born in 839?

/wiki/Hemma#P40#2

Hemma Emma of Altdorf , also known as Hemma ( – 31 January 876 ) , a member of the Elder House of Welf , was Queen consort of East Francia by marriage to King Louis the German , from 843 until her death . Life . Her father was Welf I ( d . 825 ) , Count of Altorf in Alamannia ; her mother was Hedwig ( Heilwig ; c . 775 – after 833 ) , a daughter of the Saxon count Isambart . Emmas elder sister was Judith , who in February 819 married the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious , and thereby became Queen consort of the Franks and Holy Roman Empress . The marriage marked a crucial step forward in the rise of the Welf dynasty . In 827 , probably at the instigation of Judith , Hemma married Louis the German , the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious from his first marriage with Ermengarde of Hesbaye , and stepson of Hemmas sister Judith . The wedding ceremony possibly took place in Regensburg , where Louis the German resided as King of Bavaria subordinate to his father . In 833 , Hemma received Obermünster Abbey in Regensburg from her husband . Emperor Louis died in 840 . After severe innerdynastic struggles , the Carolingian Empire eventually was divided according to the Treaty of Verdun in 843 . The Kingdom of Bavaria was merged with Louis the Germans Kingdom of East Francia ( the predecessor of the Kingdom of Germany ) , and his wife Hemma became the first East Frankish queen . Hemma is rarely mentioned in contemporary sources ; she does not seem to have had much influence on her husbands rule . The Annales Bertiniani written by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims however reproach her for a pride which displeased the people of Italy . She is also said to have inordinately favoured her son Carloman , designated heir of his father in Bavaria , which led to a revolt by his brothers . Hemma suffered a stroke in 874 and subsequently became paralyzed and speechless ; King Louis visited her the last time in 875 . She died on 31 January 876 , a few months before her husband , and was buried in St . Emmerams Abbey , Regensburg . Her tomb , erected around 1300 , is considered a masterpiece of medieval sculpture . Family . By Louis , she had eight children : - Hildegard ( 827–856 ) - Carloman ( 828–880 ) - Ermengard ( c . 830-866 ) - Gisela , married to Berctolf , Count of Swabia . Grandmother of Cunigunde of Swabia , wife of Conrad I . - Emma - Louis the Younger ( 830–882 ) - Bertha ( died 877 ) - Charles the Fat ( 839–888 ) Her sons became Kings ; three of her daughters became nuns . External links . - http://www.france-pittoresque.com/reines-france/emma.htm

easy

Which child of Hemma was born in 828?

/wiki/Hemma#P40#3

Hemma Emma of Altdorf , also known as Hemma ( – 31 January 876 ) , a member of the Elder House of Welf , was Queen consort of East Francia by marriage to King Louis the German , from 843 until her death . Life . Her father was Welf I ( d . 825 ) , Count of Altorf in Alamannia ; her mother was Hedwig ( Heilwig ; c . 775 – after 833 ) , a daughter of the Saxon count Isambart . Emmas elder sister was Judith , who in February 819 married the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious , and thereby became Queen consort of the Franks and Holy Roman Empress . The marriage marked a crucial step forward in the rise of the Welf dynasty . In 827 , probably at the instigation of Judith , Hemma married Louis the German , the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious from his first marriage with Ermengarde of Hesbaye , and stepson of Hemmas sister Judith . The wedding ceremony possibly took place in Regensburg , where Louis the German resided as King of Bavaria subordinate to his father . In 833 , Hemma received Obermünster Abbey in Regensburg from her husband . Emperor Louis died in 840 . After severe innerdynastic struggles , the Carolingian Empire eventually was divided according to the Treaty of Verdun in 843 . The Kingdom of Bavaria was merged with Louis the Germans Kingdom of East Francia ( the predecessor of the Kingdom of Germany ) , and his wife Hemma became the first East Frankish queen . Hemma is rarely mentioned in contemporary sources ; she does not seem to have had much influence on her husbands rule . The Annales Bertiniani written by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims however reproach her for a pride which displeased the people of Italy . She is also said to have inordinately favoured her son Carloman , designated heir of his father in Bavaria , which led to a revolt by his brothers . Hemma suffered a stroke in 874 and subsequently became paralyzed and speechless ; King Louis visited her the last time in 875 . She died on 31 January 876 , a few months before her husband , and was buried in St . Emmerams Abbey , Regensburg . Her tomb , erected around 1300 , is considered a masterpiece of medieval sculpture . Family . By Louis , she had eight children : - Hildegard ( 827–856 ) - Carloman ( 828–880 ) - Ermengard ( c . 830-866 ) - Gisela , married to Berctolf , Count of Swabia . Grandmother of Cunigunde of Swabia , wife of Conrad I . - Emma - Louis the Younger ( 830–882 ) - Bertha ( died 877 ) - Charles the Fat ( 839–888 ) Her sons became Kings ; three of her daughters became nuns . External links . - http://www.france-pittoresque.com/reines-france/emma.htm

easy

Which child of Hemma was born in 837?

/wiki/Hemma#P40#4

Hemma Emma of Altdorf , also known as Hemma ( – 31 January 876 ) , a member of the Elder House of Welf , was Queen consort of East Francia by marriage to King Louis the German , from 843 until her death . Life . Her father was Welf I ( d . 825 ) , Count of Altorf in Alamannia ; her mother was Hedwig ( Heilwig ; c . 775 – after 833 ) , a daughter of the Saxon count Isambart . Emmas elder sister was Judith , who in February 819 married the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious , and thereby became Queen consort of the Franks and Holy Roman Empress . The marriage marked a crucial step forward in the rise of the Welf dynasty . In 827 , probably at the instigation of Judith , Hemma married Louis the German , the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious from his first marriage with Ermengarde of Hesbaye , and stepson of Hemmas sister Judith . The wedding ceremony possibly took place in Regensburg , where Louis the German resided as King of Bavaria subordinate to his father . In 833 , Hemma received Obermünster Abbey in Regensburg from her husband . Emperor Louis died in 840 . After severe innerdynastic struggles , the Carolingian Empire eventually was divided according to the Treaty of Verdun in 843 . The Kingdom of Bavaria was merged with Louis the Germans Kingdom of East Francia ( the predecessor of the Kingdom of Germany ) , and his wife Hemma became the first East Frankish queen . Hemma is rarely mentioned in contemporary sources ; she does not seem to have had much influence on her husbands rule . The Annales Bertiniani written by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims however reproach her for a pride which displeased the people of Italy . She is also said to have inordinately favoured her son Carloman , designated heir of his father in Bavaria , which led to a revolt by his brothers . Hemma suffered a stroke in 874 and subsequently became paralyzed and speechless ; King Louis visited her the last time in 875 . She died on 31 January 876 , a few months before her husband , and was buried in St . Emmerams Abbey , Regensburg . Her tomb , erected around 1300 , is considered a masterpiece of medieval sculpture . Family . By Louis , she had eight children : - Hildegard ( 827–856 ) - Carloman ( 828–880 ) - Ermengard ( c . 830-866 ) - Gisela , married to Berctolf , Count of Swabia . Grandmother of Cunigunde of Swabia , wife of Conrad I . - Emma - Louis the Younger ( 830–882 ) - Bertha ( died 877 ) - Charles the Fat ( 839–888 ) Her sons became Kings ; three of her daughters became nuns . External links . - http://www.france-pittoresque.com/reines-france/emma.htm

easy

Which child of Hemma was born in 833?

/wiki/Hemma#P40#5

Hemma Emma of Altdorf , also known as Hemma ( – 31 January 876 ) , a member of the Elder House of Welf , was Queen consort of East Francia by marriage to King Louis the German , from 843 until her death . Life . Her father was Welf I ( d . 825 ) , Count of Altorf in Alamannia ; her mother was Hedwig ( Heilwig ; c . 775 – after 833 ) , a daughter of the Saxon count Isambart . Emmas elder sister was Judith , who in February 819 married the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious , and thereby became Queen consort of the Franks and Holy Roman Empress . The marriage marked a crucial step forward in the rise of the Welf dynasty . In 827 , probably at the instigation of Judith , Hemma married Louis the German , the youngest son of Emperor Louis the Pious from his first marriage with Ermengarde of Hesbaye , and stepson of Hemmas sister Judith . The wedding ceremony possibly took place in Regensburg , where Louis the German resided as King of Bavaria subordinate to his father . In 833 , Hemma received Obermünster Abbey in Regensburg from her husband . Emperor Louis died in 840 . After severe innerdynastic struggles , the Carolingian Empire eventually was divided according to the Treaty of Verdun in 843 . The Kingdom of Bavaria was merged with Louis the Germans Kingdom of East Francia ( the predecessor of the Kingdom of Germany ) , and his wife Hemma became the first East Frankish queen . Hemma is rarely mentioned in contemporary sources ; she does not seem to have had much influence on her husbands rule . The Annales Bertiniani written by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims however reproach her for a pride which displeased the people of Italy . She is also said to have inordinately favoured her son Carloman , designated heir of his father in Bavaria , which led to a revolt by his brothers . Hemma suffered a stroke in 874 and subsequently became paralyzed and speechless ; King Louis visited her the last time in 875 . She died on 31 January 876 , a few months before her husband , and was buried in St . Emmerams Abbey , Regensburg . Her tomb , erected around 1300 , is considered a masterpiece of medieval sculpture . Family . By Louis , she had eight children : - Hildegard ( 827–856 ) - Carloman ( 828–880 ) - Ermengard ( c . 830-866 ) - Gisela , married to Berctolf , Count of Swabia . Grandmother of Cunigunde of Swabia , wife of Conrad I . - Emma - Louis the Younger ( 830–882 ) - Bertha ( died 877 ) - Charles the Fat ( 839–888 ) Her sons became Kings ; three of her daughters became nuns . External links . - http://www.france-pittoresque.com/reines-france/emma.htm

easy

Which team did the player Geert Arend Roorda belong to from 2007 to 2010?

/wiki/Geert_Arend_Roorda#P54#0

Geert Arend Roorda Geert Arend Roorda ( , born 2 March 1988 ) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Early career . Roorda started out by playing for amateur club vv Noordbergum but since he was eight years old he could be found around the Abe Lenstra Stadion . When he was a second year D he played with the C team and a second years C he played with the B team . He was always a year ahead of the curve . sc Heerenveen . At age 19 he finished high school at the havo level ( which combined school and football with an adapted timetable ) and focuses now fully on his professional career and sc Heerenveen . Roorda is since season 2007/2008 part of the first selection after he impressed in the pre-season , in which he scored a wonderful free kick versus Sivasspor . Gertjan Verbeek used him as a substitute five times in season 2007/08 so far . On 19 September 2007 he was named by the coach to be one of the starting eleven in the UEFA cup game versus Helsingborgs IF . Verbeek said Roorda compelled admiration for his appearance in the competition versus Excelsior on 15 September . He commented : Geert is a good player , age doesnt matter whether youre 18 or 21 . It meant his debut as a starter for Heerenveen . After missing a year due to injuries , he made his return to Eredivisie football on 12 April 2009 . NEC . After losing prospect on play time , he left to NEC in the summer of 2012 . Unfortunately , his staying at his new club turned out to be a disappointment . After only playing 14 matches in one and a half season , partly caused by injuries , he left as a free agent in January 2014 . Sparta Rotterdam . He signed with Sparta in January 2014 , but could not impress and was released half a season later , having played just seven matches for the Rotterdam side . Dordrecht . On 31 July 2015 , it was announced that Roorda had signed a one-year deal with Eerste Divisie side FC Dordrecht . Richmond SC . In December 2015 , it was announced that Roorda would be moving to Victoria , Australia to join Richmond SC in the National Premier Leagues Victoria . Retirement . In November 2016 , Roorda joined Hoofdklasse club Flevo Boys , close to his residence in Lemmer . In April 2017 , Roorda announced his retirement from football , instead choosing to focus on a career as a youth coach . International career . He played for the national youth teams Oranje −17 and Oranje −19 . Due to many injuries ( hamstring , ankle , hip and both knees ) , of which the heaviest was a knee injury that kept him off the pitch for almost ten months ( hence missing out one year of international youth football ) . Under 17 and under 19 . In October 2004 he got his first invitation for Oranje −17 . Thereafter he played two games , versus Armenia and Turkey . He scored in the European Cup qualification game against Turkey . Due to a hip injury he had to mis out on the European Championships in Italy . In September 2005 he flew with his team to Peru for the World Cup . The Oranje −17 squad lost to Mexico ( 0–4 ) in the semi-finals , but the équipe of coach Ruud Kaiser had its revenge in the third place play-off against Turkey ( 2–1 ) . Roorda played just 75 minutes in all the tournament in very many positions . He was used as a defender , midfielder and striker . Kaiser described his pupil as follows : He is a right wing midfielder and he can also be used as an attacking midfielder . Hes a skilled player with a good pass and he can create chances . Hes got insight , power and can also be used as a target man Under-21 . He was called up by Netherlands coach Foppe de Haan as one of the three new faces ( together with Lorenzo Davids and Dirk Marcellis to take on Estonia on 12 October 2007 . In Tallinn he made debut in the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . De Haan commented : He does very well at the moment , he has a strong physique and a certain drive . I think this debut will get him even further , besides , he gives the team a lift With his debut he tread in the steps of other ( former ) Frisian footballers such as Ronnie Pander and Max Houttuin . Honours . - KNVB Cup : 1 External links . - Voetbal International profile

easy

Which team did the player Geert Arend Roorda belong to from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Geert_Arend_Roorda#P54#1

Geert Arend Roorda Geert Arend Roorda ( , born 2 March 1988 ) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Early career . Roorda started out by playing for amateur club vv Noordbergum but since he was eight years old he could be found around the Abe Lenstra Stadion . When he was a second year D he played with the C team and a second years C he played with the B team . He was always a year ahead of the curve . sc Heerenveen . At age 19 he finished high school at the havo level ( which combined school and football with an adapted timetable ) and focuses now fully on his professional career and sc Heerenveen . Roorda is since season 2007/2008 part of the first selection after he impressed in the pre-season , in which he scored a wonderful free kick versus Sivasspor . Gertjan Verbeek used him as a substitute five times in season 2007/08 so far . On 19 September 2007 he was named by the coach to be one of the starting eleven in the UEFA cup game versus Helsingborgs IF . Verbeek said Roorda compelled admiration for his appearance in the competition versus Excelsior on 15 September . He commented : Geert is a good player , age doesnt matter whether youre 18 or 21 . It meant his debut as a starter for Heerenveen . After missing a year due to injuries , he made his return to Eredivisie football on 12 April 2009 . NEC . After losing prospect on play time , he left to NEC in the summer of 2012 . Unfortunately , his staying at his new club turned out to be a disappointment . After only playing 14 matches in one and a half season , partly caused by injuries , he left as a free agent in January 2014 . Sparta Rotterdam . He signed with Sparta in January 2014 , but could not impress and was released half a season later , having played just seven matches for the Rotterdam side . Dordrecht . On 31 July 2015 , it was announced that Roorda had signed a one-year deal with Eerste Divisie side FC Dordrecht . Richmond SC . In December 2015 , it was announced that Roorda would be moving to Victoria , Australia to join Richmond SC in the National Premier Leagues Victoria . Retirement . In November 2016 , Roorda joined Hoofdklasse club Flevo Boys , close to his residence in Lemmer . In April 2017 , Roorda announced his retirement from football , instead choosing to focus on a career as a youth coach . International career . He played for the national youth teams Oranje −17 and Oranje −19 . Due to many injuries ( hamstring , ankle , hip and both knees ) , of which the heaviest was a knee injury that kept him off the pitch for almost ten months ( hence missing out one year of international youth football ) . Under 17 and under 19 . In October 2004 he got his first invitation for Oranje −17 . Thereafter he played two games , versus Armenia and Turkey . He scored in the European Cup qualification game against Turkey . Due to a hip injury he had to mis out on the European Championships in Italy . In September 2005 he flew with his team to Peru for the World Cup . The Oranje −17 squad lost to Mexico ( 0–4 ) in the semi-finals , but the équipe of coach Ruud Kaiser had its revenge in the third place play-off against Turkey ( 2–1 ) . Roorda played just 75 minutes in all the tournament in very many positions . He was used as a defender , midfielder and striker . Kaiser described his pupil as follows : He is a right wing midfielder and he can also be used as an attacking midfielder . Hes a skilled player with a good pass and he can create chances . Hes got insight , power and can also be used as a target man Under-21 . He was called up by Netherlands coach Foppe de Haan as one of the three new faces ( together with Lorenzo Davids and Dirk Marcellis to take on Estonia on 12 October 2007 . In Tallinn he made debut in the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . De Haan commented : He does very well at the moment , he has a strong physique and a certain drive . I think this debut will get him even further , besides , he gives the team a lift With his debut he tread in the steps of other ( former ) Frisian footballers such as Ronnie Pander and Max Houttuin . Honours . - KNVB Cup : 1 External links . - Voetbal International profile

easy

Which team did Geert Arend Roorda play for from 2012 to 2014?

/wiki/Geert_Arend_Roorda#P54#2

Geert Arend Roorda Geert Arend Roorda ( , born 2 March 1988 ) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Early career . Roorda started out by playing for amateur club vv Noordbergum but since he was eight years old he could be found around the Abe Lenstra Stadion . When he was a second year D he played with the C team and a second years C he played with the B team . He was always a year ahead of the curve . sc Heerenveen . At age 19 he finished high school at the havo level ( which combined school and football with an adapted timetable ) and focuses now fully on his professional career and sc Heerenveen . Roorda is since season 2007/2008 part of the first selection after he impressed in the pre-season , in which he scored a wonderful free kick versus Sivasspor . Gertjan Verbeek used him as a substitute five times in season 2007/08 so far . On 19 September 2007 he was named by the coach to be one of the starting eleven in the UEFA cup game versus Helsingborgs IF . Verbeek said Roorda compelled admiration for his appearance in the competition versus Excelsior on 15 September . He commented : Geert is a good player , age doesnt matter whether youre 18 or 21 . It meant his debut as a starter for Heerenveen . After missing a year due to injuries , he made his return to Eredivisie football on 12 April 2009 . NEC . After losing prospect on play time , he left to NEC in the summer of 2012 . Unfortunately , his staying at his new club turned out to be a disappointment . After only playing 14 matches in one and a half season , partly caused by injuries , he left as a free agent in January 2014 . Sparta Rotterdam . He signed with Sparta in January 2014 , but could not impress and was released half a season later , having played just seven matches for the Rotterdam side . Dordrecht . On 31 July 2015 , it was announced that Roorda had signed a one-year deal with Eerste Divisie side FC Dordrecht . Richmond SC . In December 2015 , it was announced that Roorda would be moving to Victoria , Australia to join Richmond SC in the National Premier Leagues Victoria . Retirement . In November 2016 , Roorda joined Hoofdklasse club Flevo Boys , close to his residence in Lemmer . In April 2017 , Roorda announced his retirement from football , instead choosing to focus on a career as a youth coach . International career . He played for the national youth teams Oranje −17 and Oranje −19 . Due to many injuries ( hamstring , ankle , hip and both knees ) , of which the heaviest was a knee injury that kept him off the pitch for almost ten months ( hence missing out one year of international youth football ) . Under 17 and under 19 . In October 2004 he got his first invitation for Oranje −17 . Thereafter he played two games , versus Armenia and Turkey . He scored in the European Cup qualification game against Turkey . Due to a hip injury he had to mis out on the European Championships in Italy . In September 2005 he flew with his team to Peru for the World Cup . The Oranje −17 squad lost to Mexico ( 0–4 ) in the semi-finals , but the équipe of coach Ruud Kaiser had its revenge in the third place play-off against Turkey ( 2–1 ) . Roorda played just 75 minutes in all the tournament in very many positions . He was used as a defender , midfielder and striker . Kaiser described his pupil as follows : He is a right wing midfielder and he can also be used as an attacking midfielder . Hes a skilled player with a good pass and he can create chances . Hes got insight , power and can also be used as a target man Under-21 . He was called up by Netherlands coach Foppe de Haan as one of the three new faces ( together with Lorenzo Davids and Dirk Marcellis to take on Estonia on 12 October 2007 . In Tallinn he made debut in the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . De Haan commented : He does very well at the moment , he has a strong physique and a certain drive . I think this debut will get him even further , besides , he gives the team a lift With his debut he tread in the steps of other ( former ) Frisian footballers such as Ronnie Pander and Max Houttuin . Honours . - KNVB Cup : 1 External links . - Voetbal International profile

easy

Which team did the player Geert Arend Roorda belong to from 2016 to 2017?

/wiki/Geert_Arend_Roorda#P54#3

Geert Arend Roorda Geert Arend Roorda ( , born 2 March 1988 ) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . Career . Early career . Roorda started out by playing for amateur club vv Noordbergum but since he was eight years old he could be found around the Abe Lenstra Stadion . When he was a second year D he played with the C team and a second years C he played with the B team . He was always a year ahead of the curve . sc Heerenveen . At age 19 he finished high school at the havo level ( which combined school and football with an adapted timetable ) and focuses now fully on his professional career and sc Heerenveen . Roorda is since season 2007/2008 part of the first selection after he impressed in the pre-season , in which he scored a wonderful free kick versus Sivasspor . Gertjan Verbeek used him as a substitute five times in season 2007/08 so far . On 19 September 2007 he was named by the coach to be one of the starting eleven in the UEFA cup game versus Helsingborgs IF . Verbeek said Roorda compelled admiration for his appearance in the competition versus Excelsior on 15 September . He commented : Geert is a good player , age doesnt matter whether youre 18 or 21 . It meant his debut as a starter for Heerenveen . After missing a year due to injuries , he made his return to Eredivisie football on 12 April 2009 . NEC . After losing prospect on play time , he left to NEC in the summer of 2012 . Unfortunately , his staying at his new club turned out to be a disappointment . After only playing 14 matches in one and a half season , partly caused by injuries , he left as a free agent in January 2014 . Sparta Rotterdam . He signed with Sparta in January 2014 , but could not impress and was released half a season later , having played just seven matches for the Rotterdam side . Dordrecht . On 31 July 2015 , it was announced that Roorda had signed a one-year deal with Eerste Divisie side FC Dordrecht . Richmond SC . In December 2015 , it was announced that Roorda would be moving to Victoria , Australia to join Richmond SC in the National Premier Leagues Victoria . Retirement . In November 2016 , Roorda joined Hoofdklasse club Flevo Boys , close to his residence in Lemmer . In April 2017 , Roorda announced his retirement from football , instead choosing to focus on a career as a youth coach . International career . He played for the national youth teams Oranje −17 and Oranje −19 . Due to many injuries ( hamstring , ankle , hip and both knees ) , of which the heaviest was a knee injury that kept him off the pitch for almost ten months ( hence missing out one year of international youth football ) . Under 17 and under 19 . In October 2004 he got his first invitation for Oranje −17 . Thereafter he played two games , versus Armenia and Turkey . He scored in the European Cup qualification game against Turkey . Due to a hip injury he had to mis out on the European Championships in Italy . In September 2005 he flew with his team to Peru for the World Cup . The Oranje −17 squad lost to Mexico ( 0–4 ) in the semi-finals , but the équipe of coach Ruud Kaiser had its revenge in the third place play-off against Turkey ( 2–1 ) . Roorda played just 75 minutes in all the tournament in very many positions . He was used as a defender , midfielder and striker . Kaiser described his pupil as follows : He is a right wing midfielder and he can also be used as an attacking midfielder . Hes a skilled player with a good pass and he can create chances . Hes got insight , power and can also be used as a target man Under-21 . He was called up by Netherlands coach Foppe de Haan as one of the three new faces ( together with Lorenzo Davids and Dirk Marcellis to take on Estonia on 12 October 2007 . In Tallinn he made debut in the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier . De Haan commented : He does very well at the moment , he has a strong physique and a certain drive . I think this debut will get him even further , besides , he gives the team a lift With his debut he tread in the steps of other ( former ) Frisian footballers such as Ronnie Pander and Max Houttuin . Honours . - KNVB Cup : 1 External links . - Voetbal International profile

easy

What position did Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury take from Apr 1992 to Apr 1997?

/wiki/Chris_Smith,_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury#P39#0

Chris Smith , Baron Smith of Finsbury Christopher Robert Smith , Baron Smith of Finsbury , PC ( born 24 July 1951 ) is a British politician and a peer ; a former Member of Parliament ( MP ) and Cabinet Minister ; and former chairman of the Environment Agency . For the majority of his career he was a Labour Party member . He was the first openly gay male British MP , coming out in 1984 , and in 2005 , the first MP to acknowledge that he is HIV positive . Early life . Chris Smith was born in Barnet , London , and educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh and Pembroke College , Cambridge . At Cambridge he gained a first class honours degree in English , and a PhD with a thesis on Coleridge and Wordsworth . He attended Harvard University as a Kennedy Scholar , and was president of the Cambridge Union Society . Member of Parliament . He worked for a housing charity and became a councillor in the London Borough of Islington . He came third at Epsom and Ewell in the 1979 general election before narrowly winning the seat of Islington South and Finsbury at the 1983 general election , defeating George Cunningham , who had ultimately defected to the Social Democrats from Labour . Cunningham stood again at the 1987 general election when Smith retained the seat . In 1984 , he became Britains first gay MP to choose to come out . There had been several gay MPs before this whose homosexuality had been common knowledge in some circles , including their constituents in some cases , but they had not been completely open about it . ( In 1975 Maureen Colquhoun had been effectively outed by press revelations. ) During a rally in Rugby , Warwickshire , against a possible ban on gay employees by the town council , Smith began his speech : Good afternoon , Im Chris Smith , Im the Labour MP for Islington South and Finsbury and Im gay . This was unscripted , and the decision to include it in his speech was made at the last minute . He immediately received a standing ovation from most of the audience . He became an opposition whip in 1986 , a shadow Treasury minister from 1987 to 1992 , and shadowed the environment , heritage , pensions and health portfolios between 1992 and 1997 . Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport . In 1997 , he was appointed to Tony Blairs Cabinet as the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport . As a Minister known to have a close connection with the arts scene in Britain , his time at DCMS is generally regarded as a success , for many projects funded through the National Lottery came to fruition . There were controversies , such as his approval during his first week as minister of the appointment of Mary Allen to the Royal Opera House . In this case , a Select Committee report later found that he had exceeded his authority and had improperly failed to seek advice from his Permanent Secretary . In 2000 , he managed to secure a tax rebate that enabled many museums to give free admission . He held this position throughout the Labour governments first term , but was sacked and returned to the back benches after the 2001 election , being replaced by Tessa Jowell . Appointment to the House of Lords . After over 20 years in Parliament , Smith stepped down from the House of Commons at the 2005 general election . It was announced on 30 April 2005 that he was to be created a life peer , and the title was gazetted on 22 June 2005 as Baron Smith of Finsbury , of Finsbury in the London Borough of Islington . Retirement from politics . Smith was appointed Chair of the London Cultural Consortium ( successor body to the Cultural Strategy Group ) by Ken Livingstone , the then Mayor of London , and served from 2005 to 2008 . He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship in 2010 from the University of Cumbria . In November 2006 , he was appointed as Chairman of the Advertising Standards Authority . He was one of the founding directors of the Clore Leadership Programme , an initiative aimed at helping to train and develop new leaders of Britains cultural sector . He is also currently Chairman of the Wordsworth Trust . Smith is a keen mountaineer , and was the first MP to climb all the 3,000 ft Munros in Scotland ; in April 2004 , he was elected President of the Ramblers Association . He is a patron of London-based HIV charity The Food Chain , and also Patron of HIV support charity The National Long-Term Survivors Group ( NLTSG ) . Smith was announced as the new Chairman of the Environment Agency on 8 May 2008 , and took up the new role in mid-July . In an interview with The Independent in August that year he said Britain faced hard choices over which coasts to defend and which to leave to the sea , because it would not be possible to save all coastal homes from sea erosion . Lord Smith was re-appointed as Chair of the Environment Agency for a further three years by Environment Secretary Caroline Spelman in 2011 . On re-appointment he received £100,813 pro rata for 2011–12 , based on working three days a week . Lord Smith continued in this role until 13 July 2014 . Smith became a vice-president of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality in February 2009 . In December 2014 , it was announced that Lord Smith would become the next Master of Pembroke College , Cambridge in 2015 , succeeding Sir Richard Dearlove . He accepted an invitation to become the Chairman of Trustees of the Cambridge Union Society in 2015 . He is currently listed as the Chairman of the Task Force on Shale Gas . Personal life . In 2006 , Smith entered a civil partnership with Dorian Jabri , his partner since 1989 . The couple separated in 2012 . Smith was a director of the Finsbury-based world jazz ensemble Grand Union Orchestra for a period in the mid 1990s . HIV status . In 2003 , Smith was contacted by a reporter from The Sunday Times asking for a comment on his health but declined , citing the Press Complaints Code . However , two years later , in 2005 , he contacted the papers editor and revealed in a story , titled Why This is the Time to Break my HIV Silence , he had been diagnosed as HIV-positive as long ago as 1987 . He stated he had decided to go public following Nelson Mandelas announcement of his sons death from AIDS . External links . - Parliamentary Biography of Lord Smith of Finsbury

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Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury took which position from May 1997 to May 2001?

/wiki/Chris_Smith,_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury#P39#1

Chris Smith , Baron Smith of Finsbury Christopher Robert Smith , Baron Smith of Finsbury , PC ( born 24 July 1951 ) is a British politician and a peer ; a former Member of Parliament ( MP ) and Cabinet Minister ; and former chairman of the Environment Agency . For the majority of his career he was a Labour Party member . He was the first openly gay male British MP , coming out in 1984 , and in 2005 , the first MP to acknowledge that he is HIV positive . Early life . Chris Smith was born in Barnet , London , and educated at George Watsons College in Edinburgh and Pembroke College , Cambridge . At Cambridge he gained a first class honours degree in English , and a PhD with a thesis on Coleridge and Wordsworth . He attended Harvard University as a Kennedy Scholar , and was president of the Cambridge Union Society . Member of Parliament . He worked for a housing charity and became a councillor in the London Borough of Islington . He came third at Epsom and Ewell in the 1979 general election before narrowly winning the seat of Islington South and Finsbury at the 1983 general election , defeating George Cunningham , who had ultimately defected to the Social Democrats from Labour . Cunningham stood again at the 1987 general election when Smith retained the seat . In 1984 , he became Britains first gay MP to choose to come out . There had been several gay MPs before this whose homosexuality had been common knowledge in some circles , including their constituents in some cases , but they had not been completely open about it . ( In 1975 Maureen Colquhoun had been effectively outed by press revelations. ) During a rally in Rugby , Warwickshire , against a possible ban on gay employees by the town council , Smith began his speech : Good afternoon , Im Chris Smith , Im the Labour MP for Islington South and Finsbury and Im gay . This was unscripted , and the decision to include it in his speech was made at the last minute . He immediately received a standing ovation from most of the audience . He became an opposition whip in 1986 , a shadow Treasury minister from 1987 to 1992 , and shadowed the environment , heritage , pensions and health portfolios between 1992 and 1997 . Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport . In 1997 , he was appointed to Tony Blairs Cabinet as the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport . As a Minister known to have a close connection with the arts scene in Britain , his time at DCMS is generally regarded as a success , for many projects funded through the National Lottery came to fruition . There were controversies , such as his approval during his first week as minister of the appointment of Mary Allen to the Royal Opera House . In this case , a Select Committee report later found that he had exceeded his authority and had improperly failed to seek advice from his Permanent Secretary . In 2000 , he managed to secure a tax rebate that enabled many museums to give free admission . He held this position throughout the Labour governments first term , but was sacked and returned to the back benches after the 2001 election , being replaced by Tessa Jowell . Appointment to the House of Lords . After over 20 years in Parliament , Smith stepped down from the House of Commons at the 2005 general election . It was announced on 30 April 2005 that he was to be created a life peer , and the title was gazetted on 22 June 2005 as Baron Smith of Finsbury , of Finsbury in the London Borough of Islington . Retirement from politics . Smith was appointed Chair of the London Cultural Consortium ( successor body to the Cultural Strategy Group ) by Ken Livingstone , the then Mayor of London , and served from 2005 to 2008 . He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship in 2010 from the University of Cumbria . In November 2006 , he was appointed as Chairman of the Advertising Standards Authority . He was one of the founding directors of the Clore Leadership Programme , an initiative aimed at helping to train and develop new leaders of Britains cultural sector . He is also currently Chairman of the Wordsworth Trust . Smith is a keen mountaineer , and was the first MP to climb all the 3,000 ft Munros in Scotland ; in April 2004 , he was elected President of the Ramblers Association . He is a patron of London-based HIV charity The Food Chain , and also Patron of HIV support charity The National Long-Term Survivors Group ( NLTSG ) . Smith was announced as the new Chairman of the Environment Agency on 8 May 2008 , and took up the new role in mid-July . In an interview with The Independent in August that year he said Britain faced hard choices over which coasts to defend and which to leave to the sea , because it would not be possible to save all coastal homes from sea erosion . Lord Smith was re-appointed as Chair of the Environment Agency for a further three years by Environment Secretary Caroline Spelman in 2011 . On re-appointment he received £100,813 pro rata for 2011–12 , based on working three days a week . Lord Smith continued in this role until 13 July 2014 . Smith became a vice-president of the Campaign for Homosexual Equality in February 2009 . In December 2014 , it was announced that Lord Smith would become the next Master of Pembroke College , Cambridge in 2015 , succeeding Sir Richard Dearlove . He accepted an invitation to become the Chairman of Trustees of the Cambridge Union Society in 2015 . He is currently listed as the Chairman of the Task Force on Shale Gas . Personal life . In 2006 , Smith entered a civil partnership with Dorian Jabri , his partner since 1989 . The couple separated in 2012 . Smith was a director of the Finsbury-based world jazz ensemble Grand Union Orchestra for a period in the mid 1990s . HIV status . In 2003 , Smith was contacted by a reporter from The Sunday Times asking for a comment on his health but declined , citing the Press Complaints Code . However , two years later , in 2005 , he contacted the papers editor and revealed in a story , titled Why This is the Time to Break my HIV Silence , he had been diagnosed as HIV-positive as long ago as 1987 . He stated he had decided to go public following Nelson Mandelas announcement of his sons death from AIDS . External links . - Parliamentary Biography of Lord Smith of Finsbury

easy

Which position did Sarah Boyack hold in May 1999?

/wiki/Sarah_Boyack#P39#0

Sarah Boyack Sarah Herriot Boyack ( born 16 May 1961 ) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who has served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region since 2019 , and previously from 2011 to 2016 . She formerly represented the Edinburgh Central constituency from 1999 to 2011 . Early life and career . Boyack was born in May 1961 in Glasgow and brought up in Edinburgh . Her father , Jim Boyack , was an important figure in the Labour Party and the campaign for Scottish devolution . She was educated at the state comprehensive Royal High School , Edinburgh , where she was one of the first female pupils . Starting in 1979 , Boyack studied Modern History and Politics at the University of Glasgow , graduating with a Scottish MA Honours degree . She became active in the Labour club , where she was a protégé of Margaret Curran . She was chair of the Labour club from 1981 until 1982 , and chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1985 until 1986 . During her time at Glasgow , she was involved in supporting the twinning with Bir Zeit University in the West Bank . After graduating , she gained a Diploma in Town and Country Planning at Heriot-Watt University . Boyack worked as a town planner in the London Borough of Brent then as a strategic planner in Central Regional Council in Stirling . She then became a lecturer at the School of Planning and Housing at Heriot-Watt University and was Convener of the Scottish Branch of the Royal Town Planning Institute in 1997 . Political career . Member of the Scottish Parliament : 1999–2016 . Boyack was elected to the new Scottish Parliament in the 1999 election for the Edinburgh Central constituency . She was Minister for Transport and the Environment in the Scottish Executive from 1999 until 2000 . Then , she was Minister for Transport and Planning from 2000 until 2001 , during which time she introduced one of Scottish Labours flagship policies of free bus travel for people over 60 and disabled people . Re-elected for her constituency in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election , Boyack was elected by MSPs as Convener of the Scottish Parliament Environment and Rural Development Committee in June 2003 . In this role , she received the RSPB Goldcrest Award in November 2004 for the most outstanding contribution to the development of environmental policy in Scotland since devolution . Later , in December 2005 , she was named the Scottish Renewables Best Politician . She stood down from the committee in January 2007 , when she returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for the Environment and Rural Development . Boyack lost her Edinburgh Central constituency seat in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election to Marco Biagi of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) . However , she was elected on the Lothian regional list as one of seven additional members . Following a landslide victory by the SNP in the election , Boyack co-chaired a review of the Labour Party in Scotland with Jim Murphy , commissioned by Ed Miliband in May 2011 and which reported back in Autumn of that year . On 28 October 2014 , Boyack declared she would stand in the upcoming election to become the Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . She came third to Jim Murphy and Neil Findlay with 9.24% of the vote . Outside the Scottish Parliament : 2016–2019 . Boyack again contested the Edinburgh Central seat in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , but was defeated by Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson , who stood for the same constituency . Boyack was also placed third on the Lothian regional list of Labour candidates behind Kezia Dugdale and Neil Findlay , but did not return to Holyrood following the election since Labour won only two list seats . In February 2017 , Boyack was appointed as Head of Public Affairs at the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations , the membership body for social housing providers in Scotland . Return following Kezia Dugdales resignation : 2019–present . On 30 April 2019 , it was announced Boyack would return to the Scottish Parliament as a list MSP , following Kezia Dugdales decision to vacate her seat in the summer . As an unsuccessful Labour candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 , Boyack was the next person on the list if a seat was vacated . In September 2019 , Scottish Labour leader Richard Leonard appointed her as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Local Government . Boyack nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election . Personal life . Boyack married former long-term partner Andrew Walters in December 2000 . They had planned to marry in the October but postponed the wedding due to the death of Donald Dewar . The couple divorced in 2003 and they had no children together . External links . - sarahboyack.com Constituency website - 19 March 2011 Speech on environment and rural affairs at the Scottish Labour website - Sarah Boyack Biography at the Scottish Labour website - theyworkforyou.com - Voting Record — Sarah Boyack MSP , Edinburgh Central - Scottish Federation of Housing Associations Staff page of Scottish Federation of Housing Associations

easy

What position did Sarah Boyack take from May 1999 to 2001?

/wiki/Sarah_Boyack#P39#1

Sarah Boyack Sarah Herriot Boyack ( born 16 May 1961 ) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who has served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region since 2019 , and previously from 2011 to 2016 . She formerly represented the Edinburgh Central constituency from 1999 to 2011 . Early life and career . Boyack was born in May 1961 in Glasgow and brought up in Edinburgh . Her father , Jim Boyack , was an important figure in the Labour Party and the campaign for Scottish devolution . She was educated at the state comprehensive Royal High School , Edinburgh , where she was one of the first female pupils . Starting in 1979 , Boyack studied Modern History and Politics at the University of Glasgow , graduating with a Scottish MA Honours degree . She became active in the Labour club , where she was a protégé of Margaret Curran . She was chair of the Labour club from 1981 until 1982 , and chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1985 until 1986 . During her time at Glasgow , she was involved in supporting the twinning with Bir Zeit University in the West Bank . After graduating , she gained a Diploma in Town and Country Planning at Heriot-Watt University . Boyack worked as a town planner in the London Borough of Brent then as a strategic planner in Central Regional Council in Stirling . She then became a lecturer at the School of Planning and Housing at Heriot-Watt University and was Convener of the Scottish Branch of the Royal Town Planning Institute in 1997 . Political career . Member of the Scottish Parliament : 1999–2016 . Boyack was elected to the new Scottish Parliament in the 1999 election for the Edinburgh Central constituency . She was Minister for Transport and the Environment in the Scottish Executive from 1999 until 2000 . Then , she was Minister for Transport and Planning from 2000 until 2001 , during which time she introduced one of Scottish Labours flagship policies of free bus travel for people over 60 and disabled people . Re-elected for her constituency in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election , Boyack was elected by MSPs as Convener of the Scottish Parliament Environment and Rural Development Committee in June 2003 . In this role , she received the RSPB Goldcrest Award in November 2004 for the most outstanding contribution to the development of environmental policy in Scotland since devolution . Later , in December 2005 , she was named the Scottish Renewables Best Politician . She stood down from the committee in January 2007 , when she returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for the Environment and Rural Development . Boyack lost her Edinburgh Central constituency seat in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election to Marco Biagi of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) . However , she was elected on the Lothian regional list as one of seven additional members . Following a landslide victory by the SNP in the election , Boyack co-chaired a review of the Labour Party in Scotland with Jim Murphy , commissioned by Ed Miliband in May 2011 and which reported back in Autumn of that year . On 28 October 2014 , Boyack declared she would stand in the upcoming election to become the Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . She came third to Jim Murphy and Neil Findlay with 9.24% of the vote . Outside the Scottish Parliament : 2016–2019 . Boyack again contested the Edinburgh Central seat in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , but was defeated by Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson , who stood for the same constituency . Boyack was also placed third on the Lothian regional list of Labour candidates behind Kezia Dugdale and Neil Findlay , but did not return to Holyrood following the election since Labour won only two list seats . In February 2017 , Boyack was appointed as Head of Public Affairs at the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations , the membership body for social housing providers in Scotland . Return following Kezia Dugdales resignation : 2019–present . On 30 April 2019 , it was announced Boyack would return to the Scottish Parliament as a list MSP , following Kezia Dugdales decision to vacate her seat in the summer . As an unsuccessful Labour candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 , Boyack was the next person on the list if a seat was vacated . In September 2019 , Scottish Labour leader Richard Leonard appointed her as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Local Government . Boyack nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election . Personal life . Boyack married former long-term partner Andrew Walters in December 2000 . They had planned to marry in the October but postponed the wedding due to the death of Donald Dewar . The couple divorced in 2003 and they had no children together . External links . - sarahboyack.com Constituency website - 19 March 2011 Speech on environment and rural affairs at the Scottish Labour website - Sarah Boyack Biography at the Scottish Labour website - theyworkforyou.com - Voting Record — Sarah Boyack MSP , Edinburgh Central - Scottish Federation of Housing Associations Staff page of Scottish Federation of Housing Associations

easy

Sarah Boyack took which position from 2001 to Nov 2001?

/wiki/Sarah_Boyack#P39#2

Sarah Boyack Sarah Herriot Boyack ( born 16 May 1961 ) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who has served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region since 2019 , and previously from 2011 to 2016 . She formerly represented the Edinburgh Central constituency from 1999 to 2011 . Early life and career . Boyack was born in May 1961 in Glasgow and brought up in Edinburgh . Her father , Jim Boyack , was an important figure in the Labour Party and the campaign for Scottish devolution . She was educated at the state comprehensive Royal High School , Edinburgh , where she was one of the first female pupils . Starting in 1979 , Boyack studied Modern History and Politics at the University of Glasgow , graduating with a Scottish MA Honours degree . She became active in the Labour club , where she was a protégé of Margaret Curran . She was chair of the Labour club from 1981 until 1982 , and chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1985 until 1986 . During her time at Glasgow , she was involved in supporting the twinning with Bir Zeit University in the West Bank . After graduating , she gained a Diploma in Town and Country Planning at Heriot-Watt University . Boyack worked as a town planner in the London Borough of Brent then as a strategic planner in Central Regional Council in Stirling . She then became a lecturer at the School of Planning and Housing at Heriot-Watt University and was Convener of the Scottish Branch of the Royal Town Planning Institute in 1997 . Political career . Member of the Scottish Parliament : 1999–2016 . Boyack was elected to the new Scottish Parliament in the 1999 election for the Edinburgh Central constituency . She was Minister for Transport and the Environment in the Scottish Executive from 1999 until 2000 . Then , she was Minister for Transport and Planning from 2000 until 2001 , during which time she introduced one of Scottish Labours flagship policies of free bus travel for people over 60 and disabled people . Re-elected for her constituency in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election , Boyack was elected by MSPs as Convener of the Scottish Parliament Environment and Rural Development Committee in June 2003 . In this role , she received the RSPB Goldcrest Award in November 2004 for the most outstanding contribution to the development of environmental policy in Scotland since devolution . Later , in December 2005 , she was named the Scottish Renewables Best Politician . She stood down from the committee in January 2007 , when she returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for the Environment and Rural Development . Boyack lost her Edinburgh Central constituency seat in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election to Marco Biagi of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) . However , she was elected on the Lothian regional list as one of seven additional members . Following a landslide victory by the SNP in the election , Boyack co-chaired a review of the Labour Party in Scotland with Jim Murphy , commissioned by Ed Miliband in May 2011 and which reported back in Autumn of that year . On 28 October 2014 , Boyack declared she would stand in the upcoming election to become the Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . She came third to Jim Murphy and Neil Findlay with 9.24% of the vote . Outside the Scottish Parliament : 2016–2019 . Boyack again contested the Edinburgh Central seat in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , but was defeated by Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson , who stood for the same constituency . Boyack was also placed third on the Lothian regional list of Labour candidates behind Kezia Dugdale and Neil Findlay , but did not return to Holyrood following the election since Labour won only two list seats . In February 2017 , Boyack was appointed as Head of Public Affairs at the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations , the membership body for social housing providers in Scotland . Return following Kezia Dugdales resignation : 2019–present . On 30 April 2019 , it was announced Boyack would return to the Scottish Parliament as a list MSP , following Kezia Dugdales decision to vacate her seat in the summer . As an unsuccessful Labour candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 , Boyack was the next person on the list if a seat was vacated . In September 2019 , Scottish Labour leader Richard Leonard appointed her as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Local Government . Boyack nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election . Personal life . Boyack married former long-term partner Andrew Walters in December 2000 . They had planned to marry in the October but postponed the wedding due to the death of Donald Dewar . The couple divorced in 2003 and they had no children together . External links . - sarahboyack.com Constituency website - 19 March 2011 Speech on environment and rural affairs at the Scottish Labour website - Sarah Boyack Biography at the Scottish Labour website - theyworkforyou.com - Voting Record — Sarah Boyack MSP , Edinburgh Central - Scottish Federation of Housing Associations Staff page of Scottish Federation of Housing Associations

easy

What position did Sarah Boyack take from May 2003 to Apr 2007?

/wiki/Sarah_Boyack#P39#3

Sarah Boyack Sarah Herriot Boyack ( born 16 May 1961 ) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who has served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region since 2019 , and previously from 2011 to 2016 . She formerly represented the Edinburgh Central constituency from 1999 to 2011 . Early life and career . Boyack was born in May 1961 in Glasgow and brought up in Edinburgh . Her father , Jim Boyack , was an important figure in the Labour Party and the campaign for Scottish devolution . She was educated at the state comprehensive Royal High School , Edinburgh , where she was one of the first female pupils . Starting in 1979 , Boyack studied Modern History and Politics at the University of Glasgow , graduating with a Scottish MA Honours degree . She became active in the Labour club , where she was a protégé of Margaret Curran . She was chair of the Labour club from 1981 until 1982 , and chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1985 until 1986 . During her time at Glasgow , she was involved in supporting the twinning with Bir Zeit University in the West Bank . After graduating , she gained a Diploma in Town and Country Planning at Heriot-Watt University . Boyack worked as a town planner in the London Borough of Brent then as a strategic planner in Central Regional Council in Stirling . She then became a lecturer at the School of Planning and Housing at Heriot-Watt University and was Convener of the Scottish Branch of the Royal Town Planning Institute in 1997 . Political career . Member of the Scottish Parliament : 1999–2016 . Boyack was elected to the new Scottish Parliament in the 1999 election for the Edinburgh Central constituency . She was Minister for Transport and the Environment in the Scottish Executive from 1999 until 2000 . Then , she was Minister for Transport and Planning from 2000 until 2001 , during which time she introduced one of Scottish Labours flagship policies of free bus travel for people over 60 and disabled people . Re-elected for her constituency in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election , Boyack was elected by MSPs as Convener of the Scottish Parliament Environment and Rural Development Committee in June 2003 . In this role , she received the RSPB Goldcrest Award in November 2004 for the most outstanding contribution to the development of environmental policy in Scotland since devolution . Later , in December 2005 , she was named the Scottish Renewables Best Politician . She stood down from the committee in January 2007 , when she returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for the Environment and Rural Development . Boyack lost her Edinburgh Central constituency seat in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election to Marco Biagi of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) . However , she was elected on the Lothian regional list as one of seven additional members . Following a landslide victory by the SNP in the election , Boyack co-chaired a review of the Labour Party in Scotland with Jim Murphy , commissioned by Ed Miliband in May 2011 and which reported back in Autumn of that year . On 28 October 2014 , Boyack declared she would stand in the upcoming election to become the Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . She came third to Jim Murphy and Neil Findlay with 9.24% of the vote . Outside the Scottish Parliament : 2016–2019 . Boyack again contested the Edinburgh Central seat in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , but was defeated by Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson , who stood for the same constituency . Boyack was also placed third on the Lothian regional list of Labour candidates behind Kezia Dugdale and Neil Findlay , but did not return to Holyrood following the election since Labour won only two list seats . In February 2017 , Boyack was appointed as Head of Public Affairs at the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations , the membership body for social housing providers in Scotland . Return following Kezia Dugdales resignation : 2019–present . On 30 April 2019 , it was announced Boyack would return to the Scottish Parliament as a list MSP , following Kezia Dugdales decision to vacate her seat in the summer . As an unsuccessful Labour candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 , Boyack was the next person on the list if a seat was vacated . In September 2019 , Scottish Labour leader Richard Leonard appointed her as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Local Government . Boyack nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election . Personal life . Boyack married former long-term partner Andrew Walters in December 2000 . They had planned to marry in the October but postponed the wedding due to the death of Donald Dewar . The couple divorced in 2003 and they had no children together . External links . - sarahboyack.com Constituency website - 19 March 2011 Speech on environment and rural affairs at the Scottish Labour website - Sarah Boyack Biography at the Scottish Labour website - theyworkforyou.com - Voting Record — Sarah Boyack MSP , Edinburgh Central - Scottish Federation of Housing Associations Staff page of Scottish Federation of Housing Associations

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What was the position of Sarah Boyack from May 2007 to Mar 2011?

/wiki/Sarah_Boyack#P39#4

Sarah Boyack Sarah Herriot Boyack ( born 16 May 1961 ) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who has served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region since 2019 , and previously from 2011 to 2016 . She formerly represented the Edinburgh Central constituency from 1999 to 2011 . Early life and career . Boyack was born in May 1961 in Glasgow and brought up in Edinburgh . Her father , Jim Boyack , was an important figure in the Labour Party and the campaign for Scottish devolution . She was educated at the state comprehensive Royal High School , Edinburgh , where she was one of the first female pupils . Starting in 1979 , Boyack studied Modern History and Politics at the University of Glasgow , graduating with a Scottish MA Honours degree . She became active in the Labour club , where she was a protégé of Margaret Curran . She was chair of the Labour club from 1981 until 1982 , and chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1985 until 1986 . During her time at Glasgow , she was involved in supporting the twinning with Bir Zeit University in the West Bank . After graduating , she gained a Diploma in Town and Country Planning at Heriot-Watt University . Boyack worked as a town planner in the London Borough of Brent then as a strategic planner in Central Regional Council in Stirling . She then became a lecturer at the School of Planning and Housing at Heriot-Watt University and was Convener of the Scottish Branch of the Royal Town Planning Institute in 1997 . Political career . Member of the Scottish Parliament : 1999–2016 . Boyack was elected to the new Scottish Parliament in the 1999 election for the Edinburgh Central constituency . She was Minister for Transport and the Environment in the Scottish Executive from 1999 until 2000 . Then , she was Minister for Transport and Planning from 2000 until 2001 , during which time she introduced one of Scottish Labours flagship policies of free bus travel for people over 60 and disabled people . Re-elected for her constituency in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election , Boyack was elected by MSPs as Convener of the Scottish Parliament Environment and Rural Development Committee in June 2003 . In this role , she received the RSPB Goldcrest Award in November 2004 for the most outstanding contribution to the development of environmental policy in Scotland since devolution . Later , in December 2005 , she was named the Scottish Renewables Best Politician . She stood down from the committee in January 2007 , when she returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for the Environment and Rural Development . Boyack lost her Edinburgh Central constituency seat in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election to Marco Biagi of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) . However , she was elected on the Lothian regional list as one of seven additional members . Following a landslide victory by the SNP in the election , Boyack co-chaired a review of the Labour Party in Scotland with Jim Murphy , commissioned by Ed Miliband in May 2011 and which reported back in Autumn of that year . On 28 October 2014 , Boyack declared she would stand in the upcoming election to become the Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . She came third to Jim Murphy and Neil Findlay with 9.24% of the vote . Outside the Scottish Parliament : 2016–2019 . Boyack again contested the Edinburgh Central seat in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , but was defeated by Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson , who stood for the same constituency . Boyack was also placed third on the Lothian regional list of Labour candidates behind Kezia Dugdale and Neil Findlay , but did not return to Holyrood following the election since Labour won only two list seats . In February 2017 , Boyack was appointed as Head of Public Affairs at the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations , the membership body for social housing providers in Scotland . Return following Kezia Dugdales resignation : 2019–present . On 30 April 2019 , it was announced Boyack would return to the Scottish Parliament as a list MSP , following Kezia Dugdales decision to vacate her seat in the summer . As an unsuccessful Labour candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 , Boyack was the next person on the list if a seat was vacated . In September 2019 , Scottish Labour leader Richard Leonard appointed her as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Local Government . Boyack nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election . Personal life . Boyack married former long-term partner Andrew Walters in December 2000 . They had planned to marry in the October but postponed the wedding due to the death of Donald Dewar . The couple divorced in 2003 and they had no children together . External links . - sarahboyack.com Constituency website - 19 March 2011 Speech on environment and rural affairs at the Scottish Labour website - Sarah Boyack Biography at the Scottish Labour website - theyworkforyou.com - Voting Record — Sarah Boyack MSP , Edinburgh Central - Scottish Federation of Housing Associations Staff page of Scottish Federation of Housing Associations

easy

Sarah Boyack took which position from May 2011 to Mar 2016?

/wiki/Sarah_Boyack#P39#5

Sarah Boyack Sarah Herriot Boyack ( born 16 May 1961 ) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who has served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region since 2019 , and previously from 2011 to 2016 . She formerly represented the Edinburgh Central constituency from 1999 to 2011 . Early life and career . Boyack was born in May 1961 in Glasgow and brought up in Edinburgh . Her father , Jim Boyack , was an important figure in the Labour Party and the campaign for Scottish devolution . She was educated at the state comprehensive Royal High School , Edinburgh , where she was one of the first female pupils . Starting in 1979 , Boyack studied Modern History and Politics at the University of Glasgow , graduating with a Scottish MA Honours degree . She became active in the Labour club , where she was a protégé of Margaret Curran . She was chair of the Labour club from 1981 until 1982 , and chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1985 until 1986 . During her time at Glasgow , she was involved in supporting the twinning with Bir Zeit University in the West Bank . After graduating , she gained a Diploma in Town and Country Planning at Heriot-Watt University . Boyack worked as a town planner in the London Borough of Brent then as a strategic planner in Central Regional Council in Stirling . She then became a lecturer at the School of Planning and Housing at Heriot-Watt University and was Convener of the Scottish Branch of the Royal Town Planning Institute in 1997 . Political career . Member of the Scottish Parliament : 1999–2016 . Boyack was elected to the new Scottish Parliament in the 1999 election for the Edinburgh Central constituency . She was Minister for Transport and the Environment in the Scottish Executive from 1999 until 2000 . Then , she was Minister for Transport and Planning from 2000 until 2001 , during which time she introduced one of Scottish Labours flagship policies of free bus travel for people over 60 and disabled people . Re-elected for her constituency in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election , Boyack was elected by MSPs as Convener of the Scottish Parliament Environment and Rural Development Committee in June 2003 . In this role , she received the RSPB Goldcrest Award in November 2004 for the most outstanding contribution to the development of environmental policy in Scotland since devolution . Later , in December 2005 , she was named the Scottish Renewables Best Politician . She stood down from the committee in January 2007 , when she returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for the Environment and Rural Development . Boyack lost her Edinburgh Central constituency seat in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election to Marco Biagi of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) . However , she was elected on the Lothian regional list as one of seven additional members . Following a landslide victory by the SNP in the election , Boyack co-chaired a review of the Labour Party in Scotland with Jim Murphy , commissioned by Ed Miliband in May 2011 and which reported back in Autumn of that year . On 28 October 2014 , Boyack declared she would stand in the upcoming election to become the Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . She came third to Jim Murphy and Neil Findlay with 9.24% of the vote . Outside the Scottish Parliament : 2016–2019 . Boyack again contested the Edinburgh Central seat in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , but was defeated by Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson , who stood for the same constituency . Boyack was also placed third on the Lothian regional list of Labour candidates behind Kezia Dugdale and Neil Findlay , but did not return to Holyrood following the election since Labour won only two list seats . In February 2017 , Boyack was appointed as Head of Public Affairs at the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations , the membership body for social housing providers in Scotland . Return following Kezia Dugdales resignation : 2019–present . On 30 April 2019 , it was announced Boyack would return to the Scottish Parliament as a list MSP , following Kezia Dugdales decision to vacate her seat in the summer . As an unsuccessful Labour candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 , Boyack was the next person on the list if a seat was vacated . In September 2019 , Scottish Labour leader Richard Leonard appointed her as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Local Government . Boyack nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election . Personal life . Boyack married former long-term partner Andrew Walters in December 2000 . They had planned to marry in the October but postponed the wedding due to the death of Donald Dewar . The couple divorced in 2003 and they had no children together . External links . - sarahboyack.com Constituency website - 19 March 2011 Speech on environment and rural affairs at the Scottish Labour website - Sarah Boyack Biography at the Scottish Labour website - theyworkforyou.com - Voting Record — Sarah Boyack MSP , Edinburgh Central - Scottish Federation of Housing Associations Staff page of Scottish Federation of Housing Associations

easy

Sarah Boyack took which position from Jul 2019 to Jul 2020?

/wiki/Sarah_Boyack#P39#6

Sarah Boyack Sarah Herriot Boyack ( born 16 May 1961 ) is a Scottish Labour Party politician who has served as a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Lothian region since 2019 , and previously from 2011 to 2016 . She formerly represented the Edinburgh Central constituency from 1999 to 2011 . Early life and career . Boyack was born in May 1961 in Glasgow and brought up in Edinburgh . Her father , Jim Boyack , was an important figure in the Labour Party and the campaign for Scottish devolution . She was educated at the state comprehensive Royal High School , Edinburgh , where she was one of the first female pupils . Starting in 1979 , Boyack studied Modern History and Politics at the University of Glasgow , graduating with a Scottish MA Honours degree . She became active in the Labour club , where she was a protégé of Margaret Curran . She was chair of the Labour club from 1981 until 1982 , and chair of the National Organisation of Labour Students from 1985 until 1986 . During her time at Glasgow , she was involved in supporting the twinning with Bir Zeit University in the West Bank . After graduating , she gained a Diploma in Town and Country Planning at Heriot-Watt University . Boyack worked as a town planner in the London Borough of Brent then as a strategic planner in Central Regional Council in Stirling . She then became a lecturer at the School of Planning and Housing at Heriot-Watt University and was Convener of the Scottish Branch of the Royal Town Planning Institute in 1997 . Political career . Member of the Scottish Parliament : 1999–2016 . Boyack was elected to the new Scottish Parliament in the 1999 election for the Edinburgh Central constituency . She was Minister for Transport and the Environment in the Scottish Executive from 1999 until 2000 . Then , she was Minister for Transport and Planning from 2000 until 2001 , during which time she introduced one of Scottish Labours flagship policies of free bus travel for people over 60 and disabled people . Re-elected for her constituency in the 2003 Scottish Parliament election , Boyack was elected by MSPs as Convener of the Scottish Parliament Environment and Rural Development Committee in June 2003 . In this role , she received the RSPB Goldcrest Award in November 2004 for the most outstanding contribution to the development of environmental policy in Scotland since devolution . Later , in December 2005 , she was named the Scottish Renewables Best Politician . She stood down from the committee in January 2007 , when she returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for the Environment and Rural Development . Boyack lost her Edinburgh Central constituency seat in the 2011 Scottish Parliament election to Marco Biagi of the Scottish National Party ( SNP ) . However , she was elected on the Lothian regional list as one of seven additional members . Following a landslide victory by the SNP in the election , Boyack co-chaired a review of the Labour Party in Scotland with Jim Murphy , commissioned by Ed Miliband in May 2011 and which reported back in Autumn of that year . On 28 October 2014 , Boyack declared she would stand in the upcoming election to become the Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . She came third to Jim Murphy and Neil Findlay with 9.24% of the vote . Outside the Scottish Parliament : 2016–2019 . Boyack again contested the Edinburgh Central seat in the 2016 Scottish Parliament election , but was defeated by Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson , who stood for the same constituency . Boyack was also placed third on the Lothian regional list of Labour candidates behind Kezia Dugdale and Neil Findlay , but did not return to Holyrood following the election since Labour won only two list seats . In February 2017 , Boyack was appointed as Head of Public Affairs at the Scottish Federation of Housing Associations , the membership body for social housing providers in Scotland . Return following Kezia Dugdales resignation : 2019–present . On 30 April 2019 , it was announced Boyack would return to the Scottish Parliament as a list MSP , following Kezia Dugdales decision to vacate her seat in the summer . As an unsuccessful Labour candidate on the Lothian regional list in 2016 , Boyack was the next person on the list if a seat was vacated . In September 2019 , Scottish Labour leader Richard Leonard appointed her as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Local Government . Boyack nominated Anas Sarwar in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election . Personal life . Boyack married former long-term partner Andrew Walters in December 2000 . They had planned to marry in the October but postponed the wedding due to the death of Donald Dewar . The couple divorced in 2003 and they had no children together . External links . - sarahboyack.com Constituency website - 19 March 2011 Speech on environment and rural affairs at the Scottish Labour website - Sarah Boyack Biography at the Scottish Labour website - theyworkforyou.com - Voting Record — Sarah Boyack MSP , Edinburgh Central - Scottish Federation of Housing Associations Staff page of Scottish Federation of Housing Associations

easy

Which team did the player Matt Derbyshire belong to from 2002 to 2003?

/wiki/Matt_Derbyshire#P54#0

Matt Derbyshire Matthew Anthony Derbyshire ( born 14 April 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Macarthur . He played for Blackburn Rovers for five years , and had loan spells with Plymouth Argyle , Wrexham and Olympiacos , before joining the latter club on a permanent basis in 2009 . He played for Birmingham City on loan for the 2010–11 season . He won 14 caps for the England under-21 side . Club career . Early life and career . Derbyshire was born in Great Harwood , Lancashire and attended Our Lady and St John R.C . High School in Blackburn . He played football as a youngster for Darwen before joining Great Harwood Town in 2002 . He scored his first goal for the clubs first team as a 16-year-old , in October 2002 , and by the time he left in November 2003 , he had scored 26 , of which 21 had come in the North West Counties League , and 18 in his last nine appearances . Blackburn Rovers . He joined his boyhood club , Blackburn Rovers , in November 2003 for a £20,000 fee , a club record for Great Harwood . He had previously worked in the clubs community department , coaching young children . He rejected a move to Manchester United in favour of Blackburn , whom he had supported since he was a child . He had a loan spell at Plymouth Argyle but did not manage to score in any of his 13 games , resulting in Mark Hughes ending the players loan early . He then joined Wrexham on loan for the final three months of the season where he made a name for himself hitting the net on 10 occasions from 16 appearances . He opened his senior goal account for the first team in a 3–0 against Wigan Athletic on 1 January 2007 before extending his tally further with the opener away to Everton in a 4–1 FA Cup Third Round victory on 7 January . He made his first Premiership start against Arsenal on 13 January , and scored his third goal in four games against Manchester City . Derbyshires impressive form continued the following week with two goals and an assist against Luton Town in the FA Cup Fourth Round . He also scored against Manchester United taking advantage of a Michael Carrick error to give Blackburn Rovers a 1–0 lead , although they went on to lose the match 4–1 . He finished his first Premier League season with 9 goals in all competitions , from 14 starts and 16 substitute appearances . In the 2007–08 season , Derbyshire scored in the first match of the season , against Middlesbrough , coming on as a substitute to score the winner in a 2–1 victory . On 1 March 2008 , he scored a late stoppage-time winner against Newcastle United , and on 20 September , he again scored another late winner against Fulham , putting away a poachers goal assisted by Roque Santa Cruz . Olympiacos . On 28 January 2009 , Derbyshire moved to Olympiacos on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season . He made his first appearance for the club as a substitute in the first leg of a Greek Football Cup match at PAOKs Toumba Stadium . In the return match , his home debut , Derbyshire scored a goal in extra time , securing progress to the next round ( Greek Cup , semi-finals 2008–09 ) . He made his league debut on 14 February 2009 in a 2–1 home victory over Aris as an 80th-minute substitute for Diogo . On 15 March 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 5–0 win over Iraklis with his first touch of the ball , after coming on for Luciano Galletti in 81st minute adding his second goal ( and Olympiacos fifth ) just five minutes later . The following week he started the match against Panionios and played the whole 90 minutes , scoring in a 2–3 away win . On 2 May 2009 , Derbyshire played a pivotal role in the Greek Cup final against cross-city rivals AEK Athens . With Olympiacos 2–0 down , Derbyshire was brought on at half-time . Three minutes after coming on , Derbyshire scored for Olympiacos . The game then went to 2–2 before AEK Athens had seemingly scored the winning goal in stoppage time . However , with the last touch of the game , Derbyshire popped up to head in the equaliser in the sixth minute of added time , bringing the score to 3–3 , after having suffered a concussion following a clash with an opponent . It was obvious during celebrations that he was not fully aware , and he stated afterwards that he realised he had scored from the cheers of fans . Olympiacos went on to win the match 15–14 on penalties , and Derbyshire was handed the Man of the match award for his efforts . He signed a four-year contract with Olympiacos on 23 June 2009 after the clubs agreed a fee reported as £3m . On 21 March 2010 , Derbyshire scored the winning goal against Panathinaikos , in a 1–0 away victory , and was instantly nicknamed The English Killer . In August 2010 , the teams new coach , Ernesto Valverde , told Derbyshire that he was not part of his plans for the 2010–11 season , so he should search for a new team . Birmingham loan . Derbyshire returned to England when he signed for Birmingham City on 16 August 2010 on loan for the 2010–11 Premier League season , with a possibility of the deal being made permanent at the end of that time . He made his debut against former club Blackburn Rovers on 21 August as a second-half substitute for fellow new signing Nikola Žigić , and scored his first goal for the club five days later in a 3–2 League Cup victory over Rochdale . After waiting until January 2011 for his first Premier League start for Birmingham , against Blackpool , he then scored twice in the 4–1 win at Millwall in the third round of the FA Cup . Derbyshire never established himself in the first team , and despite making five appearances in that seasons League Cup competition , he was omitted from Birminghams squad for the final , in which Birmingham achieved a shock 2–1 victory against Arsenal . He left the club at the end of the season after their relegation from the Premier League . Nottingham Forest . Derbyshire signed a three-year contract with Championship club Nottingham Forest on 10 August 2011 . The fee was undisclosed . He was issued squad number eight . Upon signing , Derbyshire stated the importance to his career of getting regular first team football again . At Forest Derbyshire renewed acquaintance with assistant manager Rob Kelly , who was his coach when he was a youth player at Blackburn Rovers . Derbyshire made his debut for Forest on 16 August in a 1–0 away win against Doncaster Rovers . His first and only goal in the 2011–12 season was the opener in a 3–2 away defeat to Southampton . On 14 September 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to League One club Oldham Athletic in a short term deal . He scored on his debut a day later , scoring in a 2–2 draw at home to Notts County . He scored again in the following game , earning a point for Oldham in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United . Derbyshires third goal for Oldham came in a 2–0 away win over Crewe Alexandra . He scored again in a 2–0 win at home to Leyton Orient , however the goal was controversial as Leyton Orient manager Russell Slade accused Derbyshire of a blatant handball offence that the referee did not pick up on . Manager Paul Dickov then stated his desire to keep him at the club , and the spell was extended until 15 December . In January 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to Championship club Blackpool but failed to score for them . Rotherham United . Derbyshire signed for newly promoted Championship team Rotherham United on a two-year contract on 30 May 2014 . Until his departure in summer 2016 he scored 17 goals in 69 matches for the club . Omonia Nicosia . On 17 June 2016 , Cypriot First Division club Omonia Nicosia announced the signing of Derbyshire . He made his debut on 30 June against FC Banants Yerevan in the first leg of the Europa League first qualifying round , and scored the only goal of the match . In his first league appearance , in a 3–1 win against Ermis Aradippou , Derbyshire opened the scoring with a second-minute penalty On 4 January 2017 he drew attention when he scored a hat-trick against Ethnikos Achna in 4 minutes , overturning a 2-0 deficit against Omonia , that gave his side a valuable league victory . He continued to score regularly , and finished the season as the leagues top scorer with 24 goals , three more than his nearest rival . On 9 August 2017 , Omonia announced the extension of his contract until the summer of 2021 . In the first game of the 2017-18 season , on 10 September 2017 , he scored both goals for Omonia against Ethnikos Achna . Until the end of the season he was capped 33 times and scored 23 goals and was the top scored of the league for a second consecutive year . On the 2018-2019 season Derbyshire was capped 25 times and scored 2 goals . On the 2019-20 season premiere against Doxa Katokopias , Derbyshire scored the first goal of the game with a header . Macarthur FC . On 4 August 2020 , it was announced that Derbyshire had signed for new Australian A-League club Macarthur FC on a two-year contract . International career . On 1 February 2007 , Derbyshire was called up to the England Under-21 squad by new manager Stuart Pearce , for the match against Spain on 6 February . He was subsequently injured playing for Blackburn against Sheffield United on 3 February , and therefore missed joining up with the squad . However , Derbyshire was fit enough to be included in Englands Under-21 match against Italy at the new Wembley Stadium on 24 March . He scored Englands third goal in a thrilling 3–3 draw . During the group stage of the 2007 European Under-21 Football Championship , he was the scorer of a controversial goal against the Serbian under-21 team . He did not kick the ball out when Serbian defender Slobodan Rajković was down injured and went on to score Englands second goal of the game ; in his defence , Derbyshire claimed he did not see the injured player . He took part in the epic semi-final shootout against hosts Netherlands , scoring his first but having his second penalty saved as England lost 13–12 . On 28 March 2009 , Derbyshire played the second half for England as they beat Norway 5–0 , scoring two goals . Personal life . Derbyshires wife Melissa , née Norman , is from Ireland and they have three boys , twins Braidín and Callum and the youngest Killian . Honours . Club . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Cup : 2008–09 Birmingham City - League Cup : 2010–11 Individual . - 2009 Greek Cup Final Man of the Match - Cypriot First Division top goalscorer : 2016–17 , 2017–18 External links . - Matt Derbyshire profile at the Rotherham United F.C . website

easy

Which team did Matt Derbyshire play for from 2003 to 2004?

