Datasets:

hugosousa

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hard

Douglas Hogg took which position between Mar 1980 and Jul 1982?

/wiki/Douglas_Hogg#P39#0

Douglas Hogg Douglas Martin Hogg , 3rd Viscount Hailsham , Baron Hailsham of Kettlethorpe ( born 5 February 1945 ) , is a British politician and barrister . A member of the Conservative Party he served in the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food from 1995 to 1997 , and was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1979 to 2010 . The Daily Telegraph in 2009 exposed Hogg for claiming upwards of £2,000 of taxpayers money for the purposes of cleaning the moat of his country estate , Kettlethorpe Hall ; thus he became one of the most prominent illustrations used by the media to portray the extent of the parliamentary expenses scandal , although it later emerged that Hogg had been encouraged by the House of Commons Fees Office ( Independent Parliamentary Standards Authoritys precursor ) to submit equivalent en bloc expenses so as to reduce admin . As a result of the negative publicity , Hogg did not seek re-election at the 2010 general election . Aside from his hereditary peerage , he was made a life peer in the 2015 Dissolution Honours allowing him a seat in the House of Lords . As a member of the House of Lords he is styled Viscount Hailsham by parliamentary custom , the family title to which he succeeded in 2001 . Early life . Douglas Hogg , elder son of Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone and former Lord Chancellor , inherited the viscountcy on 12 October 2001 upon the death of his father who had disclaimed that title for life in 1963 , but who later accepted a life peerage in 1970 ; he is the grandson of Douglas Hogg , 1st Viscount Hailsham , formerly Lord Chancellor and Lord President of the Council until 1938 . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . He served as the President of the Oxford Union in Michaelmas ( autumn ) Term 1965 , before graduating with a degree in History in 1966 . He was called to the Bar in 1968 , after which he practised as a barrister . He became a Queens Counsel in 1990 , a year after his younger sister , Dame Mary Hogg , a barrister later appointed Justice of the Family Division . Member of Parliament . The Hon . Douglas Hogg was elected as a Member of Parliament at the 1979 general election for the Lincolnshire seat of Grantham , following the retirement of the sitting Conservative MP Joseph Godber . The Grantham seat was abolished at the 1997 general election ; however , Hogg stood and was returned as MP for Sleaford and North Hykeham in 1997 . In government . In Parliament , Hogg served as a member of the Agriculture , Fisheries and Food Select committee from 1979 , until his appointment as Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) to the Chief Secretary to the Treasury , Leon Brittan in 1982 . Hogg became a junior member of the Government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher following the 1983 general election , when he served as a Whip for a year . He rejoined HM Government in 1986 when he was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office , and was promoted in 1989 to Minister of State at the Department of Trade and Industry . Hogg was moved in 1990 under the leadership of Prime Minister John Major to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , becoming a member of the Privy Council in 1992 . He joined Majors Cabinet as the Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food in 1995 , serving in that capacity during the BSE crisis for which he received much criticism and remaining in post until the election of Tony Blairs Labour Government in 1997 . On 3 March 1997 , a disgruntled farmer from Anglesey , Louis Hayward , drove six hours from his farm to Kettlethorpe Hall in order to dump three tonnes of pig manure outside Hoggs house . Following the 1997 general election , Hogg was appointed a member of the Home Affairs Select Committee for a year and was a backbencher Member of Parliament until 2010 . The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to a seat in the House of Lords , so when his father died in 2001 ( being heir apparent to the peerage ) , he was not required ( as would previously have been the case ) to resign from the House of Commons and remained an MP until retiring in 2010 . Stevens Enquiry . In the report of his enquiry concerning collusion in Northern Ireland between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces , under Other Matters concerning Collusion , a section of Sir John Stevens report reads : Expenses . Hogg claimed near maximum Additional Costs Allowance in the 2001 and 2005 UK Parliaments . In 2009 , during the row over MPs expenses , The Daily Telegraph alleged that Hogg had submitted and was paid a claim form including more than £2,000 for the moat around his country estate , Kettlethorpe Hall , to be cleared . The taxpayer helped meet the cost of a full-time housekeeper . Other allegations included expenses for work done to Hoggs stables and for his piano to be tuned . He generously spent or perhaps somewhat overspent on his farm and home office : Hogg agreed a deal with the expenses office simply to have one twelfth of the second homes allowance paid into his bank account every month . In his defence , Hogg resolutely claimed he had not claimed for moat cleaning , and that the items were a list of all expenses incurred during house works , most of which were not paid for by the taxpayer . Hogg responded to the newspapers claims by saying he had agreed the claims with the Fees Office , and therefore hoped and believed that they would comply with the rules and the spirit of the rules as advised . In saying that his claims complied with both the spirit and letter of the rules , Hogg said he had issued , in the interests of transparency , full lists of all his expenditure on the property but these were never meant to be the record of a claim . On 14 May , Hogg agreed to repay the £2,200 cost of clearing the moat , after an order from the party leadership . He maintained he had not claimed the money , but agreed it had not been positively excluded from paperwork submitted to the Commons Fees Office . Following the scandal , Hogg announced on 19 May 2009 that he would not stand at the following general election . House of Lords . Prime Minister David Cameron put Hoggs name forward for a life barony to be included in the 2011 New Year Honours , but House of Lords Appointments Commission advised against the appointment . In 2013 , Hogg stood for election to the House of Lords seat made vacant by the death of the 13th Earl Ferrers , losing to the 5th Viscount Ridley . Months later , he stood for the hereditary peers vacancy to the 90-elected such seats in the House of Lords , following the death of Hugh Mackay , 14th Lord Reay , when Lord Borwick was elected . On 12 October 2015 , he was created a life peer as Baron Hailsham of Kettlethorpe , of Kettlethorpe in the County of Lincolnshire , enabling him to sit in the House of Lords . In film and fiction . In February 2010 he was played by Geoffrey Beevers in the television film On Expenses . Marriage and children . Hogg married Hon . Sarah Boyd-Carpenter , daughter of John Boyd-Carpenter , on 6 June 1968 in Westminster . They have two children : - Hon . Charlotte Mary Hogg ( born 26 August 1970 ) , previously in charge of retail operations at Santander UK , in 2013 she was appointed first Chief Operating Officer at the Bank of England , under Governor Mark Carney . In March 2017 she served briefly as Deputy Governor ( Markets and Banking ) , before resigning from both positions for failure to declare that her brother was employed in the banking industry . - Hon . Quintin John Neil Martin Hogg ( born 12 October 1973 ) , heir apparent to the viscountcy . As his wife was created a life peer as Baroness Hogg in 1995 , the Hailshams are among the few couples both of whom hold noble titles in their own right . External links . - Conservative Party - Rt Hon Douglas Hogg QC MP biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle : Douglas Hogg MP - TheyWorkForYou.com - Douglas Hogg MP - The Public Whip - Douglas Hogg MP voting record - BBC News - Douglas Hogg profile 15 February 2005

hard

Douglas Hogg took which position between Feb 1985 and Aug 1986?

/wiki/Douglas_Hogg#P39#1

Douglas Hogg Douglas Martin Hogg , 3rd Viscount Hailsham , Baron Hailsham of Kettlethorpe ( born 5 February 1945 ) , is a British politician and barrister . A member of the Conservative Party he served in the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food from 1995 to 1997 , and was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1979 to 2010 . The Daily Telegraph in 2009 exposed Hogg for claiming upwards of £2,000 of taxpayers money for the purposes of cleaning the moat of his country estate , Kettlethorpe Hall ; thus he became one of the most prominent illustrations used by the media to portray the extent of the parliamentary expenses scandal , although it later emerged that Hogg had been encouraged by the House of Commons Fees Office ( Independent Parliamentary Standards Authoritys precursor ) to submit equivalent en bloc expenses so as to reduce admin . As a result of the negative publicity , Hogg did not seek re-election at the 2010 general election . Aside from his hereditary peerage , he was made a life peer in the 2015 Dissolution Honours allowing him a seat in the House of Lords . As a member of the House of Lords he is styled Viscount Hailsham by parliamentary custom , the family title to which he succeeded in 2001 . Early life . Douglas Hogg , elder son of Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone and former Lord Chancellor , inherited the viscountcy on 12 October 2001 upon the death of his father who had disclaimed that title for life in 1963 , but who later accepted a life peerage in 1970 ; he is the grandson of Douglas Hogg , 1st Viscount Hailsham , formerly Lord Chancellor and Lord President of the Council until 1938 . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . He served as the President of the Oxford Union in Michaelmas ( autumn ) Term 1965 , before graduating with a degree in History in 1966 . He was called to the Bar in 1968 , after which he practised as a barrister . He became a Queens Counsel in 1990 , a year after his younger sister , Dame Mary Hogg , a barrister later appointed Justice of the Family Division . Member of Parliament . The Hon . Douglas Hogg was elected as a Member of Parliament at the 1979 general election for the Lincolnshire seat of Grantham , following the retirement of the sitting Conservative MP Joseph Godber . The Grantham seat was abolished at the 1997 general election ; however , Hogg stood and was returned as MP for Sleaford and North Hykeham in 1997 . In government . In Parliament , Hogg served as a member of the Agriculture , Fisheries and Food Select committee from 1979 , until his appointment as Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) to the Chief Secretary to the Treasury , Leon Brittan in 1982 . Hogg became a junior member of the Government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher following the 1983 general election , when he served as a Whip for a year . He rejoined HM Government in 1986 when he was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office , and was promoted in 1989 to Minister of State at the Department of Trade and Industry . Hogg was moved in 1990 under the leadership of Prime Minister John Major to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , becoming a member of the Privy Council in 1992 . He joined Majors Cabinet as the Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food in 1995 , serving in that capacity during the BSE crisis for which he received much criticism and remaining in post until the election of Tony Blairs Labour Government in 1997 . On 3 March 1997 , a disgruntled farmer from Anglesey , Louis Hayward , drove six hours from his farm to Kettlethorpe Hall in order to dump three tonnes of pig manure outside Hoggs house . Following the 1997 general election , Hogg was appointed a member of the Home Affairs Select Committee for a year and was a backbencher Member of Parliament until 2010 . The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to a seat in the House of Lords , so when his father died in 2001 ( being heir apparent to the peerage ) , he was not required ( as would previously have been the case ) to resign from the House of Commons and remained an MP until retiring in 2010 . Stevens Enquiry . In the report of his enquiry concerning collusion in Northern Ireland between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces , under Other Matters concerning Collusion , a section of Sir John Stevens report reads : Expenses . Hogg claimed near maximum Additional Costs Allowance in the 2001 and 2005 UK Parliaments . In 2009 , during the row over MPs expenses , The Daily Telegraph alleged that Hogg had submitted and was paid a claim form including more than £2,000 for the moat around his country estate , Kettlethorpe Hall , to be cleared . The taxpayer helped meet the cost of a full-time housekeeper . Other allegations included expenses for work done to Hoggs stables and for his piano to be tuned . He generously spent or perhaps somewhat overspent on his farm and home office : Hogg agreed a deal with the expenses office simply to have one twelfth of the second homes allowance paid into his bank account every month . In his defence , Hogg resolutely claimed he had not claimed for moat cleaning , and that the items were a list of all expenses incurred during house works , most of which were not paid for by the taxpayer . Hogg responded to the newspapers claims by saying he had agreed the claims with the Fees Office , and therefore hoped and believed that they would comply with the rules and the spirit of the rules as advised . In saying that his claims complied with both the spirit and letter of the rules , Hogg said he had issued , in the interests of transparency , full lists of all his expenditure on the property but these were never meant to be the record of a claim . On 14 May , Hogg agreed to repay the £2,200 cost of clearing the moat , after an order from the party leadership . He maintained he had not claimed the money , but agreed it had not been positively excluded from paperwork submitted to the Commons Fees Office . Following the scandal , Hogg announced on 19 May 2009 that he would not stand at the following general election . House of Lords . Prime Minister David Cameron put Hoggs name forward for a life barony to be included in the 2011 New Year Honours , but House of Lords Appointments Commission advised against the appointment . In 2013 , Hogg stood for election to the House of Lords seat made vacant by the death of the 13th Earl Ferrers , losing to the 5th Viscount Ridley . Months later , he stood for the hereditary peers vacancy to the 90-elected such seats in the House of Lords , following the death of Hugh Mackay , 14th Lord Reay , when Lord Borwick was elected . On 12 October 2015 , he was created a life peer as Baron Hailsham of Kettlethorpe , of Kettlethorpe in the County of Lincolnshire , enabling him to sit in the House of Lords . In film and fiction . In February 2010 he was played by Geoffrey Beevers in the television film On Expenses . Marriage and children . Hogg married Hon . Sarah Boyd-Carpenter , daughter of John Boyd-Carpenter , on 6 June 1968 in Westminster . They have two children : - Hon . Charlotte Mary Hogg ( born 26 August 1970 ) , previously in charge of retail operations at Santander UK , in 2013 she was appointed first Chief Operating Officer at the Bank of England , under Governor Mark Carney . In March 2017 she served briefly as Deputy Governor ( Markets and Banking ) , before resigning from both positions for failure to declare that her brother was employed in the banking industry . - Hon . Quintin John Neil Martin Hogg ( born 12 October 1973 ) , heir apparent to the viscountcy . As his wife was created a life peer as Baroness Hogg in 1995 , the Hailshams are among the few couples both of whom hold noble titles in their own right . External links . - Conservative Party - Rt Hon Douglas Hogg QC MP biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle : Douglas Hogg MP - TheyWorkForYou.com - Douglas Hogg MP - The Public Whip - Douglas Hogg MP voting record - BBC News - Douglas Hogg profile 15 February 2005

hard

Douglas Hogg took which position between Sep 1990 and Jun 1991?

/wiki/Douglas_Hogg#P39#2

Douglas Hogg Douglas Martin Hogg , 3rd Viscount Hailsham , Baron Hailsham of Kettlethorpe ( born 5 February 1945 ) , is a British politician and barrister . A member of the Conservative Party he served in the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food from 1995 to 1997 , and was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1979 to 2010 . The Daily Telegraph in 2009 exposed Hogg for claiming upwards of £2,000 of taxpayers money for the purposes of cleaning the moat of his country estate , Kettlethorpe Hall ; thus he became one of the most prominent illustrations used by the media to portray the extent of the parliamentary expenses scandal , although it later emerged that Hogg had been encouraged by the House of Commons Fees Office ( Independent Parliamentary Standards Authoritys precursor ) to submit equivalent en bloc expenses so as to reduce admin . As a result of the negative publicity , Hogg did not seek re-election at the 2010 general election . Aside from his hereditary peerage , he was made a life peer in the 2015 Dissolution Honours allowing him a seat in the House of Lords . As a member of the House of Lords he is styled Viscount Hailsham by parliamentary custom , the family title to which he succeeded in 2001 . Early life . Douglas Hogg , elder son of Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone and former Lord Chancellor , inherited the viscountcy on 12 October 2001 upon the death of his father who had disclaimed that title for life in 1963 , but who later accepted a life peerage in 1970 ; he is the grandson of Douglas Hogg , 1st Viscount Hailsham , formerly Lord Chancellor and Lord President of the Council until 1938 . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . He served as the President of the Oxford Union in Michaelmas ( autumn ) Term 1965 , before graduating with a degree in History in 1966 . He was called to the Bar in 1968 , after which he practised as a barrister . He became a Queens Counsel in 1990 , a year after his younger sister , Dame Mary Hogg , a barrister later appointed Justice of the Family Division . Member of Parliament . The Hon . Douglas Hogg was elected as a Member of Parliament at the 1979 general election for the Lincolnshire seat of Grantham , following the retirement of the sitting Conservative MP Joseph Godber . The Grantham seat was abolished at the 1997 general election ; however , Hogg stood and was returned as MP for Sleaford and North Hykeham in 1997 . In government . In Parliament , Hogg served as a member of the Agriculture , Fisheries and Food Select committee from 1979 , until his appointment as Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) to the Chief Secretary to the Treasury , Leon Brittan in 1982 . Hogg became a junior member of the Government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher following the 1983 general election , when he served as a Whip for a year . He rejoined HM Government in 1986 when he was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office , and was promoted in 1989 to Minister of State at the Department of Trade and Industry . Hogg was moved in 1990 under the leadership of Prime Minister John Major to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , becoming a member of the Privy Council in 1992 . He joined Majors Cabinet as the Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food in 1995 , serving in that capacity during the BSE crisis for which he received much criticism and remaining in post until the election of Tony Blairs Labour Government in 1997 . On 3 March 1997 , a disgruntled farmer from Anglesey , Louis Hayward , drove six hours from his farm to Kettlethorpe Hall in order to dump three tonnes of pig manure outside Hoggs house . Following the 1997 general election , Hogg was appointed a member of the Home Affairs Select Committee for a year and was a backbencher Member of Parliament until 2010 . The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to a seat in the House of Lords , so when his father died in 2001 ( being heir apparent to the peerage ) , he was not required ( as would previously have been the case ) to resign from the House of Commons and remained an MP until retiring in 2010 . Stevens Enquiry . In the report of his enquiry concerning collusion in Northern Ireland between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces , under Other Matters concerning Collusion , a section of Sir John Stevens report reads : Expenses . Hogg claimed near maximum Additional Costs Allowance in the 2001 and 2005 UK Parliaments . In 2009 , during the row over MPs expenses , The Daily Telegraph alleged that Hogg had submitted and was paid a claim form including more than £2,000 for the moat around his country estate , Kettlethorpe Hall , to be cleared . The taxpayer helped meet the cost of a full-time housekeeper . Other allegations included expenses for work done to Hoggs stables and for his piano to be tuned . He generously spent or perhaps somewhat overspent on his farm and home office : Hogg agreed a deal with the expenses office simply to have one twelfth of the second homes allowance paid into his bank account every month . In his defence , Hogg resolutely claimed he had not claimed for moat cleaning , and that the items were a list of all expenses incurred during house works , most of which were not paid for by the taxpayer . Hogg responded to the newspapers claims by saying he had agreed the claims with the Fees Office , and therefore hoped and believed that they would comply with the rules and the spirit of the rules as advised . In saying that his claims complied with both the spirit and letter of the rules , Hogg said he had issued , in the interests of transparency , full lists of all his expenditure on the property but these were never meant to be the record of a claim . On 14 May , Hogg agreed to repay the £2,200 cost of clearing the moat , after an order from the party leadership . He maintained he had not claimed the money , but agreed it had not been positively excluded from paperwork submitted to the Commons Fees Office . Following the scandal , Hogg announced on 19 May 2009 that he would not stand at the following general election . House of Lords . Prime Minister David Cameron put Hoggs name forward for a life barony to be included in the 2011 New Year Honours , but House of Lords Appointments Commission advised against the appointment . In 2013 , Hogg stood for election to the House of Lords seat made vacant by the death of the 13th Earl Ferrers , losing to the 5th Viscount Ridley . Months later , he stood for the hereditary peers vacancy to the 90-elected such seats in the House of Lords , following the death of Hugh Mackay , 14th Lord Reay , when Lord Borwick was elected . On 12 October 2015 , he was created a life peer as Baron Hailsham of Kettlethorpe , of Kettlethorpe in the County of Lincolnshire , enabling him to sit in the House of Lords . In film and fiction . In February 2010 he was played by Geoffrey Beevers in the television film On Expenses . Marriage and children . Hogg married Hon . Sarah Boyd-Carpenter , daughter of John Boyd-Carpenter , on 6 June 1968 in Westminster . They have two children : - Hon . Charlotte Mary Hogg ( born 26 August 1970 ) , previously in charge of retail operations at Santander UK , in 2013 she was appointed first Chief Operating Officer at the Bank of England , under Governor Mark Carney . In March 2017 she served briefly as Deputy Governor ( Markets and Banking ) , before resigning from both positions for failure to declare that her brother was employed in the banking industry . - Hon . Quintin John Neil Martin Hogg ( born 12 October 1973 ) , heir apparent to the viscountcy . As his wife was created a life peer as Baroness Hogg in 1995 , the Hailshams are among the few couples both of whom hold noble titles in their own right . External links . - Conservative Party - Rt Hon Douglas Hogg QC MP biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle : Douglas Hogg MP - TheyWorkForYou.com - Douglas Hogg MP - The Public Whip - Douglas Hogg MP voting record - BBC News - Douglas Hogg profile 15 February 2005

hard

Douglas Hogg took which position after Sep 1996?

/wiki/Douglas_Hogg#P39#3

Douglas Hogg Douglas Martin Hogg , 3rd Viscount Hailsham , Baron Hailsham of Kettlethorpe ( born 5 February 1945 ) , is a British politician and barrister . A member of the Conservative Party he served in the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food from 1995 to 1997 , and was a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1979 to 2010 . The Daily Telegraph in 2009 exposed Hogg for claiming upwards of £2,000 of taxpayers money for the purposes of cleaning the moat of his country estate , Kettlethorpe Hall ; thus he became one of the most prominent illustrations used by the media to portray the extent of the parliamentary expenses scandal , although it later emerged that Hogg had been encouraged by the House of Commons Fees Office ( Independent Parliamentary Standards Authoritys precursor ) to submit equivalent en bloc expenses so as to reduce admin . As a result of the negative publicity , Hogg did not seek re-election at the 2010 general election . Aside from his hereditary peerage , he was made a life peer in the 2015 Dissolution Honours allowing him a seat in the House of Lords . As a member of the House of Lords he is styled Viscount Hailsham by parliamentary custom , the family title to which he succeeded in 2001 . Early life . Douglas Hogg , elder son of Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone and former Lord Chancellor , inherited the viscountcy on 12 October 2001 upon the death of his father who had disclaimed that title for life in 1963 , but who later accepted a life peerage in 1970 ; he is the grandson of Douglas Hogg , 1st Viscount Hailsham , formerly Lord Chancellor and Lord President of the Council until 1938 . He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church , Oxford . He served as the President of the Oxford Union in Michaelmas ( autumn ) Term 1965 , before graduating with a degree in History in 1966 . He was called to the Bar in 1968 , after which he practised as a barrister . He became a Queens Counsel in 1990 , a year after his younger sister , Dame Mary Hogg , a barrister later appointed Justice of the Family Division . Member of Parliament . The Hon . Douglas Hogg was elected as a Member of Parliament at the 1979 general election for the Lincolnshire seat of Grantham , following the retirement of the sitting Conservative MP Joseph Godber . The Grantham seat was abolished at the 1997 general election ; however , Hogg stood and was returned as MP for Sleaford and North Hykeham in 1997 . In government . In Parliament , Hogg served as a member of the Agriculture , Fisheries and Food Select committee from 1979 , until his appointment as Parliamentary Private Secretary ( PPS ) to the Chief Secretary to the Treasury , Leon Brittan in 1982 . Hogg became a junior member of the Government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher following the 1983 general election , when he served as a Whip for a year . He rejoined HM Government in 1986 when he was appointed as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Home Office , and was promoted in 1989 to Minister of State at the Department of Trade and Industry . Hogg was moved in 1990 under the leadership of Prime Minister John Major to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , becoming a member of the Privy Council in 1992 . He joined Majors Cabinet as the Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food in 1995 , serving in that capacity during the BSE crisis for which he received much criticism and remaining in post until the election of Tony Blairs Labour Government in 1997 . On 3 March 1997 , a disgruntled farmer from Anglesey , Louis Hayward , drove six hours from his farm to Kettlethorpe Hall in order to dump three tonnes of pig manure outside Hoggs house . Following the 1997 general election , Hogg was appointed a member of the Home Affairs Select Committee for a year and was a backbencher Member of Parliament until 2010 . The House of Lords Act 1999 removed the automatic right of hereditary peers to a seat in the House of Lords , so when his father died in 2001 ( being heir apparent to the peerage ) , he was not required ( as would previously have been the case ) to resign from the House of Commons and remained an MP until retiring in 2010 . Stevens Enquiry . In the report of his enquiry concerning collusion in Northern Ireland between loyalist paramilitaries and the security forces , under Other Matters concerning Collusion , a section of Sir John Stevens report reads : Expenses . Hogg claimed near maximum Additional Costs Allowance in the 2001 and 2005 UK Parliaments . In 2009 , during the row over MPs expenses , The Daily Telegraph alleged that Hogg had submitted and was paid a claim form including more than £2,000 for the moat around his country estate , Kettlethorpe Hall , to be cleared . The taxpayer helped meet the cost of a full-time housekeeper . Other allegations included expenses for work done to Hoggs stables and for his piano to be tuned . He generously spent or perhaps somewhat overspent on his farm and home office : Hogg agreed a deal with the expenses office simply to have one twelfth of the second homes allowance paid into his bank account every month . In his defence , Hogg resolutely claimed he had not claimed for moat cleaning , and that the items were a list of all expenses incurred during house works , most of which were not paid for by the taxpayer . Hogg responded to the newspapers claims by saying he had agreed the claims with the Fees Office , and therefore hoped and believed that they would comply with the rules and the spirit of the rules as advised . In saying that his claims complied with both the spirit and letter of the rules , Hogg said he had issued , in the interests of transparency , full lists of all his expenditure on the property but these were never meant to be the record of a claim . On 14 May , Hogg agreed to repay the £2,200 cost of clearing the moat , after an order from the party leadership . He maintained he had not claimed the money , but agreed it had not been positively excluded from paperwork submitted to the Commons Fees Office . Following the scandal , Hogg announced on 19 May 2009 that he would not stand at the following general election . House of Lords . Prime Minister David Cameron put Hoggs name forward for a life barony to be included in the 2011 New Year Honours , but House of Lords Appointments Commission advised against the appointment . In 2013 , Hogg stood for election to the House of Lords seat made vacant by the death of the 13th Earl Ferrers , losing to the 5th Viscount Ridley . Months later , he stood for the hereditary peers vacancy to the 90-elected such seats in the House of Lords , following the death of Hugh Mackay , 14th Lord Reay , when Lord Borwick was elected . On 12 October 2015 , he was created a life peer as Baron Hailsham of Kettlethorpe , of Kettlethorpe in the County of Lincolnshire , enabling him to sit in the House of Lords . In film and fiction . In February 2010 he was played by Geoffrey Beevers in the television film On Expenses . Marriage and children . Hogg married Hon . Sarah Boyd-Carpenter , daughter of John Boyd-Carpenter , on 6 June 1968 in Westminster . They have two children : - Hon . Charlotte Mary Hogg ( born 26 August 1970 ) , previously in charge of retail operations at Santander UK , in 2013 she was appointed first Chief Operating Officer at the Bank of England , under Governor Mark Carney . In March 2017 she served briefly as Deputy Governor ( Markets and Banking ) , before resigning from both positions for failure to declare that her brother was employed in the banking industry . - Hon . Quintin John Neil Martin Hogg ( born 12 October 1973 ) , heir apparent to the viscountcy . As his wife was created a life peer as Baroness Hogg in 1995 , the Hailshams are among the few couples both of whom hold noble titles in their own right . External links . - Conservative Party - Rt Hon Douglas Hogg QC MP biography - Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle : Douglas Hogg MP - TheyWorkForYou.com - Douglas Hogg MP - The Public Whip - Douglas Hogg MP voting record - BBC News - Douglas Hogg profile 15 February 2005

hard

Mohamed Zidan played for which team before May 1999?