/wiki/Matt_Derbyshire#P54#1

Matt Derbyshire Matthew Anthony Derbyshire ( born 14 April 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Macarthur . He played for Blackburn Rovers for five years , and had loan spells with Plymouth Argyle , Wrexham and Olympiacos , before joining the latter club on a permanent basis in 2009 . He played for Birmingham City on loan for the 2010–11 season . He won 14 caps for the England under-21 side . Club career . Early life and career . Derbyshire was born in Great Harwood , Lancashire and attended Our Lady and St John R.C . High School in Blackburn . He played football as a youngster for Darwen before joining Great Harwood Town in 2002 . He scored his first goal for the clubs first team as a 16-year-old , in October 2002 , and by the time he left in November 2003 , he had scored 26 , of which 21 had come in the North West Counties League , and 18 in his last nine appearances . Blackburn Rovers . He joined his boyhood club , Blackburn Rovers , in November 2003 for a £20,000 fee , a club record for Great Harwood . He had previously worked in the clubs community department , coaching young children . He rejected a move to Manchester United in favour of Blackburn , whom he had supported since he was a child . He had a loan spell at Plymouth Argyle but did not manage to score in any of his 13 games , resulting in Mark Hughes ending the players loan early . He then joined Wrexham on loan for the final three months of the season where he made a name for himself hitting the net on 10 occasions from 16 appearances . He opened his senior goal account for the first team in a 3–0 against Wigan Athletic on 1 January 2007 before extending his tally further with the opener away to Everton in a 4–1 FA Cup Third Round victory on 7 January . He made his first Premiership start against Arsenal on 13 January , and scored his third goal in four games against Manchester City . Derbyshires impressive form continued the following week with two goals and an assist against Luton Town in the FA Cup Fourth Round . He also scored against Manchester United taking advantage of a Michael Carrick error to give Blackburn Rovers a 1–0 lead , although they went on to lose the match 4–1 . He finished his first Premier League season with 9 goals in all competitions , from 14 starts and 16 substitute appearances . In the 2007–08 season , Derbyshire scored in the first match of the season , against Middlesbrough , coming on as a substitute to score the winner in a 2–1 victory . On 1 March 2008 , he scored a late stoppage-time winner against Newcastle United , and on 20 September , he again scored another late winner against Fulham , putting away a poachers goal assisted by Roque Santa Cruz . Olympiacos . On 28 January 2009 , Derbyshire moved to Olympiacos on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season . He made his first appearance for the club as a substitute in the first leg of a Greek Football Cup match at PAOKs Toumba Stadium . In the return match , his home debut , Derbyshire scored a goal in extra time , securing progress to the next round ( Greek Cup , semi-finals 2008–09 ) . He made his league debut on 14 February 2009 in a 2–1 home victory over Aris as an 80th-minute substitute for Diogo . On 15 March 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 5–0 win over Iraklis with his first touch of the ball , after coming on for Luciano Galletti in 81st minute adding his second goal ( and Olympiacos fifth ) just five minutes later . The following week he started the match against Panionios and played the whole 90 minutes , scoring in a 2–3 away win . On 2 May 2009 , Derbyshire played a pivotal role in the Greek Cup final against cross-city rivals AEK Athens . With Olympiacos 2–0 down , Derbyshire was brought on at half-time . Three minutes after coming on , Derbyshire scored for Olympiacos . The game then went to 2–2 before AEK Athens had seemingly scored the winning goal in stoppage time . However , with the last touch of the game , Derbyshire popped up to head in the equaliser in the sixth minute of added time , bringing the score to 3–3 , after having suffered a concussion following a clash with an opponent . It was obvious during celebrations that he was not fully aware , and he stated afterwards that he realised he had scored from the cheers of fans . Olympiacos went on to win the match 15–14 on penalties , and Derbyshire was handed the Man of the match award for his efforts . He signed a four-year contract with Olympiacos on 23 June 2009 after the clubs agreed a fee reported as £3m . On 21 March 2010 , Derbyshire scored the winning goal against Panathinaikos , in a 1–0 away victory , and was instantly nicknamed The English Killer . In August 2010 , the teams new coach , Ernesto Valverde , told Derbyshire that he was not part of his plans for the 2010–11 season , so he should search for a new team . Birmingham loan . Derbyshire returned to England when he signed for Birmingham City on 16 August 2010 on loan for the 2010–11 Premier League season , with a possibility of the deal being made permanent at the end of that time . He made his debut against former club Blackburn Rovers on 21 August as a second-half substitute for fellow new signing Nikola Žigić , and scored his first goal for the club five days later in a 3–2 League Cup victory over Rochdale . After waiting until January 2011 for his first Premier League start for Birmingham , against Blackpool , he then scored twice in the 4–1 win at Millwall in the third round of the FA Cup . Derbyshire never established himself in the first team , and despite making five appearances in that seasons League Cup competition , he was omitted from Birminghams squad for the final , in which Birmingham achieved a shock 2–1 victory against Arsenal . He left the club at the end of the season after their relegation from the Premier League . Nottingham Forest . Derbyshire signed a three-year contract with Championship club Nottingham Forest on 10 August 2011 . The fee was undisclosed . He was issued squad number eight . Upon signing , Derbyshire stated the importance to his career of getting regular first team football again . At Forest Derbyshire renewed acquaintance with assistant manager Rob Kelly , who was his coach when he was a youth player at Blackburn Rovers . Derbyshire made his debut for Forest on 16 August in a 1–0 away win against Doncaster Rovers . His first and only goal in the 2011–12 season was the opener in a 3–2 away defeat to Southampton . On 14 September 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to League One club Oldham Athletic in a short term deal . He scored on his debut a day later , scoring in a 2–2 draw at home to Notts County . He scored again in the following game , earning a point for Oldham in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United . Derbyshires third goal for Oldham came in a 2–0 away win over Crewe Alexandra . He scored again in a 2–0 win at home to Leyton Orient , however the goal was controversial as Leyton Orient manager Russell Slade accused Derbyshire of a blatant handball offence that the referee did not pick up on . Manager Paul Dickov then stated his desire to keep him at the club , and the spell was extended until 15 December . In January 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to Championship club Blackpool but failed to score for them . Rotherham United . Derbyshire signed for newly promoted Championship team Rotherham United on a two-year contract on 30 May 2014 . Until his departure in summer 2016 he scored 17 goals in 69 matches for the club . Omonia Nicosia . On 17 June 2016 , Cypriot First Division club Omonia Nicosia announced the signing of Derbyshire . He made his debut on 30 June against FC Banants Yerevan in the first leg of the Europa League first qualifying round , and scored the only goal of the match . In his first league appearance , in a 3–1 win against Ermis Aradippou , Derbyshire opened the scoring with a second-minute penalty On 4 January 2017 he drew attention when he scored a hat-trick against Ethnikos Achna in 4 minutes , overturning a 2-0 deficit against Omonia , that gave his side a valuable league victory . He continued to score regularly , and finished the season as the leagues top scorer with 24 goals , three more than his nearest rival . On 9 August 2017 , Omonia announced the extension of his contract until the summer of 2021 . In the first game of the 2017-18 season , on 10 September 2017 , he scored both goals for Omonia against Ethnikos Achna . Until the end of the season he was capped 33 times and scored 23 goals and was the top scored of the league for a second consecutive year . On the 2018-2019 season Derbyshire was capped 25 times and scored 2 goals . On the 2019-20 season premiere against Doxa Katokopias , Derbyshire scored the first goal of the game with a header . Macarthur FC . On 4 August 2020 , it was announced that Derbyshire had signed for new Australian A-League club Macarthur FC on a two-year contract . International career . On 1 February 2007 , Derbyshire was called up to the England Under-21 squad by new manager Stuart Pearce , for the match against Spain on 6 February . He was subsequently injured playing for Blackburn against Sheffield United on 3 February , and therefore missed joining up with the squad . However , Derbyshire was fit enough to be included in Englands Under-21 match against Italy at the new Wembley Stadium on 24 March . He scored Englands third goal in a thrilling 3–3 draw . During the group stage of the 2007 European Under-21 Football Championship , he was the scorer of a controversial goal against the Serbian under-21 team . He did not kick the ball out when Serbian defender Slobodan Rajković was down injured and went on to score Englands second goal of the game ; in his defence , Derbyshire claimed he did not see the injured player . He took part in the epic semi-final shootout against hosts Netherlands , scoring his first but having his second penalty saved as England lost 13–12 . On 28 March 2009 , Derbyshire played the second half for England as they beat Norway 5–0 , scoring two goals . Personal life . Derbyshires wife Melissa , née Norman , is from Ireland and they have three boys , twins Braidín and Callum and the youngest Killian . Honours . Club . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Cup : 2008–09 Birmingham City - League Cup : 2010–11 Individual . - 2009 Greek Cup Final Man of the Match - Cypriot First Division top goalscorer : 2016–17 , 2017–18 External links . - Matt Derbyshire profile at the Rotherham United F.C . website

easy

Matt Derbyshire played for which team from 2004 to 2005?

/wiki/Matt_Derbyshire#P54#2

Matt Derbyshire Matthew Anthony Derbyshire ( born 14 April 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Macarthur . He played for Blackburn Rovers for five years , and had loan spells with Plymouth Argyle , Wrexham and Olympiacos , before joining the latter club on a permanent basis in 2009 . He played for Birmingham City on loan for the 2010–11 season . He won 14 caps for the England under-21 side . Club career . Early life and career . Derbyshire was born in Great Harwood , Lancashire and attended Our Lady and St John R.C . High School in Blackburn . He played football as a youngster for Darwen before joining Great Harwood Town in 2002 . He scored his first goal for the clubs first team as a 16-year-old , in October 2002 , and by the time he left in November 2003 , he had scored 26 , of which 21 had come in the North West Counties League , and 18 in his last nine appearances . Blackburn Rovers . He joined his boyhood club , Blackburn Rovers , in November 2003 for a £20,000 fee , a club record for Great Harwood . He had previously worked in the clubs community department , coaching young children . He rejected a move to Manchester United in favour of Blackburn , whom he had supported since he was a child . He had a loan spell at Plymouth Argyle but did not manage to score in any of his 13 games , resulting in Mark Hughes ending the players loan early . He then joined Wrexham on loan for the final three months of the season where he made a name for himself hitting the net on 10 occasions from 16 appearances . He opened his senior goal account for the first team in a 3–0 against Wigan Athletic on 1 January 2007 before extending his tally further with the opener away to Everton in a 4–1 FA Cup Third Round victory on 7 January . He made his first Premiership start against Arsenal on 13 January , and scored his third goal in four games against Manchester City . Derbyshires impressive form continued the following week with two goals and an assist against Luton Town in the FA Cup Fourth Round . He also scored against Manchester United taking advantage of a Michael Carrick error to give Blackburn Rovers a 1–0 lead , although they went on to lose the match 4–1 . He finished his first Premier League season with 9 goals in all competitions , from 14 starts and 16 substitute appearances . In the 2007–08 season , Derbyshire scored in the first match of the season , against Middlesbrough , coming on as a substitute to score the winner in a 2–1 victory . On 1 March 2008 , he scored a late stoppage-time winner against Newcastle United , and on 20 September , he again scored another late winner against Fulham , putting away a poachers goal assisted by Roque Santa Cruz . Olympiacos . On 28 January 2009 , Derbyshire moved to Olympiacos on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season . He made his first appearance for the club as a substitute in the first leg of a Greek Football Cup match at PAOKs Toumba Stadium . In the return match , his home debut , Derbyshire scored a goal in extra time , securing progress to the next round ( Greek Cup , semi-finals 2008–09 ) . He made his league debut on 14 February 2009 in a 2–1 home victory over Aris as an 80th-minute substitute for Diogo . On 15 March 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 5–0 win over Iraklis with his first touch of the ball , after coming on for Luciano Galletti in 81st minute adding his second goal ( and Olympiacos fifth ) just five minutes later . The following week he started the match against Panionios and played the whole 90 minutes , scoring in a 2–3 away win . On 2 May 2009 , Derbyshire played a pivotal role in the Greek Cup final against cross-city rivals AEK Athens . With Olympiacos 2–0 down , Derbyshire was brought on at half-time . Three minutes after coming on , Derbyshire scored for Olympiacos . The game then went to 2–2 before AEK Athens had seemingly scored the winning goal in stoppage time . However , with the last touch of the game , Derbyshire popped up to head in the equaliser in the sixth minute of added time , bringing the score to 3–3 , after having suffered a concussion following a clash with an opponent . It was obvious during celebrations that he was not fully aware , and he stated afterwards that he realised he had scored from the cheers of fans . Olympiacos went on to win the match 15–14 on penalties , and Derbyshire was handed the Man of the match award for his efforts . He signed a four-year contract with Olympiacos on 23 June 2009 after the clubs agreed a fee reported as £3m . On 21 March 2010 , Derbyshire scored the winning goal against Panathinaikos , in a 1–0 away victory , and was instantly nicknamed The English Killer . In August 2010 , the teams new coach , Ernesto Valverde , told Derbyshire that he was not part of his plans for the 2010–11 season , so he should search for a new team . Birmingham loan . Derbyshire returned to England when he signed for Birmingham City on 16 August 2010 on loan for the 2010–11 Premier League season , with a possibility of the deal being made permanent at the end of that time . He made his debut against former club Blackburn Rovers on 21 August as a second-half substitute for fellow new signing Nikola Žigić , and scored his first goal for the club five days later in a 3–2 League Cup victory over Rochdale . After waiting until January 2011 for his first Premier League start for Birmingham , against Blackpool , he then scored twice in the 4–1 win at Millwall in the third round of the FA Cup . Derbyshire never established himself in the first team , and despite making five appearances in that seasons League Cup competition , he was omitted from Birminghams squad for the final , in which Birmingham achieved a shock 2–1 victory against Arsenal . He left the club at the end of the season after their relegation from the Premier League . Nottingham Forest . Derbyshire signed a three-year contract with Championship club Nottingham Forest on 10 August 2011 . The fee was undisclosed . He was issued squad number eight . Upon signing , Derbyshire stated the importance to his career of getting regular first team football again . At Forest Derbyshire renewed acquaintance with assistant manager Rob Kelly , who was his coach when he was a youth player at Blackburn Rovers . Derbyshire made his debut for Forest on 16 August in a 1–0 away win against Doncaster Rovers . His first and only goal in the 2011–12 season was the opener in a 3–2 away defeat to Southampton . On 14 September 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to League One club Oldham Athletic in a short term deal . He scored on his debut a day later , scoring in a 2–2 draw at home to Notts County . He scored again in the following game , earning a point for Oldham in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United . Derbyshires third goal for Oldham came in a 2–0 away win over Crewe Alexandra . He scored again in a 2–0 win at home to Leyton Orient , however the goal was controversial as Leyton Orient manager Russell Slade accused Derbyshire of a blatant handball offence that the referee did not pick up on . Manager Paul Dickov then stated his desire to keep him at the club , and the spell was extended until 15 December . In January 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to Championship club Blackpool but failed to score for them . Rotherham United . Derbyshire signed for newly promoted Championship team Rotherham United on a two-year contract on 30 May 2014 . Until his departure in summer 2016 he scored 17 goals in 69 matches for the club . Omonia Nicosia . On 17 June 2016 , Cypriot First Division club Omonia Nicosia announced the signing of Derbyshire . He made his debut on 30 June against FC Banants Yerevan in the first leg of the Europa League first qualifying round , and scored the only goal of the match . In his first league appearance , in a 3–1 win against Ermis Aradippou , Derbyshire opened the scoring with a second-minute penalty On 4 January 2017 he drew attention when he scored a hat-trick against Ethnikos Achna in 4 minutes , overturning a 2-0 deficit against Omonia , that gave his side a valuable league victory . He continued to score regularly , and finished the season as the leagues top scorer with 24 goals , three more than his nearest rival . On 9 August 2017 , Omonia announced the extension of his contract until the summer of 2021 . In the first game of the 2017-18 season , on 10 September 2017 , he scored both goals for Omonia against Ethnikos Achna . Until the end of the season he was capped 33 times and scored 23 goals and was the top scored of the league for a second consecutive year . On the 2018-2019 season Derbyshire was capped 25 times and scored 2 goals . On the 2019-20 season premiere against Doxa Katokopias , Derbyshire scored the first goal of the game with a header . Macarthur FC . On 4 August 2020 , it was announced that Derbyshire had signed for new Australian A-League club Macarthur FC on a two-year contract . International career . On 1 February 2007 , Derbyshire was called up to the England Under-21 squad by new manager Stuart Pearce , for the match against Spain on 6 February . He was subsequently injured playing for Blackburn against Sheffield United on 3 February , and therefore missed joining up with the squad . However , Derbyshire was fit enough to be included in Englands Under-21 match against Italy at the new Wembley Stadium on 24 March . He scored Englands third goal in a thrilling 3–3 draw . During the group stage of the 2007 European Under-21 Football Championship , he was the scorer of a controversial goal against the Serbian under-21 team . He did not kick the ball out when Serbian defender Slobodan Rajković was down injured and went on to score Englands second goal of the game ; in his defence , Derbyshire claimed he did not see the injured player . He took part in the epic semi-final shootout against hosts Netherlands , scoring his first but having his second penalty saved as England lost 13–12 . On 28 March 2009 , Derbyshire played the second half for England as they beat Norway 5–0 , scoring two goals . Personal life . Derbyshires wife Melissa , née Norman , is from Ireland and they have three boys , twins Braidín and Callum and the youngest Killian . Honours . Club . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Cup : 2008–09 Birmingham City - League Cup : 2010–11 Individual . - 2009 Greek Cup Final Man of the Match - Cypriot First Division top goalscorer : 2016–17 , 2017–18 External links . - Matt Derbyshire profile at the Rotherham United F.C . website

easy

Which team did the player Matt Derbyshire belong to from 2005 to 2006?

/wiki/Matt_Derbyshire#P54#3

Matt Derbyshire Matthew Anthony Derbyshire ( born 14 April 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Macarthur . He played for Blackburn Rovers for five years , and had loan spells with Plymouth Argyle , Wrexham and Olympiacos , before joining the latter club on a permanent basis in 2009 . He played for Birmingham City on loan for the 2010–11 season . He won 14 caps for the England under-21 side . Club career . Early life and career . Derbyshire was born in Great Harwood , Lancashire and attended Our Lady and St John R.C . High School in Blackburn . He played football as a youngster for Darwen before joining Great Harwood Town in 2002 . He scored his first goal for the clubs first team as a 16-year-old , in October 2002 , and by the time he left in November 2003 , he had scored 26 , of which 21 had come in the North West Counties League , and 18 in his last nine appearances . Blackburn Rovers . He joined his boyhood club , Blackburn Rovers , in November 2003 for a £20,000 fee , a club record for Great Harwood . He had previously worked in the clubs community department , coaching young children . He rejected a move to Manchester United in favour of Blackburn , whom he had supported since he was a child . He had a loan spell at Plymouth Argyle but did not manage to score in any of his 13 games , resulting in Mark Hughes ending the players loan early . He then joined Wrexham on loan for the final three months of the season where he made a name for himself hitting the net on 10 occasions from 16 appearances . He opened his senior goal account for the first team in a 3–0 against Wigan Athletic on 1 January 2007 before extending his tally further with the opener away to Everton in a 4–1 FA Cup Third Round victory on 7 January . He made his first Premiership start against Arsenal on 13 January , and scored his third goal in four games against Manchester City . Derbyshires impressive form continued the following week with two goals and an assist against Luton Town in the FA Cup Fourth Round . He also scored against Manchester United taking advantage of a Michael Carrick error to give Blackburn Rovers a 1–0 lead , although they went on to lose the match 4–1 . He finished his first Premier League season with 9 goals in all competitions , from 14 starts and 16 substitute appearances . In the 2007–08 season , Derbyshire scored in the first match of the season , against Middlesbrough , coming on as a substitute to score the winner in a 2–1 victory . On 1 March 2008 , he scored a late stoppage-time winner against Newcastle United , and on 20 September , he again scored another late winner against Fulham , putting away a poachers goal assisted by Roque Santa Cruz . Olympiacos . On 28 January 2009 , Derbyshire moved to Olympiacos on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season . He made his first appearance for the club as a substitute in the first leg of a Greek Football Cup match at PAOKs Toumba Stadium . In the return match , his home debut , Derbyshire scored a goal in extra time , securing progress to the next round ( Greek Cup , semi-finals 2008–09 ) . He made his league debut on 14 February 2009 in a 2–1 home victory over Aris as an 80th-minute substitute for Diogo . On 15 March 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 5–0 win over Iraklis with his first touch of the ball , after coming on for Luciano Galletti in 81st minute adding his second goal ( and Olympiacos fifth ) just five minutes later . The following week he started the match against Panionios and played the whole 90 minutes , scoring in a 2–3 away win . On 2 May 2009 , Derbyshire played a pivotal role in the Greek Cup final against cross-city rivals AEK Athens . With Olympiacos 2–0 down , Derbyshire was brought on at half-time . Three minutes after coming on , Derbyshire scored for Olympiacos . The game then went to 2–2 before AEK Athens had seemingly scored the winning goal in stoppage time . However , with the last touch of the game , Derbyshire popped up to head in the equaliser in the sixth minute of added time , bringing the score to 3–3 , after having suffered a concussion following a clash with an opponent . It was obvious during celebrations that he was not fully aware , and he stated afterwards that he realised he had scored from the cheers of fans . Olympiacos went on to win the match 15–14 on penalties , and Derbyshire was handed the Man of the match award for his efforts . He signed a four-year contract with Olympiacos on 23 June 2009 after the clubs agreed a fee reported as £3m . On 21 March 2010 , Derbyshire scored the winning goal against Panathinaikos , in a 1–0 away victory , and was instantly nicknamed The English Killer . In August 2010 , the teams new coach , Ernesto Valverde , told Derbyshire that he was not part of his plans for the 2010–11 season , so he should search for a new team . Birmingham loan . Derbyshire returned to England when he signed for Birmingham City on 16 August 2010 on loan for the 2010–11 Premier League season , with a possibility of the deal being made permanent at the end of that time . He made his debut against former club Blackburn Rovers on 21 August as a second-half substitute for fellow new signing Nikola Žigić , and scored his first goal for the club five days later in a 3–2 League Cup victory over Rochdale . After waiting until January 2011 for his first Premier League start for Birmingham , against Blackpool , he then scored twice in the 4–1 win at Millwall in the third round of the FA Cup . Derbyshire never established himself in the first team , and despite making five appearances in that seasons League Cup competition , he was omitted from Birminghams squad for the final , in which Birmingham achieved a shock 2–1 victory against Arsenal . He left the club at the end of the season after their relegation from the Premier League . Nottingham Forest . Derbyshire signed a three-year contract with Championship club Nottingham Forest on 10 August 2011 . The fee was undisclosed . He was issued squad number eight . Upon signing , Derbyshire stated the importance to his career of getting regular first team football again . At Forest Derbyshire renewed acquaintance with assistant manager Rob Kelly , who was his coach when he was a youth player at Blackburn Rovers . Derbyshire made his debut for Forest on 16 August in a 1–0 away win against Doncaster Rovers . His first and only goal in the 2011–12 season was the opener in a 3–2 away defeat to Southampton . On 14 September 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to League One club Oldham Athletic in a short term deal . He scored on his debut a day later , scoring in a 2–2 draw at home to Notts County . He scored again in the following game , earning a point for Oldham in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United . Derbyshires third goal for Oldham came in a 2–0 away win over Crewe Alexandra . He scored again in a 2–0 win at home to Leyton Orient , however the goal was controversial as Leyton Orient manager Russell Slade accused Derbyshire of a blatant handball offence that the referee did not pick up on . Manager Paul Dickov then stated his desire to keep him at the club , and the spell was extended until 15 December . In January 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to Championship club Blackpool but failed to score for them . Rotherham United . Derbyshire signed for newly promoted Championship team Rotherham United on a two-year contract on 30 May 2014 . Until his departure in summer 2016 he scored 17 goals in 69 matches for the club . Omonia Nicosia . On 17 June 2016 , Cypriot First Division club Omonia Nicosia announced the signing of Derbyshire . He made his debut on 30 June against FC Banants Yerevan in the first leg of the Europa League first qualifying round , and scored the only goal of the match . In his first league appearance , in a 3–1 win against Ermis Aradippou , Derbyshire opened the scoring with a second-minute penalty On 4 January 2017 he drew attention when he scored a hat-trick against Ethnikos Achna in 4 minutes , overturning a 2-0 deficit against Omonia , that gave his side a valuable league victory . He continued to score regularly , and finished the season as the leagues top scorer with 24 goals , three more than his nearest rival . On 9 August 2017 , Omonia announced the extension of his contract until the summer of 2021 . In the first game of the 2017-18 season , on 10 September 2017 , he scored both goals for Omonia against Ethnikos Achna . Until the end of the season he was capped 33 times and scored 23 goals and was the top scored of the league for a second consecutive year . On the 2018-2019 season Derbyshire was capped 25 times and scored 2 goals . On the 2019-20 season premiere against Doxa Katokopias , Derbyshire scored the first goal of the game with a header . Macarthur FC . On 4 August 2020 , it was announced that Derbyshire had signed for new Australian A-League club Macarthur FC on a two-year contract . International career . On 1 February 2007 , Derbyshire was called up to the England Under-21 squad by new manager Stuart Pearce , for the match against Spain on 6 February . He was subsequently injured playing for Blackburn against Sheffield United on 3 February , and therefore missed joining up with the squad . However , Derbyshire was fit enough to be included in Englands Under-21 match against Italy at the new Wembley Stadium on 24 March . He scored Englands third goal in a thrilling 3–3 draw . During the group stage of the 2007 European Under-21 Football Championship , he was the scorer of a controversial goal against the Serbian under-21 team . He did not kick the ball out when Serbian defender Slobodan Rajković was down injured and went on to score Englands second goal of the game ; in his defence , Derbyshire claimed he did not see the injured player . He took part in the epic semi-final shootout against hosts Netherlands , scoring his first but having his second penalty saved as England lost 13–12 . On 28 March 2009 , Derbyshire played the second half for England as they beat Norway 5–0 , scoring two goals . Personal life . Derbyshires wife Melissa , née Norman , is from Ireland and they have three boys , twins Braidín and Callum and the youngest Killian . Honours . Club . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Cup : 2008–09 Birmingham City - League Cup : 2010–11 Individual . - 2009 Greek Cup Final Man of the Match - Cypriot First Division top goalscorer : 2016–17 , 2017–18 External links . - Matt Derbyshire profile at the Rotherham United F.C . website

easy

Which team did Matt Derbyshire play for from 2006 to 2009?

/wiki/Matt_Derbyshire#P54#4

Matt Derbyshire Matthew Anthony Derbyshire ( born 14 April 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Macarthur . He played for Blackburn Rovers for five years , and had loan spells with Plymouth Argyle , Wrexham and Olympiacos , before joining the latter club on a permanent basis in 2009 . He played for Birmingham City on loan for the 2010–11 season . He won 14 caps for the England under-21 side . Club career . Early life and career . Derbyshire was born in Great Harwood , Lancashire and attended Our Lady and St John R.C . High School in Blackburn . He played football as a youngster for Darwen before joining Great Harwood Town in 2002 . He scored his first goal for the clubs first team as a 16-year-old , in October 2002 , and by the time he left in November 2003 , he had scored 26 , of which 21 had come in the North West Counties League , and 18 in his last nine appearances . Blackburn Rovers . He joined his boyhood club , Blackburn Rovers , in November 2003 for a £20,000 fee , a club record for Great Harwood . He had previously worked in the clubs community department , coaching young children . He rejected a move to Manchester United in favour of Blackburn , whom he had supported since he was a child . He had a loan spell at Plymouth Argyle but did not manage to score in any of his 13 games , resulting in Mark Hughes ending the players loan early . He then joined Wrexham on loan for the final three months of the season where he made a name for himself hitting the net on 10 occasions from 16 appearances . He opened his senior goal account for the first team in a 3–0 against Wigan Athletic on 1 January 2007 before extending his tally further with the opener away to Everton in a 4–1 FA Cup Third Round victory on 7 January . He made his first Premiership start against Arsenal on 13 January , and scored his third goal in four games against Manchester City . Derbyshires impressive form continued the following week with two goals and an assist against Luton Town in the FA Cup Fourth Round . He also scored against Manchester United taking advantage of a Michael Carrick error to give Blackburn Rovers a 1–0 lead , although they went on to lose the match 4–1 . He finished his first Premier League season with 9 goals in all competitions , from 14 starts and 16 substitute appearances . In the 2007–08 season , Derbyshire scored in the first match of the season , against Middlesbrough , coming on as a substitute to score the winner in a 2–1 victory . On 1 March 2008 , he scored a late stoppage-time winner against Newcastle United , and on 20 September , he again scored another late winner against Fulham , putting away a poachers goal assisted by Roque Santa Cruz . Olympiacos . On 28 January 2009 , Derbyshire moved to Olympiacos on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season . He made his first appearance for the club as a substitute in the first leg of a Greek Football Cup match at PAOKs Toumba Stadium . In the return match , his home debut , Derbyshire scored a goal in extra time , securing progress to the next round ( Greek Cup , semi-finals 2008–09 ) . He made his league debut on 14 February 2009 in a 2–1 home victory over Aris as an 80th-minute substitute for Diogo . On 15 March 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 5–0 win over Iraklis with his first touch of the ball , after coming on for Luciano Galletti in 81st minute adding his second goal ( and Olympiacos fifth ) just five minutes later . The following week he started the match against Panionios and played the whole 90 minutes , scoring in a 2–3 away win . On 2 May 2009 , Derbyshire played a pivotal role in the Greek Cup final against cross-city rivals AEK Athens . With Olympiacos 2–0 down , Derbyshire was brought on at half-time . Three minutes after coming on , Derbyshire scored for Olympiacos . The game then went to 2–2 before AEK Athens had seemingly scored the winning goal in stoppage time . However , with the last touch of the game , Derbyshire popped up to head in the equaliser in the sixth minute of added time , bringing the score to 3–3 , after having suffered a concussion following a clash with an opponent . It was obvious during celebrations that he was not fully aware , and he stated afterwards that he realised he had scored from the cheers of fans . Olympiacos went on to win the match 15–14 on penalties , and Derbyshire was handed the Man of the match award for his efforts . He signed a four-year contract with Olympiacos on 23 June 2009 after the clubs agreed a fee reported as £3m . On 21 March 2010 , Derbyshire scored the winning goal against Panathinaikos , in a 1–0 away victory , and was instantly nicknamed The English Killer . In August 2010 , the teams new coach , Ernesto Valverde , told Derbyshire that he was not part of his plans for the 2010–11 season , so he should search for a new team . Birmingham loan . Derbyshire returned to England when he signed for Birmingham City on 16 August 2010 on loan for the 2010–11 Premier League season , with a possibility of the deal being made permanent at the end of that time . He made his debut against former club Blackburn Rovers on 21 August as a second-half substitute for fellow new signing Nikola Žigić , and scored his first goal for the club five days later in a 3–2 League Cup victory over Rochdale . After waiting until January 2011 for his first Premier League start for Birmingham , against Blackpool , he then scored twice in the 4–1 win at Millwall in the third round of the FA Cup . Derbyshire never established himself in the first team , and despite making five appearances in that seasons League Cup competition , he was omitted from Birminghams squad for the final , in which Birmingham achieved a shock 2–1 victory against Arsenal . He left the club at the end of the season after their relegation from the Premier League . Nottingham Forest . Derbyshire signed a three-year contract with Championship club Nottingham Forest on 10 August 2011 . The fee was undisclosed . He was issued squad number eight . Upon signing , Derbyshire stated the importance to his career of getting regular first team football again . At Forest Derbyshire renewed acquaintance with assistant manager Rob Kelly , who was his coach when he was a youth player at Blackburn Rovers . Derbyshire made his debut for Forest on 16 August in a 1–0 away win against Doncaster Rovers . His first and only goal in the 2011–12 season was the opener in a 3–2 away defeat to Southampton . On 14 September 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to League One club Oldham Athletic in a short term deal . He scored on his debut a day later , scoring in a 2–2 draw at home to Notts County . He scored again in the following game , earning a point for Oldham in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United . Derbyshires third goal for Oldham came in a 2–0 away win over Crewe Alexandra . He scored again in a 2–0 win at home to Leyton Orient , however the goal was controversial as Leyton Orient manager Russell Slade accused Derbyshire of a blatant handball offence that the referee did not pick up on . Manager Paul Dickov then stated his desire to keep him at the club , and the spell was extended until 15 December . In January 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to Championship club Blackpool but failed to score for them . Rotherham United . Derbyshire signed for newly promoted Championship team Rotherham United on a two-year contract on 30 May 2014 . Until his departure in summer 2016 he scored 17 goals in 69 matches for the club . Omonia Nicosia . On 17 June 2016 , Cypriot First Division club Omonia Nicosia announced the signing of Derbyshire . He made his debut on 30 June against FC Banants Yerevan in the first leg of the Europa League first qualifying round , and scored the only goal of the match . In his first league appearance , in a 3–1 win against Ermis Aradippou , Derbyshire opened the scoring with a second-minute penalty On 4 January 2017 he drew attention when he scored a hat-trick against Ethnikos Achna in 4 minutes , overturning a 2-0 deficit against Omonia , that gave his side a valuable league victory . He continued to score regularly , and finished the season as the leagues top scorer with 24 goals , three more than his nearest rival . On 9 August 2017 , Omonia announced the extension of his contract until the summer of 2021 . In the first game of the 2017-18 season , on 10 September 2017 , he scored both goals for Omonia against Ethnikos Achna . Until the end of the season he was capped 33 times and scored 23 goals and was the top scored of the league for a second consecutive year . On the 2018-2019 season Derbyshire was capped 25 times and scored 2 goals . On the 2019-20 season premiere against Doxa Katokopias , Derbyshire scored the first goal of the game with a header . Macarthur FC . On 4 August 2020 , it was announced that Derbyshire had signed for new Australian A-League club Macarthur FC on a two-year contract . International career . On 1 February 2007 , Derbyshire was called up to the England Under-21 squad by new manager Stuart Pearce , for the match against Spain on 6 February . He was subsequently injured playing for Blackburn against Sheffield United on 3 February , and therefore missed joining up with the squad . However , Derbyshire was fit enough to be included in Englands Under-21 match against Italy at the new Wembley Stadium on 24 March . He scored Englands third goal in a thrilling 3–3 draw . During the group stage of the 2007 European Under-21 Football Championship , he was the scorer of a controversial goal against the Serbian under-21 team . He did not kick the ball out when Serbian defender Slobodan Rajković was down injured and went on to score Englands second goal of the game ; in his defence , Derbyshire claimed he did not see the injured player . He took part in the epic semi-final shootout against hosts Netherlands , scoring his first but having his second penalty saved as England lost 13–12 . On 28 March 2009 , Derbyshire played the second half for England as they beat Norway 5–0 , scoring two goals . Personal life . Derbyshires wife Melissa , née Norman , is from Ireland and they have three boys , twins Braidín and Callum and the youngest Killian . Honours . Club . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Cup : 2008–09 Birmingham City - League Cup : 2010–11 Individual . - 2009 Greek Cup Final Man of the Match - Cypriot First Division top goalscorer : 2016–17 , 2017–18 External links . - Matt Derbyshire profile at the Rotherham United F.C . website

easy

Which team did Matt Derbyshire play for from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Matt_Derbyshire#P54#5

Matt Derbyshire Matthew Anthony Derbyshire ( born 14 April 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Macarthur . He played for Blackburn Rovers for five years , and had loan spells with Plymouth Argyle , Wrexham and Olympiacos , before joining the latter club on a permanent basis in 2009 . He played for Birmingham City on loan for the 2010–11 season . He won 14 caps for the England under-21 side . Club career . Early life and career . Derbyshire was born in Great Harwood , Lancashire and attended Our Lady and St John R.C . High School in Blackburn . He played football as a youngster for Darwen before joining Great Harwood Town in 2002 . He scored his first goal for the clubs first team as a 16-year-old , in October 2002 , and by the time he left in November 2003 , he had scored 26 , of which 21 had come in the North West Counties League , and 18 in his last nine appearances . Blackburn Rovers . He joined his boyhood club , Blackburn Rovers , in November 2003 for a £20,000 fee , a club record for Great Harwood . He had previously worked in the clubs community department , coaching young children . He rejected a move to Manchester United in favour of Blackburn , whom he had supported since he was a child . He had a loan spell at Plymouth Argyle but did not manage to score in any of his 13 games , resulting in Mark Hughes ending the players loan early . He then joined Wrexham on loan for the final three months of the season where he made a name for himself hitting the net on 10 occasions from 16 appearances . He opened his senior goal account for the first team in a 3–0 against Wigan Athletic on 1 January 2007 before extending his tally further with the opener away to Everton in a 4–1 FA Cup Third Round victory on 7 January . He made his first Premiership start against Arsenal on 13 January , and scored his third goal in four games against Manchester City . Derbyshires impressive form continued the following week with two goals and an assist against Luton Town in the FA Cup Fourth Round . He also scored against Manchester United taking advantage of a Michael Carrick error to give Blackburn Rovers a 1–0 lead , although they went on to lose the match 4–1 . He finished his first Premier League season with 9 goals in all competitions , from 14 starts and 16 substitute appearances . In the 2007–08 season , Derbyshire scored in the first match of the season , against Middlesbrough , coming on as a substitute to score the winner in a 2–1 victory . On 1 March 2008 , he scored a late stoppage-time winner against Newcastle United , and on 20 September , he again scored another late winner against Fulham , putting away a poachers goal assisted by Roque Santa Cruz . Olympiacos . On 28 January 2009 , Derbyshire moved to Olympiacos on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season . He made his first appearance for the club as a substitute in the first leg of a Greek Football Cup match at PAOKs Toumba Stadium . In the return match , his home debut , Derbyshire scored a goal in extra time , securing progress to the next round ( Greek Cup , semi-finals 2008–09 ) . He made his league debut on 14 February 2009 in a 2–1 home victory over Aris as an 80th-minute substitute for Diogo . On 15 March 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 5–0 win over Iraklis with his first touch of the ball , after coming on for Luciano Galletti in 81st minute adding his second goal ( and Olympiacos fifth ) just five minutes later . The following week he started the match against Panionios and played the whole 90 minutes , scoring in a 2–3 away win . On 2 May 2009 , Derbyshire played a pivotal role in the Greek Cup final against cross-city rivals AEK Athens . With Olympiacos 2–0 down , Derbyshire was brought on at half-time . Three minutes after coming on , Derbyshire scored for Olympiacos . The game then went to 2–2 before AEK Athens had seemingly scored the winning goal in stoppage time . However , with the last touch of the game , Derbyshire popped up to head in the equaliser in the sixth minute of added time , bringing the score to 3–3 , after having suffered a concussion following a clash with an opponent . It was obvious during celebrations that he was not fully aware , and he stated afterwards that he realised he had scored from the cheers of fans . Olympiacos went on to win the match 15–14 on penalties , and Derbyshire was handed the Man of the match award for his efforts . He signed a four-year contract with Olympiacos on 23 June 2009 after the clubs agreed a fee reported as £3m . On 21 March 2010 , Derbyshire scored the winning goal against Panathinaikos , in a 1–0 away victory , and was instantly nicknamed The English Killer . In August 2010 , the teams new coach , Ernesto Valverde , told Derbyshire that he was not part of his plans for the 2010–11 season , so he should search for a new team . Birmingham loan . Derbyshire returned to England when he signed for Birmingham City on 16 August 2010 on loan for the 2010–11 Premier League season , with a possibility of the deal being made permanent at the end of that time . He made his debut against former club Blackburn Rovers on 21 August as a second-half substitute for fellow new signing Nikola Žigić , and scored his first goal for the club five days later in a 3–2 League Cup victory over Rochdale . After waiting until January 2011 for his first Premier League start for Birmingham , against Blackpool , he then scored twice in the 4–1 win at Millwall in the third round of the FA Cup . Derbyshire never established himself in the first team , and despite making five appearances in that seasons League Cup competition , he was omitted from Birminghams squad for the final , in which Birmingham achieved a shock 2–1 victory against Arsenal . He left the club at the end of the season after their relegation from the Premier League . Nottingham Forest . Derbyshire signed a three-year contract with Championship club Nottingham Forest on 10 August 2011 . The fee was undisclosed . He was issued squad number eight . Upon signing , Derbyshire stated the importance to his career of getting regular first team football again . At Forest Derbyshire renewed acquaintance with assistant manager Rob Kelly , who was his coach when he was a youth player at Blackburn Rovers . Derbyshire made his debut for Forest on 16 August in a 1–0 away win against Doncaster Rovers . His first and only goal in the 2011–12 season was the opener in a 3–2 away defeat to Southampton . On 14 September 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to League One club Oldham Athletic in a short term deal . He scored on his debut a day later , scoring in a 2–2 draw at home to Notts County . He scored again in the following game , earning a point for Oldham in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United . Derbyshires third goal for Oldham came in a 2–0 away win over Crewe Alexandra . He scored again in a 2–0 win at home to Leyton Orient , however the goal was controversial as Leyton Orient manager Russell Slade accused Derbyshire of a blatant handball offence that the referee did not pick up on . Manager Paul Dickov then stated his desire to keep him at the club , and the spell was extended until 15 December . In January 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to Championship club Blackpool but failed to score for them . Rotherham United . Derbyshire signed for newly promoted Championship team Rotherham United on a two-year contract on 30 May 2014 . Until his departure in summer 2016 he scored 17 goals in 69 matches for the club . Omonia Nicosia . On 17 June 2016 , Cypriot First Division club Omonia Nicosia announced the signing of Derbyshire . He made his debut on 30 June against FC Banants Yerevan in the first leg of the Europa League first qualifying round , and scored the only goal of the match . In his first league appearance , in a 3–1 win against Ermis Aradippou , Derbyshire opened the scoring with a second-minute penalty On 4 January 2017 he drew attention when he scored a hat-trick against Ethnikos Achna in 4 minutes , overturning a 2-0 deficit against Omonia , that gave his side a valuable league victory . He continued to score regularly , and finished the season as the leagues top scorer with 24 goals , three more than his nearest rival . On 9 August 2017 , Omonia announced the extension of his contract until the summer of 2021 . In the first game of the 2017-18 season , on 10 September 2017 , he scored both goals for Omonia against Ethnikos Achna . Until the end of the season he was capped 33 times and scored 23 goals and was the top scored of the league for a second consecutive year . On the 2018-2019 season Derbyshire was capped 25 times and scored 2 goals . On the 2019-20 season premiere against Doxa Katokopias , Derbyshire scored the first goal of the game with a header . Macarthur FC . On 4 August 2020 , it was announced that Derbyshire had signed for new Australian A-League club Macarthur FC on a two-year contract . International career . On 1 February 2007 , Derbyshire was called up to the England Under-21 squad by new manager Stuart Pearce , for the match against Spain on 6 February . He was subsequently injured playing for Blackburn against Sheffield United on 3 February , and therefore missed joining up with the squad . However , Derbyshire was fit enough to be included in Englands Under-21 match against Italy at the new Wembley Stadium on 24 March . He scored Englands third goal in a thrilling 3–3 draw . During the group stage of the 2007 European Under-21 Football Championship , he was the scorer of a controversial goal against the Serbian under-21 team . He did not kick the ball out when Serbian defender Slobodan Rajković was down injured and went on to score Englands second goal of the game ; in his defence , Derbyshire claimed he did not see the injured player . He took part in the epic semi-final shootout against hosts Netherlands , scoring his first but having his second penalty saved as England lost 13–12 . On 28 March 2009 , Derbyshire played the second half for England as they beat Norway 5–0 , scoring two goals . Personal life . Derbyshires wife Melissa , née Norman , is from Ireland and they have three boys , twins Braidín and Callum and the youngest Killian . Honours . Club . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Cup : 2008–09 Birmingham City - League Cup : 2010–11 Individual . - 2009 Greek Cup Final Man of the Match - Cypriot First Division top goalscorer : 2016–17 , 2017–18 External links . - Matt Derbyshire profile at the Rotherham United F.C . website

easy

Which team did the player Matt Derbyshire belong to from 2011 to 2014?

/wiki/Matt_Derbyshire#P54#6

Matt Derbyshire Matthew Anthony Derbyshire ( born 14 April 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Macarthur . He played for Blackburn Rovers for five years , and had loan spells with Plymouth Argyle , Wrexham and Olympiacos , before joining the latter club on a permanent basis in 2009 . He played for Birmingham City on loan for the 2010–11 season . He won 14 caps for the England under-21 side . Club career . Early life and career . Derbyshire was born in Great Harwood , Lancashire and attended Our Lady and St John R.C . High School in Blackburn . He played football as a youngster for Darwen before joining Great Harwood Town in 2002 . He scored his first goal for the clubs first team as a 16-year-old , in October 2002 , and by the time he left in November 2003 , he had scored 26 , of which 21 had come in the North West Counties League , and 18 in his last nine appearances . Blackburn Rovers . He joined his boyhood club , Blackburn Rovers , in November 2003 for a £20,000 fee , a club record for Great Harwood . He had previously worked in the clubs community department , coaching young children . He rejected a move to Manchester United in favour of Blackburn , whom he had supported since he was a child . He had a loan spell at Plymouth Argyle but did not manage to score in any of his 13 games , resulting in Mark Hughes ending the players loan early . He then joined Wrexham on loan for the final three months of the season where he made a name for himself hitting the net on 10 occasions from 16 appearances . He opened his senior goal account for the first team in a 3–0 against Wigan Athletic on 1 January 2007 before extending his tally further with the opener away to Everton in a 4–1 FA Cup Third Round victory on 7 January . He made his first Premiership start against Arsenal on 13 January , and scored his third goal in four games against Manchester City . Derbyshires impressive form continued the following week with two goals and an assist against Luton Town in the FA Cup Fourth Round . He also scored against Manchester United taking advantage of a Michael Carrick error to give Blackburn Rovers a 1–0 lead , although they went on to lose the match 4–1 . He finished his first Premier League season with 9 goals in all competitions , from 14 starts and 16 substitute appearances . In the 2007–08 season , Derbyshire scored in the first match of the season , against Middlesbrough , coming on as a substitute to score the winner in a 2–1 victory . On 1 March 2008 , he scored a late stoppage-time winner against Newcastle United , and on 20 September , he again scored another late winner against Fulham , putting away a poachers goal assisted by Roque Santa Cruz . Olympiacos . On 28 January 2009 , Derbyshire moved to Olympiacos on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season . He made his first appearance for the club as a substitute in the first leg of a Greek Football Cup match at PAOKs Toumba Stadium . In the return match , his home debut , Derbyshire scored a goal in extra time , securing progress to the next round ( Greek Cup , semi-finals 2008–09 ) . He made his league debut on 14 February 2009 in a 2–1 home victory over Aris as an 80th-minute substitute for Diogo . On 15 March 2009 , he scored his first goal in a 5–0 win over Iraklis with his first touch of the ball , after coming on for Luciano Galletti in 81st minute adding his second goal ( and Olympiacos fifth ) just five minutes later . The following week he started the match against Panionios and played the whole 90 minutes , scoring in a 2–3 away win . On 2 May 2009 , Derbyshire played a pivotal role in the Greek Cup final against cross-city rivals AEK Athens . With Olympiacos 2–0 down , Derbyshire was brought on at half-time . Three minutes after coming on , Derbyshire scored for Olympiacos . The game then went to 2–2 before AEK Athens had seemingly scored the winning goal in stoppage time . However , with the last touch of the game , Derbyshire popped up to head in the equaliser in the sixth minute of added time , bringing the score to 3–3 , after having suffered a concussion following a clash with an opponent . It was obvious during celebrations that he was not fully aware , and he stated afterwards that he realised he had scored from the cheers of fans . Olympiacos went on to win the match 15–14 on penalties , and Derbyshire was handed the Man of the match award for his efforts . He signed a four-year contract with Olympiacos on 23 June 2009 after the clubs agreed a fee reported as £3m . On 21 March 2010 , Derbyshire scored the winning goal against Panathinaikos , in a 1–0 away victory , and was instantly nicknamed The English Killer . In August 2010 , the teams new coach , Ernesto Valverde , told Derbyshire that he was not part of his plans for the 2010–11 season , so he should search for a new team . Birmingham loan . Derbyshire returned to England when he signed for Birmingham City on 16 August 2010 on loan for the 2010–11 Premier League season , with a possibility of the deal being made permanent at the end of that time . He made his debut against former club Blackburn Rovers on 21 August as a second-half substitute for fellow new signing Nikola Žigić , and scored his first goal for the club five days later in a 3–2 League Cup victory over Rochdale . After waiting until January 2011 for his first Premier League start for Birmingham , against Blackpool , he then scored twice in the 4–1 win at Millwall in the third round of the FA Cup . Derbyshire never established himself in the first team , and despite making five appearances in that seasons League Cup competition , he was omitted from Birminghams squad for the final , in which Birmingham achieved a shock 2–1 victory against Arsenal . He left the club at the end of the season after their relegation from the Premier League . Nottingham Forest . Derbyshire signed a three-year contract with Championship club Nottingham Forest on 10 August 2011 . The fee was undisclosed . He was issued squad number eight . Upon signing , Derbyshire stated the importance to his career of getting regular first team football again . At Forest Derbyshire renewed acquaintance with assistant manager Rob Kelly , who was his coach when he was a youth player at Blackburn Rovers . Derbyshire made his debut for Forest on 16 August in a 1–0 away win against Doncaster Rovers . His first and only goal in the 2011–12 season was the opener in a 3–2 away defeat to Southampton . On 14 September 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to League One club Oldham Athletic in a short term deal . He scored on his debut a day later , scoring in a 2–2 draw at home to Notts County . He scored again in the following game , earning a point for Oldham in a 1–1 draw against Scunthorpe United . Derbyshires third goal for Oldham came in a 2–0 away win over Crewe Alexandra . He scored again in a 2–0 win at home to Leyton Orient , however the goal was controversial as Leyton Orient manager Russell Slade accused Derbyshire of a blatant handball offence that the referee did not pick up on . Manager Paul Dickov then stated his desire to keep him at the club , and the spell was extended until 15 December . In January 2012 Derbyshire went on loan to Championship club Blackpool but failed to score for them . Rotherham United . Derbyshire signed for newly promoted Championship team Rotherham United on a two-year contract on 30 May 2014 . Until his departure in summer 2016 he scored 17 goals in 69 matches for the club . Omonia Nicosia . On 17 June 2016 , Cypriot First Division club Omonia Nicosia announced the signing of Derbyshire . He made his debut on 30 June against FC Banants Yerevan in the first leg of the Europa League first qualifying round , and scored the only goal of the match . In his first league appearance , in a 3–1 win against Ermis Aradippou , Derbyshire opened the scoring with a second-minute penalty On 4 January 2017 he drew attention when he scored a hat-trick against Ethnikos Achna in 4 minutes , overturning a 2-0 deficit against Omonia , that gave his side a valuable league victory . He continued to score regularly , and finished the season as the leagues top scorer with 24 goals , three more than his nearest rival . On 9 August 2017 , Omonia announced the extension of his contract until the summer of 2021 . In the first game of the 2017-18 season , on 10 September 2017 , he scored both goals for Omonia against Ethnikos Achna . Until the end of the season he was capped 33 times and scored 23 goals and was the top scored of the league for a second consecutive year . On the 2018-2019 season Derbyshire was capped 25 times and scored 2 goals . On the 2019-20 season premiere against Doxa Katokopias , Derbyshire scored the first goal of the game with a header . Macarthur FC . On 4 August 2020 , it was announced that Derbyshire had signed for new Australian A-League club Macarthur FC on a two-year contract . International career . On 1 February 2007 , Derbyshire was called up to the England Under-21 squad by new manager Stuart Pearce , for the match against Spain on 6 February . He was subsequently injured playing for Blackburn against Sheffield United on 3 February , and therefore missed joining up with the squad . However , Derbyshire was fit enough to be included in Englands Under-21 match against Italy at the new Wembley Stadium on 24 March . He scored Englands third goal in a thrilling 3–3 draw . During the group stage of the 2007 European Under-21 Football Championship , he was the scorer of a controversial goal against the Serbian under-21 team . He did not kick the ball out when Serbian defender Slobodan Rajković was down injured and went on to score Englands second goal of the game ; in his defence , Derbyshire claimed he did not see the injured player . He took part in the epic semi-final shootout against hosts Netherlands , scoring his first but having his second penalty saved as England lost 13–12 . On 28 March 2009 , Derbyshire played the second half for England as they beat Norway 5–0 , scoring two goals . Personal life . Derbyshires wife Melissa , née Norman , is from Ireland and they have three boys , twins Braidín and Callum and the youngest Killian . Honours . Club . Olympiacos - Super League Greece : 2008–09 - Greek Cup : 2008–09 Birmingham City - League Cup : 2010–11 Individual . - 2009 Greek Cup Final Man of the Match - Cypriot First Division top goalscorer : 2016–17 , 2017–18 External links . - Matt Derbyshire profile at the Rotherham United F.C . website

easy

Which employer did Herbert Marcuse work for from 1954 to 1965?

/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse#P108#0

Herbert Marcuse Herbert Marcuse ( ; ; July 19 , 1898 – July 29 , 1979 ) was a German-American philosopher , sociologist , and political theorist , associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory . Born in Berlin , Marcuse studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin and then at Freiburg , where he received his PhD . He was a prominent figure in the Frankfurt-based Institute for Social Research – what later became known as the Frankfurt School . He was married to Sophie Wertheim ( 1924–1951 ) , Inge Neumann ( 1955–1973 ) , and Erica Sherover ( 1976–1979 ) . In his written works , he criticized capitalism , modern technology , Soviet Communism and entertainment culture , arguing that they represent new forms of social control . Between 1943 and 1950 , Marcuse worked in US government service for the Office of Strategic Services ( predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency ) where he criticized the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the book ( 1958 ) . In the 1960s and the 1970s he became known as the preeminent theorist of the New Left and the student movements of West Germany , France , and the United States ; some consider him the Father of the New Left . His best known works are Eros and Civilization ( 1955 ) and One-Dimensional Man ( 1964 ) . His Marxist scholarship inspired many radical intellectuals and political activists in the 1960s and 1970s , both in the United States and internationally . Biography . Early years . Herbert Marcuse was born July 19 , 1898 , in Berlin , to Carl Marcuse and Gertrud Kreslawsky . His family was Jewish . In 1916 he was drafted into the German Army , but only worked in horse stables in Berlin during World War I . He then became a member of a Soldiers Council that participated in the aborted socialist Spartacist uprising . He completed his PhD thesis at the University of Freiburg in 1922 on the German Künstlerroman after which he moved back to Berlin , where he worked in publishing . In 1924 he married Sophie Wertheim , a mathematician . He returned to Freiburg in 1928 to study with Edmund Husserl and write a habilitation with Martin Heidegger , which was published in 1932 as Hegels Ontology and the Theory of Historicity ( Hegels Ontologie und die Theorie der Geschichtlichkeit ) . This study was written in the context of the Hegel renaissance that was taking place in Europe with an emphasis on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels ontology of life and history , idealist theory of spirit and dialectic . With his academic career blocked by the rise of the Third Reich , in 1933 Marcuse joined the Institute for Social Research , popularly known as the Frankfurt School . He went almost at once into exile with them , first briefly in Geneva , then in the United States . Unlike some others , Marcuse did not return to Germany after the war . When he visited Frankfurt in 1956 , the young Jürgen Habermas was surprised that he was a key member of the Institute . In 1933 , Marcuse published his first major review , of Karl Marxs Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 . In this review , Marcuse revised the interpretation of Marxism , from the standpoint of the works of the early Marx . Emigration to the United States . After leaving Germany for Switzerland in May 1933 , Marcuse emigrated to the United States in June 1934 , where he became a citizen in 1940 . Although he never returned to Germany to live , he remained one of the major theorists associated with the Frankfurt School , along with Max Horkheimer and Theodor W . Adorno ( among others ) . In 1940 he published Reason and Revolution , a dialectical work studying G . W . F . Hegel and Karl Marx . While a member of the Frankfurt School ( also known as the Institute of Social Research ) , Marcuse developed a model for critical social theory , created a theory of the new stage of state and monopoly capitalism , described the relationships between philosophy , social theory , and cultural criticism , and provided an analysis and critique of German fascism . Marcuse worked closely with critical theorists while at the institute . World War II . During World War II , Marcuse first worked for the US Office of War Information ( OWI ) on anti-Nazi propaganda projects . In 1943 , he transferred to the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) , the precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency . Directed by the Harvard historian William L . Langer , the Research and Analysis ( R & A ) Branch was in fact the biggest American research institution in the first half of the twentieth century . At its zenith between 1943 and 1945 , it employed over twelve hundred , four hundred of whom were stationed abroad . In many respects , it was the site where post-World War II American social science was born , with protégés of some of the most esteemed American university professors , as well as a large contingent of European intellectual émigrés , in its ranks . These men comprised the theoretical brain trust of the American war machine , which , according to its founder , William J . Donovan , would function as a final clearinghouse for the secret services—that is , as a structure that , although not engaged in determining war strategy or tactics , would be able to assemble , organize , analyze , and filter the immense flow of military information directed toward Washington , thanks to the unique capacity of the specialists on hand to interpret the relevant sources . In March 1943 , Marcuse joined his fellow Frankfurt School scholar Franz Neumann in R & As Central European Section as senior analyst and rapidly established himself as the leading analyst on Germany . After the dissolution of the OSS in 1945 , Marcuse was employed by the US Department of State as head of the Central European section , becoming an intelligence analyst of Nazism . A compilation of Marcuses reports was published in . He retired after the death of his first wife in 1951 . Post-war . In 1952 , Marcuse began a teaching career as a political theorist , first at Columbia University , then at Harvard University . Marcuse worked at Brandeis University from 1954 to 1965 , then at the University of California San Diego from 1965 to 1970 . It was during his time at Brandeis that he wrote his most famous work , One-Dimensional Man ( 1964 ) . Marcuse was a friend and collaborator of the political sociologist Barrington Moore Jr . and of the political philosopher Robert Paul Wolff , and also a friend of the Columbia University sociology professor C . Wright Mills , one of the founders of the New Left movement . In his Introduction to One-Dimensional Man , Marcuse wrote , I should like to emphasize the vital importance of the work of C . Wright Mills . In the post-war period , Marcuse rejected the theory of class struggle and the Marxist concern with labor , instead claiming , according to Leszek Kołakowski , that since all questions of material existence have been solved , moral commands and prohibitions are no longer relevant . He regarded the realization of mans erotic nature as the true liberation of humanity , which inspired the utopias of Jerry Rubin and others . Marcuses critiques of capitalist society ( especially his 1955 synthesis of Marx and Sigmund Freud , Eros and Civilization , and his 1964 book One-Dimensional Man ) resonated with the concerns of the student movement in the 1960s . Because of his willingness to speak at student protests and his essay Repressive Tolerance ( 1965 ) , Marcuse soon became known in the media as Father of the New Left . Contending that the students of the sixties were not waiting for the publication of his work to act , Marcuse brushed the medias branding of him as Father of the New Left aside lightly , saying It would have been better to call me not the father , but the grandfather , of the New Left . His work heavily influenced intellectual discourse on popular culture and scholarly popular culture studies . He had many speaking engagements in the US and Western Bloc in the late 1960s and 1970s . He became a close friend and inspirer of the French philosopher André Gorz . Marcuse defended the arrested East German dissident Rudolf Bahro ( author of Die Alternative : Zur Kritik des real existierenden Sozialismus [ trans. , The Alternative in Eastern Europe ] ) , discussing in a 1979 essay Bahros theories of change from within . The New Left and radical politics . Many radical scholars and activists were influenced by Marcuse , such as Norman O . Brown , Angela Davis , Charles J . Moore , Abbie Hoffman , Rudi Dutschke , and Robert M . Young ( see the List of Scholars and Activists link below ) . Among those who critiqued him from the left were Marxist-humanist Raya Dunayevskaya , fellow German emigre Paul Mattick , both of whom subjected One-Dimensional Man to a Marxist critique , and Noam Chomsky , who knew and liked Marcuse but thought very little of his work . Marcuses 1965 essay Repressive Tolerance , in which he claimed capitalist democracies can have totalitarian aspects , has been criticized by conservatives . Marcuse argues that genuine tolerance does not permit support for repression , since doing so ensures that marginalized voices will remain unheard . He characterizes tolerance of repressive speech as inauthentic . Instead , he advocates a form of tolerance that is intolerant of repressive ( namely right-wing ) political movements : Marcuse later expressed his radical ideas through three pieces of writing . He wrote An Essay on Liberation in 1969 , in which he celebrated liberation movements such as those in Vietnam , which inspired many radicals . In 1972 he wrote Counterrevolution and Revolt , which argues that the hopes of the 1960s were facing a counterrevolution from the right . After Brandeis denied the renewal of his teaching contract in 1965 , Marcuse taught at the University of California San Diego . In 1968 , California Governor Ronald Reagan and other conservatives objected to his reappointment , but the university decided to let his contract run until 1970 . He devoted the rest of his life to teaching , writing and giving lectures around the world . His efforts brought him attention from the media , which claimed that he openly advocated violence , although he often clarified that only violence of defense could be appropriate , not violence of aggression . He continued to promote Marxian theory , with some of his students helping to spread his ideas . He published his final work The Aesthetic Dimension in 1979 on the role of art in the process of what he termed emancipation from bourgeois society . Marriages . Marcuse married three times . His first wife was mathematician Sophie Wertheim ( 1901–1951 ) , with whom he had a son , Peter ( born 1928 ) . She died in 1951 . Herberts second marriage was to Inge Neumann ( 1910–1973 ) , the widow of his close friend Franz Neumann ( 1900–1954 ) . She died in 1973 . His third wife was Erica Sherover ( 1938–1988 ) , a former graduate student and forty years his junior , whom he married in 1976 . His son Peter Marcuse is professor emeritus of urban planning at Columbia University . His granddaughter is the novelist Irene Marcuse and his grandson , Harold Marcuse , is a professor of history at the University of California , Santa Barbara . Death . On July 29 , 1979 , ten days after his eighty-first birthday , Marcuse died after suffering a stroke during a visit to Germany . He had spoken at the Frankfurt Römerberggespräche , and was on his way to the Max Planck Institute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World in Starnberg , on invitation from second-generation Frankfurt School theorist Jürgen Habermas . In 2003 , after his ashes were rediscovered in the United States , they were buried in the Dorotheenstädtischer cemetery in Berlin . Philosophy and views . Marcuses famous concept repressive desublimation refers to his argument that postwar mass culture , with its profusion of sexual provocations , serves to reinforce political repression . If people are preoccupied with inauthentic sexual stimulation , their political energy will be desublimated ; instead of acting constructively to change the world , they remain repressed and uncritical . Marcuse advanced the prewar thinking of critical theory toward a critical account of the one-dimensional nature of bourgeois life in Europe and America . His thinking could , therefore , also be considered an advance of the concerns of earlier liberal critics such as David Riesman . Two aspects of Marcuses work are of particular importance , first , his use of language more familiar from the critique of Soviet or Nazi regimes to characterize developments in the advanced industrial world ; and second , his grounding of critical theory in a particular use of psychoanalytic thought . Both of these features of his thinking have often been misunderstood and have given rise to critiques of his work that miss the point of his targets . Marcuses early Heideggerian Marxism . During his years in Freiburg , Marcuse wrote a series of essays that explored the possibility of synthesizing Marxism and Heideggers fundamental ontology , as begun in the latters work Being and Time ( 1927 ) . This early interest in Heidegger followed Marcuses demand for concrete philosophy , which , he declared in 1928 , concerns itself with the truth of contemporaneous human existence . These words were directed against the neo-Kantianism of the mainstream , and against both the revisionist and orthodox Marxist alternatives , in which the subjectivity of the individual played little role . Though Marcuse quickly distanced himself from Heidegger following Heideggers endorsement of Nazism , it has been suggested by thinkers such as Jürgen Habermas that an understanding of Marcuses later thinking demands an appreciation of his early Heideggerian influence . Marcuse and capitalism . Marcuses analysis of capitalism derives partially from one of Karl Marxs main concepts : Objectification , which under capitalism becomes Alienation . Marx believed that capitalism was exploiting humans ; that by producing objects of a certain character , laborers became alienated and this ultimately dehumanized them into functional objects themselves . Marcuse took this belief and expanded it . He argued that capitalism and industrialization pushed laborers so hard that they began to see themselves as extensions of the objects they were producing . At the beginning of One-Dimensional Man Marcuse writes , The people recognize themselves in their commodities ; they find their soul in their automobile , hi-fi set , split-level home , kitchen equipment , meaning that under capitalism ( in consumer society ) humans become extensions of the commodities that they buy , thus making commodities extensions of peoples minds and bodies . Affluent mass technological societies , he argues , are totally controlled and manipulated . In societies based upon mass production and mass distribution , the individual worker has become merely a consumer of its commodities and entire commodified way of life . Modern capitalism has created false needs and false consciousness geared to consumption of commodities : it locks one-dimensional man into the one-dimensional society which produced the need for people to recognize themselves in their commodities . The very mechanism that ties the individual to his society has changed and social control is anchored in the new needs which it has produced . Most important of all , the pressure of consumerism has led to the total integration of the working class into the capitalist system . Its political parties and trade unions have become thoroughly bureaucratized and the power of negative thinking or critical reflection has rapidly declined . The working class is no longer a potentially subversive force capable of bringing about revolutionary change . As a result , rather than looking to the workers as the revolutionary vanguard , Marcuse put his faith in an alliance between radical intellectuals and those groups not yet integrated into one-dimensional society , the socially marginalized , the substratum of the outcasts and outsiders , the exploited and persecuted of other ethnicities and other colors , the unemployed and the unemployable . These were the people whose standards of living demanded the ending of intolerable conditions and institutions and whose resistance to one-dimensional society would not be diverted by the system . Their opposition was revolutionary even if their consciousness was not . Criticism . Leszek Kołakowski described Marcuses views as essentially anti-Marxist , in that they ignored Marxs critique of Hegel and discarded the historical theory of class struggle entirely in favor of an inverted Freudian reading of human history where all social rules could and should be discarded to create a New World of Happiness . Kołakowski concluded that Marcuses ideal society is to be ruled despotically by an enlightened group [ who ] have realized in themselves the unity of Logos and Eros , and thrown off the vexatious authority of logic , mathematics , and the empirical sciences . The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre asserted that Marcuse falsely assumed consumers were completely passive , uncritically responding to corporate advertising . MacIntyre frankly opposed Marcuse . It will be my crucial contention in this book , MacIntyre stated , that almost all of Marcuses key positions are false . For example , Marcuse was not an orthodox Marxist . Like many of the Frankfurt School , Marcuse wrote of critical theory not of Marxism and MacIntyre notes a similarity in this to the Right Hegelians , whom Marx attacked . Hence , MacIntyre proposed that Marcuse be regarded as a pre-Marxist thinker . According to MacIntyre , Marcuses assumptions about advanced industrial society were wrong in whole and in part . Marcuse , concluded MacIntyre , invokes the great names of freedom and reason while betraying their substance at every important point . Legacy . Herbert Marcuse appealed to students of the New Left through his emphasis on the power of critical thought and his vision of total human emancipation and a non-repressive civilization . He supported students he felt were subject to the pressures of a commodifying system , and has been regarded as an inspirational intellectual leader . He is also considered among the most influential of the Frankfurt School critical theorists on American culture , due to his studies on student and counter-cultural movements on the 1960s . The legacy of the 1960s , of which Marcuse was a vital part , lives on , and the great refusal is still practiced by oppositional groups and individuals . Bibliography . - Books - Hegels Ontology and the Theory of Historicity ( 1932 ) , originally written in German , in English 1987 . - Studie über Autorität und Familie ( 1936 ) in German , republished 1987 , 2005 . Marcuse wrote just over 100 pages in this 900-page study . - Reason and Revolution : Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory ( 1941 ) - Eros and Civilization : A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud ( 1955 ) - ( 1958 ) - One-Dimensional Man : Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society ( 1964 ) - A Critique of Pure Tolerance ( 1965 ) Essay Repressive Tolerance , with additional essays by Robert Paul Wolff and Barrington Moore Jr . - Negations : Essays in Critical Theory ( 1968 ) - An Essay on Liberation ( 1969 ) - Five Lectures ( 1969 ) - Counterrevolution and Revolt ( 1972 ) - The Aesthetic Dimension : Toward a Critique of Marxist Aesthetics ( 1978 ) - Essays - Neue Quellen zur Grundlegung des Historischen Materialismus ( 1932 ) - Repressive Tolerance ( 1965 ) - Liberation ( 1969 ) - On the Problem of the Dialectic ( 1976 ) - Protosocialism and Late Capitalism : Toward a Theoretical Synthesis Based on Bahros Analysis ( 1980 )

easy

Who did Herbert Marcuse work for from 1965 to 1966?

/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse#P108#1

Herbert Marcuse Herbert Marcuse ( ; ; July 19 , 1898 – July 29 , 1979 ) was a German-American philosopher , sociologist , and political theorist , associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory . Born in Berlin , Marcuse studied at the Humboldt University of Berlin and then at Freiburg , where he received his PhD . He was a prominent figure in the Frankfurt-based Institute for Social Research – what later became known as the Frankfurt School . He was married to Sophie Wertheim ( 1924–1951 ) , Inge Neumann ( 1955–1973 ) , and Erica Sherover ( 1976–1979 ) . In his written works , he criticized capitalism , modern technology , Soviet Communism and entertainment culture , arguing that they represent new forms of social control . Between 1943 and 1950 , Marcuse worked in US government service for the Office of Strategic Services ( predecessor of the Central Intelligence Agency ) where he criticized the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in the book ( 1958 ) . In the 1960s and the 1970s he became known as the preeminent theorist of the New Left and the student movements of West Germany , France , and the United States ; some consider him the Father of the New Left . His best known works are Eros and Civilization ( 1955 ) and One-Dimensional Man ( 1964 ) . His Marxist scholarship inspired many radical intellectuals and political activists in the 1960s and 1970s , both in the United States and internationally . Biography . Early years . Herbert Marcuse was born July 19 , 1898 , in Berlin , to Carl Marcuse and Gertrud Kreslawsky . His family was Jewish . In 1916 he was drafted into the German Army , but only worked in horse stables in Berlin during World War I . He then became a member of a Soldiers Council that participated in the aborted socialist Spartacist uprising . He completed his PhD thesis at the University of Freiburg in 1922 on the German Künstlerroman after which he moved back to Berlin , where he worked in publishing . In 1924 he married Sophie Wertheim , a mathematician . He returned to Freiburg in 1928 to study with Edmund Husserl and write a habilitation with Martin Heidegger , which was published in 1932 as Hegels Ontology and the Theory of Historicity ( Hegels Ontologie und die Theorie der Geschichtlichkeit ) . This study was written in the context of the Hegel renaissance that was taking place in Europe with an emphasis on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegels ontology of life and history , idealist theory of spirit and dialectic . With his academic career blocked by the rise of the Third Reich , in 1933 Marcuse joined the Institute for Social Research , popularly known as the Frankfurt School . He went almost at once into exile with them , first briefly in Geneva , then in the United States . Unlike some others , Marcuse did not return to Germany after the war . When he visited Frankfurt in 1956 , the young Jürgen Habermas was surprised that he was a key member of the Institute . In 1933 , Marcuse published his first major review , of Karl Marxs Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 . In this review , Marcuse revised the interpretation of Marxism , from the standpoint of the works of the early Marx . Emigration to the United States . After leaving Germany for Switzerland in May 1933 , Marcuse emigrated to the United States in June 1934 , where he became a citizen in 1940 . Although he never returned to Germany to live , he remained one of the major theorists associated with the Frankfurt School , along with Max Horkheimer and Theodor W . Adorno ( among others ) . In 1940 he published Reason and Revolution , a dialectical work studying G . W . F . Hegel and Karl Marx . While a member of the Frankfurt School ( also known as the Institute of Social Research ) , Marcuse developed a model for critical social theory , created a theory of the new stage of state and monopoly capitalism , described the relationships between philosophy , social theory , and cultural criticism , and provided an analysis and critique of German fascism . Marcuse worked closely with critical theorists while at the institute . World War II . During World War II , Marcuse first worked for the US Office of War Information ( OWI ) on anti-Nazi propaganda projects . In 1943 , he transferred to the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) , the precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency . Directed by the Harvard historian William L . Langer , the Research and Analysis ( R & A ) Branch was in fact the biggest American research institution in the first half of the twentieth century . At its zenith between 1943 and 1945 , it employed over twelve hundred , four hundred of whom were stationed abroad . In many respects , it was the site where post-World War II American social science was born , with protégés of some of the most esteemed American university professors , as well as a large contingent of European intellectual émigrés , in its ranks . These men comprised the theoretical brain trust of the American war machine , which , according to its founder , William J . Donovan , would function as a final clearinghouse for the secret services—that is , as a structure that , although not engaged in determining war strategy or tactics , would be able to assemble , organize , analyze , and filter the immense flow of military information directed toward Washington , thanks to the unique capacity of the specialists on hand to interpret the relevant sources . In March 1943 , Marcuse joined his fellow Frankfurt School scholar Franz Neumann in R & As Central European Section as senior analyst and rapidly established himself as the leading analyst on Germany . After the dissolution of the OSS in 1945 , Marcuse was employed by the US Department of State as head of the Central European section , becoming an intelligence analyst of Nazism . A compilation of Marcuses reports was published in . He retired after the death of his first wife in 1951 . Post-war . In 1952 , Marcuse began a teaching career as a political theorist , first at Columbia University , then at Harvard University . Marcuse worked at Brandeis University from 1954 to 1965 , then at the University of California San Diego from 1965 to 1970 . It was during his time at Brandeis that he wrote his most famous work , One-Dimensional Man ( 1964 ) . Marcuse was a friend and collaborator of the political sociologist Barrington Moore Jr . and of the political philosopher Robert Paul Wolff , and also a friend of the Columbia University sociology professor C . Wright Mills , one of the founders of the New Left movement . In his Introduction to One-Dimensional Man , Marcuse wrote , I should like to emphasize the vital importance of the work of C . Wright Mills . In the post-war period , Marcuse rejected the theory of class struggle and the Marxist concern with labor , instead claiming , according to Leszek Kołakowski , that since all questions of material existence have been solved , moral commands and prohibitions are no longer relevant . He regarded the realization of mans erotic nature as the true liberation of humanity , which inspired the utopias of Jerry Rubin and others . Marcuses critiques of capitalist society ( especially his 1955 synthesis of Marx and Sigmund Freud , Eros and Civilization , and his 1964 book One-Dimensional Man ) resonated with the concerns of the student movement in the 1960s . Because of his willingness to speak at student protests and his essay Repressive Tolerance ( 1965 ) , Marcuse soon became known in the media as Father of the New Left . Contending that the students of the sixties were not waiting for the publication of his work to act , Marcuse brushed the medias branding of him as Father of the New Left aside lightly , saying It would have been better to call me not the father , but the grandfather , of the New Left . His work heavily influenced intellectual discourse on popular culture and scholarly popular culture studies . He had many speaking engagements in the US and Western Bloc in the late 1960s and 1970s . He became a close friend and inspirer of the French philosopher André Gorz . Marcuse defended the arrested East German dissident Rudolf Bahro ( author of Die Alternative : Zur Kritik des real existierenden Sozialismus [ trans. , The Alternative in Eastern Europe ] ) , discussing in a 1979 essay Bahros theories of change from within . The New Left and radical politics . Many radical scholars and activists were influenced by Marcuse , such as Norman O . Brown , Angela Davis , Charles J . Moore , Abbie Hoffman , Rudi Dutschke , and Robert M . Young ( see the List of Scholars and Activists link below ) . Among those who critiqued him from the left were Marxist-humanist Raya Dunayevskaya , fellow German emigre Paul Mattick , both of whom subjected One-Dimensional Man to a Marxist critique , and Noam Chomsky , who knew and liked Marcuse but thought very little of his work . Marcuses 1965 essay Repressive Tolerance , in which he claimed capitalist democracies can have totalitarian aspects , has been criticized by conservatives . Marcuse argues that genuine tolerance does not permit support for repression , since doing so ensures that marginalized voices will remain unheard . He characterizes tolerance of repressive speech as inauthentic . Instead , he advocates a form of tolerance that is intolerant of repressive ( namely right-wing ) political movements : Marcuse later expressed his radical ideas through three pieces of writing . He wrote An Essay on Liberation in 1969 , in which he celebrated liberation movements such as those in Vietnam , which inspired many radicals . In 1972 he wrote Counterrevolution and Revolt , which argues that the hopes of the 1960s were facing a counterrevolution from the right . After Brandeis denied the renewal of his teaching contract in 1965 , Marcuse taught at the University of California San Diego . In 1968 , California Governor Ronald Reagan and other conservatives objected to his reappointment , but the university decided to let his contract run until 1970 . He devoted the rest of his life to teaching , writing and giving lectures around the world . His efforts brought him attention from the media , which claimed that he openly advocated violence , although he often clarified that only violence of defense could be appropriate , not violence of aggression . He continued to promote Marxian theory , with some of his students helping to spread his ideas . He published his final work The Aesthetic Dimension in 1979 on the role of art in the process of what he termed emancipation from bourgeois society . Marriages . Marcuse married three times . His first wife was mathematician Sophie Wertheim ( 1901–1951 ) , with whom he had a son , Peter ( born 1928 ) . She died in 1951 . Herberts second marriage was to Inge Neumann ( 1910–1973 ) , the widow of his close friend Franz Neumann ( 1900–1954 ) . She died in 1973 . His third wife was Erica Sherover ( 1938–1988 ) , a former graduate student and forty years his junior , whom he married in 1976 . His son Peter Marcuse is professor emeritus of urban planning at Columbia University . His granddaughter is the novelist Irene Marcuse and his grandson , Harold Marcuse , is a professor of history at the University of California , Santa Barbara . Death . On July 29 , 1979 , ten days after his eighty-first birthday , Marcuse died after suffering a stroke during a visit to Germany . He had spoken at the Frankfurt Römerberggespräche , and was on his way to the Max Planck Institute for the Study of the Scientific-Technical World in Starnberg , on invitation from second-generation Frankfurt School theorist Jürgen Habermas . In 2003 , after his ashes were rediscovered in the United States , they were buried in the Dorotheenstädtischer cemetery in Berlin . Philosophy and views . Marcuses famous concept repressive desublimation refers to his argument that postwar mass culture , with its profusion of sexual provocations , serves to reinforce political repression . If people are preoccupied with inauthentic sexual stimulation , their political energy will be desublimated ; instead of acting constructively to change the world , they remain repressed and uncritical . Marcuse advanced the prewar thinking of critical theory toward a critical account of the one-dimensional nature of bourgeois life in Europe and America . His thinking could , therefore , also be considered an advance of the concerns of earlier liberal critics such as David Riesman . Two aspects of Marcuses work are of particular importance , first , his use of language more familiar from the critique of Soviet or Nazi regimes to characterize developments in the advanced industrial world ; and second , his grounding of critical theory in a particular use of psychoanalytic thought . Both of these features of his thinking have often been misunderstood and have given rise to critiques of his work that miss the point of his targets . Marcuses early Heideggerian Marxism . During his years in Freiburg , Marcuse wrote a series of essays that explored the possibility of synthesizing Marxism and Heideggers fundamental ontology , as begun in the latters work Being and Time ( 1927 ) . This early interest in Heidegger followed Marcuses demand for concrete philosophy , which , he declared in 1928 , concerns itself with the truth of contemporaneous human existence . These words were directed against the neo-Kantianism of the mainstream , and against both the revisionist and orthodox Marxist alternatives , in which the subjectivity of the individual played little role . Though Marcuse quickly distanced himself from Heidegger following Heideggers endorsement of Nazism , it has been suggested by thinkers such as Jürgen Habermas that an understanding of Marcuses later thinking demands an appreciation of his early Heideggerian influence . Marcuse and capitalism . Marcuses analysis of capitalism derives partially from one of Karl Marxs main concepts : Objectification , which under capitalism becomes Alienation . Marx believed that capitalism was exploiting humans ; that by producing objects of a certain character , laborers became alienated and this ultimately dehumanized them into functional objects themselves . Marcuse took this belief and expanded it . He argued that capitalism and industrialization pushed laborers so hard that they began to see themselves as extensions of the objects they were producing . At the beginning of One-Dimensional Man Marcuse writes , The people recognize themselves in their commodities ; they find their soul in their automobile , hi-fi set , split-level home , kitchen equipment , meaning that under capitalism ( in consumer society ) humans become extensions of the commodities that they buy , thus making commodities extensions of peoples minds and bodies . Affluent mass technological societies , he argues , are totally controlled and manipulated . In societies based upon mass production and mass distribution , the individual worker has become merely a consumer of its commodities and entire commodified way of life . Modern capitalism has created false needs and false consciousness geared to consumption of commodities : it locks one-dimensional man into the one-dimensional society which produced the need for people to recognize themselves in their commodities . The very mechanism that ties the individual to his society has changed and social control is anchored in the new needs which it has produced . Most important of all , the pressure of consumerism has led to the total integration of the working class into the capitalist system . Its political parties and trade unions have become thoroughly bureaucratized and the power of negative thinking or critical reflection has rapidly declined . The working class is no longer a potentially subversive force capable of bringing about revolutionary change . As a result , rather than looking to the workers as the revolutionary vanguard , Marcuse put his faith in an alliance between radical intellectuals and those groups not yet integrated into one-dimensional society , the socially marginalized , the substratum of the outcasts and outsiders , the exploited and persecuted of other ethnicities and other colors , the unemployed and the unemployable . These were the people whose standards of living demanded the ending of intolerable conditions and institutions and whose resistance to one-dimensional society would not be diverted by the system . Their opposition was revolutionary even if their consciousness was not . Criticism . Leszek Kołakowski described Marcuses views as essentially anti-Marxist , in that they ignored Marxs critique of Hegel and discarded the historical theory of class struggle entirely in favor of an inverted Freudian reading of human history where all social rules could and should be discarded to create a New World of Happiness . Kołakowski concluded that Marcuses ideal society is to be ruled despotically by an enlightened group [ who ] have realized in themselves the unity of Logos and Eros , and thrown off the vexatious authority of logic , mathematics , and the empirical sciences . The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre asserted that Marcuse falsely assumed consumers were completely passive , uncritically responding to corporate advertising . MacIntyre frankly opposed Marcuse . It will be my crucial contention in this book , MacIntyre stated , that almost all of Marcuses key positions are false . For example , Marcuse was not an orthodox Marxist . Like many of the Frankfurt School , Marcuse wrote of critical theory not of Marxism and MacIntyre notes a similarity in this to the Right Hegelians , whom Marx attacked . Hence , MacIntyre proposed that Marcuse be regarded as a pre-Marxist thinker . According to MacIntyre , Marcuses assumptions about advanced industrial society were wrong in whole and in part . Marcuse , concluded MacIntyre , invokes the great names of freedom and reason while betraying their substance at every important point . Legacy . Herbert Marcuse appealed to students of the New Left through his emphasis on the power of critical thought and his vision of total human emancipation and a non-repressive civilization . He supported students he felt were subject to the pressures of a commodifying system , and has been regarded as an inspirational intellectual leader . He is also considered among the most influential of the Frankfurt School critical theorists on American culture , due to his studies on student and counter-cultural movements on the 1960s . The legacy of the 1960s , of which Marcuse was a vital part , lives on , and the great refusal is still practiced by oppositional groups and individuals . Bibliography . - Books - Hegels Ontology and the Theory of Historicity ( 1932 ) , originally written in German , in English 1987 . - Studie über Autorität und Familie ( 1936 ) in German , republished 1987 , 2005 . Marcuse wrote just over 100 pages in this 900-page study . - Reason and Revolution : Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory ( 1941 ) - Eros and Civilization : A Philosophical Inquiry into Freud ( 1955 ) - ( 1958 ) - One-Dimensional Man : Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society ( 1964 ) - A Critique of Pure Tolerance ( 1965 ) Essay Repressive Tolerance , with additional essays by Robert Paul Wolff and Barrington Moore Jr . - Negations : Essays in Critical Theory ( 1968 ) - An Essay on Liberation ( 1969 ) - Five Lectures ( 1969 ) - Counterrevolution and Revolt ( 1972 ) - The Aesthetic Dimension : Toward a Critique of Marxist Aesthetics ( 1978 ) - Essays - Neue Quellen zur Grundlegung des Historischen Materialismus ( 1932 ) - Repressive Tolerance ( 1965 ) - Liberation ( 1969 ) - On the Problem of the Dialectic ( 1976 ) - Protosocialism and Late Capitalism : Toward a Theoretical Synthesis Based on Bahros Analysis ( 1980 )

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Alan Byrne (footballer, born 1969) played for which team from 1987 to 1993?

/wiki/Alan_Byrne_(footballer,_born_1969)#P54#0

Alan Byrne ( footballer , born 1969 ) Alan Byrne ( born 12 May 1969 ) is an Irish former soccer player who played during the 1980s and 1990s . Byrne was a midfielder who represented Bohemian F.C. , Shamrock Rovers , Shelbourne , Linfield F.C. , Newry Town and Bray Wanderers during his career in Ireland . He made his League of Ireland debut for Bohs on 27 September 1987 in a 4-1 hammering by Rovers . During his time at Dalymount Park he won the FAI Cup in 1992 . In total he played 132 games ( 123 plus 9 as sub ) scoring 4 goals . He played in every single position while at Dalymount . On one occasion he took over in goal after Dermot ONeill got sent off against Shamrock Rovers . He transferred to linfield f.c . in the summer of 1993 for £26,000.00 which saw Mick Moody move the other direction . During his one season at Rovers he won the League Championship in 1994 scoring 1 goal in 28 league appearances . He was also named Player of the Year . He was awarded the Opel Player of the Month for November 1993 . In the summer of 1994 , Byrne moved to Shelbourne and helped them to third in the league after a disappointing start to the season and to the FAI Cup Final . He got sent off in the UEFA Cup in August 1995 . He then moved to Linfield for £28,000 in October 1995 and made a scoring debut and got sent off . He later had a spell at Newry Town before moving to Bray Wanderers in November 1999 . He scored 2 goals in a total of 22 appearances at the Carlisle Grounds . While playing for Wayside Celtic in the FAI Cup in January 2001 he got sent off for pushing the referee . His tough tackling style and disciplinary record earned him the nickname Psycho . His father Eamonn played for Drumcondra F.C . in the 1950s.He is married to Lisa Wyatt Byrne the owner of Irelands first Juice Detox company Juice 2 Go . They have 3 children and are very happy living in Stepaside . Honours . - League of Ireland - Shamrock Rovers - 1994 - FAI Cup - Bohemians - 1992 - SRFC Player of the Year : - Shamrock Rovers - 1993/94

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Which team did Alan Byrne (footballer, born 1969) play for from 1993 to 1994?

/wiki/Alan_Byrne_(footballer,_born_1969)#P54#1

Alan Byrne ( footballer , born 1969 ) Alan Byrne ( born 12 May 1969 ) is an Irish former soccer player who played during the 1980s and 1990s . Byrne was a midfielder who represented Bohemian F.C. , Shamrock Rovers , Shelbourne , Linfield F.C. , Newry Town and Bray Wanderers during his career in Ireland . He made his League of Ireland debut for Bohs on 27 September 1987 in a 4-1 hammering by Rovers . During his time at Dalymount Park he won the FAI Cup in 1992 . In total he played 132 games ( 123 plus 9 as sub ) scoring 4 goals . He played in every single position while at Dalymount . On one occasion he took over in goal after Dermot ONeill got sent off against Shamrock Rovers . He transferred to linfield f.c . in the summer of 1993 for £26,000.00 which saw Mick Moody move the other direction . During his one season at Rovers he won the League Championship in 1994 scoring 1 goal in 28 league appearances . He was also named Player of the Year . He was awarded the Opel Player of the Month for November 1993 . In the summer of 1994 , Byrne moved to Shelbourne and helped them to third in the league after a disappointing start to the season and to the FAI Cup Final . He got sent off in the UEFA Cup in August 1995 . He then moved to Linfield for £28,000 in October 1995 and made a scoring debut and got sent off . He later had a spell at Newry Town before moving to Bray Wanderers in November 1999 . He scored 2 goals in a total of 22 appearances at the Carlisle Grounds . While playing for Wayside Celtic in the FAI Cup in January 2001 he got sent off for pushing the referee . His tough tackling style and disciplinary record earned him the nickname Psycho . His father Eamonn played for Drumcondra F.C . in the 1950s.He is married to Lisa Wyatt Byrne the owner of Irelands first Juice Detox company Juice 2 Go . They have 3 children and are very happy living in Stepaside . Honours . - League of Ireland - Shamrock Rovers - 1994 - FAI Cup - Bohemians - 1992 - SRFC Player of the Year : - Shamrock Rovers - 1993/94

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Which team did Alan Byrne (footballer, born 1969) play for from 1994 to 1995?

/wiki/Alan_Byrne_(footballer,_born_1969)#P54#2

Alan Byrne ( footballer , born 1969 ) Alan Byrne ( born 12 May 1969 ) is an Irish former soccer player who played during the 1980s and 1990s . Byrne was a midfielder who represented Bohemian F.C. , Shamrock Rovers , Shelbourne , Linfield F.C. , Newry Town and Bray Wanderers during his career in Ireland . He made his League of Ireland debut for Bohs on 27 September 1987 in a 4-1 hammering by Rovers . During his time at Dalymount Park he won the FAI Cup in 1992 . In total he played 132 games ( 123 plus 9 as sub ) scoring 4 goals . He played in every single position while at Dalymount . On one occasion he took over in goal after Dermot ONeill got sent off against Shamrock Rovers . He transferred to linfield f.c . in the summer of 1993 for £26,000.00 which saw Mick Moody move the other direction . During his one season at Rovers he won the League Championship in 1994 scoring 1 goal in 28 league appearances . He was also named Player of the Year . He was awarded the Opel Player of the Month for November 1993 . In the summer of 1994 , Byrne moved to Shelbourne and helped them to third in the league after a disappointing start to the season and to the FAI Cup Final . He got sent off in the UEFA Cup in August 1995 . He then moved to Linfield for £28,000 in October 1995 and made a scoring debut and got sent off . He later had a spell at Newry Town before moving to Bray Wanderers in November 1999 . He scored 2 goals in a total of 22 appearances at the Carlisle Grounds . While playing for Wayside Celtic in the FAI Cup in January 2001 he got sent off for pushing the referee . His tough tackling style and disciplinary record earned him the nickname Psycho . His father Eamonn played for Drumcondra F.C . in the 1950s.He is married to Lisa Wyatt Byrne the owner of Irelands first Juice Detox company Juice 2 Go . They have 3 children and are very happy living in Stepaside . Honours . - League of Ireland - Shamrock Rovers - 1994 - FAI Cup - Bohemians - 1992 - SRFC Player of the Year : - Shamrock Rovers - 1993/94

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Alan Byrne (footballer, born 1969) played for which team from 1995 to 1998?

/wiki/Alan_Byrne_(footballer,_born_1969)#P54#3

Alan Byrne ( footballer , born 1969 ) Alan Byrne ( born 12 May 1969 ) is an Irish former soccer player who played during the 1980s and 1990s . Byrne was a midfielder who represented Bohemian F.C. , Shamrock Rovers , Shelbourne , Linfield F.C. , Newry Town and Bray Wanderers during his career in Ireland . He made his League of Ireland debut for Bohs on 27 September 1987 in a 4-1 hammering by Rovers . During his time at Dalymount Park he won the FAI Cup in 1992 . In total he played 132 games ( 123 plus 9 as sub ) scoring 4 goals . He played in every single position while at Dalymount . On one occasion he took over in goal after Dermot ONeill got sent off against Shamrock Rovers . He transferred to linfield f.c . in the summer of 1993 for £26,000.00 which saw Mick Moody move the other direction . During his one season at Rovers he won the League Championship in 1994 scoring 1 goal in 28 league appearances . He was also named Player of the Year . He was awarded the Opel Player of the Month for November 1993 . In the summer of 1994 , Byrne moved to Shelbourne and helped them to third in the league after a disappointing start to the season and to the FAI Cup Final . He got sent off in the UEFA Cup in August 1995 . He then moved to Linfield for £28,000 in October 1995 and made a scoring debut and got sent off . He later had a spell at Newry Town before moving to Bray Wanderers in November 1999 . He scored 2 goals in a total of 22 appearances at the Carlisle Grounds . While playing for Wayside Celtic in the FAI Cup in January 2001 he got sent off for pushing the referee . His tough tackling style and disciplinary record earned him the nickname Psycho . His father Eamonn played for Drumcondra F.C . in the 1950s.He is married to Lisa Wyatt Byrne the owner of Irelands first Juice Detox company Juice 2 Go . They have 3 children and are very happy living in Stepaside . Honours . - League of Ireland - Shamrock Rovers - 1994 - FAI Cup - Bohemians - 1992 - SRFC Player of the Year : - Shamrock Rovers - 1993/94

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Which team did Alan Byrne (footballer, born 1969) play for from 1998 to 1999?

/wiki/Alan_Byrne_(footballer,_born_1969)#P54#4

Alan Byrne ( footballer , born 1969 ) Alan Byrne ( born 12 May 1969 ) is an Irish former soccer player who played during the 1980s and 1990s . Byrne was a midfielder who represented Bohemian F.C. , Shamrock Rovers , Shelbourne , Linfield F.C. , Newry Town and Bray Wanderers during his career in Ireland . He made his League of Ireland debut for Bohs on 27 September 1987 in a 4-1 hammering by Rovers . During his time at Dalymount Park he won the FAI Cup in 1992 . In total he played 132 games ( 123 plus 9 as sub ) scoring 4 goals . He played in every single position while at Dalymount . On one occasion he took over in goal after Dermot ONeill got sent off against Shamrock Rovers . He transferred to linfield f.c . in the summer of 1993 for £26,000.00 which saw Mick Moody move the other direction . During his one season at Rovers he won the League Championship in 1994 scoring 1 goal in 28 league appearances . He was also named Player of the Year . He was awarded the Opel Player of the Month for November 1993 . In the summer of 1994 , Byrne moved to Shelbourne and helped them to third in the league after a disappointing start to the season and to the FAI Cup Final . He got sent off in the UEFA Cup in August 1995 . He then moved to Linfield for £28,000 in October 1995 and made a scoring debut and got sent off . He later had a spell at Newry Town before moving to Bray Wanderers in November 1999 . He scored 2 goals in a total of 22 appearances at the Carlisle Grounds . While playing for Wayside Celtic in the FAI Cup in January 2001 he got sent off for pushing the referee . His tough tackling style and disciplinary record earned him the nickname Psycho . His father Eamonn played for Drumcondra F.C . in the 1950s.He is married to Lisa Wyatt Byrne the owner of Irelands first Juice Detox company Juice 2 Go . They have 3 children and are very happy living in Stepaside . Honours . - League of Ireland - Shamrock Rovers - 1994 - FAI Cup - Bohemians - 1992 - SRFC Player of the Year : - Shamrock Rovers - 1993/94

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Svatopluk Pluskal was the coach of which team from 1969 to 1970?

/wiki/Svatopluk_Pluskal#P6087#0

Svatopluk Pluskal Svatopluk Pluskal ( 28 October 1930 – 29 May 2005 ) was a Czechoslovak footballer and holder of a silver medal from the World Cup in Chile in 1962 . Early life . Svatopluk Pluskal started playing football in his home town , where he played for several clubs . With ( Baťa Zlín – Svit Gottwaldov ) he achieved promotion to the top league . He achieved individual success when he was selected for the junior international team . He was able to play in most positions , but in Zlín he played mainly as a striker . Pre-International Career . In 1951 he moved to Prague where he became an important player for a newly founded army football club ( ATK , later called ÚDA and Dukla Prague ) , for whom he played mainly as a defensive midfielder . In almost 16 years with this club , he was 8-time champion of the league but he achieved his most important successes at the club level in the United States . Dukla Praha with Pluskal in its line-up won the American Cup ( a tournament of teams from football-developed countries ) three times in a row in the first half of the 1960s . In 1962 Pluskal scored the winning goal in the final against Brazilian team FC America . International career . He played in the Czechoslovak international team from 1952 ( starting as a defender ) and played in three World Cups . In 1954 he took part in the record 0–5 defeat by Austria in Switzerland . Four years later , at the 1958 world cup finals , Pluskal played in more games . Losing 1–0 to Northern Ireland , drawing 2–2 with West Germany , and scoring a remarkable 6–1 victory over Argentina , under modern rules they would have gone through . Under the rules of the time , having equal points , a play-off had to decide , and Northern Ireland beat them for the second time , this time 2–1 after extra time . In the 1962 World Cup in Chile , Pluskal was a member of the line-up . With his teammate from Dukla , Josef Masopust , he formed the key midfield of the 4–2–4 formation . Thanks to Pluskal , the team that had had to qualify for the Championships in a playoff with Scotland had got to the World Cup final . There it was beaten by Brazil . In 1965 , Pluskal played in the unsuccessful qualification campaign for the World Cup in England , but with this his international career ended . He played 56 matches in Czechoslovak colours and scored one goal . Thanks to his important contribution to the success in Chile , Pluskal received recognition on the international stage . On 23 October 1963 , he was a member of the Rest of the World team that took on England at Wembley in front of 100,000 fans , to celebrate 100 years of English football . A year later , he played for the Europe team in Belgrade against Yugoslavia , and appeared for Europe again in 1965 against Great Britain . Pluskals career was ended by a knee injury in 1967 . In the league he played 282 matches and scored 37 goals . He was a universal footballer , a good header of the ball , and he was famous for his slide tackles , with which he cleanly took the ball from his opponents . Although players often protested against this style of play , referees usually considered it to be within the rules . During his football career , this tireless fighter became an impenetrable shield , able to concentrate on what was needed . Off the field , he helped the team with his easy humour . Late life . As with many other former players , Pluskal became a coach . He did this job for Plzeň clubs Škoda and Slovan , later on for FC Bohemians Praha and for a few years in Enosis Neon Paralimni of Cyprus . He helped Bohemians with their promotion to the First Division . After a brain stroke Pluskal was confined to bed . He died at the age of 74 . External links . - Biography

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Which team was coached by Svatopluk Pluskal from 1971 to 1974?

/wiki/Svatopluk_Pluskal#P6087#1

Svatopluk Pluskal Svatopluk Pluskal ( 28 October 1930 – 29 May 2005 ) was a Czechoslovak footballer and holder of a silver medal from the World Cup in Chile in 1962 . Early life . Svatopluk Pluskal started playing football in his home town , where he played for several clubs . With ( Baťa Zlín – Svit Gottwaldov ) he achieved promotion to the top league . He achieved individual success when he was selected for the junior international team . He was able to play in most positions , but in Zlín he played mainly as a striker . Pre-International Career . In 1951 he moved to Prague where he became an important player for a newly founded army football club ( ATK , later called ÚDA and Dukla Prague ) , for whom he played mainly as a defensive midfielder . In almost 16 years with this club , he was 8-time champion of the league but he achieved his most important successes at the club level in the United States . Dukla Praha with Pluskal in its line-up won the American Cup ( a tournament of teams from football-developed countries ) three times in a row in the first half of the 1960s . In 1962 Pluskal scored the winning goal in the final against Brazilian team FC America . International career . He played in the Czechoslovak international team from 1952 ( starting as a defender ) and played in three World Cups . In 1954 he took part in the record 0–5 defeat by Austria in Switzerland . Four years later , at the 1958 world cup finals , Pluskal played in more games . Losing 1–0 to Northern Ireland , drawing 2–2 with West Germany , and scoring a remarkable 6–1 victory over Argentina , under modern rules they would have gone through . Under the rules of the time , having equal points , a play-off had to decide , and Northern Ireland beat them for the second time , this time 2–1 after extra time . In the 1962 World Cup in Chile , Pluskal was a member of the line-up . With his teammate from Dukla , Josef Masopust , he formed the key midfield of the 4–2–4 formation . Thanks to Pluskal , the team that had had to qualify for the Championships in a playoff with Scotland had got to the World Cup final . There it was beaten by Brazil . In 1965 , Pluskal played in the unsuccessful qualification campaign for the World Cup in England , but with this his international career ended . He played 56 matches in Czechoslovak colours and scored one goal . Thanks to his important contribution to the success in Chile , Pluskal received recognition on the international stage . On 23 October 1963 , he was a member of the Rest of the World team that took on England at Wembley in front of 100,000 fans , to celebrate 100 years of English football . A year later , he played for the Europe team in Belgrade against Yugoslavia , and appeared for Europe again in 1965 against Great Britain . Pluskals career was ended by a knee injury in 1967 . In the league he played 282 matches and scored 37 goals . He was a universal footballer , a good header of the ball , and he was famous for his slide tackles , with which he cleanly took the ball from his opponents . Although players often protested against this style of play , referees usually considered it to be within the rules . During his football career , this tireless fighter became an impenetrable shield , able to concentrate on what was needed . Off the field , he helped the team with his easy humour . Late life . As with many other former players , Pluskal became a coach . He did this job for Plzeň clubs Škoda and Slovan , later on for FC Bohemians Praha and for a few years in Enosis Neon Paralimni of Cyprus . He helped Bohemians with their promotion to the First Division . After a brain stroke Pluskal was confined to bed . He died at the age of 74 . External links . - Biography

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Which team was coached by Svatopluk Pluskal from 1976 to 1979?

/wiki/Svatopluk_Pluskal#P6087#2

Svatopluk Pluskal Svatopluk Pluskal ( 28 October 1930 – 29 May 2005 ) was a Czechoslovak footballer and holder of a silver medal from the World Cup in Chile in 1962 . Early life . Svatopluk Pluskal started playing football in his home town , where he played for several clubs . With ( Baťa Zlín – Svit Gottwaldov ) he achieved promotion to the top league . He achieved individual success when he was selected for the junior international team . He was able to play in most positions , but in Zlín he played mainly as a striker . Pre-International Career . In 1951 he moved to Prague where he became an important player for a newly founded army football club ( ATK , later called ÚDA and Dukla Prague ) , for whom he played mainly as a defensive midfielder . In almost 16 years with this club , he was 8-time champion of the league but he achieved his most important successes at the club level in the United States . Dukla Praha with Pluskal in its line-up won the American Cup ( a tournament of teams from football-developed countries ) three times in a row in the first half of the 1960s . In 1962 Pluskal scored the winning goal in the final against Brazilian team FC America . International career . He played in the Czechoslovak international team from 1952 ( starting as a defender ) and played in three World Cups . In 1954 he took part in the record 0–5 defeat by Austria in Switzerland . Four years later , at the 1958 world cup finals , Pluskal played in more games . Losing 1–0 to Northern Ireland , drawing 2–2 with West Germany , and scoring a remarkable 6–1 victory over Argentina , under modern rules they would have gone through . Under the rules of the time , having equal points , a play-off had to decide , and Northern Ireland beat them for the second time , this time 2–1 after extra time . In the 1962 World Cup in Chile , Pluskal was a member of the line-up . With his teammate from Dukla , Josef Masopust , he formed the key midfield of the 4–2–4 formation . Thanks to Pluskal , the team that had had to qualify for the Championships in a playoff with Scotland had got to the World Cup final . There it was beaten by Brazil . In 1965 , Pluskal played in the unsuccessful qualification campaign for the World Cup in England , but with this his international career ended . He played 56 matches in Czechoslovak colours and scored one goal . Thanks to his important contribution to the success in Chile , Pluskal received recognition on the international stage . On 23 October 1963 , he was a member of the Rest of the World team that took on England at Wembley in front of 100,000 fans , to celebrate 100 years of English football . A year later , he played for the Europe team in Belgrade against Yugoslavia , and appeared for Europe again in 1965 against Great Britain . Pluskals career was ended by a knee injury in 1967 . In the league he played 282 matches and scored 37 goals . He was a universal footballer , a good header of the ball , and he was famous for his slide tackles , with which he cleanly took the ball from his opponents . Although players often protested against this style of play , referees usually considered it to be within the rules . During his football career , this tireless fighter became an impenetrable shield , able to concentrate on what was needed . Off the field , he helped the team with his easy humour . Late life . As with many other former players , Pluskal became a coach . He did this job for Plzeň clubs Škoda and Slovan , later on for FC Bohemians Praha and for a few years in Enosis Neon Paralimni of Cyprus . He helped Bohemians with their promotion to the First Division . After a brain stroke Pluskal was confined to bed . He died at the age of 74 . External links . - Biography

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What was the position of Leon Panetta from 1991 to 1993?

/wiki/Leon_Panetta#P39#0

Leon Panetta Leon Edward Panetta ( born June 28 , 1938 ) is an American politician who has served in several different public office positions , including the Secretary of Defense , Director of the CIA , White House Chief of Staff , Director of the Office of Management and Budget , and as a U.S . Representative from California . A Democrat , Panetta was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993 , served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993 to 1994 , and as President Bill Clintons Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997 . He co-founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy and served as a Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B . Reed of the California State University System and as a professor of public policy at Santa Clara University . In January 2009 , newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director . Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009 . As director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the operation that brought down international terrorist Osama bin Laden . On April 28 , 2011 , Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary , to replace the retiring Robert Gates . In June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously and he assumed the office on July 1 , 2011 . David Petraeus took over as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on September 6 , 2011 . Since retiring as Secretary of Defense in 2013 , Panetta has served as Chairman of The Panetta Institute for Public Policy , located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus of the California State University that he helped establish during his tenure as congressman . The institute is dedicated to motivating and preparing people for lives of public service and helping them to become more knowledgeably engaged in the democratic process . He also serves on a number of boards and commissions and frequently writes and lectures on public policy issues . Early life , education , and military service . Panetta was born in Monterey , California , the son of Carmelina Maria ( Prochilo ) and Carmelo Frank Panetta , Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria , Italy . In the 1940s , the Panetta family owned a restaurant in Monterey . He was raised in the Monterey area , and attended two Catholic grammar schools : San Carlos School ( Monterey ) and Junípero Serra School ( Carmel ) . He attended Monterey High School , a public school where he became involved in student politics , and was a member of the Junior Statesmen of America . As a junior , he was the vice president of the Student Body , and as a senior , he became its president . In 1956 , he entered Santa Clara University , California , and graduated magna cum laude in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science . In 1963 , he received a Juris Doctor from the Santa Clara University School of Law . In 1964 , he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant , where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence , and received the Army Commendation Medal . In 1966 , he was discharged as a First Lieutenant . Political career . Early political career . Panetta started in politics in 1966 as a legislative assistant to Republican Senator Thomas Kuchel , the United States Senate Minority Whip from California , whom Panetta has called a tremendous role model . In 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H . Finch , Secretary of the United States Department of Health , Education , and Welfare under the Nixon administration . Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights . Panetta chose to enforce civil rights and equal education laws over the objection of President Nixon , who wanted enforcement to move slowly in keeping with his strategy to gain political support among Southern whites . Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman supported Panetta and refused to fire him , threatening to resign if forced to do so . Eventually forced out of office in 1970 , Panetta left Washington to work as Executive Assistant for John Lindsay , the then-Republican Mayor of New York City ( Lindsay would switch parties the following year. ) Panetta wrote about his Nixon administration experience in his 1971 book Bring Us Together . He moved back to Monterey to practice law at Panetta , Thompson & Panetta from 1971 to 1976 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Like Lindsay , Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971 , because , he said , he thought that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center . In 1976 , Panetta was elected to the U.S . Congress to represent Californias then-16th congressional district , unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close , and was reelected eight times . ( With a few boundary adjustments , the 16th district became the 17th district after the 1990 census and is the 20th district today . It consists of all of Monterey and San Benito Counties , plus most of Santa Cruz County , including the city of Santa Cruz . At the time of Panettas first election , it also included the northern part of San Luis Obispo County. ) Tenure . During his time in Congress , Panetta concentrated mostly on budget issues , civil rights , education , healthcare , agriculture , immigration , and environmental protection , particularly preventing oil drilling off the California coast . He wrote the Hunger Prevention Act ( Public Law 100–435 ) of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution . He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary , and legislation providing Medicare coverage for hospice care . Working with Chancellor Barry Munitz of CSU , he helped establish CSU Monterey Bay at the former Fort Ord military base . He also attempted to form the Big Sur National Scenic Area with Senator Alan Cranston . The bill would have created a scenic area administered by the U.S . Forest Service . It budgeted $100 million to buy land from private land owners , up to $30 million for easements and management programs , and created a state plan for a zone about long and wide along the Big Sur coast . The bill was opposed by California Senator S . I . Hayakawa , development interests , and Big Sur residents . Local residents mocked the plan as Panettas Pave n Save , and raised a fund of more than $100,000 to lobby against the proposal . The legislation was blocked by Hayakawa in the Energy Committee and did not reach a vote . Budget Committee . A member of the House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1989 , and its chairman from 1989 to 1993 , Panetta played a key role in the 1990 Budget Summit . Committee assignments . His positions included : - Chairman of the U.S . House Committee on the Budget - Chairman of the Agriculture Committees Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing , Consumer Relations , and Nutrition - Chairman of the Administration Committees Subcommittee on Personnel and Police - Chairman of the Task Force on Domestic Hunger created by the U.S . House Select Committee on Hunger - Vice Chairman of the Caucus of Vietnam-Era Veterans in Congress - Member of the Presidents Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies . Director of the Office of Management and Budget . Though elected to a ninth term in 1992 , Panetta left the House at the beginning of 1993 , after President-elect Bill Clinton selected him to serve as Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget . In that role he developed the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998 . White House Chief of Staff . In 1994 , President Clinton became increasingly concerned about a lack of order and focus in the White House and asked Panetta to become his new chief of staff , replacing Mack McLarty . According to author Nigel Hamilton , Panetta replaced McLarty for the rest of Clintons first term—and the rest is history . To be a great leader , a modern president must have a great chief of staff—and in Leon Panetta , Clinton got the enforcer he deserved . Panetta was appointed White House Chief of Staff on July 17 , 1994 , and he held that position until January 20 , 1997 . He was a key negotiator of the 1996 budget , which was another important step toward bringing the budget into balance . Director of the CIA . Nomination . On January 5 , 2009 , President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Panetta to the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . At the time of his selection , journalists and politicians raised concerns about Panettas limited experience in intelligence , aside from his two-year service as a military intelligence officer in the 1960s . California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein , the Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , expressed concerns that she was not consulted about the Panetta appointment and stated her belief that the Agency is best-served by having an intelligence professional in charge at this time . Former CIA officer Ishmael Jones stated that Panetta was a wise choice , because of his close personal connection to the President and lack of exposure to the CIA bureaucracy . Also , Washington Post columnist David Ignatius said that Panetta did have exposure to intelligence operations as Director of the OMB and as Chief of Staff for President Bill Clinton , where he sat in on the daily intelligence briefings as chief of staff , and he reviewed the nations most secret intelligence-collection and covert-action programs in his previous post as director of the Office of Management and Budget . On February 12 , 2009 , Panetta was confirmed in the full Senate by voice vote . Tenure . On February 19 , 2009 , Panetta was sworn in as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency by Vice President Joe Biden before an audience of CIA employees . Panetta reportedly received a rock star welcome from his new subordinates . As CIA Director , Panetta traveled extensively to intelligence outposts around the world and worked with international leaders to confront threats of Islamic extremism and Taliban . In 2010 working with the Senate Intelligence Committee , he conducted a secret review of the use of torture by the CIA ( euphemistically referred to as enhanced interrogation techniques ) during the administration of George W . Bush . The review , which came to be known by 2014 as the Panetta Review , yielded a series of memoranda that , according to The New York Times , cast a particularly harsh light on the Bush-era interrogation program . The Times notes The effort to write the exhaustive history of the C.I.A.’s detention operations was fraught from the beginning . President Obama officially ended the program during his first week in office , in 2009 . The intelligence committee announced its intention to take a hard look at the program , but there was little appetite inside the [ Obama ] White House to accede to the committee’s request for all classified C.I.A . cables related to it . The findings of the Panetta Review reportedly aligned with much of what the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture found in its factual accounting . Both reports were largely seen as an effort in fact-finding and prevention , but not a governmental path towards some possible project of accountability or punishment for past interrogation or torture . Panetta supported the Obama administrations campaign of U.S . drone strikes in Pakistan , which he identified as the most effective weapon against senior al-Qaeda leadership . Drone strikes increased significantly under Panetta , with as many as 50 suspected al-Qaeda militants being killed in May 2009 alone . As Director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the hunt for terrorist leader Osama bin Laden , and played a key role in the operation in which bin Laden was killed on May 1 , 2011 . Under Panetta , the CIA advanced workplace rights and benefits for LGBT employees ; the agency for the first time implemented policies extending benefits to the same-sex partners of employees . Secretary of Defense ( 2011–2013 ) . Nomination . On April 28 , 2011 , President Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as United States Secretary of Defense as a replacement for retiring Secretary Robert Gates . On June 21 , 2011 , the Senate confirmed Panetta in an unusual 100–0 vote . He was sworn in on July 1 , 2011 . Tenure . One of Panettas first major acts as Defense Secretary was to jointly certify with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the military was prepared to repeal Dont Ask , Dont Tell , which triggered final repeal after 60 days . In August 2011 , Panetta publicly warned that deeper cuts in the defense budget risked hollowing out the military and would hamper Pentagon efforts to deal with rising powers such as China , North Korea , and Iran and he urged Congress not to go beyond the roughly $500 billion in defense cuts required over the next decade under the debt reduction bill signed by President Barack Obama . Working with military and civilian leaders at the Department of Defense , Panetta developed a new defense strategy for the 21st century . Funding the United States military , in the face of tightening budget constraints , became an ongoing theme of Panettas tenure . He also warned that future service members may see changes in retirement benefits , and that the military healthcare system may need reforms , to rein in costs , while also ensuring quality care . Another major issue during Panettas tenure as Defense Secretary was the Obama administrations diplomatic effort to dissuade Iran from developing nuclear weapons . In January 2012 , Panetta stated that nuclear weapons development was a red line that Iran would not be allowed to cross—and that the United States was keeping all options , including military ones , open to completely prevent it . He said that Iran would not be allowed to block the Straits of Hormuz . In January 2013 , shortly before his departure from the Defense Secretary post , Panetta announced that women would be allowed to enter all combat jobs in the military , citing an assessment phase in which each branch of service will examine all its jobs and units not currently integrated and then produce a timetable for integrating them . Activities outside politics . Panetta and his wife Sylvia founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy in December 1997 and served as co-directors there until 2009 , when Panetta was appointed CIA director by President Obama . He has since returned to the Institute in the role of Chairman , while his wife serves as Co-Chair and CEO , supervising the institutes day-to-day operations . The institute is located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus Panetta was instrumental in creating on the site of the decommissioned Fort Ord Army base when he was a Congressman . Coincidentally , Panetta was stationed at Fort Ord in the 1960s during his service as an Army intelligence officer . Panetta served on the board of the UC Santa Cruz Foundation , as a Distinguished Scholar to the Chancellor of California State University and as a Presidential Professor at Santa Clara University . He was urged to consider running for Governor of California during the recall election in 2003 but declined in part because of the short time available to raise the necessary campaign funds . Panetta has long been an advocate for the worlds oceans . In addition to introducing legislation and winning passage of ocean protections measures such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during his time in Congress , he was named chairman in 2003 of the Pew Oceans Commission , which in 2005 combined with the U.S . Commission on Ocean Policy to establish the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative . Panetta now co-chairs the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative with Admiral James D . Watkins , U.S . Navy ( Ret. ) and continues to serve as a Commission member . Panetta also serves as an advocate and information source for other ocean organizations , including the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation and the Monterey Bay Aquarium . In 2006 , Panetta was part of the presidentially-appointed Iraq Study Group , or Baker Commission , which studied potential changes in U.S . policy in Iraq . In 2014 , Panetta published his memoir Worthy Fights , in which he recounted his long career in public service . While overwhelmingly positive in his assessment of the Obama presidency , Panetta aired some disagreements in the book with the Presidents policies in Syria and Iraq . Panetta said : By failing to persuade Iraqs leader to allow a continuing force of US troops , the commander in chief created a vacuum . . . and its out of that vacuum that ISIS began to breed . He regularly obtains fees for speaking engagements , including from the Carlyle Group . He is also a supporter of Booz Allen Hamilton . After Secretary of Defense ( 2013–present ) . Panetta was a speaker on Day 3 of the 2016 Democratic National Convention in which Hillary Clinton was nominated to run as the Democratic candidate in the presidential election that year . Notably , his speech was booed by anti-war supporters of Bernie Sanders who protested his war record . Panetta told CBS News that Congress releasing the Nunes Memo , which purported to provide intelligence about the open Russia probe , could cause damage to national security . Responsibilities . Panetta has held positions within a number of institutions and corporations , including : - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative , Commissioner and Co-Chair - Pew Oceans Commission , Commissioner and Chairman - Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget , Co-Chair - Bread for the World , Board of Directors - National Marine Sanctuary Foundation , Board of Directors - National Leadership Roundtable on Church Management , Board of Directors ( 2004–2009 ) - New York Stock Exchange , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Board of Directors ( 1997–present ) - Close Up Foundation , Board of Directors ( 1999–present ) - Connetics Investor Relations , Board of Directors ( 2000–present ) - Fleishman-Hillard , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Co-chairman of the Corporate Credibility Advisory practice - Member of the International Advisory Board - Junior Statesmen Foundation Inc. , Trustee ( 2004 ) - Public Policy Institute of California , Board of Directors - Blue Shield of California , Board of Directors ( 2013–present ) - Oracle Corporation , Board of Directors ( 2015–present ) In June 2002 , the U.S . Conference of Catholic Bishops appointed Panetta to their National Review Board , which was created to look into the Catholic Churchs sexual abuse scandal . This created controversy because of Panettas pro-choice stance on abortion and other views seen as conflicting with those of the Church . Panetta is also a member of the Partnership for a Secure Americas bipartisan Advisory Board . The Partnership is a non-profit organization based in Washington , DC that promotes bipartisan solutions to national security and foreign policy issues . Panetta serves on the Advisory Board of the Committee to Investigate Russia . Personal life . Panetta is married to Sylvia Marie Varni , who administered his home district offices during his terms in Congress . They live on his familys twelve-acre walnut farm in the Carmel Valley , California . They have three sons and six grandchildren . In 2016 , their third son , Jimmy Panetta , a former Monterey County Deputy District Attorney , won election to his fathers old congressional seat , now numbered as the . Awards . - 1966 – Army Commendation Medal - 1969 – Abraham Lincoln Award , National Education Association - 1983 – Foreign Language Advocate Award , Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages . - 1984 – A . Philip Randolph Award - 1988 – Golden Plow Award , American Farm Bureau Federation - 1991 – Presidents Award , American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages - 1991 – Coastal and Ocean Management Award , Coastal Zone Foundation - 1993 – Peter Burnett Award for Distinguished Public Service - 1995 – Distinguished Public Service Medal , Center for the Study of the Presidency - 1997 – Special Achievement Award for Public Service , National Italian American Foundation - 2001 – John H . Chafee Coastal Stewardship Award , Coastal America - 2002 – Law Alumni Special Achievement Award , Santa Clara University School of Law Alumni Association - 2003 – Julius A . Stratton Champion of the Coast Award for Coastal Leadership - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate from University of Wisconsin–Parkside - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate of Public Service from Northeastern University - 2006 – Paul Peck Award - 2012 - Intrepid Freedom Award , Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum - 2012 - Golden Plate Award , American Academy of Achievement - 2014 - Excellence in Policy , Peter Benchley Ocean Awards - 2015 - Dwight D . Eisenhower Award , National Defense Industrial Association - 2018 - Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy - 2019 - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun Further reading . - Clinton , Bill ( 2005 ) . My Life . Vintage . . External links . - Department of Defense biography - Biography of Panetta , Hartnell University - Profile at SourceWatch - The Panetta Institute for Public Policy

easy

Leon Panetta took which position in 1993?

/wiki/Leon_Panetta#P39#1

Leon Panetta Leon Edward Panetta ( born June 28 , 1938 ) is an American politician who has served in several different public office positions , including the Secretary of Defense , Director of the CIA , White House Chief of Staff , Director of the Office of Management and Budget , and as a U.S . Representative from California . A Democrat , Panetta was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993 , served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993 to 1994 , and as President Bill Clintons Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997 . He co-founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy and served as a Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B . Reed of the California State University System and as a professor of public policy at Santa Clara University . In January 2009 , newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director . Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009 . As director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the operation that brought down international terrorist Osama bin Laden . On April 28 , 2011 , Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary , to replace the retiring Robert Gates . In June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously and he assumed the office on July 1 , 2011 . David Petraeus took over as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on September 6 , 2011 . Since retiring as Secretary of Defense in 2013 , Panetta has served as Chairman of The Panetta Institute for Public Policy , located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus of the California State University that he helped establish during his tenure as congressman . The institute is dedicated to motivating and preparing people for lives of public service and helping them to become more knowledgeably engaged in the democratic process . He also serves on a number of boards and commissions and frequently writes and lectures on public policy issues . Early life , education , and military service . Panetta was born in Monterey , California , the son of Carmelina Maria ( Prochilo ) and Carmelo Frank Panetta , Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria , Italy . In the 1940s , the Panetta family owned a restaurant in Monterey . He was raised in the Monterey area , and attended two Catholic grammar schools : San Carlos School ( Monterey ) and Junípero Serra School ( Carmel ) . He attended Monterey High School , a public school where he became involved in student politics , and was a member of the Junior Statesmen of America . As a junior , he was the vice president of the Student Body , and as a senior , he became its president . In 1956 , he entered Santa Clara University , California , and graduated magna cum laude in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science . In 1963 , he received a Juris Doctor from the Santa Clara University School of Law . In 1964 , he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant , where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence , and received the Army Commendation Medal . In 1966 , he was discharged as a First Lieutenant . Political career . Early political career . Panetta started in politics in 1966 as a legislative assistant to Republican Senator Thomas Kuchel , the United States Senate Minority Whip from California , whom Panetta has called a tremendous role model . In 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H . Finch , Secretary of the United States Department of Health , Education , and Welfare under the Nixon administration . Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights . Panetta chose to enforce civil rights and equal education laws over the objection of President Nixon , who wanted enforcement to move slowly in keeping with his strategy to gain political support among Southern whites . Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman supported Panetta and refused to fire him , threatening to resign if forced to do so . Eventually forced out of office in 1970 , Panetta left Washington to work as Executive Assistant for John Lindsay , the then-Republican Mayor of New York City ( Lindsay would switch parties the following year. ) Panetta wrote about his Nixon administration experience in his 1971 book Bring Us Together . He moved back to Monterey to practice law at Panetta , Thompson & Panetta from 1971 to 1976 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Like Lindsay , Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971 , because , he said , he thought that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center . In 1976 , Panetta was elected to the U.S . Congress to represent Californias then-16th congressional district , unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close , and was reelected eight times . ( With a few boundary adjustments , the 16th district became the 17th district after the 1990 census and is the 20th district today . It consists of all of Monterey and San Benito Counties , plus most of Santa Cruz County , including the city of Santa Cruz . At the time of Panettas first election , it also included the northern part of San Luis Obispo County. ) Tenure . During his time in Congress , Panetta concentrated mostly on budget issues , civil rights , education , healthcare , agriculture , immigration , and environmental protection , particularly preventing oil drilling off the California coast . He wrote the Hunger Prevention Act ( Public Law 100–435 ) of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution . He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary , and legislation providing Medicare coverage for hospice care . Working with Chancellor Barry Munitz of CSU , he helped establish CSU Monterey Bay at the former Fort Ord military base . He also attempted to form the Big Sur National Scenic Area with Senator Alan Cranston . The bill would have created a scenic area administered by the U.S . Forest Service . It budgeted $100 million to buy land from private land owners , up to $30 million for easements and management programs , and created a state plan for a zone about long and wide along the Big Sur coast . The bill was opposed by California Senator S . I . Hayakawa , development interests , and Big Sur residents . Local residents mocked the plan as Panettas Pave n Save , and raised a fund of more than $100,000 to lobby against the proposal . The legislation was blocked by Hayakawa in the Energy Committee and did not reach a vote . Budget Committee . A member of the House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1989 , and its chairman from 1989 to 1993 , Panetta played a key role in the 1990 Budget Summit . Committee assignments . His positions included : - Chairman of the U.S . House Committee on the Budget - Chairman of the Agriculture Committees Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing , Consumer Relations , and Nutrition - Chairman of the Administration Committees Subcommittee on Personnel and Police - Chairman of the Task Force on Domestic Hunger created by the U.S . House Select Committee on Hunger - Vice Chairman of the Caucus of Vietnam-Era Veterans in Congress - Member of the Presidents Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies . Director of the Office of Management and Budget . Though elected to a ninth term in 1992 , Panetta left the House at the beginning of 1993 , after President-elect Bill Clinton selected him to serve as Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget . In that role he developed the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998 . White House Chief of Staff . In 1994 , President Clinton became increasingly concerned about a lack of order and focus in the White House and asked Panetta to become his new chief of staff , replacing Mack McLarty . According to author Nigel Hamilton , Panetta replaced McLarty for the rest of Clintons first term—and the rest is history . To be a great leader , a modern president must have a great chief of staff—and in Leon Panetta , Clinton got the enforcer he deserved . Panetta was appointed White House Chief of Staff on July 17 , 1994 , and he held that position until January 20 , 1997 . He was a key negotiator of the 1996 budget , which was another important step toward bringing the budget into balance . Director of the CIA . Nomination . On January 5 , 2009 , President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Panetta to the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . At the time of his selection , journalists and politicians raised concerns about Panettas limited experience in intelligence , aside from his two-year service as a military intelligence officer in the 1960s . California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein , the Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , expressed concerns that she was not consulted about the Panetta appointment and stated her belief that the Agency is best-served by having an intelligence professional in charge at this time . Former CIA officer Ishmael Jones stated that Panetta was a wise choice , because of his close personal connection to the President and lack of exposure to the CIA bureaucracy . Also , Washington Post columnist David Ignatius said that Panetta did have exposure to intelligence operations as Director of the OMB and as Chief of Staff for President Bill Clinton , where he sat in on the daily intelligence briefings as chief of staff , and he reviewed the nations most secret intelligence-collection and covert-action programs in his previous post as director of the Office of Management and Budget . On February 12 , 2009 , Panetta was confirmed in the full Senate by voice vote . Tenure . On February 19 , 2009 , Panetta was sworn in as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency by Vice President Joe Biden before an audience of CIA employees . Panetta reportedly received a rock star welcome from his new subordinates . As CIA Director , Panetta traveled extensively to intelligence outposts around the world and worked with international leaders to confront threats of Islamic extremism and Taliban . In 2010 working with the Senate Intelligence Committee , he conducted a secret review of the use of torture by the CIA ( euphemistically referred to as enhanced interrogation techniques ) during the administration of George W . Bush . The review , which came to be known by 2014 as the Panetta Review , yielded a series of memoranda that , according to The New York Times , cast a particularly harsh light on the Bush-era interrogation program . The Times notes The effort to write the exhaustive history of the C.I.A.’s detention operations was fraught from the beginning . President Obama officially ended the program during his first week in office , in 2009 . The intelligence committee announced its intention to take a hard look at the program , but there was little appetite inside the [ Obama ] White House to accede to the committee’s request for all classified C.I.A . cables related to it . The findings of the Panetta Review reportedly aligned with much of what the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture found in its factual accounting . Both reports were largely seen as an effort in fact-finding and prevention , but not a governmental path towards some possible project of accountability or punishment for past interrogation or torture . Panetta supported the Obama administrations campaign of U.S . drone strikes in Pakistan , which he identified as the most effective weapon against senior al-Qaeda leadership . Drone strikes increased significantly under Panetta , with as many as 50 suspected al-Qaeda militants being killed in May 2009 alone . As Director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the hunt for terrorist leader Osama bin Laden , and played a key role in the operation in which bin Laden was killed on May 1 , 2011 . Under Panetta , the CIA advanced workplace rights and benefits for LGBT employees ; the agency for the first time implemented policies extending benefits to the same-sex partners of employees . Secretary of Defense ( 2011–2013 ) . Nomination . On April 28 , 2011 , President Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as United States Secretary of Defense as a replacement for retiring Secretary Robert Gates . On June 21 , 2011 , the Senate confirmed Panetta in an unusual 100–0 vote . He was sworn in on July 1 , 2011 . Tenure . One of Panettas first major acts as Defense Secretary was to jointly certify with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the military was prepared to repeal Dont Ask , Dont Tell , which triggered final repeal after 60 days . In August 2011 , Panetta publicly warned that deeper cuts in the defense budget risked hollowing out the military and would hamper Pentagon efforts to deal with rising powers such as China , North Korea , and Iran and he urged Congress not to go beyond the roughly $500 billion in defense cuts required over the next decade under the debt reduction bill signed by President Barack Obama . Working with military and civilian leaders at the Department of Defense , Panetta developed a new defense strategy for the 21st century . Funding the United States military , in the face of tightening budget constraints , became an ongoing theme of Panettas tenure . He also warned that future service members may see changes in retirement benefits , and that the military healthcare system may need reforms , to rein in costs , while also ensuring quality care . Another major issue during Panettas tenure as Defense Secretary was the Obama administrations diplomatic effort to dissuade Iran from developing nuclear weapons . In January 2012 , Panetta stated that nuclear weapons development was a red line that Iran would not be allowed to cross—and that the United States was keeping all options , including military ones , open to completely prevent it . He said that Iran would not be allowed to block the Straits of Hormuz . In January 2013 , shortly before his departure from the Defense Secretary post , Panetta announced that women would be allowed to enter all combat jobs in the military , citing an assessment phase in which each branch of service will examine all its jobs and units not currently integrated and then produce a timetable for integrating them . Activities outside politics . Panetta and his wife Sylvia founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy in December 1997 and served as co-directors there until 2009 , when Panetta was appointed CIA director by President Obama . He has since returned to the Institute in the role of Chairman , while his wife serves as Co-Chair and CEO , supervising the institutes day-to-day operations . The institute is located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus Panetta was instrumental in creating on the site of the decommissioned Fort Ord Army base when he was a Congressman . Coincidentally , Panetta was stationed at Fort Ord in the 1960s during his service as an Army intelligence officer . Panetta served on the board of the UC Santa Cruz Foundation , as a Distinguished Scholar to the Chancellor of California State University and as a Presidential Professor at Santa Clara University . He was urged to consider running for Governor of California during the recall election in 2003 but declined in part because of the short time available to raise the necessary campaign funds . Panetta has long been an advocate for the worlds oceans . In addition to introducing legislation and winning passage of ocean protections measures such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during his time in Congress , he was named chairman in 2003 of the Pew Oceans Commission , which in 2005 combined with the U.S . Commission on Ocean Policy to establish the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative . Panetta now co-chairs the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative with Admiral James D . Watkins , U.S . Navy ( Ret. ) and continues to serve as a Commission member . Panetta also serves as an advocate and information source for other ocean organizations , including the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation and the Monterey Bay Aquarium . In 2006 , Panetta was part of the presidentially-appointed Iraq Study Group , or Baker Commission , which studied potential changes in U.S . policy in Iraq . In 2014 , Panetta published his memoir Worthy Fights , in which he recounted his long career in public service . While overwhelmingly positive in his assessment of the Obama presidency , Panetta aired some disagreements in the book with the Presidents policies in Syria and Iraq . Panetta said : By failing to persuade Iraqs leader to allow a continuing force of US troops , the commander in chief created a vacuum . . . and its out of that vacuum that ISIS began to breed . He regularly obtains fees for speaking engagements , including from the Carlyle Group . He is also a supporter of Booz Allen Hamilton . After Secretary of Defense ( 2013–present ) . Panetta was a speaker on Day 3 of the 2016 Democratic National Convention in which Hillary Clinton was nominated to run as the Democratic candidate in the presidential election that year . Notably , his speech was booed by anti-war supporters of Bernie Sanders who protested his war record . Panetta told CBS News that Congress releasing the Nunes Memo , which purported to provide intelligence about the open Russia probe , could cause damage to national security . Responsibilities . Panetta has held positions within a number of institutions and corporations , including : - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative , Commissioner and Co-Chair - Pew Oceans Commission , Commissioner and Chairman - Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget , Co-Chair - Bread for the World , Board of Directors - National Marine Sanctuary Foundation , Board of Directors - National Leadership Roundtable on Church Management , Board of Directors ( 2004–2009 ) - New York Stock Exchange , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Board of Directors ( 1997–present ) - Close Up Foundation , Board of Directors ( 1999–present ) - Connetics Investor Relations , Board of Directors ( 2000–present ) - Fleishman-Hillard , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Co-chairman of the Corporate Credibility Advisory practice - Member of the International Advisory Board - Junior Statesmen Foundation Inc. , Trustee ( 2004 ) - Public Policy Institute of California , Board of Directors - Blue Shield of California , Board of Directors ( 2013–present ) - Oracle Corporation , Board of Directors ( 2015–present ) In June 2002 , the U.S . Conference of Catholic Bishops appointed Panetta to their National Review Board , which was created to look into the Catholic Churchs sexual abuse scandal . This created controversy because of Panettas pro-choice stance on abortion and other views seen as conflicting with those of the Church . Panetta is also a member of the Partnership for a Secure Americas bipartisan Advisory Board . The Partnership is a non-profit organization based in Washington , DC that promotes bipartisan solutions to national security and foreign policy issues . Panetta serves on the Advisory Board of the Committee to Investigate Russia . Personal life . Panetta is married to Sylvia Marie Varni , who administered his home district offices during his terms in Congress . They live on his familys twelve-acre walnut farm in the Carmel Valley , California . They have three sons and six grandchildren . In 2016 , their third son , Jimmy Panetta , a former Monterey County Deputy District Attorney , won election to his fathers old congressional seat , now numbered as the . Awards . - 1966 – Army Commendation Medal - 1969 – Abraham Lincoln Award , National Education Association - 1983 – Foreign Language Advocate Award , Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages . - 1984 – A . Philip Randolph Award - 1988 – Golden Plow Award , American Farm Bureau Federation - 1991 – Presidents Award , American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages - 1991 – Coastal and Ocean Management Award , Coastal Zone Foundation - 1993 – Peter Burnett Award for Distinguished Public Service - 1995 – Distinguished Public Service Medal , Center for the Study of the Presidency - 1997 – Special Achievement Award for Public Service , National Italian American Foundation - 2001 – John H . Chafee Coastal Stewardship Award , Coastal America - 2002 – Law Alumni Special Achievement Award , Santa Clara University School of Law Alumni Association - 2003 – Julius A . Stratton Champion of the Coast Award for Coastal Leadership - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate from University of Wisconsin–Parkside - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate of Public Service from Northeastern University - 2006 – Paul Peck Award - 2012 - Intrepid Freedom Award , Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum - 2012 - Golden Plate Award , American Academy of Achievement - 2014 - Excellence in Policy , Peter Benchley Ocean Awards - 2015 - Dwight D . Eisenhower Award , National Defense Industrial Association - 2018 - Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy - 2019 - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun Further reading . - Clinton , Bill ( 2005 ) . My Life . Vintage . . External links . - Department of Defense biography - Biography of Panetta , Hartnell University - Profile at SourceWatch - The Panetta Institute for Public Policy

easy

What position did Leon Panetta take from Jul 1994 to 1997?