/wiki/Mohamed_Zidan#P54#0

Mohamed Zidan Mohamed Abdullah Zidan ( ; born 11 December 1981 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . Club career . Early career . Mohamed Zidan was born in Port Said , Egypt , to an Egyptian family . His career started as a striker for his hometown club El Masry in 1998 . Al-Masry dropped Zidan because of a perceived lack of passing ability leading to his family moving to Denmark . In his first year in Denmark , while training with B93 for a contract , he played a few games for the Danish-Turkish club FC Anatolien , now Kokkedal BK , in Nivå in Northern Zealand . Zidan was scouted by the Danish Superliga club Akademisk Boldklub ( AB ) while he was juggling a ball at a Danish park in 1999 . In June 2003 , he moved to the league rivals FC Midtjylland ( FCM ) , as AB experienced financial hardship . At FCM , he became the leagues top scorer in the 2003–04 season , and he was awarded the Rookie of the year award , becoming Player of the Year the following season . In all , he scored 30 goals in 47 appearances for FC Midtjylland , and especially his nine goals in the first three games of FCMs newly built SAS Arena stadium , made the stadium colloquially known as Zidan Arena . Werder Bremen and Mainz 05 . Zidans performance in the Danish League had resulted in several top European clubs gaining interest in signing the striker . In the winter break of the 2004–05 season , he was loaned by German club Werder Bremen for the remainder of the 2004–05 , with an option to buy in the summer . In the summer of 2005 he was bought by Werder for a fee believed to be around €3.5 million . On 31 August 2005 , Zidan was loaned out to Mainz for the 2005–06 season . He went on to score nine goals in 26 appearances , seven as a substitute for Mainz . In the 2006–07 pre-season friendly matches , he retained his form with Werder Bremen , starting six of the seven matches he had played and scored four goals . Zidans performance in the semi-final match of the 2006 DFB-Ligapokal against Hamburger SV on 1 August 2006 , including bagging a goal in the 50th minute , earned him the man of the match award and ensured his clubs qualification to the cup final . However , after a trail of injuries , Zidan was on the receiving end of less playing time . After months of speculations , following the limited playing time and injuries , Werder Bremen announced on 16 January 2007 that Zidan would be transferred to Mainz for a reported 2.8 million Euros fee , which made it the largest ever purchase in the clubs history , passing his medical on 17 January 2007 . He scored six goals in the first 5 matches with his new club , catapulting the team from last , to 10th place on 1 March 2007 with 27 points . The Egyptian talent also received 50% of votes by the Kicker magazine , and earned himself the title of Player of the month in February in Germany , while Mainz became Team of the Month in the German Bundesliga . Fans of Mainz loved Zidan since his loan spell with the red shirt in which he managed to dazzle them with his skills , talent , and goals . The most notable show of talent was in a game against Bayern Munich during the 2005–06 season . Zidan earned a man of the match award when he dribbled past Philipp Lahm and scored against Oliver Kahn . Whilst loaned to Mainz , Zidan scored a goal against the club he was contracted to , Werder Bremen , in 14 seconds . This marked it as the fastest goal scored in the Bundesliga season and is ranked sixth as the quick fastest scored goals in the Bundesligas history . In an interview with Bild in Germany , Zidan admitted that he had high aspirations and had ambitions to play in either Barcelona , Real Madrid , Liverpool or Manchester United . He stated that he wanted to play for Barcelona within the next three years to play alongside Brazilian sensation Ronaldinho or Liverpool to play with Steven Gerrard . During the 2007 season Zidan contributed many spectacular goals , but could not save Mainz from relegation . The club had only been able to score 34 goals in the entire season , 13 of which , despite having played for less than half of a season , came from the Egyptian forwards feet . Unfortunately Zidans hard-work and valuable solo contribution was insufficient to prevent Mainz from the depths of despair of being relegated to the second division . However , Zidans work was noticed by number of top established clubs based in Spain , France and England as well as German champions VfB Stuttgart . Hamburger SV . Zidans run of good form during the 2006–07 season fueled many transfer rumors , and major clubs as Hamburger SV , newly crowned German champions VfB Stuttgart and several Spanish clubs were named as possible future clubs . Mainz manager Christian Heidel was very keen to keep Zidan at the club , so the club could mount a promotion challenge for the 2007–08 2 . Bundesliga season . On 3 June 2007 , Zidan passed a medical and thereby completed his move to HSV . He said that he always wanted a move to the north-German club , because he still has many ties to Denmark . The transfer fee was suspected to be about €5.8 million . Zidan was handed the number 7 shirt , a number previously worn by Hamburger SV prized player and Iranian captain , Mehdi Mahdavikia . Zidan proved himself as a capable striker and could adjust to the new team in friendly games , often scoring when substituted or scoring four goals when he played the full game . Mohamed Zidan scored his first official goal for Hamburger SV in the away DFB-Pokal match versus Holstein Kiel . However several appearances in Hamburgs start to the Bundesliga saw Zidan goalless , and often substituted off before the full 90 minutes of the game . Zidan however proved himself as a dangerous striker and playmaker , as he was brought on as a substitute against Bavarian giants Bayern Munich in the 74th minute . Zidan scored his first Bundesliga goal for HSV in the 87th minute , with the goal bearing a lot of significance as it ended Bayerns early undefeated run in the competition and was the first goal that Oliver Kahn had conceded up until then and was also the third goal that Zidan has scored against Bayern during his years in the Bundesliga . He also scored Hamburgs only goal in the game against Real Madrid in the Emirates Cup which took place in the summer of 2008 , and later only played one competitive game for Hamburg during the 2008–09 season , as a late substitute in the first round of the DFB-Pokal against FC Ingolstadt 04 . Borussia Dortmund . Eventually , his time at Hamburg turned out to be for a short period . On 17 August 2008 , Zidans transfer from Hamburg to Borussia Dortmund was confirmed by both clubs official websites as part of a deal that also saw Croatian international Mladen Petrić moving in the opposite direction , with both players signing four-year contracts . Dortmund also confirmed they had received an officially undisclosed transfer fee , which were believed to be worth around 5 million euro . His transfer to Dortmund reunited him with former Mainz coach , Jürgen Klopp , who was in charge of the club during Zidans two successful spells there in 2005–06 and the second half of the 2006–07 season . He received the number 10 shirt . His first appearance with Borussia Dortmund was on 23 August 2008 against Bayern Munich in a game which ended 1–1 . On 17 April 2010 , Zidan suffered an injury in his knee that prevented him from playing for almost 6 months . On 3 May 2011 , Borussia Dormund were crowned champions of the Bundesliga for the first time since 2002 . Return to Mainz . On 31 January 2012 , Zidan left Borussia Dortmund and signed a new contract with his former club Mainz . He scored once in each of his first six games for Mainz , becoming the first player in the history of the Bundesliga to score in each of his first six games with his new club . This surpassed VfB Stuttgart striker Fredi Bobic who had scored in the first five games for his new club in the 1994–1995 season opener . On 10 April 2012 , he scored once and assisted two goals against Köln in a 4–0 win . At the end of the season , Zidan refused to sign a contract extension by rejecting a one-year offer , claiming that he wanted a two-year offer . Baniyas . On 31 July 2012 , Zidan signed for Emirati club Baniyas , signing a two-year contract . In January 2013 he was omitted from the Baniyas squad for the rest of the season and decided to have his contract terminated . He wasnt registered in the clubs squad list for the next season , so he didnt play a single match in the 2013–14 Season . He left the club after his contract expired . He later described his stay in UAE as the biggest mistake in his life . International career . Weeks before the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt , the Egyptian Football Association sent a fax on 23 December 2005 to Mainz , asking for an international call-up for Zidan . There was no answer from Mainz or the player for that matter , and as a consequence he drew much criticism from the Egyptian fans and officials alike . He had allegedly chosen not to represent Egypt , as he felt he would lose his starting spot with Mainz . However , in an interview , after Egypt had won the African Cup of Nations in 2008 , he stated that the reason he did not play in 2006 was because of a leg injury . In a January 2006 interview with the Danish tabloid newspaper BT , Zidan criticized the Egyptian Football Association for contacting Mainz during Christmas time when everybody was on holiday , and said that the Egyptian national team should have talked to him personally , as they had with Tottenham Hotspur striker Mido . He also said that the Egyptian head coach Shehata had not treated him well , and that the whole thing seemed too unprofessional for him . In April 2006 , Hassan Shehata declared he would never again invite Mohamed Zidan to join the national team . He stated , Zidan refused to join the team when we needed him most , before the Nations Cup . You can never count on these kind of players . During this time there was also talk about Zidan wanting to play for the Denmark national team , if the Egyptian squad did not want him . However , on 5 August 2006 , just 11 days before Egypts friendly match against Uruguay , Shehata backed down over his former decision by calling Zidan up for the national team squad . However , Zidan remained doubtful for the friendly match against Uruguay due to an injury that forced him to miss Werder Bremens season opener . Zidan was called to represent Egypt in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Burundi , where he scored his first international goal only five minutes after kick-off . Indeed , in Egypts 2008 Africa Cup of Nations opening Group C match against Cameroon , in a match hotly billed as the Group C decider for top and second spots in the group , Zidan turned in a strong performance , scoring two goals – helping the African Champions cause for defending their title during an impressive 4–2 victory . Zidan was not out of the woods yet when it comes to controversy as he was reportedly injured in training with the national team before their match with Angola , ART reporter said that he thought that Zidan is being spoilt , and that he refused to continue the warm up and treatment for him before the game , this was denied by Shawky Gharib the Egyptian Head Coach , Zidan and the Manager ; Hassan Shehata . After missing a few games and a few starts after the display in the opening Cameroon game , Zidan was used as a substitute on numerous occasions , always posing a great threat to the opposition . He was used in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana as a striker , sometimes a lone striker , a winger and as an offensive midfielder . One of the most notable plays was in the final against Cameroon , when he applied pressure on veteran defender Rigobert Song and effectively wrestled the ball out of the defenders legs and managed to supply Mohamed Aboutrika for the winning goal . In Egypts opening 2009 Confederations Cup game , Zidan scored two goals against Brazil in a 4–3 loss . He was called again to join Egypts squad for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola . He was Egypts striker along with Emad Moteab . He played in the opening Group C match against Nigeria . He scored his only goal in the competition against Algeria in the semifinal , in a match that ended 4–0 to Egypt , and where he also assisted Mohamed Abdel-Shafy for the 3–0 goal . He supplied the finals winning goal , once again , but not to Aboutrika this time ; this time it was Mohamed Nagy Gedo who got the winning goal . On 3 March 2010 , Zidan scored the only goal for Egypt in a 3–1 loss to England . Zidan is unlikely to play for Egypt again after refusing to play a crucial qualifiers match against Central African Republic to fly off to China for a discussion with a Chinese club . Personal life . He was born in Port Said , Egypt , and also holds German citizenship . Mohamed Zidan was married to his long term girlfriend Stina , Who holds a Danish citizenship , in 2014 in Germany . They have two children together , son named Adam born in 2010 , and a son named Liam 2014 . In 2015 , Mohamed Zidan moved back to Cairo , Egypt . In 2017 he married his current Egyptian wife , they have a son named Zidan born in 2018 . Career as an analyst . In 2014 , Zidan worked as an analyst at BeIN Sports channel for matches involving German clubs . Honours . Club . Werder Bremen - DFL-Ligapokal : 2006 Borussia Dortmund - Bundesliga : 2010–11 , 2011–12 International . Egypt - Africa Cup of Nations : 2008 , 2010 Individual . - Danish Superliga top scorer : 2003–04 ( shared ) - FC Midtjylland Player of the Year : 2003–04 , 2004–05 External links . - EgyptianPlayers news items - SoccerEgypt profile - Danish career statistics at Danmarks Radio

hard

Mohamed Zidan played for which team in May 2003?

/wiki/Mohamed_Zidan#P54#1

Mohamed Zidan Mohamed Abdullah Zidan ( ; born 11 December 1981 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . Club career . Early career . Mohamed Zidan was born in Port Said , Egypt , to an Egyptian family . His career started as a striker for his hometown club El Masry in 1998 . Al-Masry dropped Zidan because of a perceived lack of passing ability leading to his family moving to Denmark . In his first year in Denmark , while training with B93 for a contract , he played a few games for the Danish-Turkish club FC Anatolien , now Kokkedal BK , in Nivå in Northern Zealand . Zidan was scouted by the Danish Superliga club Akademisk Boldklub ( AB ) while he was juggling a ball at a Danish park in 1999 . In June 2003 , he moved to the league rivals FC Midtjylland ( FCM ) , as AB experienced financial hardship . At FCM , he became the leagues top scorer in the 2003–04 season , and he was awarded the Rookie of the year award , becoming Player of the Year the following season . In all , he scored 30 goals in 47 appearances for FC Midtjylland , and especially his nine goals in the first three games of FCMs newly built SAS Arena stadium , made the stadium colloquially known as Zidan Arena . Werder Bremen and Mainz 05 . Zidans performance in the Danish League had resulted in several top European clubs gaining interest in signing the striker . In the winter break of the 2004–05 season , he was loaned by German club Werder Bremen for the remainder of the 2004–05 , with an option to buy in the summer . In the summer of 2005 he was bought by Werder for a fee believed to be around €3.5 million . On 31 August 2005 , Zidan was loaned out to Mainz for the 2005–06 season . He went on to score nine goals in 26 appearances , seven as a substitute for Mainz . In the 2006–07 pre-season friendly matches , he retained his form with Werder Bremen , starting six of the seven matches he had played and scored four goals . Zidans performance in the semi-final match of the 2006 DFB-Ligapokal against Hamburger SV on 1 August 2006 , including bagging a goal in the 50th minute , earned him the man of the match award and ensured his clubs qualification to the cup final . However , after a trail of injuries , Zidan was on the receiving end of less playing time . After months of speculations , following the limited playing time and injuries , Werder Bremen announced on 16 January 2007 that Zidan would be transferred to Mainz for a reported 2.8 million Euros fee , which made it the largest ever purchase in the clubs history , passing his medical on 17 January 2007 . He scored six goals in the first 5 matches with his new club , catapulting the team from last , to 10th place on 1 March 2007 with 27 points . The Egyptian talent also received 50% of votes by the Kicker magazine , and earned himself the title of Player of the month in February in Germany , while Mainz became Team of the Month in the German Bundesliga . Fans of Mainz loved Zidan since his loan spell with the red shirt in which he managed to dazzle them with his skills , talent , and goals . The most notable show of talent was in a game against Bayern Munich during the 2005–06 season . Zidan earned a man of the match award when he dribbled past Philipp Lahm and scored against Oliver Kahn . Whilst loaned to Mainz , Zidan scored a goal against the club he was contracted to , Werder Bremen , in 14 seconds . This marked it as the fastest goal scored in the Bundesliga season and is ranked sixth as the quick fastest scored goals in the Bundesligas history . In an interview with Bild in Germany , Zidan admitted that he had high aspirations and had ambitions to play in either Barcelona , Real Madrid , Liverpool or Manchester United . He stated that he wanted to play for Barcelona within the next three years to play alongside Brazilian sensation Ronaldinho or Liverpool to play with Steven Gerrard . During the 2007 season Zidan contributed many spectacular goals , but could not save Mainz from relegation . The club had only been able to score 34 goals in the entire season , 13 of which , despite having played for less than half of a season , came from the Egyptian forwards feet . Unfortunately Zidans hard-work and valuable solo contribution was insufficient to prevent Mainz from the depths of despair of being relegated to the second division . However , Zidans work was noticed by number of top established clubs based in Spain , France and England as well as German champions VfB Stuttgart . Hamburger SV . Zidans run of good form during the 2006–07 season fueled many transfer rumors , and major clubs as Hamburger SV , newly crowned German champions VfB Stuttgart and several Spanish clubs were named as possible future clubs . Mainz manager Christian Heidel was very keen to keep Zidan at the club , so the club could mount a promotion challenge for the 2007–08 2 . Bundesliga season . On 3 June 2007 , Zidan passed a medical and thereby completed his move to HSV . He said that he always wanted a move to the north-German club , because he still has many ties to Denmark . The transfer fee was suspected to be about €5.8 million . Zidan was handed the number 7 shirt , a number previously worn by Hamburger SV prized player and Iranian captain , Mehdi Mahdavikia . Zidan proved himself as a capable striker and could adjust to the new team in friendly games , often scoring when substituted or scoring four goals when he played the full game . Mohamed Zidan scored his first official goal for Hamburger SV in the away DFB-Pokal match versus Holstein Kiel . However several appearances in Hamburgs start to the Bundesliga saw Zidan goalless , and often substituted off before the full 90 minutes of the game . Zidan however proved himself as a dangerous striker and playmaker , as he was brought on as a substitute against Bavarian giants Bayern Munich in the 74th minute . Zidan scored his first Bundesliga goal for HSV in the 87th minute , with the goal bearing a lot of significance as it ended Bayerns early undefeated run in the competition and was the first goal that Oliver Kahn had conceded up until then and was also the third goal that Zidan has scored against Bayern during his years in the Bundesliga . He also scored Hamburgs only goal in the game against Real Madrid in the Emirates Cup which took place in the summer of 2008 , and later only played one competitive game for Hamburg during the 2008–09 season , as a late substitute in the first round of the DFB-Pokal against FC Ingolstadt 04 . Borussia Dortmund . Eventually , his time at Hamburg turned out to be for a short period . On 17 August 2008 , Zidans transfer from Hamburg to Borussia Dortmund was confirmed by both clubs official websites as part of a deal that also saw Croatian international Mladen Petrić moving in the opposite direction , with both players signing four-year contracts . Dortmund also confirmed they had received an officially undisclosed transfer fee , which were believed to be worth around 5 million euro . His transfer to Dortmund reunited him with former Mainz coach , Jürgen Klopp , who was in charge of the club during Zidans two successful spells there in 2005–06 and the second half of the 2006–07 season . He received the number 10 shirt . His first appearance with Borussia Dortmund was on 23 August 2008 against Bayern Munich in a game which ended 1–1 . On 17 April 2010 , Zidan suffered an injury in his knee that prevented him from playing for almost 6 months . On 3 May 2011 , Borussia Dormund were crowned champions of the Bundesliga for the first time since 2002 . Return to Mainz . On 31 January 2012 , Zidan left Borussia Dortmund and signed a new contract with his former club Mainz . He scored once in each of his first six games for Mainz , becoming the first player in the history of the Bundesliga to score in each of his first six games with his new club . This surpassed VfB Stuttgart striker Fredi Bobic who had scored in the first five games for his new club in the 1994–1995 season opener . On 10 April 2012 , he scored once and assisted two goals against Köln in a 4–0 win . At the end of the season , Zidan refused to sign a contract extension by rejecting a one-year offer , claiming that he wanted a two-year offer . Baniyas . On 31 July 2012 , Zidan signed for Emirati club Baniyas , signing a two-year contract . In January 2013 he was omitted from the Baniyas squad for the rest of the season and decided to have his contract terminated . He wasnt registered in the clubs squad list for the next season , so he didnt play a single match in the 2013–14 Season . He left the club after his contract expired . He later described his stay in UAE as the biggest mistake in his life . International career . Weeks before the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt , the Egyptian Football Association sent a fax on 23 December 2005 to Mainz , asking for an international call-up for Zidan . There was no answer from Mainz or the player for that matter , and as a consequence he drew much criticism from the Egyptian fans and officials alike . He had allegedly chosen not to represent Egypt , as he felt he would lose his starting spot with Mainz . However , in an interview , after Egypt had won the African Cup of Nations in 2008 , he stated that the reason he did not play in 2006 was because of a leg injury . In a January 2006 interview with the Danish tabloid newspaper BT , Zidan criticized the Egyptian Football Association for contacting Mainz during Christmas time when everybody was on holiday , and said that the Egyptian national team should have talked to him personally , as they had with Tottenham Hotspur striker Mido . He also said that the Egyptian head coach Shehata had not treated him well , and that the whole thing seemed too unprofessional for him . In April 2006 , Hassan Shehata declared he would never again invite Mohamed Zidan to join the national team . He stated , Zidan refused to join the team when we needed him most , before the Nations Cup . You can never count on these kind of players . During this time there was also talk about Zidan wanting to play for the Denmark national team , if the Egyptian squad did not want him . However , on 5 August 2006 , just 11 days before Egypts friendly match against Uruguay , Shehata backed down over his former decision by calling Zidan up for the national team squad . However , Zidan remained doubtful for the friendly match against Uruguay due to an injury that forced him to miss Werder Bremens season opener . Zidan was called to represent Egypt in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Burundi , where he scored his first international goal only five minutes after kick-off . Indeed , in Egypts 2008 Africa Cup of Nations opening Group C match against Cameroon , in a match hotly billed as the Group C decider for top and second spots in the group , Zidan turned in a strong performance , scoring two goals – helping the African Champions cause for defending their title during an impressive 4–2 victory . Zidan was not out of the woods yet when it comes to controversy as he was reportedly injured in training with the national team before their match with Angola , ART reporter said that he thought that Zidan is being spoilt , and that he refused to continue the warm up and treatment for him before the game , this was denied by Shawky Gharib the Egyptian Head Coach , Zidan and the Manager ; Hassan Shehata . After missing a few games and a few starts after the display in the opening Cameroon game , Zidan was used as a substitute on numerous occasions , always posing a great threat to the opposition . He was used in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana as a striker , sometimes a lone striker , a winger and as an offensive midfielder . One of the most notable plays was in the final against Cameroon , when he applied pressure on veteran defender Rigobert Song and effectively wrestled the ball out of the defenders legs and managed to supply Mohamed Aboutrika for the winning goal . In Egypts opening 2009 Confederations Cup game , Zidan scored two goals against Brazil in a 4–3 loss . He was called again to join Egypts squad for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola . He was Egypts striker along with Emad Moteab . He played in the opening Group C match against Nigeria . He scored his only goal in the competition against Algeria in the semifinal , in a match that ended 4–0 to Egypt , and where he also assisted Mohamed Abdel-Shafy for the 3–0 goal . He supplied the finals winning goal , once again , but not to Aboutrika this time ; this time it was Mohamed Nagy Gedo who got the winning goal . On 3 March 2010 , Zidan scored the only goal for Egypt in a 3–1 loss to England . Zidan is unlikely to play for Egypt again after refusing to play a crucial qualifiers match against Central African Republic to fly off to China for a discussion with a Chinese club . Personal life . He was born in Port Said , Egypt , and also holds German citizenship . Mohamed Zidan was married to his long term girlfriend Stina , Who holds a Danish citizenship , in 2014 in Germany . They have two children together , son named Adam born in 2010 , and a son named Liam 2014 . In 2015 , Mohamed Zidan moved back to Cairo , Egypt . In 2017 he married his current Egyptian wife , they have a son named Zidan born in 2018 . Career as an analyst . In 2014 , Zidan worked as an analyst at BeIN Sports channel for matches involving German clubs . Honours . Club . Werder Bremen - DFL-Ligapokal : 2006 Borussia Dortmund - Bundesliga : 2010–11 , 2011–12 International . Egypt - Africa Cup of Nations : 2008 , 2010 Individual . - Danish Superliga top scorer : 2003–04 ( shared ) - FC Midtjylland Player of the Year : 2003–04 , 2004–05 External links . - EgyptianPlayers news items - SoccerEgypt profile - Danish career statistics at Danmarks Radio

hard

Mohamed Zidan played for which team in Dec 2005?

/wiki/Mohamed_Zidan#P54#2

Mohamed Zidan Mohamed Abdullah Zidan ( ; born 11 December 1981 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . Club career . Early career . Mohamed Zidan was born in Port Said , Egypt , to an Egyptian family . His career started as a striker for his hometown club El Masry in 1998 . Al-Masry dropped Zidan because of a perceived lack of passing ability leading to his family moving to Denmark . In his first year in Denmark , while training with B93 for a contract , he played a few games for the Danish-Turkish club FC Anatolien , now Kokkedal BK , in Nivå in Northern Zealand . Zidan was scouted by the Danish Superliga club Akademisk Boldklub ( AB ) while he was juggling a ball at a Danish park in 1999 . In June 2003 , he moved to the league rivals FC Midtjylland ( FCM ) , as AB experienced financial hardship . At FCM , he became the leagues top scorer in the 2003–04 season , and he was awarded the Rookie of the year award , becoming Player of the Year the following season . In all , he scored 30 goals in 47 appearances for FC Midtjylland , and especially his nine goals in the first three games of FCMs newly built SAS Arena stadium , made the stadium colloquially known as Zidan Arena . Werder Bremen and Mainz 05 . Zidans performance in the Danish League had resulted in several top European clubs gaining interest in signing the striker . In the winter break of the 2004–05 season , he was loaned by German club Werder Bremen for the remainder of the 2004–05 , with an option to buy in the summer . In the summer of 2005 he was bought by Werder for a fee believed to be around €3.5 million . On 31 August 2005 , Zidan was loaned out to Mainz for the 2005–06 season . He went on to score nine goals in 26 appearances , seven as a substitute for Mainz . In the 2006–07 pre-season friendly matches , he retained his form with Werder Bremen , starting six of the seven matches he had played and scored four goals . Zidans performance in the semi-final match of the 2006 DFB-Ligapokal against Hamburger SV on 1 August 2006 , including bagging a goal in the 50th minute , earned him the man of the match award and ensured his clubs qualification to the cup final . However , after a trail of injuries , Zidan was on the receiving end of less playing time . After months of speculations , following the limited playing time and injuries , Werder Bremen announced on 16 January 2007 that Zidan would be transferred to Mainz for a reported 2.8 million Euros fee , which made it the largest ever purchase in the clubs history , passing his medical on 17 January 2007 . He scored six goals in the first 5 matches with his new club , catapulting the team from last , to 10th place on 1 March 2007 with 27 points . The Egyptian talent also received 50% of votes by the Kicker magazine , and earned himself the title of Player of the month in February in Germany , while Mainz became Team of the Month in the German Bundesliga . Fans of Mainz loved Zidan since his loan spell with the red shirt in which he managed to dazzle them with his skills , talent , and goals . The most notable show of talent was in a game against Bayern Munich during the 2005–06 season . Zidan earned a man of the match award when he dribbled past Philipp Lahm and scored against Oliver Kahn . Whilst loaned to Mainz , Zidan scored a goal against the club he was contracted to , Werder Bremen , in 14 seconds . This marked it as the fastest goal scored in the Bundesliga season and is ranked sixth as the quick fastest scored goals in the Bundesligas history . In an interview with Bild in Germany , Zidan admitted that he had high aspirations and had ambitions to play in either Barcelona , Real Madrid , Liverpool or Manchester United . He stated that he wanted to play for Barcelona within the next three years to play alongside Brazilian sensation Ronaldinho or Liverpool to play with Steven Gerrard . During the 2007 season Zidan contributed many spectacular goals , but could not save Mainz from relegation . The club had only been able to score 34 goals in the entire season , 13 of which , despite having played for less than half of a season , came from the Egyptian forwards feet . Unfortunately Zidans hard-work and valuable solo contribution was insufficient to prevent Mainz from the depths of despair of being relegated to the second division . However , Zidans work was noticed by number of top established clubs based in Spain , France and England as well as German champions VfB Stuttgart . Hamburger SV . Zidans run of good form during the 2006–07 season fueled many transfer rumors , and major clubs as Hamburger SV , newly crowned German champions VfB Stuttgart and several Spanish clubs were named as possible future clubs . Mainz manager Christian Heidel was very keen to keep Zidan at the club , so the club could mount a promotion challenge for the 2007–08 2 . Bundesliga season . On 3 June 2007 , Zidan passed a medical and thereby completed his move to HSV . He said that he always wanted a move to the north-German club , because he still has many ties to Denmark . The transfer fee was suspected to be about €5.8 million . Zidan was handed the number 7 shirt , a number previously worn by Hamburger SV prized player and Iranian captain , Mehdi Mahdavikia . Zidan proved himself as a capable striker and could adjust to the new team in friendly games , often scoring when substituted or scoring four goals when he played the full game . Mohamed Zidan scored his first official goal for Hamburger SV in the away DFB-Pokal match versus Holstein Kiel . However several appearances in Hamburgs start to the Bundesliga saw Zidan goalless , and often substituted off before the full 90 minutes of the game . Zidan however proved himself as a dangerous striker and playmaker , as he was brought on as a substitute against Bavarian giants Bayern Munich in the 74th minute . Zidan scored his first Bundesliga goal for HSV in the 87th minute , with the goal bearing a lot of significance as it ended Bayerns early undefeated run in the competition and was the first goal that Oliver Kahn had conceded up until then and was also the third goal that Zidan has scored against Bayern during his years in the Bundesliga . He also scored Hamburgs only goal in the game against Real Madrid in the Emirates Cup which took place in the summer of 2008 , and later only played one competitive game for Hamburg during the 2008–09 season , as a late substitute in the first round of the DFB-Pokal against FC Ingolstadt 04 . Borussia Dortmund . Eventually , his time at Hamburg turned out to be for a short period . On 17 August 2008 , Zidans transfer from Hamburg to Borussia Dortmund was confirmed by both clubs official websites as part of a deal that also saw Croatian international Mladen Petrić moving in the opposite direction , with both players signing four-year contracts . Dortmund also confirmed they had received an officially undisclosed transfer fee , which were believed to be worth around 5 million euro . His transfer to Dortmund reunited him with former Mainz coach , Jürgen Klopp , who was in charge of the club during Zidans two successful spells there in 2005–06 and the second half of the 2006–07 season . He received the number 10 shirt . His first appearance with Borussia Dortmund was on 23 August 2008 against Bayern Munich in a game which ended 1–1 . On 17 April 2010 , Zidan suffered an injury in his knee that prevented him from playing for almost 6 months . On 3 May 2011 , Borussia Dormund were crowned champions of the Bundesliga for the first time since 2002 . Return to Mainz . On 31 January 2012 , Zidan left Borussia Dortmund and signed a new contract with his former club Mainz . He scored once in each of his first six games for Mainz , becoming the first player in the history of the Bundesliga to score in each of his first six games with his new club . This surpassed VfB Stuttgart striker Fredi Bobic who had scored in the first five games for his new club in the 1994–1995 season opener . On 10 April 2012 , he scored once and assisted two goals against Köln in a 4–0 win . At the end of the season , Zidan refused to sign a contract extension by rejecting a one-year offer , claiming that he wanted a two-year offer . Baniyas . On 31 July 2012 , Zidan signed for Emirati club Baniyas , signing a two-year contract . In January 2013 he was omitted from the Baniyas squad for the rest of the season and decided to have his contract terminated . He wasnt registered in the clubs squad list for the next season , so he didnt play a single match in the 2013–14 Season . He left the club after his contract expired . He later described his stay in UAE as the biggest mistake in his life . International career . Weeks before the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt , the Egyptian Football Association sent a fax on 23 December 2005 to Mainz , asking for an international call-up for Zidan . There was no answer from Mainz or the player for that matter , and as a consequence he drew much criticism from the Egyptian fans and officials alike . He had allegedly chosen not to represent Egypt , as he felt he would lose his starting spot with Mainz . However , in an interview , after Egypt had won the African Cup of Nations in 2008 , he stated that the reason he did not play in 2006 was because of a leg injury . In a January 2006 interview with the Danish tabloid newspaper BT , Zidan criticized the Egyptian Football Association for contacting Mainz during Christmas time when everybody was on holiday , and said that the Egyptian national team should have talked to him personally , as they had with Tottenham Hotspur striker Mido . He also said that the Egyptian head coach Shehata had not treated him well , and that the whole thing seemed too unprofessional for him . In April 2006 , Hassan Shehata declared he would never again invite Mohamed Zidan to join the national team . He stated , Zidan refused to join the team when we needed him most , before the Nations Cup . You can never count on these kind of players . During this time there was also talk about Zidan wanting to play for the Denmark national team , if the Egyptian squad did not want him . However , on 5 August 2006 , just 11 days before Egypts friendly match against Uruguay , Shehata backed down over his former decision by calling Zidan up for the national team squad . However , Zidan remained doubtful for the friendly match against Uruguay due to an injury that forced him to miss Werder Bremens season opener . Zidan was called to represent Egypt in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Burundi , where he scored his first international goal only five minutes after kick-off . Indeed , in Egypts 2008 Africa Cup of Nations opening Group C match against Cameroon , in a match hotly billed as the Group C decider for top and second spots in the group , Zidan turned in a strong performance , scoring two goals – helping the African Champions cause for defending their title during an impressive 4–2 victory . Zidan was not out of the woods yet when it comes to controversy as he was reportedly injured in training with the national team before their match with Angola , ART reporter said that he thought that Zidan is being spoilt , and that he refused to continue the warm up and treatment for him before the game , this was denied by Shawky Gharib the Egyptian Head Coach , Zidan and the Manager ; Hassan Shehata . After missing a few games and a few starts after the display in the opening Cameroon game , Zidan was used as a substitute on numerous occasions , always posing a great threat to the opposition . He was used in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana as a striker , sometimes a lone striker , a winger and as an offensive midfielder . One of the most notable plays was in the final against Cameroon , when he applied pressure on veteran defender Rigobert Song and effectively wrestled the ball out of the defenders legs and managed to supply Mohamed Aboutrika for the winning goal . In Egypts opening 2009 Confederations Cup game , Zidan scored two goals against Brazil in a 4–3 loss . He was called again to join Egypts squad for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola . He was Egypts striker along with Emad Moteab . He played in the opening Group C match against Nigeria . He scored his only goal in the competition against Algeria in the semifinal , in a match that ended 4–0 to Egypt , and where he also assisted Mohamed Abdel-Shafy for the 3–0 goal . He supplied the finals winning goal , once again , but not to Aboutrika this time ; this time it was Mohamed Nagy Gedo who got the winning goal . On 3 March 2010 , Zidan scored the only goal for Egypt in a 3–1 loss to England . Zidan is unlikely to play for Egypt again after refusing to play a crucial qualifiers match against Central African Republic to fly off to China for a discussion with a Chinese club . Personal life . He was born in Port Said , Egypt , and also holds German citizenship . Mohamed Zidan was married to his long term girlfriend Stina , Who holds a Danish citizenship , in 2014 in Germany . They have two children together , son named Adam born in 2010 , and a son named Liam 2014 . In 2015 , Mohamed Zidan moved back to Cairo , Egypt . In 2017 he married his current Egyptian wife , they have a son named Zidan born in 2018 . Career as an analyst . In 2014 , Zidan worked as an analyst at BeIN Sports channel for matches involving German clubs . Honours . Club . Werder Bremen - DFL-Ligapokal : 2006 Borussia Dortmund - Bundesliga : 2010–11 , 2011–12 International . Egypt - Africa Cup of Nations : 2008 , 2010 Individual . - Danish Superliga top scorer : 2003–04 ( shared ) - FC Midtjylland Player of the Year : 2003–04 , 2004–05 External links . - EgyptianPlayers news items - SoccerEgypt profile - Danish career statistics at Danmarks Radio

hard

Mohamed Zidan played for which team between Mar 2007 and Jun 2007?