/wiki/Leon_Panetta#P39#2

Leon Panetta Leon Edward Panetta ( born June 28 , 1938 ) is an American politician who has served in several different public office positions , including the Secretary of Defense , Director of the CIA , White House Chief of Staff , Director of the Office of Management and Budget , and as a U.S . Representative from California . A Democrat , Panetta was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993 , served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993 to 1994 , and as President Bill Clintons Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997 . He co-founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy and served as a Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B . Reed of the California State University System and as a professor of public policy at Santa Clara University . In January 2009 , newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director . Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009 . As director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the operation that brought down international terrorist Osama bin Laden . On April 28 , 2011 , Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary , to replace the retiring Robert Gates . In June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously and he assumed the office on July 1 , 2011 . David Petraeus took over as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on September 6 , 2011 . Since retiring as Secretary of Defense in 2013 , Panetta has served as Chairman of The Panetta Institute for Public Policy , located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus of the California State University that he helped establish during his tenure as congressman . The institute is dedicated to motivating and preparing people for lives of public service and helping them to become more knowledgeably engaged in the democratic process . He also serves on a number of boards and commissions and frequently writes and lectures on public policy issues . Early life , education , and military service . Panetta was born in Monterey , California , the son of Carmelina Maria ( Prochilo ) and Carmelo Frank Panetta , Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria , Italy . In the 1940s , the Panetta family owned a restaurant in Monterey . He was raised in the Monterey area , and attended two Catholic grammar schools : San Carlos School ( Monterey ) and Junípero Serra School ( Carmel ) . He attended Monterey High School , a public school where he became involved in student politics , and was a member of the Junior Statesmen of America . As a junior , he was the vice president of the Student Body , and as a senior , he became its president . In 1956 , he entered Santa Clara University , California , and graduated magna cum laude in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science . In 1963 , he received a Juris Doctor from the Santa Clara University School of Law . In 1964 , he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant , where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence , and received the Army Commendation Medal . In 1966 , he was discharged as a First Lieutenant . Political career . Early political career . Panetta started in politics in 1966 as a legislative assistant to Republican Senator Thomas Kuchel , the United States Senate Minority Whip from California , whom Panetta has called a tremendous role model . In 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H . Finch , Secretary of the United States Department of Health , Education , and Welfare under the Nixon administration . Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights . Panetta chose to enforce civil rights and equal education laws over the objection of President Nixon , who wanted enforcement to move slowly in keeping with his strategy to gain political support among Southern whites . Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman supported Panetta and refused to fire him , threatening to resign if forced to do so . Eventually forced out of office in 1970 , Panetta left Washington to work as Executive Assistant for John Lindsay , the then-Republican Mayor of New York City ( Lindsay would switch parties the following year. ) Panetta wrote about his Nixon administration experience in his 1971 book Bring Us Together . He moved back to Monterey to practice law at Panetta , Thompson & Panetta from 1971 to 1976 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Like Lindsay , Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971 , because , he said , he thought that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center . In 1976 , Panetta was elected to the U.S . Congress to represent Californias then-16th congressional district , unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close , and was reelected eight times . ( With a few boundary adjustments , the 16th district became the 17th district after the 1990 census and is the 20th district today . It consists of all of Monterey and San Benito Counties , plus most of Santa Cruz County , including the city of Santa Cruz . At the time of Panettas first election , it also included the northern part of San Luis Obispo County. ) Tenure . During his time in Congress , Panetta concentrated mostly on budget issues , civil rights , education , healthcare , agriculture , immigration , and environmental protection , particularly preventing oil drilling off the California coast . He wrote the Hunger Prevention Act ( Public Law 100–435 ) of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution . He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary , and legislation providing Medicare coverage for hospice care . Working with Chancellor Barry Munitz of CSU , he helped establish CSU Monterey Bay at the former Fort Ord military base . He also attempted to form the Big Sur National Scenic Area with Senator Alan Cranston . The bill would have created a scenic area administered by the U.S . Forest Service . It budgeted $100 million to buy land from private land owners , up to $30 million for easements and management programs , and created a state plan for a zone about long and wide along the Big Sur coast . The bill was opposed by California Senator S . I . Hayakawa , development interests , and Big Sur residents . Local residents mocked the plan as Panettas Pave n Save , and raised a fund of more than $100,000 to lobby against the proposal . The legislation was blocked by Hayakawa in the Energy Committee and did not reach a vote . Budget Committee . A member of the House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1989 , and its chairman from 1989 to 1993 , Panetta played a key role in the 1990 Budget Summit . Committee assignments . His positions included : - Chairman of the U.S . House Committee on the Budget - Chairman of the Agriculture Committees Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing , Consumer Relations , and Nutrition - Chairman of the Administration Committees Subcommittee on Personnel and Police - Chairman of the Task Force on Domestic Hunger created by the U.S . House Select Committee on Hunger - Vice Chairman of the Caucus of Vietnam-Era Veterans in Congress - Member of the Presidents Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies . Director of the Office of Management and Budget . Though elected to a ninth term in 1992 , Panetta left the House at the beginning of 1993 , after President-elect Bill Clinton selected him to serve as Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget . In that role he developed the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998 . White House Chief of Staff . In 1994 , President Clinton became increasingly concerned about a lack of order and focus in the White House and asked Panetta to become his new chief of staff , replacing Mack McLarty . According to author Nigel Hamilton , Panetta replaced McLarty for the rest of Clintons first term—and the rest is history . To be a great leader , a modern president must have a great chief of staff—and in Leon Panetta , Clinton got the enforcer he deserved . Panetta was appointed White House Chief of Staff on July 17 , 1994 , and he held that position until January 20 , 1997 . He was a key negotiator of the 1996 budget , which was another important step toward bringing the budget into balance . Director of the CIA . Nomination . On January 5 , 2009 , President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Panetta to the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . At the time of his selection , journalists and politicians raised concerns about Panettas limited experience in intelligence , aside from his two-year service as a military intelligence officer in the 1960s . California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein , the Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , expressed concerns that she was not consulted about the Panetta appointment and stated her belief that the Agency is best-served by having an intelligence professional in charge at this time . Former CIA officer Ishmael Jones stated that Panetta was a wise choice , because of his close personal connection to the President and lack of exposure to the CIA bureaucracy . Also , Washington Post columnist David Ignatius said that Panetta did have exposure to intelligence operations as Director of the OMB and as Chief of Staff for President Bill Clinton , where he sat in on the daily intelligence briefings as chief of staff , and he reviewed the nations most secret intelligence-collection and covert-action programs in his previous post as director of the Office of Management and Budget . On February 12 , 2009 , Panetta was confirmed in the full Senate by voice vote . Tenure . On February 19 , 2009 , Panetta was sworn in as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency by Vice President Joe Biden before an audience of CIA employees . Panetta reportedly received a rock star welcome from his new subordinates . As CIA Director , Panetta traveled extensively to intelligence outposts around the world and worked with international leaders to confront threats of Islamic extremism and Taliban . In 2010 working with the Senate Intelligence Committee , he conducted a secret review of the use of torture by the CIA ( euphemistically referred to as enhanced interrogation techniques ) during the administration of George W . Bush . The review , which came to be known by 2014 as the Panetta Review , yielded a series of memoranda that , according to The New York Times , cast a particularly harsh light on the Bush-era interrogation program . The Times notes The effort to write the exhaustive history of the C.I.A.’s detention operations was fraught from the beginning . President Obama officially ended the program during his first week in office , in 2009 . The intelligence committee announced its intention to take a hard look at the program , but there was little appetite inside the [ Obama ] White House to accede to the committee’s request for all classified C.I.A . cables related to it . The findings of the Panetta Review reportedly aligned with much of what the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture found in its factual accounting . Both reports were largely seen as an effort in fact-finding and prevention , but not a governmental path towards some possible project of accountability or punishment for past interrogation or torture . Panetta supported the Obama administrations campaign of U.S . drone strikes in Pakistan , which he identified as the most effective weapon against senior al-Qaeda leadership . Drone strikes increased significantly under Panetta , with as many as 50 suspected al-Qaeda militants being killed in May 2009 alone . As Director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the hunt for terrorist leader Osama bin Laden , and played a key role in the operation in which bin Laden was killed on May 1 , 2011 . Under Panetta , the CIA advanced workplace rights and benefits for LGBT employees ; the agency for the first time implemented policies extending benefits to the same-sex partners of employees . Secretary of Defense ( 2011–2013 ) . Nomination . On April 28 , 2011 , President Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as United States Secretary of Defense as a replacement for retiring Secretary Robert Gates . On June 21 , 2011 , the Senate confirmed Panetta in an unusual 100–0 vote . He was sworn in on July 1 , 2011 . Tenure . One of Panettas first major acts as Defense Secretary was to jointly certify with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the military was prepared to repeal Dont Ask , Dont Tell , which triggered final repeal after 60 days . In August 2011 , Panetta publicly warned that deeper cuts in the defense budget risked hollowing out the military and would hamper Pentagon efforts to deal with rising powers such as China , North Korea , and Iran and he urged Congress not to go beyond the roughly $500 billion in defense cuts required over the next decade under the debt reduction bill signed by President Barack Obama . Working with military and civilian leaders at the Department of Defense , Panetta developed a new defense strategy for the 21st century . Funding the United States military , in the face of tightening budget constraints , became an ongoing theme of Panettas tenure . He also warned that future service members may see changes in retirement benefits , and that the military healthcare system may need reforms , to rein in costs , while also ensuring quality care . Another major issue during Panettas tenure as Defense Secretary was the Obama administrations diplomatic effort to dissuade Iran from developing nuclear weapons . In January 2012 , Panetta stated that nuclear weapons development was a red line that Iran would not be allowed to cross—and that the United States was keeping all options , including military ones , open to completely prevent it . He said that Iran would not be allowed to block the Straits of Hormuz . In January 2013 , shortly before his departure from the Defense Secretary post , Panetta announced that women would be allowed to enter all combat jobs in the military , citing an assessment phase in which each branch of service will examine all its jobs and units not currently integrated and then produce a timetable for integrating them . Activities outside politics . Panetta and his wife Sylvia founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy in December 1997 and served as co-directors there until 2009 , when Panetta was appointed CIA director by President Obama . He has since returned to the Institute in the role of Chairman , while his wife serves as Co-Chair and CEO , supervising the institutes day-to-day operations . The institute is located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus Panetta was instrumental in creating on the site of the decommissioned Fort Ord Army base when he was a Congressman . Coincidentally , Panetta was stationed at Fort Ord in the 1960s during his service as an Army intelligence officer . Panetta served on the board of the UC Santa Cruz Foundation , as a Distinguished Scholar to the Chancellor of California State University and as a Presidential Professor at Santa Clara University . He was urged to consider running for Governor of California during the recall election in 2003 but declined in part because of the short time available to raise the necessary campaign funds . Panetta has long been an advocate for the worlds oceans . In addition to introducing legislation and winning passage of ocean protections measures such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during his time in Congress , he was named chairman in 2003 of the Pew Oceans Commission , which in 2005 combined with the U.S . Commission on Ocean Policy to establish the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative . Panetta now co-chairs the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative with Admiral James D . Watkins , U.S . Navy ( Ret. ) and continues to serve as a Commission member . Panetta also serves as an advocate and information source for other ocean organizations , including the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation and the Monterey Bay Aquarium . In 2006 , Panetta was part of the presidentially-appointed Iraq Study Group , or Baker Commission , which studied potential changes in U.S . policy in Iraq . In 2014 , Panetta published his memoir Worthy Fights , in which he recounted his long career in public service . While overwhelmingly positive in his assessment of the Obama presidency , Panetta aired some disagreements in the book with the Presidents policies in Syria and Iraq . Panetta said : By failing to persuade Iraqs leader to allow a continuing force of US troops , the commander in chief created a vacuum . . . and its out of that vacuum that ISIS began to breed . He regularly obtains fees for speaking engagements , including from the Carlyle Group . He is also a supporter of Booz Allen Hamilton . After Secretary of Defense ( 2013–present ) . Panetta was a speaker on Day 3 of the 2016 Democratic National Convention in which Hillary Clinton was nominated to run as the Democratic candidate in the presidential election that year . Notably , his speech was booed by anti-war supporters of Bernie Sanders who protested his war record . Panetta told CBS News that Congress releasing the Nunes Memo , which purported to provide intelligence about the open Russia probe , could cause damage to national security . Responsibilities . Panetta has held positions within a number of institutions and corporations , including : - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative , Commissioner and Co-Chair - Pew Oceans Commission , Commissioner and Chairman - Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget , Co-Chair - Bread for the World , Board of Directors - National Marine Sanctuary Foundation , Board of Directors - National Leadership Roundtable on Church Management , Board of Directors ( 2004–2009 ) - New York Stock Exchange , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Board of Directors ( 1997–present ) - Close Up Foundation , Board of Directors ( 1999–present ) - Connetics Investor Relations , Board of Directors ( 2000–present ) - Fleishman-Hillard , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Co-chairman of the Corporate Credibility Advisory practice - Member of the International Advisory Board - Junior Statesmen Foundation Inc. , Trustee ( 2004 ) - Public Policy Institute of California , Board of Directors - Blue Shield of California , Board of Directors ( 2013–present ) - Oracle Corporation , Board of Directors ( 2015–present ) In June 2002 , the U.S . Conference of Catholic Bishops appointed Panetta to their National Review Board , which was created to look into the Catholic Churchs sexual abuse scandal . This created controversy because of Panettas pro-choice stance on abortion and other views seen as conflicting with those of the Church . Panetta is also a member of the Partnership for a Secure Americas bipartisan Advisory Board . The Partnership is a non-profit organization based in Washington , DC that promotes bipartisan solutions to national security and foreign policy issues . Panetta serves on the Advisory Board of the Committee to Investigate Russia . Personal life . Panetta is married to Sylvia Marie Varni , who administered his home district offices during his terms in Congress . They live on his familys twelve-acre walnut farm in the Carmel Valley , California . They have three sons and six grandchildren . In 2016 , their third son , Jimmy Panetta , a former Monterey County Deputy District Attorney , won election to his fathers old congressional seat , now numbered as the . Awards . - 1966 – Army Commendation Medal - 1969 – Abraham Lincoln Award , National Education Association - 1983 – Foreign Language Advocate Award , Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages . - 1984 – A . Philip Randolph Award - 1988 – Golden Plow Award , American Farm Bureau Federation - 1991 – Presidents Award , American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages - 1991 – Coastal and Ocean Management Award , Coastal Zone Foundation - 1993 – Peter Burnett Award for Distinguished Public Service - 1995 – Distinguished Public Service Medal , Center for the Study of the Presidency - 1997 – Special Achievement Award for Public Service , National Italian American Foundation - 2001 – John H . Chafee Coastal Stewardship Award , Coastal America - 2002 – Law Alumni Special Achievement Award , Santa Clara University School of Law Alumni Association - 2003 – Julius A . Stratton Champion of the Coast Award for Coastal Leadership - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate from University of Wisconsin–Parkside - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate of Public Service from Northeastern University - 2006 – Paul Peck Award - 2012 - Intrepid Freedom Award , Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum - 2012 - Golden Plate Award , American Academy of Achievement - 2014 - Excellence in Policy , Peter Benchley Ocean Awards - 2015 - Dwight D . Eisenhower Award , National Defense Industrial Association - 2018 - Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy - 2019 - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun Further reading . - Clinton , Bill ( 2005 ) . My Life . Vintage . . External links . - Department of Defense biography - Biography of Panetta , Hartnell University - Profile at SourceWatch - The Panetta Institute for Public Policy

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Leon Panetta took which position from Feb 2009 to Jun 2011?

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Leon Panetta Leon Edward Panetta ( born June 28 , 1938 ) is an American politician who has served in several different public office positions , including the Secretary of Defense , Director of the CIA , White House Chief of Staff , Director of the Office of Management and Budget , and as a U.S . Representative from California . A Democrat , Panetta was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993 , served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993 to 1994 , and as President Bill Clintons Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997 . He co-founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy and served as a Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B . Reed of the California State University System and as a professor of public policy at Santa Clara University . In January 2009 , newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director . Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009 . As director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the operation that brought down international terrorist Osama bin Laden . On April 28 , 2011 , Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary , to replace the retiring Robert Gates . In June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously and he assumed the office on July 1 , 2011 . David Petraeus took over as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on September 6 , 2011 . Since retiring as Secretary of Defense in 2013 , Panetta has served as Chairman of The Panetta Institute for Public Policy , located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus of the California State University that he helped establish during his tenure as congressman . The institute is dedicated to motivating and preparing people for lives of public service and helping them to become more knowledgeably engaged in the democratic process . He also serves on a number of boards and commissions and frequently writes and lectures on public policy issues . Early life , education , and military service . Panetta was born in Monterey , California , the son of Carmelina Maria ( Prochilo ) and Carmelo Frank Panetta , Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria , Italy . In the 1940s , the Panetta family owned a restaurant in Monterey . He was raised in the Monterey area , and attended two Catholic grammar schools : San Carlos School ( Monterey ) and Junípero Serra School ( Carmel ) . He attended Monterey High School , a public school where he became involved in student politics , and was a member of the Junior Statesmen of America . As a junior , he was the vice president of the Student Body , and as a senior , he became its president . In 1956 , he entered Santa Clara University , California , and graduated magna cum laude in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science . In 1963 , he received a Juris Doctor from the Santa Clara University School of Law . In 1964 , he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant , where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence , and received the Army Commendation Medal . In 1966 , he was discharged as a First Lieutenant . Political career . Early political career . Panetta started in politics in 1966 as a legislative assistant to Republican Senator Thomas Kuchel , the United States Senate Minority Whip from California , whom Panetta has called a tremendous role model . In 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H . Finch , Secretary of the United States Department of Health , Education , and Welfare under the Nixon administration . Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights . Panetta chose to enforce civil rights and equal education laws over the objection of President Nixon , who wanted enforcement to move slowly in keeping with his strategy to gain political support among Southern whites . Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman supported Panetta and refused to fire him , threatening to resign if forced to do so . Eventually forced out of office in 1970 , Panetta left Washington to work as Executive Assistant for John Lindsay , the then-Republican Mayor of New York City ( Lindsay would switch parties the following year. ) Panetta wrote about his Nixon administration experience in his 1971 book Bring Us Together . He moved back to Monterey to practice law at Panetta , Thompson & Panetta from 1971 to 1976 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Like Lindsay , Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971 , because , he said , he thought that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center . In 1976 , Panetta was elected to the U.S . Congress to represent Californias then-16th congressional district , unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close , and was reelected eight times . ( With a few boundary adjustments , the 16th district became the 17th district after the 1990 census and is the 20th district today . It consists of all of Monterey and San Benito Counties , plus most of Santa Cruz County , including the city of Santa Cruz . At the time of Panettas first election , it also included the northern part of San Luis Obispo County. ) Tenure . During his time in Congress , Panetta concentrated mostly on budget issues , civil rights , education , healthcare , agriculture , immigration , and environmental protection , particularly preventing oil drilling off the California coast . He wrote the Hunger Prevention Act ( Public Law 100–435 ) of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution . He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary , and legislation providing Medicare coverage for hospice care . Working with Chancellor Barry Munitz of CSU , he helped establish CSU Monterey Bay at the former Fort Ord military base . He also attempted to form the Big Sur National Scenic Area with Senator Alan Cranston . The bill would have created a scenic area administered by the U.S . Forest Service . It budgeted $100 million to buy land from private land owners , up to $30 million for easements and management programs , and created a state plan for a zone about long and wide along the Big Sur coast . The bill was opposed by California Senator S . I . Hayakawa , development interests , and Big Sur residents . Local residents mocked the plan as Panettas Pave n Save , and raised a fund of more than $100,000 to lobby against the proposal . The legislation was blocked by Hayakawa in the Energy Committee and did not reach a vote . Budget Committee . A member of the House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1989 , and its chairman from 1989 to 1993 , Panetta played a key role in the 1990 Budget Summit . Committee assignments . His positions included : - Chairman of the U.S . House Committee on the Budget - Chairman of the Agriculture Committees Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing , Consumer Relations , and Nutrition - Chairman of the Administration Committees Subcommittee on Personnel and Police - Chairman of the Task Force on Domestic Hunger created by the U.S . House Select Committee on Hunger - Vice Chairman of the Caucus of Vietnam-Era Veterans in Congress - Member of the Presidents Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies . Director of the Office of Management and Budget . Though elected to a ninth term in 1992 , Panetta left the House at the beginning of 1993 , after President-elect Bill Clinton selected him to serve as Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget . In that role he developed the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998 . White House Chief of Staff . In 1994 , President Clinton became increasingly concerned about a lack of order and focus in the White House and asked Panetta to become his new chief of staff , replacing Mack McLarty . According to author Nigel Hamilton , Panetta replaced McLarty for the rest of Clintons first term—and the rest is history . To be a great leader , a modern president must have a great chief of staff—and in Leon Panetta , Clinton got the enforcer he deserved . Panetta was appointed White House Chief of Staff on July 17 , 1994 , and he held that position until January 20 , 1997 . He was a key negotiator of the 1996 budget , which was another important step toward bringing the budget into balance . Director of the CIA . Nomination . On January 5 , 2009 , President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Panetta to the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . At the time of his selection , journalists and politicians raised concerns about Panettas limited experience in intelligence , aside from his two-year service as a military intelligence officer in the 1960s . California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein , the Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , expressed concerns that she was not consulted about the Panetta appointment and stated her belief that the Agency is best-served by having an intelligence professional in charge at this time . Former CIA officer Ishmael Jones stated that Panetta was a wise choice , because of his close personal connection to the President and lack of exposure to the CIA bureaucracy . Also , Washington Post columnist David Ignatius said that Panetta did have exposure to intelligence operations as Director of the OMB and as Chief of Staff for President Bill Clinton , where he sat in on the daily intelligence briefings as chief of staff , and he reviewed the nations most secret intelligence-collection and covert-action programs in his previous post as director of the Office of Management and Budget . On February 12 , 2009 , Panetta was confirmed in the full Senate by voice vote . Tenure . On February 19 , 2009 , Panetta was sworn in as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency by Vice President Joe Biden before an audience of CIA employees . Panetta reportedly received a rock star welcome from his new subordinates . As CIA Director , Panetta traveled extensively to intelligence outposts around the world and worked with international leaders to confront threats of Islamic extremism and Taliban . In 2010 working with the Senate Intelligence Committee , he conducted a secret review of the use of torture by the CIA ( euphemistically referred to as enhanced interrogation techniques ) during the administration of George W . Bush . The review , which came to be known by 2014 as the Panetta Review , yielded a series of memoranda that , according to The New York Times , cast a particularly harsh light on the Bush-era interrogation program . The Times notes The effort to write the exhaustive history of the C.I.A.’s detention operations was fraught from the beginning . President Obama officially ended the program during his first week in office , in 2009 . The intelligence committee announced its intention to take a hard look at the program , but there was little appetite inside the [ Obama ] White House to accede to the committee’s request for all classified C.I.A . cables related to it . The findings of the Panetta Review reportedly aligned with much of what the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture found in its factual accounting . Both reports were largely seen as an effort in fact-finding and prevention , but not a governmental path towards some possible project of accountability or punishment for past interrogation or torture . Panetta supported the Obama administrations campaign of U.S . drone strikes in Pakistan , which he identified as the most effective weapon against senior al-Qaeda leadership . Drone strikes increased significantly under Panetta , with as many as 50 suspected al-Qaeda militants being killed in May 2009 alone . As Director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the hunt for terrorist leader Osama bin Laden , and played a key role in the operation in which bin Laden was killed on May 1 , 2011 . Under Panetta , the CIA advanced workplace rights and benefits for LGBT employees ; the agency for the first time implemented policies extending benefits to the same-sex partners of employees . Secretary of Defense ( 2011–2013 ) . Nomination . On April 28 , 2011 , President Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as United States Secretary of Defense as a replacement for retiring Secretary Robert Gates . On June 21 , 2011 , the Senate confirmed Panetta in an unusual 100–0 vote . He was sworn in on July 1 , 2011 . Tenure . One of Panettas first major acts as Defense Secretary was to jointly certify with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the military was prepared to repeal Dont Ask , Dont Tell , which triggered final repeal after 60 days . In August 2011 , Panetta publicly warned that deeper cuts in the defense budget risked hollowing out the military and would hamper Pentagon efforts to deal with rising powers such as China , North Korea , and Iran and he urged Congress not to go beyond the roughly $500 billion in defense cuts required over the next decade under the debt reduction bill signed by President Barack Obama . Working with military and civilian leaders at the Department of Defense , Panetta developed a new defense strategy for the 21st century . Funding the United States military , in the face of tightening budget constraints , became an ongoing theme of Panettas tenure . He also warned that future service members may see changes in retirement benefits , and that the military healthcare system may need reforms , to rein in costs , while also ensuring quality care . Another major issue during Panettas tenure as Defense Secretary was the Obama administrations diplomatic effort to dissuade Iran from developing nuclear weapons . In January 2012 , Panetta stated that nuclear weapons development was a red line that Iran would not be allowed to cross—and that the United States was keeping all options , including military ones , open to completely prevent it . He said that Iran would not be allowed to block the Straits of Hormuz . In January 2013 , shortly before his departure from the Defense Secretary post , Panetta announced that women would be allowed to enter all combat jobs in the military , citing an assessment phase in which each branch of service will examine all its jobs and units not currently integrated and then produce a timetable for integrating them . Activities outside politics . Panetta and his wife Sylvia founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy in December 1997 and served as co-directors there until 2009 , when Panetta was appointed CIA director by President Obama . He has since returned to the Institute in the role of Chairman , while his wife serves as Co-Chair and CEO , supervising the institutes day-to-day operations . The institute is located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus Panetta was instrumental in creating on the site of the decommissioned Fort Ord Army base when he was a Congressman . Coincidentally , Panetta was stationed at Fort Ord in the 1960s during his service as an Army intelligence officer . Panetta served on the board of the UC Santa Cruz Foundation , as a Distinguished Scholar to the Chancellor of California State University and as a Presidential Professor at Santa Clara University . He was urged to consider running for Governor of California during the recall election in 2003 but declined in part because of the short time available to raise the necessary campaign funds . Panetta has long been an advocate for the worlds oceans . In addition to introducing legislation and winning passage of ocean protections measures such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during his time in Congress , he was named chairman in 2003 of the Pew Oceans Commission , which in 2005 combined with the U.S . Commission on Ocean Policy to establish the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative . Panetta now co-chairs the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative with Admiral James D . Watkins , U.S . Navy ( Ret. ) and continues to serve as a Commission member . Panetta also serves as an advocate and information source for other ocean organizations , including the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation and the Monterey Bay Aquarium . In 2006 , Panetta was part of the presidentially-appointed Iraq Study Group , or Baker Commission , which studied potential changes in U.S . policy in Iraq . In 2014 , Panetta published his memoir Worthy Fights , in which he recounted his long career in public service . While overwhelmingly positive in his assessment of the Obama presidency , Panetta aired some disagreements in the book with the Presidents policies in Syria and Iraq . Panetta said : By failing to persuade Iraqs leader to allow a continuing force of US troops , the commander in chief created a vacuum . . . and its out of that vacuum that ISIS began to breed . He regularly obtains fees for speaking engagements , including from the Carlyle Group . He is also a supporter of Booz Allen Hamilton . After Secretary of Defense ( 2013–present ) . Panetta was a speaker on Day 3 of the 2016 Democratic National Convention in which Hillary Clinton was nominated to run as the Democratic candidate in the presidential election that year . Notably , his speech was booed by anti-war supporters of Bernie Sanders who protested his war record . Panetta told CBS News that Congress releasing the Nunes Memo , which purported to provide intelligence about the open Russia probe , could cause damage to national security . Responsibilities . Panetta has held positions within a number of institutions and corporations , including : - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative , Commissioner and Co-Chair - Pew Oceans Commission , Commissioner and Chairman - Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget , Co-Chair - Bread for the World , Board of Directors - National Marine Sanctuary Foundation , Board of Directors - National Leadership Roundtable on Church Management , Board of Directors ( 2004–2009 ) - New York Stock Exchange , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Board of Directors ( 1997–present ) - Close Up Foundation , Board of Directors ( 1999–present ) - Connetics Investor Relations , Board of Directors ( 2000–present ) - Fleishman-Hillard , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Co-chairman of the Corporate Credibility Advisory practice - Member of the International Advisory Board - Junior Statesmen Foundation Inc. , Trustee ( 2004 ) - Public Policy Institute of California , Board of Directors - Blue Shield of California , Board of Directors ( 2013–present ) - Oracle Corporation , Board of Directors ( 2015–present ) In June 2002 , the U.S . Conference of Catholic Bishops appointed Panetta to their National Review Board , which was created to look into the Catholic Churchs sexual abuse scandal . This created controversy because of Panettas pro-choice stance on abortion and other views seen as conflicting with those of the Church . Panetta is also a member of the Partnership for a Secure Americas bipartisan Advisory Board . The Partnership is a non-profit organization based in Washington , DC that promotes bipartisan solutions to national security and foreign policy issues . Panetta serves on the Advisory Board of the Committee to Investigate Russia . Personal life . Panetta is married to Sylvia Marie Varni , who administered his home district offices during his terms in Congress . They live on his familys twelve-acre walnut farm in the Carmel Valley , California . They have three sons and six grandchildren . In 2016 , their third son , Jimmy Panetta , a former Monterey County Deputy District Attorney , won election to his fathers old congressional seat , now numbered as the . Awards . - 1966 – Army Commendation Medal - 1969 – Abraham Lincoln Award , National Education Association - 1983 – Foreign Language Advocate Award , Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages . - 1984 – A . Philip Randolph Award - 1988 – Golden Plow Award , American Farm Bureau Federation - 1991 – Presidents Award , American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages - 1991 – Coastal and Ocean Management Award , Coastal Zone Foundation - 1993 – Peter Burnett Award for Distinguished Public Service - 1995 – Distinguished Public Service Medal , Center for the Study of the Presidency - 1997 – Special Achievement Award for Public Service , National Italian American Foundation - 2001 – John H . Chafee Coastal Stewardship Award , Coastal America - 2002 – Law Alumni Special Achievement Award , Santa Clara University School of Law Alumni Association - 2003 – Julius A . Stratton Champion of the Coast Award for Coastal Leadership - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate from University of Wisconsin–Parkside - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate of Public Service from Northeastern University - 2006 – Paul Peck Award - 2012 - Intrepid Freedom Award , Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum - 2012 - Golden Plate Award , American Academy of Achievement - 2014 - Excellence in Policy , Peter Benchley Ocean Awards - 2015 - Dwight D . Eisenhower Award , National Defense Industrial Association - 2018 - Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy - 2019 - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun Further reading . - Clinton , Bill ( 2005 ) . My Life . Vintage . . External links . - Department of Defense biography - Biography of Panetta , Hartnell University - Profile at SourceWatch - The Panetta Institute for Public Policy

easy

What position did Leon Panetta take from Jul 2011 to Feb 2013?

/wiki/Leon_Panetta#P39#4

Leon Panetta Leon Edward Panetta ( born June 28 , 1938 ) is an American politician who has served in several different public office positions , including the Secretary of Defense , Director of the CIA , White House Chief of Staff , Director of the Office of Management and Budget , and as a U.S . Representative from California . A Democrat , Panetta was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993 , served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993 to 1994 , and as President Bill Clintons Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997 . He co-founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy and served as a Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B . Reed of the California State University System and as a professor of public policy at Santa Clara University . In January 2009 , newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of CIA Director . Panetta was confirmed by the full Senate in February 2009 . As director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the operation that brought down international terrorist Osama bin Laden . On April 28 , 2011 , Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary , to replace the retiring Robert Gates . In June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously and he assumed the office on July 1 , 2011 . David Petraeus took over as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on September 6 , 2011 . Since retiring as Secretary of Defense in 2013 , Panetta has served as Chairman of The Panetta Institute for Public Policy , located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus of the California State University that he helped establish during his tenure as congressman . The institute is dedicated to motivating and preparing people for lives of public service and helping them to become more knowledgeably engaged in the democratic process . He also serves on a number of boards and commissions and frequently writes and lectures on public policy issues . Early life , education , and military service . Panetta was born in Monterey , California , the son of Carmelina Maria ( Prochilo ) and Carmelo Frank Panetta , Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria , Italy . In the 1940s , the Panetta family owned a restaurant in Monterey . He was raised in the Monterey area , and attended two Catholic grammar schools : San Carlos School ( Monterey ) and Junípero Serra School ( Carmel ) . He attended Monterey High School , a public school where he became involved in student politics , and was a member of the Junior Statesmen of America . As a junior , he was the vice president of the Student Body , and as a senior , he became its president . In 1956 , he entered Santa Clara University , California , and graduated magna cum laude in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science . In 1963 , he received a Juris Doctor from the Santa Clara University School of Law . In 1964 , he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant , where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence , and received the Army Commendation Medal . In 1966 , he was discharged as a First Lieutenant . Political career . Early political career . Panetta started in politics in 1966 as a legislative assistant to Republican Senator Thomas Kuchel , the United States Senate Minority Whip from California , whom Panetta has called a tremendous role model . In 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H . Finch , Secretary of the United States Department of Health , Education , and Welfare under the Nixon administration . Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights . Panetta chose to enforce civil rights and equal education laws over the objection of President Nixon , who wanted enforcement to move slowly in keeping with his strategy to gain political support among Southern whites . Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman supported Panetta and refused to fire him , threatening to resign if forced to do so . Eventually forced out of office in 1970 , Panetta left Washington to work as Executive Assistant for John Lindsay , the then-Republican Mayor of New York City ( Lindsay would switch parties the following year. ) Panetta wrote about his Nixon administration experience in his 1971 book Bring Us Together . He moved back to Monterey to practice law at Panetta , Thompson & Panetta from 1971 to 1976 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . Like Lindsay , Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971 , because , he said , he thought that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center . In 1976 , Panetta was elected to the U.S . Congress to represent Californias then-16th congressional district , unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote . He would never face another contest nearly that close , and was reelected eight times . ( With a few boundary adjustments , the 16th district became the 17th district after the 1990 census and is the 20th district today . It consists of all of Monterey and San Benito Counties , plus most of Santa Cruz County , including the city of Santa Cruz . At the time of Panettas first election , it also included the northern part of San Luis Obispo County. ) Tenure . During his time in Congress , Panetta concentrated mostly on budget issues , civil rights , education , healthcare , agriculture , immigration , and environmental protection , particularly preventing oil drilling off the California coast . He wrote the Hunger Prevention Act ( Public Law 100–435 ) of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution . He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary , and legislation providing Medicare coverage for hospice care . Working with Chancellor Barry Munitz of CSU , he helped establish CSU Monterey Bay at the former Fort Ord military base . He also attempted to form the Big Sur National Scenic Area with Senator Alan Cranston . The bill would have created a scenic area administered by the U.S . Forest Service . It budgeted $100 million to buy land from private land owners , up to $30 million for easements and management programs , and created a state plan for a zone about long and wide along the Big Sur coast . The bill was opposed by California Senator S . I . Hayakawa , development interests , and Big Sur residents . Local residents mocked the plan as Panettas Pave n Save , and raised a fund of more than $100,000 to lobby against the proposal . The legislation was blocked by Hayakawa in the Energy Committee and did not reach a vote . Budget Committee . A member of the House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1989 , and its chairman from 1989 to 1993 , Panetta played a key role in the 1990 Budget Summit . Committee assignments . His positions included : - Chairman of the U.S . House Committee on the Budget - Chairman of the Agriculture Committees Subcommittee on Domestic Marketing , Consumer Relations , and Nutrition - Chairman of the Administration Committees Subcommittee on Personnel and Police - Chairman of the Task Force on Domestic Hunger created by the U.S . House Select Committee on Hunger - Vice Chairman of the Caucus of Vietnam-Era Veterans in Congress - Member of the Presidents Commission on Foreign Language and International Studies . Director of the Office of Management and Budget . Though elected to a ninth term in 1992 , Panetta left the House at the beginning of 1993 , after President-elect Bill Clinton selected him to serve as Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget . In that role he developed the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998 . White House Chief of Staff . In 1994 , President Clinton became increasingly concerned about a lack of order and focus in the White House and asked Panetta to become his new chief of staff , replacing Mack McLarty . According to author Nigel Hamilton , Panetta replaced McLarty for the rest of Clintons first term—and the rest is history . To be a great leader , a modern president must have a great chief of staff—and in Leon Panetta , Clinton got the enforcer he deserved . Panetta was appointed White House Chief of Staff on July 17 , 1994 , and he held that position until January 20 , 1997 . He was a key negotiator of the 1996 budget , which was another important step toward bringing the budget into balance . Director of the CIA . Nomination . On January 5 , 2009 , President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Panetta to the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . At the time of his selection , journalists and politicians raised concerns about Panettas limited experience in intelligence , aside from his two-year service as a military intelligence officer in the 1960s . California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein , the Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence , expressed concerns that she was not consulted about the Panetta appointment and stated her belief that the Agency is best-served by having an intelligence professional in charge at this time . Former CIA officer Ishmael Jones stated that Panetta was a wise choice , because of his close personal connection to the President and lack of exposure to the CIA bureaucracy . Also , Washington Post columnist David Ignatius said that Panetta did have exposure to intelligence operations as Director of the OMB and as Chief of Staff for President Bill Clinton , where he sat in on the daily intelligence briefings as chief of staff , and he reviewed the nations most secret intelligence-collection and covert-action programs in his previous post as director of the Office of Management and Budget . On February 12 , 2009 , Panetta was confirmed in the full Senate by voice vote . Tenure . On February 19 , 2009 , Panetta was sworn in as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency by Vice President Joe Biden before an audience of CIA employees . Panetta reportedly received a rock star welcome from his new subordinates . As CIA Director , Panetta traveled extensively to intelligence outposts around the world and worked with international leaders to confront threats of Islamic extremism and Taliban . In 2010 working with the Senate Intelligence Committee , he conducted a secret review of the use of torture by the CIA ( euphemistically referred to as enhanced interrogation techniques ) during the administration of George W . Bush . The review , which came to be known by 2014 as the Panetta Review , yielded a series of memoranda that , according to The New York Times , cast a particularly harsh light on the Bush-era interrogation program . The Times notes The effort to write the exhaustive history of the C.I.A.’s detention operations was fraught from the beginning . President Obama officially ended the program during his first week in office , in 2009 . The intelligence committee announced its intention to take a hard look at the program , but there was little appetite inside the [ Obama ] White House to accede to the committee’s request for all classified C.I.A . cables related to it . The findings of the Panetta Review reportedly aligned with much of what the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture found in its factual accounting . Both reports were largely seen as an effort in fact-finding and prevention , but not a governmental path towards some possible project of accountability or punishment for past interrogation or torture . Panetta supported the Obama administrations campaign of U.S . drone strikes in Pakistan , which he identified as the most effective weapon against senior al-Qaeda leadership . Drone strikes increased significantly under Panetta , with as many as 50 suspected al-Qaeda militants being killed in May 2009 alone . As Director of the CIA , Panetta oversaw the hunt for terrorist leader Osama bin Laden , and played a key role in the operation in which bin Laden was killed on May 1 , 2011 . Under Panetta , the CIA advanced workplace rights and benefits for LGBT employees ; the agency for the first time implemented policies extending benefits to the same-sex partners of employees . Secretary of Defense ( 2011–2013 ) . Nomination . On April 28 , 2011 , President Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as United States Secretary of Defense as a replacement for retiring Secretary Robert Gates . On June 21 , 2011 , the Senate confirmed Panetta in an unusual 100–0 vote . He was sworn in on July 1 , 2011 . Tenure . One of Panettas first major acts as Defense Secretary was to jointly certify with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the military was prepared to repeal Dont Ask , Dont Tell , which triggered final repeal after 60 days . In August 2011 , Panetta publicly warned that deeper cuts in the defense budget risked hollowing out the military and would hamper Pentagon efforts to deal with rising powers such as China , North Korea , and Iran and he urged Congress not to go beyond the roughly $500 billion in defense cuts required over the next decade under the debt reduction bill signed by President Barack Obama . Working with military and civilian leaders at the Department of Defense , Panetta developed a new defense strategy for the 21st century . Funding the United States military , in the face of tightening budget constraints , became an ongoing theme of Panettas tenure . He also warned that future service members may see changes in retirement benefits , and that the military healthcare system may need reforms , to rein in costs , while also ensuring quality care . Another major issue during Panettas tenure as Defense Secretary was the Obama administrations diplomatic effort to dissuade Iran from developing nuclear weapons . In January 2012 , Panetta stated that nuclear weapons development was a red line that Iran would not be allowed to cross—and that the United States was keeping all options , including military ones , open to completely prevent it . He said that Iran would not be allowed to block the Straits of Hormuz . In January 2013 , shortly before his departure from the Defense Secretary post , Panetta announced that women would be allowed to enter all combat jobs in the military , citing an assessment phase in which each branch of service will examine all its jobs and units not currently integrated and then produce a timetable for integrating them . Activities outside politics . Panetta and his wife Sylvia founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy in December 1997 and served as co-directors there until 2009 , when Panetta was appointed CIA director by President Obama . He has since returned to the Institute in the role of Chairman , while his wife serves as Co-Chair and CEO , supervising the institutes day-to-day operations . The institute is located at California State University , Monterey Bay , a campus Panetta was instrumental in creating on the site of the decommissioned Fort Ord Army base when he was a Congressman . Coincidentally , Panetta was stationed at Fort Ord in the 1960s during his service as an Army intelligence officer . Panetta served on the board of the UC Santa Cruz Foundation , as a Distinguished Scholar to the Chancellor of California State University and as a Presidential Professor at Santa Clara University . He was urged to consider running for Governor of California during the recall election in 2003 but declined in part because of the short time available to raise the necessary campaign funds . Panetta has long been an advocate for the worlds oceans . In addition to introducing legislation and winning passage of ocean protections measures such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during his time in Congress , he was named chairman in 2003 of the Pew Oceans Commission , which in 2005 combined with the U.S . Commission on Ocean Policy to establish the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative . Panetta now co-chairs the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative with Admiral James D . Watkins , U.S . Navy ( Ret. ) and continues to serve as a Commission member . Panetta also serves as an advocate and information source for other ocean organizations , including the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation and the Monterey Bay Aquarium . In 2006 , Panetta was part of the presidentially-appointed Iraq Study Group , or Baker Commission , which studied potential changes in U.S . policy in Iraq . In 2014 , Panetta published his memoir Worthy Fights , in which he recounted his long career in public service . While overwhelmingly positive in his assessment of the Obama presidency , Panetta aired some disagreements in the book with the Presidents policies in Syria and Iraq . Panetta said : By failing to persuade Iraqs leader to allow a continuing force of US troops , the commander in chief created a vacuum . . . and its out of that vacuum that ISIS began to breed . He regularly obtains fees for speaking engagements , including from the Carlyle Group . He is also a supporter of Booz Allen Hamilton . After Secretary of Defense ( 2013–present ) . Panetta was a speaker on Day 3 of the 2016 Democratic National Convention in which Hillary Clinton was nominated to run as the Democratic candidate in the presidential election that year . Notably , his speech was booed by anti-war supporters of Bernie Sanders who protested his war record . Panetta told CBS News that Congress releasing the Nunes Memo , which purported to provide intelligence about the open Russia probe , could cause damage to national security . Responsibilities . Panetta has held positions within a number of institutions and corporations , including : - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative , Commissioner and Co-Chair - Pew Oceans Commission , Commissioner and Chairman - Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget , Co-Chair - Bread for the World , Board of Directors - National Marine Sanctuary Foundation , Board of Directors - National Leadership Roundtable on Church Management , Board of Directors ( 2004–2009 ) - New York Stock Exchange , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Board of Directors ( 1997–present ) - Close Up Foundation , Board of Directors ( 1999–present ) - Connetics Investor Relations , Board of Directors ( 2000–present ) - Fleishman-Hillard , - Co-chairman of the Corporate Accountability and Listing Standards Committee - Co-chairman of the Corporate Credibility Advisory practice - Member of the International Advisory Board - Junior Statesmen Foundation Inc. , Trustee ( 2004 ) - Public Policy Institute of California , Board of Directors - Blue Shield of California , Board of Directors ( 2013–present ) - Oracle Corporation , Board of Directors ( 2015–present ) In June 2002 , the U.S . Conference of Catholic Bishops appointed Panetta to their National Review Board , which was created to look into the Catholic Churchs sexual abuse scandal . This created controversy because of Panettas pro-choice stance on abortion and other views seen as conflicting with those of the Church . Panetta is also a member of the Partnership for a Secure Americas bipartisan Advisory Board . The Partnership is a non-profit organization based in Washington , DC that promotes bipartisan solutions to national security and foreign policy issues . Panetta serves on the Advisory Board of the Committee to Investigate Russia . Personal life . Panetta is married to Sylvia Marie Varni , who administered his home district offices during his terms in Congress . They live on his familys twelve-acre walnut farm in the Carmel Valley , California . They have three sons and six grandchildren . In 2016 , their third son , Jimmy Panetta , a former Monterey County Deputy District Attorney , won election to his fathers old congressional seat , now numbered as the . Awards . - 1966 – Army Commendation Medal - 1969 – Abraham Lincoln Award , National Education Association - 1983 – Foreign Language Advocate Award , Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages . - 1984 – A . Philip Randolph Award - 1988 – Golden Plow Award , American Farm Bureau Federation - 1991 – Presidents Award , American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages - 1991 – Coastal and Ocean Management Award , Coastal Zone Foundation - 1993 – Peter Burnett Award for Distinguished Public Service - 1995 – Distinguished Public Service Medal , Center for the Study of the Presidency - 1997 – Special Achievement Award for Public Service , National Italian American Foundation - 2001 – John H . Chafee Coastal Stewardship Award , Coastal America - 2002 – Law Alumni Special Achievement Award , Santa Clara University School of Law Alumni Association - 2003 – Julius A . Stratton Champion of the Coast Award for Coastal Leadership - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate from University of Wisconsin–Parkside - 2005 – Received an honorary Doctorate of Public Service from Northeastern University - 2006 – Paul Peck Award - 2012 - Intrepid Freedom Award , Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum - 2012 - Golden Plate Award , American Academy of Achievement - 2014 - Excellence in Policy , Peter Benchley Ocean Awards - 2015 - Dwight D . Eisenhower Award , National Defense Industrial Association - 2018 - Sylvanus Thayer Award from the United States Military Academy - 2019 - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun Further reading . - Clinton , Bill ( 2005 ) . My Life . Vintage . . External links . - Department of Defense biography - Biography of Panetta , Hartnell University - Profile at SourceWatch - The Panetta Institute for Public Policy

easy

Penrhyn Castle was owned by whom from 1820 to 1840?

/wiki/Penrhyn_Castle#P127#0

Penrhyn Castle Penrhyn Castle ( ) is a country house in Llandygai , Bangor , Gwynedd , North Wales , in the form of a Norman castle . It was originally a medieval fortified manor house , founded by Ednyfed Fychan . In 1438 , Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house . Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s . The present building was built between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper on behalf of its owner , who expanded and transformed the building beyond recognition . The owner of the castle had many slaves , and was compensated for being deprived of them after the abolition of slavery with about the same sum as construction of the castle had cost . Later history . George Hay Dawkins-Pennant ( 1764–1840 ) had inherited the Penrhyn Estate on the death of his second cousin , The 1st Baron Penrhyn ( first creation ; 1737–1808 ) , who had made his fortune from sugar plantations and slaves in Jamaica and local slate quarries . The eldest of Georges two daughters , Juliana , married an aristocratic Grenadier Guard , Edward Gordon Douglas ( 1800–1886 ) , who , on inheriting the estate on Georges death in 1840 , adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant . Edward , the grandson of The 14th Earl of Morton , was created The 1st Baron Penrhyn ( second creation ) in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1866 . After the 1822–1837 rebuild a spiral staircase remains from the original structure , and a vaulted basement and other masonry were incorporated into the new structure . The cost of the construction of this vast castle is disputed , and very difficult to work out accurately , as much of the timber came from the familys own forestry , and much of the labour was acquired from within their own workforce at the slate quarry . It cost the Pennant family an estimated £150,000 . This is the current equivalent to about £49,500,000 . Penrhyn is one of the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century ; Christopher Hussey called it , the outstanding instance of Norman revival . The castle is a picturesque composition that stretches over 600 feet from a tall donjon containing family rooms , through the main block built around the earlier house , to the service wing and the stables . It is built in a sombre style which allows it to possess something of the medieval fortress air despite the ground-level drawing room windows . Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style , with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving . The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture , including a one-ton slate bed made for Queen Victoria when she visited in 1859 . The 4th Baron Penrhyn died in June 1949 , and the castle and estate passed to his niece , Lady Janet Pelham , who , on inheritance , adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant . In 1951 , the castle and 40,000 acres ( 160 km ) of land were accepted by the treasury in lieu of death duties from Lady Janet . It now belongs to the National Trust and is open to the public . The site received 109,395 visitors in 2017 . Slavery . Dawkins-Pennant , an opponent of the emancipation of slaves , was after the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 compensated for being deprived of 764 slaves , being paid £14,683 17s 2d—about the cost of building the castle . In 2020 the National Trust was working on a plan to include coverage about the former owners of its properties who had links to colonialism and slavery . Penrhyn Castle was built using profits made by a family that used hundreds of enslaved people . The castle today displays information about Richard Pennant , who by 1805 owned nearly 1,000 enslaved people across his four plantations in Jamaica . Attractions . Gardens . Penrhyns attractions include a formal walled garden , extensive informal gardens , an adventure playground , picnic areas and woodland walks . Railway Museum . The Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum , a narrow gauge railway museum . In the nineteenth century , Penrhyn Castle was the home of the Pennant family ( from 1840 , the Douglas-Pennants ) , owners of the Penrhyn slate quarry at Bethesda . The quarry was closely associated with the development of industrial narrow-gauge railways , and in particular the Penrhyn Quarry Railway ( PQR ) , one of the earliest industrial railways in the world . The PQR ran close to Penrhyn Castle , and when the castle was bequeathed to the National Trust in 1951 a small museum of industrial railway relics was created in the stable block . The first locomotive donated to the museum was Charles , one of the three remaining steam locomotives working on the PQR . Over the years a number of other historically significant British narrow-gauge locomotives and other artifacts have been added to the collection . Art collection . It houses one of the finest art collections in Wales , with works by artists such as Canaletto , Richard Wilson , Carl Haag , Perino del Vaga , and Palma Vecchio . The collection formerly included a Rembrandt – ( Catrina Hooghsaet , valued at up to £40 million ; the Dutch Culture Ministry tried to buy the painting for Amsterdams Rijksmuseum in 2007 , but could not meet the asking price ) . The family began collecting paintings from the early years of the 19th century ; this significant collection was catalogued by the 2nd Lord Penrhyns daughter Alice Douglas-Pennant . Countryside views . The castle has stunning views over the Snowdonia mountains , the Menai Strait and Puffin Island . References in popular culture . In 2014 , David Haneke from the Welsh National Opera chose Penrhyn Castle as the location for the video design for the companys summer performance of Claude Debussys infamous opera La chute de la maison Usher , based on Edgar Allan Poes story The Fall of the House of Usher . Scenes filmed at the location were projected onto three separate screens during the performances . HBOs 2019 television adaptation of the Watchmen franchise shot many scenes at the castle , they also recreated the castle as a 3D model for use in CGI scenes in the show . A 2020 edition of the BBCs Flog It ! was filmed at the castle , and included details of the Penrhyn slate quarrys 1900–1903 Great Strike about union rights , pay and working conditions , a bitter battle between the 2nd Lord Penrhyn and the quarry workers . Events . A parkrun takes place in the grounds of the castle each Saturday morning , starting and finishing at the castle gates . The fee to enter the castle grounds is waived for runners .

easy

Who owned Penrhyn Castle from 1840 to 1886?

/wiki/Penrhyn_Castle#P127#1

Penrhyn Castle Penrhyn Castle ( ) is a country house in Llandygai , Bangor , Gwynedd , North Wales , in the form of a Norman castle . It was originally a medieval fortified manor house , founded by Ednyfed Fychan . In 1438 , Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house . Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s . The present building was built between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper on behalf of its owner , who expanded and transformed the building beyond recognition . The owner of the castle had many slaves , and was compensated for being deprived of them after the abolition of slavery with about the same sum as construction of the castle had cost . Later history . George Hay Dawkins-Pennant ( 1764–1840 ) had inherited the Penrhyn Estate on the death of his second cousin , The 1st Baron Penrhyn ( first creation ; 1737–1808 ) , who had made his fortune from sugar plantations and slaves in Jamaica and local slate quarries . The eldest of Georges two daughters , Juliana , married an aristocratic Grenadier Guard , Edward Gordon Douglas ( 1800–1886 ) , who , on inheriting the estate on Georges death in 1840 , adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant . Edward , the grandson of The 14th Earl of Morton , was created The 1st Baron Penrhyn ( second creation ) in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1866 . After the 1822–1837 rebuild a spiral staircase remains from the original structure , and a vaulted basement and other masonry were incorporated into the new structure . The cost of the construction of this vast castle is disputed , and very difficult to work out accurately , as much of the timber came from the familys own forestry , and much of the labour was acquired from within their own workforce at the slate quarry . It cost the Pennant family an estimated £150,000 . This is the current equivalent to about £49,500,000 . Penrhyn is one of the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century ; Christopher Hussey called it , the outstanding instance of Norman revival . The castle is a picturesque composition that stretches over 600 feet from a tall donjon containing family rooms , through the main block built around the earlier house , to the service wing and the stables . It is built in a sombre style which allows it to possess something of the medieval fortress air despite the ground-level drawing room windows . Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style , with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving . The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture , including a one-ton slate bed made for Queen Victoria when she visited in 1859 . The 4th Baron Penrhyn died in June 1949 , and the castle and estate passed to his niece , Lady Janet Pelham , who , on inheritance , adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant . In 1951 , the castle and 40,000 acres ( 160 km ) of land were accepted by the treasury in lieu of death duties from Lady Janet . It now belongs to the National Trust and is open to the public . The site received 109,395 visitors in 2017 . Slavery . Dawkins-Pennant , an opponent of the emancipation of slaves , was after the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 compensated for being deprived of 764 slaves , being paid £14,683 17s 2d—about the cost of building the castle . In 2020 the National Trust was working on a plan to include coverage about the former owners of its properties who had links to colonialism and slavery . Penrhyn Castle was built using profits made by a family that used hundreds of enslaved people . The castle today displays information about Richard Pennant , who by 1805 owned nearly 1,000 enslaved people across his four plantations in Jamaica . Attractions . Gardens . Penrhyns attractions include a formal walled garden , extensive informal gardens , an adventure playground , picnic areas and woodland walks . Railway Museum . The Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum , a narrow gauge railway museum . In the nineteenth century , Penrhyn Castle was the home of the Pennant family ( from 1840 , the Douglas-Pennants ) , owners of the Penrhyn slate quarry at Bethesda . The quarry was closely associated with the development of industrial narrow-gauge railways , and in particular the Penrhyn Quarry Railway ( PQR ) , one of the earliest industrial railways in the world . The PQR ran close to Penrhyn Castle , and when the castle was bequeathed to the National Trust in 1951 a small museum of industrial railway relics was created in the stable block . The first locomotive donated to the museum was Charles , one of the three remaining steam locomotives working on the PQR . Over the years a number of other historically significant British narrow-gauge locomotives and other artifacts have been added to the collection . Art collection . It houses one of the finest art collections in Wales , with works by artists such as Canaletto , Richard Wilson , Carl Haag , Perino del Vaga , and Palma Vecchio . The collection formerly included a Rembrandt – ( Catrina Hooghsaet , valued at up to £40 million ; the Dutch Culture Ministry tried to buy the painting for Amsterdams Rijksmuseum in 2007 , but could not meet the asking price ) . The family began collecting paintings from the early years of the 19th century ; this significant collection was catalogued by the 2nd Lord Penrhyns daughter Alice Douglas-Pennant . Countryside views . The castle has stunning views over the Snowdonia mountains , the Menai Strait and Puffin Island . References in popular culture . In 2014 , David Haneke from the Welsh National Opera chose Penrhyn Castle as the location for the video design for the companys summer performance of Claude Debussys infamous opera La chute de la maison Usher , based on Edgar Allan Poes story The Fall of the House of Usher . Scenes filmed at the location were projected onto three separate screens during the performances . HBOs 2019 television adaptation of the Watchmen franchise shot many scenes at the castle , they also recreated the castle as a 3D model for use in CGI scenes in the show . A 2020 edition of the BBCs Flog It ! was filmed at the castle , and included details of the Penrhyn slate quarrys 1900–1903 Great Strike about union rights , pay and working conditions , a bitter battle between the 2nd Lord Penrhyn and the quarry workers . Events . A parkrun takes place in the grounds of the castle each Saturday morning , starting and finishing at the castle gates . The fee to enter the castle grounds is waived for runners .

easy

Who owned Penrhyn Castle from 1951 to 1952?

/wiki/Penrhyn_Castle#P127#2

Penrhyn Castle Penrhyn Castle ( ) is a country house in Llandygai , Bangor , Gwynedd , North Wales , in the form of a Norman castle . It was originally a medieval fortified manor house , founded by Ednyfed Fychan . In 1438 , Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house . Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s . The present building was built between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper on behalf of its owner , who expanded and transformed the building beyond recognition . The owner of the castle had many slaves , and was compensated for being deprived of them after the abolition of slavery with about the same sum as construction of the castle had cost . Later history . George Hay Dawkins-Pennant ( 1764–1840 ) had inherited the Penrhyn Estate on the death of his second cousin , The 1st Baron Penrhyn ( first creation ; 1737–1808 ) , who had made his fortune from sugar plantations and slaves in Jamaica and local slate quarries . The eldest of Georges two daughters , Juliana , married an aristocratic Grenadier Guard , Edward Gordon Douglas ( 1800–1886 ) , who , on inheriting the estate on Georges death in 1840 , adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant . Edward , the grandson of The 14th Earl of Morton , was created The 1st Baron Penrhyn ( second creation ) in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1866 . After the 1822–1837 rebuild a spiral staircase remains from the original structure , and a vaulted basement and other masonry were incorporated into the new structure . The cost of the construction of this vast castle is disputed , and very difficult to work out accurately , as much of the timber came from the familys own forestry , and much of the labour was acquired from within their own workforce at the slate quarry . It cost the Pennant family an estimated £150,000 . This is the current equivalent to about £49,500,000 . Penrhyn is one of the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century ; Christopher Hussey called it , the outstanding instance of Norman revival . The castle is a picturesque composition that stretches over 600 feet from a tall donjon containing family rooms , through the main block built around the earlier house , to the service wing and the stables . It is built in a sombre style which allows it to possess something of the medieval fortress air despite the ground-level drawing room windows . Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style , with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving . The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture , including a one-ton slate bed made for Queen Victoria when she visited in 1859 . The 4th Baron Penrhyn died in June 1949 , and the castle and estate passed to his niece , Lady Janet Pelham , who , on inheritance , adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant . In 1951 , the castle and 40,000 acres ( 160 km ) of land were accepted by the treasury in lieu of death duties from Lady Janet . It now belongs to the National Trust and is open to the public . The site received 109,395 visitors in 2017 . Slavery . Dawkins-Pennant , an opponent of the emancipation of slaves , was after the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 compensated for being deprived of 764 slaves , being paid £14,683 17s 2d—about the cost of building the castle . In 2020 the National Trust was working on a plan to include coverage about the former owners of its properties who had links to colonialism and slavery . Penrhyn Castle was built using profits made by a family that used hundreds of enslaved people . The castle today displays information about Richard Pennant , who by 1805 owned nearly 1,000 enslaved people across his four plantations in Jamaica . Attractions . Gardens . Penrhyns attractions include a formal walled garden , extensive informal gardens , an adventure playground , picnic areas and woodland walks . Railway Museum . The Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum , a narrow gauge railway museum . In the nineteenth century , Penrhyn Castle was the home of the Pennant family ( from 1840 , the Douglas-Pennants ) , owners of the Penrhyn slate quarry at Bethesda . The quarry was closely associated with the development of industrial narrow-gauge railways , and in particular the Penrhyn Quarry Railway ( PQR ) , one of the earliest industrial railways in the world . The PQR ran close to Penrhyn Castle , and when the castle was bequeathed to the National Trust in 1951 a small museum of industrial railway relics was created in the stable block . The first locomotive donated to the museum was Charles , one of the three remaining steam locomotives working on the PQR . Over the years a number of other historically significant British narrow-gauge locomotives and other artifacts have been added to the collection . Art collection . It houses one of the finest art collections in Wales , with works by artists such as Canaletto , Richard Wilson , Carl Haag , Perino del Vaga , and Palma Vecchio . The collection formerly included a Rembrandt – ( Catrina Hooghsaet , valued at up to £40 million ; the Dutch Culture Ministry tried to buy the painting for Amsterdams Rijksmuseum in 2007 , but could not meet the asking price ) . The family began collecting paintings from the early years of the 19th century ; this significant collection was catalogued by the 2nd Lord Penrhyns daughter Alice Douglas-Pennant . Countryside views . The castle has stunning views over the Snowdonia mountains , the Menai Strait and Puffin Island . References in popular culture . In 2014 , David Haneke from the Welsh National Opera chose Penrhyn Castle as the location for the video design for the companys summer performance of Claude Debussys infamous opera La chute de la maison Usher , based on Edgar Allan Poes story The Fall of the House of Usher . Scenes filmed at the location were projected onto three separate screens during the performances . HBOs 2019 television adaptation of the Watchmen franchise shot many scenes at the castle , they also recreated the castle as a 3D model for use in CGI scenes in the show . A 2020 edition of the BBCs Flog It ! was filmed at the castle , and included details of the Penrhyn slate quarrys 1900–1903 Great Strike about union rights , pay and working conditions , a bitter battle between the 2nd Lord Penrhyn and the quarry workers . Events . A parkrun takes place in the grounds of the castle each Saturday morning , starting and finishing at the castle gates . The fee to enter the castle grounds is waived for runners .

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of La Fortaleza from Oct 1960 to Oct 1966?

/wiki/La_Fortaleza#P1435#0

La Fortaleza La Fortaleza ( The Fortress ) is the official residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico . It was built between 1533 and 1540 to defend the harbor of San Juan . The structure is also known as Palacio de Santa Catalina ( Santa Catalinas Palace ) . It is the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the New World . It was listed by UNESCO in 1983 as part of the World Heritage Site La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site . During the 1640 reconstruction , the chapel of Santa Catalina , which originally stood outside the walls , was integrated into the walls of the structure , resulting in the alternate name Santa Catalinas Castle . The structure . La Fortaleza was the first defensive fortification built for the city of San Juan , and the first of a series of military structures built to protect the city which included the Fort San Felipe del Morro and the Fort San Cristóbal . The construction was authorized by Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor as a defense against attacks from Island Caribs and the European powers of the time . Initially , the structure consisted of four walls enclosing an interior patio with a circular tower known as the Homage Tower . From the top of the tower , the governor , following military tradition , would take oaths of fidelity at critical moments to the King and Queen of Spain . Later , a second tower named the Austral Tower was constructed . At present , the complex consists of a few attached buildings with formal living quarters in the second floor , and private quarters in the third . It overlooks the high city walls that front the bay , and within the north perimeter of the house are sheltered gardens and a swimming pool . History . Starting in 1529 , Governor La Gama petitioned the emperor on the need to build defensive fortifications , because the islands defenseless condition caused the people to emigrate . Construction started in 1533 , with the use of stone , and concluded by 1540 . Yet the fort had no guns , and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés commented if it had been constructed by blind men could not have been located in a worse location . Yet the structure has served as the governors residence since 1544 . Since the 16th century , La Fortaleza has acted as the residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico , making it the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . On November 27 , 1822 , its traditional status as the executive mansion was made official . The fortress underwent a massive reconstruction in 1846 to change its military appearance into a palatial facade . La Fortaleza has been the residence of more than 170 governors of Puerto Rico and has hosted various dignitaries , including President John F . Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline Kennedy who stayed in La Fortaleza in 1961 . King Juan Carlos of Spain and Queen Juliana of the Netherlands are among several heads of state who have stayed in La Fortaleza . In June 2011 , U.S . President Barack Obama visited the mansion during a brief trip to the island marking the first visit of an in-office US President to the Fortaleza as well as the Island on official business since Kennedy , 50 years previously to that date . King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia of Spain also visited La Fortaleza in 2016 . La Fortaleza has been captured twice by invaders : - 1598 , George Clifford , Earl of Cumberland , attacked San Juan . - 1625 , General Boudewijn Hendrick ( Balduino Enrico ) of the Netherlands invaded the city and established himself at La Fortaleza . During the Dutch retreat , the fortress and the city were set ablaze . In 1834 , Colonel George Dawson Flinter described the fortress of Santa Catalina as having a chapel , stables and a cistern as well as an east wing with spacious apartments . According to tradition , in 1898 , just before the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War , the last Spanish governor of the island , Ricardo De Ortega , struck a longcase clock in La Fortaleza with his sword , stopping the clock and marking the time at which Spain lost control over Puerto Rico . On October 30 , 1950 , there was an attempt by a few nationalists to enter La Fortaleza in what is known as the San Juan Nationalist revolt , intending to attack then-governor Luis Muñoz Marín . The 5-minute shootout resulted in four Nationalists dead : Domingo Hiraldo Resto , Carlos Hiraldo Resto , Manuel Torres Medina and Raímundo Díaz Pacheco . Three of the guards of the building , among them Lorenzo Ramos , were seriously injured . On October 9 , 1960 , La Fortaleza was designated a United States National Historic Landmark . In 1983 , La Fortaleza , along with the San Juan National Historic Site , was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . On May 26 , 2004 , a man armed with a knife entered the mansions mailroom located just outside the palace gates and took a receptionist hostage . The 2½ hour stand-off ended after Governor Sila María Calderón entered the building and listened as the hostage-taker read a letter . From July 13 to July 24 , 2019 , the surrounding streets around La Fortaleza were the scene of various protests as part of Telegramgate as a result of leaked messages involving Governor Ricardo Rosselló . As protesters continued to demand the governor to step down on July 24 , 2019 , Rosselló announced his resignation from office , effective August 2 , 2019 . In literature . In 2011 , Puerto Rican author Giannina Braschi wrote the dramatic novel United States of Banana , featuring climactic scenes of revolution at La Fortaleza .

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of La Fortaleza from Oct 1966 to Oct 1973?

/wiki/La_Fortaleza#P1435#1

La Fortaleza La Fortaleza ( The Fortress ) is the official residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico . It was built between 1533 and 1540 to defend the harbor of San Juan . The structure is also known as Palacio de Santa Catalina ( Santa Catalinas Palace ) . It is the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the New World . It was listed by UNESCO in 1983 as part of the World Heritage Site La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site . During the 1640 reconstruction , the chapel of Santa Catalina , which originally stood outside the walls , was integrated into the walls of the structure , resulting in the alternate name Santa Catalinas Castle . The structure . La Fortaleza was the first defensive fortification built for the city of San Juan , and the first of a series of military structures built to protect the city which included the Fort San Felipe del Morro and the Fort San Cristóbal . The construction was authorized by Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor as a defense against attacks from Island Caribs and the European powers of the time . Initially , the structure consisted of four walls enclosing an interior patio with a circular tower known as the Homage Tower . From the top of the tower , the governor , following military tradition , would take oaths of fidelity at critical moments to the King and Queen of Spain . Later , a second tower named the Austral Tower was constructed . At present , the complex consists of a few attached buildings with formal living quarters in the second floor , and private quarters in the third . It overlooks the high city walls that front the bay , and within the north perimeter of the house are sheltered gardens and a swimming pool . History . Starting in 1529 , Governor La Gama petitioned the emperor on the need to build defensive fortifications , because the islands defenseless condition caused the people to emigrate . Construction started in 1533 , with the use of stone , and concluded by 1540 . Yet the fort had no guns , and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés commented if it had been constructed by blind men could not have been located in a worse location . Yet the structure has served as the governors residence since 1544 . Since the 16th century , La Fortaleza has acted as the residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico , making it the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . On November 27 , 1822 , its traditional status as the executive mansion was made official . The fortress underwent a massive reconstruction in 1846 to change its military appearance into a palatial facade . La Fortaleza has been the residence of more than 170 governors of Puerto Rico and has hosted various dignitaries , including President John F . Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline Kennedy who stayed in La Fortaleza in 1961 . King Juan Carlos of Spain and Queen Juliana of the Netherlands are among several heads of state who have stayed in La Fortaleza . In June 2011 , U.S . President Barack Obama visited the mansion during a brief trip to the island marking the first visit of an in-office US President to the Fortaleza as well as the Island on official business since Kennedy , 50 years previously to that date . King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia of Spain also visited La Fortaleza in 2016 . La Fortaleza has been captured twice by invaders : - 1598 , George Clifford , Earl of Cumberland , attacked San Juan . - 1625 , General Boudewijn Hendrick ( Balduino Enrico ) of the Netherlands invaded the city and established himself at La Fortaleza . During the Dutch retreat , the fortress and the city were set ablaze . In 1834 , Colonel George Dawson Flinter described the fortress of Santa Catalina as having a chapel , stables and a cistern as well as an east wing with spacious apartments . According to tradition , in 1898 , just before the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War , the last Spanish governor of the island , Ricardo De Ortega , struck a longcase clock in La Fortaleza with his sword , stopping the clock and marking the time at which Spain lost control over Puerto Rico . On October 30 , 1950 , there was an attempt by a few nationalists to enter La Fortaleza in what is known as the San Juan Nationalist revolt , intending to attack then-governor Luis Muñoz Marín . The 5-minute shootout resulted in four Nationalists dead : Domingo Hiraldo Resto , Carlos Hiraldo Resto , Manuel Torres Medina and Raímundo Díaz Pacheco . Three of the guards of the building , among them Lorenzo Ramos , were seriously injured . On October 9 , 1960 , La Fortaleza was designated a United States National Historic Landmark . In 1983 , La Fortaleza , along with the San Juan National Historic Site , was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . On May 26 , 2004 , a man armed with a knife entered the mansions mailroom located just outside the palace gates and took a receptionist hostage . The 2½ hour stand-off ended after Governor Sila María Calderón entered the building and listened as the hostage-taker read a letter . From July 13 to July 24 , 2019 , the surrounding streets around La Fortaleza were the scene of various protests as part of Telegramgate as a result of leaked messages involving Governor Ricardo Rosselló . As protesters continued to demand the governor to step down on July 24 , 2019 , Rosselló announced his resignation from office , effective August 2 , 2019 . In literature . In 2011 , Puerto Rican author Giannina Braschi wrote the dramatic novel United States of Banana , featuring climactic scenes of revolution at La Fortaleza .

easy

Where did Conrad Theodor van Deventer live from 1896 to 1897?

/wiki/Conrad_Theodor_van_Deventer#P551#0

Conrad Theodor van Deventer Conrad Theodor Coen van Deventer ( 29 September 1857 , in Dordrecht – 27 September 1915 , in The Hague ) was a Dutch lawyer , an author about the Dutch East Indies and a member of parliament of the Netherlands . He became known as the spokesman of the Dutch Ethical Policy Movement . He lived at Surinamestraat 20 , The Hague ( 1903–1915 ) , former residence of John Ricus Couperus , his son writer Louis Couperus and the rest of his family ( 1884–1902 ) . Biography . Early career . Van Deventer was a son of Christiaan Julius van Deventer and Anne Marie Busken Huet . His uncle was the writer Conrad Busken Huet . He married Elisabeth Maria Louise Maas ; they had no children . Van Deventer attended the H.B.S . in Deventer and studied law at Leiden University . He achieved his doctorate in September 1879 on the thesis : Zijn naar de grondwet onze koloniën delen van het rijk ( are , according to the constitution , our colonies part of the Dutch empire ) . On 20 August 1880 he was made available to the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies by the Ministry of Colonies to be appointed as civil service official . With his wife Van Deventer travelled in September 1880 to Batavia by steamboat Prins Hendrik ; he was appointed court clerk at the Raad van Justitie ( Council of Justice ) at Amboina in December 1880 . As early as 1881 Van Deventer was already seen by the public as an authority in the case of the issue of the economic position of the Dutch East Indies in relation to motherland the Netherlands . In lectures held during meetings of the Indisch Genootschap ( Indies Institute ) his opinion on this matter was presented as very important . In June 1882 Van Deventer was appointed court clerk at the Landraden ( land boards ) of Amboina , Saparua and Wahoo ; he was also appointed auditeur militair ( a legal position ) at the court-martial in Amboina . In March 1883 he was appointed member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and that same year he wrote a series of articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad , under the title Gedichten van F.L . Hemkes ( poetry by F.L . Hemkes ; Frederik Leonardus Hemkes was a Dutch poet , who lived in South-Africa ( 1854–1887 ) ) . Van Deventer wrote in February 1884 an article in Het Indisch Weekblad voor het Recht ( The Dutch Indies Journal of Law ) , called De Indische Militairen en het Koninklijke Besluit van 13 Oktober 1882 nummer 26 ( The military in the Dutch East Indies and the royal order of 13 October 1882 ) , in which he discussed the trial of a Buginese soldier in front of a civil ( police ) court instead of a military one . In April 1885 Van Deventer quit his job as a member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and was appointed lawyer and attorney at this Council of Justice . In this period of his life Van Deventer was also active as a second lieutenant in the schutterij . That same year , 1885 , he quit his job at the Council of Justice and joined the legal practice of LLM B.R.W.A . baron Sloet van Hagensdorp and LLM M.H.C . van Oosterzee ; he replaced mr . Van Oosterzee , who would return to the Netherlands . Career as a private lawyer . Van Deventer worked as a private lawyer from 1885 to 1888 . In May 1888 he took a leave for Europe and travelled with his wife by steamboat Prinses Amalia from Batavia to the Netherlands . Back in Europe he wrote a series of articles , called De Wagner-feesten te Bayreuth ( the Wagner festivals in Bayreuth ) , which he visited for the newspaper De Locomotief ; in this period Van Deventer was a permanent employee of this newspaper . He returned to the Dutch Indies on 11 May 1889 by steamboat Sumatra . He resumed his lawyers practice and also became commissioner of the limited liability company Hȏtel du Pavillon . In September 1892 he was appointed acting member of the Committee of Directors of the Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij ( Dutch East Indian Railway Company ) . In July 1893 Van Deventer was promoted to the military rank of first lieutenant at the Schutterij in Semarang . He left for a second short stay in Europe in May 1894 and was , after his return , appointed member of the supervisory committee of the HBS in Semarang . In the newspaper Locomotief he wrote an article called Samarangsche bazar – eigen hulp ( Bazar of Samarang ) , in which he defended himself against accusations that the prospectus of this firm ( Samarangsche bazar ) , made up by him , was not accurate . He left the Dutch East Indies ( permanently ) in April 1897 by steamboat Koningin-Regentes ; back in Europe he visited the Wagner festivals and wrote about Wagneriana in The Locomotief of 11 November and 16 December 1897 . In 1898 Van Deventer wrote several articles about the coronation celebrations in the Netherlands , where queen Wilhelmina was crowned , in the Locomotief . He also wrote a series of four articles , called Het Wilhelmus als Nederlands Volkslied ( the Wilhelmus as the Dutch national anthem ) , for the Locomotief that year and gave in the Locomotief his perspective on the Zola trial . Early political career . In 1899 Van Deventer wrote a very influential article , called Een Ereschuld ( a debt of honour ) in the Dutch magazine De Gids . In this article Van Deventer stated that the Netherlands had a dept of honor of nearly 190 million gulden opposite the Dutch East Indies and had to pay for this dept of honor . When the Dutch East Indian budget was discussed in the House of Representatives a lot of attention was paid to Van Deventers article , although not all members agreed with the content of the article . Van Deventer was appointed member of the editorial board of The Gids as of 1 January 1901 . Over the next years until his death he would write numerous articles in this magazine . In June 1901 Van Deventer accepted his candidacy for the electoral association Schiedam ( for the Free-thinking Democratic League ) , located the Schiedam , for the elections for the House of Representatives , but was not chosen . In lectures Van Deventer showed himself a supporter for the installation of a Dutch East Indian House of Representatives in the Dutch East Indies . In June 1902 he was appointed member of the Algemeen Nederlands Verbond ( General Dutch Covenant ) and wrote in het Tijdschrift voor Nederlands-Indië ( Magazine for the Dutch East Indies ) together with others , a concept colonial program ; in this program the authors stated that the administrative power should lie more with the residents of the Dutch East Indies and that the government of the Netherlands should limit its interference to general government principles only . It seems contradictory that he also signed the telegram , send to general J . B . van Heutsz , in which he was complemented with the submission of Panglima Polim ( a local leader ) , which was achieved by military force , in Aceh . Van Deventer became a member of the board of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies ( 1903 ) and that same year attended the meeting in London of the Institut Colonial International . In September 1904 he was appointed knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion . He kept writing articles in different magazines , other than The Gids ; for instance he published a series of four articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad in December 1904 , called Over de suikercultuur- en suikerindustrie ( about the sugar industry ) . On 19 September 1905 Van Deventer was elected as a Free-thinking Democratic member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Amsterdam IX and as such he emphasized his three focus points regarding Dutch East Indian policy : education , irrigation and emigration . He was also a promoter of the so-called Dutch Ethical Policy but at the same time said in a speech given in the House of Representatives on 16 November 1905 , that if persuasion did not work it would be inevitable to use military force . In a series of articles in the Soerabajasch Handelsblad in August 1908 called Insulindes toekomst ( the future of the Dutch East Indies ) he wrote about the importance of eductation and the creation of new jobs for natives on higher management levels . Van Deventer was not reelected and left the House of Representatives on 21 September 1909 . Later political career . Van Deventer was elected to be a member of parliament again on 19 September 1911 , when he was appointed member of the Senate by the States of Friesland . In this period he was also appointed as member of the Max Havelaar Foundation ; this foundation was named after the famous book , written by Multatuli , and the aim of the foundation was the material and spiritual upliftment of the natives in the Dutch East Indies . In February 1912 Van Deventer made , as a member of the Senate , a journey of several months to the Dutch East Indies . He visited almost all islands , including but not limited to Sumatra , Java , Celebes and Borneo . He remained a Senate member until 16 September 1913 , when he was reelected as a member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Assen . He kept this position until his death , on 27 September 1915 . In June 1914 he was appointed official delegate of the Netherlands at the International Opium Conference held in The Hague . In 1913 he founded the Kartini Foundation in order to be able to establish girl schools in the Dutch East Indies . In September 1915 Van Deventer became seriously ill ( he suffered from peritonitis ) and was nursed at the Red Cross hospital in The Hague . He died at the age of 57 on 27 September 1915 and his body was cremated at Westerveld ( Driehuis ) . Works . Summary . For the most part Van Deventer wrote about Dutch East Indian finance , the rights of the native officials and their education and about the sugar industry . When he was active as a journalist for the Locomotief he was particularly interested in Wagner and the Wagner Festival . As he was a member of the board of directors of the magazine De Gids most of his later articles were published there . External links . - Van Deventer on the Encyclopedie Britannica - Mr . C.Th . van Deventer at the Parlement & Politiek website - Van Deventer on the Historical Website of the Biographic Dictionary of the Netherlands

easy

What was the residence of Conrad Theodor van Deventer from 1897 to 1898?

/wiki/Conrad_Theodor_van_Deventer#P551#1

Conrad Theodor van Deventer Conrad Theodor Coen van Deventer ( 29 September 1857 , in Dordrecht – 27 September 1915 , in The Hague ) was a Dutch lawyer , an author about the Dutch East Indies and a member of parliament of the Netherlands . He became known as the spokesman of the Dutch Ethical Policy Movement . He lived at Surinamestraat 20 , The Hague ( 1903–1915 ) , former residence of John Ricus Couperus , his son writer Louis Couperus and the rest of his family ( 1884–1902 ) . Biography . Early career . Van Deventer was a son of Christiaan Julius van Deventer and Anne Marie Busken Huet . His uncle was the writer Conrad Busken Huet . He married Elisabeth Maria Louise Maas ; they had no children . Van Deventer attended the H.B.S . in Deventer and studied law at Leiden University . He achieved his doctorate in September 1879 on the thesis : Zijn naar de grondwet onze koloniën delen van het rijk ( are , according to the constitution , our colonies part of the Dutch empire ) . On 20 August 1880 he was made available to the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies by the Ministry of Colonies to be appointed as civil service official . With his wife Van Deventer travelled in September 1880 to Batavia by steamboat Prins Hendrik ; he was appointed court clerk at the Raad van Justitie ( Council of Justice ) at Amboina in December 1880 . As early as 1881 Van Deventer was already seen by the public as an authority in the case of the issue of the economic position of the Dutch East Indies in relation to motherland the Netherlands . In lectures held during meetings of the Indisch Genootschap ( Indies Institute ) his opinion on this matter was presented as very important . In June 1882 Van Deventer was appointed court clerk at the Landraden ( land boards ) of Amboina , Saparua and Wahoo ; he was also appointed auditeur militair ( a legal position ) at the court-martial in Amboina . In March 1883 he was appointed member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and that same year he wrote a series of articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad , under the title Gedichten van F.L . Hemkes ( poetry by F.L . Hemkes ; Frederik Leonardus Hemkes was a Dutch poet , who lived in South-Africa ( 1854–1887 ) ) . Van Deventer wrote in February 1884 an article in Het Indisch Weekblad voor het Recht ( The Dutch Indies Journal of Law ) , called De Indische Militairen en het Koninklijke Besluit van 13 Oktober 1882 nummer 26 ( The military in the Dutch East Indies and the royal order of 13 October 1882 ) , in which he discussed the trial of a Buginese soldier in front of a civil ( police ) court instead of a military one . In April 1885 Van Deventer quit his job as a member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and was appointed lawyer and attorney at this Council of Justice . In this period of his life Van Deventer was also active as a second lieutenant in the schutterij . That same year , 1885 , he quit his job at the Council of Justice and joined the legal practice of LLM B.R.W.A . baron Sloet van Hagensdorp and LLM M.H.C . van Oosterzee ; he replaced mr . Van Oosterzee , who would return to the Netherlands . Career as a private lawyer . Van Deventer worked as a private lawyer from 1885 to 1888 . In May 1888 he took a leave for Europe and travelled with his wife by steamboat Prinses Amalia from Batavia to the Netherlands . Back in Europe he wrote a series of articles , called De Wagner-feesten te Bayreuth ( the Wagner festivals in Bayreuth ) , which he visited for the newspaper De Locomotief ; in this period Van Deventer was a permanent employee of this newspaper . He returned to the Dutch Indies on 11 May 1889 by steamboat Sumatra . He resumed his lawyers practice and also became commissioner of the limited liability company Hȏtel du Pavillon . In September 1892 he was appointed acting member of the Committee of Directors of the Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij ( Dutch East Indian Railway Company ) . In July 1893 Van Deventer was promoted to the military rank of first lieutenant at the Schutterij in Semarang . He left for a second short stay in Europe in May 1894 and was , after his return , appointed member of the supervisory committee of the HBS in Semarang . In the newspaper Locomotief he wrote an article called Samarangsche bazar – eigen hulp ( Bazar of Samarang ) , in which he defended himself against accusations that the prospectus of this firm ( Samarangsche bazar ) , made up by him , was not accurate . He left the Dutch East Indies ( permanently ) in April 1897 by steamboat Koningin-Regentes ; back in Europe he visited the Wagner festivals and wrote about Wagneriana in The Locomotief of 11 November and 16 December 1897 . In 1898 Van Deventer wrote several articles about the coronation celebrations in the Netherlands , where queen Wilhelmina was crowned , in the Locomotief . He also wrote a series of four articles , called Het Wilhelmus als Nederlands Volkslied ( the Wilhelmus as the Dutch national anthem ) , for the Locomotief that year and gave in the Locomotief his perspective on the Zola trial . Early political career . In 1899 Van Deventer wrote a very influential article , called Een Ereschuld ( a debt of honour ) in the Dutch magazine De Gids . In this article Van Deventer stated that the Netherlands had a dept of honor of nearly 190 million gulden opposite the Dutch East Indies and had to pay for this dept of honor . When the Dutch East Indian budget was discussed in the House of Representatives a lot of attention was paid to Van Deventers article , although not all members agreed with the content of the article . Van Deventer was appointed member of the editorial board of The Gids as of 1 January 1901 . Over the next years until his death he would write numerous articles in this magazine . In June 1901 Van Deventer accepted his candidacy for the electoral association Schiedam ( for the Free-thinking Democratic League ) , located the Schiedam , for the elections for the House of Representatives , but was not chosen . In lectures Van Deventer showed himself a supporter for the installation of a Dutch East Indian House of Representatives in the Dutch East Indies . In June 1902 he was appointed member of the Algemeen Nederlands Verbond ( General Dutch Covenant ) and wrote in het Tijdschrift voor Nederlands-Indië ( Magazine for the Dutch East Indies ) together with others , a concept colonial program ; in this program the authors stated that the administrative power should lie more with the residents of the Dutch East Indies and that the government of the Netherlands should limit its interference to general government principles only . It seems contradictory that he also signed the telegram , send to general J . B . van Heutsz , in which he was complemented with the submission of Panglima Polim ( a local leader ) , which was achieved by military force , in Aceh . Van Deventer became a member of the board of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies ( 1903 ) and that same year attended the meeting in London of the Institut Colonial International . In September 1904 he was appointed knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion . He kept writing articles in different magazines , other than The Gids ; for instance he published a series of four articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad in December 1904 , called Over de suikercultuur- en suikerindustrie ( about the sugar industry ) . On 19 September 1905 Van Deventer was elected as a Free-thinking Democratic member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Amsterdam IX and as such he emphasized his three focus points regarding Dutch East Indian policy : education , irrigation and emigration . He was also a promoter of the so-called Dutch Ethical Policy but at the same time said in a speech given in the House of Representatives on 16 November 1905 , that if persuasion did not work it would be inevitable to use military force . In a series of articles in the Soerabajasch Handelsblad in August 1908 called Insulindes toekomst ( the future of the Dutch East Indies ) he wrote about the importance of eductation and the creation of new jobs for natives on higher management levels . Van Deventer was not reelected and left the House of Representatives on 21 September 1909 . Later political career . Van Deventer was elected to be a member of parliament again on 19 September 1911 , when he was appointed member of the Senate by the States of Friesland . In this period he was also appointed as member of the Max Havelaar Foundation ; this foundation was named after the famous book , written by Multatuli , and the aim of the foundation was the material and spiritual upliftment of the natives in the Dutch East Indies . In February 1912 Van Deventer made , as a member of the Senate , a journey of several months to the Dutch East Indies . He visited almost all islands , including but not limited to Sumatra , Java , Celebes and Borneo . He remained a Senate member until 16 September 1913 , when he was reelected as a member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Assen . He kept this position until his death , on 27 September 1915 . In June 1914 he was appointed official delegate of the Netherlands at the International Opium Conference held in The Hague . In 1913 he founded the Kartini Foundation in order to be able to establish girl schools in the Dutch East Indies . In September 1915 Van Deventer became seriously ill ( he suffered from peritonitis ) and was nursed at the Red Cross hospital in The Hague . He died at the age of 57 on 27 September 1915 and his body was cremated at Westerveld ( Driehuis ) . Works . Summary . For the most part Van Deventer wrote about Dutch East Indian finance , the rights of the native officials and their education and about the sugar industry . When he was active as a journalist for the Locomotief he was particularly interested in Wagner and the Wagner Festival . As he was a member of the board of directors of the magazine De Gids most of his later articles were published there . External links . - Van Deventer on the Encyclopedie Britannica - Mr . C.Th . van Deventer at the Parlement & Politiek website - Van Deventer on the Historical Website of the Biographic Dictionary of the Netherlands

easy

Where did Conrad Theodor van Deventer live from 1898 to 1899?

/wiki/Conrad_Theodor_van_Deventer#P551#2

Conrad Theodor van Deventer Conrad Theodor Coen van Deventer ( 29 September 1857 , in Dordrecht – 27 September 1915 , in The Hague ) was a Dutch lawyer , an author about the Dutch East Indies and a member of parliament of the Netherlands . He became known as the spokesman of the Dutch Ethical Policy Movement . He lived at Surinamestraat 20 , The Hague ( 1903–1915 ) , former residence of John Ricus Couperus , his son writer Louis Couperus and the rest of his family ( 1884–1902 ) . Biography . Early career . Van Deventer was a son of Christiaan Julius van Deventer and Anne Marie Busken Huet . His uncle was the writer Conrad Busken Huet . He married Elisabeth Maria Louise Maas ; they had no children . Van Deventer attended the H.B.S . in Deventer and studied law at Leiden University . He achieved his doctorate in September 1879 on the thesis : Zijn naar de grondwet onze koloniën delen van het rijk ( are , according to the constitution , our colonies part of the Dutch empire ) . On 20 August 1880 he was made available to the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies by the Ministry of Colonies to be appointed as civil service official . With his wife Van Deventer travelled in September 1880 to Batavia by steamboat Prins Hendrik ; he was appointed court clerk at the Raad van Justitie ( Council of Justice ) at Amboina in December 1880 . As early as 1881 Van Deventer was already seen by the public as an authority in the case of the issue of the economic position of the Dutch East Indies in relation to motherland the Netherlands . In lectures held during meetings of the Indisch Genootschap ( Indies Institute ) his opinion on this matter was presented as very important . In June 1882 Van Deventer was appointed court clerk at the Landraden ( land boards ) of Amboina , Saparua and Wahoo ; he was also appointed auditeur militair ( a legal position ) at the court-martial in Amboina . In March 1883 he was appointed member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and that same year he wrote a series of articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad , under the title Gedichten van F.L . Hemkes ( poetry by F.L . Hemkes ; Frederik Leonardus Hemkes was a Dutch poet , who lived in South-Africa ( 1854–1887 ) ) . Van Deventer wrote in February 1884 an article in Het Indisch Weekblad voor het Recht ( The Dutch Indies Journal of Law ) , called De Indische Militairen en het Koninklijke Besluit van 13 Oktober 1882 nummer 26 ( The military in the Dutch East Indies and the royal order of 13 October 1882 ) , in which he discussed the trial of a Buginese soldier in front of a civil ( police ) court instead of a military one . In April 1885 Van Deventer quit his job as a member of the Council of Justice in Semarang and was appointed lawyer and attorney at this Council of Justice . In this period of his life Van Deventer was also active as a second lieutenant in the schutterij . That same year , 1885 , he quit his job at the Council of Justice and joined the legal practice of LLM B.R.W.A . baron Sloet van Hagensdorp and LLM M.H.C . van Oosterzee ; he replaced mr . Van Oosterzee , who would return to the Netherlands . Career as a private lawyer . Van Deventer worked as a private lawyer from 1885 to 1888 . In May 1888 he took a leave for Europe and travelled with his wife by steamboat Prinses Amalia from Batavia to the Netherlands . Back in Europe he wrote a series of articles , called De Wagner-feesten te Bayreuth ( the Wagner festivals in Bayreuth ) , which he visited for the newspaper De Locomotief ; in this period Van Deventer was a permanent employee of this newspaper . He returned to the Dutch Indies on 11 May 1889 by steamboat Sumatra . He resumed his lawyers practice and also became commissioner of the limited liability company Hȏtel du Pavillon . In September 1892 he was appointed acting member of the Committee of Directors of the Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij ( Dutch East Indian Railway Company ) . In July 1893 Van Deventer was promoted to the military rank of first lieutenant at the Schutterij in Semarang . He left for a second short stay in Europe in May 1894 and was , after his return , appointed member of the supervisory committee of the HBS in Semarang . In the newspaper Locomotief he wrote an article called Samarangsche bazar – eigen hulp ( Bazar of Samarang ) , in which he defended himself against accusations that the prospectus of this firm ( Samarangsche bazar ) , made up by him , was not accurate . He left the Dutch East Indies ( permanently ) in April 1897 by steamboat Koningin-Regentes ; back in Europe he visited the Wagner festivals and wrote about Wagneriana in The Locomotief of 11 November and 16 December 1897 . In 1898 Van Deventer wrote several articles about the coronation celebrations in the Netherlands , where queen Wilhelmina was crowned , in the Locomotief . He also wrote a series of four articles , called Het Wilhelmus als Nederlands Volkslied ( the Wilhelmus as the Dutch national anthem ) , for the Locomotief that year and gave in the Locomotief his perspective on the Zola trial . Early political career . In 1899 Van Deventer wrote a very influential article , called Een Ereschuld ( a debt of honour ) in the Dutch magazine De Gids . In this article Van Deventer stated that the Netherlands had a dept of honor of nearly 190 million gulden opposite the Dutch East Indies and had to pay for this dept of honor . When the Dutch East Indian budget was discussed in the House of Representatives a lot of attention was paid to Van Deventers article , although not all members agreed with the content of the article . Van Deventer was appointed member of the editorial board of The Gids as of 1 January 1901 . Over the next years until his death he would write numerous articles in this magazine . In June 1901 Van Deventer accepted his candidacy for the electoral association Schiedam ( for the Free-thinking Democratic League ) , located the Schiedam , for the elections for the House of Representatives , but was not chosen . In lectures Van Deventer showed himself a supporter for the installation of a Dutch East Indian House of Representatives in the Dutch East Indies . In June 1902 he was appointed member of the Algemeen Nederlands Verbond ( General Dutch Covenant ) and wrote in het Tijdschrift voor Nederlands-Indië ( Magazine for the Dutch East Indies ) together with others , a concept colonial program ; in this program the authors stated that the administrative power should lie more with the residents of the Dutch East Indies and that the government of the Netherlands should limit its interference to general government principles only . It seems contradictory that he also signed the telegram , send to general J . B . van Heutsz , in which he was complemented with the submission of Panglima Polim ( a local leader ) , which was achieved by military force , in Aceh . Van Deventer became a member of the board of the Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies ( 1903 ) and that same year attended the meeting in London of the Institut Colonial International . In September 1904 he was appointed knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion . He kept writing articles in different magazines , other than The Gids ; for instance he published a series of four articles in the Soerabaijasch Handelsblad in December 1904 , called Over de suikercultuur- en suikerindustrie ( about the sugar industry ) . On 19 September 1905 Van Deventer was elected as a Free-thinking Democratic member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Amsterdam IX and as such he emphasized his three focus points regarding Dutch East Indian policy : education , irrigation and emigration . He was also a promoter of the so-called Dutch Ethical Policy but at the same time said in a speech given in the House of Representatives on 16 November 1905 , that if persuasion did not work it would be inevitable to use military force . In a series of articles in the Soerabajasch Handelsblad in August 1908 called Insulindes toekomst ( the future of the Dutch East Indies ) he wrote about the importance of eductation and the creation of new jobs for natives on higher management levels . Van Deventer was not reelected and left the House of Representatives on 21 September 1909 . Later political career . Van Deventer was elected to be a member of parliament again on 19 September 1911 , when he was appointed member of the Senate by the States of Friesland . In this period he was also appointed as member of the Max Havelaar Foundation ; this foundation was named after the famous book , written by Multatuli , and the aim of the foundation was the material and spiritual upliftment of the natives in the Dutch East Indies . In February 1912 Van Deventer made , as a member of the Senate , a journey of several months to the Dutch East Indies . He visited almost all islands , including but not limited to Sumatra , Java , Celebes and Borneo . He remained a Senate member until 16 September 1913 , when he was reelected as a member of the House of Representatives for the constituency Assen . He kept this position until his death , on 27 September 1915 . In June 1914 he was appointed official delegate of the Netherlands at the International Opium Conference held in The Hague . In 1913 he founded the Kartini Foundation in order to be able to establish girl schools in the Dutch East Indies . In September 1915 Van Deventer became seriously ill ( he suffered from peritonitis ) and was nursed at the Red Cross hospital in The Hague . He died at the age of 57 on 27 September 1915 and his body was cremated at Westerveld ( Driehuis ) . Works . Summary . For the most part Van Deventer wrote about Dutch East Indian finance , the rights of the native officials and their education and about the sugar industry . When he was active as a journalist for the Locomotief he was particularly interested in Wagner and the Wagner Festival . As he was a member of the board of directors of the magazine De Gids most of his later articles were published there . External links . - Van Deventer on the Encyclopedie Britannica - Mr . C.Th . van Deventer at the Parlement & Politiek website - Van Deventer on the Historical Website of the Biographic Dictionary of the Netherlands

easy

Which team did Blerim Džemaili play for from 2003 to 2006?

/wiki/Blerim_Džemaili#P54#0

Blerim Džemaili Blerim Džemaili ( , ; ; born 12 April 1986 ) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Super League club Zürich as a midfielder . He began his career at FC Zürich , where he won the Swiss Super League twice . He subsequently spent most of his career in Italy , making 280 Serie A appearances for Torino , Parma , Napoli , Genoa and Bologna . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in March 2006 and went on to make over 65 appearances . He was selected for their squads at the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 and 2018 , as well as UEFA Euro 2016 . Childhood and early career . Džemaili was born to Fekredin and Shemije Džemaili , an Albanian family from Bogovinje , in SFR Yugoslavia ( now North Macedonia ) . At age four , he and his family migrated to Zürich , Switzerland . At age nine , he joined youth club Oerlikon Zürich for one year before moving to FC Unterstrass . At age 14 , Blerim moved to third league team YF Juventus as a youth player before moving to FC Zürich in 2001 . While with Zürich , Džemaili rose through the ranks and made the senior team at age 17 . In 2021 , he revealed that he has been a fan of A.C . Milan since childhood . Club career . Zürich . Džemaili began his senior career with Zürich . In his first season , he made 30 appearances for the club , scoring twice and creating three assists . Džemaili played either as a central or defensive midfielder . In the 2004–05 season , he helped the club win the Swiss Cup . Džemaili imposed a strong influence on the field as he possessed accurate passing capabilities as well as a fast and aggressive approach to the game . This led Džemaili to taking the role of captain during the 2005–06 . Džemaili was 19 when he was chosen captain and is one of the youngest captains in Swiss football history . Džemaili led his team to glory as Zürich won the Swiss Super League in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons . After winning the Swiss cup and league , Džemaili moved to Premier League side Bolton Wanderers . Bolton Wanderers . Džemaili signed a preliminary contract agreement with Bolton on 9 February 2007 , meaning that he would sign for the Premier League outfit once his contract expired in the summer of 2007 . Former Bolton manager Sam Allardyce was quoted as saying , Blerim is a fantastic player , who has played for the best team in Switzerland for the past three years . For someone so young , he has a wealth of experience . At the age of 20 , he is the skipper of FC Zürich and is expected to become a regular international for Switzerland in the years ahead . He has hardly missed a game for FC Zurich since he started playing for them at the age of 17 . I am excited by the prospect of working with Blerim next season . Džemaili , however , sustained a rupturing cruciate knee ligaments and was out for six months . He made his debut as a substitute in the clubs FA Cup defeat to Sheffield United in what proved to be his only showing of the 2007–08 campaign . He later insisted that he would not change anything about his time at Bolton following his season-long loan move to Torino . Torino/Parma . Džemaili joined Torino on a season-long loan deal , with an option to purchase outright , on 1 September 2008 , making his debut with Torino on 24 September 2008 , and became a staple fixture in their side for the season . In April 2009 , Torino signed him outright from Bolton for €2 million . Torino announced that deal after their relegation to Serie B in June . After having played just once for Torino at Coppa Italia , Džemaili completed a loan move to Parma on 31 August 2009 , with an option to sign the 50% registration rights of the player at the end of season . In exchange , Daniele Vantaggiato moved to Turin on loan . first and second halves of Džemailis registration rights were then bought by Parma in the summers of 2010 and 2011 for a total fee of €7 million . Napoli . On 25 June 2011 , Džemaili was signed by Napoli for €9 million with Fabiano Santacroce ( loan ) and Manuele Blasi ( free ) going the other way to Parma . Džemaili has been a consistent performer so far for Napoli . Džemaili has been well received by the fans as he has scored twice and assisted once in eleven appearances in the Serie A . His first was a right-footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner following a corner in a match against Lecce and his second was struck late to earn an equaliser as Napoli earned a point at Novara . Džemaili has also appeared six times in the UEFA Champions League group stages and helped Napoli into the final 16 . At the end of his first season with Napoli , Dzemaili has made 28 appearances in the Serie A , scoring three times and providing four assists . On 25 March 2012 , he scored a notable long distance goal against Catania . Džemaili had appeared regularly for the side in the Coppa Italia , and played the entire match in the final in which they defeated Juventus 2–0 . On 30 March 2013 , he scored a hat-trick described by Goal.com as spectacular , in a 5–3 win away at Torino . He netted the second goal in a 2–0 win against Genoa just a week later , making it four goals in two games . He also scored Napolis third goal in a 3–0 win against Pescara on 27 April . Džemaili was an unused substitute as Napoli won the 2014 Coppa Italia Final 3–1 against Fiorentina . Galatasaray . On 1 September 2014 , Džemaili signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig team Galatasaray for a €2.35 million transfer fee . He signed a three-year contract , worth €2.4 million , €2.1 million and €2.1 million respectively . On 30 August 2015 , Džemaili returned to Serie A to join Genoa on loan from Galatasaray . Galatasaray also bore €1.3 million of Džemailis €2.1 million salary . On 27 September , Džemaili scored his first goal for the club with a direct free-kick that took a deflection off Giacomo Bonaventura . This was the lone goal in a 1–0 win over Milan . On 18 October , Džemaili received his first red card for the club , after getting two yellows ( 47th and 55th minute ) in a 3–2 win over Chievo . Bologna . On 17 August 2016 , Džemaili returned to Italy again for Bologna , who paid Galatasaray a €1.3 million transfer fee . He was booked in matchday 33 on 22 April , missing the match on 30 April with the club mathematically avoiding the relegation by having 13 more points than Crotone with four matches remaining . Džemaili would join his new club Montreal Impact before the end of the Serie A season ( and after Bologna secured the place of next season ) , making their 3–2 loss against Atalanta his last match . Montreal Impact ( loan ) . On 9 December 2016 Montreal Impact president and Bologna chairman Joey Saputo announced that Džemaili would join the Major League Soccer ( MLS ) team on loan in the spring of 2017 as a Designated Player . On 9 May 2017 , the loan was officially announced . On 19 January 2018 , the Impact terminated the loan and Džemaili returned to Bologna . He had seven goals and 10 assists in 22 games for Montreal . Shenzhen . On 31 January 2020 , he transferred to Chinese club Shenzhen . Zürich . In December 2020 Džemaili returned after 13 years to his youth club Zürich . He signed a contract for one and a half seasons . International career . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in a friendly match against Scotland on 1 March 2006 . He was a member of the Swiss squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup without making an appearance . On 6 September 2013 , Džemaili scored his first international goal from a penalty kick in a 4–4 home draw in a World Cup qualifier against Iceland . On 2 June 2014 , Džemaili was named in Switzerlands 2014 World Cup squad by national coach Ottmar Hitzfeld . In the teams second match , against France , Džemaili came on at half-time for Valon Behrami and on the 81st minute , Džemaili fired a long-range , low free-kick which went through the three-man wall and beat France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris . He scored the first direct free-kick of the tournament in a 5–2 loss to France . Džemaili scored his third international goal against San Marino on 10 October 2014 in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying , heading-in Ricardo Rodríguezs corner to give the Swiss a 3–0 lead in an eventual 4–0 victory . Džemaili scored twice for Switzerland on 10 June 2015 , the second of which came from a direct free-kick in a 3–0 friendly victory over Liechtenstein at Stockhorn Arena in Thun . Džemaili was part of the squad in Euro 2016 and 2018 World Cup qualification . He was included in the Switzerland national football team 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Style of play . During his time in Serie A , Džemaili differed from most other players in the attacking midfield position due to his box-to-box approach to the role and hard-running style . Indeed , although he is effective as a ball-winner in front of the back-line who breaks down opposing plays , he is also capable of contributing to his teams offensive plays with goals and assists in a more advanced role , courtesy of his vision and eye for goal from midfield . He is also good at timing his runs , finding space , and getting into the box unmarked by making late attacking runs into the area from behind , and is a powerful and accurate striker of the ball from both inside and outside the area , which allows him to play as a mezzala ; he is also an effective penalty taker . Otherwise , Džemaili is tidy in possession and also has great passing range , usually completing around 90% of passes per game ; moreover , he is known for his ability to switch the play with long balls . A versatile , consistent , tenacious , and tactically intelligent right-footed player , he is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and can adapt to various systems ; aside from his usual offensive and holding midfield roles , he has also been used as a central midfielder in either a two or three-man midfield , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a winger . In addition to his playing ability , he is also highly regarded for his leadership . Personal life . In 2015 , Džemaili married Shkoder-born Albanian model Erjona Sulejmani who , in the same year , gave birth to their eldest son , Luan . By January 2018 , they were divorced . Honours . Club . Zürich - Swiss Super League : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Swiss Cup : 2004–05 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2011–12 , 2013–14 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2014–15 External links . - FC Zürich stats

easy

Which team did Blerim Džemaili play for from 2006 to 2007?

/wiki/Blerim_Džemaili#P54#1

Blerim Džemaili Blerim Džemaili ( , ; ; born 12 April 1986 ) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Super League club Zürich as a midfielder . He began his career at FC Zürich , where he won the Swiss Super League twice . He subsequently spent most of his career in Italy , making 280 Serie A appearances for Torino , Parma , Napoli , Genoa and Bologna . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in March 2006 and went on to make over 65 appearances . He was selected for their squads at the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 and 2018 , as well as UEFA Euro 2016 . Childhood and early career . Džemaili was born to Fekredin and Shemije Džemaili , an Albanian family from Bogovinje , in SFR Yugoslavia ( now North Macedonia ) . At age four , he and his family migrated to Zürich , Switzerland . At age nine , he joined youth club Oerlikon Zürich for one year before moving to FC Unterstrass . At age 14 , Blerim moved to third league team YF Juventus as a youth player before moving to FC Zürich in 2001 . While with Zürich , Džemaili rose through the ranks and made the senior team at age 17 . In 2021 , he revealed that he has been a fan of A.C . Milan since childhood . Club career . Zürich . Džemaili began his senior career with Zürich . In his first season , he made 30 appearances for the club , scoring twice and creating three assists . Džemaili played either as a central or defensive midfielder . In the 2004–05 season , he helped the club win the Swiss Cup . Džemaili imposed a strong influence on the field as he possessed accurate passing capabilities as well as a fast and aggressive approach to the game . This led Džemaili to taking the role of captain during the 2005–06 . Džemaili was 19 when he was chosen captain and is one of the youngest captains in Swiss football history . Džemaili led his team to glory as Zürich won the Swiss Super League in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons . After winning the Swiss cup and league , Džemaili moved to Premier League side Bolton Wanderers . Bolton Wanderers . Džemaili signed a preliminary contract agreement with Bolton on 9 February 2007 , meaning that he would sign for the Premier League outfit once his contract expired in the summer of 2007 . Former Bolton manager Sam Allardyce was quoted as saying , Blerim is a fantastic player , who has played for the best team in Switzerland for the past three years . For someone so young , he has a wealth of experience . At the age of 20 , he is the skipper of FC Zürich and is expected to become a regular international for Switzerland in the years ahead . He has hardly missed a game for FC Zurich since he started playing for them at the age of 17 . I am excited by the prospect of working with Blerim next season . Džemaili , however , sustained a rupturing cruciate knee ligaments and was out for six months . He made his debut as a substitute in the clubs FA Cup defeat to Sheffield United in what proved to be his only showing of the 2007–08 campaign . He later insisted that he would not change anything about his time at Bolton following his season-long loan move to Torino . Torino/Parma . Džemaili joined Torino on a season-long loan deal , with an option to purchase outright , on 1 September 2008 , making his debut with Torino on 24 September 2008 , and became a staple fixture in their side for the season . In April 2009 , Torino signed him outright from Bolton for €2 million . Torino announced that deal after their relegation to Serie B in June . After having played just once for Torino at Coppa Italia , Džemaili completed a loan move to Parma on 31 August 2009 , with an option to sign the 50% registration rights of the player at the end of season . In exchange , Daniele Vantaggiato moved to Turin on loan . first and second halves of Džemailis registration rights were then bought by Parma in the summers of 2010 and 2011 for a total fee of €7 million . Napoli . On 25 June 2011 , Džemaili was signed by Napoli for €9 million with Fabiano Santacroce ( loan ) and Manuele Blasi ( free ) going the other way to Parma . Džemaili has been a consistent performer so far for Napoli . Džemaili has been well received by the fans as he has scored twice and assisted once in eleven appearances in the Serie A . His first was a right-footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner following a corner in a match against Lecce and his second was struck late to earn an equaliser as Napoli earned a point at Novara . Džemaili has also appeared six times in the UEFA Champions League group stages and helped Napoli into the final 16 . At the end of his first season with Napoli , Dzemaili has made 28 appearances in the Serie A , scoring three times and providing four assists . On 25 March 2012 , he scored a notable long distance goal against Catania . Džemaili had appeared regularly for the side in the Coppa Italia , and played the entire match in the final in which they defeated Juventus 2–0 . On 30 March 2013 , he scored a hat-trick described by Goal.com as spectacular , in a 5–3 win away at Torino . He netted the second goal in a 2–0 win against Genoa just a week later , making it four goals in two games . He also scored Napolis third goal in a 3–0 win against Pescara on 27 April . Džemaili was an unused substitute as Napoli won the 2014 Coppa Italia Final 3–1 against Fiorentina . Galatasaray . On 1 September 2014 , Džemaili signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig team Galatasaray for a €2.35 million transfer fee . He signed a three-year contract , worth €2.4 million , €2.1 million and €2.1 million respectively . On 30 August 2015 , Džemaili returned to Serie A to join Genoa on loan from Galatasaray . Galatasaray also bore €1.3 million of Džemailis €2.1 million salary . On 27 September , Džemaili scored his first goal for the club with a direct free-kick that took a deflection off Giacomo Bonaventura . This was the lone goal in a 1–0 win over Milan . On 18 October , Džemaili received his first red card for the club , after getting two yellows ( 47th and 55th minute ) in a 3–2 win over Chievo . Bologna . On 17 August 2016 , Džemaili returned to Italy again for Bologna , who paid Galatasaray a €1.3 million transfer fee . He was booked in matchday 33 on 22 April , missing the match on 30 April with the club mathematically avoiding the relegation by having 13 more points than Crotone with four matches remaining . Džemaili would join his new club Montreal Impact before the end of the Serie A season ( and after Bologna secured the place of next season ) , making their 3–2 loss against Atalanta his last match . Montreal Impact ( loan ) . On 9 December 2016 Montreal Impact president and Bologna chairman Joey Saputo announced that Džemaili would join the Major League Soccer ( MLS ) team on loan in the spring of 2017 as a Designated Player . On 9 May 2017 , the loan was officially announced . On 19 January 2018 , the Impact terminated the loan and Džemaili returned to Bologna . He had seven goals and 10 assists in 22 games for Montreal . Shenzhen . On 31 January 2020 , he transferred to Chinese club Shenzhen . Zürich . In December 2020 Džemaili returned after 13 years to his youth club Zürich . He signed a contract for one and a half seasons . International career . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in a friendly match against Scotland on 1 March 2006 . He was a member of the Swiss squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup without making an appearance . On 6 September 2013 , Džemaili scored his first international goal from a penalty kick in a 4–4 home draw in a World Cup qualifier against Iceland . On 2 June 2014 , Džemaili was named in Switzerlands 2014 World Cup squad by national coach Ottmar Hitzfeld . In the teams second match , against France , Džemaili came on at half-time for Valon Behrami and on the 81st minute , Džemaili fired a long-range , low free-kick which went through the three-man wall and beat France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris . He scored the first direct free-kick of the tournament in a 5–2 loss to France . Džemaili scored his third international goal against San Marino on 10 October 2014 in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying , heading-in Ricardo Rodríguezs corner to give the Swiss a 3–0 lead in an eventual 4–0 victory . Džemaili scored twice for Switzerland on 10 June 2015 , the second of which came from a direct free-kick in a 3–0 friendly victory over Liechtenstein at Stockhorn Arena in Thun . Džemaili was part of the squad in Euro 2016 and 2018 World Cup qualification . He was included in the Switzerland national football team 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Style of play . During his time in Serie A , Džemaili differed from most other players in the attacking midfield position due to his box-to-box approach to the role and hard-running style . Indeed , although he is effective as a ball-winner in front of the back-line who breaks down opposing plays , he is also capable of contributing to his teams offensive plays with goals and assists in a more advanced role , courtesy of his vision and eye for goal from midfield . He is also good at timing his runs , finding space , and getting into the box unmarked by making late attacking runs into the area from behind , and is a powerful and accurate striker of the ball from both inside and outside the area , which allows him to play as a mezzala ; he is also an effective penalty taker . Otherwise , Džemaili is tidy in possession and also has great passing range , usually completing around 90% of passes per game ; moreover , he is known for his ability to switch the play with long balls . A versatile , consistent , tenacious , and tactically intelligent right-footed player , he is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and can adapt to various systems ; aside from his usual offensive and holding midfield roles , he has also been used as a central midfielder in either a two or three-man midfield , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a winger . In addition to his playing ability , he is also highly regarded for his leadership . Personal life . In 2015 , Džemaili married Shkoder-born Albanian model Erjona Sulejmani who , in the same year , gave birth to their eldest son , Luan . By January 2018 , they were divorced . Honours . Club . Zürich - Swiss Super League : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Swiss Cup : 2004–05 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2011–12 , 2013–14 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2014–15 External links . - FC Zürich stats

easy

Which team did the player Blerim Džemaili belong to from 2007 to 2008?

/wiki/Blerim_Džemaili#P54#2

Blerim Džemaili Blerim Džemaili ( , ; ; born 12 April 1986 ) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Super League club Zürich as a midfielder . He began his career at FC Zürich , where he won the Swiss Super League twice . He subsequently spent most of his career in Italy , making 280 Serie A appearances for Torino , Parma , Napoli , Genoa and Bologna . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in March 2006 and went on to make over 65 appearances . He was selected for their squads at the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 and 2018 , as well as UEFA Euro 2016 . Childhood and early career . Džemaili was born to Fekredin and Shemije Džemaili , an Albanian family from Bogovinje , in SFR Yugoslavia ( now North Macedonia ) . At age four , he and his family migrated to Zürich , Switzerland . At age nine , he joined youth club Oerlikon Zürich for one year before moving to FC Unterstrass . At age 14 , Blerim moved to third league team YF Juventus as a youth player before moving to FC Zürich in 2001 . While with Zürich , Džemaili rose through the ranks and made the senior team at age 17 . In 2021 , he revealed that he has been a fan of A.C . Milan since childhood . Club career . Zürich . Džemaili began his senior career with Zürich . In his first season , he made 30 appearances for the club , scoring twice and creating three assists . Džemaili played either as a central or defensive midfielder . In the 2004–05 season , he helped the club win the Swiss Cup . Džemaili imposed a strong influence on the field as he possessed accurate passing capabilities as well as a fast and aggressive approach to the game . This led Džemaili to taking the role of captain during the 2005–06 . Džemaili was 19 when he was chosen captain and is one of the youngest captains in Swiss football history . Džemaili led his team to glory as Zürich won the Swiss Super League in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons . After winning the Swiss cup and league , Džemaili moved to Premier League side Bolton Wanderers . Bolton Wanderers . Džemaili signed a preliminary contract agreement with Bolton on 9 February 2007 , meaning that he would sign for the Premier League outfit once his contract expired in the summer of 2007 . Former Bolton manager Sam Allardyce was quoted as saying , Blerim is a fantastic player , who has played for the best team in Switzerland for the past three years . For someone so young , he has a wealth of experience . At the age of 20 , he is the skipper of FC Zürich and is expected to become a regular international for Switzerland in the years ahead . He has hardly missed a game for FC Zurich since he started playing for them at the age of 17 . I am excited by the prospect of working with Blerim next season . Džemaili , however , sustained a rupturing cruciate knee ligaments and was out for six months . He made his debut as a substitute in the clubs FA Cup defeat to Sheffield United in what proved to be his only showing of the 2007–08 campaign . He later insisted that he would not change anything about his time at Bolton following his season-long loan move to Torino . Torino/Parma . Džemaili joined Torino on a season-long loan deal , with an option to purchase outright , on 1 September 2008 , making his debut with Torino on 24 September 2008 , and became a staple fixture in their side for the season . In April 2009 , Torino signed him outright from Bolton for €2 million . Torino announced that deal after their relegation to Serie B in June . After having played just once for Torino at Coppa Italia , Džemaili completed a loan move to Parma on 31 August 2009 , with an option to sign the 50% registration rights of the player at the end of season . In exchange , Daniele Vantaggiato moved to Turin on loan . first and second halves of Džemailis registration rights were then bought by Parma in the summers of 2010 and 2011 for a total fee of €7 million . Napoli . On 25 June 2011 , Džemaili was signed by Napoli for €9 million with Fabiano Santacroce ( loan ) and Manuele Blasi ( free ) going the other way to Parma . Džemaili has been a consistent performer so far for Napoli . Džemaili has been well received by the fans as he has scored twice and assisted once in eleven appearances in the Serie A . His first was a right-footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner following a corner in a match against Lecce and his second was struck late to earn an equaliser as Napoli earned a point at Novara . Džemaili has also appeared six times in the UEFA Champions League group stages and helped Napoli into the final 16 . At the end of his first season with Napoli , Dzemaili has made 28 appearances in the Serie A , scoring three times and providing four assists . On 25 March 2012 , he scored a notable long distance goal against Catania . Džemaili had appeared regularly for the side in the Coppa Italia , and played the entire match in the final in which they defeated Juventus 2–0 . On 30 March 2013 , he scored a hat-trick described by Goal.com as spectacular , in a 5–3 win away at Torino . He netted the second goal in a 2–0 win against Genoa just a week later , making it four goals in two games . He also scored Napolis third goal in a 3–0 win against Pescara on 27 April . Džemaili was an unused substitute as Napoli won the 2014 Coppa Italia Final 3–1 against Fiorentina . Galatasaray . On 1 September 2014 , Džemaili signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig team Galatasaray for a €2.35 million transfer fee . He signed a three-year contract , worth €2.4 million , €2.1 million and €2.1 million respectively . On 30 August 2015 , Džemaili returned to Serie A to join Genoa on loan from Galatasaray . Galatasaray also bore €1.3 million of Džemailis €2.1 million salary . On 27 September , Džemaili scored his first goal for the club with a direct free-kick that took a deflection off Giacomo Bonaventura . This was the lone goal in a 1–0 win over Milan . On 18 October , Džemaili received his first red card for the club , after getting two yellows ( 47th and 55th minute ) in a 3–2 win over Chievo . Bologna . On 17 August 2016 , Džemaili returned to Italy again for Bologna , who paid Galatasaray a €1.3 million transfer fee . He was booked in matchday 33 on 22 April , missing the match on 30 April with the club mathematically avoiding the relegation by having 13 more points than Crotone with four matches remaining . Džemaili would join his new club Montreal Impact before the end of the Serie A season ( and after Bologna secured the place of next season ) , making their 3–2 loss against Atalanta his last match . Montreal Impact ( loan ) . On 9 December 2016 Montreal Impact president and Bologna chairman Joey Saputo announced that Džemaili would join the Major League Soccer ( MLS ) team on loan in the spring of 2017 as a Designated Player . On 9 May 2017 , the loan was officially announced . On 19 January 2018 , the Impact terminated the loan and Džemaili returned to Bologna . He had seven goals and 10 assists in 22 games for Montreal . Shenzhen . On 31 January 2020 , he transferred to Chinese club Shenzhen . Zürich . In December 2020 Džemaili returned after 13 years to his youth club Zürich . He signed a contract for one and a half seasons . International career . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in a friendly match against Scotland on 1 March 2006 . He was a member of the Swiss squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup without making an appearance . On 6 September 2013 , Džemaili scored his first international goal from a penalty kick in a 4–4 home draw in a World Cup qualifier against Iceland . On 2 June 2014 , Džemaili was named in Switzerlands 2014 World Cup squad by national coach Ottmar Hitzfeld . In the teams second match , against France , Džemaili came on at half-time for Valon Behrami and on the 81st minute , Džemaili fired a long-range , low free-kick which went through the three-man wall and beat France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris . He scored the first direct free-kick of the tournament in a 5–2 loss to France . Džemaili scored his third international goal against San Marino on 10 October 2014 in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying , heading-in Ricardo Rodríguezs corner to give the Swiss a 3–0 lead in an eventual 4–0 victory . Džemaili scored twice for Switzerland on 10 June 2015 , the second of which came from a direct free-kick in a 3–0 friendly victory over Liechtenstein at Stockhorn Arena in Thun . Džemaili was part of the squad in Euro 2016 and 2018 World Cup qualification . He was included in the Switzerland national football team 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Style of play . During his time in Serie A , Džemaili differed from most other players in the attacking midfield position due to his box-to-box approach to the role and hard-running style . Indeed , although he is effective as a ball-winner in front of the back-line who breaks down opposing plays , he is also capable of contributing to his teams offensive plays with goals and assists in a more advanced role , courtesy of his vision and eye for goal from midfield . He is also good at timing his runs , finding space , and getting into the box unmarked by making late attacking runs into the area from behind , and is a powerful and accurate striker of the ball from both inside and outside the area , which allows him to play as a mezzala ; he is also an effective penalty taker . Otherwise , Džemaili is tidy in possession and also has great passing range , usually completing around 90% of passes per game ; moreover , he is known for his ability to switch the play with long balls . A versatile , consistent , tenacious , and tactically intelligent right-footed player , he is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and can adapt to various systems ; aside from his usual offensive and holding midfield roles , he has also been used as a central midfielder in either a two or three-man midfield , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a winger . In addition to his playing ability , he is also highly regarded for his leadership . Personal life . In 2015 , Džemaili married Shkoder-born Albanian model Erjona Sulejmani who , in the same year , gave birth to their eldest son , Luan . By January 2018 , they were divorced . Honours . Club . Zürich - Swiss Super League : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Swiss Cup : 2004–05 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2011–12 , 2013–14 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2014–15 External links . - FC Zürich stats

easy

Blerim Džemaili played for which team from 2008 to 2009?

/wiki/Blerim_Džemaili#P54#3

Blerim Džemaili Blerim Džemaili ( , ; ; born 12 April 1986 ) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Super League club Zürich as a midfielder . He began his career at FC Zürich , where he won the Swiss Super League twice . He subsequently spent most of his career in Italy , making 280 Serie A appearances for Torino , Parma , Napoli , Genoa and Bologna . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in March 2006 and went on to make over 65 appearances . He was selected for their squads at the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 and 2018 , as well as UEFA Euro 2016 . Childhood and early career . Džemaili was born to Fekredin and Shemije Džemaili , an Albanian family from Bogovinje , in SFR Yugoslavia ( now North Macedonia ) . At age four , he and his family migrated to Zürich , Switzerland . At age nine , he joined youth club Oerlikon Zürich for one year before moving to FC Unterstrass . At age 14 , Blerim moved to third league team YF Juventus as a youth player before moving to FC Zürich in 2001 . While with Zürich , Džemaili rose through the ranks and made the senior team at age 17 . In 2021 , he revealed that he has been a fan of A.C . Milan since childhood . Club career . Zürich . Džemaili began his senior career with Zürich . In his first season , he made 30 appearances for the club , scoring twice and creating three assists . Džemaili played either as a central or defensive midfielder . In the 2004–05 season , he helped the club win the Swiss Cup . Džemaili imposed a strong influence on the field as he possessed accurate passing capabilities as well as a fast and aggressive approach to the game . This led Džemaili to taking the role of captain during the 2005–06 . Džemaili was 19 when he was chosen captain and is one of the youngest captains in Swiss football history . Džemaili led his team to glory as Zürich won the Swiss Super League in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons . After winning the Swiss cup and league , Džemaili moved to Premier League side Bolton Wanderers . Bolton Wanderers . Džemaili signed a preliminary contract agreement with Bolton on 9 February 2007 , meaning that he would sign for the Premier League outfit once his contract expired in the summer of 2007 . Former Bolton manager Sam Allardyce was quoted as saying , Blerim is a fantastic player , who has played for the best team in Switzerland for the past three years . For someone so young , he has a wealth of experience . At the age of 20 , he is the skipper of FC Zürich and is expected to become a regular international for Switzerland in the years ahead . He has hardly missed a game for FC Zurich since he started playing for them at the age of 17 . I am excited by the prospect of working with Blerim next season . Džemaili , however , sustained a rupturing cruciate knee ligaments and was out for six months . He made his debut as a substitute in the clubs FA Cup defeat to Sheffield United in what proved to be his only showing of the 2007–08 campaign . He later insisted that he would not change anything about his time at Bolton following his season-long loan move to Torino . Torino/Parma . Džemaili joined Torino on a season-long loan deal , with an option to purchase outright , on 1 September 2008 , making his debut with Torino on 24 September 2008 , and became a staple fixture in their side for the season . In April 2009 , Torino signed him outright from Bolton for €2 million . Torino announced that deal after their relegation to Serie B in June . After having played just once for Torino at Coppa Italia , Džemaili completed a loan move to Parma on 31 August 2009 , with an option to sign the 50% registration rights of the player at the end of season . In exchange , Daniele Vantaggiato moved to Turin on loan . first and second halves of Džemailis registration rights were then bought by Parma in the summers of 2010 and 2011 for a total fee of €7 million . Napoli . On 25 June 2011 , Džemaili was signed by Napoli for €9 million with Fabiano Santacroce ( loan ) and Manuele Blasi ( free ) going the other way to Parma . Džemaili has been a consistent performer so far for Napoli . Džemaili has been well received by the fans as he has scored twice and assisted once in eleven appearances in the Serie A . His first was a right-footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner following a corner in a match against Lecce and his second was struck late to earn an equaliser as Napoli earned a point at Novara . Džemaili has also appeared six times in the UEFA Champions League group stages and helped Napoli into the final 16 . At the end of his first season with Napoli , Dzemaili has made 28 appearances in the Serie A , scoring three times and providing four assists . On 25 March 2012 , he scored a notable long distance goal against Catania . Džemaili had appeared regularly for the side in the Coppa Italia , and played the entire match in the final in which they defeated Juventus 2–0 . On 30 March 2013 , he scored a hat-trick described by Goal.com as spectacular , in a 5–3 win away at Torino . He netted the second goal in a 2–0 win against Genoa just a week later , making it four goals in two games . He also scored Napolis third goal in a 3–0 win against Pescara on 27 April . Džemaili was an unused substitute as Napoli won the 2014 Coppa Italia Final 3–1 against Fiorentina . Galatasaray . On 1 September 2014 , Džemaili signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig team Galatasaray for a €2.35 million transfer fee . He signed a three-year contract , worth €2.4 million , €2.1 million and €2.1 million respectively . On 30 August 2015 , Džemaili returned to Serie A to join Genoa on loan from Galatasaray . Galatasaray also bore €1.3 million of Džemailis €2.1 million salary . On 27 September , Džemaili scored his first goal for the club with a direct free-kick that took a deflection off Giacomo Bonaventura . This was the lone goal in a 1–0 win over Milan . On 18 October , Džemaili received his first red card for the club , after getting two yellows ( 47th and 55th minute ) in a 3–2 win over Chievo . Bologna . On 17 August 2016 , Džemaili returned to Italy again for Bologna , who paid Galatasaray a €1.3 million transfer fee . He was booked in matchday 33 on 22 April , missing the match on 30 April with the club mathematically avoiding the relegation by having 13 more points than Crotone with four matches remaining . Džemaili would join his new club Montreal Impact before the end of the Serie A season ( and after Bologna secured the place of next season ) , making their 3–2 loss against Atalanta his last match . Montreal Impact ( loan ) . On 9 December 2016 Montreal Impact president and Bologna chairman Joey Saputo announced that Džemaili would join the Major League Soccer ( MLS ) team on loan in the spring of 2017 as a Designated Player . On 9 May 2017 , the loan was officially announced . On 19 January 2018 , the Impact terminated the loan and Džemaili returned to Bologna . He had seven goals and 10 assists in 22 games for Montreal . Shenzhen . On 31 January 2020 , he transferred to Chinese club Shenzhen . Zürich . In December 2020 Džemaili returned after 13 years to his youth club Zürich . He signed a contract for one and a half seasons . International career . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in a friendly match against Scotland on 1 March 2006 . He was a member of the Swiss squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup without making an appearance . On 6 September 2013 , Džemaili scored his first international goal from a penalty kick in a 4–4 home draw in a World Cup qualifier against Iceland . On 2 June 2014 , Džemaili was named in Switzerlands 2014 World Cup squad by national coach Ottmar Hitzfeld . In the teams second match , against France , Džemaili came on at half-time for Valon Behrami and on the 81st minute , Džemaili fired a long-range , low free-kick which went through the three-man wall and beat France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris . He scored the first direct free-kick of the tournament in a 5–2 loss to France . Džemaili scored his third international goal against San Marino on 10 October 2014 in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying , heading-in Ricardo Rodríguezs corner to give the Swiss a 3–0 lead in an eventual 4–0 victory . Džemaili scored twice for Switzerland on 10 June 2015 , the second of which came from a direct free-kick in a 3–0 friendly victory over Liechtenstein at Stockhorn Arena in Thun . Džemaili was part of the squad in Euro 2016 and 2018 World Cup qualification . He was included in the Switzerland national football team 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Style of play . During his time in Serie A , Džemaili differed from most other players in the attacking midfield position due to his box-to-box approach to the role and hard-running style . Indeed , although he is effective as a ball-winner in front of the back-line who breaks down opposing plays , he is also capable of contributing to his teams offensive plays with goals and assists in a more advanced role , courtesy of his vision and eye for goal from midfield . He is also good at timing his runs , finding space , and getting into the box unmarked by making late attacking runs into the area from behind , and is a powerful and accurate striker of the ball from both inside and outside the area , which allows him to play as a mezzala ; he is also an effective penalty taker . Otherwise , Džemaili is tidy in possession and also has great passing range , usually completing around 90% of passes per game ; moreover , he is known for his ability to switch the play with long balls . A versatile , consistent , tenacious , and tactically intelligent right-footed player , he is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and can adapt to various systems ; aside from his usual offensive and holding midfield roles , he has also been used as a central midfielder in either a two or three-man midfield , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a winger . In addition to his playing ability , he is also highly regarded for his leadership . Personal life . In 2015 , Džemaili married Shkoder-born Albanian model Erjona Sulejmani who , in the same year , gave birth to their eldest son , Luan . By January 2018 , they were divorced . Honours . Club . Zürich - Swiss Super League : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Swiss Cup : 2004–05 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2011–12 , 2013–14 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2014–15 External links . - FC Zürich stats

easy

Blerim Džemaili played for which team from 2009 to 2010?

/wiki/Blerim_Džemaili#P54#4

Blerim Džemaili Blerim Džemaili ( , ; ; born 12 April 1986 ) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Super League club Zürich as a midfielder . He began his career at FC Zürich , where he won the Swiss Super League twice . He subsequently spent most of his career in Italy , making 280 Serie A appearances for Torino , Parma , Napoli , Genoa and Bologna . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in March 2006 and went on to make over 65 appearances . He was selected for their squads at the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 and 2018 , as well as UEFA Euro 2016 . Childhood and early career . Džemaili was born to Fekredin and Shemije Džemaili , an Albanian family from Bogovinje , in SFR Yugoslavia ( now North Macedonia ) . At age four , he and his family migrated to Zürich , Switzerland . At age nine , he joined youth club Oerlikon Zürich for one year before moving to FC Unterstrass . At age 14 , Blerim moved to third league team YF Juventus as a youth player before moving to FC Zürich in 2001 . While with Zürich , Džemaili rose through the ranks and made the senior team at age 17 . In 2021 , he revealed that he has been a fan of A.C . Milan since childhood . Club career . Zürich . Džemaili began his senior career with Zürich . In his first season , he made 30 appearances for the club , scoring twice and creating three assists . Džemaili played either as a central or defensive midfielder . In the 2004–05 season , he helped the club win the Swiss Cup . Džemaili imposed a strong influence on the field as he possessed accurate passing capabilities as well as a fast and aggressive approach to the game . This led Džemaili to taking the role of captain during the 2005–06 . Džemaili was 19 when he was chosen captain and is one of the youngest captains in Swiss football history . Džemaili led his team to glory as Zürich won the Swiss Super League in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons . After winning the Swiss cup and league , Džemaili moved to Premier League side Bolton Wanderers . Bolton Wanderers . Džemaili signed a preliminary contract agreement with Bolton on 9 February 2007 , meaning that he would sign for the Premier League outfit once his contract expired in the summer of 2007 . Former Bolton manager Sam Allardyce was quoted as saying , Blerim is a fantastic player , who has played for the best team in Switzerland for the past three years . For someone so young , he has a wealth of experience . At the age of 20 , he is the skipper of FC Zürich and is expected to become a regular international for Switzerland in the years ahead . He has hardly missed a game for FC Zurich since he started playing for them at the age of 17 . I am excited by the prospect of working with Blerim next season . Džemaili , however , sustained a rupturing cruciate knee ligaments and was out for six months . He made his debut as a substitute in the clubs FA Cup defeat to Sheffield United in what proved to be his only showing of the 2007–08 campaign . He later insisted that he would not change anything about his time at Bolton following his season-long loan move to Torino . Torino/Parma . Džemaili joined Torino on a season-long loan deal , with an option to purchase outright , on 1 September 2008 , making his debut with Torino on 24 September 2008 , and became a staple fixture in their side for the season . In April 2009 , Torino signed him outright from Bolton for €2 million . Torino announced that deal after their relegation to Serie B in June . After having played just once for Torino at Coppa Italia , Džemaili completed a loan move to Parma on 31 August 2009 , with an option to sign the 50% registration rights of the player at the end of season . In exchange , Daniele Vantaggiato moved to Turin on loan . first and second halves of Džemailis registration rights were then bought by Parma in the summers of 2010 and 2011 for a total fee of €7 million . Napoli . On 25 June 2011 , Džemaili was signed by Napoli for €9 million with Fabiano Santacroce ( loan ) and Manuele Blasi ( free ) going the other way to Parma . Džemaili has been a consistent performer so far for Napoli . Džemaili has been well received by the fans as he has scored twice and assisted once in eleven appearances in the Serie A . His first was a right-footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner following a corner in a match against Lecce and his second was struck late to earn an equaliser as Napoli earned a point at Novara . Džemaili has also appeared six times in the UEFA Champions League group stages and helped Napoli into the final 16 . At the end of his first season with Napoli , Dzemaili has made 28 appearances in the Serie A , scoring three times and providing four assists . On 25 March 2012 , he scored a notable long distance goal against Catania . Džemaili had appeared regularly for the side in the Coppa Italia , and played the entire match in the final in which they defeated Juventus 2–0 . On 30 March 2013 , he scored a hat-trick described by Goal.com as spectacular , in a 5–3 win away at Torino . He netted the second goal in a 2–0 win against Genoa just a week later , making it four goals in two games . He also scored Napolis third goal in a 3–0 win against Pescara on 27 April . Džemaili was an unused substitute as Napoli won the 2014 Coppa Italia Final 3–1 against Fiorentina . Galatasaray . On 1 September 2014 , Džemaili signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig team Galatasaray for a €2.35 million transfer fee . He signed a three-year contract , worth €2.4 million , €2.1 million and €2.1 million respectively . On 30 August 2015 , Džemaili returned to Serie A to join Genoa on loan from Galatasaray . Galatasaray also bore €1.3 million of Džemailis €2.1 million salary . On 27 September , Džemaili scored his first goal for the club with a direct free-kick that took a deflection off Giacomo Bonaventura . This was the lone goal in a 1–0 win over Milan . On 18 October , Džemaili received his first red card for the club , after getting two yellows ( 47th and 55th minute ) in a 3–2 win over Chievo . Bologna . On 17 August 2016 , Džemaili returned to Italy again for Bologna , who paid Galatasaray a €1.3 million transfer fee . He was booked in matchday 33 on 22 April , missing the match on 30 April with the club mathematically avoiding the relegation by having 13 more points than Crotone with four matches remaining . Džemaili would join his new club Montreal Impact before the end of the Serie A season ( and after Bologna secured the place of next season ) , making their 3–2 loss against Atalanta his last match . Montreal Impact ( loan ) . On 9 December 2016 Montreal Impact president and Bologna chairman Joey Saputo announced that Džemaili would join the Major League Soccer ( MLS ) team on loan in the spring of 2017 as a Designated Player . On 9 May 2017 , the loan was officially announced . On 19 January 2018 , the Impact terminated the loan and Džemaili returned to Bologna . He had seven goals and 10 assists in 22 games for Montreal . Shenzhen . On 31 January 2020 , he transferred to Chinese club Shenzhen . Zürich . In December 2020 Džemaili returned after 13 years to his youth club Zürich . He signed a contract for one and a half seasons . International career . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in a friendly match against Scotland on 1 March 2006 . He was a member of the Swiss squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup without making an appearance . On 6 September 2013 , Džemaili scored his first international goal from a penalty kick in a 4–4 home draw in a World Cup qualifier against Iceland . On 2 June 2014 , Džemaili was named in Switzerlands 2014 World Cup squad by national coach Ottmar Hitzfeld . In the teams second match , against France , Džemaili came on at half-time for Valon Behrami and on the 81st minute , Džemaili fired a long-range , low free-kick which went through the three-man wall and beat France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris . He scored the first direct free-kick of the tournament in a 5–2 loss to France . Džemaili scored his third international goal against San Marino on 10 October 2014 in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying , heading-in Ricardo Rodríguezs corner to give the Swiss a 3–0 lead in an eventual 4–0 victory . Džemaili scored twice for Switzerland on 10 June 2015 , the second of which came from a direct free-kick in a 3–0 friendly victory over Liechtenstein at Stockhorn Arena in Thun . Džemaili was part of the squad in Euro 2016 and 2018 World Cup qualification . He was included in the Switzerland national football team 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Style of play . During his time in Serie A , Džemaili differed from most other players in the attacking midfield position due to his box-to-box approach to the role and hard-running style . Indeed , although he is effective as a ball-winner in front of the back-line who breaks down opposing plays , he is also capable of contributing to his teams offensive plays with goals and assists in a more advanced role , courtesy of his vision and eye for goal from midfield . He is also good at timing his runs , finding space , and getting into the box unmarked by making late attacking runs into the area from behind , and is a powerful and accurate striker of the ball from both inside and outside the area , which allows him to play as a mezzala ; he is also an effective penalty taker . Otherwise , Džemaili is tidy in possession and also has great passing range , usually completing around 90% of passes per game ; moreover , he is known for his ability to switch the play with long balls . A versatile , consistent , tenacious , and tactically intelligent right-footed player , he is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and can adapt to various systems ; aside from his usual offensive and holding midfield roles , he has also been used as a central midfielder in either a two or three-man midfield , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a winger . In addition to his playing ability , he is also highly regarded for his leadership . Personal life . In 2015 , Džemaili married Shkoder-born Albanian model Erjona Sulejmani who , in the same year , gave birth to their eldest son , Luan . By January 2018 , they were divorced . Honours . Club . Zürich - Swiss Super League : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Swiss Cup : 2004–05 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2011–12 , 2013–14 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2014–15 External links . - FC Zürich stats

easy

Which team did Blerim Džemaili play for from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Blerim_Džemaili#P54#5

Blerim Džemaili Blerim Džemaili ( , ; ; born 12 April 1986 ) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Super League club Zürich as a midfielder . He began his career at FC Zürich , where he won the Swiss Super League twice . He subsequently spent most of his career in Italy , making 280 Serie A appearances for Torino , Parma , Napoli , Genoa and Bologna . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in March 2006 and went on to make over 65 appearances . He was selected for their squads at the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 and 2018 , as well as UEFA Euro 2016 . Childhood and early career . Džemaili was born to Fekredin and Shemije Džemaili , an Albanian family from Bogovinje , in SFR Yugoslavia ( now North Macedonia ) . At age four , he and his family migrated to Zürich , Switzerland . At age nine , he joined youth club Oerlikon Zürich for one year before moving to FC Unterstrass . At age 14 , Blerim moved to third league team YF Juventus as a youth player before moving to FC Zürich in 2001 . While with Zürich , Džemaili rose through the ranks and made the senior team at age 17 . In 2021 , he revealed that he has been a fan of A.C . Milan since childhood . Club career . Zürich . Džemaili began his senior career with Zürich . In his first season , he made 30 appearances for the club , scoring twice and creating three assists . Džemaili played either as a central or defensive midfielder . In the 2004–05 season , he helped the club win the Swiss Cup . Džemaili imposed a strong influence on the field as he possessed accurate passing capabilities as well as a fast and aggressive approach to the game . This led Džemaili to taking the role of captain during the 2005–06 . Džemaili was 19 when he was chosen captain and is one of the youngest captains in Swiss football history . Džemaili led his team to glory as Zürich won the Swiss Super League in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons . After winning the Swiss cup and league , Džemaili moved to Premier League side Bolton Wanderers . Bolton Wanderers . Džemaili signed a preliminary contract agreement with Bolton on 9 February 2007 , meaning that he would sign for the Premier League outfit once his contract expired in the summer of 2007 . Former Bolton manager Sam Allardyce was quoted as saying , Blerim is a fantastic player , who has played for the best team in Switzerland for the past three years . For someone so young , he has a wealth of experience . At the age of 20 , he is the skipper of FC Zürich and is expected to become a regular international for Switzerland in the years ahead . He has hardly missed a game for FC Zurich since he started playing for them at the age of 17 . I am excited by the prospect of working with Blerim next season . Džemaili , however , sustained a rupturing cruciate knee ligaments and was out for six months . He made his debut as a substitute in the clubs FA Cup defeat to Sheffield United in what proved to be his only showing of the 2007–08 campaign . He later insisted that he would not change anything about his time at Bolton following his season-long loan move to Torino . Torino/Parma . Džemaili joined Torino on a season-long loan deal , with an option to purchase outright , on 1 September 2008 , making his debut with Torino on 24 September 2008 , and became a staple fixture in their side for the season . In April 2009 , Torino signed him outright from Bolton for €2 million . Torino announced that deal after their relegation to Serie B in June . After having played just once for Torino at Coppa Italia , Džemaili completed a loan move to Parma on 31 August 2009 , with an option to sign the 50% registration rights of the player at the end of season . In exchange , Daniele Vantaggiato moved to Turin on loan . first and second halves of Džemailis registration rights were then bought by Parma in the summers of 2010 and 2011 for a total fee of €7 million . Napoli . On 25 June 2011 , Džemaili was signed by Napoli for €9 million with Fabiano Santacroce ( loan ) and Manuele Blasi ( free ) going the other way to Parma . Džemaili has been a consistent performer so far for Napoli . Džemaili has been well received by the fans as he has scored twice and assisted once in eleven appearances in the Serie A . His first was a right-footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner following a corner in a match against Lecce and his second was struck late to earn an equaliser as Napoli earned a point at Novara . Džemaili has also appeared six times in the UEFA Champions League group stages and helped Napoli into the final 16 . At the end of his first season with Napoli , Dzemaili has made 28 appearances in the Serie A , scoring three times and providing four assists . On 25 March 2012 , he scored a notable long distance goal against Catania . Džemaili had appeared regularly for the side in the Coppa Italia , and played the entire match in the final in which they defeated Juventus 2–0 . On 30 March 2013 , he scored a hat-trick described by Goal.com as spectacular , in a 5–3 win away at Torino . He netted the second goal in a 2–0 win against Genoa just a week later , making it four goals in two games . He also scored Napolis third goal in a 3–0 win against Pescara on 27 April . Džemaili was an unused substitute as Napoli won the 2014 Coppa Italia Final 3–1 against Fiorentina . Galatasaray . On 1 September 2014 , Džemaili signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig team Galatasaray for a €2.35 million transfer fee . He signed a three-year contract , worth €2.4 million , €2.1 million and €2.1 million respectively . On 30 August 2015 , Džemaili returned to Serie A to join Genoa on loan from Galatasaray . Galatasaray also bore €1.3 million of Džemailis €2.1 million salary . On 27 September , Džemaili scored his first goal for the club with a direct free-kick that took a deflection off Giacomo Bonaventura . This was the lone goal in a 1–0 win over Milan . On 18 October , Džemaili received his first red card for the club , after getting two yellows ( 47th and 55th minute ) in a 3–2 win over Chievo . Bologna . On 17 August 2016 , Džemaili returned to Italy again for Bologna , who paid Galatasaray a €1.3 million transfer fee . He was booked in matchday 33 on 22 April , missing the match on 30 April with the club mathematically avoiding the relegation by having 13 more points than Crotone with four matches remaining . Džemaili would join his new club Montreal Impact before the end of the Serie A season ( and after Bologna secured the place of next season ) , making their 3–2 loss against Atalanta his last match . Montreal Impact ( loan ) . On 9 December 2016 Montreal Impact president and Bologna chairman Joey Saputo announced that Džemaili would join the Major League Soccer ( MLS ) team on loan in the spring of 2017 as a Designated Player . On 9 May 2017 , the loan was officially announced . On 19 January 2018 , the Impact terminated the loan and Džemaili returned to Bologna . He had seven goals and 10 assists in 22 games for Montreal . Shenzhen . On 31 January 2020 , he transferred to Chinese club Shenzhen . Zürich . In December 2020 Džemaili returned after 13 years to his youth club Zürich . He signed a contract for one and a half seasons . International career . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in a friendly match against Scotland on 1 March 2006 . He was a member of the Swiss squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup without making an appearance . On 6 September 2013 , Džemaili scored his first international goal from a penalty kick in a 4–4 home draw in a World Cup qualifier against Iceland . On 2 June 2014 , Džemaili was named in Switzerlands 2014 World Cup squad by national coach Ottmar Hitzfeld . In the teams second match , against France , Džemaili came on at half-time for Valon Behrami and on the 81st minute , Džemaili fired a long-range , low free-kick which went through the three-man wall and beat France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris . He scored the first direct free-kick of the tournament in a 5–2 loss to France . Džemaili scored his third international goal against San Marino on 10 October 2014 in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying , heading-in Ricardo Rodríguezs corner to give the Swiss a 3–0 lead in an eventual 4–0 victory . Džemaili scored twice for Switzerland on 10 June 2015 , the second of which came from a direct free-kick in a 3–0 friendly victory over Liechtenstein at Stockhorn Arena in Thun . Džemaili was part of the squad in Euro 2016 and 2018 World Cup qualification . He was included in the Switzerland national football team 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Style of play . During his time in Serie A , Džemaili differed from most other players in the attacking midfield position due to his box-to-box approach to the role and hard-running style . Indeed , although he is effective as a ball-winner in front of the back-line who breaks down opposing plays , he is also capable of contributing to his teams offensive plays with goals and assists in a more advanced role , courtesy of his vision and eye for goal from midfield . He is also good at timing his runs , finding space , and getting into the box unmarked by making late attacking runs into the area from behind , and is a powerful and accurate striker of the ball from both inside and outside the area , which allows him to play as a mezzala ; he is also an effective penalty taker . Otherwise , Džemaili is tidy in possession and also has great passing range , usually completing around 90% of passes per game ; moreover , he is known for his ability to switch the play with long balls . A versatile , consistent , tenacious , and tactically intelligent right-footed player , he is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and can adapt to various systems ; aside from his usual offensive and holding midfield roles , he has also been used as a central midfielder in either a two or three-man midfield , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a winger . In addition to his playing ability , he is also highly regarded for his leadership . Personal life . In 2015 , Džemaili married Shkoder-born Albanian model Erjona Sulejmani who , in the same year , gave birth to their eldest son , Luan . By January 2018 , they were divorced . Honours . Club . Zürich - Swiss Super League : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Swiss Cup : 2004–05 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2011–12 , 2013–14 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2014–15 External links . - FC Zürich stats

easy

Which team did Blerim Džemaili play for from 2011 to 2014?