/wiki/Mohamed_Zidan#P54#3

Mohamed Zidan Mohamed Abdullah Zidan ( ; born 11 December 1981 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . Club career . Early career . Mohamed Zidan was born in Port Said , Egypt , to an Egyptian family . His career started as a striker for his hometown club El Masry in 1998 . Al-Masry dropped Zidan because of a perceived lack of passing ability leading to his family moving to Denmark . In his first year in Denmark , while training with B93 for a contract , he played a few games for the Danish-Turkish club FC Anatolien , now Kokkedal BK , in Nivå in Northern Zealand . Zidan was scouted by the Danish Superliga club Akademisk Boldklub ( AB ) while he was juggling a ball at a Danish park in 1999 . In June 2003 , he moved to the league rivals FC Midtjylland ( FCM ) , as AB experienced financial hardship . At FCM , he became the leagues top scorer in the 2003–04 season , and he was awarded the Rookie of the year award , becoming Player of the Year the following season . In all , he scored 30 goals in 47 appearances for FC Midtjylland , and especially his nine goals in the first three games of FCMs newly built SAS Arena stadium , made the stadium colloquially known as Zidan Arena . Werder Bremen and Mainz 05 . Zidans performance in the Danish League had resulted in several top European clubs gaining interest in signing the striker . In the winter break of the 2004–05 season , he was loaned by German club Werder Bremen for the remainder of the 2004–05 , with an option to buy in the summer . In the summer of 2005 he was bought by Werder for a fee believed to be around €3.5 million . On 31 August 2005 , Zidan was loaned out to Mainz for the 2005–06 season . He went on to score nine goals in 26 appearances , seven as a substitute for Mainz . In the 2006–07 pre-season friendly matches , he retained his form with Werder Bremen , starting six of the seven matches he had played and scored four goals . Zidans performance in the semi-final match of the 2006 DFB-Ligapokal against Hamburger SV on 1 August 2006 , including bagging a goal in the 50th minute , earned him the man of the match award and ensured his clubs qualification to the cup final . However , after a trail of injuries , Zidan was on the receiving end of less playing time . After months of speculations , following the limited playing time and injuries , Werder Bremen announced on 16 January 2007 that Zidan would be transferred to Mainz for a reported 2.8 million Euros fee , which made it the largest ever purchase in the clubs history , passing his medical on 17 January 2007 . He scored six goals in the first 5 matches with his new club , catapulting the team from last , to 10th place on 1 March 2007 with 27 points . The Egyptian talent also received 50% of votes by the Kicker magazine , and earned himself the title of Player of the month in February in Germany , while Mainz became Team of the Month in the German Bundesliga . Fans of Mainz loved Zidan since his loan spell with the red shirt in which he managed to dazzle them with his skills , talent , and goals . The most notable show of talent was in a game against Bayern Munich during the 2005–06 season . Zidan earned a man of the match award when he dribbled past Philipp Lahm and scored against Oliver Kahn . Whilst loaned to Mainz , Zidan scored a goal against the club he was contracted to , Werder Bremen , in 14 seconds . This marked it as the fastest goal scored in the Bundesliga season and is ranked sixth as the quick fastest scored goals in the Bundesligas history . In an interview with Bild in Germany , Zidan admitted that he had high aspirations and had ambitions to play in either Barcelona , Real Madrid , Liverpool or Manchester United . He stated that he wanted to play for Barcelona within the next three years to play alongside Brazilian sensation Ronaldinho or Liverpool to play with Steven Gerrard . During the 2007 season Zidan contributed many spectacular goals , but could not save Mainz from relegation . The club had only been able to score 34 goals in the entire season , 13 of which , despite having played for less than half of a season , came from the Egyptian forwards feet . Unfortunately Zidans hard-work and valuable solo contribution was insufficient to prevent Mainz from the depths of despair of being relegated to the second division . However , Zidans work was noticed by number of top established clubs based in Spain , France and England as well as German champions VfB Stuttgart . Hamburger SV . Zidans run of good form during the 2006–07 season fueled many transfer rumors , and major clubs as Hamburger SV , newly crowned German champions VfB Stuttgart and several Spanish clubs were named as possible future clubs . Mainz manager Christian Heidel was very keen to keep Zidan at the club , so the club could mount a promotion challenge for the 2007–08 2 . Bundesliga season . On 3 June 2007 , Zidan passed a medical and thereby completed his move to HSV . He said that he always wanted a move to the north-German club , because he still has many ties to Denmark . The transfer fee was suspected to be about €5.8 million . Zidan was handed the number 7 shirt , a number previously worn by Hamburger SV prized player and Iranian captain , Mehdi Mahdavikia . Zidan proved himself as a capable striker and could adjust to the new team in friendly games , often scoring when substituted or scoring four goals when he played the full game . Mohamed Zidan scored his first official goal for Hamburger SV in the away DFB-Pokal match versus Holstein Kiel . However several appearances in Hamburgs start to the Bundesliga saw Zidan goalless , and often substituted off before the full 90 minutes of the game . Zidan however proved himself as a dangerous striker and playmaker , as he was brought on as a substitute against Bavarian giants Bayern Munich in the 74th minute . Zidan scored his first Bundesliga goal for HSV in the 87th minute , with the goal bearing a lot of significance as it ended Bayerns early undefeated run in the competition and was the first goal that Oliver Kahn had conceded up until then and was also the third goal that Zidan has scored against Bayern during his years in the Bundesliga . He also scored Hamburgs only goal in the game against Real Madrid in the Emirates Cup which took place in the summer of 2008 , and later only played one competitive game for Hamburg during the 2008–09 season , as a late substitute in the first round of the DFB-Pokal against FC Ingolstadt 04 . Borussia Dortmund . Eventually , his time at Hamburg turned out to be for a short period . On 17 August 2008 , Zidans transfer from Hamburg to Borussia Dortmund was confirmed by both clubs official websites as part of a deal that also saw Croatian international Mladen Petrić moving in the opposite direction , with both players signing four-year contracts . Dortmund also confirmed they had received an officially undisclosed transfer fee , which were believed to be worth around 5 million euro . His transfer to Dortmund reunited him with former Mainz coach , Jürgen Klopp , who was in charge of the club during Zidans two successful spells there in 2005–06 and the second half of the 2006–07 season . He received the number 10 shirt . His first appearance with Borussia Dortmund was on 23 August 2008 against Bayern Munich in a game which ended 1–1 . On 17 April 2010 , Zidan suffered an injury in his knee that prevented him from playing for almost 6 months . On 3 May 2011 , Borussia Dormund were crowned champions of the Bundesliga for the first time since 2002 . Return to Mainz . On 31 January 2012 , Zidan left Borussia Dortmund and signed a new contract with his former club Mainz . He scored once in each of his first six games for Mainz , becoming the first player in the history of the Bundesliga to score in each of his first six games with his new club . This surpassed VfB Stuttgart striker Fredi Bobic who had scored in the first five games for his new club in the 1994–1995 season opener . On 10 April 2012 , he scored once and assisted two goals against Köln in a 4–0 win . At the end of the season , Zidan refused to sign a contract extension by rejecting a one-year offer , claiming that he wanted a two-year offer . Baniyas . On 31 July 2012 , Zidan signed for Emirati club Baniyas , signing a two-year contract . In January 2013 he was omitted from the Baniyas squad for the rest of the season and decided to have his contract terminated . He wasnt registered in the clubs squad list for the next season , so he didnt play a single match in the 2013–14 Season . He left the club after his contract expired . He later described his stay in UAE as the biggest mistake in his life . International career . Weeks before the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt , the Egyptian Football Association sent a fax on 23 December 2005 to Mainz , asking for an international call-up for Zidan . There was no answer from Mainz or the player for that matter , and as a consequence he drew much criticism from the Egyptian fans and officials alike . He had allegedly chosen not to represent Egypt , as he felt he would lose his starting spot with Mainz . However , in an interview , after Egypt had won the African Cup of Nations in 2008 , he stated that the reason he did not play in 2006 was because of a leg injury . In a January 2006 interview with the Danish tabloid newspaper BT , Zidan criticized the Egyptian Football Association for contacting Mainz during Christmas time when everybody was on holiday , and said that the Egyptian national team should have talked to him personally , as they had with Tottenham Hotspur striker Mido . He also said that the Egyptian head coach Shehata had not treated him well , and that the whole thing seemed too unprofessional for him . In April 2006 , Hassan Shehata declared he would never again invite Mohamed Zidan to join the national team . He stated , Zidan refused to join the team when we needed him most , before the Nations Cup . You can never count on these kind of players . During this time there was also talk about Zidan wanting to play for the Denmark national team , if the Egyptian squad did not want him . However , on 5 August 2006 , just 11 days before Egypts friendly match against Uruguay , Shehata backed down over his former decision by calling Zidan up for the national team squad . However , Zidan remained doubtful for the friendly match against Uruguay due to an injury that forced him to miss Werder Bremens season opener . Zidan was called to represent Egypt in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Burundi , where he scored his first international goal only five minutes after kick-off . Indeed , in Egypts 2008 Africa Cup of Nations opening Group C match against Cameroon , in a match hotly billed as the Group C decider for top and second spots in the group , Zidan turned in a strong performance , scoring two goals – helping the African Champions cause for defending their title during an impressive 4–2 victory . Zidan was not out of the woods yet when it comes to controversy as he was reportedly injured in training with the national team before their match with Angola , ART reporter said that he thought that Zidan is being spoilt , and that he refused to continue the warm up and treatment for him before the game , this was denied by Shawky Gharib the Egyptian Head Coach , Zidan and the Manager ; Hassan Shehata . After missing a few games and a few starts after the display in the opening Cameroon game , Zidan was used as a substitute on numerous occasions , always posing a great threat to the opposition . He was used in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana as a striker , sometimes a lone striker , a winger and as an offensive midfielder . One of the most notable plays was in the final against Cameroon , when he applied pressure on veteran defender Rigobert Song and effectively wrestled the ball out of the defenders legs and managed to supply Mohamed Aboutrika for the winning goal . In Egypts opening 2009 Confederations Cup game , Zidan scored two goals against Brazil in a 4–3 loss . He was called again to join Egypts squad for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola . He was Egypts striker along with Emad Moteab . He played in the opening Group C match against Nigeria . He scored his only goal in the competition against Algeria in the semifinal , in a match that ended 4–0 to Egypt , and where he also assisted Mohamed Abdel-Shafy for the 3–0 goal . He supplied the finals winning goal , once again , but not to Aboutrika this time ; this time it was Mohamed Nagy Gedo who got the winning goal . On 3 March 2010 , Zidan scored the only goal for Egypt in a 3–1 loss to England . Zidan is unlikely to play for Egypt again after refusing to play a crucial qualifiers match against Central African Republic to fly off to China for a discussion with a Chinese club . Personal life . He was born in Port Said , Egypt , and also holds German citizenship . Mohamed Zidan was married to his long term girlfriend Stina , Who holds a Danish citizenship , in 2014 in Germany . They have two children together , son named Adam born in 2010 , and a son named Liam 2014 . In 2015 , Mohamed Zidan moved back to Cairo , Egypt . In 2017 he married his current Egyptian wife , they have a son named Zidan born in 2018 . Career as an analyst . In 2014 , Zidan worked as an analyst at BeIN Sports channel for matches involving German clubs . Honours . Club . Werder Bremen - DFL-Ligapokal : 2006 Borussia Dortmund - Bundesliga : 2010–11 , 2011–12 International . Egypt - Africa Cup of Nations : 2008 , 2010 Individual . - Danish Superliga top scorer : 2003–04 ( shared ) - FC Midtjylland Player of the Year : 2003–04 , 2004–05 External links . - EgyptianPlayers news items - SoccerEgypt profile - Danish career statistics at Danmarks Radio

hard

Mohamed Zidan played for which team in Feb 2009?

/wiki/Mohamed_Zidan#P54#4

Mohamed Zidan Mohamed Abdullah Zidan ( ; born 11 December 1981 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . Club career . Early career . Mohamed Zidan was born in Port Said , Egypt , to an Egyptian family . His career started as a striker for his hometown club El Masry in 1998 . Al-Masry dropped Zidan because of a perceived lack of passing ability leading to his family moving to Denmark . In his first year in Denmark , while training with B93 for a contract , he played a few games for the Danish-Turkish club FC Anatolien , now Kokkedal BK , in Nivå in Northern Zealand . Zidan was scouted by the Danish Superliga club Akademisk Boldklub ( AB ) while he was juggling a ball at a Danish park in 1999 . In June 2003 , he moved to the league rivals FC Midtjylland ( FCM ) , as AB experienced financial hardship . At FCM , he became the leagues top scorer in the 2003–04 season , and he was awarded the Rookie of the year award , becoming Player of the Year the following season . In all , he scored 30 goals in 47 appearances for FC Midtjylland , and especially his nine goals in the first three games of FCMs newly built SAS Arena stadium , made the stadium colloquially known as Zidan Arena . Werder Bremen and Mainz 05 . Zidans performance in the Danish League had resulted in several top European clubs gaining interest in signing the striker . In the winter break of the 2004–05 season , he was loaned by German club Werder Bremen for the remainder of the 2004–05 , with an option to buy in the summer . In the summer of 2005 he was bought by Werder for a fee believed to be around €3.5 million . On 31 August 2005 , Zidan was loaned out to Mainz for the 2005–06 season . He went on to score nine goals in 26 appearances , seven as a substitute for Mainz . In the 2006–07 pre-season friendly matches , he retained his form with Werder Bremen , starting six of the seven matches he had played and scored four goals . Zidans performance in the semi-final match of the 2006 DFB-Ligapokal against Hamburger SV on 1 August 2006 , including bagging a goal in the 50th minute , earned him the man of the match award and ensured his clubs qualification to the cup final . However , after a trail of injuries , Zidan was on the receiving end of less playing time . After months of speculations , following the limited playing time and injuries , Werder Bremen announced on 16 January 2007 that Zidan would be transferred to Mainz for a reported 2.8 million Euros fee , which made it the largest ever purchase in the clubs history , passing his medical on 17 January 2007 . He scored six goals in the first 5 matches with his new club , catapulting the team from last , to 10th place on 1 March 2007 with 27 points . The Egyptian talent also received 50% of votes by the Kicker magazine , and earned himself the title of Player of the month in February in Germany , while Mainz became Team of the Month in the German Bundesliga . Fans of Mainz loved Zidan since his loan spell with the red shirt in which he managed to dazzle them with his skills , talent , and goals . The most notable show of talent was in a game against Bayern Munich during the 2005–06 season . Zidan earned a man of the match award when he dribbled past Philipp Lahm and scored against Oliver Kahn . Whilst loaned to Mainz , Zidan scored a goal against the club he was contracted to , Werder Bremen , in 14 seconds . This marked it as the fastest goal scored in the Bundesliga season and is ranked sixth as the quick fastest scored goals in the Bundesligas history . In an interview with Bild in Germany , Zidan admitted that he had high aspirations and had ambitions to play in either Barcelona , Real Madrid , Liverpool or Manchester United . He stated that he wanted to play for Barcelona within the next three years to play alongside Brazilian sensation Ronaldinho or Liverpool to play with Steven Gerrard . During the 2007 season Zidan contributed many spectacular goals , but could not save Mainz from relegation . The club had only been able to score 34 goals in the entire season , 13 of which , despite having played for less than half of a season , came from the Egyptian forwards feet . Unfortunately Zidans hard-work and valuable solo contribution was insufficient to prevent Mainz from the depths of despair of being relegated to the second division . However , Zidans work was noticed by number of top established clubs based in Spain , France and England as well as German champions VfB Stuttgart . Hamburger SV . Zidans run of good form during the 2006–07 season fueled many transfer rumors , and major clubs as Hamburger SV , newly crowned German champions VfB Stuttgart and several Spanish clubs were named as possible future clubs . Mainz manager Christian Heidel was very keen to keep Zidan at the club , so the club could mount a promotion challenge for the 2007–08 2 . Bundesliga season . On 3 June 2007 , Zidan passed a medical and thereby completed his move to HSV . He said that he always wanted a move to the north-German club , because he still has many ties to Denmark . The transfer fee was suspected to be about €5.8 million . Zidan was handed the number 7 shirt , a number previously worn by Hamburger SV prized player and Iranian captain , Mehdi Mahdavikia . Zidan proved himself as a capable striker and could adjust to the new team in friendly games , often scoring when substituted or scoring four goals when he played the full game . Mohamed Zidan scored his first official goal for Hamburger SV in the away DFB-Pokal match versus Holstein Kiel . However several appearances in Hamburgs start to the Bundesliga saw Zidan goalless , and often substituted off before the full 90 minutes of the game . Zidan however proved himself as a dangerous striker and playmaker , as he was brought on as a substitute against Bavarian giants Bayern Munich in the 74th minute . Zidan scored his first Bundesliga goal for HSV in the 87th minute , with the goal bearing a lot of significance as it ended Bayerns early undefeated run in the competition and was the first goal that Oliver Kahn had conceded up until then and was also the third goal that Zidan has scored against Bayern during his years in the Bundesliga . He also scored Hamburgs only goal in the game against Real Madrid in the Emirates Cup which took place in the summer of 2008 , and later only played one competitive game for Hamburg during the 2008–09 season , as a late substitute in the first round of the DFB-Pokal against FC Ingolstadt 04 . Borussia Dortmund . Eventually , his time at Hamburg turned out to be for a short period . On 17 August 2008 , Zidans transfer from Hamburg to Borussia Dortmund was confirmed by both clubs official websites as part of a deal that also saw Croatian international Mladen Petrić moving in the opposite direction , with both players signing four-year contracts . Dortmund also confirmed they had received an officially undisclosed transfer fee , which were believed to be worth around 5 million euro . His transfer to Dortmund reunited him with former Mainz coach , Jürgen Klopp , who was in charge of the club during Zidans two successful spells there in 2005–06 and the second half of the 2006–07 season . He received the number 10 shirt . His first appearance with Borussia Dortmund was on 23 August 2008 against Bayern Munich in a game which ended 1–1 . On 17 April 2010 , Zidan suffered an injury in his knee that prevented him from playing for almost 6 months . On 3 May 2011 , Borussia Dormund were crowned champions of the Bundesliga for the first time since 2002 . Return to Mainz . On 31 January 2012 , Zidan left Borussia Dortmund and signed a new contract with his former club Mainz . He scored once in each of his first six games for Mainz , becoming the first player in the history of the Bundesliga to score in each of his first six games with his new club . This surpassed VfB Stuttgart striker Fredi Bobic who had scored in the first five games for his new club in the 1994–1995 season opener . On 10 April 2012 , he scored once and assisted two goals against Köln in a 4–0 win . At the end of the season , Zidan refused to sign a contract extension by rejecting a one-year offer , claiming that he wanted a two-year offer . Baniyas . On 31 July 2012 , Zidan signed for Emirati club Baniyas , signing a two-year contract . In January 2013 he was omitted from the Baniyas squad for the rest of the season and decided to have his contract terminated . He wasnt registered in the clubs squad list for the next season , so he didnt play a single match in the 2013–14 Season . He left the club after his contract expired . He later described his stay in UAE as the biggest mistake in his life . International career . Weeks before the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt , the Egyptian Football Association sent a fax on 23 December 2005 to Mainz , asking for an international call-up for Zidan . There was no answer from Mainz or the player for that matter , and as a consequence he drew much criticism from the Egyptian fans and officials alike . He had allegedly chosen not to represent Egypt , as he felt he would lose his starting spot with Mainz . However , in an interview , after Egypt had won the African Cup of Nations in 2008 , he stated that the reason he did not play in 2006 was because of a leg injury . In a January 2006 interview with the Danish tabloid newspaper BT , Zidan criticized the Egyptian Football Association for contacting Mainz during Christmas time when everybody was on holiday , and said that the Egyptian national team should have talked to him personally , as they had with Tottenham Hotspur striker Mido . He also said that the Egyptian head coach Shehata had not treated him well , and that the whole thing seemed too unprofessional for him . In April 2006 , Hassan Shehata declared he would never again invite Mohamed Zidan to join the national team . He stated , Zidan refused to join the team when we needed him most , before the Nations Cup . You can never count on these kind of players . During this time there was also talk about Zidan wanting to play for the Denmark national team , if the Egyptian squad did not want him . However , on 5 August 2006 , just 11 days before Egypts friendly match against Uruguay , Shehata backed down over his former decision by calling Zidan up for the national team squad . However , Zidan remained doubtful for the friendly match against Uruguay due to an injury that forced him to miss Werder Bremens season opener . Zidan was called to represent Egypt in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Burundi , where he scored his first international goal only five minutes after kick-off . Indeed , in Egypts 2008 Africa Cup of Nations opening Group C match against Cameroon , in a match hotly billed as the Group C decider for top and second spots in the group , Zidan turned in a strong performance , scoring two goals – helping the African Champions cause for defending their title during an impressive 4–2 victory . Zidan was not out of the woods yet when it comes to controversy as he was reportedly injured in training with the national team before their match with Angola , ART reporter said that he thought that Zidan is being spoilt , and that he refused to continue the warm up and treatment for him before the game , this was denied by Shawky Gharib the Egyptian Head Coach , Zidan and the Manager ; Hassan Shehata . After missing a few games and a few starts after the display in the opening Cameroon game , Zidan was used as a substitute on numerous occasions , always posing a great threat to the opposition . He was used in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana as a striker , sometimes a lone striker , a winger and as an offensive midfielder . One of the most notable plays was in the final against Cameroon , when he applied pressure on veteran defender Rigobert Song and effectively wrestled the ball out of the defenders legs and managed to supply Mohamed Aboutrika for the winning goal . In Egypts opening 2009 Confederations Cup game , Zidan scored two goals against Brazil in a 4–3 loss . He was called again to join Egypts squad for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola . He was Egypts striker along with Emad Moteab . He played in the opening Group C match against Nigeria . He scored his only goal in the competition against Algeria in the semifinal , in a match that ended 4–0 to Egypt , and where he also assisted Mohamed Abdel-Shafy for the 3–0 goal . He supplied the finals winning goal , once again , but not to Aboutrika this time ; this time it was Mohamed Nagy Gedo who got the winning goal . On 3 March 2010 , Zidan scored the only goal for Egypt in a 3–1 loss to England . Zidan is unlikely to play for Egypt again after refusing to play a crucial qualifiers match against Central African Republic to fly off to China for a discussion with a Chinese club . Personal life . He was born in Port Said , Egypt , and also holds German citizenship . Mohamed Zidan was married to his long term girlfriend Stina , Who holds a Danish citizenship , in 2014 in Germany . They have two children together , son named Adam born in 2010 , and a son named Liam 2014 . In 2015 , Mohamed Zidan moved back to Cairo , Egypt . In 2017 he married his current Egyptian wife , they have a son named Zidan born in 2018 . Career as an analyst . In 2014 , Zidan worked as an analyst at BeIN Sports channel for matches involving German clubs . Honours . Club . Werder Bremen - DFL-Ligapokal : 2006 Borussia Dortmund - Bundesliga : 2010–11 , 2011–12 International . Egypt - Africa Cup of Nations : 2008 , 2010 Individual . - Danish Superliga top scorer : 2003–04 ( shared ) - FC Midtjylland Player of the Year : 2003–04 , 2004–05 External links . - EgyptianPlayers news items - SoccerEgypt profile - Danish career statistics at Danmarks Radio

hard

Mohamed Zidan played for which team after Mar 2012?

/wiki/Mohamed_Zidan#P54#5

Mohamed Zidan Mohamed Abdullah Zidan ( ; born 11 December 1981 ) is an Egyptian retired professional footballer who played as a striker . Club career . Early career . Mohamed Zidan was born in Port Said , Egypt , to an Egyptian family . His career started as a striker for his hometown club El Masry in 1998 . Al-Masry dropped Zidan because of a perceived lack of passing ability leading to his family moving to Denmark . In his first year in Denmark , while training with B93 for a contract , he played a few games for the Danish-Turkish club FC Anatolien , now Kokkedal BK , in Nivå in Northern Zealand . Zidan was scouted by the Danish Superliga club Akademisk Boldklub ( AB ) while he was juggling a ball at a Danish park in 1999 . In June 2003 , he moved to the league rivals FC Midtjylland ( FCM ) , as AB experienced financial hardship . At FCM , he became the leagues top scorer in the 2003–04 season , and he was awarded the Rookie of the year award , becoming Player of the Year the following season . In all , he scored 30 goals in 47 appearances for FC Midtjylland , and especially his nine goals in the first three games of FCMs newly built SAS Arena stadium , made the stadium colloquially known as Zidan Arena . Werder Bremen and Mainz 05 . Zidans performance in the Danish League had resulted in several top European clubs gaining interest in signing the striker . In the winter break of the 2004–05 season , he was loaned by German club Werder Bremen for the remainder of the 2004–05 , with an option to buy in the summer . In the summer of 2005 he was bought by Werder for a fee believed to be around €3.5 million . On 31 August 2005 , Zidan was loaned out to Mainz for the 2005–06 season . He went on to score nine goals in 26 appearances , seven as a substitute for Mainz . In the 2006–07 pre-season friendly matches , he retained his form with Werder Bremen , starting six of the seven matches he had played and scored four goals . Zidans performance in the semi-final match of the 2006 DFB-Ligapokal against Hamburger SV on 1 August 2006 , including bagging a goal in the 50th minute , earned him the man of the match award and ensured his clubs qualification to the cup final . However , after a trail of injuries , Zidan was on the receiving end of less playing time . After months of speculations , following the limited playing time and injuries , Werder Bremen announced on 16 January 2007 that Zidan would be transferred to Mainz for a reported 2.8 million Euros fee , which made it the largest ever purchase in the clubs history , passing his medical on 17 January 2007 . He scored six goals in the first 5 matches with his new club , catapulting the team from last , to 10th place on 1 March 2007 with 27 points . The Egyptian talent also received 50% of votes by the Kicker magazine , and earned himself the title of Player of the month in February in Germany , while Mainz became Team of the Month in the German Bundesliga . Fans of Mainz loved Zidan since his loan spell with the red shirt in which he managed to dazzle them with his skills , talent , and goals . The most notable show of talent was in a game against Bayern Munich during the 2005–06 season . Zidan earned a man of the match award when he dribbled past Philipp Lahm and scored against Oliver Kahn . Whilst loaned to Mainz , Zidan scored a goal against the club he was contracted to , Werder Bremen , in 14 seconds . This marked it as the fastest goal scored in the Bundesliga season and is ranked sixth as the quick fastest scored goals in the Bundesligas history . In an interview with Bild in Germany , Zidan admitted that he had high aspirations and had ambitions to play in either Barcelona , Real Madrid , Liverpool or Manchester United . He stated that he wanted to play for Barcelona within the next three years to play alongside Brazilian sensation Ronaldinho or Liverpool to play with Steven Gerrard . During the 2007 season Zidan contributed many spectacular goals , but could not save Mainz from relegation . The club had only been able to score 34 goals in the entire season , 13 of which , despite having played for less than half of a season , came from the Egyptian forwards feet . Unfortunately Zidans hard-work and valuable solo contribution was insufficient to prevent Mainz from the depths of despair of being relegated to the second division . However , Zidans work was noticed by number of top established clubs based in Spain , France and England as well as German champions VfB Stuttgart . Hamburger SV . Zidans run of good form during the 2006–07 season fueled many transfer rumors , and major clubs as Hamburger SV , newly crowned German champions VfB Stuttgart and several Spanish clubs were named as possible future clubs . Mainz manager Christian Heidel was very keen to keep Zidan at the club , so the club could mount a promotion challenge for the 2007–08 2 . Bundesliga season . On 3 June 2007 , Zidan passed a medical and thereby completed his move to HSV . He said that he always wanted a move to the north-German club , because he still has many ties to Denmark . The transfer fee was suspected to be about €5.8 million . Zidan was handed the number 7 shirt , a number previously worn by Hamburger SV prized player and Iranian captain , Mehdi Mahdavikia . Zidan proved himself as a capable striker and could adjust to the new team in friendly games , often scoring when substituted or scoring four goals when he played the full game . Mohamed Zidan scored his first official goal for Hamburger SV in the away DFB-Pokal match versus Holstein Kiel . However several appearances in Hamburgs start to the Bundesliga saw Zidan goalless , and often substituted off before the full 90 minutes of the game . Zidan however proved himself as a dangerous striker and playmaker , as he was brought on as a substitute against Bavarian giants Bayern Munich in the 74th minute . Zidan scored his first Bundesliga goal for HSV in the 87th minute , with the goal bearing a lot of significance as it ended Bayerns early undefeated run in the competition and was the first goal that Oliver Kahn had conceded up until then and was also the third goal that Zidan has scored against Bayern during his years in the Bundesliga . He also scored Hamburgs only goal in the game against Real Madrid in the Emirates Cup which took place in the summer of 2008 , and later only played one competitive game for Hamburg during the 2008–09 season , as a late substitute in the first round of the DFB-Pokal against FC Ingolstadt 04 . Borussia Dortmund . Eventually , his time at Hamburg turned out to be for a short period . On 17 August 2008 , Zidans transfer from Hamburg to Borussia Dortmund was confirmed by both clubs official websites as part of a deal that also saw Croatian international Mladen Petrić moving in the opposite direction , with both players signing four-year contracts . Dortmund also confirmed they had received an officially undisclosed transfer fee , which were believed to be worth around 5 million euro . His transfer to Dortmund reunited him with former Mainz coach , Jürgen Klopp , who was in charge of the club during Zidans two successful spells there in 2005–06 and the second half of the 2006–07 season . He received the number 10 shirt . His first appearance with Borussia Dortmund was on 23 August 2008 against Bayern Munich in a game which ended 1–1 . On 17 April 2010 , Zidan suffered an injury in his knee that prevented him from playing for almost 6 months . On 3 May 2011 , Borussia Dormund were crowned champions of the Bundesliga for the first time since 2002 . Return to Mainz . On 31 January 2012 , Zidan left Borussia Dortmund and signed a new contract with his former club Mainz . He scored once in each of his first six games for Mainz , becoming the first player in the history of the Bundesliga to score in each of his first six games with his new club . This surpassed VfB Stuttgart striker Fredi Bobic who had scored in the first five games for his new club in the 1994–1995 season opener . On 10 April 2012 , he scored once and assisted two goals against Köln in a 4–0 win . At the end of the season , Zidan refused to sign a contract extension by rejecting a one-year offer , claiming that he wanted a two-year offer . Baniyas . On 31 July 2012 , Zidan signed for Emirati club Baniyas , signing a two-year contract . In January 2013 he was omitted from the Baniyas squad for the rest of the season and decided to have his contract terminated . He wasnt registered in the clubs squad list for the next season , so he didnt play a single match in the 2013–14 Season . He left the club after his contract expired . He later described his stay in UAE as the biggest mistake in his life . International career . Weeks before the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations in Egypt , the Egyptian Football Association sent a fax on 23 December 2005 to Mainz , asking for an international call-up for Zidan . There was no answer from Mainz or the player for that matter , and as a consequence he drew much criticism from the Egyptian fans and officials alike . He had allegedly chosen not to represent Egypt , as he felt he would lose his starting spot with Mainz . However , in an interview , after Egypt had won the African Cup of Nations in 2008 , he stated that the reason he did not play in 2006 was because of a leg injury . In a January 2006 interview with the Danish tabloid newspaper BT , Zidan criticized the Egyptian Football Association for contacting Mainz during Christmas time when everybody was on holiday , and said that the Egyptian national team should have talked to him personally , as they had with Tottenham Hotspur striker Mido . He also said that the Egyptian head coach Shehata had not treated him well , and that the whole thing seemed too unprofessional for him . In April 2006 , Hassan Shehata declared he would never again invite Mohamed Zidan to join the national team . He stated , Zidan refused to join the team when we needed him most , before the Nations Cup . You can never count on these kind of players . During this time there was also talk about Zidan wanting to play for the Denmark national team , if the Egyptian squad did not want him . However , on 5 August 2006 , just 11 days before Egypts friendly match against Uruguay , Shehata backed down over his former decision by calling Zidan up for the national team squad . However , Zidan remained doubtful for the friendly match against Uruguay due to an injury that forced him to miss Werder Bremens season opener . Zidan was called to represent Egypt in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Burundi , where he scored his first international goal only five minutes after kick-off . Indeed , in Egypts 2008 Africa Cup of Nations opening Group C match against Cameroon , in a match hotly billed as the Group C decider for top and second spots in the group , Zidan turned in a strong performance , scoring two goals – helping the African Champions cause for defending their title during an impressive 4–2 victory . Zidan was not out of the woods yet when it comes to controversy as he was reportedly injured in training with the national team before their match with Angola , ART reporter said that he thought that Zidan is being spoilt , and that he refused to continue the warm up and treatment for him before the game , this was denied by Shawky Gharib the Egyptian Head Coach , Zidan and the Manager ; Hassan Shehata . After missing a few games and a few starts after the display in the opening Cameroon game , Zidan was used as a substitute on numerous occasions , always posing a great threat to the opposition . He was used in the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana as a striker , sometimes a lone striker , a winger and as an offensive midfielder . One of the most notable plays was in the final against Cameroon , when he applied pressure on veteran defender Rigobert Song and effectively wrestled the ball out of the defenders legs and managed to supply Mohamed Aboutrika for the winning goal . In Egypts opening 2009 Confederations Cup game , Zidan scored two goals against Brazil in a 4–3 loss . He was called again to join Egypts squad for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations in Angola . He was Egypts striker along with Emad Moteab . He played in the opening Group C match against Nigeria . He scored his only goal in the competition against Algeria in the semifinal , in a match that ended 4–0 to Egypt , and where he also assisted Mohamed Abdel-Shafy for the 3–0 goal . He supplied the finals winning goal , once again , but not to Aboutrika this time ; this time it was Mohamed Nagy Gedo who got the winning goal . On 3 March 2010 , Zidan scored the only goal for Egypt in a 3–1 loss to England . Zidan is unlikely to play for Egypt again after refusing to play a crucial qualifiers match against Central African Republic to fly off to China for a discussion with a Chinese club . Personal life . He was born in Port Said , Egypt , and also holds German citizenship . Mohamed Zidan was married to his long term girlfriend Stina , Who holds a Danish citizenship , in 2014 in Germany . They have two children together , son named Adam born in 2010 , and a son named Liam 2014 . In 2015 , Mohamed Zidan moved back to Cairo , Egypt . In 2017 he married his current Egyptian wife , they have a son named Zidan born in 2018 . Career as an analyst . In 2014 , Zidan worked as an analyst at BeIN Sports channel for matches involving German clubs . Honours . Club . Werder Bremen - DFL-Ligapokal : 2006 Borussia Dortmund - Bundesliga : 2010–11 , 2011–12 International . Egypt - Africa Cup of Nations : 2008 , 2010 Individual . - Danish Superliga top scorer : 2003–04 ( shared ) - FC Midtjylland Player of the Year : 2003–04 , 2004–05 External links . - EgyptianPlayers news items - SoccerEgypt profile - Danish career statistics at Danmarks Radio

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Where was The Other Story (exhibition) located between Dec 1989 and Feb 1990?

/wiki/The_Other_Story_(exhibition)#P276#0

The Other Story ( exhibition ) The Other Story was an exhibition held from 29 November 1989 to 4 February 1990 at the Hayward Gallery in London . The exhibition brought together the art of Asian , African and Caribbean artists in post war Britain , as indicated in the original title . It is celebrated as a landmark initiative for reflecting on the colonial legacy of Britain and for establishing the work of overlooked artists of African , Caribbean , and Asian ancestry . Curated by artist , writer , and editor Rasheed Araeen , The Other Story was a response to the racism , inequality , and ignorance of other cultures that was pervasive in the late-Thatcher Britain in the late 1980s . The legacy of the exhibition is significant in the museum field , as many of the artists are currently part of Tates collections . The exhibition received more than 24,000 visitors and a version of the exhibition travelled to Wolverhampton Art Gallery , 10 March to 22 April 1990 ; and Manchester City Art Gallery and Cornerhouse , 5 May to 10 June 1990 . Artists included . The exhibition included works by twenty-four artists , including Ahmed Parvez , Anwar Jalal Shemza , Aubrey Williams , Avinash Chandra , Avtarjeet Dhanjal , Balraj Khanna , David Medalla , Donald Locke , Eddie Chambers , Frank Bowling , Francis Newton Souza , Gavin Jantjes , Iqbal Geoffrey , Ivan Peries , Keith Piper , Kumiko Shimizu , Lubaina Himid , Mona Hatoum , Rasheed Araeen , Ronald Moody , Saleem Arif , Sonia Boyce , Uzo Egonu , and Yuanchia Li . Exhibition concept . In the exhibition catalogue , Hayward Gallery Director Joanna Drew writes that Making an exhibition on the basis of racial origin is not something that comes easily to the art world . The exhibition was first proposed to but rejected by the Arts Council in 1978 for being untimely . Some critics argue that The Other Story was made possible thanks to the growing grassroots activism related to the British Black Arts Movement , feminist critique , and anti-racist discourses in the UK , the US , and South Africa . The selection criteria of the exhibition focused on the relationship between modernism in African , Caribbean , and Asian artists who resided in the UK for at least ten years . Therefore , the show is considered an intervention into the exclusive canon of Euro-American modernism . In his introduction in the exhibition catalogue , Rasheed Araeen asks : Can true pluralism be achieved without recovering what we have lost in the past , for whatever reasons ? Can we afford to be complacent any more ? The Other Story was divided into four thematic sections : In the Citadel of Modernism , Taking the Bull by the Horns , Confronting the System , and Recovering Cultural Metaphors . Although Araeen used Afro-Asian in the exhibition catalogue and the wall texts to refer to the participating artists , the promotional banner used a different title : The Other Story : Asian , African and Caribbean artists in post-war Britain . Cultural historian Lucy Steeds argues that this terminology disbands the solidarity and the hyphenated connectivity in Afro-Asian . Criticism . Rashid Araeen has been criticized for the gender imbalance in the exhibition . Only four of the twenty-four artists were women : Sonia Boyce , Mona Hatoum , Lubaina Himid , and Kumiko Shimizu . Araeen stated that he was not able to locate Black and Asian women artists from earlier generations . He added that several women artists refused his invitation after hesitating that the organizing principle of the exhibition could create a ghettoising context . In her exhibition review published in December 1989 , Stupa Biswas criticized the show for the lack of representation of black women artists . In response to Biswas , Araeen wrote that the question of equal representation of black women artists is related to the nature of postwar Afro-Asian immigration in the UK while calling her approach phoney feminism .

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Where was The Other Story (exhibition) located in Mar 1990?

/wiki/The_Other_Story_(exhibition)#P276#1

The Other Story ( exhibition ) The Other Story was an exhibition held from 29 November 1989 to 4 February 1990 at the Hayward Gallery in London . The exhibition brought together the art of Asian , African and Caribbean artists in post war Britain , as indicated in the original title . It is celebrated as a landmark initiative for reflecting on the colonial legacy of Britain and for establishing the work of overlooked artists of African , Caribbean , and Asian ancestry . Curated by artist , writer , and editor Rasheed Araeen , The Other Story was a response to the racism , inequality , and ignorance of other cultures that was pervasive in the late-Thatcher Britain in the late 1980s . The legacy of the exhibition is significant in the museum field , as many of the artists are currently part of Tates collections . The exhibition received more than 24,000 visitors and a version of the exhibition travelled to Wolverhampton Art Gallery , 10 March to 22 April 1990 ; and Manchester City Art Gallery and Cornerhouse , 5 May to 10 June 1990 . Artists included . The exhibition included works by twenty-four artists , including Ahmed Parvez , Anwar Jalal Shemza , Aubrey Williams , Avinash Chandra , Avtarjeet Dhanjal , Balraj Khanna , David Medalla , Donald Locke , Eddie Chambers , Frank Bowling , Francis Newton Souza , Gavin Jantjes , Iqbal Geoffrey , Ivan Peries , Keith Piper , Kumiko Shimizu , Lubaina Himid , Mona Hatoum , Rasheed Araeen , Ronald Moody , Saleem Arif , Sonia Boyce , Uzo Egonu , and Yuanchia Li . Exhibition concept . In the exhibition catalogue , Hayward Gallery Director Joanna Drew writes that Making an exhibition on the basis of racial origin is not something that comes easily to the art world . The exhibition was first proposed to but rejected by the Arts Council in 1978 for being untimely . Some critics argue that The Other Story was made possible thanks to the growing grassroots activism related to the British Black Arts Movement , feminist critique , and anti-racist discourses in the UK , the US , and South Africa . The selection criteria of the exhibition focused on the relationship between modernism in African , Caribbean , and Asian artists who resided in the UK for at least ten years . Therefore , the show is considered an intervention into the exclusive canon of Euro-American modernism . In his introduction in the exhibition catalogue , Rasheed Araeen asks : Can true pluralism be achieved without recovering what we have lost in the past , for whatever reasons ? Can we afford to be complacent any more ? The Other Story was divided into four thematic sections : In the Citadel of Modernism , Taking the Bull by the Horns , Confronting the System , and Recovering Cultural Metaphors . Although Araeen used Afro-Asian in the exhibition catalogue and the wall texts to refer to the participating artists , the promotional banner used a different title : The Other Story : Asian , African and Caribbean artists in post-war Britain . Cultural historian Lucy Steeds argues that this terminology disbands the solidarity and the hyphenated connectivity in Afro-Asian . Criticism . Rashid Araeen has been criticized for the gender imbalance in the exhibition . Only four of the twenty-four artists were women : Sonia Boyce , Mona Hatoum , Lubaina Himid , and Kumiko Shimizu . Araeen stated that he was not able to locate Black and Asian women artists from earlier generations . He added that several women artists refused his invitation after hesitating that the organizing principle of the exhibition could create a ghettoising context . In her exhibition review published in December 1989 , Stupa Biswas criticized the show for the lack of representation of black women artists . In response to Biswas , Araeen wrote that the question of equal representation of black women artists is related to the nature of postwar Afro-Asian immigration in the UK while calling her approach phoney feminism .

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Where was The Other Story (exhibition) located in May 1990?

/wiki/The_Other_Story_(exhibition)#P276#2

The Other Story ( exhibition ) The Other Story was an exhibition held from 29 November 1989 to 4 February 1990 at the Hayward Gallery in London . The exhibition brought together the art of Asian , African and Caribbean artists in post war Britain , as indicated in the original title . It is celebrated as a landmark initiative for reflecting on the colonial legacy of Britain and for establishing the work of overlooked artists of African , Caribbean , and Asian ancestry . Curated by artist , writer , and editor Rasheed Araeen , The Other Story was a response to the racism , inequality , and ignorance of other cultures that was pervasive in the late-Thatcher Britain in the late 1980s . The legacy of the exhibition is significant in the museum field , as many of the artists are currently part of Tates collections . The exhibition received more than 24,000 visitors and a version of the exhibition travelled to Wolverhampton Art Gallery , 10 March to 22 April 1990 ; and Manchester City Art Gallery and Cornerhouse , 5 May to 10 June 1990 . Artists included . The exhibition included works by twenty-four artists , including Ahmed Parvez , Anwar Jalal Shemza , Aubrey Williams , Avinash Chandra , Avtarjeet Dhanjal , Balraj Khanna , David Medalla , Donald Locke , Eddie Chambers , Frank Bowling , Francis Newton Souza , Gavin Jantjes , Iqbal Geoffrey , Ivan Peries , Keith Piper , Kumiko Shimizu , Lubaina Himid , Mona Hatoum , Rasheed Araeen , Ronald Moody , Saleem Arif , Sonia Boyce , Uzo Egonu , and Yuanchia Li . Exhibition concept . In the exhibition catalogue , Hayward Gallery Director Joanna Drew writes that Making an exhibition on the basis of racial origin is not something that comes easily to the art world . The exhibition was first proposed to but rejected by the Arts Council in 1978 for being untimely . Some critics argue that The Other Story was made possible thanks to the growing grassroots activism related to the British Black Arts Movement , feminist critique , and anti-racist discourses in the UK , the US , and South Africa . The selection criteria of the exhibition focused on the relationship between modernism in African , Caribbean , and Asian artists who resided in the UK for at least ten years . Therefore , the show is considered an intervention into the exclusive canon of Euro-American modernism . In his introduction in the exhibition catalogue , Rasheed Araeen asks : Can true pluralism be achieved without recovering what we have lost in the past , for whatever reasons ? Can we afford to be complacent any more ? The Other Story was divided into four thematic sections : In the Citadel of Modernism , Taking the Bull by the Horns , Confronting the System , and Recovering Cultural Metaphors . Although Araeen used Afro-Asian in the exhibition catalogue and the wall texts to refer to the participating artists , the promotional banner used a different title : The Other Story : Asian , African and Caribbean artists in post-war Britain . Cultural historian Lucy Steeds argues that this terminology disbands the solidarity and the hyphenated connectivity in Afro-Asian . Criticism . Rashid Araeen has been criticized for the gender imbalance in the exhibition . Only four of the twenty-four artists were women : Sonia Boyce , Mona Hatoum , Lubaina Himid , and Kumiko Shimizu . Araeen stated that he was not able to locate Black and Asian women artists from earlier generations . He added that several women artists refused his invitation after hesitating that the organizing principle of the exhibition could create a ghettoising context . In her exhibition review published in December 1989 , Stupa Biswas criticized the show for the lack of representation of black women artists . In response to Biswas , Araeen wrote that the question of equal representation of black women artists is related to the nature of postwar Afro-Asian immigration in the UK while calling her approach phoney feminism .

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Isaac Becerra played for which team between Jun 2007 and May 2008?

/wiki/Isaac_Becerra#P54#0

Isaac Becerra Isaac Becerra Alguacil ( born 18 June 1988 ) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Córdoba CF . Club career . Early years . Born in Badalona , Barcelona , Catalonia , Becerra was on the books of both regional powerhouses FC Barcelona and RCD Espanyol as a youth . He made his senior debut for the latters reserves in Segunda División B , playing the two final games of the 2006–07 season , both defeats . The following campaign , he appeared in 12 matches and was sent off once as the team suffered relegation . After a loan to Panionios F.C . of the Super League Greece , he moved to another B team , Real Madrid Castilla in 2010 . He was used rarely during his tenure , winning promotion to Segunda División as champions in his second year . Girona . On 29 June 2012 , Becerra returned to his native region , signing a two-year deal with second level club Girona FC . Despite only playing three times in the league season , he contested all four play-off games , assisting one of Javier Acuñas goals in a 3–1 home win against AD Alcorcón in the second leg of the semi-final . On 20 February 2014 , with his deal due to expire in the summer , Becerra extended his stay at the Estadi Montilivi for another two years . In 2014–15 , he was ever-present as the side came a best-ever third , and both he and teammate Álex Granell were named in the divisions Team of the Year at the LFP Awards . In the first leg of the play-offs on 11 June , he kept a clean sheet in a 3–0 away victory over Real Zaragoza , and manager Pablo Machín highlighted him for praise . Becerra was the Segunda División Player of the Month for April 2016 , after conceding one goal in five matches to put Girona one point off the play-offs – by that point , he was an undisputed starter and had kept 15 clean sheets . He was again named the divisions Goalkeeper of the Year . Valladolid . On 23 June 2016 , Becerra joined Real Valladolid for three years . He kept a clean sheet on his debut on 21 August , as his team began the season with a 1–0 home defeat of Real Oviedo . Becerra was back-up to new signing Jordi Masip the following campaign , playing only cup games and the dying moments of the victorious play-off final against CD Numancia . Gimnàstic . On 31 July 2018 , Becerra signed a three-year deal with Gimnàstic de Tarragona still in the second division . He appeared in roughly the same number of matches as Bernabé Barragán during the season , as the team finished third from the bottom and were relegated ; as a result , his contract was automatically terminated due to a clause . Córdoba . Becerra joined Córdoba CF on 10 July 2019 , on a two-year contract . Honours . Club . Real Madrid Castilla - Segunda División B : 2011–12 International . Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2007 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy ( Segunda División ) : 2015–16 - Segunda División Team of the Year : 2014–15 - Segunda División Player of the Month : April 2016

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Isaac Becerra played for which team between Nov 2009 and Dec 2009?

/wiki/Isaac_Becerra#P54#1

Isaac Becerra Isaac Becerra Alguacil ( born 18 June 1988 ) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Córdoba CF . Club career . Early years . Born in Badalona , Barcelona , Catalonia , Becerra was on the books of both regional powerhouses FC Barcelona and RCD Espanyol as a youth . He made his senior debut for the latters reserves in Segunda División B , playing the two final games of the 2006–07 season , both defeats . The following campaign , he appeared in 12 matches and was sent off once as the team suffered relegation . After a loan to Panionios F.C . of the Super League Greece , he moved to another B team , Real Madrid Castilla in 2010 . He was used rarely during his tenure , winning promotion to Segunda División as champions in his second year . Girona . On 29 June 2012 , Becerra returned to his native region , signing a two-year deal with second level club Girona FC . Despite only playing three times in the league season , he contested all four play-off games , assisting one of Javier Acuñas goals in a 3–1 home win against AD Alcorcón in the second leg of the semi-final . On 20 February 2014 , with his deal due to expire in the summer , Becerra extended his stay at the Estadi Montilivi for another two years . In 2014–15 , he was ever-present as the side came a best-ever third , and both he and teammate Álex Granell were named in the divisions Team of the Year at the LFP Awards . In the first leg of the play-offs on 11 June , he kept a clean sheet in a 3–0 away victory over Real Zaragoza , and manager Pablo Machín highlighted him for praise . Becerra was the Segunda División Player of the Month for April 2016 , after conceding one goal in five matches to put Girona one point off the play-offs – by that point , he was an undisputed starter and had kept 15 clean sheets . He was again named the divisions Goalkeeper of the Year . Valladolid . On 23 June 2016 , Becerra joined Real Valladolid for three years . He kept a clean sheet on his debut on 21 August , as his team began the season with a 1–0 home defeat of Real Oviedo . Becerra was back-up to new signing Jordi Masip the following campaign , playing only cup games and the dying moments of the victorious play-off final against CD Numancia . Gimnàstic . On 31 July 2018 , Becerra signed a three-year deal with Gimnàstic de Tarragona still in the second division . He appeared in roughly the same number of matches as Bernabé Barragán during the season , as the team finished third from the bottom and were relegated ; as a result , his contract was automatically terminated due to a clause . Córdoba . Becerra joined Córdoba CF on 10 July 2019 , on a two-year contract . Honours . Club . Real Madrid Castilla - Segunda División B : 2011–12 International . Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2007 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy ( Segunda División ) : 2015–16 - Segunda División Team of the Year : 2014–15 - Segunda División Player of the Month : April 2016

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Isaac Becerra played for which team between Sep 2011 and Dec 2011?

/wiki/Isaac_Becerra#P54#2

Isaac Becerra Isaac Becerra Alguacil ( born 18 June 1988 ) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Córdoba CF . Club career . Early years . Born in Badalona , Barcelona , Catalonia , Becerra was on the books of both regional powerhouses FC Barcelona and RCD Espanyol as a youth . He made his senior debut for the latters reserves in Segunda División B , playing the two final games of the 2006–07 season , both defeats . The following campaign , he appeared in 12 matches and was sent off once as the team suffered relegation . After a loan to Panionios F.C . of the Super League Greece , he moved to another B team , Real Madrid Castilla in 2010 . He was used rarely during his tenure , winning promotion to Segunda División as champions in his second year . Girona . On 29 June 2012 , Becerra returned to his native region , signing a two-year deal with second level club Girona FC . Despite only playing three times in the league season , he contested all four play-off games , assisting one of Javier Acuñas goals in a 3–1 home win against AD Alcorcón in the second leg of the semi-final . On 20 February 2014 , with his deal due to expire in the summer , Becerra extended his stay at the Estadi Montilivi for another two years . In 2014–15 , he was ever-present as the side came a best-ever third , and both he and teammate Álex Granell were named in the divisions Team of the Year at the LFP Awards . In the first leg of the play-offs on 11 June , he kept a clean sheet in a 3–0 away victory over Real Zaragoza , and manager Pablo Machín highlighted him for praise . Becerra was the Segunda División Player of the Month for April 2016 , after conceding one goal in five matches to put Girona one point off the play-offs – by that point , he was an undisputed starter and had kept 15 clean sheets . He was again named the divisions Goalkeeper of the Year . Valladolid . On 23 June 2016 , Becerra joined Real Valladolid for three years . He kept a clean sheet on his debut on 21 August , as his team began the season with a 1–0 home defeat of Real Oviedo . Becerra was back-up to new signing Jordi Masip the following campaign , playing only cup games and the dying moments of the victorious play-off final against CD Numancia . Gimnàstic . On 31 July 2018 , Becerra signed a three-year deal with Gimnàstic de Tarragona still in the second division . He appeared in roughly the same number of matches as Bernabé Barragán during the season , as the team finished third from the bottom and were relegated ; as a result , his contract was automatically terminated due to a clause . Córdoba . Becerra joined Córdoba CF on 10 July 2019 , on a two-year contract . Honours . Club . Real Madrid Castilla - Segunda División B : 2011–12 International . Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2007 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy ( Segunda División ) : 2015–16 - Segunda División Team of the Year : 2014–15 - Segunda División Player of the Month : April 2016

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Isaac Becerra played for which team between Jun 2012 and Dec 2012?

/wiki/Isaac_Becerra#P54#3

Isaac Becerra Isaac Becerra Alguacil ( born 18 June 1988 ) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Córdoba CF . Club career . Early years . Born in Badalona , Barcelona , Catalonia , Becerra was on the books of both regional powerhouses FC Barcelona and RCD Espanyol as a youth . He made his senior debut for the latters reserves in Segunda División B , playing the two final games of the 2006–07 season , both defeats . The following campaign , he appeared in 12 matches and was sent off once as the team suffered relegation . After a loan to Panionios F.C . of the Super League Greece , he moved to another B team , Real Madrid Castilla in 2010 . He was used rarely during his tenure , winning promotion to Segunda División as champions in his second year . Girona . On 29 June 2012 , Becerra returned to his native region , signing a two-year deal with second level club Girona FC . Despite only playing three times in the league season , he contested all four play-off games , assisting one of Javier Acuñas goals in a 3–1 home win against AD Alcorcón in the second leg of the semi-final . On 20 February 2014 , with his deal due to expire in the summer , Becerra extended his stay at the Estadi Montilivi for another two years . In 2014–15 , he was ever-present as the side came a best-ever third , and both he and teammate Álex Granell were named in the divisions Team of the Year at the LFP Awards . In the first leg of the play-offs on 11 June , he kept a clean sheet in a 3–0 away victory over Real Zaragoza , and manager Pablo Machín highlighted him for praise . Becerra was the Segunda División Player of the Month for April 2016 , after conceding one goal in five matches to put Girona one point off the play-offs – by that point , he was an undisputed starter and had kept 15 clean sheets . He was again named the divisions Goalkeeper of the Year . Valladolid . On 23 June 2016 , Becerra joined Real Valladolid for three years . He kept a clean sheet on his debut on 21 August , as his team began the season with a 1–0 home defeat of Real Oviedo . Becerra was back-up to new signing Jordi Masip the following campaign , playing only cup games and the dying moments of the victorious play-off final against CD Numancia . Gimnàstic . On 31 July 2018 , Becerra signed a three-year deal with Gimnàstic de Tarragona still in the second division . He appeared in roughly the same number of matches as Bernabé Barragán during the season , as the team finished third from the bottom and were relegated ; as a result , his contract was automatically terminated due to a clause . Córdoba . Becerra joined Córdoba CF on 10 July 2019 , on a two-year contract . Honours . Club . Real Madrid Castilla - Segunda División B : 2011–12 International . Spain U19 - UEFA European Under-19 Championship : 2007 Individual . - Ricardo Zamora Trophy ( Segunda División ) : 2015–16 - Segunda División Team of the Year : 2014–15 - Segunda División Player of the Month : April 2016

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What sport did Jolyon Palmer participate between Feb 2005 and Sep 2005?