/wiki/Blerim_Džemaili#P54#6

Blerim Džemaili Blerim Džemaili ( , ; ; born 12 April 1986 ) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Super League club Zürich as a midfielder . He began his career at FC Zürich , where he won the Swiss Super League twice . He subsequently spent most of his career in Italy , making 280 Serie A appearances for Torino , Parma , Napoli , Genoa and Bologna . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in March 2006 and went on to make over 65 appearances . He was selected for their squads at the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 and 2018 , as well as UEFA Euro 2016 . Childhood and early career . Džemaili was born to Fekredin and Shemije Džemaili , an Albanian family from Bogovinje , in SFR Yugoslavia ( now North Macedonia ) . At age four , he and his family migrated to Zürich , Switzerland . At age nine , he joined youth club Oerlikon Zürich for one year before moving to FC Unterstrass . At age 14 , Blerim moved to third league team YF Juventus as a youth player before moving to FC Zürich in 2001 . While with Zürich , Džemaili rose through the ranks and made the senior team at age 17 . In 2021 , he revealed that he has been a fan of A.C . Milan since childhood . Club career . Zürich . Džemaili began his senior career with Zürich . In his first season , he made 30 appearances for the club , scoring twice and creating three assists . Džemaili played either as a central or defensive midfielder . In the 2004–05 season , he helped the club win the Swiss Cup . Džemaili imposed a strong influence on the field as he possessed accurate passing capabilities as well as a fast and aggressive approach to the game . This led Džemaili to taking the role of captain during the 2005–06 . Džemaili was 19 when he was chosen captain and is one of the youngest captains in Swiss football history . Džemaili led his team to glory as Zürich won the Swiss Super League in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons . After winning the Swiss cup and league , Džemaili moved to Premier League side Bolton Wanderers . Bolton Wanderers . Džemaili signed a preliminary contract agreement with Bolton on 9 February 2007 , meaning that he would sign for the Premier League outfit once his contract expired in the summer of 2007 . Former Bolton manager Sam Allardyce was quoted as saying , Blerim is a fantastic player , who has played for the best team in Switzerland for the past three years . For someone so young , he has a wealth of experience . At the age of 20 , he is the skipper of FC Zürich and is expected to become a regular international for Switzerland in the years ahead . He has hardly missed a game for FC Zurich since he started playing for them at the age of 17 . I am excited by the prospect of working with Blerim next season . Džemaili , however , sustained a rupturing cruciate knee ligaments and was out for six months . He made his debut as a substitute in the clubs FA Cup defeat to Sheffield United in what proved to be his only showing of the 2007–08 campaign . He later insisted that he would not change anything about his time at Bolton following his season-long loan move to Torino . Torino/Parma . Džemaili joined Torino on a season-long loan deal , with an option to purchase outright , on 1 September 2008 , making his debut with Torino on 24 September 2008 , and became a staple fixture in their side for the season . In April 2009 , Torino signed him outright from Bolton for €2 million . Torino announced that deal after their relegation to Serie B in June . After having played just once for Torino at Coppa Italia , Džemaili completed a loan move to Parma on 31 August 2009 , with an option to sign the 50% registration rights of the player at the end of season . In exchange , Daniele Vantaggiato moved to Turin on loan . first and second halves of Džemailis registration rights were then bought by Parma in the summers of 2010 and 2011 for a total fee of €7 million . Napoli . On 25 June 2011 , Džemaili was signed by Napoli for €9 million with Fabiano Santacroce ( loan ) and Manuele Blasi ( free ) going the other way to Parma . Džemaili has been a consistent performer so far for Napoli . Džemaili has been well received by the fans as he has scored twice and assisted once in eleven appearances in the Serie A . His first was a right-footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner following a corner in a match against Lecce and his second was struck late to earn an equaliser as Napoli earned a point at Novara . Džemaili has also appeared six times in the UEFA Champions League group stages and helped Napoli into the final 16 . At the end of his first season with Napoli , Dzemaili has made 28 appearances in the Serie A , scoring three times and providing four assists . On 25 March 2012 , he scored a notable long distance goal against Catania . Džemaili had appeared regularly for the side in the Coppa Italia , and played the entire match in the final in which they defeated Juventus 2–0 . On 30 March 2013 , he scored a hat-trick described by Goal.com as spectacular , in a 5–3 win away at Torino . He netted the second goal in a 2–0 win against Genoa just a week later , making it four goals in two games . He also scored Napolis third goal in a 3–0 win against Pescara on 27 April . Džemaili was an unused substitute as Napoli won the 2014 Coppa Italia Final 3–1 against Fiorentina . Galatasaray . On 1 September 2014 , Džemaili signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig team Galatasaray for a €2.35 million transfer fee . He signed a three-year contract , worth €2.4 million , €2.1 million and €2.1 million respectively . On 30 August 2015 , Džemaili returned to Serie A to join Genoa on loan from Galatasaray . Galatasaray also bore €1.3 million of Džemailis €2.1 million salary . On 27 September , Džemaili scored his first goal for the club with a direct free-kick that took a deflection off Giacomo Bonaventura . This was the lone goal in a 1–0 win over Milan . On 18 October , Džemaili received his first red card for the club , after getting two yellows ( 47th and 55th minute ) in a 3–2 win over Chievo . Bologna . On 17 August 2016 , Džemaili returned to Italy again for Bologna , who paid Galatasaray a €1.3 million transfer fee . He was booked in matchday 33 on 22 April , missing the match on 30 April with the club mathematically avoiding the relegation by having 13 more points than Crotone with four matches remaining . Džemaili would join his new club Montreal Impact before the end of the Serie A season ( and after Bologna secured the place of next season ) , making their 3–2 loss against Atalanta his last match . Montreal Impact ( loan ) . On 9 December 2016 Montreal Impact president and Bologna chairman Joey Saputo announced that Džemaili would join the Major League Soccer ( MLS ) team on loan in the spring of 2017 as a Designated Player . On 9 May 2017 , the loan was officially announced . On 19 January 2018 , the Impact terminated the loan and Džemaili returned to Bologna . He had seven goals and 10 assists in 22 games for Montreal . Shenzhen . On 31 January 2020 , he transferred to Chinese club Shenzhen . Zürich . In December 2020 Džemaili returned after 13 years to his youth club Zürich . He signed a contract for one and a half seasons . International career . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in a friendly match against Scotland on 1 March 2006 . He was a member of the Swiss squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup without making an appearance . On 6 September 2013 , Džemaili scored his first international goal from a penalty kick in a 4–4 home draw in a World Cup qualifier against Iceland . On 2 June 2014 , Džemaili was named in Switzerlands 2014 World Cup squad by national coach Ottmar Hitzfeld . In the teams second match , against France , Džemaili came on at half-time for Valon Behrami and on the 81st minute , Džemaili fired a long-range , low free-kick which went through the three-man wall and beat France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris . He scored the first direct free-kick of the tournament in a 5–2 loss to France . Džemaili scored his third international goal against San Marino on 10 October 2014 in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying , heading-in Ricardo Rodríguezs corner to give the Swiss a 3–0 lead in an eventual 4–0 victory . Džemaili scored twice for Switzerland on 10 June 2015 , the second of which came from a direct free-kick in a 3–0 friendly victory over Liechtenstein at Stockhorn Arena in Thun . Džemaili was part of the squad in Euro 2016 and 2018 World Cup qualification . He was included in the Switzerland national football team 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Style of play . During his time in Serie A , Džemaili differed from most other players in the attacking midfield position due to his box-to-box approach to the role and hard-running style . Indeed , although he is effective as a ball-winner in front of the back-line who breaks down opposing plays , he is also capable of contributing to his teams offensive plays with goals and assists in a more advanced role , courtesy of his vision and eye for goal from midfield . He is also good at timing his runs , finding space , and getting into the box unmarked by making late attacking runs into the area from behind , and is a powerful and accurate striker of the ball from both inside and outside the area , which allows him to play as a mezzala ; he is also an effective penalty taker . Otherwise , Džemaili is tidy in possession and also has great passing range , usually completing around 90% of passes per game ; moreover , he is known for his ability to switch the play with long balls . A versatile , consistent , tenacious , and tactically intelligent right-footed player , he is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and can adapt to various systems ; aside from his usual offensive and holding midfield roles , he has also been used as a central midfielder in either a two or three-man midfield , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a winger . In addition to his playing ability , he is also highly regarded for his leadership . Personal life . In 2015 , Džemaili married Shkoder-born Albanian model Erjona Sulejmani who , in the same year , gave birth to their eldest son , Luan . By January 2018 , they were divorced . Honours . Club . Zürich - Swiss Super League : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Swiss Cup : 2004–05 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2011–12 , 2013–14 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2014–15 External links . - FC Zürich stats

easy

Blerim Džemaili played for which team from 2014 to 2015?

/wiki/Blerim_Džemaili#P54#7

Blerim Džemaili Blerim Džemaili ( , ; ; born 12 April 1986 ) is a Swiss professional footballer who plays for Super League club Zürich as a midfielder . He began his career at FC Zürich , where he won the Swiss Super League twice . He subsequently spent most of his career in Italy , making 280 Serie A appearances for Torino , Parma , Napoli , Genoa and Bologna . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in March 2006 and went on to make over 65 appearances . He was selected for their squads at the FIFA World Cup in 2006 , 2014 and 2018 , as well as UEFA Euro 2016 . Childhood and early career . Džemaili was born to Fekredin and Shemije Džemaili , an Albanian family from Bogovinje , in SFR Yugoslavia ( now North Macedonia ) . At age four , he and his family migrated to Zürich , Switzerland . At age nine , he joined youth club Oerlikon Zürich for one year before moving to FC Unterstrass . At age 14 , Blerim moved to third league team YF Juventus as a youth player before moving to FC Zürich in 2001 . While with Zürich , Džemaili rose through the ranks and made the senior team at age 17 . In 2021 , he revealed that he has been a fan of A.C . Milan since childhood . Club career . Zürich . Džemaili began his senior career with Zürich . In his first season , he made 30 appearances for the club , scoring twice and creating three assists . Džemaili played either as a central or defensive midfielder . In the 2004–05 season , he helped the club win the Swiss Cup . Džemaili imposed a strong influence on the field as he possessed accurate passing capabilities as well as a fast and aggressive approach to the game . This led Džemaili to taking the role of captain during the 2005–06 . Džemaili was 19 when he was chosen captain and is one of the youngest captains in Swiss football history . Džemaili led his team to glory as Zürich won the Swiss Super League in the 2005–06 and 2006–07 seasons . After winning the Swiss cup and league , Džemaili moved to Premier League side Bolton Wanderers . Bolton Wanderers . Džemaili signed a preliminary contract agreement with Bolton on 9 February 2007 , meaning that he would sign for the Premier League outfit once his contract expired in the summer of 2007 . Former Bolton manager Sam Allardyce was quoted as saying , Blerim is a fantastic player , who has played for the best team in Switzerland for the past three years . For someone so young , he has a wealth of experience . At the age of 20 , he is the skipper of FC Zürich and is expected to become a regular international for Switzerland in the years ahead . He has hardly missed a game for FC Zurich since he started playing for them at the age of 17 . I am excited by the prospect of working with Blerim next season . Džemaili , however , sustained a rupturing cruciate knee ligaments and was out for six months . He made his debut as a substitute in the clubs FA Cup defeat to Sheffield United in what proved to be his only showing of the 2007–08 campaign . He later insisted that he would not change anything about his time at Bolton following his season-long loan move to Torino . Torino/Parma . Džemaili joined Torino on a season-long loan deal , with an option to purchase outright , on 1 September 2008 , making his debut with Torino on 24 September 2008 , and became a staple fixture in their side for the season . In April 2009 , Torino signed him outright from Bolton for €2 million . Torino announced that deal after their relegation to Serie B in June . After having played just once for Torino at Coppa Italia , Džemaili completed a loan move to Parma on 31 August 2009 , with an option to sign the 50% registration rights of the player at the end of season . In exchange , Daniele Vantaggiato moved to Turin on loan . first and second halves of Džemailis registration rights were then bought by Parma in the summers of 2010 and 2011 for a total fee of €7 million . Napoli . On 25 June 2011 , Džemaili was signed by Napoli for €9 million with Fabiano Santacroce ( loan ) and Manuele Blasi ( free ) going the other way to Parma . Džemaili has been a consistent performer so far for Napoli . Džemaili has been well received by the fans as he has scored twice and assisted once in eleven appearances in the Serie A . His first was a right-footed shot from outside the box to the bottom left corner following a corner in a match against Lecce and his second was struck late to earn an equaliser as Napoli earned a point at Novara . Džemaili has also appeared six times in the UEFA Champions League group stages and helped Napoli into the final 16 . At the end of his first season with Napoli , Dzemaili has made 28 appearances in the Serie A , scoring three times and providing four assists . On 25 March 2012 , he scored a notable long distance goal against Catania . Džemaili had appeared regularly for the side in the Coppa Italia , and played the entire match in the final in which they defeated Juventus 2–0 . On 30 March 2013 , he scored a hat-trick described by Goal.com as spectacular , in a 5–3 win away at Torino . He netted the second goal in a 2–0 win against Genoa just a week later , making it four goals in two games . He also scored Napolis third goal in a 3–0 win against Pescara on 27 April . Džemaili was an unused substitute as Napoli won the 2014 Coppa Italia Final 3–1 against Fiorentina . Galatasaray . On 1 September 2014 , Džemaili signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig team Galatasaray for a €2.35 million transfer fee . He signed a three-year contract , worth €2.4 million , €2.1 million and €2.1 million respectively . On 30 August 2015 , Džemaili returned to Serie A to join Genoa on loan from Galatasaray . Galatasaray also bore €1.3 million of Džemailis €2.1 million salary . On 27 September , Džemaili scored his first goal for the club with a direct free-kick that took a deflection off Giacomo Bonaventura . This was the lone goal in a 1–0 win over Milan . On 18 October , Džemaili received his first red card for the club , after getting two yellows ( 47th and 55th minute ) in a 3–2 win over Chievo . Bologna . On 17 August 2016 , Džemaili returned to Italy again for Bologna , who paid Galatasaray a €1.3 million transfer fee . He was booked in matchday 33 on 22 April , missing the match on 30 April with the club mathematically avoiding the relegation by having 13 more points than Crotone with four matches remaining . Džemaili would join his new club Montreal Impact before the end of the Serie A season ( and after Bologna secured the place of next season ) , making their 3–2 loss against Atalanta his last match . Montreal Impact ( loan ) . On 9 December 2016 Montreal Impact president and Bologna chairman Joey Saputo announced that Džemaili would join the Major League Soccer ( MLS ) team on loan in the spring of 2017 as a Designated Player . On 9 May 2017 , the loan was officially announced . On 19 January 2018 , the Impact terminated the loan and Džemaili returned to Bologna . He had seven goals and 10 assists in 22 games for Montreal . Shenzhen . On 31 January 2020 , he transferred to Chinese club Shenzhen . Zürich . In December 2020 Džemaili returned after 13 years to his youth club Zürich . He signed a contract for one and a half seasons . International career . Džemaili made his debut for the Switzerland national team in a friendly match against Scotland on 1 March 2006 . He was a member of the Swiss squad at the 2006 FIFA World Cup without making an appearance . On 6 September 2013 , Džemaili scored his first international goal from a penalty kick in a 4–4 home draw in a World Cup qualifier against Iceland . On 2 June 2014 , Džemaili was named in Switzerlands 2014 World Cup squad by national coach Ottmar Hitzfeld . In the teams second match , against France , Džemaili came on at half-time for Valon Behrami and on the 81st minute , Džemaili fired a long-range , low free-kick which went through the three-man wall and beat France goalkeeper Hugo Lloris . He scored the first direct free-kick of the tournament in a 5–2 loss to France . Džemaili scored his third international goal against San Marino on 10 October 2014 in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying , heading-in Ricardo Rodríguezs corner to give the Swiss a 3–0 lead in an eventual 4–0 victory . Džemaili scored twice for Switzerland on 10 June 2015 , the second of which came from a direct free-kick in a 3–0 friendly victory over Liechtenstein at Stockhorn Arena in Thun . Džemaili was part of the squad in Euro 2016 and 2018 World Cup qualification . He was included in the Switzerland national football team 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Style of play . During his time in Serie A , Džemaili differed from most other players in the attacking midfield position due to his box-to-box approach to the role and hard-running style . Indeed , although he is effective as a ball-winner in front of the back-line who breaks down opposing plays , he is also capable of contributing to his teams offensive plays with goals and assists in a more advanced role , courtesy of his vision and eye for goal from midfield . He is also good at timing his runs , finding space , and getting into the box unmarked by making late attacking runs into the area from behind , and is a powerful and accurate striker of the ball from both inside and outside the area , which allows him to play as a mezzala ; he is also an effective penalty taker . Otherwise , Džemaili is tidy in possession and also has great passing range , usually completing around 90% of passes per game ; moreover , he is known for his ability to switch the play with long balls . A versatile , consistent , tenacious , and tactically intelligent right-footed player , he is capable of playing in several midfield roles , and can adapt to various systems ; aside from his usual offensive and holding midfield roles , he has also been used as a central midfielder in either a two or three-man midfield , as a deep-lying playmaker , or even as a winger . In addition to his playing ability , he is also highly regarded for his leadership . Personal life . In 2015 , Džemaili married Shkoder-born Albanian model Erjona Sulejmani who , in the same year , gave birth to their eldest son , Luan . By January 2018 , they were divorced . Honours . Club . Zürich - Swiss Super League : 2005–06 , 2006–07 - Swiss Cup : 2004–05 Napoli - Coppa Italia : 2011–12 , 2013–14 Galatasaray - Süper Lig : 2014–15 - Turkish Cup : 2014–15 External links . - FC Zürich stats

easy

Steven Palazzo went to which school from 1987 to 1988?

/wiki/Steven_Palazzo#P69#0

Steven Palazzo Steven McCarty Palazzo ( born February 21 , 1970 ) is an American politician who has served as the U.S . Representative for since 2011 . The district includes Mississippis Gulf Coast , Biloxi , Gulfport , Pascagoula , Laurel and Hattiesburg . Palazzo is a member of the Republican Party . Palazzo defeated 10-term Democratic incumbent Gene Taylor , 52%-47% , in 2010 . He represented District 116 in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 2006 to 2011 . Early life , education , and military service . Palazzo was born on February 21 , 1970 , in Gulfport . He graduated from Saint John High School in 1988 . Palazzo enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in 1988 , and served with the 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company in the Persian Gulf War . He now serves in the Mississippi Army National Guard . He received a Bachelors and MPA from the University of Southern Mississippi , and is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity . He is a Certified Public Accountant . Mississippi House of Representatives . Elections . In April 2006 , incumbent Republican State Representative Leonard Bentz of Mississippis 116th House District resigned because he was appointed to the Mississippi Public Service Commission . Palazzo sought election to the vacated seat , defeating Democratic candidate Maryann Graczyk , an education lobbyist , and Republican George Emile , a funeral home director , 51%–26%–24% . In 2007 , running unopposed , he was elected to a full term . Committee assignments . Palazzo served on the Banking and Financial Services , Juvenile Justice , Labor , Select Committee on the Gulf Coast Disaster , and the Wildlife , Fisheries and Parks Committees . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2010 . Palazzo entered the Republican primary for Mississippis 4th congressional district and won the nomination with 57% of the vote . He faced 10-term Democratic incumbent Gene Taylor in the general election . Although the 4th district had turned almost solidly Republican at the federal level , Taylor had held the seat without serious difficulty since 1996 . His voting record had been very conservative even by Mississippi Democratic standards , and he had often broken with his party . Palazzo established himself as Taylors strongest opponent since 1996 . In particular , he attacked Taylor for supporting Nancy Pelosi for House Speaker in 2006 and 2008 . He was endorsed by Sarah Palin and defeated Taylor , 52%–47% . 2012 . In the Republican primary , Palazzo defeated two challengers with 74% of the vote . In the general election , he defeated Democratic nominee Matthew Moore , 64%–29% . 2014 . In the Republican primary , Palazzo faced his predecessor , Taylor , and three other challengers . Taylor switched parties in a bid to return to his former seat , actively campaigning and drawing large numbers of Democrats into the Republican primary . Palazzo was targeted by the Club for Growth . Palazzo won 50.5% of the vote to Taylors 43% . In the general election , Palazzo easily defeated his 2012 general-election opponent , Matt Moore , 69.9% to 24.3% ; four minor party or independent candidates received 3.8% of the vote . 2016 . In the Republican primary , Palazzo ran unopposed for the first time in his political career . In the general election , Palazzo won 65.2% of the vote , defeating Democratic nominee Mark Gladney and two minor candidates . 2018 . In the June 5 Republican primary , Palazzo defeated E . Brian Rose , 70.5% to 29.5% . He won the general election over Democratic state Representative Jeramey Anderson , 68.2% to 30.7% , with Lajena Sheets of the Reform Party taking 1% of the vote . 2020 . In the June 3 primary , Palazzo ran against Robert Deming , Samuel Hickman and Carl Boyanton . He won with 66.8% of the vote , with Deming finishing second with 14.1% . He was unopposed in the general election for the first time in his career . Tenure . Palazzo voted with his Republican colleagues to pass a balanced budget amendment and repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . In February 2017 , Palazzo began to face calls from constituents to attend town halls . One on the Gulf Coast in Long Beach was organized . A similar meeting was organized in Hattiesburg . Palazzo did not attend either . In 2018 , Palazzo defended the Trump administrations policy of separating small children from immigrant parents by blaming it on Democratic administrations . Overall , it’s a terrible , sad situation that unfortunately has been created by years of liberal policies that lead illegal immigrants to believe they can freely stroll through our borders . There is no law requiring separation of families at the border . In April , Attorney General Sessions implemented a zero-tolerance policy that mandates that each person caught illegally crossing the U.S . border be criminally prosecuted . I stand firmly behind that policy . He continued , this separation of families is the adverse effect created by a past liberal policy , and I will not allow the Democrats and liberal media to use this issue to push amnesty or other unsafe immigration policies down the throats of the American people . In December 2020 , Palazzo was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . She also reprimanded Palazzo and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Palazzo and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit , arguing that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Legislation . Palazzo was one of the initial co-sponsors of the Social Media Working Group Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4263 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would direct the United States Secretary of Homeland Security to establish within the United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) a social media working group ( the Group ) to provide guidance and best practices to the emergency preparedness and response community on the use of social media technologies before , during , and after a terrorist attack . Palazzo said , social media has played a crucial role in emergency preparedness and response in Mississippi , including during disasters like Hurricane Isaac and the tornadoes that hit the Hattiesburg area a little over a year ago . He said the bills goal was to build upon existing public-private partnerships and use social media in a more strategic way in order to help save lives and property . On April 7 , 2014 , Palazzo introduced the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4412 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would authorize the appropriation of $17.6 billion in fiscal year 2014 to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . NASA would use the funding for human exploration of space , the Space Launch System , the Orion multipurpose crew vehicle , the commercial crew program , the International Space Station ( ISS ) , and various technological and educational projects . Palazzo said , American leadership in space depends on our ability to put people and sound policy ahead of politics . With the Trump administration at an impasse regarding appropriations for border security , Palazzo proposed his own border wall funding solution in December 2018 . Under his Border Bonds for America Act , individual American citizens would fund the costs of building a wall on the southern border by buying revenue bonds from the U.S . Treasury . His bill drew little support , dying before the new Democratic House majority was sworn in in January 2019 . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Homeland Security Caucus memberships . - U.S.-Japan Caucus - Republican Study Committee Personal life . Palazzo divorced the former Lisa M . Belvin in April 2016 . Controversy . Before the 2016 general election , Libertarian challenger Ric McCluskey accused Palazzo of not being truthful about his service in the National Guard , claiming Palazzo failed to show up for mandatory drills . Mississippi State Representative David Baria , a Democrat , sent the National Guard a letter asking them to look into Palazzo’s hours of service . Baria said the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) was investigating the claims . Palazzo denied the claims , saying , This is a ridiculous accusation and a desperate attempt to smear a soldier’s service solely for political gain . On August 3 , 2017 , Republican challenger E . Brian Rose presented documents he said raised questions about Palazzos military service record . Rose claimed the documents revealed Palazzo fraudulently sought discharge from the National Guard based on false claims of financial , family , and community hardships . ABC affiliate WLOX verified Roses documents , stating , WLOX has verified through an independent source that the documents are authentic . Palazzo acknowledged the documents , saying , Not once have I ever denied that I requested this waiver more than a decade ago , but called the revelation a disgusting attack on his family and his character . In March 2020 , the watchdog group Campaign Legal Center ( CLC ) asked the Office of Congressional Ethics ( OCE ) to investigate Palazzo for potentially violating campaign finance laws by channel [ ing ] six figures of donors’ money to family-owned businesses . External links . - Congressman Steven Palazzo official U.S . House website - Campaign website

easy

Steven Palazzo went to which school in 1988?

/wiki/Steven_Palazzo#P69#1

Steven Palazzo Steven McCarty Palazzo ( born February 21 , 1970 ) is an American politician who has served as the U.S . Representative for since 2011 . The district includes Mississippis Gulf Coast , Biloxi , Gulfport , Pascagoula , Laurel and Hattiesburg . Palazzo is a member of the Republican Party . Palazzo defeated 10-term Democratic incumbent Gene Taylor , 52%-47% , in 2010 . He represented District 116 in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 2006 to 2011 . Early life , education , and military service . Palazzo was born on February 21 , 1970 , in Gulfport . He graduated from Saint John High School in 1988 . Palazzo enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in 1988 , and served with the 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company in the Persian Gulf War . He now serves in the Mississippi Army National Guard . He received a Bachelors and MPA from the University of Southern Mississippi , and is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity . He is a Certified Public Accountant . Mississippi House of Representatives . Elections . In April 2006 , incumbent Republican State Representative Leonard Bentz of Mississippis 116th House District resigned because he was appointed to the Mississippi Public Service Commission . Palazzo sought election to the vacated seat , defeating Democratic candidate Maryann Graczyk , an education lobbyist , and Republican George Emile , a funeral home director , 51%–26%–24% . In 2007 , running unopposed , he was elected to a full term . Committee assignments . Palazzo served on the Banking and Financial Services , Juvenile Justice , Labor , Select Committee on the Gulf Coast Disaster , and the Wildlife , Fisheries and Parks Committees . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2010 . Palazzo entered the Republican primary for Mississippis 4th congressional district and won the nomination with 57% of the vote . He faced 10-term Democratic incumbent Gene Taylor in the general election . Although the 4th district had turned almost solidly Republican at the federal level , Taylor had held the seat without serious difficulty since 1996 . His voting record had been very conservative even by Mississippi Democratic standards , and he had often broken with his party . Palazzo established himself as Taylors strongest opponent since 1996 . In particular , he attacked Taylor for supporting Nancy Pelosi for House Speaker in 2006 and 2008 . He was endorsed by Sarah Palin and defeated Taylor , 52%–47% . 2012 . In the Republican primary , Palazzo defeated two challengers with 74% of the vote . In the general election , he defeated Democratic nominee Matthew Moore , 64%–29% . 2014 . In the Republican primary , Palazzo faced his predecessor , Taylor , and three other challengers . Taylor switched parties in a bid to return to his former seat , actively campaigning and drawing large numbers of Democrats into the Republican primary . Palazzo was targeted by the Club for Growth . Palazzo won 50.5% of the vote to Taylors 43% . In the general election , Palazzo easily defeated his 2012 general-election opponent , Matt Moore , 69.9% to 24.3% ; four minor party or independent candidates received 3.8% of the vote . 2016 . In the Republican primary , Palazzo ran unopposed for the first time in his political career . In the general election , Palazzo won 65.2% of the vote , defeating Democratic nominee Mark Gladney and two minor candidates . 2018 . In the June 5 Republican primary , Palazzo defeated E . Brian Rose , 70.5% to 29.5% . He won the general election over Democratic state Representative Jeramey Anderson , 68.2% to 30.7% , with Lajena Sheets of the Reform Party taking 1% of the vote . 2020 . In the June 3 primary , Palazzo ran against Robert Deming , Samuel Hickman and Carl Boyanton . He won with 66.8% of the vote , with Deming finishing second with 14.1% . He was unopposed in the general election for the first time in his career . Tenure . Palazzo voted with his Republican colleagues to pass a balanced budget amendment and repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . In February 2017 , Palazzo began to face calls from constituents to attend town halls . One on the Gulf Coast in Long Beach was organized . A similar meeting was organized in Hattiesburg . Palazzo did not attend either . In 2018 , Palazzo defended the Trump administrations policy of separating small children from immigrant parents by blaming it on Democratic administrations . Overall , it’s a terrible , sad situation that unfortunately has been created by years of liberal policies that lead illegal immigrants to believe they can freely stroll through our borders . There is no law requiring separation of families at the border . In April , Attorney General Sessions implemented a zero-tolerance policy that mandates that each person caught illegally crossing the U.S . border be criminally prosecuted . I stand firmly behind that policy . He continued , this separation of families is the adverse effect created by a past liberal policy , and I will not allow the Democrats and liberal media to use this issue to push amnesty or other unsafe immigration policies down the throats of the American people . In December 2020 , Palazzo was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . She also reprimanded Palazzo and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Palazzo and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit , arguing that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Legislation . Palazzo was one of the initial co-sponsors of the Social Media Working Group Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4263 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would direct the United States Secretary of Homeland Security to establish within the United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) a social media working group ( the Group ) to provide guidance and best practices to the emergency preparedness and response community on the use of social media technologies before , during , and after a terrorist attack . Palazzo said , social media has played a crucial role in emergency preparedness and response in Mississippi , including during disasters like Hurricane Isaac and the tornadoes that hit the Hattiesburg area a little over a year ago . He said the bills goal was to build upon existing public-private partnerships and use social media in a more strategic way in order to help save lives and property . On April 7 , 2014 , Palazzo introduced the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4412 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would authorize the appropriation of $17.6 billion in fiscal year 2014 to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . NASA would use the funding for human exploration of space , the Space Launch System , the Orion multipurpose crew vehicle , the commercial crew program , the International Space Station ( ISS ) , and various technological and educational projects . Palazzo said , American leadership in space depends on our ability to put people and sound policy ahead of politics . With the Trump administration at an impasse regarding appropriations for border security , Palazzo proposed his own border wall funding solution in December 2018 . Under his Border Bonds for America Act , individual American citizens would fund the costs of building a wall on the southern border by buying revenue bonds from the U.S . Treasury . His bill drew little support , dying before the new Democratic House majority was sworn in in January 2019 . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Homeland Security Caucus memberships . - U.S.-Japan Caucus - Republican Study Committee Personal life . Palazzo divorced the former Lisa M . Belvin in April 2016 . Controversy . Before the 2016 general election , Libertarian challenger Ric McCluskey accused Palazzo of not being truthful about his service in the National Guard , claiming Palazzo failed to show up for mandatory drills . Mississippi State Representative David Baria , a Democrat , sent the National Guard a letter asking them to look into Palazzo’s hours of service . Baria said the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) was investigating the claims . Palazzo denied the claims , saying , This is a ridiculous accusation and a desperate attempt to smear a soldier’s service solely for political gain . On August 3 , 2017 , Republican challenger E . Brian Rose presented documents he said raised questions about Palazzos military service record . Rose claimed the documents revealed Palazzo fraudulently sought discharge from the National Guard based on false claims of financial , family , and community hardships . ABC affiliate WLOX verified Roses documents , stating , WLOX has verified through an independent source that the documents are authentic . Palazzo acknowledged the documents , saying , Not once have I ever denied that I requested this waiver more than a decade ago , but called the revelation a disgusting attack on his family and his character . In March 2020 , the watchdog group Campaign Legal Center ( CLC ) asked the Office of Congressional Ethics ( OCE ) to investigate Palazzo for potentially violating campaign finance laws by channel [ ing ] six figures of donors’ money to family-owned businesses . External links . - Congressman Steven Palazzo official U.S . House website - Campaign website

easy

Where was Steven Palazzo educated from 1988 to 1996?

/wiki/Steven_Palazzo#P69#2

Steven Palazzo Steven McCarty Palazzo ( born February 21 , 1970 ) is an American politician who has served as the U.S . Representative for since 2011 . The district includes Mississippis Gulf Coast , Biloxi , Gulfport , Pascagoula , Laurel and Hattiesburg . Palazzo is a member of the Republican Party . Palazzo defeated 10-term Democratic incumbent Gene Taylor , 52%-47% , in 2010 . He represented District 116 in the Mississippi House of Representatives from 2006 to 2011 . Early life , education , and military service . Palazzo was born on February 21 , 1970 , in Gulfport . He graduated from Saint John High School in 1988 . Palazzo enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve in 1988 , and served with the 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company in the Persian Gulf War . He now serves in the Mississippi Army National Guard . He received a Bachelors and MPA from the University of Southern Mississippi , and is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity . He is a Certified Public Accountant . Mississippi House of Representatives . Elections . In April 2006 , incumbent Republican State Representative Leonard Bentz of Mississippis 116th House District resigned because he was appointed to the Mississippi Public Service Commission . Palazzo sought election to the vacated seat , defeating Democratic candidate Maryann Graczyk , an education lobbyist , and Republican George Emile , a funeral home director , 51%–26%–24% . In 2007 , running unopposed , he was elected to a full term . Committee assignments . Palazzo served on the Banking and Financial Services , Juvenile Justice , Labor , Select Committee on the Gulf Coast Disaster , and the Wildlife , Fisheries and Parks Committees . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2010 . Palazzo entered the Republican primary for Mississippis 4th congressional district and won the nomination with 57% of the vote . He faced 10-term Democratic incumbent Gene Taylor in the general election . Although the 4th district had turned almost solidly Republican at the federal level , Taylor had held the seat without serious difficulty since 1996 . His voting record had been very conservative even by Mississippi Democratic standards , and he had often broken with his party . Palazzo established himself as Taylors strongest opponent since 1996 . In particular , he attacked Taylor for supporting Nancy Pelosi for House Speaker in 2006 and 2008 . He was endorsed by Sarah Palin and defeated Taylor , 52%–47% . 2012 . In the Republican primary , Palazzo defeated two challengers with 74% of the vote . In the general election , he defeated Democratic nominee Matthew Moore , 64%–29% . 2014 . In the Republican primary , Palazzo faced his predecessor , Taylor , and three other challengers . Taylor switched parties in a bid to return to his former seat , actively campaigning and drawing large numbers of Democrats into the Republican primary . Palazzo was targeted by the Club for Growth . Palazzo won 50.5% of the vote to Taylors 43% . In the general election , Palazzo easily defeated his 2012 general-election opponent , Matt Moore , 69.9% to 24.3% ; four minor party or independent candidates received 3.8% of the vote . 2016 . In the Republican primary , Palazzo ran unopposed for the first time in his political career . In the general election , Palazzo won 65.2% of the vote , defeating Democratic nominee Mark Gladney and two minor candidates . 2018 . In the June 5 Republican primary , Palazzo defeated E . Brian Rose , 70.5% to 29.5% . He won the general election over Democratic state Representative Jeramey Anderson , 68.2% to 30.7% , with Lajena Sheets of the Reform Party taking 1% of the vote . 2020 . In the June 3 primary , Palazzo ran against Robert Deming , Samuel Hickman and Carl Boyanton . He won with 66.8% of the vote , with Deming finishing second with 14.1% . He was unopposed in the general election for the first time in his career . Tenure . Palazzo voted with his Republican colleagues to pass a balanced budget amendment and repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . In February 2017 , Palazzo began to face calls from constituents to attend town halls . One on the Gulf Coast in Long Beach was organized . A similar meeting was organized in Hattiesburg . Palazzo did not attend either . In 2018 , Palazzo defended the Trump administrations policy of separating small children from immigrant parents by blaming it on Democratic administrations . Overall , it’s a terrible , sad situation that unfortunately has been created by years of liberal policies that lead illegal immigrants to believe they can freely stroll through our borders . There is no law requiring separation of families at the border . In April , Attorney General Sessions implemented a zero-tolerance policy that mandates that each person caught illegally crossing the U.S . border be criminally prosecuted . I stand firmly behind that policy . He continued , this separation of families is the adverse effect created by a past liberal policy , and I will not allow the Democrats and liberal media to use this issue to push amnesty or other unsafe immigration policies down the throats of the American people . In December 2020 , Palazzo was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . She also reprimanded Palazzo and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Palazzo and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit , arguing that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Legislation . Palazzo was one of the initial co-sponsors of the Social Media Working Group Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4263 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would direct the United States Secretary of Homeland Security to establish within the United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) a social media working group ( the Group ) to provide guidance and best practices to the emergency preparedness and response community on the use of social media technologies before , during , and after a terrorist attack . Palazzo said , social media has played a crucial role in emergency preparedness and response in Mississippi , including during disasters like Hurricane Isaac and the tornadoes that hit the Hattiesburg area a little over a year ago . He said the bills goal was to build upon existing public-private partnerships and use social media in a more strategic way in order to help save lives and property . On April 7 , 2014 , Palazzo introduced the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2014 ( H.R . 4412 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would authorize the appropriation of $17.6 billion in fiscal year 2014 to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . NASA would use the funding for human exploration of space , the Space Launch System , the Orion multipurpose crew vehicle , the commercial crew program , the International Space Station ( ISS ) , and various technological and educational projects . Palazzo said , American leadership in space depends on our ability to put people and sound policy ahead of politics . With the Trump administration at an impasse regarding appropriations for border security , Palazzo proposed his own border wall funding solution in December 2018 . Under his Border Bonds for America Act , individual American citizens would fund the costs of building a wall on the southern border by buying revenue bonds from the U.S . Treasury . His bill drew little support , dying before the new Democratic House majority was sworn in in January 2019 . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Homeland Security Caucus memberships . - U.S.-Japan Caucus - Republican Study Committee Personal life . Palazzo divorced the former Lisa M . Belvin in April 2016 . Controversy . Before the 2016 general election , Libertarian challenger Ric McCluskey accused Palazzo of not being truthful about his service in the National Guard , claiming Palazzo failed to show up for mandatory drills . Mississippi State Representative David Baria , a Democrat , sent the National Guard a letter asking them to look into Palazzo’s hours of service . Baria said the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) was investigating the claims . Palazzo denied the claims , saying , This is a ridiculous accusation and a desperate attempt to smear a soldier’s service solely for political gain . On August 3 , 2017 , Republican challenger E . Brian Rose presented documents he said raised questions about Palazzos military service record . Rose claimed the documents revealed Palazzo fraudulently sought discharge from the National Guard based on false claims of financial , family , and community hardships . ABC affiliate WLOX verified Roses documents , stating , WLOX has verified through an independent source that the documents are authentic . Palazzo acknowledged the documents , saying , Not once have I ever denied that I requested this waiver more than a decade ago , but called the revelation a disgusting attack on his family and his character . In March 2020 , the watchdog group Campaign Legal Center ( CLC ) asked the Office of Congressional Ethics ( OCE ) to investigate Palazzo for potentially violating campaign finance laws by channel [ ing ] six figures of donors’ money to family-owned businesses . External links . - Congressman Steven Palazzo official U.S . House website - Campaign website

easy

Which party was Moudud Ahmed a member of from 1978 to 1984?

/wiki/Moudud_Ahmed#P102#0

Moudud Ahmed Moudud Ahmed ( 24 May 1940 – 16 March 2021 ) was a Bangladeshi lawyer and politician . He was a standing committee member of Bangladesh Nationalist Party . Ahmed was elected as a Jatiya Sangsad member total five times from Noakhali-1 and Noakhali-5 constituencies . Ahmed served as the post master general of Bangladesh after independence . From the 1980s on he held numerous political offices for short stints in the Government of Bangladesh , including Deputy Prime Minister ( 1976–1978 and 1987–1988 ) , Prime Minister of Bangladesh ( 1988–1989 ) , Vice President of Bangladesh ( 1989–1990 ) , and Minister of Law , Justice and Parliamentary Affairs ( 2001–2006 ) . Early life and career . Ahmed was born in 1940 in the Bengal Presidency during the British Raj . His father , Momtazuddin Ahmed , was a Sufi Islamic scholar and imam in Paribagh , Dacca , Maulana . Ahmed obtained his BA and MA in political science from the University of Dacca . He was called to the English Bar at Lincolns Inn in London in 1966 . While in the UK , Ahmed was part of a growing intellectual movement among East Pakistani students in envisioning an independent Bangladesh . After returning to Dacca , he joined the legal team of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman during the Agartala Conspiracy Case trial in 1968 . He accompanied the Bengali delegation led by Sheikh Mujib to the Rawalpindi Round Table Conference with Field Marshal Ayub Khan in 1969 . Ahmed witnessed many important developments in the run up to Bangladeshs independence . He joined the Provisional Government of Bangladesh in Calcutta during the 1971 Liberation War . He worked in its External Publicity Division . Ahmed addressed many humanitarian rallies for Bengali genocide victims . He once stirred an entire rally in London holding up a Daily Mirror article titled Birth of a Nation and crying out we are alive , but we are not yet free . Ahmed was one of the founding members of the 33 member Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid which was established to protect the opposition politicians and members of civil society who were facing the wrath of the government on 31 March 1974 . Ahmed was the first Postmaster General of Bangladesh Post Office after the Independence of Bangladesh . Ahmed was jailed on orders from Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in December 1974 , but was later released . BNP and Jatiyo Party . In the late 1970s , Ahmed was courted by Lt General Ziaur Rahman , the first military dictator of Bangladesh . Between 1976 and 1978 , he served as Deputy Prime Minister . In 1977 , he led the Bangladeshi delegation to the United Nations General Assembly . He was elected to parliament from the Bangladesh Nationalist Party ( BNP ) in 1979 . Ahmeds feud with Shah Azizur Rahman led to him being sacked by Zia . In 1985 , Ahmed joined the newly formed Jatiyo Party of Lt General Hussain Muhammad Ershad . He was appointed again as Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet and held the portfolios of the Industries Ministry and the Communications Ministry . President Ershad appointed Ahmed as Prime Minister in 1988 . Serving for a year in the office of premier , he oversaw relief operations during the catastrophic 1988 Bangladesh flood . Ahmed was invited for talks with several Western leaders , including with Margaret Thatcher at 10 Downing Street . However , Ershad replaced Ahmed with the pro-Chinese leftwinger Kazi Zafar Ahmed in 1989 . Ahmed was elevated to the post of Vice President of Bangladesh in 1989 . He resigned in December 1990 to make way for Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed to become acting president and lead the transition to parliamentary democracy . After serving a stint in prison following Ershads ousting , Ahmed was invited by Khaleda Zia to return to the BNP in 1996 . He was elected to parliament while in jail in 1996 . He was reelected for the fifth time in 2001 . Begum Zia appointed him as Minister of Law , Justice and Parliamentary Affairs in 2001 . In 2007 , the military-backed caretaker government arrested Ahmed on charges of illegal alcohol possession . But the case was dismissed at the Supreme Court in 2008 . After his release from prison , Ahmed received a jubilant reception at his constituency in Noakhali . He was reelected to parliament in 2008 . He was arrested again in 2013 by the Awami League government . His family told The Guardian that the country was turning into a prison under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina . Ahmed joined his party in boycotting the 2014 general election . Under the Awami League administration , Ahmed and his brother Monzur faced charges of illegally occupying their properties in the posh Gulshan area of Dhaka . They maintained that the case was politically motivated . On 8 June 2017 , he was evicted from his house by Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha . Ahmed described his eviction as political vengeance by the Awami League government . Former Prime Minister and chairperson of Bangladesh Nationalist Party , Khaleda Zia , condemned the move to evict him . He had lived in the house for more than 40 years . Personal life and family . Ahmed was married to Hasna Jasimuddin Moudud , a daughter of the Bengali poet Jasimuddin . They have a daughter , poet Ana Kashfiya Moudud . Their eldest son , Asif Momtaz Moudud , died at the age of 3 . Another son , Aman Momtaj Moudud , died of dengue fever in 2015 . Ahmed was a practicing barrister in the Supreme Court of Bangladesh . He was a fellow at Heidelberg University in Germany and a visiting fellow at Harvard University in the United States . In the fall of 1997 , he was the Bland Visiting Professor at George Washington Universitys Elliott School of International Affairs . He was also a member of the Elliott Schools International Council . Death . On 30 December 2020 , Ahmed was hospitalized in Dhaka due to a decrease in haemoglobin levels and eventually suffered a stroke . A few weeks later , a pacemaker was implanted . Ahmed was hospitalized for pulmonary congestion and kidney complications in Singapore on 1 February 2021 . He died a month later on 16 March at the age of 80 . Publications . Ahmed is the author of nine books . Publications include : - Shongshod-e Ja Bolechhi , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 2006 , - South Asia : Crisis of Development-The Case of Bangladesh , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 2003 - Democracy and the Challenge of Development : a Study of Politics and Military Interventions in Bangladesh , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 1995 - Bangladesh : Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 1983 , - Bangladesh : Constitutional Quest for Autonomy , South Asian Institute of Heidelberg University , 1976 and University Press Limited , Dhaka , 1979 - Chaloman Itihas , the book to inform the next generation the history of the country particularly the history of HM Ershad government . Further reading . - Md Mahmudul Hasan , “At Heidelberg with Moudud Ahmad.” New Age , Mar 20 , 2021 . https://www.newagebd.net/article/133169/at-heidelberg-with-moudud-ahmad

easy

Which political party did Moudud Ahmed belong to from 1984 to 1996?

/wiki/Moudud_Ahmed#P102#1

Moudud Ahmed Moudud Ahmed ( 24 May 1940 – 16 March 2021 ) was a Bangladeshi lawyer and politician . He was a standing committee member of Bangladesh Nationalist Party . Ahmed was elected as a Jatiya Sangsad member total five times from Noakhali-1 and Noakhali-5 constituencies . Ahmed served as the post master general of Bangladesh after independence . From the 1980s on he held numerous political offices for short stints in the Government of Bangladesh , including Deputy Prime Minister ( 1976–1978 and 1987–1988 ) , Prime Minister of Bangladesh ( 1988–1989 ) , Vice President of Bangladesh ( 1989–1990 ) , and Minister of Law , Justice and Parliamentary Affairs ( 2001–2006 ) . Early life and career . Ahmed was born in 1940 in the Bengal Presidency during the British Raj . His father , Momtazuddin Ahmed , was a Sufi Islamic scholar and imam in Paribagh , Dacca , Maulana . Ahmed obtained his BA and MA in political science from the University of Dacca . He was called to the English Bar at Lincolns Inn in London in 1966 . While in the UK , Ahmed was part of a growing intellectual movement among East Pakistani students in envisioning an independent Bangladesh . After returning to Dacca , he joined the legal team of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman during the Agartala Conspiracy Case trial in 1968 . He accompanied the Bengali delegation led by Sheikh Mujib to the Rawalpindi Round Table Conference with Field Marshal Ayub Khan in 1969 . Ahmed witnessed many important developments in the run up to Bangladeshs independence . He joined the Provisional Government of Bangladesh in Calcutta during the 1971 Liberation War . He worked in its External Publicity Division . Ahmed addressed many humanitarian rallies for Bengali genocide victims . He once stirred an entire rally in London holding up a Daily Mirror article titled Birth of a Nation and crying out we are alive , but we are not yet free . Ahmed was one of the founding members of the 33 member Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid which was established to protect the opposition politicians and members of civil society who were facing the wrath of the government on 31 March 1974 . Ahmed was the first Postmaster General of Bangladesh Post Office after the Independence of Bangladesh . Ahmed was jailed on orders from Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in December 1974 , but was later released . BNP and Jatiyo Party . In the late 1970s , Ahmed was courted by Lt General Ziaur Rahman , the first military dictator of Bangladesh . Between 1976 and 1978 , he served as Deputy Prime Minister . In 1977 , he led the Bangladeshi delegation to the United Nations General Assembly . He was elected to parliament from the Bangladesh Nationalist Party ( BNP ) in 1979 . Ahmeds feud with Shah Azizur Rahman led to him being sacked by Zia . In 1985 , Ahmed joined the newly formed Jatiyo Party of Lt General Hussain Muhammad Ershad . He was appointed again as Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet and held the portfolios of the Industries Ministry and the Communications Ministry . President Ershad appointed Ahmed as Prime Minister in 1988 . Serving for a year in the office of premier , he oversaw relief operations during the catastrophic 1988 Bangladesh flood . Ahmed was invited for talks with several Western leaders , including with Margaret Thatcher at 10 Downing Street . However , Ershad replaced Ahmed with the pro-Chinese leftwinger Kazi Zafar Ahmed in 1989 . Ahmed was elevated to the post of Vice President of Bangladesh in 1989 . He resigned in December 1990 to make way for Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed to become acting president and lead the transition to parliamentary democracy . After serving a stint in prison following Ershads ousting , Ahmed was invited by Khaleda Zia to return to the BNP in 1996 . He was elected to parliament while in jail in 1996 . He was reelected for the fifth time in 2001 . Begum Zia appointed him as Minister of Law , Justice and Parliamentary Affairs in 2001 . In 2007 , the military-backed caretaker government arrested Ahmed on charges of illegal alcohol possession . But the case was dismissed at the Supreme Court in 2008 . After his release from prison , Ahmed received a jubilant reception at his constituency in Noakhali . He was reelected to parliament in 2008 . He was arrested again in 2013 by the Awami League government . His family told The Guardian that the country was turning into a prison under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina . Ahmed joined his party in boycotting the 2014 general election . Under the Awami League administration , Ahmed and his brother Monzur faced charges of illegally occupying their properties in the posh Gulshan area of Dhaka . They maintained that the case was politically motivated . On 8 June 2017 , he was evicted from his house by Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha . Ahmed described his eviction as political vengeance by the Awami League government . Former Prime Minister and chairperson of Bangladesh Nationalist Party , Khaleda Zia , condemned the move to evict him . He had lived in the house for more than 40 years . Personal life and family . Ahmed was married to Hasna Jasimuddin Moudud , a daughter of the Bengali poet Jasimuddin . They have a daughter , poet Ana Kashfiya Moudud . Their eldest son , Asif Momtaz Moudud , died at the age of 3 . Another son , Aman Momtaj Moudud , died of dengue fever in 2015 . Ahmed was a practicing barrister in the Supreme Court of Bangladesh . He was a fellow at Heidelberg University in Germany and a visiting fellow at Harvard University in the United States . In the fall of 1997 , he was the Bland Visiting Professor at George Washington Universitys Elliott School of International Affairs . He was also a member of the Elliott Schools International Council . Death . On 30 December 2020 , Ahmed was hospitalized in Dhaka due to a decrease in haemoglobin levels and eventually suffered a stroke . A few weeks later , a pacemaker was implanted . Ahmed was hospitalized for pulmonary congestion and kidney complications in Singapore on 1 February 2021 . He died a month later on 16 March at the age of 80 . Publications . Ahmed is the author of nine books . Publications include : - Shongshod-e Ja Bolechhi , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 2006 , - South Asia : Crisis of Development-The Case of Bangladesh , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 2003 - Democracy and the Challenge of Development : a Study of Politics and Military Interventions in Bangladesh , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 1995 - Bangladesh : Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 1983 , - Bangladesh : Constitutional Quest for Autonomy , South Asian Institute of Heidelberg University , 1976 and University Press Limited , Dhaka , 1979 - Chaloman Itihas , the book to inform the next generation the history of the country particularly the history of HM Ershad government . Further reading . - Md Mahmudul Hasan , “At Heidelberg with Moudud Ahmad.” New Age , Mar 20 , 2021 . https://www.newagebd.net/article/133169/at-heidelberg-with-moudud-ahmad

easy

Which party was Moudud Ahmed a member of from 1996 to 1997?

/wiki/Moudud_Ahmed#P102#2

Moudud Ahmed Moudud Ahmed ( 24 May 1940 – 16 March 2021 ) was a Bangladeshi lawyer and politician . He was a standing committee member of Bangladesh Nationalist Party . Ahmed was elected as a Jatiya Sangsad member total five times from Noakhali-1 and Noakhali-5 constituencies . Ahmed served as the post master general of Bangladesh after independence . From the 1980s on he held numerous political offices for short stints in the Government of Bangladesh , including Deputy Prime Minister ( 1976–1978 and 1987–1988 ) , Prime Minister of Bangladesh ( 1988–1989 ) , Vice President of Bangladesh ( 1989–1990 ) , and Minister of Law , Justice and Parliamentary Affairs ( 2001–2006 ) . Early life and career . Ahmed was born in 1940 in the Bengal Presidency during the British Raj . His father , Momtazuddin Ahmed , was a Sufi Islamic scholar and imam in Paribagh , Dacca , Maulana . Ahmed obtained his BA and MA in political science from the University of Dacca . He was called to the English Bar at Lincolns Inn in London in 1966 . While in the UK , Ahmed was part of a growing intellectual movement among East Pakistani students in envisioning an independent Bangladesh . After returning to Dacca , he joined the legal team of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman during the Agartala Conspiracy Case trial in 1968 . He accompanied the Bengali delegation led by Sheikh Mujib to the Rawalpindi Round Table Conference with Field Marshal Ayub Khan in 1969 . Ahmed witnessed many important developments in the run up to Bangladeshs independence . He joined the Provisional Government of Bangladesh in Calcutta during the 1971 Liberation War . He worked in its External Publicity Division . Ahmed addressed many humanitarian rallies for Bengali genocide victims . He once stirred an entire rally in London holding up a Daily Mirror article titled Birth of a Nation and crying out we are alive , but we are not yet free . Ahmed was one of the founding members of the 33 member Committee for Civil Liberties and Legal Aid which was established to protect the opposition politicians and members of civil society who were facing the wrath of the government on 31 March 1974 . Ahmed was the first Postmaster General of Bangladesh Post Office after the Independence of Bangladesh . Ahmed was jailed on orders from Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in December 1974 , but was later released . BNP and Jatiyo Party . In the late 1970s , Ahmed was courted by Lt General Ziaur Rahman , the first military dictator of Bangladesh . Between 1976 and 1978 , he served as Deputy Prime Minister . In 1977 , he led the Bangladeshi delegation to the United Nations General Assembly . He was elected to parliament from the Bangladesh Nationalist Party ( BNP ) in 1979 . Ahmeds feud with Shah Azizur Rahman led to him being sacked by Zia . In 1985 , Ahmed joined the newly formed Jatiyo Party of Lt General Hussain Muhammad Ershad . He was appointed again as Deputy Prime Minister in the cabinet and held the portfolios of the Industries Ministry and the Communications Ministry . President Ershad appointed Ahmed as Prime Minister in 1988 . Serving for a year in the office of premier , he oversaw relief operations during the catastrophic 1988 Bangladesh flood . Ahmed was invited for talks with several Western leaders , including with Margaret Thatcher at 10 Downing Street . However , Ershad replaced Ahmed with the pro-Chinese leftwinger Kazi Zafar Ahmed in 1989 . Ahmed was elevated to the post of Vice President of Bangladesh in 1989 . He resigned in December 1990 to make way for Justice Shahabuddin Ahmed to become acting president and lead the transition to parliamentary democracy . After serving a stint in prison following Ershads ousting , Ahmed was invited by Khaleda Zia to return to the BNP in 1996 . He was elected to parliament while in jail in 1996 . He was reelected for the fifth time in 2001 . Begum Zia appointed him as Minister of Law , Justice and Parliamentary Affairs in 2001 . In 2007 , the military-backed caretaker government arrested Ahmed on charges of illegal alcohol possession . But the case was dismissed at the Supreme Court in 2008 . After his release from prison , Ahmed received a jubilant reception at his constituency in Noakhali . He was reelected to parliament in 2008 . He was arrested again in 2013 by the Awami League government . His family told The Guardian that the country was turning into a prison under Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina . Ahmed joined his party in boycotting the 2014 general election . Under the Awami League administration , Ahmed and his brother Monzur faced charges of illegally occupying their properties in the posh Gulshan area of Dhaka . They maintained that the case was politically motivated . On 8 June 2017 , he was evicted from his house by Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha . Ahmed described his eviction as political vengeance by the Awami League government . Former Prime Minister and chairperson of Bangladesh Nationalist Party , Khaleda Zia , condemned the move to evict him . He had lived in the house for more than 40 years . Personal life and family . Ahmed was married to Hasna Jasimuddin Moudud , a daughter of the Bengali poet Jasimuddin . They have a daughter , poet Ana Kashfiya Moudud . Their eldest son , Asif Momtaz Moudud , died at the age of 3 . Another son , Aman Momtaj Moudud , died of dengue fever in 2015 . Ahmed was a practicing barrister in the Supreme Court of Bangladesh . He was a fellow at Heidelberg University in Germany and a visiting fellow at Harvard University in the United States . In the fall of 1997 , he was the Bland Visiting Professor at George Washington Universitys Elliott School of International Affairs . He was also a member of the Elliott Schools International Council . Death . On 30 December 2020 , Ahmed was hospitalized in Dhaka due to a decrease in haemoglobin levels and eventually suffered a stroke . A few weeks later , a pacemaker was implanted . Ahmed was hospitalized for pulmonary congestion and kidney complications in Singapore on 1 February 2021 . He died a month later on 16 March at the age of 80 . Publications . Ahmed is the author of nine books . Publications include : - Shongshod-e Ja Bolechhi , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 2006 , - South Asia : Crisis of Development-The Case of Bangladesh , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 2003 - Democracy and the Challenge of Development : a Study of Politics and Military Interventions in Bangladesh , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 1995 - Bangladesh : Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , Dhaka : The University Press Limited , 1983 , - Bangladesh : Constitutional Quest for Autonomy , South Asian Institute of Heidelberg University , 1976 and University Press Limited , Dhaka , 1979 - Chaloman Itihas , the book to inform the next generation the history of the country particularly the history of HM Ershad government . Further reading . - Md Mahmudul Hasan , “At Heidelberg with Moudud Ahmad.” New Age , Mar 20 , 2021 . https://www.newagebd.net/article/133169/at-heidelberg-with-moudud-ahmad

easy

Karl Lueger took which position from 1885 to 1890?