/wiki/Jolyon_Palmer#P641#0

Jolyon Palmer Jolyon Palmer ( born 20 January 1991 ) is a British motorsport commentator and columnist , covering the Formula One World Championship on BBC Radio 5 and the official F1 app . Prior to his media career , Palmer was a racing driver and the 2014 GP2 Series champion . Palmer drove for Renault Sport F1 Team in Formula One . He made his Formula One debut with the team at the start of the season , during which he scored his first World Championship points at the . Palmer stayed with Renault for through to the . Palmer , the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer , was educated at Dorset House School , after which he attended Cranleigh School and the University of Nottingham ( from which he graduated with a bachelor degree in Management Studies in 2012 ) . He drove for the Lotus Formula One team as a test driver in 2015 , stepping up to a full-time race seat the following season when the team received manufacturer backing from Renault . After ending his driving career , Palmer became an F1 analyst for BBC and the F1 app alongside Jack Nicholls . He is a regular columnist on the BBC Sport website and is also a special contributor to the official F1 website , offering detailed analysis on racing incidents following each Grand Prix . Career . T Cars ( 2005–2007 ) . Having spent 2004 racing in MiniMax karts , Palmer moved up to cars in 2005 and specifically the T Cars championships Autumn Trophy – a racing series for drivers between the ages of 14 and 17 . Palmer finished fifth in that championship , with a grand total of 92 points , 46 behind championship winner Adrian Quaife-Hobbs . He moved up to the main championship in 2006 , earning one pole position and four podiums , and again finished fifth in the championship with 101 points , 69 behind champion Luciano Bacheta . Palmer also took part in a second Autumn Trophy , winning four of the six races . He took part in two races of the 2007 season , winning both but decided to concentrate on Formula Palmer Audi . Formula Palmer Audi ( 2007–2008 ) . In 2007 , Palmer moved to the series which his father , Jonathan , created nine years before . He finished 12th on debut at Silverstone , and his results gradually improved with him taking two wins ( one at Brands Hatch and one at Oulton Park ) and two pole positions at Brands , on his way to tenth in the championship . He missed the final two rounds of the championship , due to an abdominal injury suffered in a quad bike accident at his home in West Sussex , in which he nearly died as he lost a kidney , punctured a lung , suffered liver damage and lost a lot of blood . He recovered in time for the start of the 2008 season , in which he was a championship challenger right up until the last few races of the season . Palmer secured one win ( at the overseas race at Spa ) and 11 podiums along with three pole positions and ended up just 22 points behind Jason Moore , in third place . The Autumn Trophy and the FPA Shootout also brought third places for Palmer , taking three podiums from the six races . FIA Formula Two ( 2009–2010 ) . 2009 saw Palmer move up to the FIA Formula Two Championship , driving car number three . His best result was a sixth-place finish at Imola . He returned to the series in 2010 , winning the opening race of the season at Silverstone , taking the first F2 win by a British driver since his father did so at Mugello in . Palmer picked up one fifth-place finish in the next round at Marrakech , but bounced back to take both wins and the championship lead in the third round at Monza . He eventually finished 2nd behind fellow Briton Dean Stoneman . Palmer made a one-off return to F2 during the 2011 season at the Nürburgring , but was a non-starter in both races . GP2 Series ( 2011–2014 ) . 2011 season . Palmer made his GP2 Series main season debut in 2011 , driving for the Arden International team alongside Josef Král . He scored a top ten finish on his debut weekend at Abu Dhabi and more top ten finishes followed at Istanbul and Valencia . A move to the Barwa Addax team for the non-championship GP2 Finals saw a breakthrough on his return to Abu Dhabi , with third and fourth places to end his debut year in the category on a high . 2012 season . For the 2012 season , Palmer switched to the iSport International team , alongside Marcus Ericsson . Despite topping the first practice session of the year in Malaysia , persistent electrical problems blighted the early part of his season , precipitating a change of chassis . Results immediately improved and a sixth place at Monaco was followed by his maiden GP2 victory in the sprint race there . Next came a podium position at Silverstone , putting Palmer into the top ten of the leaderboard as the season entered its second half , although he ultimately slipped to 11th despite another podium finish at Monza . 2013 season . For the 2013 GP2 Series Palmer drove for Carlin , partnering Brazilian 2011 British F3 Champion Felipe Nasr . He scored his first win of the year in the Feature Race at the Hungaroring and took pole , fastest lap and the Feature Race win on the streets of Singapore , ending 13 seconds ahead of team-mate Nasr . Palmer qualified in the top three in each of the final three events and finished 7th overall in the points table . 2014 season . Palmer switched to DAMS for the 2014 GP2 Series and topped the opening day of pre-season testing at Abu Dhabi . He qualified on pole for the first race of the season in Bahrain and finished on the podium . He won the Sprint Race the following day to lead the championship , a lead he held for the rest of the year and added another win in the feature race at Monaco . At Hungary he prevailed in wheel-to-wheel contests with Felipe Nasr in both races , and tensions boiled over during the Sprint Race podium ceremony . At Monza , Palmer was forced to start at the back of the grid for the Feature Race , after his DAMS car was found to have less than the mandatory one litre of fuel remaining , having originally qualified fourth . Despite this , he finished eighth in the Feature Race , securing reverse grid pole for the Sprint Race , which he won to further extend his championship lead . Palmer clinched the championship at the first possible attempt , with a fourth win of the year at the new Sochi circuit in Russia . He won the title with three races to spare , and achieved an all-time points record in the series . Speaking just after clinching the title he said:It wasnt going to be easy to win the championship this weekend , especially today after missing out on pole yesterday . I cant thank the team enough , theyve done an incredible job all year , weve been fighting for pretty much every Feature Race win and every pole with almost no mistakes . It feels amazing to be champion The pressure is off us now and weve got another race tomorrow and another round at Abu Dhabi . We can go out now , enjoy it and have some fun Looking through the list of previous GP2 Champions , theyre all unbelievable drivers , and to be on that list is something which cant be taken away from me , its an incredible feeling . On 19 November it was announced that Palmer would drive for the Sahara Force India F1 team at the Abu Dhabi post-season test on 25 November . Formula One . Force India ( 2014 ) . Palmer test drove a Force India car at the end of season test at Abu Dhabis Yas Marina Circuit on 25 November 2014 . Lotus ( 2015 ) . On 20 January 2015 it was announced that Palmer had signed as test and reserve driver for the Lotus F1 Formula One team for 2015 . With 2010 GP2 champion Pastor Maldonado and 2011 GP2 champion Romain Grosjean as their official drivers . Palmer made his debut in the teams 2015 challenger , the E23 Hybrid , on day two of the official pre-season test in Barcelona . Completing 77 laps , he ran a programme focused on data gathering and development work . He finished the day in eighth place . Lotus F1 Teams Trackside Operations Director Alan Permane said : Today was about data accumulation and Jolyon did a great job in his first time in the car , especially with the particularly cold conditions to start the session in the morning . He went on to make his Formula One debut on a Grand Prix weekend as he took to the track in Free Practice One at the third round of the 2015 season in China . Palmer completed a packed schedule of aerodynamic and set-up work to finish in 15th place overall on his first visit to the Shanghai circuit . In his next outing at the Bahrain International Circuit , Palmer ended the session in 14th position , 0.441s shy of teammate Pastor Maldonado . He drove in Free Practice One at the Spanish Grand Prix , recording the 13th fastest time and finishing ahead of Maldonado , before topping the timesheets on the second day of the in-season test in Barcelona on Wednesday 13 May . On 11 June 2015 it was announced that he would drive in Free Practice 1 for the rest of the European season , a total of 5 Grands Prix , which would take him from Austria to Italy , replacing Frenchman Romain Grosjean . He continued in FP1 in both Austria and Britain , his home Grand Prix , to finish in 14th position before suffering from limited running in Hungary . Palmer tested a new front-wing for Lotus F1 Team in the next Free Practice One session at Spa-Francorchamps , as Romain Grosjean came home third in the Belgian Grand Prix that weekend . Palmer took part in several further sessions , his final appearance in the Lotus E23 coming at the Abu Dhabi season closer , where technical issues limited him to just 10 minutes running . Renault ( 2016–2017 ) . - 2016 On 23 October 2015 it was announced that Palmer would be promoted to full Race Driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team in 2016 , and became first driver from FIA Formula Two Championship alumni to progress to the Formula One team . He was joined by ex-McLaren driver Kevin Magnussen for Renaults return to the sport as a constructor , having bought the Lotus F1 Team over the winter . At his debut event in the Australian Grand Prix Palmer outqualified Magnussen to the 14th grid position , and after a good start finished the race 11th ahead of his teammate , just outside the point scoring positions . - 2017 Palmer remained with Renault Sport F1 Team for the start of the 2017 F1 season , where he was accompanied by a new team-mate in Nico Hülkenberg , replacing the departing Kevin Magnussen . Renault unveiled its brand new R.S.17 at a special launch event in London on 22 January , in a yellow and black livery , adorned with Jolyons signature race number , 30 . Palmer made his first public appearance behind the wheel of the R.S.17 at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Spain in late February , ending the week with the third fastest time on the final day , behind only the Ferrari of Kimi Räikkönen and the Red Bull of Max Verstappen . On the day after he learned that he would be losing his seat for 2018 , he survived a race of attrition at the 2017 Singapore Grand Prix to gain a career best finish of sixth , securing his first points of the season . On 7 October 2017 , it was announced that Palmer would leave Renault after the end of the Japanese Grand Prix , to be replaced by Toro Rosso driver Carlos Sainz Jr. , taking his seat from the United States Grand Prix onwards . Media career after Formula One ( 2018 ) . On 22 February 2018 , it was announced that Palmer would complete the BBC Radio 5s Formula One staff alongside Jack Nicholls and Jennie Gow , as an expert . Jolyon has earned considerable praise for his knowledge and delivery , offering strong opinions and a unique insight into modern Formula One . Palmer offers further insight and analysis from the point of view of the competitor with his regular post-Grand Prix column on the BBC website . He is also a Special Contributor to www.formula1.com , analysing racing incidents using all available camera angles . Palmer has appeared as a guest presenter alongside Will Buxton on F1 Live , Liberty Medias post-race paddock show that is available free across the world on social media . Palmer has also written for Sky Sports F1 , with a GP2 Diary posted after each event during his time in the series . He was the regular co-commentator for the GP2 Series on Sky Sports F1 in 2015 , and previously commentated alongside future BBC partner Jack Nicholls on the FIA Formula Two Championship . It was revealed in February 2020 that Palmer would provide expert analysis on the pre-season testing in Barcelona , ahead of the 2020 F1 season . Other racing activities . Following his GP2 success , Palmer was invited to take part in the 2014 Race of Champions held at the Bushy Park circuit in Barbados . Palmer competed in the Race of Champions Nations Cup event for Team Young Stars , with DTM race-winner Pascal Wehrlein as his team-mate . The pair narrowly missed out on progressing from the group stages , with Palmer losing in close races to Robby Gordon and nine-time Le Mans winner Tom Kristensen but defeating European F3 Champion Esteban Ocon . In the actual Race of Champions event , Palmer lost to Tom Kristensen , Pascal Wehrlein and Indianapolis 500 winner Ryan Hunter-Reay . Palmer returned to compete in the 2015 Race of Champions on home soil at the Olympic Stadium in London as part of the Young Stars pairing , once again racing alongside Pascal Wehrlein . The duo were beaten in the quarter finals by Englands touring car drivers Andy Priaulx and Jason Plato , before Palmer was edged out by GT racer Alex Buncombe in the individual competition . Awards . On 4 December 2014 , Palmer was announced as the winner of the Guild of Motoring Writers Driver of the Year Award at a prize gala in London . Each year , the trophy is awarded to the leading driver as chosen by a panel of leading motorsport journalists . Previous winners have included Juan Manuel Fangio , Jim Clark and Michael Schumacher . Palmer was nominated for the Autosport Awards British Competition Driver of the Year in 2014 , losing out to Formula One World Champion Lewis Hamilton . He collected the British Racing Drivers Clubs Fairfield Trophy in 2014 , which is awarded to a BRDC member for outstanding performance throughout the year . The ceremony was attended by Lewis Hamilton , 1996 World Champion Damon Hill and BRDC president Derek Warwick . Personal life . Palmer is the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer . His younger brother , Will , won the 2015 British BRDC Formula 4 Championship and the prestigious 2015 McLaren Autosport BRDC Award . Palmer is a supporter of Ipswich Town F.C . and Crystal Palace F.C . Racing record . Complete Formula One results . – Was entered as third driver , but did not run due to bad weather .

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What sport did Jolyon Palmer participate between Jun 2007 and Dec 2008?

/wiki/Jolyon_Palmer#P641#1

Jolyon Palmer Jolyon Palmer ( born 20 January 1991 ) is a British motorsport commentator and columnist , covering the Formula One World Championship on BBC Radio 5 and the official F1 app . Prior to his media career , Palmer was a racing driver and the 2014 GP2 Series champion . Palmer drove for Renault Sport F1 Team in Formula One . He made his Formula One debut with the team at the start of the season , during which he scored his first World Championship points at the . Palmer stayed with Renault for through to the . Palmer , the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer , was educated at Dorset House School , after which he attended Cranleigh School and the University of Nottingham ( from which he graduated with a bachelor degree in Management Studies in 2012 ) . He drove for the Lotus Formula One team as a test driver in 2015 , stepping up to a full-time race seat the following season when the team received manufacturer backing from Renault . After ending his driving career , Palmer became an F1 analyst for BBC and the F1 app alongside Jack Nicholls . He is a regular columnist on the BBC Sport website and is also a special contributor to the official F1 website , offering detailed analysis on racing incidents following each Grand Prix . Career . T Cars ( 2005–2007 ) . Having spent 2004 racing in MiniMax karts , Palmer moved up to cars in 2005 and specifically the T Cars championships Autumn Trophy – a racing series for drivers between the ages of 14 and 17 . Palmer finished fifth in that championship , with a grand total of 92 points , 46 behind championship winner Adrian Quaife-Hobbs . He moved up to the main championship in 2006 , earning one pole position and four podiums , and again finished fifth in the championship with 101 points , 69 behind champion Luciano Bacheta . Palmer also took part in a second Autumn Trophy , winning four of the six races . He took part in two races of the 2007 season , winning both but decided to concentrate on Formula Palmer Audi . Formula Palmer Audi ( 2007–2008 ) . In 2007 , Palmer moved to the series which his father , Jonathan , created nine years before . He finished 12th on debut at Silverstone , and his results gradually improved with him taking two wins ( one at Brands Hatch and one at Oulton Park ) and two pole positions at Brands , on his way to tenth in the championship . He missed the final two rounds of the championship , due to an abdominal injury suffered in a quad bike accident at his home in West Sussex , in which he nearly died as he lost a kidney , punctured a lung , suffered liver damage and lost a lot of blood . He recovered in time for the start of the 2008 season , in which he was a championship challenger right up until the last few races of the season . Palmer secured one win ( at the overseas race at Spa ) and 11 podiums along with three pole positions and ended up just 22 points behind Jason Moore , in third place . The Autumn Trophy and the FPA Shootout also brought third places for Palmer , taking three podiums from the six races . FIA Formula Two ( 2009–2010 ) . 2009 saw Palmer move up to the FIA Formula Two Championship , driving car number three . His best result was a sixth-place finish at Imola . He returned to the series in 2010 , winning the opening race of the season at Silverstone , taking the first F2 win by a British driver since his father did so at Mugello in . Palmer picked up one fifth-place finish in the next round at Marrakech , but bounced back to take both wins and the championship lead in the third round at Monza . He eventually finished 2nd behind fellow Briton Dean Stoneman . Palmer made a one-off return to F2 during the 2011 season at the Nürburgring , but was a non-starter in both races . GP2 Series ( 2011–2014 ) . 2011 season . Palmer made his GP2 Series main season debut in 2011 , driving for the Arden International team alongside Josef Král . He scored a top ten finish on his debut weekend at Abu Dhabi and more top ten finishes followed at Istanbul and Valencia . A move to the Barwa Addax team for the non-championship GP2 Finals saw a breakthrough on his return to Abu Dhabi , with third and fourth places to end his debut year in the category on a high . 2012 season . For the 2012 season , Palmer switched to the iSport International team , alongside Marcus Ericsson . Despite topping the first practice session of the year in Malaysia , persistent electrical problems blighted the early part of his season , precipitating a change of chassis . Results immediately improved and a sixth place at Monaco was followed by his maiden GP2 victory in the sprint race there . Next came a podium position at Silverstone , putting Palmer into the top ten of the leaderboard as the season entered its second half , although he ultimately slipped to 11th despite another podium finish at Monza . 2013 season . For the 2013 GP2 Series Palmer drove for Carlin , partnering Brazilian 2011 British F3 Champion Felipe Nasr . He scored his first win of the year in the Feature Race at the Hungaroring and took pole , fastest lap and the Feature Race win on the streets of Singapore , ending 13 seconds ahead of team-mate Nasr . Palmer qualified in the top three in each of the final three events and finished 7th overall in the points table . 2014 season . Palmer switched to DAMS for the 2014 GP2 Series and topped the opening day of pre-season testing at Abu Dhabi . He qualified on pole for the first race of the season in Bahrain and finished on the podium . He won the Sprint Race the following day to lead the championship , a lead he held for the rest of the year and added another win in the feature race at Monaco . At Hungary he prevailed in wheel-to-wheel contests with Felipe Nasr in both races , and tensions boiled over during the Sprint Race podium ceremony . At Monza , Palmer was forced to start at the back of the grid for the Feature Race , after his DAMS car was found to have less than the mandatory one litre of fuel remaining , having originally qualified fourth . Despite this , he finished eighth in the Feature Race , securing reverse grid pole for the Sprint Race , which he won to further extend his championship lead . Palmer clinched the championship at the first possible attempt , with a fourth win of the year at the new Sochi circuit in Russia . He won the title with three races to spare , and achieved an all-time points record in the series . Speaking just after clinching the title he said:It wasnt going to be easy to win the championship this weekend , especially today after missing out on pole yesterday . I cant thank the team enough , theyve done an incredible job all year , weve been fighting for pretty much every Feature Race win and every pole with almost no mistakes . It feels amazing to be champion The pressure is off us now and weve got another race tomorrow and another round at Abu Dhabi . We can go out now , enjoy it and have some fun Looking through the list of previous GP2 Champions , theyre all unbelievable drivers , and to be on that list is something which cant be taken away from me , its an incredible feeling . On 19 November it was announced that Palmer would drive for the Sahara Force India F1 team at the Abu Dhabi post-season test on 25 November . Formula One . Force India ( 2014 ) . Palmer test drove a Force India car at the end of season test at Abu Dhabis Yas Marina Circuit on 25 November 2014 . Lotus ( 2015 ) . On 20 January 2015 it was announced that Palmer had signed as test and reserve driver for the Lotus F1 Formula One team for 2015 . With 2010 GP2 champion Pastor Maldonado and 2011 GP2 champion Romain Grosjean as their official drivers . Palmer made his debut in the teams 2015 challenger , the E23 Hybrid , on day two of the official pre-season test in Barcelona . Completing 77 laps , he ran a programme focused on data gathering and development work . He finished the day in eighth place . Lotus F1 Teams Trackside Operations Director Alan Permane said : Today was about data accumulation and Jolyon did a great job in his first time in the car , especially with the particularly cold conditions to start the session in the morning . He went on to make his Formula One debut on a Grand Prix weekend as he took to the track in Free Practice One at the third round of the 2015 season in China . Palmer completed a packed schedule of aerodynamic and set-up work to finish in 15th place overall on his first visit to the Shanghai circuit . In his next outing at the Bahrain International Circuit , Palmer ended the session in 14th position , 0.441s shy of teammate Pastor Maldonado . He drove in Free Practice One at the Spanish Grand Prix , recording the 13th fastest time and finishing ahead of Maldonado , before topping the timesheets on the second day of the in-season test in Barcelona on Wednesday 13 May . On 11 June 2015 it was announced that he would drive in Free Practice 1 for the rest of the European season , a total of 5 Grands Prix , which would take him from Austria to Italy , replacing Frenchman Romain Grosjean . He continued in FP1 in both Austria and Britain , his home Grand Prix , to finish in 14th position before suffering from limited running in Hungary . Palmer tested a new front-wing for Lotus F1 Team in the next Free Practice One session at Spa-Francorchamps , as Romain Grosjean came home third in the Belgian Grand Prix that weekend . Palmer took part in several further sessions , his final appearance in the Lotus E23 coming at the Abu Dhabi season closer , where technical issues limited him to just 10 minutes running . Renault ( 2016–2017 ) . - 2016 On 23 October 2015 it was announced that Palmer would be promoted to full Race Driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team in 2016 , and became first driver from FIA Formula Two Championship alumni to progress to the Formula One team . He was joined by ex-McLaren driver Kevin Magnussen for Renaults return to the sport as a constructor , having bought the Lotus F1 Team over the winter . At his debut event in the Australian Grand Prix Palmer outqualified Magnussen to the 14th grid position , and after a good start finished the race 11th ahead of his teammate , just outside the point scoring positions . - 2017 Palmer remained with Renault Sport F1 Team for the start of the 2017 F1 season , where he was accompanied by a new team-mate in Nico Hülkenberg , replacing the departing Kevin Magnussen . Renault unveiled its brand new R.S.17 at a special launch event in London on 22 January , in a yellow and black livery , adorned with Jolyons signature race number , 30 . Palmer made his first public appearance behind the wheel of the R.S.17 at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Spain in late February , ending the week with the third fastest time on the final day , behind only the Ferrari of Kimi Räikkönen and the Red Bull of Max Verstappen . On the day after he learned that he would be losing his seat for 2018 , he survived a race of attrition at the 2017 Singapore Grand Prix to gain a career best finish of sixth , securing his first points of the season . On 7 October 2017 , it was announced that Palmer would leave Renault after the end of the Japanese Grand Prix , to be replaced by Toro Rosso driver Carlos Sainz Jr. , taking his seat from the United States Grand Prix onwards . Media career after Formula One ( 2018 ) . On 22 February 2018 , it was announced that Palmer would complete the BBC Radio 5s Formula One staff alongside Jack Nicholls and Jennie Gow , as an expert . Jolyon has earned considerable praise for his knowledge and delivery , offering strong opinions and a unique insight into modern Formula One . Palmer offers further insight and analysis from the point of view of the competitor with his regular post-Grand Prix column on the BBC website . He is also a Special Contributor to www.formula1.com , analysing racing incidents using all available camera angles . Palmer has appeared as a guest presenter alongside Will Buxton on F1 Live , Liberty Medias post-race paddock show that is available free across the world on social media . Palmer has also written for Sky Sports F1 , with a GP2 Diary posted after each event during his time in the series . He was the regular co-commentator for the GP2 Series on Sky Sports F1 in 2015 , and previously commentated alongside future BBC partner Jack Nicholls on the FIA Formula Two Championship . It was revealed in February 2020 that Palmer would provide expert analysis on the pre-season testing in Barcelona , ahead of the 2020 F1 season . Other racing activities . Following his GP2 success , Palmer was invited to take part in the 2014 Race of Champions held at the Bushy Park circuit in Barbados . Palmer competed in the Race of Champions Nations Cup event for Team Young Stars , with DTM race-winner Pascal Wehrlein as his team-mate . The pair narrowly missed out on progressing from the group stages , with Palmer losing in close races to Robby Gordon and nine-time Le Mans winner Tom Kristensen but defeating European F3 Champion Esteban Ocon . In the actual Race of Champions event , Palmer lost to Tom Kristensen , Pascal Wehrlein and Indianapolis 500 winner Ryan Hunter-Reay . Palmer returned to compete in the 2015 Race of Champions on home soil at the Olympic Stadium in London as part of the Young Stars pairing , once again racing alongside Pascal Wehrlein . The duo were beaten in the quarter finals by Englands touring car drivers Andy Priaulx and Jason Plato , before Palmer was edged out by GT racer Alex Buncombe in the individual competition . Awards . On 4 December 2014 , Palmer was announced as the winner of the Guild of Motoring Writers Driver of the Year Award at a prize gala in London . Each year , the trophy is awarded to the leading driver as chosen by a panel of leading motorsport journalists . Previous winners have included Juan Manuel Fangio , Jim Clark and Michael Schumacher . Palmer was nominated for the Autosport Awards British Competition Driver of the Year in 2014 , losing out to Formula One World Champion Lewis Hamilton . He collected the British Racing Drivers Clubs Fairfield Trophy in 2014 , which is awarded to a BRDC member for outstanding performance throughout the year . The ceremony was attended by Lewis Hamilton , 1996 World Champion Damon Hill and BRDC president Derek Warwick . Personal life . Palmer is the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer . His younger brother , Will , won the 2015 British BRDC Formula 4 Championship and the prestigious 2015 McLaren Autosport BRDC Award . Palmer is a supporter of Ipswich Town F.C . and Crystal Palace F.C . Racing record . Complete Formula One results . – Was entered as third driver , but did not run due to bad weather .

hard

What sport did Jolyon Palmer participate in Aug 2009?

/wiki/Jolyon_Palmer#P641#2

Jolyon Palmer Jolyon Palmer ( born 20 January 1991 ) is a British motorsport commentator and columnist , covering the Formula One World Championship on BBC Radio 5 and the official F1 app . Prior to his media career , Palmer was a racing driver and the 2014 GP2 Series champion . Palmer drove for Renault Sport F1 Team in Formula One . He made his Formula One debut with the team at the start of the season , during which he scored his first World Championship points at the . Palmer stayed with Renault for through to the . Palmer , the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer , was educated at Dorset House School , after which he attended Cranleigh School and the University of Nottingham ( from which he graduated with a bachelor degree in Management Studies in 2012 ) . He drove for the Lotus Formula One team as a test driver in 2015 , stepping up to a full-time race seat the following season when the team received manufacturer backing from Renault . After ending his driving career , Palmer became an F1 analyst for BBC and the F1 app alongside Jack Nicholls . He is a regular columnist on the BBC Sport website and is also a special contributor to the official F1 website , offering detailed analysis on racing incidents following each Grand Prix . Career . T Cars ( 2005–2007 ) . Having spent 2004 racing in MiniMax karts , Palmer moved up to cars in 2005 and specifically the T Cars championships Autumn Trophy – a racing series for drivers between the ages of 14 and 17 . Palmer finished fifth in that championship , with a grand total of 92 points , 46 behind championship winner Adrian Quaife-Hobbs . He moved up to the main championship in 2006 , earning one pole position and four podiums , and again finished fifth in the championship with 101 points , 69 behind champion Luciano Bacheta . Palmer also took part in a second Autumn Trophy , winning four of the six races . He took part in two races of the 2007 season , winning both but decided to concentrate on Formula Palmer Audi . Formula Palmer Audi ( 2007–2008 ) . In 2007 , Palmer moved to the series which his father , Jonathan , created nine years before . He finished 12th on debut at Silverstone , and his results gradually improved with him taking two wins ( one at Brands Hatch and one at Oulton Park ) and two pole positions at Brands , on his way to tenth in the championship . He missed the final two rounds of the championship , due to an abdominal injury suffered in a quad bike accident at his home in West Sussex , in which he nearly died as he lost a kidney , punctured a lung , suffered liver damage and lost a lot of blood . He recovered in time for the start of the 2008 season , in which he was a championship challenger right up until the last few races of the season . Palmer secured one win ( at the overseas race at Spa ) and 11 podiums along with three pole positions and ended up just 22 points behind Jason Moore , in third place . The Autumn Trophy and the FPA Shootout also brought third places for Palmer , taking three podiums from the six races . FIA Formula Two ( 2009–2010 ) . 2009 saw Palmer move up to the FIA Formula Two Championship , driving car number three . His best result was a sixth-place finish at Imola . He returned to the series in 2010 , winning the opening race of the season at Silverstone , taking the first F2 win by a British driver since his father did so at Mugello in . Palmer picked up one fifth-place finish in the next round at Marrakech , but bounced back to take both wins and the championship lead in the third round at Monza . He eventually finished 2nd behind fellow Briton Dean Stoneman . Palmer made a one-off return to F2 during the 2011 season at the Nürburgring , but was a non-starter in both races . GP2 Series ( 2011–2014 ) . 2011 season . Palmer made his GP2 Series main season debut in 2011 , driving for the Arden International team alongside Josef Král . He scored a top ten finish on his debut weekend at Abu Dhabi and more top ten finishes followed at Istanbul and Valencia . A move to the Barwa Addax team for the non-championship GP2 Finals saw a breakthrough on his return to Abu Dhabi , with third and fourth places to end his debut year in the category on a high . 2012 season . For the 2012 season , Palmer switched to the iSport International team , alongside Marcus Ericsson . Despite topping the first practice session of the year in Malaysia , persistent electrical problems blighted the early part of his season , precipitating a change of chassis . Results immediately improved and a sixth place at Monaco was followed by his maiden GP2 victory in the sprint race there . Next came a podium position at Silverstone , putting Palmer into the top ten of the leaderboard as the season entered its second half , although he ultimately slipped to 11th despite another podium finish at Monza . 2013 season . For the 2013 GP2 Series Palmer drove for Carlin , partnering Brazilian 2011 British F3 Champion Felipe Nasr . He scored his first win of the year in the Feature Race at the Hungaroring and took pole , fastest lap and the Feature Race win on the streets of Singapore , ending 13 seconds ahead of team-mate Nasr . Palmer qualified in the top three in each of the final three events and finished 7th overall in the points table . 2014 season . Palmer switched to DAMS for the 2014 GP2 Series and topped the opening day of pre-season testing at Abu Dhabi . He qualified on pole for the first race of the season in Bahrain and finished on the podium . He won the Sprint Race the following day to lead the championship , a lead he held for the rest of the year and added another win in the feature race at Monaco . At Hungary he prevailed in wheel-to-wheel contests with Felipe Nasr in both races , and tensions boiled over during the Sprint Race podium ceremony . At Monza , Palmer was forced to start at the back of the grid for the Feature Race , after his DAMS car was found to have less than the mandatory one litre of fuel remaining , having originally qualified fourth . Despite this , he finished eighth in the Feature Race , securing reverse grid pole for the Sprint Race , which he won to further extend his championship lead . Palmer clinched the championship at the first possible attempt , with a fourth win of the year at the new Sochi circuit in Russia . He won the title with three races to spare , and achieved an all-time points record in the series . Speaking just after clinching the title he said:It wasnt going to be easy to win the championship this weekend , especially today after missing out on pole yesterday . I cant thank the team enough , theyve done an incredible job all year , weve been fighting for pretty much every Feature Race win and every pole with almost no mistakes . It feels amazing to be champion The pressure is off us now and weve got another race tomorrow and another round at Abu Dhabi . We can go out now , enjoy it and have some fun Looking through the list of previous GP2 Champions , theyre all unbelievable drivers , and to be on that list is something which cant be taken away from me , its an incredible feeling . On 19 November it was announced that Palmer would drive for the Sahara Force India F1 team at the Abu Dhabi post-season test on 25 November . Formula One . Force India ( 2014 ) . Palmer test drove a Force India car at the end of season test at Abu Dhabis Yas Marina Circuit on 25 November 2014 . Lotus ( 2015 ) . On 20 January 2015 it was announced that Palmer had signed as test and reserve driver for the Lotus F1 Formula One team for 2015 . With 2010 GP2 champion Pastor Maldonado and 2011 GP2 champion Romain Grosjean as their official drivers . Palmer made his debut in the teams 2015 challenger , the E23 Hybrid , on day two of the official pre-season test in Barcelona . Completing 77 laps , he ran a programme focused on data gathering and development work . He finished the day in eighth place . Lotus F1 Teams Trackside Operations Director Alan Permane said : Today was about data accumulation and Jolyon did a great job in his first time in the car , especially with the particularly cold conditions to start the session in the morning . He went on to make his Formula One debut on a Grand Prix weekend as he took to the track in Free Practice One at the third round of the 2015 season in China . Palmer completed a packed schedule of aerodynamic and set-up work to finish in 15th place overall on his first visit to the Shanghai circuit . In his next outing at the Bahrain International Circuit , Palmer ended the session in 14th position , 0.441s shy of teammate Pastor Maldonado . He drove in Free Practice One at the Spanish Grand Prix , recording the 13th fastest time and finishing ahead of Maldonado , before topping the timesheets on the second day of the in-season test in Barcelona on Wednesday 13 May . On 11 June 2015 it was announced that he would drive in Free Practice 1 for the rest of the European season , a total of 5 Grands Prix , which would take him from Austria to Italy , replacing Frenchman Romain Grosjean . He continued in FP1 in both Austria and Britain , his home Grand Prix , to finish in 14th position before suffering from limited running in Hungary . Palmer tested a new front-wing for Lotus F1 Team in the next Free Practice One session at Spa-Francorchamps , as Romain Grosjean came home third in the Belgian Grand Prix that weekend . Palmer took part in several further sessions , his final appearance in the Lotus E23 coming at the Abu Dhabi season closer , where technical issues limited him to just 10 minutes running . Renault ( 2016–2017 ) . - 2016 On 23 October 2015 it was announced that Palmer would be promoted to full Race Driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team in 2016 , and became first driver from FIA Formula Two Championship alumni to progress to the Formula One team . He was joined by ex-McLaren driver Kevin Magnussen for Renaults return to the sport as a constructor , having bought the Lotus F1 Team over the winter . At his debut event in the Australian Grand Prix Palmer outqualified Magnussen to the 14th grid position , and after a good start finished the race 11th ahead of his teammate , just outside the point scoring positions . - 2017 Palmer remained with Renault Sport F1 Team for the start of the 2017 F1 season , where he was accompanied by a new team-mate in Nico Hülkenberg , replacing the departing Kevin Magnussen . Renault unveiled its brand new R.S.17 at a special launch event in London on 22 January , in a yellow and black livery , adorned with Jolyons signature race number , 30 . Palmer made his first public appearance behind the wheel of the R.S.17 at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Spain in late February , ending the week with the third fastest time on the final day , behind only the Ferrari of Kimi Räikkönen and the Red Bull of Max Verstappen . On the day after he learned that he would be losing his seat for 2018 , he survived a race of attrition at the 2017 Singapore Grand Prix to gain a career best finish of sixth , securing his first points of the season . On 7 October 2017 , it was announced that Palmer would leave Renault after the end of the Japanese Grand Prix , to be replaced by Toro Rosso driver Carlos Sainz Jr. , taking his seat from the United States Grand Prix onwards . Media career after Formula One ( 2018 ) . On 22 February 2018 , it was announced that Palmer would complete the BBC Radio 5s Formula One staff alongside Jack Nicholls and Jennie Gow , as an expert . Jolyon has earned considerable praise for his knowledge and delivery , offering strong opinions and a unique insight into modern Formula One . Palmer offers further insight and analysis from the point of view of the competitor with his regular post-Grand Prix column on the BBC website . He is also a Special Contributor to www.formula1.com , analysing racing incidents using all available camera angles . Palmer has appeared as a guest presenter alongside Will Buxton on F1 Live , Liberty Medias post-race paddock show that is available free across the world on social media . Palmer has also written for Sky Sports F1 , with a GP2 Diary posted after each event during his time in the series . He was the regular co-commentator for the GP2 Series on Sky Sports F1 in 2015 , and previously commentated alongside future BBC partner Jack Nicholls on the FIA Formula Two Championship . It was revealed in February 2020 that Palmer would provide expert analysis on the pre-season testing in Barcelona , ahead of the 2020 F1 season . Other racing activities . Following his GP2 success , Palmer was invited to take part in the 2014 Race of Champions held at the Bushy Park circuit in Barbados . Palmer competed in the Race of Champions Nations Cup event for Team Young Stars , with DTM race-winner Pascal Wehrlein as his team-mate . The pair narrowly missed out on progressing from the group stages , with Palmer losing in close races to Robby Gordon and nine-time Le Mans winner Tom Kristensen but defeating European F3 Champion Esteban Ocon . In the actual Race of Champions event , Palmer lost to Tom Kristensen , Pascal Wehrlein and Indianapolis 500 winner Ryan Hunter-Reay . Palmer returned to compete in the 2015 Race of Champions on home soil at the Olympic Stadium in London as part of the Young Stars pairing , once again racing alongside Pascal Wehrlein . The duo were beaten in the quarter finals by Englands touring car drivers Andy Priaulx and Jason Plato , before Palmer was edged out by GT racer Alex Buncombe in the individual competition . Awards . On 4 December 2014 , Palmer was announced as the winner of the Guild of Motoring Writers Driver of the Year Award at a prize gala in London . Each year , the trophy is awarded to the leading driver as chosen by a panel of leading motorsport journalists . Previous winners have included Juan Manuel Fangio , Jim Clark and Michael Schumacher . Palmer was nominated for the Autosport Awards British Competition Driver of the Year in 2014 , losing out to Formula One World Champion Lewis Hamilton . He collected the British Racing Drivers Clubs Fairfield Trophy in 2014 , which is awarded to a BRDC member for outstanding performance throughout the year . The ceremony was attended by Lewis Hamilton , 1996 World Champion Damon Hill and BRDC president Derek Warwick . Personal life . Palmer is the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer . His younger brother , Will , won the 2015 British BRDC Formula 4 Championship and the prestigious 2015 McLaren Autosport BRDC Award . Palmer is a supporter of Ipswich Town F.C . and Crystal Palace F.C . Racing record . Complete Formula One results . – Was entered as third driver , but did not run due to bad weather .

hard

What sport did Jolyon Palmer participate in Jul 2011?

/wiki/Jolyon_Palmer#P641#3

Jolyon Palmer Jolyon Palmer ( born 20 January 1991 ) is a British motorsport commentator and columnist , covering the Formula One World Championship on BBC Radio 5 and the official F1 app . Prior to his media career , Palmer was a racing driver and the 2014 GP2 Series champion . Palmer drove for Renault Sport F1 Team in Formula One . He made his Formula One debut with the team at the start of the season , during which he scored his first World Championship points at the . Palmer stayed with Renault for through to the . Palmer , the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer , was educated at Dorset House School , after which he attended Cranleigh School and the University of Nottingham ( from which he graduated with a bachelor degree in Management Studies in 2012 ) . He drove for the Lotus Formula One team as a test driver in 2015 , stepping up to a full-time race seat the following season when the team received manufacturer backing from Renault . After ending his driving career , Palmer became an F1 analyst for BBC and the F1 app alongside Jack Nicholls . He is a regular columnist on the BBC Sport website and is also a special contributor to the official F1 website , offering detailed analysis on racing incidents following each Grand Prix . Career . T Cars ( 2005–2007 ) . Having spent 2004 racing in MiniMax karts , Palmer moved up to cars in 2005 and specifically the T Cars championships Autumn Trophy – a racing series for drivers between the ages of 14 and 17 . Palmer finished fifth in that championship , with a grand total of 92 points , 46 behind championship winner Adrian Quaife-Hobbs . He moved up to the main championship in 2006 , earning one pole position and four podiums , and again finished fifth in the championship with 101 points , 69 behind champion Luciano Bacheta . Palmer also took part in a second Autumn Trophy , winning four of the six races . He took part in two races of the 2007 season , winning both but decided to concentrate on Formula Palmer Audi . Formula Palmer Audi ( 2007–2008 ) . In 2007 , Palmer moved to the series which his father , Jonathan , created nine years before . He finished 12th on debut at Silverstone , and his results gradually improved with him taking two wins ( one at Brands Hatch and one at Oulton Park ) and two pole positions at Brands , on his way to tenth in the championship . He missed the final two rounds of the championship , due to an abdominal injury suffered in a quad bike accident at his home in West Sussex , in which he nearly died as he lost a kidney , punctured a lung , suffered liver damage and lost a lot of blood . He recovered in time for the start of the 2008 season , in which he was a championship challenger right up until the last few races of the season . Palmer secured one win ( at the overseas race at Spa ) and 11 podiums along with three pole positions and ended up just 22 points behind Jason Moore , in third place . The Autumn Trophy and the FPA Shootout also brought third places for Palmer , taking three podiums from the six races . FIA Formula Two ( 2009–2010 ) . 2009 saw Palmer move up to the FIA Formula Two Championship , driving car number three . His best result was a sixth-place finish at Imola . He returned to the series in 2010 , winning the opening race of the season at Silverstone , taking the first F2 win by a British driver since his father did so at Mugello in . Palmer picked up one fifth-place finish in the next round at Marrakech , but bounced back to take both wins and the championship lead in the third round at Monza . He eventually finished 2nd behind fellow Briton Dean Stoneman . Palmer made a one-off return to F2 during the 2011 season at the Nürburgring , but was a non-starter in both races . GP2 Series ( 2011–2014 ) . 2011 season . Palmer made his GP2 Series main season debut in 2011 , driving for the Arden International team alongside Josef Král . He scored a top ten finish on his debut weekend at Abu Dhabi and more top ten finishes followed at Istanbul and Valencia . A move to the Barwa Addax team for the non-championship GP2 Finals saw a breakthrough on his return to Abu Dhabi , with third and fourth places to end his debut year in the category on a high . 2012 season . For the 2012 season , Palmer switched to the iSport International team , alongside Marcus Ericsson . Despite topping the first practice session of the year in Malaysia , persistent electrical problems blighted the early part of his season , precipitating a change of chassis . Results immediately improved and a sixth place at Monaco was followed by his maiden GP2 victory in the sprint race there . Next came a podium position at Silverstone , putting Palmer into the top ten of the leaderboard as the season entered its second half , although he ultimately slipped to 11th despite another podium finish at Monza . 2013 season . For the 2013 GP2 Series Palmer drove for Carlin , partnering Brazilian 2011 British F3 Champion Felipe Nasr . He scored his first win of the year in the Feature Race at the Hungaroring and took pole , fastest lap and the Feature Race win on the streets of Singapore , ending 13 seconds ahead of team-mate Nasr . Palmer qualified in the top three in each of the final three events and finished 7th overall in the points table . 2014 season . Palmer switched to DAMS for the 2014 GP2 Series and topped the opening day of pre-season testing at Abu Dhabi . He qualified on pole for the first race of the season in Bahrain and finished on the podium . He won the Sprint Race the following day to lead the championship , a lead he held for the rest of the year and added another win in the feature race at Monaco . At Hungary he prevailed in wheel-to-wheel contests with Felipe Nasr in both races , and tensions boiled over during the Sprint Race podium ceremony . At Monza , Palmer was forced to start at the back of the grid for the Feature Race , after his DAMS car was found to have less than the mandatory one litre of fuel remaining , having originally qualified fourth . Despite this , he finished eighth in the Feature Race , securing reverse grid pole for the Sprint Race , which he won to further extend his championship lead . Palmer clinched the championship at the first possible attempt , with a fourth win of the year at the new Sochi circuit in Russia . He won the title with three races to spare , and achieved an all-time points record in the series . Speaking just after clinching the title he said:It wasnt going to be easy to win the championship this weekend , especially today after missing out on pole yesterday . I cant thank the team enough , theyve done an incredible job all year , weve been fighting for pretty much every Feature Race win and every pole with almost no mistakes . It feels amazing to be champion The pressure is off us now and weve got another race tomorrow and another round at Abu Dhabi . We can go out now , enjoy it and have some fun Looking through the list of previous GP2 Champions , theyre all unbelievable drivers , and to be on that list is something which cant be taken away from me , its an incredible feeling . On 19 November it was announced that Palmer would drive for the Sahara Force India F1 team at the Abu Dhabi post-season test on 25 November . Formula One . Force India ( 2014 ) . Palmer test drove a Force India car at the end of season test at Abu Dhabis Yas Marina Circuit on 25 November 2014 . Lotus ( 2015 ) . On 20 January 2015 it was announced that Palmer had signed as test and reserve driver for the Lotus F1 Formula One team for 2015 . With 2010 GP2 champion Pastor Maldonado and 2011 GP2 champion Romain Grosjean as their official drivers . Palmer made his debut in the teams 2015 challenger , the E23 Hybrid , on day two of the official pre-season test in Barcelona . Completing 77 laps , he ran a programme focused on data gathering and development work . He finished the day in eighth place . Lotus F1 Teams Trackside Operations Director Alan Permane said : Today was about data accumulation and Jolyon did a great job in his first time in the car , especially with the particularly cold conditions to start the session in the morning . He went on to make his Formula One debut on a Grand Prix weekend as he took to the track in Free Practice One at the third round of the 2015 season in China . Palmer completed a packed schedule of aerodynamic and set-up work to finish in 15th place overall on his first visit to the Shanghai circuit . In his next outing at the Bahrain International Circuit , Palmer ended the session in 14th position , 0.441s shy of teammate Pastor Maldonado . He drove in Free Practice One at the Spanish Grand Prix , recording the 13th fastest time and finishing ahead of Maldonado , before topping the timesheets on the second day of the in-season test in Barcelona on Wednesday 13 May . On 11 June 2015 it was announced that he would drive in Free Practice 1 for the rest of the European season , a total of 5 Grands Prix , which would take him from Austria to Italy , replacing Frenchman Romain Grosjean . He continued in FP1 in both Austria and Britain , his home Grand Prix , to finish in 14th position before suffering from limited running in Hungary . Palmer tested a new front-wing for Lotus F1 Team in the next Free Practice One session at Spa-Francorchamps , as Romain Grosjean came home third in the Belgian Grand Prix that weekend . Palmer took part in several further sessions , his final appearance in the Lotus E23 coming at the Abu Dhabi season closer , where technical issues limited him to just 10 minutes running . Renault ( 2016–2017 ) . - 2016 On 23 October 2015 it was announced that Palmer would be promoted to full Race Driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team in 2016 , and became first driver from FIA Formula Two Championship alumni to progress to the Formula One team . He was joined by ex-McLaren driver Kevin Magnussen for Renaults return to the sport as a constructor , having bought the Lotus F1 Team over the winter . At his debut event in the Australian Grand Prix Palmer outqualified Magnussen to the 14th grid position , and after a good start finished the race 11th ahead of his teammate , just outside the point scoring positions . - 2017 Palmer remained with Renault Sport F1 Team for the start of the 2017 F1 season , where he was accompanied by a new team-mate in Nico Hülkenberg , replacing the departing Kevin Magnussen . Renault unveiled its brand new R.S.17 at a special launch event in London on 22 January , in a yellow and black livery , adorned with Jolyons signature race number , 30 . Palmer made his first public appearance behind the wheel of the R.S.17 at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Spain in late February , ending the week with the third fastest time on the final day , behind only the Ferrari of Kimi Räikkönen and the Red Bull of Max Verstappen . On the day after he learned that he would be losing his seat for 2018 , he survived a race of attrition at the 2017 Singapore Grand Prix to gain a career best finish of sixth , securing his first points of the season . On 7 October 2017 , it was announced that Palmer would leave Renault after the end of the Japanese Grand Prix , to be replaced by Toro Rosso driver Carlos Sainz Jr. , taking his seat from the United States Grand Prix onwards . Media career after Formula One ( 2018 ) . On 22 February 2018 , it was announced that Palmer would complete the BBC Radio 5s Formula One staff alongside Jack Nicholls and Jennie Gow , as an expert . Jolyon has earned considerable praise for his knowledge and delivery , offering strong opinions and a unique insight into modern Formula One . Palmer offers further insight and analysis from the point of view of the competitor with his regular post-Grand Prix column on the BBC website . He is also a Special Contributor to www.formula1.com , analysing racing incidents using all available camera angles . Palmer has appeared as a guest presenter alongside Will Buxton on F1 Live , Liberty Medias post-race paddock show that is available free across the world on social media . Palmer has also written for Sky Sports F1 , with a GP2 Diary posted after each event during his time in the series . He was the regular co-commentator for the GP2 Series on Sky Sports F1 in 2015 , and previously commentated alongside future BBC partner Jack Nicholls on the FIA Formula Two Championship . It was revealed in February 2020 that Palmer would provide expert analysis on the pre-season testing in Barcelona , ahead of the 2020 F1 season . Other racing activities . Following his GP2 success , Palmer was invited to take part in the 2014 Race of Champions held at the Bushy Park circuit in Barbados . Palmer competed in the Race of Champions Nations Cup event for Team Young Stars , with DTM race-winner Pascal Wehrlein as his team-mate . The pair narrowly missed out on progressing from the group stages , with Palmer losing in close races to Robby Gordon and nine-time Le Mans winner Tom Kristensen but defeating European F3 Champion Esteban Ocon . In the actual Race of Champions event , Palmer lost to Tom Kristensen , Pascal Wehrlein and Indianapolis 500 winner Ryan Hunter-Reay . Palmer returned to compete in the 2015 Race of Champions on home soil at the Olympic Stadium in London as part of the Young Stars pairing , once again racing alongside Pascal Wehrlein . The duo were beaten in the quarter finals by Englands touring car drivers Andy Priaulx and Jason Plato , before Palmer was edged out by GT racer Alex Buncombe in the individual competition . Awards . On 4 December 2014 , Palmer was announced as the winner of the Guild of Motoring Writers Driver of the Year Award at a prize gala in London . Each year , the trophy is awarded to the leading driver as chosen by a panel of leading motorsport journalists . Previous winners have included Juan Manuel Fangio , Jim Clark and Michael Schumacher . Palmer was nominated for the Autosport Awards British Competition Driver of the Year in 2014 , losing out to Formula One World Champion Lewis Hamilton . He collected the British Racing Drivers Clubs Fairfield Trophy in 2014 , which is awarded to a BRDC member for outstanding performance throughout the year . The ceremony was attended by Lewis Hamilton , 1996 World Champion Damon Hill and BRDC president Derek Warwick . Personal life . Palmer is the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer . His younger brother , Will , won the 2015 British BRDC Formula 4 Championship and the prestigious 2015 McLaren Autosport BRDC Award . Palmer is a supporter of Ipswich Town F.C . and Crystal Palace F.C . Racing record . Complete Formula One results . – Was entered as third driver , but did not run due to bad weather .

hard

What sport did Jolyon Palmer participate in Jun 2016?

/wiki/Jolyon_Palmer#P641#4

Jolyon Palmer Jolyon Palmer ( born 20 January 1991 ) is a British motorsport commentator and columnist , covering the Formula One World Championship on BBC Radio 5 and the official F1 app . Prior to his media career , Palmer was a racing driver and the 2014 GP2 Series champion . Palmer drove for Renault Sport F1 Team in Formula One . He made his Formula One debut with the team at the start of the season , during which he scored his first World Championship points at the . Palmer stayed with Renault for through to the . Palmer , the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer , was educated at Dorset House School , after which he attended Cranleigh School and the University of Nottingham ( from which he graduated with a bachelor degree in Management Studies in 2012 ) . He drove for the Lotus Formula One team as a test driver in 2015 , stepping up to a full-time race seat the following season when the team received manufacturer backing from Renault . After ending his driving career , Palmer became an F1 analyst for BBC and the F1 app alongside Jack Nicholls . He is a regular columnist on the BBC Sport website and is also a special contributor to the official F1 website , offering detailed analysis on racing incidents following each Grand Prix . Career . T Cars ( 2005–2007 ) . Having spent 2004 racing in MiniMax karts , Palmer moved up to cars in 2005 and specifically the T Cars championships Autumn Trophy – a racing series for drivers between the ages of 14 and 17 . Palmer finished fifth in that championship , with a grand total of 92 points , 46 behind championship winner Adrian Quaife-Hobbs . He moved up to the main championship in 2006 , earning one pole position and four podiums , and again finished fifth in the championship with 101 points , 69 behind champion Luciano Bacheta . Palmer also took part in a second Autumn Trophy , winning four of the six races . He took part in two races of the 2007 season , winning both but decided to concentrate on Formula Palmer Audi . Formula Palmer Audi ( 2007–2008 ) . In 2007 , Palmer moved to the series which his father , Jonathan , created nine years before . He finished 12th on debut at Silverstone , and his results gradually improved with him taking two wins ( one at Brands Hatch and one at Oulton Park ) and two pole positions at Brands , on his way to tenth in the championship . He missed the final two rounds of the championship , due to an abdominal injury suffered in a quad bike accident at his home in West Sussex , in which he nearly died as he lost a kidney , punctured a lung , suffered liver damage and lost a lot of blood . He recovered in time for the start of the 2008 season , in which he was a championship challenger right up until the last few races of the season . Palmer secured one win ( at the overseas race at Spa ) and 11 podiums along with three pole positions and ended up just 22 points behind Jason Moore , in third place . The Autumn Trophy and the FPA Shootout also brought third places for Palmer , taking three podiums from the six races . FIA Formula Two ( 2009–2010 ) . 2009 saw Palmer move up to the FIA Formula Two Championship , driving car number three . His best result was a sixth-place finish at Imola . He returned to the series in 2010 , winning the opening race of the season at Silverstone , taking the first F2 win by a British driver since his father did so at Mugello in . Palmer picked up one fifth-place finish in the next round at Marrakech , but bounced back to take both wins and the championship lead in the third round at Monza . He eventually finished 2nd behind fellow Briton Dean Stoneman . Palmer made a one-off return to F2 during the 2011 season at the Nürburgring , but was a non-starter in both races . GP2 Series ( 2011–2014 ) . 2011 season . Palmer made his GP2 Series main season debut in 2011 , driving for the Arden International team alongside Josef Král . He scored a top ten finish on his debut weekend at Abu Dhabi and more top ten finishes followed at Istanbul and Valencia . A move to the Barwa Addax team for the non-championship GP2 Finals saw a breakthrough on his return to Abu Dhabi , with third and fourth places to end his debut year in the category on a high . 2012 season . For the 2012 season , Palmer switched to the iSport International team , alongside Marcus Ericsson . Despite topping the first practice session of the year in Malaysia , persistent electrical problems blighted the early part of his season , precipitating a change of chassis . Results immediately improved and a sixth place at Monaco was followed by his maiden GP2 victory in the sprint race there . Next came a podium position at Silverstone , putting Palmer into the top ten of the leaderboard as the season entered its second half , although he ultimately slipped to 11th despite another podium finish at Monza . 2013 season . For the 2013 GP2 Series Palmer drove for Carlin , partnering Brazilian 2011 British F3 Champion Felipe Nasr . He scored his first win of the year in the Feature Race at the Hungaroring and took pole , fastest lap and the Feature Race win on the streets of Singapore , ending 13 seconds ahead of team-mate Nasr . Palmer qualified in the top three in each of the final three events and finished 7th overall in the points table . 2014 season . Palmer switched to DAMS for the 2014 GP2 Series and topped the opening day of pre-season testing at Abu Dhabi . He qualified on pole for the first race of the season in Bahrain and finished on the podium . He won the Sprint Race the following day to lead the championship , a lead he held for the rest of the year and added another win in the feature race at Monaco . At Hungary he prevailed in wheel-to-wheel contests with Felipe Nasr in both races , and tensions boiled over during the Sprint Race podium ceremony . At Monza , Palmer was forced to start at the back of the grid for the Feature Race , after his DAMS car was found to have less than the mandatory one litre of fuel remaining , having originally qualified fourth . Despite this , he finished eighth in the Feature Race , securing reverse grid pole for the Sprint Race , which he won to further extend his championship lead . Palmer clinched the championship at the first possible attempt , with a fourth win of the year at the new Sochi circuit in Russia . He won the title with three races to spare , and achieved an all-time points record in the series . Speaking just after clinching the title he said:It wasnt going to be easy to win the championship this weekend , especially today after missing out on pole yesterday . I cant thank the team enough , theyve done an incredible job all year , weve been fighting for pretty much every Feature Race win and every pole with almost no mistakes . It feels amazing to be champion The pressure is off us now and weve got another race tomorrow and another round at Abu Dhabi . We can go out now , enjoy it and have some fun Looking through the list of previous GP2 Champions , theyre all unbelievable drivers , and to be on that list is something which cant be taken away from me , its an incredible feeling . On 19 November it was announced that Palmer would drive for the Sahara Force India F1 team at the Abu Dhabi post-season test on 25 November . Formula One . Force India ( 2014 ) . Palmer test drove a Force India car at the end of season test at Abu Dhabis Yas Marina Circuit on 25 November 2014 . Lotus ( 2015 ) . On 20 January 2015 it was announced that Palmer had signed as test and reserve driver for the Lotus F1 Formula One team for 2015 . With 2010 GP2 champion Pastor Maldonado and 2011 GP2 champion Romain Grosjean as their official drivers . Palmer made his debut in the teams 2015 challenger , the E23 Hybrid , on day two of the official pre-season test in Barcelona . Completing 77 laps , he ran a programme focused on data gathering and development work . He finished the day in eighth place . Lotus F1 Teams Trackside Operations Director Alan Permane said : Today was about data accumulation and Jolyon did a great job in his first time in the car , especially with the particularly cold conditions to start the session in the morning . He went on to make his Formula One debut on a Grand Prix weekend as he took to the track in Free Practice One at the third round of the 2015 season in China . Palmer completed a packed schedule of aerodynamic and set-up work to finish in 15th place overall on his first visit to the Shanghai circuit . In his next outing at the Bahrain International Circuit , Palmer ended the session in 14th position , 0.441s shy of teammate Pastor Maldonado . He drove in Free Practice One at the Spanish Grand Prix , recording the 13th fastest time and finishing ahead of Maldonado , before topping the timesheets on the second day of the in-season test in Barcelona on Wednesday 13 May . On 11 June 2015 it was announced that he would drive in Free Practice 1 for the rest of the European season , a total of 5 Grands Prix , which would take him from Austria to Italy , replacing Frenchman Romain Grosjean . He continued in FP1 in both Austria and Britain , his home Grand Prix , to finish in 14th position before suffering from limited running in Hungary . Palmer tested a new front-wing for Lotus F1 Team in the next Free Practice One session at Spa-Francorchamps , as Romain Grosjean came home third in the Belgian Grand Prix that weekend . Palmer took part in several further sessions , his final appearance in the Lotus E23 coming at the Abu Dhabi season closer , where technical issues limited him to just 10 minutes running . Renault ( 2016–2017 ) . - 2016 On 23 October 2015 it was announced that Palmer would be promoted to full Race Driver for the Renault Sport F1 Team in 2016 , and became first driver from FIA Formula Two Championship alumni to progress to the Formula One team . He was joined by ex-McLaren driver Kevin Magnussen for Renaults return to the sport as a constructor , having bought the Lotus F1 Team over the winter . At his debut event in the Australian Grand Prix Palmer outqualified Magnussen to the 14th grid position , and after a good start finished the race 11th ahead of his teammate , just outside the point scoring positions . - 2017 Palmer remained with Renault Sport F1 Team for the start of the 2017 F1 season , where he was accompanied by a new team-mate in Nico Hülkenberg , replacing the departing Kevin Magnussen . Renault unveiled its brand new R.S.17 at a special launch event in London on 22 January , in a yellow and black livery , adorned with Jolyons signature race number , 30 . Palmer made his first public appearance behind the wheel of the R.S.17 at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Spain in late February , ending the week with the third fastest time on the final day , behind only the Ferrari of Kimi Räikkönen and the Red Bull of Max Verstappen . On the day after he learned that he would be losing his seat for 2018 , he survived a race of attrition at the 2017 Singapore Grand Prix to gain a career best finish of sixth , securing his first points of the season . On 7 October 2017 , it was announced that Palmer would leave Renault after the end of the Japanese Grand Prix , to be replaced by Toro Rosso driver Carlos Sainz Jr. , taking his seat from the United States Grand Prix onwards . Media career after Formula One ( 2018 ) . On 22 February 2018 , it was announced that Palmer would complete the BBC Radio 5s Formula One staff alongside Jack Nicholls and Jennie Gow , as an expert . Jolyon has earned considerable praise for his knowledge and delivery , offering strong opinions and a unique insight into modern Formula One . Palmer offers further insight and analysis from the point of view of the competitor with his regular post-Grand Prix column on the BBC website . He is also a Special Contributor to www.formula1.com , analysing racing incidents using all available camera angles . Palmer has appeared as a guest presenter alongside Will Buxton on F1 Live , Liberty Medias post-race paddock show that is available free across the world on social media . Palmer has also written for Sky Sports F1 , with a GP2 Diary posted after each event during his time in the series . He was the regular co-commentator for the GP2 Series on Sky Sports F1 in 2015 , and previously commentated alongside future BBC partner Jack Nicholls on the FIA Formula Two Championship . It was revealed in February 2020 that Palmer would provide expert analysis on the pre-season testing in Barcelona , ahead of the 2020 F1 season . Other racing activities . Following his GP2 success , Palmer was invited to take part in the 2014 Race of Champions held at the Bushy Park circuit in Barbados . Palmer competed in the Race of Champions Nations Cup event for Team Young Stars , with DTM race-winner Pascal Wehrlein as his team-mate . The pair narrowly missed out on progressing from the group stages , with Palmer losing in close races to Robby Gordon and nine-time Le Mans winner Tom Kristensen but defeating European F3 Champion Esteban Ocon . In the actual Race of Champions event , Palmer lost to Tom Kristensen , Pascal Wehrlein and Indianapolis 500 winner Ryan Hunter-Reay . Palmer returned to compete in the 2015 Race of Champions on home soil at the Olympic Stadium in London as part of the Young Stars pairing , once again racing alongside Pascal Wehrlein . The duo were beaten in the quarter finals by Englands touring car drivers Andy Priaulx and Jason Plato , before Palmer was edged out by GT racer Alex Buncombe in the individual competition . Awards . On 4 December 2014 , Palmer was announced as the winner of the Guild of Motoring Writers Driver of the Year Award at a prize gala in London . Each year , the trophy is awarded to the leading driver as chosen by a panel of leading motorsport journalists . Previous winners have included Juan Manuel Fangio , Jim Clark and Michael Schumacher . Palmer was nominated for the Autosport Awards British Competition Driver of the Year in 2014 , losing out to Formula One World Champion Lewis Hamilton . He collected the British Racing Drivers Clubs Fairfield Trophy in 2014 , which is awarded to a BRDC member for outstanding performance throughout the year . The ceremony was attended by Lewis Hamilton , 1996 World Champion Damon Hill and BRDC president Derek Warwick . Personal life . Palmer is the son of former F1 driver and major UK race circuit owner Jonathan Palmer . His younger brother , Will , won the 2015 British BRDC Formula 4 Championship and the prestigious 2015 McLaren Autosport BRDC Award . Palmer is a supporter of Ipswich Town F.C . and Crystal Palace F.C . Racing record . Complete Formula One results . – Was entered as third driver , but did not run due to bad weather .