/wiki/Karl_Lueger#P39#0

Karl Lueger Karl Lueger ( ; 24 October 1844 – 10 March 1910 ) was an Austrian politician , mayor of Vienna , and leader and founder of the Austrian Christian Social Party . He is credited with the transformation of the city of Vienna into a modern city . The populist and antisemitic politics of his Christian Social Party are sometimes viewed as a model for Adolf Hitlers Nazism . Life and early career . Karl Lueger came from a modest background , born at Wieden ( since 1850 the 4th district of Vienna ) to Leopold Lueger of Neustadtl an der Donau and his wife Juliane . His birthplace is now the western part of the main building of the Vienna University of Technology at Karlsplatz where Luegers father worked as an usher at the Vienna Polytechnic . He nevertheless was able to attend the renowned Theresianum boarding school ( Theresianische Ritterakademie ) as a day student . He studied law at the University of Vienna , receiving his doctorate in 1870 . While at the university he was a member of the Catholic Student Association ( Katholische akademische Verbindung Norica Wien , K.A.V . Norica Wien ) , part of the Österreichische Cartellverband ( ÖCV ) fraternities . He established his own lawyers office in Vienna in 1874 and soon became known as a little peoples ( „kleinen Leute“ ) advocate . In this his role model and mentor was the popular Jewish physician and local politician Ignaz Mandl , known as God of the Little People in Luegers district of Landstraße ( Third District ) , whom he followed into political life . The association ended when Lueger became identified with antisemitism . Political career . Lueger played a part in many political spheres , including Vienna City Council where he eventually became mayor , the federal Austrian parliament , and the state parliament of Lower Austria . Viennese municipal politics . In 1875 , he was elected to Viennas City Council ( Gemeinderat ) , initially as a liberal . He would serve on the council until his death , save for a two-year break from 1876 to 1878 . He campaigned against the government of liberal mayor Cajetan Felder and achieved popularity as a campaigner against corruption . In 1888 he brought together the German National ( Deutschnationale ) and Christian Social factions at City Hall to form a group that later became known as the United Christians ( Vereinigte Christen ) . After the 1895 elections for the Vienna Gemeinderat , the Christian Socials won two thirds of the seats , ending the long Liberal rule . The Christian Social supermajority subsequently elected Lueger as mayor . However , during imperial times , mayors had to be confirmed in office by Emperor Franz Joseph . The emperor allegedly loathed Lueger as a person and considered him a dangerous revolutionary . He was also concerned about Luegers antisemitism . With the support of Prime Minister Kasimir Felix Badeni , Franz Joseph refused to confirm Lueger as mayor . The Christian Socials retained a large majority in the council , and reelected Lueger as mayor three more times , only to have Franz Joseph refuse to confirm him each time . He was elected mayor for a fifth time in 1897 , and after a personal intercession by Pope Leo XIII , his election was finally sanctioned later that year . He was a zealous Catholic and wished to “capture the university” for the Church . He would have neither Social Democrats nor Pan-Germans nor Jews in the municipal administration . He secured good treatment for Czech immigrants . He planned to make Vienna one of the most beautiful of garden cities . In his incumbency , Lueger is credited with the extension of the public water supply by its second main aquifer ( Hochquellwasserleitung ) , which provides tap water of mineral-water quality to large parts of the city . He also pursued the municipalization of gas and electricity works as well as the establishment of a public transport system , introducing streetcars , and of numerous institutions of social welfare , most of which strongly relied on debt financing . He incorporated the suburbs , and built parks , gardens , hospitals , and schools . Der schöne Karl ( handsome Karl ) achieved tremendous popularity among the citizens . During his tenure , Vienna ultimately changed its appearance as the capital of a great power of the pre-World War I era—a heritage that remained even in Red Vienna after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918 . A significant part of the infrastructure and organisations that are responsible for the high standard of living in the contemporary city were created during his terms of office . Lueger served as mayor of Vienna until his early death from diabetes mellitus in 1910 . He was buried in the crypt of the newly erected St . Charles Borromeo Church at the Zentralfriedhof ( also called Dr . Karl Lueger Memorial Church ) , whose groundbreaking ceremony he had performed . Christian Social movement . Luegers early political life was associated with Georg von Schönerer and the German National Party , which was antisemitic . From the late 1880s onwards Lueger was a regular attendee at the influential circles of clerical social conservative politicians around Karl von Vogelsang , Prince Aloys Franz de Paula Maria of Liechtenstein , and the theologian Franz Martin Schindler . In view of the rising labour movement , the participants on the basis of Catholic social teaching developed ideas to overcome social polarisation by several measures of social security legislation and the common Catholic faith . Moreover , after an 1882 electoral reform had expanded the electorate suffrage , Lueger focussed on petty bourgeois tradespersons , who assumed the Jewish competition to be the underlying cause of their precarious situation , and discovered that raising the Jewish Question earned him enormous popularity . In 1885 he was elected to the lower house ( Abgeordnetenhaus ) of the Austrian Imperial Parliament ( Reichsrat ) , representig the Fifth District of Vienna , and was returned in the 1891 election . From 1890 he was also a member of the Lower Austria parliament ( Landtag ) . Lueger , Prince Liechtenstein , Vogelsang and Schindler met regularly at the Hotel Zur goldenen Ente ( Golden Duck , Riemergasse 4 ) in Viennas First District , and would refer to their meetings as Enten-Abende ( Duck Evenings ) . This working group became the focus for social reform , and they organised the Second Austrian Katholikentag in 1889 . From this Schindler developed the platform of the fledgling Christian Social Party ( Christlichsoziale Partei , CS ) . Lueger was to found and lead the party in 1893 , which quickly rivaled the Social Democrats ( Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs , SPÖ ) . He remained one of its most effective leaders till his death and developed his partys federation policy as a means of dealing with the monarchys issues of multiple nationalities . Much of Luegers popularity stemmed from his appeal to women ; his female followers were variously known as Luegers Amazons , the Lueger Garde or Lueger Gretls and were organised in the Christian Social Womens League . Although women could not vote , he calculated that they could significantly influence how their menfolk voted , and they also inculcated the party ideology in their children . To maintain his female following , Lueger remained a bachelor and publicly disavowed any private life , claiming that he was too busy because he belonged totally to my Viennese . After his death there was a scandal when his long-time mistress , Marianne Beskiba , published a tell-all memoir including facsimiles of love letters from him ; the book provides useful information about his political tactics and how the party was run . Antisemitism . Lueger was known for his antisemitic rhetoric and referred to himself as an admirer of Edouard Drumont , who founded the Antisemitic League of France in 1889 . Decades later , Adolf Hitler , an inhabitant of Vienna from 1907 to 1913 , saw him as an inspiration for his own views on Jews . Though not an explicit pan-Germanist , Lueger advocated racist policies against non-German speaking minorities in Austria-Hungary and in 1887 voted for a bill proposed by his long-time opponent Georg von Schönerer to restrict the immigration of Russian and Romanian Jews . He also overtly supported the völkisch movement of Guido von List and created the pun Judapest , referring to supposed Jewish domination of the Hungarian capital , Budapest . The historian Léon Poliakov wrote in The History of Anti-Semitism : It soon became apparent that especially in Vienna any political group that wanted to appeal to the artisans had no chance of success without an anti-Semitic platform . [ ... ] It was at that time that a well-known phrase was coined in Vienna : Anti-Semitism is the socialism of fools . The situation was exploited by the Catholic politician Karl Lueger , the leader of Austrian Christian-Social party with a program identical to that of the Berlin party of the same name led by Pastor Stoeker . In 1887 , Lueger raised the banner of anti-Semitism . [ ... ] However , the enthusiastic tribute that Hitler paid him in Mein Kampf does not seem justified , for the Jews did not suffer under his administration . Other observers contend that Luegers public racism was in large part a pose to obtain votes , being one of the first who made use of populism as a political tool . Historian William L . Shirer wrote that his opponents , including the Jews , readily conceded that he was at heart a decent , chivalrous , generous and tolerant man . According to Amos Elon , Luegers anti-Semitism was of a homespun , flexible variety—one might almost say gemütlich . Asked to explain the fact that many of his friends were Jews , Lueger famously replied , I decide who is a Jew . Viennese Jewish writer Stefan Zweig , who grew up in Vienna during Luegers term of office , recalled that His city administration was perfectly just and even typically democratic . German nationalism . Lueger expressed some scepticism about German nationalism , but as with his antisemitism was quick to exploit the sentiments for his own political purposes . He opposed Austro-Hungarian dualism in favour of federalism and the equality of all the nations making up the empire . Further influences . His general style of politics later inspired some of the right-wing leaders of the First Austrian Republic in 1918–1933 , such as Ignaz Seipel , Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg , who led the Austrian society towards Austrofascism . Unlike Hitler , he did not so much inspire antisemitism in them ( none of these three were particularly antisemitic ) , but rather provided one important role model for their generally combative , unrelenting stance towards ideological political opponents , which ultimately proved to be detrimental to the cohesion of the Austrian state . In Vienna , Lueger has a square named after him , at least two statues were erected in his honour , and until April 2012 a section of the Ringstraße bore his name . It has been very difficult to decide what to do with monuments honouring historical figures whose reputation has been widely called into question as Europeans ( and others ) reflect on the historical background to the holocaust . With the Anschluss of Austria in 1938 street names carrying Jewish names or the names of pacifists were changed . After World War II , Austria started a full-scale program of de-Nazification on both cultural and topographical levels . Nazified street signs were torn down and their names changed back from Nazi to Habsburg heroes . Luegers monuments present a difficult case because they are genuinely local , yet he was inspirational for the Nazis . For some , the Lueger monuments show that Vienna has neglected its obligations to the victims of the Holocaust in order to keep its nostalgic appeal as the grand Imperial City . For example , when Austrian-born neurobiologist Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000 , he stuck it to the Austrians by saying it was certainly not an Austrian Nobel ; it was a Jewish-American Nobel . He was subsequently telephoned by the Austrian president Thomas Klestil who asked him , How can we put things right ? Kandel said that first , Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed . Kandel was offended that the address of the University of Vienna is on that street . After yearlong debates , the Ring was renamed to Universitätsring in April 2012 . The monument to Lueger at Dr . Karl Lueger Platz at the Stubenring as well as the memorial plaque at the TU Wien have since been contextualized by descriptions highlighting Luegers antisemitism and his influence on National Socialism . Lueger was the subject of a 1943 biopic Vienna 1910 , in which he was played by Rudolf Forster . External links . - Photo of monument Dr . Karl Lueger Platz , Vienna - Karl Lueger And The Twilight Of Imperial Vienna - Pressure group to transform the Karl Lueger statue into a monument against anti-Semitism and racism in Austria

easy

What was the position of Karl Lueger from 1890 to 1897?

/wiki/Karl_Lueger#P39#1

Karl Lueger Karl Lueger ( ; 24 October 1844 – 10 March 1910 ) was an Austrian politician , mayor of Vienna , and leader and founder of the Austrian Christian Social Party . He is credited with the transformation of the city of Vienna into a modern city . The populist and antisemitic politics of his Christian Social Party are sometimes viewed as a model for Adolf Hitlers Nazism . Life and early career . Karl Lueger came from a modest background , born at Wieden ( since 1850 the 4th district of Vienna ) to Leopold Lueger of Neustadtl an der Donau and his wife Juliane . His birthplace is now the western part of the main building of the Vienna University of Technology at Karlsplatz where Luegers father worked as an usher at the Vienna Polytechnic . He nevertheless was able to attend the renowned Theresianum boarding school ( Theresianische Ritterakademie ) as a day student . He studied law at the University of Vienna , receiving his doctorate in 1870 . While at the university he was a member of the Catholic Student Association ( Katholische akademische Verbindung Norica Wien , K.A.V . Norica Wien ) , part of the Österreichische Cartellverband ( ÖCV ) fraternities . He established his own lawyers office in Vienna in 1874 and soon became known as a little peoples ( „kleinen Leute“ ) advocate . In this his role model and mentor was the popular Jewish physician and local politician Ignaz Mandl , known as God of the Little People in Luegers district of Landstraße ( Third District ) , whom he followed into political life . The association ended when Lueger became identified with antisemitism . Political career . Lueger played a part in many political spheres , including Vienna City Council where he eventually became mayor , the federal Austrian parliament , and the state parliament of Lower Austria . Viennese municipal politics . In 1875 , he was elected to Viennas City Council ( Gemeinderat ) , initially as a liberal . He would serve on the council until his death , save for a two-year break from 1876 to 1878 . He campaigned against the government of liberal mayor Cajetan Felder and achieved popularity as a campaigner against corruption . In 1888 he brought together the German National ( Deutschnationale ) and Christian Social factions at City Hall to form a group that later became known as the United Christians ( Vereinigte Christen ) . After the 1895 elections for the Vienna Gemeinderat , the Christian Socials won two thirds of the seats , ending the long Liberal rule . The Christian Social supermajority subsequently elected Lueger as mayor . However , during imperial times , mayors had to be confirmed in office by Emperor Franz Joseph . The emperor allegedly loathed Lueger as a person and considered him a dangerous revolutionary . He was also concerned about Luegers antisemitism . With the support of Prime Minister Kasimir Felix Badeni , Franz Joseph refused to confirm Lueger as mayor . The Christian Socials retained a large majority in the council , and reelected Lueger as mayor three more times , only to have Franz Joseph refuse to confirm him each time . He was elected mayor for a fifth time in 1897 , and after a personal intercession by Pope Leo XIII , his election was finally sanctioned later that year . He was a zealous Catholic and wished to “capture the university” for the Church . He would have neither Social Democrats nor Pan-Germans nor Jews in the municipal administration . He secured good treatment for Czech immigrants . He planned to make Vienna one of the most beautiful of garden cities . In his incumbency , Lueger is credited with the extension of the public water supply by its second main aquifer ( Hochquellwasserleitung ) , which provides tap water of mineral-water quality to large parts of the city . He also pursued the municipalization of gas and electricity works as well as the establishment of a public transport system , introducing streetcars , and of numerous institutions of social welfare , most of which strongly relied on debt financing . He incorporated the suburbs , and built parks , gardens , hospitals , and schools . Der schöne Karl ( handsome Karl ) achieved tremendous popularity among the citizens . During his tenure , Vienna ultimately changed its appearance as the capital of a great power of the pre-World War I era—a heritage that remained even in Red Vienna after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918 . A significant part of the infrastructure and organisations that are responsible for the high standard of living in the contemporary city were created during his terms of office . Lueger served as mayor of Vienna until his early death from diabetes mellitus in 1910 . He was buried in the crypt of the newly erected St . Charles Borromeo Church at the Zentralfriedhof ( also called Dr . Karl Lueger Memorial Church ) , whose groundbreaking ceremony he had performed . Christian Social movement . Luegers early political life was associated with Georg von Schönerer and the German National Party , which was antisemitic . From the late 1880s onwards Lueger was a regular attendee at the influential circles of clerical social conservative politicians around Karl von Vogelsang , Prince Aloys Franz de Paula Maria of Liechtenstein , and the theologian Franz Martin Schindler . In view of the rising labour movement , the participants on the basis of Catholic social teaching developed ideas to overcome social polarisation by several measures of social security legislation and the common Catholic faith . Moreover , after an 1882 electoral reform had expanded the electorate suffrage , Lueger focussed on petty bourgeois tradespersons , who assumed the Jewish competition to be the underlying cause of their precarious situation , and discovered that raising the Jewish Question earned him enormous popularity . In 1885 he was elected to the lower house ( Abgeordnetenhaus ) of the Austrian Imperial Parliament ( Reichsrat ) , representig the Fifth District of Vienna , and was returned in the 1891 election . From 1890 he was also a member of the Lower Austria parliament ( Landtag ) . Lueger , Prince Liechtenstein , Vogelsang and Schindler met regularly at the Hotel Zur goldenen Ente ( Golden Duck , Riemergasse 4 ) in Viennas First District , and would refer to their meetings as Enten-Abende ( Duck Evenings ) . This working group became the focus for social reform , and they organised the Second Austrian Katholikentag in 1889 . From this Schindler developed the platform of the fledgling Christian Social Party ( Christlichsoziale Partei , CS ) . Lueger was to found and lead the party in 1893 , which quickly rivaled the Social Democrats ( Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs , SPÖ ) . He remained one of its most effective leaders till his death and developed his partys federation policy as a means of dealing with the monarchys issues of multiple nationalities . Much of Luegers popularity stemmed from his appeal to women ; his female followers were variously known as Luegers Amazons , the Lueger Garde or Lueger Gretls and were organised in the Christian Social Womens League . Although women could not vote , he calculated that they could significantly influence how their menfolk voted , and they also inculcated the party ideology in their children . To maintain his female following , Lueger remained a bachelor and publicly disavowed any private life , claiming that he was too busy because he belonged totally to my Viennese . After his death there was a scandal when his long-time mistress , Marianne Beskiba , published a tell-all memoir including facsimiles of love letters from him ; the book provides useful information about his political tactics and how the party was run . Antisemitism . Lueger was known for his antisemitic rhetoric and referred to himself as an admirer of Edouard Drumont , who founded the Antisemitic League of France in 1889 . Decades later , Adolf Hitler , an inhabitant of Vienna from 1907 to 1913 , saw him as an inspiration for his own views on Jews . Though not an explicit pan-Germanist , Lueger advocated racist policies against non-German speaking minorities in Austria-Hungary and in 1887 voted for a bill proposed by his long-time opponent Georg von Schönerer to restrict the immigration of Russian and Romanian Jews . He also overtly supported the völkisch movement of Guido von List and created the pun Judapest , referring to supposed Jewish domination of the Hungarian capital , Budapest . The historian Léon Poliakov wrote in The History of Anti-Semitism : It soon became apparent that especially in Vienna any political group that wanted to appeal to the artisans had no chance of success without an anti-Semitic platform . [ ... ] It was at that time that a well-known phrase was coined in Vienna : Anti-Semitism is the socialism of fools . The situation was exploited by the Catholic politician Karl Lueger , the leader of Austrian Christian-Social party with a program identical to that of the Berlin party of the same name led by Pastor Stoeker . In 1887 , Lueger raised the banner of anti-Semitism . [ ... ] However , the enthusiastic tribute that Hitler paid him in Mein Kampf does not seem justified , for the Jews did not suffer under his administration . Other observers contend that Luegers public racism was in large part a pose to obtain votes , being one of the first who made use of populism as a political tool . Historian William L . Shirer wrote that his opponents , including the Jews , readily conceded that he was at heart a decent , chivalrous , generous and tolerant man . According to Amos Elon , Luegers anti-Semitism was of a homespun , flexible variety—one might almost say gemütlich . Asked to explain the fact that many of his friends were Jews , Lueger famously replied , I decide who is a Jew . Viennese Jewish writer Stefan Zweig , who grew up in Vienna during Luegers term of office , recalled that His city administration was perfectly just and even typically democratic . German nationalism . Lueger expressed some scepticism about German nationalism , but as with his antisemitism was quick to exploit the sentiments for his own political purposes . He opposed Austro-Hungarian dualism in favour of federalism and the equality of all the nations making up the empire . Further influences . His general style of politics later inspired some of the right-wing leaders of the First Austrian Republic in 1918–1933 , such as Ignaz Seipel , Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg , who led the Austrian society towards Austrofascism . Unlike Hitler , he did not so much inspire antisemitism in them ( none of these three were particularly antisemitic ) , but rather provided one important role model for their generally combative , unrelenting stance towards ideological political opponents , which ultimately proved to be detrimental to the cohesion of the Austrian state . In Vienna , Lueger has a square named after him , at least two statues were erected in his honour , and until April 2012 a section of the Ringstraße bore his name . It has been very difficult to decide what to do with monuments honouring historical figures whose reputation has been widely called into question as Europeans ( and others ) reflect on the historical background to the holocaust . With the Anschluss of Austria in 1938 street names carrying Jewish names or the names of pacifists were changed . After World War II , Austria started a full-scale program of de-Nazification on both cultural and topographical levels . Nazified street signs were torn down and their names changed back from Nazi to Habsburg heroes . Luegers monuments present a difficult case because they are genuinely local , yet he was inspirational for the Nazis . For some , the Lueger monuments show that Vienna has neglected its obligations to the victims of the Holocaust in order to keep its nostalgic appeal as the grand Imperial City . For example , when Austrian-born neurobiologist Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000 , he stuck it to the Austrians by saying it was certainly not an Austrian Nobel ; it was a Jewish-American Nobel . He was subsequently telephoned by the Austrian president Thomas Klestil who asked him , How can we put things right ? Kandel said that first , Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed . Kandel was offended that the address of the University of Vienna is on that street . After yearlong debates , the Ring was renamed to Universitätsring in April 2012 . The monument to Lueger at Dr . Karl Lueger Platz at the Stubenring as well as the memorial plaque at the TU Wien have since been contextualized by descriptions highlighting Luegers antisemitism and his influence on National Socialism . Lueger was the subject of a 1943 biopic Vienna 1910 , in which he was played by Rudolf Forster . External links . - Photo of monument Dr . Karl Lueger Platz , Vienna - Karl Lueger And The Twilight Of Imperial Vienna - Pressure group to transform the Karl Lueger statue into a monument against anti-Semitism and racism in Austria

easy

What position did Karl Lueger take from 1897 to 1910?

/wiki/Karl_Lueger#P39#2

Karl Lueger Karl Lueger ( ; 24 October 1844 – 10 March 1910 ) was an Austrian politician , mayor of Vienna , and leader and founder of the Austrian Christian Social Party . He is credited with the transformation of the city of Vienna into a modern city . The populist and antisemitic politics of his Christian Social Party are sometimes viewed as a model for Adolf Hitlers Nazism . Life and early career . Karl Lueger came from a modest background , born at Wieden ( since 1850 the 4th district of Vienna ) to Leopold Lueger of Neustadtl an der Donau and his wife Juliane . His birthplace is now the western part of the main building of the Vienna University of Technology at Karlsplatz where Luegers father worked as an usher at the Vienna Polytechnic . He nevertheless was able to attend the renowned Theresianum boarding school ( Theresianische Ritterakademie ) as a day student . He studied law at the University of Vienna , receiving his doctorate in 1870 . While at the university he was a member of the Catholic Student Association ( Katholische akademische Verbindung Norica Wien , K.A.V . Norica Wien ) , part of the Österreichische Cartellverband ( ÖCV ) fraternities . He established his own lawyers office in Vienna in 1874 and soon became known as a little peoples ( „kleinen Leute“ ) advocate . In this his role model and mentor was the popular Jewish physician and local politician Ignaz Mandl , known as God of the Little People in Luegers district of Landstraße ( Third District ) , whom he followed into political life . The association ended when Lueger became identified with antisemitism . Political career . Lueger played a part in many political spheres , including Vienna City Council where he eventually became mayor , the federal Austrian parliament , and the state parliament of Lower Austria . Viennese municipal politics . In 1875 , he was elected to Viennas City Council ( Gemeinderat ) , initially as a liberal . He would serve on the council until his death , save for a two-year break from 1876 to 1878 . He campaigned against the government of liberal mayor Cajetan Felder and achieved popularity as a campaigner against corruption . In 1888 he brought together the German National ( Deutschnationale ) and Christian Social factions at City Hall to form a group that later became known as the United Christians ( Vereinigte Christen ) . After the 1895 elections for the Vienna Gemeinderat , the Christian Socials won two thirds of the seats , ending the long Liberal rule . The Christian Social supermajority subsequently elected Lueger as mayor . However , during imperial times , mayors had to be confirmed in office by Emperor Franz Joseph . The emperor allegedly loathed Lueger as a person and considered him a dangerous revolutionary . He was also concerned about Luegers antisemitism . With the support of Prime Minister Kasimir Felix Badeni , Franz Joseph refused to confirm Lueger as mayor . The Christian Socials retained a large majority in the council , and reelected Lueger as mayor three more times , only to have Franz Joseph refuse to confirm him each time . He was elected mayor for a fifth time in 1897 , and after a personal intercession by Pope Leo XIII , his election was finally sanctioned later that year . He was a zealous Catholic and wished to “capture the university” for the Church . He would have neither Social Democrats nor Pan-Germans nor Jews in the municipal administration . He secured good treatment for Czech immigrants . He planned to make Vienna one of the most beautiful of garden cities . In his incumbency , Lueger is credited with the extension of the public water supply by its second main aquifer ( Hochquellwasserleitung ) , which provides tap water of mineral-water quality to large parts of the city . He also pursued the municipalization of gas and electricity works as well as the establishment of a public transport system , introducing streetcars , and of numerous institutions of social welfare , most of which strongly relied on debt financing . He incorporated the suburbs , and built parks , gardens , hospitals , and schools . Der schöne Karl ( handsome Karl ) achieved tremendous popularity among the citizens . During his tenure , Vienna ultimately changed its appearance as the capital of a great power of the pre-World War I era—a heritage that remained even in Red Vienna after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918 . A significant part of the infrastructure and organisations that are responsible for the high standard of living in the contemporary city were created during his terms of office . Lueger served as mayor of Vienna until his early death from diabetes mellitus in 1910 . He was buried in the crypt of the newly erected St . Charles Borromeo Church at the Zentralfriedhof ( also called Dr . Karl Lueger Memorial Church ) , whose groundbreaking ceremony he had performed . Christian Social movement . Luegers early political life was associated with Georg von Schönerer and the German National Party , which was antisemitic . From the late 1880s onwards Lueger was a regular attendee at the influential circles of clerical social conservative politicians around Karl von Vogelsang , Prince Aloys Franz de Paula Maria of Liechtenstein , and the theologian Franz Martin Schindler . In view of the rising labour movement , the participants on the basis of Catholic social teaching developed ideas to overcome social polarisation by several measures of social security legislation and the common Catholic faith . Moreover , after an 1882 electoral reform had expanded the electorate suffrage , Lueger focussed on petty bourgeois tradespersons , who assumed the Jewish competition to be the underlying cause of their precarious situation , and discovered that raising the Jewish Question earned him enormous popularity . In 1885 he was elected to the lower house ( Abgeordnetenhaus ) of the Austrian Imperial Parliament ( Reichsrat ) , representig the Fifth District of Vienna , and was returned in the 1891 election . From 1890 he was also a member of the Lower Austria parliament ( Landtag ) . Lueger , Prince Liechtenstein , Vogelsang and Schindler met regularly at the Hotel Zur goldenen Ente ( Golden Duck , Riemergasse 4 ) in Viennas First District , and would refer to their meetings as Enten-Abende ( Duck Evenings ) . This working group became the focus for social reform , and they organised the Second Austrian Katholikentag in 1889 . From this Schindler developed the platform of the fledgling Christian Social Party ( Christlichsoziale Partei , CS ) . Lueger was to found and lead the party in 1893 , which quickly rivaled the Social Democrats ( Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs , SPÖ ) . He remained one of its most effective leaders till his death and developed his partys federation policy as a means of dealing with the monarchys issues of multiple nationalities . Much of Luegers popularity stemmed from his appeal to women ; his female followers were variously known as Luegers Amazons , the Lueger Garde or Lueger Gretls and were organised in the Christian Social Womens League . Although women could not vote , he calculated that they could significantly influence how their menfolk voted , and they also inculcated the party ideology in their children . To maintain his female following , Lueger remained a bachelor and publicly disavowed any private life , claiming that he was too busy because he belonged totally to my Viennese . After his death there was a scandal when his long-time mistress , Marianne Beskiba , published a tell-all memoir including facsimiles of love letters from him ; the book provides useful information about his political tactics and how the party was run . Antisemitism . Lueger was known for his antisemitic rhetoric and referred to himself as an admirer of Edouard Drumont , who founded the Antisemitic League of France in 1889 . Decades later , Adolf Hitler , an inhabitant of Vienna from 1907 to 1913 , saw him as an inspiration for his own views on Jews . Though not an explicit pan-Germanist , Lueger advocated racist policies against non-German speaking minorities in Austria-Hungary and in 1887 voted for a bill proposed by his long-time opponent Georg von Schönerer to restrict the immigration of Russian and Romanian Jews . He also overtly supported the völkisch movement of Guido von List and created the pun Judapest , referring to supposed Jewish domination of the Hungarian capital , Budapest . The historian Léon Poliakov wrote in The History of Anti-Semitism : It soon became apparent that especially in Vienna any political group that wanted to appeal to the artisans had no chance of success without an anti-Semitic platform . [ ... ] It was at that time that a well-known phrase was coined in Vienna : Anti-Semitism is the socialism of fools . The situation was exploited by the Catholic politician Karl Lueger , the leader of Austrian Christian-Social party with a program identical to that of the Berlin party of the same name led by Pastor Stoeker . In 1887 , Lueger raised the banner of anti-Semitism . [ ... ] However , the enthusiastic tribute that Hitler paid him in Mein Kampf does not seem justified , for the Jews did not suffer under his administration . Other observers contend that Luegers public racism was in large part a pose to obtain votes , being one of the first who made use of populism as a political tool . Historian William L . Shirer wrote that his opponents , including the Jews , readily conceded that he was at heart a decent , chivalrous , generous and tolerant man . According to Amos Elon , Luegers anti-Semitism was of a homespun , flexible variety—one might almost say gemütlich . Asked to explain the fact that many of his friends were Jews , Lueger famously replied , I decide who is a Jew . Viennese Jewish writer Stefan Zweig , who grew up in Vienna during Luegers term of office , recalled that His city administration was perfectly just and even typically democratic . German nationalism . Lueger expressed some scepticism about German nationalism , but as with his antisemitism was quick to exploit the sentiments for his own political purposes . He opposed Austro-Hungarian dualism in favour of federalism and the equality of all the nations making up the empire . Further influences . His general style of politics later inspired some of the right-wing leaders of the First Austrian Republic in 1918–1933 , such as Ignaz Seipel , Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg , who led the Austrian society towards Austrofascism . Unlike Hitler , he did not so much inspire antisemitism in them ( none of these three were particularly antisemitic ) , but rather provided one important role model for their generally combative , unrelenting stance towards ideological political opponents , which ultimately proved to be detrimental to the cohesion of the Austrian state . In Vienna , Lueger has a square named after him , at least two statues were erected in his honour , and until April 2012 a section of the Ringstraße bore his name . It has been very difficult to decide what to do with monuments honouring historical figures whose reputation has been widely called into question as Europeans ( and others ) reflect on the historical background to the holocaust . With the Anschluss of Austria in 1938 street names carrying Jewish names or the names of pacifists were changed . After World War II , Austria started a full-scale program of de-Nazification on both cultural and topographical levels . Nazified street signs were torn down and their names changed back from Nazi to Habsburg heroes . Luegers monuments present a difficult case because they are genuinely local , yet he was inspirational for the Nazis . For some , the Lueger monuments show that Vienna has neglected its obligations to the victims of the Holocaust in order to keep its nostalgic appeal as the grand Imperial City . For example , when Austrian-born neurobiologist Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000 , he stuck it to the Austrians by saying it was certainly not an Austrian Nobel ; it was a Jewish-American Nobel . He was subsequently telephoned by the Austrian president Thomas Klestil who asked him , How can we put things right ? Kandel said that first , Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed . Kandel was offended that the address of the University of Vienna is on that street . After yearlong debates , the Ring was renamed to Universitätsring in April 2012 . The monument to Lueger at Dr . Karl Lueger Platz at the Stubenring as well as the memorial plaque at the TU Wien have since been contextualized by descriptions highlighting Luegers antisemitism and his influence on National Socialism . Lueger was the subject of a 1943 biopic Vienna 1910 , in which he was played by Rudolf Forster . External links . - Photo of monument Dr . Karl Lueger Platz , Vienna - Karl Lueger And The Twilight Of Imperial Vienna - Pressure group to transform the Karl Lueger statue into a monument against anti-Semitism and racism in Austria

easy

Which position did Karl Lueger hold from 1910 to 1911?

/wiki/Karl_Lueger#P39#3

Karl Lueger Karl Lueger ( ; 24 October 1844 – 10 March 1910 ) was an Austrian politician , mayor of Vienna , and leader and founder of the Austrian Christian Social Party . He is credited with the transformation of the city of Vienna into a modern city . The populist and antisemitic politics of his Christian Social Party are sometimes viewed as a model for Adolf Hitlers Nazism . Life and early career . Karl Lueger came from a modest background , born at Wieden ( since 1850 the 4th district of Vienna ) to Leopold Lueger of Neustadtl an der Donau and his wife Juliane . His birthplace is now the western part of the main building of the Vienna University of Technology at Karlsplatz where Luegers father worked as an usher at the Vienna Polytechnic . He nevertheless was able to attend the renowned Theresianum boarding school ( Theresianische Ritterakademie ) as a day student . He studied law at the University of Vienna , receiving his doctorate in 1870 . While at the university he was a member of the Catholic Student Association ( Katholische akademische Verbindung Norica Wien , K.A.V . Norica Wien ) , part of the Österreichische Cartellverband ( ÖCV ) fraternities . He established his own lawyers office in Vienna in 1874 and soon became known as a little peoples ( „kleinen Leute“ ) advocate . In this his role model and mentor was the popular Jewish physician and local politician Ignaz Mandl , known as God of the Little People in Luegers district of Landstraße ( Third District ) , whom he followed into political life . The association ended when Lueger became identified with antisemitism . Political career . Lueger played a part in many political spheres , including Vienna City Council where he eventually became mayor , the federal Austrian parliament , and the state parliament of Lower Austria . Viennese municipal politics . In 1875 , he was elected to Viennas City Council ( Gemeinderat ) , initially as a liberal . He would serve on the council until his death , save for a two-year break from 1876 to 1878 . He campaigned against the government of liberal mayor Cajetan Felder and achieved popularity as a campaigner against corruption . In 1888 he brought together the German National ( Deutschnationale ) and Christian Social factions at City Hall to form a group that later became known as the United Christians ( Vereinigte Christen ) . After the 1895 elections for the Vienna Gemeinderat , the Christian Socials won two thirds of the seats , ending the long Liberal rule . The Christian Social supermajority subsequently elected Lueger as mayor . However , during imperial times , mayors had to be confirmed in office by Emperor Franz Joseph . The emperor allegedly loathed Lueger as a person and considered him a dangerous revolutionary . He was also concerned about Luegers antisemitism . With the support of Prime Minister Kasimir Felix Badeni , Franz Joseph refused to confirm Lueger as mayor . The Christian Socials retained a large majority in the council , and reelected Lueger as mayor three more times , only to have Franz Joseph refuse to confirm him each time . He was elected mayor for a fifth time in 1897 , and after a personal intercession by Pope Leo XIII , his election was finally sanctioned later that year . He was a zealous Catholic and wished to “capture the university” for the Church . He would have neither Social Democrats nor Pan-Germans nor Jews in the municipal administration . He secured good treatment for Czech immigrants . He planned to make Vienna one of the most beautiful of garden cities . In his incumbency , Lueger is credited with the extension of the public water supply by its second main aquifer ( Hochquellwasserleitung ) , which provides tap water of mineral-water quality to large parts of the city . He also pursued the municipalization of gas and electricity works as well as the establishment of a public transport system , introducing streetcars , and of numerous institutions of social welfare , most of which strongly relied on debt financing . He incorporated the suburbs , and built parks , gardens , hospitals , and schools . Der schöne Karl ( handsome Karl ) achieved tremendous popularity among the citizens . During his tenure , Vienna ultimately changed its appearance as the capital of a great power of the pre-World War I era—a heritage that remained even in Red Vienna after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918 . A significant part of the infrastructure and organisations that are responsible for the high standard of living in the contemporary city were created during his terms of office . Lueger served as mayor of Vienna until his early death from diabetes mellitus in 1910 . He was buried in the crypt of the newly erected St . Charles Borromeo Church at the Zentralfriedhof ( also called Dr . Karl Lueger Memorial Church ) , whose groundbreaking ceremony he had performed . Christian Social movement . Luegers early political life was associated with Georg von Schönerer and the German National Party , which was antisemitic . From the late 1880s onwards Lueger was a regular attendee at the influential circles of clerical social conservative politicians around Karl von Vogelsang , Prince Aloys Franz de Paula Maria of Liechtenstein , and the theologian Franz Martin Schindler . In view of the rising labour movement , the participants on the basis of Catholic social teaching developed ideas to overcome social polarisation by several measures of social security legislation and the common Catholic faith . Moreover , after an 1882 electoral reform had expanded the electorate suffrage , Lueger focussed on petty bourgeois tradespersons , who assumed the Jewish competition to be the underlying cause of their precarious situation , and discovered that raising the Jewish Question earned him enormous popularity . In 1885 he was elected to the lower house ( Abgeordnetenhaus ) of the Austrian Imperial Parliament ( Reichsrat ) , representig the Fifth District of Vienna , and was returned in the 1891 election . From 1890 he was also a member of the Lower Austria parliament ( Landtag ) . Lueger , Prince Liechtenstein , Vogelsang and Schindler met regularly at the Hotel Zur goldenen Ente ( Golden Duck , Riemergasse 4 ) in Viennas First District , and would refer to their meetings as Enten-Abende ( Duck Evenings ) . This working group became the focus for social reform , and they organised the Second Austrian Katholikentag in 1889 . From this Schindler developed the platform of the fledgling Christian Social Party ( Christlichsoziale Partei , CS ) . Lueger was to found and lead the party in 1893 , which quickly rivaled the Social Democrats ( Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs , SPÖ ) . He remained one of its most effective leaders till his death and developed his partys federation policy as a means of dealing with the monarchys issues of multiple nationalities . Much of Luegers popularity stemmed from his appeal to women ; his female followers were variously known as Luegers Amazons , the Lueger Garde or Lueger Gretls and were organised in the Christian Social Womens League . Although women could not vote , he calculated that they could significantly influence how their menfolk voted , and they also inculcated the party ideology in their children . To maintain his female following , Lueger remained a bachelor and publicly disavowed any private life , claiming that he was too busy because he belonged totally to my Viennese . After his death there was a scandal when his long-time mistress , Marianne Beskiba , published a tell-all memoir including facsimiles of love letters from him ; the book provides useful information about his political tactics and how the party was run . Antisemitism . Lueger was known for his antisemitic rhetoric and referred to himself as an admirer of Edouard Drumont , who founded the Antisemitic League of France in 1889 . Decades later , Adolf Hitler , an inhabitant of Vienna from 1907 to 1913 , saw him as an inspiration for his own views on Jews . Though not an explicit pan-Germanist , Lueger advocated racist policies against non-German speaking minorities in Austria-Hungary and in 1887 voted for a bill proposed by his long-time opponent Georg von Schönerer to restrict the immigration of Russian and Romanian Jews . He also overtly supported the völkisch movement of Guido von List and created the pun Judapest , referring to supposed Jewish domination of the Hungarian capital , Budapest . The historian Léon Poliakov wrote in The History of Anti-Semitism : It soon became apparent that especially in Vienna any political group that wanted to appeal to the artisans had no chance of success without an anti-Semitic platform . [ ... ] It was at that time that a well-known phrase was coined in Vienna : Anti-Semitism is the socialism of fools . The situation was exploited by the Catholic politician Karl Lueger , the leader of Austrian Christian-Social party with a program identical to that of the Berlin party of the same name led by Pastor Stoeker . In 1887 , Lueger raised the banner of anti-Semitism . [ ... ] However , the enthusiastic tribute that Hitler paid him in Mein Kampf does not seem justified , for the Jews did not suffer under his administration . Other observers contend that Luegers public racism was in large part a pose to obtain votes , being one of the first who made use of populism as a political tool . Historian William L . Shirer wrote that his opponents , including the Jews , readily conceded that he was at heart a decent , chivalrous , generous and tolerant man . According to Amos Elon , Luegers anti-Semitism was of a homespun , flexible variety—one might almost say gemütlich . Asked to explain the fact that many of his friends were Jews , Lueger famously replied , I decide who is a Jew . Viennese Jewish writer Stefan Zweig , who grew up in Vienna during Luegers term of office , recalled that His city administration was perfectly just and even typically democratic . German nationalism . Lueger expressed some scepticism about German nationalism , but as with his antisemitism was quick to exploit the sentiments for his own political purposes . He opposed Austro-Hungarian dualism in favour of federalism and the equality of all the nations making up the empire . Further influences . His general style of politics later inspired some of the right-wing leaders of the First Austrian Republic in 1918–1933 , such as Ignaz Seipel , Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg , who led the Austrian society towards Austrofascism . Unlike Hitler , he did not so much inspire antisemitism in them ( none of these three were particularly antisemitic ) , but rather provided one important role model for their generally combative , unrelenting stance towards ideological political opponents , which ultimately proved to be detrimental to the cohesion of the Austrian state . In Vienna , Lueger has a square named after him , at least two statues were erected in his honour , and until April 2012 a section of the Ringstraße bore his name . It has been very difficult to decide what to do with monuments honouring historical figures whose reputation has been widely called into question as Europeans ( and others ) reflect on the historical background to the holocaust . With the Anschluss of Austria in 1938 street names carrying Jewish names or the names of pacifists were changed . After World War II , Austria started a full-scale program of de-Nazification on both cultural and topographical levels . Nazified street signs were torn down and their names changed back from Nazi to Habsburg heroes . Luegers monuments present a difficult case because they are genuinely local , yet he was inspirational for the Nazis . For some , the Lueger monuments show that Vienna has neglected its obligations to the victims of the Holocaust in order to keep its nostalgic appeal as the grand Imperial City . For example , when Austrian-born neurobiologist Eric Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000 , he stuck it to the Austrians by saying it was certainly not an Austrian Nobel ; it was a Jewish-American Nobel . He was subsequently telephoned by the Austrian president Thomas Klestil who asked him , How can we put things right ? Kandel said that first , Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed . Kandel was offended that the address of the University of Vienna is on that street . After yearlong debates , the Ring was renamed to Universitätsring in April 2012 . The monument to Lueger at Dr . Karl Lueger Platz at the Stubenring as well as the memorial plaque at the TU Wien have since been contextualized by descriptions highlighting Luegers antisemitism and his influence on National Socialism . Lueger was the subject of a 1943 biopic Vienna 1910 , in which he was played by Rudolf Forster . External links . - Photo of monument Dr . Karl Lueger Platz , Vienna - Karl Lueger And The Twilight Of Imperial Vienna - Pressure group to transform the Karl Lueger statue into a monument against anti-Semitism and racism in Austria

easy

What organization did Choi Yoo-jung (singer) join in May 2016?

/wiki/Choi_Yoo-jung_(singer)#P463#0

Choi Yoo-jung ( singer ) Choi Yoo-jung ( ; born November 12 , 1999 ) , better known by the mononym Yoojung , is a South Korean singer , rapper , actress , and songwriter signed under Fantagio . She debuted as member of I.O.I in May 2016 after achieving third place in the 2016 survival program Produce 101 . In January 2017 , I.O.I officially disbanded after eleven months of promotion . Following disbandment , she returned to her respective agency and eventually debuted with Weki Meki in August 2017 . Early life and education . Choi Yoo-jung was born in Guri , Gyeonggi Province , South Korea on November 12 , 1999 . When she was younger , she wanted to become either a teacher or police officer but started to take an interest in performing . She joined Fantagio and trained for four years and seven months under the company before joining Mnets girl group survival show Produce 101 in 2016 wherein she ended up debuting as a member of I.O.I . She attended Guri Girls High School but eventually transferred to School of Performing Arts Seoul along with fellow I.O.I and Weki Meki member Kim Do-yeon after debuting due to their promotional activities . Career . 2016 : Produce 101 and I.O.I . In January 2016 , Choi joined Produce 101 along with Kim Do-yeon and three other Fantagio trainees with the hopes of debuting in an eleven-member girl group which would promote for a year under YMC Entertainment . Choi initially gained popularity for being chosen by vote as the center for the shows theme song Pick Me , which had its music video premiere a month before the first show aired on the December 17 , 2015 episode of M Countdown . Both Choi and Kim rose to high ranks during the program and eventually placed 3rd and 8th respectively in the shows finale on April 1 , 2016 , which allowed them to debut as members of I.O.I . On May 4 , 2016 , I.O.I released their debut single Dream Girls which had its rap parts penned by Choi and Im Na-young . Both members also wrote the lyrics for the EPs intro track I.O.I . The group also promoted as a seven-member unit which Choi was also a part of with Kim , releasing the single Whatta Man on August 9 , 2016 . As part of I.O.I , Choi also released an OST with the unit and also collaborated with fellow members Chungha , Jeon Somi and fellow Produce 101 contestant Ki Hui-hyeon for the digital single Flower , Wind and You . The song charted at number 42 on the Gaon Digital Chart . She also appeared in the music video of her label-mate ASTROs song Breathless which was released on July 1 , 2016 . In November 2016 , Choi joined the cast of Mnets music variety show Golden Tambourine . She then released the single Rise and Fall together with Yoo Se-yoon , Shim Hyung-tak and Jo Kwon as part of the shows official soundtrack . 2017–2019 : Weki Meki and WJMK . After I.O.I parted ways on January 29 , 2017 and ended their contract with YMC Entertainment , Choi and Kim Do-yeon filmed a reality show in the United States titled Dodaengs Diary in LA which aired on TVING . Months later , Fantagio announced their plans to debut a new girl group , which they later revealed would be called Weki Meki . Both Choi and Kim made their official debut with the group on August 8 , 2017 with the release of the single I Dont Like Your Girlfriend and the six-track EP Weme which had some of its lyrics written by Choi . On May 2 , 2018 , Starship Entertainment and Fantagio revealed their plans to form a special four-member unit with members of their respective girl groups Cosmic Girls and Weki Meki , which they eventually revealed will be called WJMK . Weki Mekis Choi and Kim and Cosmic Girls Seola and Luda released the single Strong on June 1 , 2018 , along with its accompanying music video . On August 8 , she joined the JTBC reality program Secret Unnie with EXIDs Hani . Choi was part of My Mad Beauty 3 alongside Park Na-rae , Mijoo and Han Hye-jin . She was also part of the variety show The Gashinas . In September 2019 , Choi participated in the survival program show , V-1 , to select the Vocal Queen among the various girl group members , where only the top twelve girl group members in votes would progress and perform on the show . However , she was eliminated in the first episode , after losing out to bandmate Suyeon . 2020–present : First main role . Choi is set to star in the web drama Cast : Age of Insiders in 2020 . On May 4 , 2021 , Choi and the members of I.O.I celebrated their 5th debut anniversary with a reunion live stream show called Yes , I Love It! . Songwriting credits . All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Associations database , unless otherwise noted . External links . - Choi Yoo-jung at Fantagio

easy

Choi Yoo-jung (singer) became a member of what organization or association in Aug 2017?

/wiki/Choi_Yoo-jung_(singer)#P463#1

Choi Yoo-jung ( singer ) Choi Yoo-jung ( ; born November 12 , 1999 ) , better known by the mononym Yoojung , is a South Korean singer , rapper , actress , and songwriter signed under Fantagio . She debuted as member of I.O.I in May 2016 after achieving third place in the 2016 survival program Produce 101 . In January 2017 , I.O.I officially disbanded after eleven months of promotion . Following disbandment , she returned to her respective agency and eventually debuted with Weki Meki in August 2017 . Early life and education . Choi Yoo-jung was born in Guri , Gyeonggi Province , South Korea on November 12 , 1999 . When she was younger , she wanted to become either a teacher or police officer but started to take an interest in performing . She joined Fantagio and trained for four years and seven months under the company before joining Mnets girl group survival show Produce 101 in 2016 wherein she ended up debuting as a member of I.O.I . She attended Guri Girls High School but eventually transferred to School of Performing Arts Seoul along with fellow I.O.I and Weki Meki member Kim Do-yeon after debuting due to their promotional activities . Career . 2016 : Produce 101 and I.O.I . In January 2016 , Choi joined Produce 101 along with Kim Do-yeon and three other Fantagio trainees with the hopes of debuting in an eleven-member girl group which would promote for a year under YMC Entertainment . Choi initially gained popularity for being chosen by vote as the center for the shows theme song Pick Me , which had its music video premiere a month before the first show aired on the December 17 , 2015 episode of M Countdown . Both Choi and Kim rose to high ranks during the program and eventually placed 3rd and 8th respectively in the shows finale on April 1 , 2016 , which allowed them to debut as members of I.O.I . On May 4 , 2016 , I.O.I released their debut single Dream Girls which had its rap parts penned by Choi and Im Na-young . Both members also wrote the lyrics for the EPs intro track I.O.I . The group also promoted as a seven-member unit which Choi was also a part of with Kim , releasing the single Whatta Man on August 9 , 2016 . As part of I.O.I , Choi also released an OST with the unit and also collaborated with fellow members Chungha , Jeon Somi and fellow Produce 101 contestant Ki Hui-hyeon for the digital single Flower , Wind and You . The song charted at number 42 on the Gaon Digital Chart . She also appeared in the music video of her label-mate ASTROs song Breathless which was released on July 1 , 2016 . In November 2016 , Choi joined the cast of Mnets music variety show Golden Tambourine . She then released the single Rise and Fall together with Yoo Se-yoon , Shim Hyung-tak and Jo Kwon as part of the shows official soundtrack . 2017–2019 : Weki Meki and WJMK . After I.O.I parted ways on January 29 , 2017 and ended their contract with YMC Entertainment , Choi and Kim Do-yeon filmed a reality show in the United States titled Dodaengs Diary in LA which aired on TVING . Months later , Fantagio announced their plans to debut a new girl group , which they later revealed would be called Weki Meki . Both Choi and Kim made their official debut with the group on August 8 , 2017 with the release of the single I Dont Like Your Girlfriend and the six-track EP Weme which had some of its lyrics written by Choi . On May 2 , 2018 , Starship Entertainment and Fantagio revealed their plans to form a special four-member unit with members of their respective girl groups Cosmic Girls and Weki Meki , which they eventually revealed will be called WJMK . Weki Mekis Choi and Kim and Cosmic Girls Seola and Luda released the single Strong on June 1 , 2018 , along with its accompanying music video . On August 8 , she joined the JTBC reality program Secret Unnie with EXIDs Hani . Choi was part of My Mad Beauty 3 alongside Park Na-rae , Mijoo and Han Hye-jin . She was also part of the variety show The Gashinas . In September 2019 , Choi participated in the survival program show , V-1 , to select the Vocal Queen among the various girl group members , where only the top twelve girl group members in votes would progress and perform on the show . However , she was eliminated in the first episode , after losing out to bandmate Suyeon . 2020–present : First main role . Choi is set to star in the web drama Cast : Age of Insiders in 2020 . On May 4 , 2021 , Choi and the members of I.O.I celebrated their 5th debut anniversary with a reunion live stream show called Yes , I Love It! . Songwriting credits . All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Associations database , unless otherwise noted . External links . - Choi Yoo-jung at Fantagio

easy

Choi Yoo-jung (singer) became a member of what organization or association in 2018?

/wiki/Choi_Yoo-jung_(singer)#P463#2

Choi Yoo-jung ( singer ) Choi Yoo-jung ( ; born November 12 , 1999 ) , better known by the mononym Yoojung , is a South Korean singer , rapper , actress , and songwriter signed under Fantagio . She debuted as member of I.O.I in May 2016 after achieving third place in the 2016 survival program Produce 101 . In January 2017 , I.O.I officially disbanded after eleven months of promotion . Following disbandment , she returned to her respective agency and eventually debuted with Weki Meki in August 2017 . Early life and education . Choi Yoo-jung was born in Guri , Gyeonggi Province , South Korea on November 12 , 1999 . When she was younger , she wanted to become either a teacher or police officer but started to take an interest in performing . She joined Fantagio and trained for four years and seven months under the company before joining Mnets girl group survival show Produce 101 in 2016 wherein she ended up debuting as a member of I.O.I . She attended Guri Girls High School but eventually transferred to School of Performing Arts Seoul along with fellow I.O.I and Weki Meki member Kim Do-yeon after debuting due to their promotional activities . Career . 2016 : Produce 101 and I.O.I . In January 2016 , Choi joined Produce 101 along with Kim Do-yeon and three other Fantagio trainees with the hopes of debuting in an eleven-member girl group which would promote for a year under YMC Entertainment . Choi initially gained popularity for being chosen by vote as the center for the shows theme song Pick Me , which had its music video premiere a month before the first show aired on the December 17 , 2015 episode of M Countdown . Both Choi and Kim rose to high ranks during the program and eventually placed 3rd and 8th respectively in the shows finale on April 1 , 2016 , which allowed them to debut as members of I.O.I . On May 4 , 2016 , I.O.I released their debut single Dream Girls which had its rap parts penned by Choi and Im Na-young . Both members also wrote the lyrics for the EPs intro track I.O.I . The group also promoted as a seven-member unit which Choi was also a part of with Kim , releasing the single Whatta Man on August 9 , 2016 . As part of I.O.I , Choi also released an OST with the unit and also collaborated with fellow members Chungha , Jeon Somi and fellow Produce 101 contestant Ki Hui-hyeon for the digital single Flower , Wind and You . The song charted at number 42 on the Gaon Digital Chart . She also appeared in the music video of her label-mate ASTROs song Breathless which was released on July 1 , 2016 . In November 2016 , Choi joined the cast of Mnets music variety show Golden Tambourine . She then released the single Rise and Fall together with Yoo Se-yoon , Shim Hyung-tak and Jo Kwon as part of the shows official soundtrack . 2017–2019 : Weki Meki and WJMK . After I.O.I parted ways on January 29 , 2017 and ended their contract with YMC Entertainment , Choi and Kim Do-yeon filmed a reality show in the United States titled Dodaengs Diary in LA which aired on TVING . Months later , Fantagio announced their plans to debut a new girl group , which they later revealed would be called Weki Meki . Both Choi and Kim made their official debut with the group on August 8 , 2017 with the release of the single I Dont Like Your Girlfriend and the six-track EP Weme which had some of its lyrics written by Choi . On May 2 , 2018 , Starship Entertainment and Fantagio revealed their plans to form a special four-member unit with members of their respective girl groups Cosmic Girls and Weki Meki , which they eventually revealed will be called WJMK . Weki Mekis Choi and Kim and Cosmic Girls Seola and Luda released the single Strong on June 1 , 2018 , along with its accompanying music video . On August 8 , she joined the JTBC reality program Secret Unnie with EXIDs Hani . Choi was part of My Mad Beauty 3 alongside Park Na-rae , Mijoo and Han Hye-jin . She was also part of the variety show The Gashinas . In September 2019 , Choi participated in the survival program show , V-1 , to select the Vocal Queen among the various girl group members , where only the top twelve girl group members in votes would progress and perform on the show . However , she was eliminated in the first episode , after losing out to bandmate Suyeon . 2020–present : First main role . Choi is set to star in the web drama Cast : Age of Insiders in 2020 . On May 4 , 2021 , Choi and the members of I.O.I celebrated their 5th debut anniversary with a reunion live stream show called Yes , I Love It! . Songwriting credits . All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Associations database , unless otherwise noted . External links . - Choi Yoo-jung at Fantagio

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Which team did Alberto Masi play for from 2009 to 2010?

/wiki/Alberto_Masi#P54#0

Alberto Masi Alberto Masi ( born 2 September 1992 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Serie C side Pro Vercelli . Club career . Sampdoria . Born in Genoa , Liguria region , Masi started his career at Serie A club U.C . Sampdoria . He was the member of U17 youth team during the 2008–09 season . That season , he was booked 6 times in the league and 3 times in the playoffs . Masi only played a single season with Sampdorias U20 squad , despite being eligible to play 3 seasons , from age 18 to 20 ( 2009 to 2012 ) . He also spent the 2009–10 campaign , on loan at Lavagnese in the Serie D ( also within the Genoa province ) before returning to the port city . Masi played 15 out of possible 26 matches of the 20 team league for Samp in 2010–11 season , missing one match due to suspension , after being booked 5 times that season . Sampdoria finished as the 8th of Group A that season , slipping from 1st of Group A ( losing semi-finalists in playoffs ) last season . Pro Vercelli . On 8 July 2011 Masi left Sampdoria once again for F.C . Pro Vercelli along with teammate Tommaso Cancellotti . Sampdoria gifted the Piedmont club half of the registration rights for a fee of €500 each , in exchange for a chance to develop the players . Masi became one of the protagonist of the club promotion as playoffs winner of 2011–12 Lega Pro Prima Divisione . However Masi himself also suspended two times , both due to being sent off ( one direct sent off , one due to second caution ) . He was also booked 4 times , including the 2 aforementioned . Moreover , Masi also booked once in the playoffs . At the end of season both clubs failed to agree a price for Masi before the deadline , thus both clubs submitted a bid in a sealed envelope to the Lega Serie B in order to buy the shares from opposite side . On 23 June 2012 Lega Serie B announced that Pro Vercelli had bidded a higher price to buy Masi outright from Sampdoria , for €421,000 fee . Juventus . After winning the bid for the young defender , Pro Vercelli decided to sell Masi immediately . On 5 July 2012 , Masi joined Serie A and Piedmont club Juventus F.C . in another co-ownership deal on a 4-year contract . On 22 August 2012 Juventus bought the player outright , buying the remaining half of his registration rights from Pro Vercelli by selling the co-ownership of Elio De Silvestro plus and undisclosed cash sum . Juventus later revealed in its annual financial report that Masi had cost the club €2 million and 50% of De Silvestros contract which was valued at €800,000 ; thus , the fee involved €1.2 million cash . On 31 August 2012 , Masi returned to Pro Vercelli from Juventus on a temporary loan deal along with Gabriel Appelt Pires . After spending the first half of the 2012-13 Serie B season in the Pro Vercelli starting line-up , making 14 league appearances , Masi was surprisingly called back to Turin in order to be re-located during the 2013 January transfer window . He was sent out on loan to fellow Serie B outfit , Ternana Calcio until 30 June 2013 , with an option to purchase . Ternana . On 9 July 2013 , Juventus announced the sale of Alberto Masi to Ternana on a co-ownership deal worth €2 million . ( €1.35 million plus half of the registration rights of Simone Russini ) Masis registration rights will therefore remain with the Umbria club for the 2013–14 Serie B campaign . In June 2014 the co-ownership deals of Masi and Russini were renewed . On 2 February 2015 Ternana signed Masi outright for €1.5 million , as part of the deal that Juventus signed Alberto Brignoli from Ternana for €1.75 million on the same day . In June 2015 Russini also returned to Ternana for €150,000 fee , matching the €1.5 million price tag of 50% registration rights of Masi . Bari . On 11 July 2017 Masi joined Bari on a one-year deal . However , on 31 August , he joined fellow Serie B club Spezia on a temporary deal , with an option to buy the players contract . Return to Pro Vercelli . On 23 August 2019 , he signed with Pro Vercelli . International career . On 15 August 2012 , he made his debut with the Italy U-21 team in a friendly match against Netherlands . Masi was also selected to play for the Italy Lega Pro representative teams ( U20/U21 ) in 2011–12 season ( along with teammate Angelo Bencivenga ) , against Palestine Olympic ( no lineup available , for U21 born 1990 age group ) , England C ( for U20 born 1991 age group ) and San Marino U21 . ( for U20 born 1992 age group ) He was also selected to a youth tournament in Dubai and winning Al-Shabab in the final . External links . - Football.it Profile

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Alberto Masi played for which team from 2011 to 2012?

/wiki/Alberto_Masi#P54#1

Alberto Masi Alberto Masi ( born 2 September 1992 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Serie C side Pro Vercelli . Club career . Sampdoria . Born in Genoa , Liguria region , Masi started his career at Serie A club U.C . Sampdoria . He was the member of U17 youth team during the 2008–09 season . That season , he was booked 6 times in the league and 3 times in the playoffs . Masi only played a single season with Sampdorias U20 squad , despite being eligible to play 3 seasons , from age 18 to 20 ( 2009 to 2012 ) . He also spent the 2009–10 campaign , on loan at Lavagnese in the Serie D ( also within the Genoa province ) before returning to the port city . Masi played 15 out of possible 26 matches of the 20 team league for Samp in 2010–11 season , missing one match due to suspension , after being booked 5 times that season . Sampdoria finished as the 8th of Group A that season , slipping from 1st of Group A ( losing semi-finalists in playoffs ) last season . Pro Vercelli . On 8 July 2011 Masi left Sampdoria once again for F.C . Pro Vercelli along with teammate Tommaso Cancellotti . Sampdoria gifted the Piedmont club half of the registration rights for a fee of €500 each , in exchange for a chance to develop the players . Masi became one of the protagonist of the club promotion as playoffs winner of 2011–12 Lega Pro Prima Divisione . However Masi himself also suspended two times , both due to being sent off ( one direct sent off , one due to second caution ) . He was also booked 4 times , including the 2 aforementioned . Moreover , Masi also booked once in the playoffs . At the end of season both clubs failed to agree a price for Masi before the deadline , thus both clubs submitted a bid in a sealed envelope to the Lega Serie B in order to buy the shares from opposite side . On 23 June 2012 Lega Serie B announced that Pro Vercelli had bidded a higher price to buy Masi outright from Sampdoria , for €421,000 fee . Juventus . After winning the bid for the young defender , Pro Vercelli decided to sell Masi immediately . On 5 July 2012 , Masi joined Serie A and Piedmont club Juventus F.C . in another co-ownership deal on a 4-year contract . On 22 August 2012 Juventus bought the player outright , buying the remaining half of his registration rights from Pro Vercelli by selling the co-ownership of Elio De Silvestro plus and undisclosed cash sum . Juventus later revealed in its annual financial report that Masi had cost the club €2 million and 50% of De Silvestros contract which was valued at €800,000 ; thus , the fee involved €1.2 million cash . On 31 August 2012 , Masi returned to Pro Vercelli from Juventus on a temporary loan deal along with Gabriel Appelt Pires . After spending the first half of the 2012-13 Serie B season in the Pro Vercelli starting line-up , making 14 league appearances , Masi was surprisingly called back to Turin in order to be re-located during the 2013 January transfer window . He was sent out on loan to fellow Serie B outfit , Ternana Calcio until 30 June 2013 , with an option to purchase . Ternana . On 9 July 2013 , Juventus announced the sale of Alberto Masi to Ternana on a co-ownership deal worth €2 million . ( €1.35 million plus half of the registration rights of Simone Russini ) Masis registration rights will therefore remain with the Umbria club for the 2013–14 Serie B campaign . In June 2014 the co-ownership deals of Masi and Russini were renewed . On 2 February 2015 Ternana signed Masi outright for €1.5 million , as part of the deal that Juventus signed Alberto Brignoli from Ternana for €1.75 million on the same day . In June 2015 Russini also returned to Ternana for €150,000 fee , matching the €1.5 million price tag of 50% registration rights of Masi . Bari . On 11 July 2017 Masi joined Bari on a one-year deal . However , on 31 August , he joined fellow Serie B club Spezia on a temporary deal , with an option to buy the players contract . Return to Pro Vercelli . On 23 August 2019 , he signed with Pro Vercelli . International career . On 15 August 2012 , he made his debut with the Italy U-21 team in a friendly match against Netherlands . Masi was also selected to play for the Italy Lega Pro representative teams ( U20/U21 ) in 2011–12 season ( along with teammate Angelo Bencivenga ) , against Palestine Olympic ( no lineup available , for U21 born 1990 age group ) , England C ( for U20 born 1991 age group ) and San Marino U21 . ( for U20 born 1992 age group ) He was also selected to a youth tournament in Dubai and winning Al-Shabab in the final . External links . - Football.it Profile

easy

Alberto Masi played for which team from 2012 to 2013?

/wiki/Alberto_Masi#P54#2

Alberto Masi Alberto Masi ( born 2 September 1992 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Serie C side Pro Vercelli . Club career . Sampdoria . Born in Genoa , Liguria region , Masi started his career at Serie A club U.C . Sampdoria . He was the member of U17 youth team during the 2008–09 season . That season , he was booked 6 times in the league and 3 times in the playoffs . Masi only played a single season with Sampdorias U20 squad , despite being eligible to play 3 seasons , from age 18 to 20 ( 2009 to 2012 ) . He also spent the 2009–10 campaign , on loan at Lavagnese in the Serie D ( also within the Genoa province ) before returning to the port city . Masi played 15 out of possible 26 matches of the 20 team league for Samp in 2010–11 season , missing one match due to suspension , after being booked 5 times that season . Sampdoria finished as the 8th of Group A that season , slipping from 1st of Group A ( losing semi-finalists in playoffs ) last season . Pro Vercelli . On 8 July 2011 Masi left Sampdoria once again for F.C . Pro Vercelli along with teammate Tommaso Cancellotti . Sampdoria gifted the Piedmont club half of the registration rights for a fee of €500 each , in exchange for a chance to develop the players . Masi became one of the protagonist of the club promotion as playoffs winner of 2011–12 Lega Pro Prima Divisione . However Masi himself also suspended two times , both due to being sent off ( one direct sent off , one due to second caution ) . He was also booked 4 times , including the 2 aforementioned . Moreover , Masi also booked once in the playoffs . At the end of season both clubs failed to agree a price for Masi before the deadline , thus both clubs submitted a bid in a sealed envelope to the Lega Serie B in order to buy the shares from opposite side . On 23 June 2012 Lega Serie B announced that Pro Vercelli had bidded a higher price to buy Masi outright from Sampdoria , for €421,000 fee . Juventus . After winning the bid for the young defender , Pro Vercelli decided to sell Masi immediately . On 5 July 2012 , Masi joined Serie A and Piedmont club Juventus F.C . in another co-ownership deal on a 4-year contract . On 22 August 2012 Juventus bought the player outright , buying the remaining half of his registration rights from Pro Vercelli by selling the co-ownership of Elio De Silvestro plus and undisclosed cash sum . Juventus later revealed in its annual financial report that Masi had cost the club €2 million and 50% of De Silvestros contract which was valued at €800,000 ; thus , the fee involved €1.2 million cash . On 31 August 2012 , Masi returned to Pro Vercelli from Juventus on a temporary loan deal along with Gabriel Appelt Pires . After spending the first half of the 2012-13 Serie B season in the Pro Vercelli starting line-up , making 14 league appearances , Masi was surprisingly called back to Turin in order to be re-located during the 2013 January transfer window . He was sent out on loan to fellow Serie B outfit , Ternana Calcio until 30 June 2013 , with an option to purchase . Ternana . On 9 July 2013 , Juventus announced the sale of Alberto Masi to Ternana on a co-ownership deal worth €2 million . ( €1.35 million plus half of the registration rights of Simone Russini ) Masis registration rights will therefore remain with the Umbria club for the 2013–14 Serie B campaign . In June 2014 the co-ownership deals of Masi and Russini were renewed . On 2 February 2015 Ternana signed Masi outright for €1.5 million , as part of the deal that Juventus signed Alberto Brignoli from Ternana for €1.75 million on the same day . In June 2015 Russini also returned to Ternana for €150,000 fee , matching the €1.5 million price tag of 50% registration rights of Masi . Bari . On 11 July 2017 Masi joined Bari on a one-year deal . However , on 31 August , he joined fellow Serie B club Spezia on a temporary deal , with an option to buy the players contract . Return to Pro Vercelli . On 23 August 2019 , he signed with Pro Vercelli . International career . On 15 August 2012 , he made his debut with the Italy U-21 team in a friendly match against Netherlands . Masi was also selected to play for the Italy Lega Pro representative teams ( U20/U21 ) in 2011–12 season ( along with teammate Angelo Bencivenga ) , against Palestine Olympic ( no lineup available , for U21 born 1990 age group ) , England C ( for U20 born 1991 age group ) and San Marino U21 . ( for U20 born 1992 age group ) He was also selected to a youth tournament in Dubai and winning Al-Shabab in the final . External links . - Football.it Profile

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Which team did the player Alberto Masi belong to from 2013 to 2014?

/wiki/Alberto_Masi#P54#3

Alberto Masi Alberto Masi ( born 2 September 1992 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Serie C side Pro Vercelli . Club career . Sampdoria . Born in Genoa , Liguria region , Masi started his career at Serie A club U.C . Sampdoria . He was the member of U17 youth team during the 2008–09 season . That season , he was booked 6 times in the league and 3 times in the playoffs . Masi only played a single season with Sampdorias U20 squad , despite being eligible to play 3 seasons , from age 18 to 20 ( 2009 to 2012 ) . He also spent the 2009–10 campaign , on loan at Lavagnese in the Serie D ( also within the Genoa province ) before returning to the port city . Masi played 15 out of possible 26 matches of the 20 team league for Samp in 2010–11 season , missing one match due to suspension , after being booked 5 times that season . Sampdoria finished as the 8th of Group A that season , slipping from 1st of Group A ( losing semi-finalists in playoffs ) last season . Pro Vercelli . On 8 July 2011 Masi left Sampdoria once again for F.C . Pro Vercelli along with teammate Tommaso Cancellotti . Sampdoria gifted the Piedmont club half of the registration rights for a fee of €500 each , in exchange for a chance to develop the players . Masi became one of the protagonist of the club promotion as playoffs winner of 2011–12 Lega Pro Prima Divisione . However Masi himself also suspended two times , both due to being sent off ( one direct sent off , one due to second caution ) . He was also booked 4 times , including the 2 aforementioned . Moreover , Masi also booked once in the playoffs . At the end of season both clubs failed to agree a price for Masi before the deadline , thus both clubs submitted a bid in a sealed envelope to the Lega Serie B in order to buy the shares from opposite side . On 23 June 2012 Lega Serie B announced that Pro Vercelli had bidded a higher price to buy Masi outright from Sampdoria , for €421,000 fee . Juventus . After winning the bid for the young defender , Pro Vercelli decided to sell Masi immediately . On 5 July 2012 , Masi joined Serie A and Piedmont club Juventus F.C . in another co-ownership deal on a 4-year contract . On 22 August 2012 Juventus bought the player outright , buying the remaining half of his registration rights from Pro Vercelli by selling the co-ownership of Elio De Silvestro plus and undisclosed cash sum . Juventus later revealed in its annual financial report that Masi had cost the club €2 million and 50% of De Silvestros contract which was valued at €800,000 ; thus , the fee involved €1.2 million cash . On 31 August 2012 , Masi returned to Pro Vercelli from Juventus on a temporary loan deal along with Gabriel Appelt Pires . After spending the first half of the 2012-13 Serie B season in the Pro Vercelli starting line-up , making 14 league appearances , Masi was surprisingly called back to Turin in order to be re-located during the 2013 January transfer window . He was sent out on loan to fellow Serie B outfit , Ternana Calcio until 30 June 2013 , with an option to purchase . Ternana . On 9 July 2013 , Juventus announced the sale of Alberto Masi to Ternana on a co-ownership deal worth €2 million . ( €1.35 million plus half of the registration rights of Simone Russini ) Masis registration rights will therefore remain with the Umbria club for the 2013–14 Serie B campaign . In June 2014 the co-ownership deals of Masi and Russini were renewed . On 2 February 2015 Ternana signed Masi outright for €1.5 million , as part of the deal that Juventus signed Alberto Brignoli from Ternana for €1.75 million on the same day . In June 2015 Russini also returned to Ternana for €150,000 fee , matching the €1.5 million price tag of 50% registration rights of Masi . Bari . On 11 July 2017 Masi joined Bari on a one-year deal . However , on 31 August , he joined fellow Serie B club Spezia on a temporary deal , with an option to buy the players contract . Return to Pro Vercelli . On 23 August 2019 , he signed with Pro Vercelli . International career . On 15 August 2012 , he made his debut with the Italy U-21 team in a friendly match against Netherlands . Masi was also selected to play for the Italy Lega Pro representative teams ( U20/U21 ) in 2011–12 season ( along with teammate Angelo Bencivenga ) , against Palestine Olympic ( no lineup available , for U21 born 1990 age group ) , England C ( for U20 born 1991 age group ) and San Marino U21 . ( for U20 born 1992 age group ) He was also selected to a youth tournament in Dubai and winning Al-Shabab in the final . External links . - Football.it Profile

easy

What position did Zine El Abidine Ben Ali take in Oct 1987?