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Ross Ford played for which team before Oct 2004?

/wiki/Ross_Ford#P54#0

Ross Ford Ross William Ford ( born 23 April 1984 ) is a Strength and Conditioning coach for the Scottish Rugby Academy . He was previously a Scotland international rugby union player who played as a hooker . He made 110 test appearances for Scotland , making him their most-capped player . He played in three World Cups ( 2007 , 2011 and 2015 ) and toured with the British & Irish Lions in 2009 , making one appearance . He played professional rugby for Border Reivers ( 2002–2007 ) and then Edinburgh Rugby between 2007 and 2019 . Rugby Union career . Amateur career . Ross Ford grew up in Kelso and went to Kelso High School in the Scottish Borders . He played for Kelso Harlequins ( u18s ) and then Kelso RFC . Professional career . In May 2002 Ford signed for Border Reivers , before he had finished school . He initially played at loose forward , but was convinced to switch to hooker while at Border Reivers . After the Reivers disbandment in the summer of 2007 , Ford was left without a club . He initially signed for the Glasgow Warriors in August 2007 but on 18 October 2007 it was announced that he had been transferred to Edinburgh who were back under the Scottish Rugby Unions control in that year . He made his 150th appearance for Edinburgh in December 2015 . International career . Ford was a member of the Commonwealth Games Scotland 7s squad at Manchester in 2002 . He captained Scotland under-16 and has also represented his country at under-18 and under-19 level . He is a member of the Scottish Institute of Sport . Ford was first capped by the Scotland senior side in the 2004 Abbey Autumn Tests against Australia at Murrayfield , making his second appearance over a year later , coming on as a replacement against Wales in the 2006 RBS 6 Nations . After one further appearance against England he missed the 2006 summer tour to South Africa through a knee injury but returned to the Scotland squad in the 2007–08 season . He made his first start in the RBS 6 Nations Championship in Scotlands final match of the 2007 competition , away to France . He followed that up by winning plaudits for his line out throwing and play in both tight and loose in Scotlands World Cup warm-up victory against Ireland . He was named in Scotlands Rugby World Cup 2007 squad , and became the first choice hooker after the previous #1 hooker Dougie Hall pulled out of the whole World Cup altogether with injury . In his first match at the tournament he came on as a replacement against Portugal and scored his first try for Scotland . In 2009 , he was selected for the British & Irish Lions as a replacement for Jerry Flannery . He played for 50 minutes in the third test and was Scotlands only representative in the three test matches of that tour . Ford was the captain of the Scotland Team for the 2012 Six Nations Championship and the 2012 mid-year rugby test series . In June 2014 he made his 76th appearance and overtook Gordon Bulloch as Scotlands most-capped hooker . In August 2015 he won his 88th cap against Italy , overtaking Scott Murray as Scotlands most capped forward . His one hundredth cap came against Australia in November 2016 , with only two other Scots previously having gained 100 caps- Chris Paterson and Sean Lamont . On 24 June 2017 Ford made his 110th test appearance for Scotland and overtook Chris Paterson as the most capped Scot . Coaching career . On 27 June 2019 it was announced that Ford was retired from playing rugby . Instead he took a role as a Strength and Conditioning coach at the Scottish Rugby Academy . Other . In 2011 he appeared on cereal boxes for Scotts Porage Oats along with Chris Paterson and Thom Evans . External links . - profile at Scottish Rugby

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Ross Ford played for which team between Oct 2005 and Sep 2006?

/wiki/Ross_Ford#P54#1

Ross Ford Ross William Ford ( born 23 April 1984 ) is a Strength and Conditioning coach for the Scottish Rugby Academy . He was previously a Scotland international rugby union player who played as a hooker . He made 110 test appearances for Scotland , making him their most-capped player . He played in three World Cups ( 2007 , 2011 and 2015 ) and toured with the British & Irish Lions in 2009 , making one appearance . He played professional rugby for Border Reivers ( 2002–2007 ) and then Edinburgh Rugby between 2007 and 2019 . Rugby Union career . Amateur career . Ross Ford grew up in Kelso and went to Kelso High School in the Scottish Borders . He played for Kelso Harlequins ( u18s ) and then Kelso RFC . Professional career . In May 2002 Ford signed for Border Reivers , before he had finished school . He initially played at loose forward , but was convinced to switch to hooker while at Border Reivers . After the Reivers disbandment in the summer of 2007 , Ford was left without a club . He initially signed for the Glasgow Warriors in August 2007 but on 18 October 2007 it was announced that he had been transferred to Edinburgh who were back under the Scottish Rugby Unions control in that year . He made his 150th appearance for Edinburgh in December 2015 . International career . Ford was a member of the Commonwealth Games Scotland 7s squad at Manchester in 2002 . He captained Scotland under-16 and has also represented his country at under-18 and under-19 level . He is a member of the Scottish Institute of Sport . Ford was first capped by the Scotland senior side in the 2004 Abbey Autumn Tests against Australia at Murrayfield , making his second appearance over a year later , coming on as a replacement against Wales in the 2006 RBS 6 Nations . After one further appearance against England he missed the 2006 summer tour to South Africa through a knee injury but returned to the Scotland squad in the 2007–08 season . He made his first start in the RBS 6 Nations Championship in Scotlands final match of the 2007 competition , away to France . He followed that up by winning plaudits for his line out throwing and play in both tight and loose in Scotlands World Cup warm-up victory against Ireland . He was named in Scotlands Rugby World Cup 2007 squad , and became the first choice hooker after the previous #1 hooker Dougie Hall pulled out of the whole World Cup altogether with injury . In his first match at the tournament he came on as a replacement against Portugal and scored his first try for Scotland . In 2009 , he was selected for the British & Irish Lions as a replacement for Jerry Flannery . He played for 50 minutes in the third test and was Scotlands only representative in the three test matches of that tour . Ford was the captain of the Scotland Team for the 2012 Six Nations Championship and the 2012 mid-year rugby test series . In June 2014 he made his 76th appearance and overtook Gordon Bulloch as Scotlands most-capped hooker . In August 2015 he won his 88th cap against Italy , overtaking Scott Murray as Scotlands most capped forward . His one hundredth cap came against Australia in November 2016 , with only two other Scots previously having gained 100 caps- Chris Paterson and Sean Lamont . On 24 June 2017 Ford made his 110th test appearance for Scotland and overtook Chris Paterson as the most capped Scot . Coaching career . On 27 June 2019 it was announced that Ford was retired from playing rugby . Instead he took a role as a Strength and Conditioning coach at the Scottish Rugby Academy . Other . In 2011 he appeared on cereal boxes for Scotts Porage Oats along with Chris Paterson and Thom Evans . External links . - profile at Scottish Rugby

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Ross Ford played for which team in Feb 2007?

/wiki/Ross_Ford#P54#2

Ross Ford Ross William Ford ( born 23 April 1984 ) is a Strength and Conditioning coach for the Scottish Rugby Academy . He was previously a Scotland international rugby union player who played as a hooker . He made 110 test appearances for Scotland , making him their most-capped player . He played in three World Cups ( 2007 , 2011 and 2015 ) and toured with the British & Irish Lions in 2009 , making one appearance . He played professional rugby for Border Reivers ( 2002–2007 ) and then Edinburgh Rugby between 2007 and 2019 . Rugby Union career . Amateur career . Ross Ford grew up in Kelso and went to Kelso High School in the Scottish Borders . He played for Kelso Harlequins ( u18s ) and then Kelso RFC . Professional career . In May 2002 Ford signed for Border Reivers , before he had finished school . He initially played at loose forward , but was convinced to switch to hooker while at Border Reivers . After the Reivers disbandment in the summer of 2007 , Ford was left without a club . He initially signed for the Glasgow Warriors in August 2007 but on 18 October 2007 it was announced that he had been transferred to Edinburgh who were back under the Scottish Rugby Unions control in that year . He made his 150th appearance for Edinburgh in December 2015 . International career . Ford was a member of the Commonwealth Games Scotland 7s squad at Manchester in 2002 . He captained Scotland under-16 and has also represented his country at under-18 and under-19 level . He is a member of the Scottish Institute of Sport . Ford was first capped by the Scotland senior side in the 2004 Abbey Autumn Tests against Australia at Murrayfield , making his second appearance over a year later , coming on as a replacement against Wales in the 2006 RBS 6 Nations . After one further appearance against England he missed the 2006 summer tour to South Africa through a knee injury but returned to the Scotland squad in the 2007–08 season . He made his first start in the RBS 6 Nations Championship in Scotlands final match of the 2007 competition , away to France . He followed that up by winning plaudits for his line out throwing and play in both tight and loose in Scotlands World Cup warm-up victory against Ireland . He was named in Scotlands Rugby World Cup 2007 squad , and became the first choice hooker after the previous #1 hooker Dougie Hall pulled out of the whole World Cup altogether with injury . In his first match at the tournament he came on as a replacement against Portugal and scored his first try for Scotland . In 2009 , he was selected for the British & Irish Lions as a replacement for Jerry Flannery . He played for 50 minutes in the third test and was Scotlands only representative in the three test matches of that tour . Ford was the captain of the Scotland Team for the 2012 Six Nations Championship and the 2012 mid-year rugby test series . In June 2014 he made his 76th appearance and overtook Gordon Bulloch as Scotlands most-capped hooker . In August 2015 he won his 88th cap against Italy , overtaking Scott Murray as Scotlands most capped forward . His one hundredth cap came against Australia in November 2016 , with only two other Scots previously having gained 100 caps- Chris Paterson and Sean Lamont . On 24 June 2017 Ford made his 110th test appearance for Scotland and overtook Chris Paterson as the most capped Scot . Coaching career . On 27 June 2019 it was announced that Ford was retired from playing rugby . Instead he took a role as a Strength and Conditioning coach at the Scottish Rugby Academy . Other . In 2011 he appeared on cereal boxes for Scotts Porage Oats along with Chris Paterson and Thom Evans . External links . - profile at Scottish Rugby

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Which employer did Jack King (animator) work for between May 1931 and Nov 1932?

/wiki/Jack_King_(animator)#P108#0

Jack King ( animator ) James Patton Jack King ( November 4 , 1895 – October 4 , 1958 ) was an American animator and short film director best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions . Career . According to Jeff Lenburgs assessment of him , King was an early pioneer of animation . His films were nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . He started his career in the silent film era . He spent most of his career working at Walt Disney Productions ( later known as the Walt Disney Animation Studios ) . He directed many well-regarded films . King was born in 1895 in Birmingham , Alabama . He started his animation career in 1920 , working at Bray Productions animation studio . He directed the Judge Rummy series ( 1920-1921 ) for the International Film Service . The silent animated series was based on the comic strip Judge Rummy by Tad Dorgan . His early films also included Kiss Me ( 1920 ) , Why Change Your Husband ( 1920 ) , and The Chicken Thief ( 1921 ) . The series reportedly ended in 1921 . King successfully made the transition from silent to sound cartoons and relocated to the West Coast of the United States , where he joined the Disney studio on June 17 , 1929 as an animator . His animation film credits include several Silly Symphony animated shorts , which Lenburg describes as cartoon fables . Among Kings Disney film credits was the short film The Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) , which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . King remained with Disney until May 17 , 1933 . In 1933 , animation producer Leon Schlesinger was setting up a new animation studio , Leon Schlesinger Productions , which would continue producing the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series for Warner Bros . The studio was set on the Warner lot on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . Schlesinger was in need of a new staff for his studio and started hiring people who used to work for other animation studios . Among them was King , who was probably the first Disney animator Schlesinger hired . By June 1933 , Schlesinger had rounded out his staff and started work on producing animated short films . Tom Palmer had been appointed production manager and director , with King as the head animator . Among the staff were two of Kings former associates from Disney , animators Paul Fennell and Bill Mason . According to animation historian Michael Barrier , Schlesinger placed former Disney animators in charge of the studio in hopes of effectively competing with the Disney studio . Tom Palmer left the studio after completing only two short films . He was replaced as director by Earl Duvall , a former story man for both Disney and Harman and Ising . Duvall himself left the studio after completing five short films . Schlesinger was in need of new directors , and even composer Bernard B . Brown received credits for directing two Merrie Melodies shorts . By early 1934 , Schlesinger appointed Friz Freleng as the main director of the Merrie Melodies series and King as the main director of the Looney Tunes series . King handled many of the studios animated short films starring Buddy , and was responsible for the final year of Buddy films . By 1935 , Buddy was being phased out in favor of new characters ; among them was Beans , an anthropomorphic cat . King directed A Cartoonists Nightmare , Beans first starring role . King directed a total of eight animated shorts featuring Beans . Michael Barrier describes Beans under Kings direction as resembling Mickey Mouses incarnation of the early 1930s . Their designs were certainly similar , with both characters having a white face and black body , but in characterization Beans was a pint-sized hero resembling the plucky , boyish , and heroic Mickey featured in The Klondike Kid ( 1932 ) and The Mail Pilot ( 1933 ) . Also in 1935 , the studio gained a third full-time director working in addition to Freleng and King : Tex Avery , a former inker for the short-lived Winkler Studio and Universal Studio Cartoons . Avery directed a single film starring Beans , Gold Diggers of 49 ( 1935 ) ; he would use Porky Pig as the main star of his following films . Meanwhile , King continued using Beans as the main star of his own films . In 1936 , Beans and most of the characters introduced the previous year , with the exception of Porky Pig , ceased being used by the studio . Barrier suggests that Leon Schlesinger may have been giving Avery a vote of confidence , when deciding to keep only Porky as a continuing character and to drop Beans . This decision came at the expense of King and his work . King directed two films featuring characters Ham and Ex : The Phantom Ship ( 1936 ) and The Fire Alarm ( 1936 ) . The characters were a pair of troublesome puppies and were intended to serve as series stars . In 1936 , King started directing films in the new Porky Pig series . Other films in the series were directed by Tex Avery and Frank Tashlin . King directed only three animated shorts starring Porky Pig . By April 1936 , King was hired by the Disney studio again , this time as a director . Part of the reason he returned to Disney was the promise that he would be able to direct cartoons in color , which he had been unable to do previously . Friz Freleng and Tex Avery were the only directors that Schlesinger allowed to direct color films for much of the 1930s . At Disney , King emerged as the director of a new series of short films , featuring Donald Duck as the protagonist . Lenburg notes that King was one of the principal directors of the Donald Duck series , but not the only one ( other directors of this series included Ben Sharpsteen , Dick Lundy , Jack Hannah , and Jack Kinney ) . King made his directorial debut at Disney with the film Modern Inventions ( 1937 ) . It was also his first time directing a Donald Duck animated film . King directed more than forty films featuring Donald Duck , among them were the Academy Award-nominated Good Scouts ( 1938 ) , Truant Officer Donald ( 1941 ) , and Donalds Crime ( 1945 ) . One of his films was a propaganda film , The Spirit of 43 ( 1943 ) , created in association with the United States Department of the Treasury . Kings last film was The Trial of Donald Duck ( 1948 ) . King retired from Disney in 1948 and spent ten years in retirement . He died on October 4 , 1958 in Los Angeles . Filmography . - Why Change Your Husband ( director ) ( 1920 ) - Kiss Me ( Short ) ( 1920 ) - Too Much Pep ( director ) ( 1921 ) - The New Champ ( director and animator ) ( 1925 ) - Scents and Nonsense ( animator ) ( 1926 ) First Disney period ( 1929-1933 ) . - The Plowboy ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1929 ) - Cannibal Capers ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Frolicking Fish ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Fire Fighters ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Monkey Melodies ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Chain Gang ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Night ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Midnight in a Toy Shop ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Gorilla Mystery ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Winter ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The picnic ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Pioneer Days ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Playful Pan ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Birthday Party ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Birds of a Feather ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Traffic Troubles ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mother Goose Melodies ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The China Plate ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Blue Rhythm ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - The Beach Party ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Mickey Cuts Up ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Orphans ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Duck Hunt ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Mickey in Arabia ( animator ) ( animator - uncredited ) - Just Dogs ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Flowers and Trees ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Mickeys Nightmare ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Trader Mickey ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - The Whoopee Party ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Bugs in Love ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Babes in the Woods ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Santas Workshop ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Birds in the Spring ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Mad Doctor ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Three Little Pigs ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Gala Premier ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies period ( 1933-1936 ) . - Sittin on a Backyard Fence ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Buddys Show Boat ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Buddys Beer Garden ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Ive Got to Sing a Torch Song ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Buddys Day Out ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Beauty and the Beast ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Pettin in the Park ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Gob ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Honeymoon Hotel ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Viva Buddy ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddys Circus ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Woodsman ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Detective ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy and Towser ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Buddys Garage ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Buddys Bearcats ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Dentist ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - I Havent Got a Hat ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Hollywood Capers ( director ) ( 1935 ) - A Cartoonists Nightmare ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddy the Gee Man ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddy Steps Out ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddys Bug Hunt ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddys Lost World ( director ) ( 1935 ) - The Phantom Ship ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Boom Boom ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1936 ) - The Fire Alarm ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Alpine Antics ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Westward Whoa ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Fish Tales ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Shanghaied Shipmates ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Porkys Pet ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Porkys Moving Day ( director ) ( 1936 ) Second Disney period ( 1937-1949 ) . In this period , almost all the films in which King worked belong to the Donald Ducks series - Modern Inventions ( director ) ( 1937 ) - Donalds Ostrich ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1937 ) - Self Control ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Donalds Better Self ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Donalds Golf Game ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Good Scouts ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Donalds Nephews ( uncredited ) ( director and animator ) ( 1938 ) - The Autograph Hound ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Donalds Penguin ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Donalds Cousin Gus ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - The Hockey Champ ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Donalds Lucky Day ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Fire Chief ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Window Cleaners ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Tugboat Mickey ( animator ) ( 1940 ) - Donalds Vacation ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Mr . Duck Steps Out ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Donalds Dog Laundry ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Chef Donald ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Old MacDonald Duck ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Truant Officer Donald ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Early to Bed ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Timber ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Bellboy Donald ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Sky Trooper ( director and animator ) ( 1942 ) - The Vanishing Private ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Out of the Frying Pan Into the Firing Line ( short ) ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Donald Gets Drafted ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Donalds Snow Fight ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Home Defense ( director ) ( 1943 ) - The Old Army Game ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Fall Out Fall In ( director ) ( 1943 ) - The Spirit of 43 ( short documentary ) ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1943 ) - The Plastics Inventor ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Commando Duck ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Contrary Condor ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Donald Duck and the Gorilla ( uncredited ) ( director and animator ) ( 1944 ) - Trombone Trouble ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Old Sequoia ( director ) ( 1945 ) - Cured Duck ( director ) ( 1945 ) - Donalds Crime ( director ) ( 1945 ) - The Clock Watcher ( director ) ( 1945 ) - Defense Against Invasion ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Dumb Bell of the Yukon ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Wet Paint ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Donalds Double Trouble ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Wide Open Spaces ( director ) ( 1947 ) - Donalds Dilemma ( director ) ( 1947 ) - Sleepy Time Donald ( director ) ( 1947 ) - The Trial of Donald Duck ( direction ) ( 1948 ) - Donalds Dream Voice ( director ) ( 1948 ) - Drip Dippy Donald ( director ) ( director ) ( 1948 ) - The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr . Toad ( Animator : Segment The Wind in the Willows ) ( 1949 ) - Disneyland - Donalds Award ( director ) ( 1957 ) - Donalds Weekend ( 1958 ) ( sequence director ) - Donald Duck and his Companions ( segment Donalds Vacation ) ( director ) ( 1960 ) - Inside Donald Duck ( 1961 ) ( segment director ) After his death . - Mickey Mouse Disco ( Short ) ( 1980 ) - DTV : Golden Oldies ( Video ) ( original material ) ( 1984 ) - DTV : Pop & Rock ( Video ) ( original material ) ( 1984 ) - DTV : Rock , Rhythm & Blues ( Video ) ( original material ) ( 1984 ) - An Officer and a Duck ( Video ) ( segment Donald Gets Drafted ) ( 1985 ) - DTV Valentine ( TV Movie ) ( original material ) ( 1986 ) - Lifestyles of the Rich and Animated ( TV Movie ) ( segment Drip Dippy Donald , uncredited ) ( 1991 ) - Mickeys House of Villains ( Video ) ( segment Donald Duck and the Gorilla ) ( 2001 ) - ToonHeads ( TV Series documentary ) ( 2 episodes ) ( 2003 ) - The Early Career of Porky Pig ( original material ) - The Worst Cartoons Ever Made ( original material ) - Behind the Tunes : Crash ! Bang ! Boom ! - The Wild Sounds of Treg Brown ( Video documentary short ) ( original material ) ( 2004 ) - Behind the Tunes : Bosko , Buddy and the Best of Black and White ( Video documentary short ) ( original material ) ( 2005 ) - Cartoon Alley ( TV Series documentary ) ( 1 episode ) ( 2005 ) - The Early Days of Warner Brothers Cartoons ( original material ) ( 2005 )

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Which employer did Jack King (animator) work for in Jul 1933?

/wiki/Jack_King_(animator)#P108#1

Jack King ( animator ) James Patton Jack King ( November 4 , 1895 – October 4 , 1958 ) was an American animator and short film director best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions . Career . According to Jeff Lenburgs assessment of him , King was an early pioneer of animation . His films were nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . He started his career in the silent film era . He spent most of his career working at Walt Disney Productions ( later known as the Walt Disney Animation Studios ) . He directed many well-regarded films . King was born in 1895 in Birmingham , Alabama . He started his animation career in 1920 , working at Bray Productions animation studio . He directed the Judge Rummy series ( 1920-1921 ) for the International Film Service . The silent animated series was based on the comic strip Judge Rummy by Tad Dorgan . His early films also included Kiss Me ( 1920 ) , Why Change Your Husband ( 1920 ) , and The Chicken Thief ( 1921 ) . The series reportedly ended in 1921 . King successfully made the transition from silent to sound cartoons and relocated to the West Coast of the United States , where he joined the Disney studio on June 17 , 1929 as an animator . His animation film credits include several Silly Symphony animated shorts , which Lenburg describes as cartoon fables . Among Kings Disney film credits was the short film The Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) , which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . King remained with Disney until May 17 , 1933 . In 1933 , animation producer Leon Schlesinger was setting up a new animation studio , Leon Schlesinger Productions , which would continue producing the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series for Warner Bros . The studio was set on the Warner lot on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . Schlesinger was in need of a new staff for his studio and started hiring people who used to work for other animation studios . Among them was King , who was probably the first Disney animator Schlesinger hired . By June 1933 , Schlesinger had rounded out his staff and started work on producing animated short films . Tom Palmer had been appointed production manager and director , with King as the head animator . Among the staff were two of Kings former associates from Disney , animators Paul Fennell and Bill Mason . According to animation historian Michael Barrier , Schlesinger placed former Disney animators in charge of the studio in hopes of effectively competing with the Disney studio . Tom Palmer left the studio after completing only two short films . He was replaced as director by Earl Duvall , a former story man for both Disney and Harman and Ising . Duvall himself left the studio after completing five short films . Schlesinger was in need of new directors , and even composer Bernard B . Brown received credits for directing two Merrie Melodies shorts . By early 1934 , Schlesinger appointed Friz Freleng as the main director of the Merrie Melodies series and King as the main director of the Looney Tunes series . King handled many of the studios animated short films starring Buddy , and was responsible for the final year of Buddy films . By 1935 , Buddy was being phased out in favor of new characters ; among them was Beans , an anthropomorphic cat . King directed A Cartoonists Nightmare , Beans first starring role . King directed a total of eight animated shorts featuring Beans . Michael Barrier describes Beans under Kings direction as resembling Mickey Mouses incarnation of the early 1930s . Their designs were certainly similar , with both characters having a white face and black body , but in characterization Beans was a pint-sized hero resembling the plucky , boyish , and heroic Mickey featured in The Klondike Kid ( 1932 ) and The Mail Pilot ( 1933 ) . Also in 1935 , the studio gained a third full-time director working in addition to Freleng and King : Tex Avery , a former inker for the short-lived Winkler Studio and Universal Studio Cartoons . Avery directed a single film starring Beans , Gold Diggers of 49 ( 1935 ) ; he would use Porky Pig as the main star of his following films . Meanwhile , King continued using Beans as the main star of his own films . In 1936 , Beans and most of the characters introduced the previous year , with the exception of Porky Pig , ceased being used by the studio . Barrier suggests that Leon Schlesinger may have been giving Avery a vote of confidence , when deciding to keep only Porky as a continuing character and to drop Beans . This decision came at the expense of King and his work . King directed two films featuring characters Ham and Ex : The Phantom Ship ( 1936 ) and The Fire Alarm ( 1936 ) . The characters were a pair of troublesome puppies and were intended to serve as series stars . In 1936 , King started directing films in the new Porky Pig series . Other films in the series were directed by Tex Avery and Frank Tashlin . King directed only three animated shorts starring Porky Pig . By April 1936 , King was hired by the Disney studio again , this time as a director . Part of the reason he returned to Disney was the promise that he would be able to direct cartoons in color , which he had been unable to do previously . Friz Freleng and Tex Avery were the only directors that Schlesinger allowed to direct color films for much of the 1930s . At Disney , King emerged as the director of a new series of short films , featuring Donald Duck as the protagonist . Lenburg notes that King was one of the principal directors of the Donald Duck series , but not the only one ( other directors of this series included Ben Sharpsteen , Dick Lundy , Jack Hannah , and Jack Kinney ) . King made his directorial debut at Disney with the film Modern Inventions ( 1937 ) . It was also his first time directing a Donald Duck animated film . King directed more than forty films featuring Donald Duck , among them were the Academy Award-nominated Good Scouts ( 1938 ) , Truant Officer Donald ( 1941 ) , and Donalds Crime ( 1945 ) . One of his films was a propaganda film , The Spirit of 43 ( 1943 ) , created in association with the United States Department of the Treasury . Kings last film was The Trial of Donald Duck ( 1948 ) . King retired from Disney in 1948 and spent ten years in retirement . He died on October 4 , 1958 in Los Angeles . Filmography . - Why Change Your Husband ( director ) ( 1920 ) - Kiss Me ( Short ) ( 1920 ) - Too Much Pep ( director ) ( 1921 ) - The New Champ ( director and animator ) ( 1925 ) - Scents and Nonsense ( animator ) ( 1926 ) First Disney period ( 1929-1933 ) . - The Plowboy ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1929 ) - Cannibal Capers ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Frolicking Fish ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Fire Fighters ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Monkey Melodies ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Chain Gang ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Night ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Midnight in a Toy Shop ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Gorilla Mystery ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Winter ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The picnic ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Pioneer Days ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Playful Pan ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Birthday Party ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Birds of a Feather ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Traffic Troubles ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mother Goose Melodies ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The China Plate ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Blue Rhythm ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - The Beach Party ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Mickey Cuts Up ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Orphans ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Duck Hunt ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Mickey in Arabia ( animator ) ( animator - uncredited ) - Just Dogs ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Flowers and Trees ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Mickeys Nightmare ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Trader Mickey ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - The Whoopee Party ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Bugs in Love ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Babes in the Woods ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Santas Workshop ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Birds in the Spring ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Mad Doctor ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Three Little Pigs ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Gala Premier ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies period ( 1933-1936 ) . - Sittin on a Backyard Fence ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Buddys Show Boat ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Buddys Beer Garden ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Ive Got to Sing a Torch Song ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Buddys Day Out ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Beauty and the Beast ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Pettin in the Park ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Gob ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Honeymoon Hotel ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Viva Buddy ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddys Circus ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Woodsman ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Detective ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy and Towser ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Buddys Garage ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Buddys Bearcats ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Dentist ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - I Havent Got a Hat ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Hollywood Capers ( director ) ( 1935 ) - A Cartoonists Nightmare ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddy the Gee Man ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddy Steps Out ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddys Bug Hunt ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddys Lost World ( director ) ( 1935 ) - The Phantom Ship ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Boom Boom ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1936 ) - The Fire Alarm ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Alpine Antics ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Westward Whoa ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Fish Tales ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Shanghaied Shipmates ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Porkys Pet ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Porkys Moving Day ( director ) ( 1936 ) Second Disney period ( 1937-1949 ) . In this period , almost all the films in which King worked belong to the Donald Ducks series - Modern Inventions ( director ) ( 1937 ) - Donalds Ostrich ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1937 ) - Self Control ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Donalds Better Self ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Donalds Golf Game ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Good Scouts ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Donalds Nephews ( uncredited ) ( director and animator ) ( 1938 ) - The Autograph Hound ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Donalds Penguin ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Donalds Cousin Gus ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - The Hockey Champ ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Donalds Lucky Day ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Fire Chief ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Window Cleaners ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Tugboat Mickey ( animator ) ( 1940 ) - Donalds Vacation ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Mr . Duck Steps Out ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Donalds Dog Laundry ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Chef Donald ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Old MacDonald Duck ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Truant Officer Donald ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Early to Bed ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Timber ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Bellboy Donald ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Sky Trooper ( director and animator ) ( 1942 ) - The Vanishing Private ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Out of the Frying Pan Into the Firing Line ( short ) ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Donald Gets Drafted ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Donalds Snow Fight ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Home Defense ( director ) ( 1943 ) - The Old Army Game ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Fall Out Fall In ( director ) ( 1943 ) - The Spirit of 43 ( short documentary ) ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1943 ) - The Plastics Inventor ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Commando Duck ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Contrary Condor ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Donald Duck and the Gorilla ( uncredited ) ( director and animator ) ( 1944 ) - Trombone Trouble ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Old Sequoia ( director ) ( 1945 ) - Cured Duck ( director ) ( 1945 ) - Donalds Crime ( director ) ( 1945 ) - The Clock Watcher ( director ) ( 1945 ) - Defense Against Invasion ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Dumb Bell of the Yukon ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Wet Paint ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Donalds Double Trouble ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Wide Open Spaces ( director ) ( 1947 ) - Donalds Dilemma ( director ) ( 1947 ) - Sleepy Time Donald ( director ) ( 1947 ) - The Trial of Donald Duck ( direction ) ( 1948 ) - Donalds Dream Voice ( director ) ( 1948 ) - Drip Dippy Donald ( director ) ( director ) ( 1948 ) - The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr . Toad ( Animator : Segment The Wind in the Willows ) ( 1949 ) - Disneyland - Donalds Award ( director ) ( 1957 ) - Donalds Weekend ( 1958 ) ( sequence director ) - Donald Duck and his Companions ( segment Donalds Vacation ) ( director ) ( 1960 ) - Inside Donald Duck ( 1961 ) ( segment director ) After his death . - Mickey Mouse Disco ( Short ) ( 1980 ) - DTV : Golden Oldies ( Video ) ( original material ) ( 1984 ) - DTV : Pop & Rock ( Video ) ( original material ) ( 1984 ) - DTV : Rock , Rhythm & Blues ( Video ) ( original material ) ( 1984 ) - An Officer and a Duck ( Video ) ( segment Donald Gets Drafted ) ( 1985 ) - DTV Valentine ( TV Movie ) ( original material ) ( 1986 ) - Lifestyles of the Rich and Animated ( TV Movie ) ( segment Drip Dippy Donald , uncredited ) ( 1991 ) - Mickeys House of Villains ( Video ) ( segment Donald Duck and the Gorilla ) ( 2001 ) - ToonHeads ( TV Series documentary ) ( 2 episodes ) ( 2003 ) - The Early Career of Porky Pig ( original material ) - The Worst Cartoons Ever Made ( original material ) - Behind the Tunes : Crash ! Bang ! Boom ! - The Wild Sounds of Treg Brown ( Video documentary short ) ( original material ) ( 2004 ) - Behind the Tunes : Bosko , Buddy and the Best of Black and White ( Video documentary short ) ( original material ) ( 2005 ) - Cartoon Alley ( TV Series documentary ) ( 1 episode ) ( 2005 ) - The Early Days of Warner Brothers Cartoons ( original material ) ( 2005 )

hard

Which employer did Jack King (animator) work for in early 1940s?