/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali#P39#0

Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ( ; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019 ) , commonly known as Ben Ali ( ) or Ezzine ( ) , was a Tunisian politician who was the second President of Tunisia from 1987 until his fall in 2011 after the revolution of Tunisia . Ben Ali was appointed Prime Minister in October 1987 . He assumed the Presidency on 7 November 1987 in a bloodless coup détat that ousted President Habib Bourguiba by declaring him incompetent . Ben Ali was subsequently reelected with enormous majorities , each time exceeding 90% of the vote ; his final re-election coming on 25 October 2009 . Ben Ali was the penultimate surviving leader deposed in the Arab Spring who was survived by Egypts Hosni Mubarak , the latter dying in February 2020 . On 14 January 2011 , following a month of protests against his rule , he was forced to flee to Saudi Arabia along with his wife Leïla Ben Ali and their three children . The interim Tunisian government asked Interpol to issue an international arrest warrant , charging him with money laundering and drug trafficking . A Tunisian court sentenced Ben Ali and his wife in absentia to 35 years in prison on 20 June 2011 on charges of theft and unlawful possession of cash and jewelry , which was put up for auction . In June 2012 , a Tunisian court sentenced him in absentia to life imprisonment for inciting violence and murder and another life sentence by a military court in April 2013 for violent repression of protests in Sfax . He served none of those sentences , subsequently dying in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia on 19 September 2019 at the age of 83 after nearly a decade in exile . Early life , education and military career . Ben Ali was born in 1936 to moderate-income parents as the fourth of eleven children in the family . His father worked as a guard at the port city of Sousse . Ben Ali joined the local resistance against French colonial forces and was imprisoned . His expulsion from secondary school was the reason why he never completed his secondary education . He studied at the Sousse Technical Institute but failed to earn a professional certificate and joined the newly formed Tunisian Army in 1958 . Nevertheless , after being chosen as one of a group of young officers , he was awarded training in France at Special Inter-service School in Coëtquidan and the Artillery School in Châlons-sur-Marne , and also in the United States at the Senior Intelligence School in Maryland and the School for Anti-Aircraft Field Artillery in Texas . He also held a diploma in electronics engineering from a local university . Returning to Tunisia in 1964 , he began his professional military career the same year as a Tunisian staff officer . During his time in military service , he established the Military Security Department and directed its operations for 10 years . He briefly served as military attaché in the Tunisian embassy of Morocco and Spain before being appointed General Director of National Security in 1977 . In April 1980 , Ben Ali was appointed ambassador to Poland , and served in that position for four years . He also served as the military intelligence chief from 1964 to 1974 and later Director General of national security between December 1977 and 1980 until he was appointed as Minister of Defense . Soon after the Tunisian bread riots in January 1984 , he was reappointed director-general of national security . Ben Ali subsequently served as Minister of State in charge of the interior before being appointed Interior Minister on 28 April 1986 then Prime Minister by President Habib Bourguiba in October 1987 . Rise to the presidency . On 7 November 1987 Morning , doctors attending to President Bourguiba filed an official medical report declaring him medically incapacitated and unable to fulfill the duties of the presidency . Ben Ali , as the next in line to the presidency , removed Bourguiba from office and assumed the presidency himself . The day of his accession to power was celebrated annually in Tunisia as New Era Day . Two of the names given to Ben Alis rise to the presidency include the medical coup détat and the Tunisian revolution . Ben Ali favoured the latter . In conformity with Article 57 of the Tunisian Constitution , the peaceful transition occurred . The country had faced 10% inflation , external debt accounting for 46% of GDP and a debt service ratio of 21% of GDP . In 1999 Fulvio Martini , former head of Italian military secret service SISMI , declared to a parliamentary committee that In 1985 to 1987 we organized a kind of golpe in Tunisia , putting president Ben Ali as head of state , replacing Burghiba ( the Italian spelling of the name ) who wanted to flee . Bourguiba , although a symbol of anti-colonial resistance , was considered incapable of leading his country any longer , and his reaction to the rising Islamic integrism was deemed a bit too energetic by Martini ; Bourguibas threat to execute the suspects might have generated strong negative responses in neighbouring countries . Acting under directives from Bettino Craxi , Italian Prime Minister , and foreign minister Giulio Andreotti , Martini claims to have brokered the accord that led to the peaceful transition of powers . Bettino Craxi had visited Algiers in November 1984 , and was warned by president Chadli Benjedid that Algeria was ready to invade that region of Tunisia that was crossed by the pipeline towards Italy , if Bourguiba was not able to guarantee the stability of his own country . Algeria was trying to diversify its foreign policy , feeling isolated by Spain and French President François Mitterrands accord with Morocco and Libya over Chad . For two years , according to Martini , Italian and Algerian secret services worked together in order , on one hand , to avoid the growing destabilisation of Tunisia spilling over into Algeria , and on the other hand to control pro-Palestinian activities in Italy . Finally , Ben Ali was singled out as possible replacement for Bourguiba : as chief of the Tunisian secret services and as Minister of the Interior , he had opposed plans to execute Islamic fundamentalists . SISMIs action did not have the consent of René Imbot , head of the French secret service , and the USA allegedly was not informed . According to Martini , the SISMI did not have an operational role in Ben Alis rise to power , but organised a move to support his new government politically and economically , preventing Tunisia from falling into an open confrontation with fundamentalists , as happened in Algeria in the following years . Presidency . Politics . Ben Ali initially promised a more democratic way of ruling the country than had prevailed under Bourguiba . One of his first acts upon taking office was to loosen restrictions on the press ; for the first time state-controlled newspapers published statements from the opposition . In 1988 , he changed the name of the ruling Destourian Socialist Party to the Democratic Constitutional Rally ( RCD ) , and pushed through constitutional amendments that limited the president to three five-year terms , with no more than two in a row . However , the conduct of the 1989 elections was little difference from past elections . The RCD swept every seat in the legislature , and Ben Ali appeared alone on the ballot in Tunisias first presidential election since 1974 . Although opposition parties had been legal since 1981 , presidential candidates were required to get endorsements from 30 political figures . Given the RCDs near-absolute dominance of the political scene , prospective opposition candidates discovered they could not get their nomination papers signed . The subsequent years saw the return of several Bourguiba-era restrictions . For many years , the press had been expected to practice self-censorship , but this increasingly gave way to official censorship . Amendments to the press code allowed the Interior Ministry to review all newspaper and magazine articles before publication . In 1992 , the presidents younger brother Habib Ben Ali was tried in absentia in France for laundering the proceeds of drug trafficking , in a case known as the couscous connection . French television news was blocked in Tunisia during the trial . At the 1994 elections , opposition parties polled 2.25% and gained 19 of 163 seats in Parliament—the first time opposition parties had actually managed to get into the chamber . Ben Ali was unopposed for a second full term , again after being the only candidate to get enough endorsements to qualify . Turnout was officially reported at 95% . However , at this and subsequent elections , opposition parties never accounted for more than 24 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies . All legislation continued to originate with the president , and there was little meaningful opposition to executive decisions . In 1999 , Ben Ali became the first Tunisian president to actually face an opponent after the 30-signature requirement was lifted a few months earlier . However , he won a third full term with an implausible 99.4 percent of the vote . A constitutional referendum in 2002—the first ever held in Tunisia—established a two-chambered parliament , creating the Chamber of Advisers . It also allowed the president to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms and amended the upper age limit for a presidential candidate to 75 years old ( previously 70 ) . The latter measures were clearly aimed at keeping Ben Ali in office ; he faced having to give up the presidency in 2004 . He was duly reelected in 2004 , again by an implausibly high margin—this time 94 percent of the vote . Tunisia under Ben Ali had problems with human rights violations , such as freedom of the press , highlighted by the official treatment of the journalist Taoufik Ben Brik , who was harassed and imprisoned for his criticism of Ben Ali . By the dawn of the new millennium , Ben Ali was reckoned as leading one of the most repressive regimes in the world . Under his rule , Tunisia consistently ranked near the bottom of most international rankings for human rights and press freedom . On 25 October 2009 , Ben Ali was re-elected for a fifth term with 89% of the vote . The African Union sent a team of observers to cover the election . The delegation was led by Benjamin Bounkoulou , who described the election as free and fair . However , a spokesperson from the US State Department indicated that Tunisia had not permitted monitoring of the election by international observers , but that the U.S . was still committed to working with the Ben Ali and the Tunisian government . There also were reports of mistreatment of an opposition candidate . In December 2010 and January 2011 , riots over unemployment escalated into a widespread popular protest movement against Ben Alis government . On 13 January 2011 , he announced he would not run for another term in 2014 , and pledged steps to improve the economy and loosen restrictions on the press . The following day , however , thousands demonstrated in the center of Tunis , demanding Ben Alis immediate resignation . On 14 January 2011 , Ben Ali , his wife and children fled to Saudi Arabia , and a caretaker ruling committee headed by Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi was announced . Economy . As president , Ben Ali instituted economic reforms that increased Tunisias growth rate and foreign investment . During his administration , Tunisias per capita GDP more than tripled from $1,201 in 1986 to $3,786 in 2008 . Although growth in 2002 slowed to a 15-year low of 1.9% due to drought and lackluster tourism ( partly due to some tourists being nervous about flying in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in New York ) , better conditions after 2003 helped push growth to about 5% of GDP . For about 20 years after 1987 , the GDP annual growth averaged nearly 5% . A report published in July 2010 by the Boston Consulting Group ( The African Challengers : Global Competitors Emerge from the Overlooked Continent ) listed Tunisia as one of the African Lions and indicated the eight such countries account for 70% of the continents gross domestic product . Steady increases in GDP growth continued through positive trade relations with the European Union , a revitalised tourism industry and sustained agricultural production . Privatization , increasing foreign investment , improvements in government efficiency and reduction of the trade deficit presented challenges for the future . The 2010/11 Global Competitiveness Report ( Davos World Economic Forum ) ranked Tunisia 1st in Africa and 32nd globally out of 139 countries but it dropped to 40th in 2011/12 as a result of political instability and was not ranked in 2012/13 . According to the Oxford Business Group , Tunisias economy was likely to grow from 2008 due to its diversified industries . Committed to fighting poverty at home , Ben Ali instituted reforms including the National Solidarity Fund which slashed the Tunisian poverty rate from 7.4% in 1990 to an estimated 3.8% in 2005 . The National Solidarity Fund was part of a dual strategy to fight current and potential terrorism through economic assistance , development and the rule of law , but also increased opportunities for corruption and clientelism . The fund provided opportunities to those living in impoverished areas and are vulnerable to recruitment by terrorists . It was a critical element in the fight against terrorism . However , Tunisia continued to suffer from high unemployment , especially among youth . Left out of the recent prosperity were many rural and urban poor , including small businesses facing the world market . This and the blocking of free speech were the causes of the Tunisian revolution . Diplomacy . During Ben Alis presidency , Tunisia pursued a moderate foreign policy promoting peaceful settlement of conflicts . Tunisia took a middle of the road approach contributing to peacemaking , especially in the Middle East and Africa . Tunisia hosted the first-ever Palestinian American dialogue . While contributing actively to the Middle East peace process , Tunisian diplomacy has supported the Palestinian cause . As host to the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1982–1993 , Ben Alis government tried to moderate the views of that organisation . Tunisia , since the early 1990s , called for a concerted international effort against terrorism . It was also a key US partner in the effort to fight global terrorism through the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative . Ben Ali mostly retained his predecessors pro-western foreign policy , though he improved ties with the Arab-Muslim world . He took several initiatives to promote solidarity , dialogue and cooperation among nations . Ben Ali initiated the creation of the United Nations World Solidarity Fund to eradicate poverty and promote social development based on the successful experience of the Tunisian National Solidarity Fund . Ben Ali also played a lead role in the UNs proclaiming 2010 as the International Year of Youth . International characterisations . Ben Alis government was considered to have one of the worst human rights records in the world , and largely bucked the trend toward greater democracy in Africa . His regime was dictatorial , and massively repressive , especially towards the conclusion of his 23-year iron grip on the country . It was deemed authoritarian and undemocratic by international human rights groups such as Amnesty International , Freedom House , and Protection International . They criticised Tunisian officials for not observing international standards of political rights and interfering with the work of local human rights organisations . In The Economists 2010 Democracy Index , Tunisia was classified as an authoritarian regime , ranking 144th out of 167 countries studied . In 2008 , in terms of freedom of the press , Tunisia was ranked 143 out of 173 . Ousted from the presidency . In response to the protests , Ben Ali declared a state of emergency , dissolved the government on 14 January 2011 , and promised new legislative elections within six months . However , events moved quickly , and it appears the armed forces and key members of the legislature had lost confidence in Ben Ali and had decided to take steps of their own . With power slipping from his grasp , Ben Ali resigned the presidency at about 16:00 and delegated prime minister Mohamed Ghannouchi to act as head of state during his temporary absence . With the army surrounding the Presidential Palace in Tunis , Ben Ali and close members of his family hastily left and headed to Laouina airport ( annexed to the civil airport of Tunis Carthage ) . The military allowed Ben Alis plane to take off , immediately after which the Tunisian airspace was closed . The presidential plane headed first to France . But after the plane was denied landing rights on French territory , it directly flew to Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . Ben Ali and his family were accepted by King Abdullah to live there under the condition that he should keep out of politics . Ben Ali and his family went to exile in Jeddah , the same city where Idi Amin , the late dictator of Uganda , lived in exile until his death in 2003 , after being removed from power in 1979 , at the end of the Uganda–Tanzania War . Other close associates and family members who attempted to leave the country via Tunis–Carthage International Airport were prevented from doing so by the army , which had seized the airport . Succession confusion . At about 18:00 , Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi went on state television to say Since the president is temporarily unable to exercise his duties , it has been decided that the prime minister will exercise temporarily the ( presidential ) duties . However , this arrangement was very short-lived , because early the following day ( 15 January 2011 ) the Constitutional Council of Tunisia determined that Ben Ali was not temporarily unable to exercise his duties and that the presidency was in fact vacant . The arrangements he had made with the Prime Minister before leaving the country were found to be unconstitutional under article 57 of the constitution . The countrys constitutional council , at the time the highest legal authority on constitutional matters , announced the transition saying that Fouad Mebazaa ( the Speaker of Parliament ) had been appointed acting president . Mebazaa took the oath in his office in parliament , swearing to respect the constitution in the presence of his senate counterpart , Abdallal Kallel , and representatives of both houses . It was also announced that the speaker of parliament would occupy the post of president temporarily and that elections would be held within a period of between 45 and 60 days . Arrest and trial . On 26 January 2011 , the Tunisian government issued an international arrest warrant for Ben Ali , accusing him of taking money out of the nation illegally and illegally acquiring real estate and other assets abroad , Justice Minister Lazhar Karoui Chebbi said . Videos show that the president stashed cash and jewellery in the presidents palace . The gold and jewellery will be redistributed to the people by the government . The Swiss government announced that it was freezing millions of dollars held in bank accounts by his family . On 28 January 2011 , Interpol issued an arrest warrant for Ben Ali and his six family members , including his wife Leïla . After Ben Ali fled Tunisia following the Tunisian revolution , he and his wife were tried in absentia for his suspected involvement in some of the countrys largest businesses during his 23-year-long reign . On 20 June 2011 , Ben Ali and his wife were sentenced to 35 years in prison after being found guilty of theft and unlawful possession of cash and jewelry . The verdict also included a penalty of 91 million Tunisian dinars ( approximately €50 million , and $64 million ) that Ben Ali was required to pay . This verdict was dismissed as a charade by some Tunisians dissatisfied with the trial and as a joke by Ben Alis lawyer . The sentences were to take immediate effect , although Ben Ali and his wife were living in Saudi Arabia and the Saudi government ignored Tunisias requests to extradite them . In November 2016 , Ben Ali made a statement via the office of his lawyer , Mounir Ben Salha , acknowledging his regime made errors , abuses and violations . His statement came as a reaction to the public hearing sessions made by the Truth and Dignity Commission in Tunisia . Family . Ben Ali and his family were accused of corruption , which was a major contribution to the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests which led to the fall of his government . Many of Ben Alis family members subsequently also fled the country . On 20 January 2011 , Tunisian television reported that 33 members of Ben Alis family had been arrested in the past week , as they tried to flee the country . Leïla Ben Ali was the chair of the Basma Association , a group that promotes social integration and provides employment opportunities for the disabled . She was also the president of the Arab Women Organization , which works to empower women in Arab states . She has three children : Nesrine , Halima and Mohamed Zine El Abidine . Ben Ali has three daughters from his first marriage : Ghazwa , Dorsaf and Cyrine . Health and death . On 17 February 2011 , it was reported that Ben Ali had suffered a stroke , and had been hospitalised for an indefinite period . Al Jazeera reported that a Saudi source had confirmed that Ben Ali had indeed sustained severe complications of a stroke and that he was in critical condition . The information has never been confirmed or denied by the Saudi Government . However , on 17 June 2011 , Ben Alis attorney , Jean-Yves Leborgne , stated that Ben Ali is not in the state that hes said to be in and that a meeting with his client took place under normal circumstances . Ben Ali died at a hospital in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , due to prostate cancer on 19 September 2019 at the age of 83 . He was buried on 21 September at the Al-Baqi Cemetery in Medina .

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Which position did Zine El Abidine Ben Ali hold from Nov 1987 to Jun 1995?

/wiki/Zine_El_Abidine_Ben_Ali#P39#1

Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Zine El Abidine Ben Ali ( ; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019 ) , commonly known as Ben Ali ( ) or Ezzine ( ) , was a Tunisian politician who was the second President of Tunisia from 1987 until his fall in 2011 after the revolution of Tunisia . Ben Ali was appointed Prime Minister in October 1987 . He assumed the Presidency on 7 November 1987 in a bloodless coup détat that ousted President Habib Bourguiba by declaring him incompetent . Ben Ali was subsequently reelected with enormous majorities , each time exceeding 90% of the vote ; his final re-election coming on 25 October 2009 . Ben Ali was the penultimate surviving leader deposed in the Arab Spring who was survived by Egypts Hosni Mubarak , the latter dying in February 2020 . On 14 January 2011 , following a month of protests against his rule , he was forced to flee to Saudi Arabia along with his wife Leïla Ben Ali and their three children . The interim Tunisian government asked Interpol to issue an international arrest warrant , charging him with money laundering and drug trafficking . A Tunisian court sentenced Ben Ali and his wife in absentia to 35 years in prison on 20 June 2011 on charges of theft and unlawful possession of cash and jewelry , which was put up for auction . In June 2012 , a Tunisian court sentenced him in absentia to life imprisonment for inciting violence and murder and another life sentence by a military court in April 2013 for violent repression of protests in Sfax . He served none of those sentences , subsequently dying in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia on 19 September 2019 at the age of 83 after nearly a decade in exile . Early life , education and military career . Ben Ali was born in 1936 to moderate-income parents as the fourth of eleven children in the family . His father worked as a guard at the port city of Sousse . Ben Ali joined the local resistance against French colonial forces and was imprisoned . His expulsion from secondary school was the reason why he never completed his secondary education . He studied at the Sousse Technical Institute but failed to earn a professional certificate and joined the newly formed Tunisian Army in 1958 . Nevertheless , after being chosen as one of a group of young officers , he was awarded training in France at Special Inter-service School in Coëtquidan and the Artillery School in Châlons-sur-Marne , and also in the United States at the Senior Intelligence School in Maryland and the School for Anti-Aircraft Field Artillery in Texas . He also held a diploma in electronics engineering from a local university . Returning to Tunisia in 1964 , he began his professional military career the same year as a Tunisian staff officer . During his time in military service , he established the Military Security Department and directed its operations for 10 years . He briefly served as military attaché in the Tunisian embassy of Morocco and Spain before being appointed General Director of National Security in 1977 . In April 1980 , Ben Ali was appointed ambassador to Poland , and served in that position for four years . He also served as the military intelligence chief from 1964 to 1974 and later Director General of national security between December 1977 and 1980 until he was appointed as Minister of Defense . Soon after the Tunisian bread riots in January 1984 , he was reappointed director-general of national security . Ben Ali subsequently served as Minister of State in charge of the interior before being appointed Interior Minister on 28 April 1986 then Prime Minister by President Habib Bourguiba in October 1987 . Rise to the presidency . On 7 November 1987 Morning , doctors attending to President Bourguiba filed an official medical report declaring him medically incapacitated and unable to fulfill the duties of the presidency . Ben Ali , as the next in line to the presidency , removed Bourguiba from office and assumed the presidency himself . The day of his accession to power was celebrated annually in Tunisia as New Era Day . Two of the names given to Ben Alis rise to the presidency include the medical coup détat and the Tunisian revolution . Ben Ali favoured the latter . In conformity with Article 57 of the Tunisian Constitution , the peaceful transition occurred . The country had faced 10% inflation , external debt accounting for 46% of GDP and a debt service ratio of 21% of GDP . In 1999 Fulvio Martini , former head of Italian military secret service SISMI , declared to a parliamentary committee that In 1985 to 1987 we organized a kind of golpe in Tunisia , putting president Ben Ali as head of state , replacing Burghiba ( the Italian spelling of the name ) who wanted to flee . Bourguiba , although a symbol of anti-colonial resistance , was considered incapable of leading his country any longer , and his reaction to the rising Islamic integrism was deemed a bit too energetic by Martini ; Bourguibas threat to execute the suspects might have generated strong negative responses in neighbouring countries . Acting under directives from Bettino Craxi , Italian Prime Minister , and foreign minister Giulio Andreotti , Martini claims to have brokered the accord that led to the peaceful transition of powers . Bettino Craxi had visited Algiers in November 1984 , and was warned by president Chadli Benjedid that Algeria was ready to invade that region of Tunisia that was crossed by the pipeline towards Italy , if Bourguiba was not able to guarantee the stability of his own country . Algeria was trying to diversify its foreign policy , feeling isolated by Spain and French President François Mitterrands accord with Morocco and Libya over Chad . For two years , according to Martini , Italian and Algerian secret services worked together in order , on one hand , to avoid the growing destabilisation of Tunisia spilling over into Algeria , and on the other hand to control pro-Palestinian activities in Italy . Finally , Ben Ali was singled out as possible replacement for Bourguiba : as chief of the Tunisian secret services and as Minister of the Interior , he had opposed plans to execute Islamic fundamentalists . SISMIs action did not have the consent of René Imbot , head of the French secret service , and the USA allegedly was not informed . According to Martini , the SISMI did not have an operational role in Ben Alis rise to power , but organised a move to support his new government politically and economically , preventing Tunisia from falling into an open confrontation with fundamentalists , as happened in Algeria in the following years . Presidency . Politics . Ben Ali initially promised a more democratic way of ruling the country than had prevailed under Bourguiba . One of his first acts upon taking office was to loosen restrictions on the press ; for the first time state-controlled newspapers published statements from the opposition . In 1988 , he changed the name of the ruling Destourian Socialist Party to the Democratic Constitutional Rally ( RCD ) , and pushed through constitutional amendments that limited the president to three five-year terms , with no more than two in a row . However , the conduct of the 1989 elections was little difference from past elections . The RCD swept every seat in the legislature , and Ben Ali appeared alone on the ballot in Tunisias first presidential election since 1974 . Although opposition parties had been legal since 1981 , presidential candidates were required to get endorsements from 30 political figures . Given the RCDs near-absolute dominance of the political scene , prospective opposition candidates discovered they could not get their nomination papers signed . The subsequent years saw the return of several Bourguiba-era restrictions . For many years , the press had been expected to practice self-censorship , but this increasingly gave way to official censorship . Amendments to the press code allowed the Interior Ministry to review all newspaper and magazine articles before publication . In 1992 , the presidents younger brother Habib Ben Ali was tried in absentia in France for laundering the proceeds of drug trafficking , in a case known as the couscous connection . French television news was blocked in Tunisia during the trial . At the 1994 elections , opposition parties polled 2.25% and gained 19 of 163 seats in Parliament—the first time opposition parties had actually managed to get into the chamber . Ben Ali was unopposed for a second full term , again after being the only candidate to get enough endorsements to qualify . Turnout was officially reported at 95% . However , at this and subsequent elections , opposition parties never accounted for more than 24 percent of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies . All legislation continued to originate with the president , and there was little meaningful opposition to executive decisions . In 1999 , Ben Ali became the first Tunisian president to actually face an opponent after the 30-signature requirement was lifted a few months earlier . However , he won a third full term with an implausible 99.4 percent of the vote . A constitutional referendum in 2002—the first ever held in Tunisia—established a two-chambered parliament , creating the Chamber of Advisers . It also allowed the president to run for an unlimited number of five-year terms and amended the upper age limit for a presidential candidate to 75 years old ( previously 70 ) . The latter measures were clearly aimed at keeping Ben Ali in office ; he faced having to give up the presidency in 2004 . He was duly reelected in 2004 , again by an implausibly high margin—this time 94 percent of the vote . Tunisia under Ben Ali had problems with human rights violations , such as freedom of the press , highlighted by the official treatment of the journalist Taoufik Ben Brik , who was harassed and imprisoned for his criticism of Ben Ali . By the dawn of the new millennium , Ben Ali was reckoned as leading one of the most repressive regimes in the world . Under his rule , Tunisia consistently ranked near the bottom of most international rankings for human rights and press freedom . On 25 October 2009 , Ben Ali was re-elected for a fifth term with 89% of the vote . The African Union sent a team of observers to cover the election . The delegation was led by Benjamin Bounkoulou , who described the election as free and fair . However , a spokesperson from the US State Department indicated that Tunisia had not permitted monitoring of the election by international observers , but that the U.S . was still committed to working with the Ben Ali and the Tunisian government . There also were reports of mistreatment of an opposition candidate . In December 2010 and January 2011 , riots over unemployment escalated into a widespread popular protest movement against Ben Alis government . On 13 January 2011 , he announced he would not run for another term in 2014 , and pledged steps to improve the economy and loosen restrictions on the press . The following day , however , thousands demonstrated in the center of Tunis , demanding Ben Alis immediate resignation . On 14 January 2011 , Ben Ali , his wife and children fled to Saudi Arabia , and a caretaker ruling committee headed by Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi was announced . Economy . As president , Ben Ali instituted economic reforms that increased Tunisias growth rate and foreign investment . During his administration , Tunisias per capita GDP more than tripled from $1,201 in 1986 to $3,786 in 2008 . Although growth in 2002 slowed to a 15-year low of 1.9% due to drought and lackluster tourism ( partly due to some tourists being nervous about flying in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in New York ) , better conditions after 2003 helped push growth to about 5% of GDP . For about 20 years after 1987 , the GDP annual growth averaged nearly 5% . A report published in July 2010 by the Boston Consulting Group ( The African Challengers : Global Competitors Emerge from the Overlooked Continent ) listed Tunisia as one of the African Lions and indicated the eight such countries account for 70% of the continents gross domestic product . Steady increases in GDP growth continued through positive trade relations with the European Union , a revitalised tourism industry and sustained agricultural production . Privatization , increasing foreign investment , improvements in government efficiency and reduction of the trade deficit presented challenges for the future . The 2010/11 Global Competitiveness Report ( Davos World Economic Forum ) ranked Tunisia 1st in Africa and 32nd globally out of 139 countries but it dropped to 40th in 2011/12 as a result of political instability and was not ranked in 2012/13 . According to the Oxford Business Group , Tunisias economy was likely to grow from 2008 due to its diversified industries . Committed to fighting poverty at home , Ben Ali instituted reforms including the National Solidarity Fund which slashed the Tunisian poverty rate from 7.4% in 1990 to an estimated 3.8% in 2005 . The National Solidarity Fund was part of a dual strategy to fight current and potential terrorism through economic assistance , development and the rule of law , but also increased opportunities for corruption and clientelism . The fund provided opportunities to those living in impoverished areas and are vulnerable to recruitment by terrorists . It was a critical element in the fight against terrorism . However , Tunisia continued to suffer from high unemployment , especially among youth . Left out of the recent prosperity were many rural and urban poor , including small businesses facing the world market . This and the blocking of free speech were the causes of the Tunisian revolution . Diplomacy . During Ben Alis presidency , Tunisia pursued a moderate foreign policy promoting peaceful settlement of conflicts . Tunisia took a middle of the road approach contributing to peacemaking , especially in the Middle East and Africa . Tunisia hosted the first-ever Palestinian American dialogue . While contributing actively to the Middle East peace process , Tunisian diplomacy has supported the Palestinian cause . As host to the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1982–1993 , Ben Alis government tried to moderate the views of that organisation . Tunisia , since the early 1990s , called for a concerted international effort against terrorism . It was also a key US partner in the effort to fight global terrorism through the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative . Ben Ali mostly retained his predecessors pro-western foreign policy , though he improved ties with the Arab-Muslim world . He took several initiatives to promote solidarity , dialogue and cooperation among nations . Ben Ali initiated the creation of the United Nations World Solidarity Fund to eradicate poverty and promote social development based on the successful experience of the Tunisian National Solidarity Fund . Ben Ali also played a lead role in the UNs proclaiming 2010 as the International Year of Youth . International characterisations . Ben Alis government was considered to have one of the worst human rights records in the world , and largely bucked the trend toward greater democracy in Africa . His regime was dictatorial , and massively repressive , especially towards the conclusion of his 23-year iron grip on the country . It was deemed authoritarian and undemocratic by international human rights groups such as Amnesty International , Freedom House , and Protection International . They criticised Tunisian officials for not observing international standards of political rights and interfering with the work of local human rights organisations . In The Economists 2010 Democracy Index , Tunisia was classified as an authoritarian regime , ranking 144th out of 167 countries studied . In 2008 , in terms of freedom of the press , Tunisia was ranked 143 out of 173 . Ousted from the presidency . In response to the protests , Ben Ali declared a state of emergency , dissolved the government on 14 January 2011 , and promised new legislative elections within six months . However , events moved quickly , and it appears the armed forces and key members of the legislature had lost confidence in Ben Ali and had decided to take steps of their own . With power slipping from his grasp , Ben Ali resigned the presidency at about 16:00 and delegated prime minister Mohamed Ghannouchi to act as head of state during his temporary absence . With the army surrounding the Presidential Palace in Tunis , Ben Ali and close members of his family hastily left and headed to Laouina airport ( annexed to the civil airport of Tunis Carthage ) . The military allowed Ben Alis plane to take off , immediately after which the Tunisian airspace was closed . The presidential plane headed first to France . But after the plane was denied landing rights on French territory , it directly flew to Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . Ben Ali and his family were accepted by King Abdullah to live there under the condition that he should keep out of politics . Ben Ali and his family went to exile in Jeddah , the same city where Idi Amin , the late dictator of Uganda , lived in exile until his death in 2003 , after being removed from power in 1979 , at the end of the Uganda–Tanzania War . Other close associates and family members who attempted to leave the country via Tunis–Carthage International Airport were prevented from doing so by the army , which had seized the airport . Succession confusion . At about 18:00 , Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi went on state television to say Since the president is temporarily unable to exercise his duties , it has been decided that the prime minister will exercise temporarily the ( presidential ) duties . However , this arrangement was very short-lived , because early the following day ( 15 January 2011 ) the Constitutional Council of Tunisia determined that Ben Ali was not temporarily unable to exercise his duties and that the presidency was in fact vacant . The arrangements he had made with the Prime Minister before leaving the country were found to be unconstitutional under article 57 of the constitution . The countrys constitutional council , at the time the highest legal authority on constitutional matters , announced the transition saying that Fouad Mebazaa ( the Speaker of Parliament ) had been appointed acting president . Mebazaa took the oath in his office in parliament , swearing to respect the constitution in the presence of his senate counterpart , Abdallal Kallel , and representatives of both houses . It was also announced that the speaker of parliament would occupy the post of president temporarily and that elections would be held within a period of between 45 and 60 days . Arrest and trial . On 26 January 2011 , the Tunisian government issued an international arrest warrant for Ben Ali , accusing him of taking money out of the nation illegally and illegally acquiring real estate and other assets abroad , Justice Minister Lazhar Karoui Chebbi said . Videos show that the president stashed cash and jewellery in the presidents palace . The gold and jewellery will be redistributed to the people by the government . The Swiss government announced that it was freezing millions of dollars held in bank accounts by his family . On 28 January 2011 , Interpol issued an arrest warrant for Ben Ali and his six family members , including his wife Leïla . After Ben Ali fled Tunisia following the Tunisian revolution , he and his wife were tried in absentia for his suspected involvement in some of the countrys largest businesses during his 23-year-long reign . On 20 June 2011 , Ben Ali and his wife were sentenced to 35 years in prison after being found guilty of theft and unlawful possession of cash and jewelry . The verdict also included a penalty of 91 million Tunisian dinars ( approximately €50 million , and $64 million ) that Ben Ali was required to pay . This verdict was dismissed as a charade by some Tunisians dissatisfied with the trial and as a joke by Ben Alis lawyer . The sentences were to take immediate effect , although Ben Ali and his wife were living in Saudi Arabia and the Saudi government ignored Tunisias requests to extradite them . In November 2016 , Ben Ali made a statement via the office of his lawyer , Mounir Ben Salha , acknowledging his regime made errors , abuses and violations . His statement came as a reaction to the public hearing sessions made by the Truth and Dignity Commission in Tunisia . Family . Ben Ali and his family were accused of corruption , which was a major contribution to the 2010–2011 Tunisian protests which led to the fall of his government . Many of Ben Alis family members subsequently also fled the country . On 20 January 2011 , Tunisian television reported that 33 members of Ben Alis family had been arrested in the past week , as they tried to flee the country . Leïla Ben Ali was the chair of the Basma Association , a group that promotes social integration and provides employment opportunities for the disabled . She was also the president of the Arab Women Organization , which works to empower women in Arab states . She has three children : Nesrine , Halima and Mohamed Zine El Abidine . Ben Ali has three daughters from his first marriage : Ghazwa , Dorsaf and Cyrine . Health and death . On 17 February 2011 , it was reported that Ben Ali had suffered a stroke , and had been hospitalised for an indefinite period . Al Jazeera reported that a Saudi source had confirmed that Ben Ali had indeed sustained severe complications of a stroke and that he was in critical condition . The information has never been confirmed or denied by the Saudi Government . However , on 17 June 2011 , Ben Alis attorney , Jean-Yves Leborgne , stated that Ben Ali is not in the state that hes said to be in and that a meeting with his client took place under normal circumstances . Ben Ali died at a hospital in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , due to prostate cancer on 19 September 2019 at the age of 83 . He was buried on 21 September at the Al-Baqi Cemetery in Medina .

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Where was Catalina Cruz educated from 2000 to 2001?

/wiki/Catalina_Cruz#P69#0

Catalina Cruz Catalina Cruz ( born 1982/1983 ) is a Colombian-American attorney from the borough of Queens in New York City . A former undocumented immigrant ( DREAMer ) , Cruz has worked as an advocate for immigration rights , including as Director of New York Governor Andrew Cuomos 2016 Exploited Task Force . Cruz was elected as the Democratic candidate in the Fall 2018 election for the 39th district of the New York State Assembly , representing Corona , Elmhurst , and Jackson Heights , Queens . Early life and education . Cruz was born in Medellín , Colombia . In 1992 , when she was nine years old , Cruz and her mother came to the United States under a six month tourist visa . They remained in the U.S . and she was undocumented for over 10 years after her initial tourist visa expired . Cruz grew up in Brooklyn and Queens . She has five siblings , three of whom are U.S . citizens . Cruz became the first former undocumented immigrant who identifies as a DREAMer to be elected in New York state . ( Both Adriano Espaillat and Gabriela Rosa were former undocumented immigrants who served in the New York State legislature , but neither identifies as a DREAMer. ) She is also the first Colombian-American in the district , and only the third DREAMer to serve in an elected position in the United States . In 2001 , Cruz graduated from John Bowne High School in Flushing , Queens . In 2005 , Cruz received a bachelors degree with honors in forensic psychology from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice . In 2009 , Cruz received a J.D . from the City University of New York School of Law . Career . After law school Cruz worked as a Volunteer Assistant Attorney General for the New York State Attorney General , Andrew Cuomo , where her case work included focusing on fraud related to immigration services and working on prosecution efforts . From 2009 to 2012 , Cruz was counsel at the Goddard Riverside SRO Law Project at the Goddard Riverside Community Center on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . From 2012 to 2014 , Cruz was counsel to the Division of Immigrant Policies and Affairs at the New York State Department of Labor . In 2014 , Cruz was counsel to the Immigration Committee for the New York City Council , where she worked to improve coverage of issue related to domestic worker trafficking . She worked on the Unaccompanied Minors Initiative and the IDNYC program . She also oversaw the Key to the City program . She was in this position until 2015 . From 2015 to 2017 , Cruz was the Director of the Office of the New York State Governor , Andrew Cuomo . During this time she was the Special Assistant for Labor & Workforce . She was also the Director of the Joint Task Force on Worker Exploitation and Employee Misclassification , also known as the Exploited Workers Task Force , a working as assistant counsel in Cuomos taskforce . In 2017 , Cruz became Chief of Staff for New York City Council Member , Julissa Ferreras-Copeland until Ferreras-Copeland made the decision not to seek re-election . New York Assembly . In February 2018 , Cruz announced her candidacy for Francisco Moyas vacated position on the New York State Assemblys Assembly District 39 . The Districts Democratic leadership instead unanimously selected Ari Espinal as the Democratic candidate in the April 2018 special election . Cruz then won the Democratic primary for District 39 on September 13 , 2018 , over Espinal , and won the seat on November 6 , 2018 . She had received campaign training from New American Leaders that she believes helped her ultimately fundraise nearly $200,000 to win the primary race . Personal life . Cruz identifies as a DREAMer under the unadopted DREAM Act that was introduced in 2001 , which addresses citizenship of children brought to the United States by their parents and living as undocumented citizens . Cruz married her high school boyfriend in 2003 , which allowed Cruz to get her green card in 2005 and become a U.S . citizen in 2009 . Cruz citizenship allowed her to sponsor her mothers citizenship . The marriage ended in divorce . Cruz is married to a New York Police Department police officer . She and her husband live in Jackson Heights , Queens . Cruz has said that the attorney who did her immigration papers inspired her to go to law school and become a lawyer . External links . - at New York State Assembly

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Catalina Cruz went to which school from 2001 to 2005?

/wiki/Catalina_Cruz#P69#1

Catalina Cruz Catalina Cruz ( born 1982/1983 ) is a Colombian-American attorney from the borough of Queens in New York City . A former undocumented immigrant ( DREAMer ) , Cruz has worked as an advocate for immigration rights , including as Director of New York Governor Andrew Cuomos 2016 Exploited Task Force . Cruz was elected as the Democratic candidate in the Fall 2018 election for the 39th district of the New York State Assembly , representing Corona , Elmhurst , and Jackson Heights , Queens . Early life and education . Cruz was born in Medellín , Colombia . In 1992 , when she was nine years old , Cruz and her mother came to the United States under a six month tourist visa . They remained in the U.S . and she was undocumented for over 10 years after her initial tourist visa expired . Cruz grew up in Brooklyn and Queens . She has five siblings , three of whom are U.S . citizens . Cruz became the first former undocumented immigrant who identifies as a DREAMer to be elected in New York state . ( Both Adriano Espaillat and Gabriela Rosa were former undocumented immigrants who served in the New York State legislature , but neither identifies as a DREAMer. ) She is also the first Colombian-American in the district , and only the third DREAMer to serve in an elected position in the United States . In 2001 , Cruz graduated from John Bowne High School in Flushing , Queens . In 2005 , Cruz received a bachelors degree with honors in forensic psychology from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice . In 2009 , Cruz received a J.D . from the City University of New York School of Law . Career . After law school Cruz worked as a Volunteer Assistant Attorney General for the New York State Attorney General , Andrew Cuomo , where her case work included focusing on fraud related to immigration services and working on prosecution efforts . From 2009 to 2012 , Cruz was counsel at the Goddard Riverside SRO Law Project at the Goddard Riverside Community Center on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . From 2012 to 2014 , Cruz was counsel to the Division of Immigrant Policies and Affairs at the New York State Department of Labor . In 2014 , Cruz was counsel to the Immigration Committee for the New York City Council , where she worked to improve coverage of issue related to domestic worker trafficking . She worked on the Unaccompanied Minors Initiative and the IDNYC program . She also oversaw the Key to the City program . She was in this position until 2015 . From 2015 to 2017 , Cruz was the Director of the Office of the New York State Governor , Andrew Cuomo . During this time she was the Special Assistant for Labor & Workforce . She was also the Director of the Joint Task Force on Worker Exploitation and Employee Misclassification , also known as the Exploited Workers Task Force , a working as assistant counsel in Cuomos taskforce . In 2017 , Cruz became Chief of Staff for New York City Council Member , Julissa Ferreras-Copeland until Ferreras-Copeland made the decision not to seek re-election . New York Assembly . In February 2018 , Cruz announced her candidacy for Francisco Moyas vacated position on the New York State Assemblys Assembly District 39 . The Districts Democratic leadership instead unanimously selected Ari Espinal as the Democratic candidate in the April 2018 special election . Cruz then won the Democratic primary for District 39 on September 13 , 2018 , over Espinal , and won the seat on November 6 , 2018 . She had received campaign training from New American Leaders that she believes helped her ultimately fundraise nearly $200,000 to win the primary race . Personal life . Cruz identifies as a DREAMer under the unadopted DREAM Act that was introduced in 2001 , which addresses citizenship of children brought to the United States by their parents and living as undocumented citizens . Cruz married her high school boyfriend in 2003 , which allowed Cruz to get her green card in 2005 and become a U.S . citizen in 2009 . Cruz citizenship allowed her to sponsor her mothers citizenship . The marriage ended in divorce . Cruz is married to a New York Police Department police officer . She and her husband live in Jackson Heights , Queens . Cruz has said that the attorney who did her immigration papers inspired her to go to law school and become a lawyer . External links . - at New York State Assembly

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Catalina Cruz went to which school from 2006 to 2009?

/wiki/Catalina_Cruz#P69#2

Catalina Cruz Catalina Cruz ( born 1982/1983 ) is a Colombian-American attorney from the borough of Queens in New York City . A former undocumented immigrant ( DREAMer ) , Cruz has worked as an advocate for immigration rights , including as Director of New York Governor Andrew Cuomos 2016 Exploited Task Force . Cruz was elected as the Democratic candidate in the Fall 2018 election for the 39th district of the New York State Assembly , representing Corona , Elmhurst , and Jackson Heights , Queens . Early life and education . Cruz was born in Medellín , Colombia . In 1992 , when she was nine years old , Cruz and her mother came to the United States under a six month tourist visa . They remained in the U.S . and she was undocumented for over 10 years after her initial tourist visa expired . Cruz grew up in Brooklyn and Queens . She has five siblings , three of whom are U.S . citizens . Cruz became the first former undocumented immigrant who identifies as a DREAMer to be elected in New York state . ( Both Adriano Espaillat and Gabriela Rosa were former undocumented immigrants who served in the New York State legislature , but neither identifies as a DREAMer. ) She is also the first Colombian-American in the district , and only the third DREAMer to serve in an elected position in the United States . In 2001 , Cruz graduated from John Bowne High School in Flushing , Queens . In 2005 , Cruz received a bachelors degree with honors in forensic psychology from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice . In 2009 , Cruz received a J.D . from the City University of New York School of Law . Career . After law school Cruz worked as a Volunteer Assistant Attorney General for the New York State Attorney General , Andrew Cuomo , where her case work included focusing on fraud related to immigration services and working on prosecution efforts . From 2009 to 2012 , Cruz was counsel at the Goddard Riverside SRO Law Project at the Goddard Riverside Community Center on the Upper West Side of Manhattan . From 2012 to 2014 , Cruz was counsel to the Division of Immigrant Policies and Affairs at the New York State Department of Labor . In 2014 , Cruz was counsel to the Immigration Committee for the New York City Council , where she worked to improve coverage of issue related to domestic worker trafficking . She worked on the Unaccompanied Minors Initiative and the IDNYC program . She also oversaw the Key to the City program . She was in this position until 2015 . From 2015 to 2017 , Cruz was the Director of the Office of the New York State Governor , Andrew Cuomo . During this time she was the Special Assistant for Labor & Workforce . She was also the Director of the Joint Task Force on Worker Exploitation and Employee Misclassification , also known as the Exploited Workers Task Force , a working as assistant counsel in Cuomos taskforce . In 2017 , Cruz became Chief of Staff for New York City Council Member , Julissa Ferreras-Copeland until Ferreras-Copeland made the decision not to seek re-election . New York Assembly . In February 2018 , Cruz announced her candidacy for Francisco Moyas vacated position on the New York State Assemblys Assembly District 39 . The Districts Democratic leadership instead unanimously selected Ari Espinal as the Democratic candidate in the April 2018 special election . Cruz then won the Democratic primary for District 39 on September 13 , 2018 , over Espinal , and won the seat on November 6 , 2018 . She had received campaign training from New American Leaders that she believes helped her ultimately fundraise nearly $200,000 to win the primary race . Personal life . Cruz identifies as a DREAMer under the unadopted DREAM Act that was introduced in 2001 , which addresses citizenship of children brought to the United States by their parents and living as undocumented citizens . Cruz married her high school boyfriend in 2003 , which allowed Cruz to get her green card in 2005 and become a U.S . citizen in 2009 . Cruz citizenship allowed her to sponsor her mothers citizenship . The marriage ended in divorce . Cruz is married to a New York Police Department police officer . She and her husband live in Jackson Heights , Queens . Cruz has said that the attorney who did her immigration papers inspired her to go to law school and become a lawyer . External links . - at New York State Assembly

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Who coached the team FC BATE Borisov from 1996 to 2004?

/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov#P286#0

FC BATE Borisov FC BATE Borisov ( , FK BATE Borisov ; , BATE Barysaw , ) is a professional Belarusian football team from the city of Barysaw . The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League , of which they are the leagues most successful club with 15 titles , including 13 won consecutively . The club has also won four Belarusian Cups and four Belarusian Super Cups . BATE is the only Belarusian team to have qualified for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 and 2015–16 ) and one of two to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League ( 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2017–18 and 2018–19 ) , along with Dinamo Minsk . The clubs home stadium is Borisov Arena , which was opened in 2014 . History . BATE is an acronym of Borisov Automobile and Tractor Electronics . The team was founded in 1973 and managed to win Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic league three times ( 1974 , 1976 and 1979 ) before being disbanded in 1984 . The club was re-established in 1996 . Since then , BATE have won the Belarusian Premier League 15 times and competed in UEFA competitions . In 2001 , BATE reached the first round of the UEFA Cup , their first appearance in the competition beyond the qualifying rounds . 2008 saw BATE becoming the first Belarusian team to qualify for the group stages of the UEFA Champions League . As of 2015 , BATE have played five times in the Champions League group stage , as well as twice in UEFA Europa League group stage , also reaching the knockout phase of the latter competition in 2010–11 and 2012–13 . Notable former players of BATE include Alexander Hleb ( VfB Stuttgart , Arsenal , Barcelona and Birmingham City ) ; Vitali Kutuzov ( Milan , Sporting CP , Avellino , Sampdoria , Parma , Pisa and Bari ) and Yuri Zhevnov ( FC Moscow , and Zenit Saint Petersburg ) . Having started their professional careers with BATE , all are also former or present members of the Belarus national team . BATE won their tenth consecutive league title in 2015 , with four matches to spare . In the 2017 season , BATE drew an average home league attendance of 5,633 , the second-highest in the league . Supporters . BATE Borisov is one of the most popular football teams in Belarus . BATE fans have developed a rivalry with the fans of Dinamo Minsk and a friendship with fans of Polish club Piast Gliwice since 2011 . Honours . - Belarusian Premier League - Winners ( 15 ) : 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2019 , 2020 - Third place : 2001 - Belarusian Cup - Winners ( 5 ) : 2005–06 , 2009–10 , 2014–15 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2001–02 , 2004–05 , 2006–07 , 2015–16 - Belarusian Super Cup - Winners ( 7 ) : 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2012 , 2018 , 2019 , 2021 - Belarusian Second League - Winners : 1996 - Football Championship of the Belarusian SSR - Winners ( 3 ) : 1974 , 1976 , 1979 League and Cup history . - Including play-off ( 1–0 win ) for the first place against Neman Grodno , as both teams finished with equal points . European record . As of August 15 , 2019 Managers . - Leu Mazurkevich ( 1973–1981 ) - Yuri Puntus ( 1 March 1996 – 30 November 2004 ) - Igor Kriushenko ( 1 January 2005 – 12 November 2007 ) - Viktor Goncharenko ( 13 November 2007 – 12 October 2013 ) - Alyaksandr Yermakovich ( 12 October 2013 – 31 December 2017 ) - Oleg Dulub ( 5 January 2018 – 3 June 2018 ) - Alyaksey Baha ( 4 June 2018 – 19 December 2019 ) - Kirill Alshevsky ( 1 January 2020 – 22 September 2020 ) - Aleksandr Lisovskiy ( 22 September 2020 – 31 December 2020 ) - Vitaly Zhukovsky ( 1 January 2021 – )

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Who was the head coach of the team FC BATE Borisov from 2004 to Nov 2007?

/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov#P286#1

FC BATE Borisov FC BATE Borisov ( , FK BATE Borisov ; , BATE Barysaw , ) is a professional Belarusian football team from the city of Barysaw . The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League , of which they are the leagues most successful club with 15 titles , including 13 won consecutively . The club has also won four Belarusian Cups and four Belarusian Super Cups . BATE is the only Belarusian team to have qualified for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 and 2015–16 ) and one of two to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League ( 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2017–18 and 2018–19 ) , along with Dinamo Minsk . The clubs home stadium is Borisov Arena , which was opened in 2014 . History . BATE is an acronym of Borisov Automobile and Tractor Electronics . The team was founded in 1973 and managed to win Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic league three times ( 1974 , 1976 and 1979 ) before being disbanded in 1984 . The club was re-established in 1996 . Since then , BATE have won the Belarusian Premier League 15 times and competed in UEFA competitions . In 2001 , BATE reached the first round of the UEFA Cup , their first appearance in the competition beyond the qualifying rounds . 2008 saw BATE becoming the first Belarusian team to qualify for the group stages of the UEFA Champions League . As of 2015 , BATE have played five times in the Champions League group stage , as well as twice in UEFA Europa League group stage , also reaching the knockout phase of the latter competition in 2010–11 and 2012–13 . Notable former players of BATE include Alexander Hleb ( VfB Stuttgart , Arsenal , Barcelona and Birmingham City ) ; Vitali Kutuzov ( Milan , Sporting CP , Avellino , Sampdoria , Parma , Pisa and Bari ) and Yuri Zhevnov ( FC Moscow , and Zenit Saint Petersburg ) . Having started their professional careers with BATE , all are also former or present members of the Belarus national team . BATE won their tenth consecutive league title in 2015 , with four matches to spare . In the 2017 season , BATE drew an average home league attendance of 5,633 , the second-highest in the league . Supporters . BATE Borisov is one of the most popular football teams in Belarus . BATE fans have developed a rivalry with the fans of Dinamo Minsk and a friendship with fans of Polish club Piast Gliwice since 2011 . Honours . - Belarusian Premier League - Winners ( 15 ) : 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2019 , 2020 - Third place : 2001 - Belarusian Cup - Winners ( 5 ) : 2005–06 , 2009–10 , 2014–15 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2001–02 , 2004–05 , 2006–07 , 2015–16 - Belarusian Super Cup - Winners ( 7 ) : 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2012 , 2018 , 2019 , 2021 - Belarusian Second League - Winners : 1996 - Football Championship of the Belarusian SSR - Winners ( 3 ) : 1974 , 1976 , 1979 League and Cup history . - Including play-off ( 1–0 win ) for the first place against Neman Grodno , as both teams finished with equal points . European record . As of August 15 , 2019 Managers . - Leu Mazurkevich ( 1973–1981 ) - Yuri Puntus ( 1 March 1996 – 30 November 2004 ) - Igor Kriushenko ( 1 January 2005 – 12 November 2007 ) - Viktor Goncharenko ( 13 November 2007 – 12 October 2013 ) - Alyaksandr Yermakovich ( 12 October 2013 – 31 December 2017 ) - Oleg Dulub ( 5 January 2018 – 3 June 2018 ) - Alyaksey Baha ( 4 June 2018 – 19 December 2019 ) - Kirill Alshevsky ( 1 January 2020 – 22 September 2020 ) - Aleksandr Lisovskiy ( 22 September 2020 – 31 December 2020 ) - Vitaly Zhukovsky ( 1 January 2021 – )

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Who was the head coach of the team FC BATE Borisov from Nov 2007 to 2013?

/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov#P286#2

FC BATE Borisov FC BATE Borisov ( , FK BATE Borisov ; , BATE Barysaw , ) is a professional Belarusian football team from the city of Barysaw . The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League , of which they are the leagues most successful club with 15 titles , including 13 won consecutively . The club has also won four Belarusian Cups and four Belarusian Super Cups . BATE is the only Belarusian team to have qualified for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 and 2015–16 ) and one of two to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League ( 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2017–18 and 2018–19 ) , along with Dinamo Minsk . The clubs home stadium is Borisov Arena , which was opened in 2014 . History . BATE is an acronym of Borisov Automobile and Tractor Electronics . The team was founded in 1973 and managed to win Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic league three times ( 1974 , 1976 and 1979 ) before being disbanded in 1984 . The club was re-established in 1996 . Since then , BATE have won the Belarusian Premier League 15 times and competed in UEFA competitions . In 2001 , BATE reached the first round of the UEFA Cup , their first appearance in the competition beyond the qualifying rounds . 2008 saw BATE becoming the first Belarusian team to qualify for the group stages of the UEFA Champions League . As of 2015 , BATE have played five times in the Champions League group stage , as well as twice in UEFA Europa League group stage , also reaching the knockout phase of the latter competition in 2010–11 and 2012–13 . Notable former players of BATE include Alexander Hleb ( VfB Stuttgart , Arsenal , Barcelona and Birmingham City ) ; Vitali Kutuzov ( Milan , Sporting CP , Avellino , Sampdoria , Parma , Pisa and Bari ) and Yuri Zhevnov ( FC Moscow , and Zenit Saint Petersburg ) . Having started their professional careers with BATE , all are also former or present members of the Belarus national team . BATE won their tenth consecutive league title in 2015 , with four matches to spare . In the 2017 season , BATE drew an average home league attendance of 5,633 , the second-highest in the league . Supporters . BATE Borisov is one of the most popular football teams in Belarus . BATE fans have developed a rivalry with the fans of Dinamo Minsk and a friendship with fans of Polish club Piast Gliwice since 2011 . Honours . - Belarusian Premier League - Winners ( 15 ) : 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2019 , 2020 - Third place : 2001 - Belarusian Cup - Winners ( 5 ) : 2005–06 , 2009–10 , 2014–15 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2001–02 , 2004–05 , 2006–07 , 2015–16 - Belarusian Super Cup - Winners ( 7 ) : 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2012 , 2018 , 2019 , 2021 - Belarusian Second League - Winners : 1996 - Football Championship of the Belarusian SSR - Winners ( 3 ) : 1974 , 1976 , 1979 League and Cup history . - Including play-off ( 1–0 win ) for the first place against Neman Grodno , as both teams finished with equal points . European record . As of August 15 , 2019 Managers . - Leu Mazurkevich ( 1973–1981 ) - Yuri Puntus ( 1 March 1996 – 30 November 2004 ) - Igor Kriushenko ( 1 January 2005 – 12 November 2007 ) - Viktor Goncharenko ( 13 November 2007 – 12 October 2013 ) - Alyaksandr Yermakovich ( 12 October 2013 – 31 December 2017 ) - Oleg Dulub ( 5 January 2018 – 3 June 2018 ) - Alyaksey Baha ( 4 June 2018 – 19 December 2019 ) - Kirill Alshevsky ( 1 January 2020 – 22 September 2020 ) - Aleksandr Lisovskiy ( 22 September 2020 – 31 December 2020 ) - Vitaly Zhukovsky ( 1 January 2021 – )

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Who was the head coach of the team FC BATE Borisov from 2013 to Dec 2017?

/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov#P286#3

FC BATE Borisov FC BATE Borisov ( , FK BATE Borisov ; , BATE Barysaw , ) is a professional Belarusian football team from the city of Barysaw . The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League , of which they are the leagues most successful club with 15 titles , including 13 won consecutively . The club has also won four Belarusian Cups and four Belarusian Super Cups . BATE is the only Belarusian team to have qualified for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 and 2015–16 ) and one of two to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League ( 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2017–18 and 2018–19 ) , along with Dinamo Minsk . The clubs home stadium is Borisov Arena , which was opened in 2014 . History . BATE is an acronym of Borisov Automobile and Tractor Electronics . The team was founded in 1973 and managed to win Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic league three times ( 1974 , 1976 and 1979 ) before being disbanded in 1984 . The club was re-established in 1996 . Since then , BATE have won the Belarusian Premier League 15 times and competed in UEFA competitions . In 2001 , BATE reached the first round of the UEFA Cup , their first appearance in the competition beyond the qualifying rounds . 2008 saw BATE becoming the first Belarusian team to qualify for the group stages of the UEFA Champions League . As of 2015 , BATE have played five times in the Champions League group stage , as well as twice in UEFA Europa League group stage , also reaching the knockout phase of the latter competition in 2010–11 and 2012–13 . Notable former players of BATE include Alexander Hleb ( VfB Stuttgart , Arsenal , Barcelona and Birmingham City ) ; Vitali Kutuzov ( Milan , Sporting CP , Avellino , Sampdoria , Parma , Pisa and Bari ) and Yuri Zhevnov ( FC Moscow , and Zenit Saint Petersburg ) . Having started their professional careers with BATE , all are also former or present members of the Belarus national team . BATE won their tenth consecutive league title in 2015 , with four matches to spare . In the 2017 season , BATE drew an average home league attendance of 5,633 , the second-highest in the league . Supporters . BATE Borisov is one of the most popular football teams in Belarus . BATE fans have developed a rivalry with the fans of Dinamo Minsk and a friendship with fans of Polish club Piast Gliwice since 2011 . Honours . - Belarusian Premier League - Winners ( 15 ) : 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2019 , 2020 - Third place : 2001 - Belarusian Cup - Winners ( 5 ) : 2005–06 , 2009–10 , 2014–15 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2001–02 , 2004–05 , 2006–07 , 2015–16 - Belarusian Super Cup - Winners ( 7 ) : 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2012 , 2018 , 2019 , 2021 - Belarusian Second League - Winners : 1996 - Football Championship of the Belarusian SSR - Winners ( 3 ) : 1974 , 1976 , 1979 League and Cup history . - Including play-off ( 1–0 win ) for the first place against Neman Grodno , as both teams finished with equal points . European record . As of August 15 , 2019 Managers . - Leu Mazurkevich ( 1973–1981 ) - Yuri Puntus ( 1 March 1996 – 30 November 2004 ) - Igor Kriushenko ( 1 January 2005 – 12 November 2007 ) - Viktor Goncharenko ( 13 November 2007 – 12 October 2013 ) - Alyaksandr Yermakovich ( 12 October 2013 – 31 December 2017 ) - Oleg Dulub ( 5 January 2018 – 3 June 2018 ) - Alyaksey Baha ( 4 June 2018 – 19 December 2019 ) - Kirill Alshevsky ( 1 January 2020 – 22 September 2020 ) - Aleksandr Lisovskiy ( 22 September 2020 – 31 December 2020 ) - Vitaly Zhukovsky ( 1 January 2021 – )

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Who coached the team FC BATE Borisov from 2018 to Jun 2018?

/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov#P286#4

FC BATE Borisov FC BATE Borisov ( , FK BATE Borisov ; , BATE Barysaw , ) is a professional Belarusian football team from the city of Barysaw . The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League , of which they are the leagues most successful club with 15 titles , including 13 won consecutively . The club has also won four Belarusian Cups and four Belarusian Super Cups . BATE is the only Belarusian team to have qualified for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 and 2015–16 ) and one of two to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League ( 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2017–18 and 2018–19 ) , along with Dinamo Minsk . The clubs home stadium is Borisov Arena , which was opened in 2014 . History . BATE is an acronym of Borisov Automobile and Tractor Electronics . The team was founded in 1973 and managed to win Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic league three times ( 1974 , 1976 and 1979 ) before being disbanded in 1984 . The club was re-established in 1996 . Since then , BATE have won the Belarusian Premier League 15 times and competed in UEFA competitions . In 2001 , BATE reached the first round of the UEFA Cup , their first appearance in the competition beyond the qualifying rounds . 2008 saw BATE becoming the first Belarusian team to qualify for the group stages of the UEFA Champions League . As of 2015 , BATE have played five times in the Champions League group stage , as well as twice in UEFA Europa League group stage , also reaching the knockout phase of the latter competition in 2010–11 and 2012–13 . Notable former players of BATE include Alexander Hleb ( VfB Stuttgart , Arsenal , Barcelona and Birmingham City ) ; Vitali Kutuzov ( Milan , Sporting CP , Avellino , Sampdoria , Parma , Pisa and Bari ) and Yuri Zhevnov ( FC Moscow , and Zenit Saint Petersburg ) . Having started their professional careers with BATE , all are also former or present members of the Belarus national team . BATE won their tenth consecutive league title in 2015 , with four matches to spare . In the 2017 season , BATE drew an average home league attendance of 5,633 , the second-highest in the league . Supporters . BATE Borisov is one of the most popular football teams in Belarus . BATE fans have developed a rivalry with the fans of Dinamo Minsk and a friendship with fans of Polish club Piast Gliwice since 2011 . Honours . - Belarusian Premier League - Winners ( 15 ) : 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2019 , 2020 - Third place : 2001 - Belarusian Cup - Winners ( 5 ) : 2005–06 , 2009–10 , 2014–15 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2001–02 , 2004–05 , 2006–07 , 2015–16 - Belarusian Super Cup - Winners ( 7 ) : 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2012 , 2018 , 2019 , 2021 - Belarusian Second League - Winners : 1996 - Football Championship of the Belarusian SSR - Winners ( 3 ) : 1974 , 1976 , 1979 League and Cup history . - Including play-off ( 1–0 win ) for the first place against Neman Grodno , as both teams finished with equal points . European record . As of August 15 , 2019 Managers . - Leu Mazurkevich ( 1973–1981 ) - Yuri Puntus ( 1 March 1996 – 30 November 2004 ) - Igor Kriushenko ( 1 January 2005 – 12 November 2007 ) - Viktor Goncharenko ( 13 November 2007 – 12 October 2013 ) - Alyaksandr Yermakovich ( 12 October 2013 – 31 December 2017 ) - Oleg Dulub ( 5 January 2018 – 3 June 2018 ) - Alyaksey Baha ( 4 June 2018 – 19 December 2019 ) - Kirill Alshevsky ( 1 January 2020 – 22 September 2020 ) - Aleksandr Lisovskiy ( 22 September 2020 – 31 December 2020 ) - Vitaly Zhukovsky ( 1 January 2021 – )

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Who coached the team FC BATE Borisov from Jun 2018 to 2019?

/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov#P286#5

FC BATE Borisov FC BATE Borisov ( , FK BATE Borisov ; , BATE Barysaw , ) is a professional Belarusian football team from the city of Barysaw . The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League , of which they are the leagues most successful club with 15 titles , including 13 won consecutively . The club has also won four Belarusian Cups and four Belarusian Super Cups . BATE is the only Belarusian team to have qualified for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 and 2015–16 ) and one of two to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League ( 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2017–18 and 2018–19 ) , along with Dinamo Minsk . The clubs home stadium is Borisov Arena , which was opened in 2014 . History . BATE is an acronym of Borisov Automobile and Tractor Electronics . The team was founded in 1973 and managed to win Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic league three times ( 1974 , 1976 and 1979 ) before being disbanded in 1984 . The club was re-established in 1996 . Since then , BATE have won the Belarusian Premier League 15 times and competed in UEFA competitions . In 2001 , BATE reached the first round of the UEFA Cup , their first appearance in the competition beyond the qualifying rounds . 2008 saw BATE becoming the first Belarusian team to qualify for the group stages of the UEFA Champions League . As of 2015 , BATE have played five times in the Champions League group stage , as well as twice in UEFA Europa League group stage , also reaching the knockout phase of the latter competition in 2010–11 and 2012–13 . Notable former players of BATE include Alexander Hleb ( VfB Stuttgart , Arsenal , Barcelona and Birmingham City ) ; Vitali Kutuzov ( Milan , Sporting CP , Avellino , Sampdoria , Parma , Pisa and Bari ) and Yuri Zhevnov ( FC Moscow , and Zenit Saint Petersburg ) . Having started their professional careers with BATE , all are also former or present members of the Belarus national team . BATE won their tenth consecutive league title in 2015 , with four matches to spare . In the 2017 season , BATE drew an average home league attendance of 5,633 , the second-highest in the league . Supporters . BATE Borisov is one of the most popular football teams in Belarus . BATE fans have developed a rivalry with the fans of Dinamo Minsk and a friendship with fans of Polish club Piast Gliwice since 2011 . Honours . - Belarusian Premier League - Winners ( 15 ) : 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2019 , 2020 - Third place : 2001 - Belarusian Cup - Winners ( 5 ) : 2005–06 , 2009–10 , 2014–15 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2001–02 , 2004–05 , 2006–07 , 2015–16 - Belarusian Super Cup - Winners ( 7 ) : 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2012 , 2018 , 2019 , 2021 - Belarusian Second League - Winners : 1996 - Football Championship of the Belarusian SSR - Winners ( 3 ) : 1974 , 1976 , 1979 League and Cup history . - Including play-off ( 1–0 win ) for the first place against Neman Grodno , as both teams finished with equal points . European record . As of August 15 , 2019 Managers . - Leu Mazurkevich ( 1973–1981 ) - Yuri Puntus ( 1 March 1996 – 30 November 2004 ) - Igor Kriushenko ( 1 January 2005 – 12 November 2007 ) - Viktor Goncharenko ( 13 November 2007 – 12 October 2013 ) - Alyaksandr Yermakovich ( 12 October 2013 – 31 December 2017 ) - Oleg Dulub ( 5 January 2018 – 3 June 2018 ) - Alyaksey Baha ( 4 June 2018 – 19 December 2019 ) - Kirill Alshevsky ( 1 January 2020 – 22 September 2020 ) - Aleksandr Lisovskiy ( 22 September 2020 – 31 December 2020 ) - Vitaly Zhukovsky ( 1 January 2021 – )

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Who coached the team FC BATE Borisov from 2020 to 2021?

/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov#P286#6

FC BATE Borisov FC BATE Borisov ( , FK BATE Borisov ; , BATE Barysaw , ) is a professional Belarusian football team from the city of Barysaw . The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League , of which they are the leagues most successful club with 15 titles , including 13 won consecutively . The club has also won four Belarusian Cups and four Belarusian Super Cups . BATE is the only Belarusian team to have qualified for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 2008–09 , 2011–12 , 2012–13 , 2014–15 and 2015–16 ) and one of two to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League ( 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2017–18 and 2018–19 ) , along with Dinamo Minsk . The clubs home stadium is Borisov Arena , which was opened in 2014 . History . BATE is an acronym of Borisov Automobile and Tractor Electronics . The team was founded in 1973 and managed to win Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic league three times ( 1974 , 1976 and 1979 ) before being disbanded in 1984 . The club was re-established in 1996 . Since then , BATE have won the Belarusian Premier League 15 times and competed in UEFA competitions . In 2001 , BATE reached the first round of the UEFA Cup , their first appearance in the competition beyond the qualifying rounds . 2008 saw BATE becoming the first Belarusian team to qualify for the group stages of the UEFA Champions League . As of 2015 , BATE have played five times in the Champions League group stage , as well as twice in UEFA Europa League group stage , also reaching the knockout phase of the latter competition in 2010–11 and 2012–13 . Notable former players of BATE include Alexander Hleb ( VfB Stuttgart , Arsenal , Barcelona and Birmingham City ) ; Vitali Kutuzov ( Milan , Sporting CP , Avellino , Sampdoria , Parma , Pisa and Bari ) and Yuri Zhevnov ( FC Moscow , and Zenit Saint Petersburg ) . Having started their professional careers with BATE , all are also former or present members of the Belarus national team . BATE won their tenth consecutive league title in 2015 , with four matches to spare . In the 2017 season , BATE drew an average home league attendance of 5,633 , the second-highest in the league . Supporters . BATE Borisov is one of the most popular football teams in Belarus . BATE fans have developed a rivalry with the fans of Dinamo Minsk and a friendship with fans of Polish club Piast Gliwice since 2011 . Honours . - Belarusian Premier League - Winners ( 15 ) : 1999 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 - Runners-up ( 6 ) : 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2019 , 2020 - Third place : 2001 - Belarusian Cup - Winners ( 5 ) : 2005–06 , 2009–10 , 2014–15 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2001–02 , 2004–05 , 2006–07 , 2015–16 - Belarusian Super Cup - Winners ( 7 ) : 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 - Runners-up ( 4 ) : 2012 , 2018 , 2019 , 2021 - Belarusian Second League - Winners : 1996 - Football Championship of the Belarusian SSR - Winners ( 3 ) : 1974 , 1976 , 1979 League and Cup history . - Including play-off ( 1–0 win ) for the first place against Neman Grodno , as both teams finished with equal points . European record . As of August 15 , 2019 Managers . - Leu Mazurkevich ( 1973–1981 ) - Yuri Puntus ( 1 March 1996 – 30 November 2004 ) - Igor Kriushenko ( 1 January 2005 – 12 November 2007 ) - Viktor Goncharenko ( 13 November 2007 – 12 October 2013 ) - Alyaksandr Yermakovich ( 12 October 2013 – 31 December 2017 ) - Oleg Dulub ( 5 January 2018 – 3 June 2018 ) - Alyaksey Baha ( 4 June 2018 – 19 December 2019 ) - Kirill Alshevsky ( 1 January 2020 – 22 September 2020 ) - Aleksandr Lisovskiy ( 22 September 2020 – 31 December 2020 ) - Vitaly Zhukovsky ( 1 January 2021 – )