/wiki/Jack_King_(animator)#P108#2

Jack King ( animator ) James Patton Jack King ( November 4 , 1895 – October 4 , 1958 ) was an American animator and short film director best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions . Career . According to Jeff Lenburgs assessment of him , King was an early pioneer of animation . His films were nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . He started his career in the silent film era . He spent most of his career working at Walt Disney Productions ( later known as the Walt Disney Animation Studios ) . He directed many well-regarded films . King was born in 1895 in Birmingham , Alabama . He started his animation career in 1920 , working at Bray Productions animation studio . He directed the Judge Rummy series ( 1920-1921 ) for the International Film Service . The silent animated series was based on the comic strip Judge Rummy by Tad Dorgan . His early films also included Kiss Me ( 1920 ) , Why Change Your Husband ( 1920 ) , and The Chicken Thief ( 1921 ) . The series reportedly ended in 1921 . King successfully made the transition from silent to sound cartoons and relocated to the West Coast of the United States , where he joined the Disney studio on June 17 , 1929 as an animator . His animation film credits include several Silly Symphony animated shorts , which Lenburg describes as cartoon fables . Among Kings Disney film credits was the short film The Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) , which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . King remained with Disney until May 17 , 1933 . In 1933 , animation producer Leon Schlesinger was setting up a new animation studio , Leon Schlesinger Productions , which would continue producing the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series for Warner Bros . The studio was set on the Warner lot on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . Schlesinger was in need of a new staff for his studio and started hiring people who used to work for other animation studios . Among them was King , who was probably the first Disney animator Schlesinger hired . By June 1933 , Schlesinger had rounded out his staff and started work on producing animated short films . Tom Palmer had been appointed production manager and director , with King as the head animator . Among the staff were two of Kings former associates from Disney , animators Paul Fennell and Bill Mason . According to animation historian Michael Barrier , Schlesinger placed former Disney animators in charge of the studio in hopes of effectively competing with the Disney studio . Tom Palmer left the studio after completing only two short films . He was replaced as director by Earl Duvall , a former story man for both Disney and Harman and Ising . Duvall himself left the studio after completing five short films . Schlesinger was in need of new directors , and even composer Bernard B . Brown received credits for directing two Merrie Melodies shorts . By early 1934 , Schlesinger appointed Friz Freleng as the main director of the Merrie Melodies series and King as the main director of the Looney Tunes series . King handled many of the studios animated short films starring Buddy , and was responsible for the final year of Buddy films . By 1935 , Buddy was being phased out in favor of new characters ; among them was Beans , an anthropomorphic cat . King directed A Cartoonists Nightmare , Beans first starring role . King directed a total of eight animated shorts featuring Beans . Michael Barrier describes Beans under Kings direction as resembling Mickey Mouses incarnation of the early 1930s . Their designs were certainly similar , with both characters having a white face and black body , but in characterization Beans was a pint-sized hero resembling the plucky , boyish , and heroic Mickey featured in The Klondike Kid ( 1932 ) and The Mail Pilot ( 1933 ) . Also in 1935 , the studio gained a third full-time director working in addition to Freleng and King : Tex Avery , a former inker for the short-lived Winkler Studio and Universal Studio Cartoons . Avery directed a single film starring Beans , Gold Diggers of 49 ( 1935 ) ; he would use Porky Pig as the main star of his following films . Meanwhile , King continued using Beans as the main star of his own films . In 1936 , Beans and most of the characters introduced the previous year , with the exception of Porky Pig , ceased being used by the studio . Barrier suggests that Leon Schlesinger may have been giving Avery a vote of confidence , when deciding to keep only Porky as a continuing character and to drop Beans . This decision came at the expense of King and his work . King directed two films featuring characters Ham and Ex : The Phantom Ship ( 1936 ) and The Fire Alarm ( 1936 ) . The characters were a pair of troublesome puppies and were intended to serve as series stars . In 1936 , King started directing films in the new Porky Pig series . Other films in the series were directed by Tex Avery and Frank Tashlin . King directed only three animated shorts starring Porky Pig . By April 1936 , King was hired by the Disney studio again , this time as a director . Part of the reason he returned to Disney was the promise that he would be able to direct cartoons in color , which he had been unable to do previously . Friz Freleng and Tex Avery were the only directors that Schlesinger allowed to direct color films for much of the 1930s . At Disney , King emerged as the director of a new series of short films , featuring Donald Duck as the protagonist . Lenburg notes that King was one of the principal directors of the Donald Duck series , but not the only one ( other directors of this series included Ben Sharpsteen , Dick Lundy , Jack Hannah , and Jack Kinney ) . King made his directorial debut at Disney with the film Modern Inventions ( 1937 ) . It was also his first time directing a Donald Duck animated film . King directed more than forty films featuring Donald Duck , among them were the Academy Award-nominated Good Scouts ( 1938 ) , Truant Officer Donald ( 1941 ) , and Donalds Crime ( 1945 ) . One of his films was a propaganda film , The Spirit of 43 ( 1943 ) , created in association with the United States Department of the Treasury . Kings last film was The Trial of Donald Duck ( 1948 ) . King retired from Disney in 1948 and spent ten years in retirement . He died on October 4 , 1958 in Los Angeles . Filmography . - Why Change Your Husband ( director ) ( 1920 ) - Kiss Me ( Short ) ( 1920 ) - Too Much Pep ( director ) ( 1921 ) - The New Champ ( director and animator ) ( 1925 ) - Scents and Nonsense ( animator ) ( 1926 ) First Disney period ( 1929-1933 ) . - The Plowboy ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1929 ) - Cannibal Capers ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Frolicking Fish ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Fire Fighters ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Monkey Melodies ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Chain Gang ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Night ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Midnight in a Toy Shop ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Gorilla Mystery ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Winter ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The picnic ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - Pioneer Days ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Playful Pan ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1930 ) - The Birthday Party ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Birds of a Feather ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Traffic Troubles ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mother Goose Melodies ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The China Plate ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Blue Rhythm ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - The Beach Party ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Mickey Cuts Up ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Orphans ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Duck Hunt ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Mickey in Arabia ( animator ) ( animator - uncredited ) - Just Dogs ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Flowers and Trees ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Mickeys Nightmare ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Trader Mickey ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - The Whoopee Party ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Bugs in Love ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Babes in the Woods ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Santas Workshop ( animator ) ( 1932 ) - Birds in the Spring ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Mad Doctor ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Three Little Pigs ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Gala Premier ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies period ( 1933-1936 ) . - Sittin on a Backyard Fence ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Buddys Show Boat ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Buddys Beer Garden ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Ive Got to Sing a Torch Song ( animator ) ( 1933 ) - Buddys Day Out ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Beauty and the Beast ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Pettin in the Park ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Gob ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Honeymoon Hotel ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Viva Buddy ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddys Circus ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Woodsman ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Detective ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy and Towser ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Buddys Garage ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - Buddys Bearcats ( director ) ( 1934 ) - Buddy the Dentist ( animator ) ( 1934 ) - I Havent Got a Hat ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Hollywood Capers ( director ) ( 1935 ) - A Cartoonists Nightmare ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddy the Gee Man ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddy Steps Out ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddys Bug Hunt ( director ) ( 1935 ) - Buddys Lost World ( director ) ( 1935 ) - The Phantom Ship ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Boom Boom ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1936 ) - The Fire Alarm ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Alpine Antics ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Westward Whoa ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Fish Tales ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Shanghaied Shipmates ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Porkys Pet ( director ) ( 1936 ) - Porkys Moving Day ( director ) ( 1936 ) Second Disney period ( 1937-1949 ) . In this period , almost all the films in which King worked belong to the Donald Ducks series - Modern Inventions ( director ) ( 1937 ) - Donalds Ostrich ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1937 ) - Self Control ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Donalds Better Self ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Donalds Golf Game ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Good Scouts ( director ) ( 1938 ) - Donalds Nephews ( uncredited ) ( director and animator ) ( 1938 ) - The Autograph Hound ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Donalds Penguin ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Donalds Cousin Gus ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - The Hockey Champ ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Donalds Lucky Day ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Fire Chief ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Window Cleaners ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Tugboat Mickey ( animator ) ( 1940 ) - Donalds Vacation ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Mr . Duck Steps Out ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Donalds Dog Laundry ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Chef Donald ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Old MacDonald Duck ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Truant Officer Donald ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Early to Bed ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Timber ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Bellboy Donald ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Sky Trooper ( director and animator ) ( 1942 ) - The Vanishing Private ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Out of the Frying Pan Into the Firing Line ( short ) ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Donald Gets Drafted ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Donalds Snow Fight ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Home Defense ( director ) ( 1943 ) - The Old Army Game ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Fall Out Fall In ( director ) ( 1943 ) - The Spirit of 43 ( short documentary ) ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1943 ) - The Plastics Inventor ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Commando Duck ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Contrary Condor ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Donald Duck and the Gorilla ( uncredited ) ( director and animator ) ( 1944 ) - Trombone Trouble ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Old Sequoia ( director ) ( 1945 ) - Cured Duck ( director ) ( 1945 ) - Donalds Crime ( director ) ( 1945 ) - The Clock Watcher ( director ) ( 1945 ) - Defense Against Invasion ( uncredited ) ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Dumb Bell of the Yukon ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Wet Paint ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Donalds Double Trouble ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Wide Open Spaces ( director ) ( 1947 ) - Donalds Dilemma ( director ) ( 1947 ) - Sleepy Time Donald ( director ) ( 1947 ) - The Trial of Donald Duck ( direction ) ( 1948 ) - Donalds Dream Voice ( director ) ( 1948 ) - Drip Dippy Donald ( director ) ( director ) ( 1948 ) - The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr . Toad ( Animator : Segment The Wind in the Willows ) ( 1949 ) - Disneyland - Donalds Award ( director ) ( 1957 ) - Donalds Weekend ( 1958 ) ( sequence director ) - Donald Duck and his Companions ( segment Donalds Vacation ) ( director ) ( 1960 ) - Inside Donald Duck ( 1961 ) ( segment director ) After his death . - Mickey Mouse Disco ( Short ) ( 1980 ) - DTV : Golden Oldies ( Video ) ( original material ) ( 1984 ) - DTV : Pop & Rock ( Video ) ( original material ) ( 1984 ) - DTV : Rock , Rhythm & Blues ( Video ) ( original material ) ( 1984 ) - An Officer and a Duck ( Video ) ( segment Donald Gets Drafted ) ( 1985 ) - DTV Valentine ( TV Movie ) ( original material ) ( 1986 ) - Lifestyles of the Rich and Animated ( TV Movie ) ( segment Drip Dippy Donald , uncredited ) ( 1991 ) - Mickeys House of Villains ( Video ) ( segment Donald Duck and the Gorilla ) ( 2001 ) - ToonHeads ( TV Series documentary ) ( 2 episodes ) ( 2003 ) - The Early Career of Porky Pig ( original material ) - The Worst Cartoons Ever Made ( original material ) - Behind the Tunes : Crash ! Bang ! Boom ! - The Wild Sounds of Treg Brown ( Video documentary short ) ( original material ) ( 2004 ) - Behind the Tunes : Bosko , Buddy and the Best of Black and White ( Video documentary short ) ( original material ) ( 2005 ) - Cartoon Alley ( TV Series documentary ) ( 1 episode ) ( 2005 ) - The Early Days of Warner Brothers Cartoons ( original material ) ( 2005 )

hard

What position did Benedetto Croce take between Feb 1921 and Jun 1921?

/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#P39#0

Benedetto Croce Benedetto Croce ( ; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952 ) was an Italian idealist philosopher , historian and politician , who wrote on numerous topics , including philosophy , history , historiography and aesthetics . In most regards , Croce was a liberal , although he opposed laissez-faire free trade and had considerable influence on other Italian intellectuals , including both Marxist Antonio Gramsci and fascist Giovanni Gentile . Croce was President of PEN International , the worldwide writers association , from 1949 until 1952 . He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature sixteen times . He is also noted for his major contributions to the rebirth of Italian democracy . Biography . Croce was born in Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo region of Italy . His family was influential and wealthy , and he was raised in a very strict Catholic environment . Around the age of 16 , he quit Catholicism and developed a personal philosophy of spiritual life , in which religion cannot be anything but a historical institution where the creative strength of mankind can be expressed . He kept this philosophy for the rest of his life . In 1883 , an earthquake occurred in the village of Casamicciola on the island of Ischia near Naples , where he was on holiday with his family , destroying the home they lived in . His mother , father , and only sister were all killed , while he was buried for a long time and barely survived . After the earthquake he inherited his familys fortune and—much like Schopenhauer—was able to live the rest of his life in relative leisure , devoting a great deal of time to philosophy as an independent intellectual writing from his palazzo in Naples ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) . He studied law , but never graduated , at the University of Naples , while reading extensively on historical materialism . His ideas were publicized at the University of Rome towards the end of the 1890s by Professor Antonio Labriola . Croce was well acquainted with and sympathetic to the developments in European socialist philosophy exemplified by August Bebel , Friedrich Engels , Karl Kautsky , Paul Lafargue , Wilhelm Liebknecht , and Filippo Turati . Influenced by Neapolitan-born Gianbattista Vicos thoughts about art and history , he began studying philosophy in 1893 . Croce also purchased the house in which Vico had lived . His friend , the philosopher Giovanni Gentile , encouraged him to read Hegel . Croces famous commentary on Hegel , What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel , was published in 1907 . Political involvement . As his fame increased , Croce was persuaded , against his initial wishes , to become involved in politics . In 1910 , he was appointed to the Italian Senate , a lifelong position ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) . He was an open critic of Italys participation in World War I , feeling that it was a suicidal trade war . Although this made him initially unpopular , his reputation was restored after the war . In 1919 , he supported the government of Francesco Saverio Nitti while also expressing his admiration for the nascent Weimar Republic and the German Social Democrats . He was Minister of Public Education between 1920 and 1921 for the 5th and last government headed by Giovanni Giolitti . Benito Mussolini assumed power slightly more than a year after Croces exit from the government ; Mussolinis first Minister of Public Education was Giovanni Gentile , an independent who later became a fascist and with whom Croce had earlier cooperated in a philosophical polemic against positivism . Gentile remained minister for only a year but managed to begin a comprehensive reform of Italian education that was based partly on Croces earlier suggestions . Gentiles reform remained in force well beyond the Fascist regime , and was only partly abolished in 1962 . Croce was instrumental in the relocation of the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III to Naples Palazzo Reale in 1923 . Relations with Fascism . Croce initially supported Mussolinis Fascist government that took power in 1922 . However , the assassination by Fascists of the socialist politician Giacomo Matteotti in June 1924 shook Croces support for Mussolini . In May 1925 Croce was one of the signatories to the Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals which had been written by Croce himself ; however , in June of the previous year , he had voted in the Senate in support of the Mussolini government . He later explained that he had hoped that the support for Mussolini in parliament would weaken the more extreme Fascists who , he believed , were responsible for Matteottis murder . Croce later became one of the firmest opponents of fascism . In 1928 , Croce voted against the law which effectively abolished free elections in Italy by requiring electors to vote for a list of candidates approved by the Grand Council of Fascism . He became increasingly dismayed by the number of ex-democrats who had abandoned their former principles . Croce frequently provided financial assistance to anti-Fascist writers and dissidents such as Giorgio Amendola , Ivanoe Bonomi , and Meuccio Ruini , as well as those who wanted to maintain intellectual and political independence from the regime , and covertly helped them get published . Croces house in Turin became a popular destination for anti-Fascists , and after the war , Amendola along with communists such as Eugenio Reale reflected that Croce offered aid and encouragement to both liberal and Marxist resistance members during the crucial years . Croce was seriously threatened by Mussolinis regime , though the only act of physical violence he suffered at the hands of the fascists was the ransacking of his home and library in Naples in November 1926 . Although he managed to stay outside prison thanks to his reputation , he remained subject to surveillance , and his academic work was kept in obscurity by the government , to the extent that no mainstream newspaper or academic publication ever referred to him . Croce later coined the term onagrocrazia ( literally government by asses ) to emphasize the anti-intellectual and boorish tendencies of parts of the Fascist regime . However , in describing Fascism as anti-intellectual Croce ignored the many Italian intellectuals who at the time actively supported Mussolinis regime , including Croces former friend and colleague , Gentile . Croce also described Fascism as malattia morale ( literally moral illness ) . When Mussolinis government adopted antisemitic policies in 1938 , Croce was the only non-Jewish intellectual who refused to complete a government questionnaire designed to collect information on the so-called racial background of Italian intellectuals . Besides writing in his periodical , Croce used other means to express his anti-racism and to make public statements against the persecution of the Jews . The new Republic . In 1944 , when democracy was restored in Southern Italy , Croce , as an icon of liberal anti-fascism , became minister without portfolio in governments headed by Pietro Badoglio and by Ivanoe Bonomi ( Ryn , 2000:xi–xii ) . He left the government in July 1944 but remained president of the Liberal Party until 1947 ( Ryn , 2000:xii ) . Croce voted for the Monarchy in the Constitutional referendum of June 1946 , after having persuaded his Liberal Party to adopt a neutral stance . He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which existed in Italy between June 1946 and January 1948 . He spoke in the Assembly against the Peace treaty ( signed in February 1947 ) , which he regarded as humiliating for Italy . He declined to stand as provisional President of Italy . Philosophical works . Croces most interesting philosophical ideas are expounded in three works : Aesthetic ( 1902 ) , Logic ( 1908 ) , and Philosophy of the Practical ( 1908 ) , but his complete work is spread over 80 books and 40 years worth of publications in his own bi-monthly literary magazine , La Critica ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) Croce was philosophically a pantheist , but , from a religious point of view , an agnostic ; however , he did publish an essay entitled Why We Cannot Help Calling Ourselves Christians . This essay shows the Christian roots of European culture , but religion is considered by Croce a mere propaedeutic study for philosophy , which is the only true science : philosophy is , in fact , the science of spirit ( the Philosophy of Spirit ) . Philosophy of spirit . Heavily influenced by Hegel and other German Idealists such as Schelling , Croce produced what was called , by him , the Philosophy of Spirit . His preferred designations were absolute idealism or absolute historicism . Croces work can be seen as a second attempt ( contra Kant ) to resolve the problems and conflicts between empiricism and rationalism ( or sensationalism and transcendentalism , respectively ) . He calls his way immanentism , and concentrates on the lived human experience , as it happens in specific places and times . Since the root of reality is this immanent existence in concrete experience , Croce places aesthetics at the foundation of his philosophy . Domains of mind . Croces methodological approach to philosophy is expressed in his divisions of the spirit , or mind . He divides mental activity first into the theoretical , and then the practical . The theoretical division splits between aesthetic and logic . This theoretical aesthetic includes most importantly : intuitions and history . The logical includes concepts and relations . Practical spirit is concerned with economics and ethics . Economics is here to be understood as an exhaustive term for all utilitarian matters . Each of these divisions have an underlying structure that colors , or dictates , the sort of thinking that goes on within them . While Aesthetic is driven by beauty , Logic is subject to truth , Economics is concerned with what is useful , and the moral , or Ethics , is bound to the good . This schema is descriptive in that it attempts to elucidate the logic of human thought ; however , it is prescriptive as well , in that these ideas form the basis for epistemological claims and confidence . History . Croce also had great esteem for Vico , and shared his opinion that history should be written by philosophers . Croces On History sets forth the view of history as philosophy in motion , that there is no cosmic design or ultimate plan in history , and that the science of history was a farce . Aesthetics . Croces work Breviario di estetica ( The Essence of Aesthetics ) appears in the form of four lessons ( quattro lezioni ) in aesthetics that he was asked to write and deliver at the inauguration of Rice University in 1912 . He declined an invitation to attend the event , but he wrote the lessons and submitted them for translation so that they could be read in his absence . In this brief , but dense , work , Croce sets forth his theory of art . He believed that art is more important than science or metaphysics since only art edifies us . He claimed that all we know can be reduced to imaginative knowledge . Art springs from the latter , making it at its heart , pure imagery . All thought is based in part on this , and it precedes all other thought . The task of an artist is then to invent the perfect image that they can produce for their viewer since this is what beauty fundamentally is – the formation of inward , mental images in their ideal state . Our intuition is the basis for forming these concepts within us . Croce was the first to develop a position later known as aesthetic expressivism , the idea that art expresses emotions , not ideas . ( R . G . Collingwood later developed a similar thesis. ) Croces theory was later debated by such contemporary Italian philosophers as Umberto Eco , who locates the aesthetic within a semiotic construction . Contributions to liberal political theory . Croces liberalism differs from the theories advocated by most proponents of liberal political thought , including those in Britain and in the United States . While Croce theorises that the individual is the basis of society , he rejects social atomism . While Croce accepts limited government , he disputes the idea that the government should have fixed legitimate powers . Croce did not agree with John Locke about the nature of liberty . Croce believed that liberty is not a natural right but an earned right that arises out of continuing historical struggle for its maintenance . Croce defined civilization as the continual vigilance against barbarism , and liberty conformed to his ideal for civilization as it allows one to experience the full potential of life . Croce also rejects egalitarianism as absurd . In short , his variety of liberalism is aristocratic , as he views society being led by the few who can create the goodness of truth , civilization , and beauty , with the great mass of citizens , simply benefiting from them but unable to fully comprehend their creations ( Ryn , 2000:xii ) . In Etica e politica ( 1931 ) , Croce defines liberalism as an ethical conception of life that rejects dogmatism and favors diversity , and in the name of liberty and free choice of the individual , is hostile to the authoritarianism of fascism , communism , and the Catholic Church . While Croce realizes that democracy can sometimes threaten individual liberty , he sees liberalism and democracy as predicated on the same ideals of moral equality and opposition to authority . Furthermore , he acknowledged the positive historic role played by the Socialist parties in Italy in their struggles to improve conditions for the working class , and urged modern socialists to swear off dictatorial solutions . In contrast to the socialists , who Croce viewed as part of modernity along with liberals , his condemnation of reactionaries is unremittingly harsh . Croce also draws a distinction between liberalism and capitalism or laissez-faire economic doctrines . For Croce , capitalism only emerged to meet certain economic needs of society , and could be changed or even replaced if better solutions to those needs were found , if it failed to promote freedom , or if economic values clashed with higher values . Thus liberalism could welcome socialistic proposals so long as they promoted freedom . Croces ideas on the separation between liberalism as an ethical principle and the contingent laissez-faire economic doctrines which accompanied it in certain contexts would influence Italian social democrats such as Leo Valiani and Giuseppe Saragat as well as the liberal socialist synthesis of Carlo Rosselli . Selected bibliography . - Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica ( 1900 ) . English edition : Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger , 2004 . - LEstetica come scienza dellespressione e linguistica generale ( 1902 ) , commonly referred to as Aesthetic in English . - Benedetto Croce , ( 1908 ) Philosophy of the Practical Economic and Ethic , Douglas Ainslie ( trans. ) ( 1913 ) Macmillan and Co. , Limited , London . - Breviario di estetica ( 1913 ) - See English edition : Theory and history of Historiography , Douglas Ainslie , Editor : George G . Harrap . London ( 1921 ) . - Racconto degli racconti ( first translation into Italian from Neapolitan of Giambattista Basiles Pentamerone , Lo cunto de li cunti , 1925 ) - Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals ( 1 May 1925 in La Critica ) - Ultimi saggi ( 1935 ) - La poesia ( 1936 ) - La storia come pensiero e come azione ( History as thought and as action ; 1938 ) , translated in English by Sylvia Sprigge as History as the story of liberty in 1941 in London by George Allen & Unwin and in US by W.W . Norton . The most recent edited translation based on that of Sprigge is Liberty Fund Inc . in 2000 . The 1941 English translation is accessible online through Questia . - Il carattere della filosofia moderna ( 1941 ) - Politics and Morals 1946 . PDF . ( First published in 1946 . Croces dynamic conception of liberty , liberalism and the relation of individual morality to the State ) . - Filosofia e storiografia ( 1949 )

hard

What position did Benedetto Croce take in May 1944?

/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#P39#1

Benedetto Croce Benedetto Croce ( ; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952 ) was an Italian idealist philosopher , historian and politician , who wrote on numerous topics , including philosophy , history , historiography and aesthetics . In most regards , Croce was a liberal , although he opposed laissez-faire free trade and had considerable influence on other Italian intellectuals , including both Marxist Antonio Gramsci and fascist Giovanni Gentile . Croce was President of PEN International , the worldwide writers association , from 1949 until 1952 . He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature sixteen times . He is also noted for his major contributions to the rebirth of Italian democracy . Biography . Croce was born in Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo region of Italy . His family was influential and wealthy , and he was raised in a very strict Catholic environment . Around the age of 16 , he quit Catholicism and developed a personal philosophy of spiritual life , in which religion cannot be anything but a historical institution where the creative strength of mankind can be expressed . He kept this philosophy for the rest of his life . In 1883 , an earthquake occurred in the village of Casamicciola on the island of Ischia near Naples , where he was on holiday with his family , destroying the home they lived in . His mother , father , and only sister were all killed , while he was buried for a long time and barely survived . After the earthquake he inherited his familys fortune and—much like Schopenhauer—was able to live the rest of his life in relative leisure , devoting a great deal of time to philosophy as an independent intellectual writing from his palazzo in Naples ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) . He studied law , but never graduated , at the University of Naples , while reading extensively on historical materialism . His ideas were publicized at the University of Rome towards the end of the 1890s by Professor Antonio Labriola . Croce was well acquainted with and sympathetic to the developments in European socialist philosophy exemplified by August Bebel , Friedrich Engels , Karl Kautsky , Paul Lafargue , Wilhelm Liebknecht , and Filippo Turati . Influenced by Neapolitan-born Gianbattista Vicos thoughts about art and history , he began studying philosophy in 1893 . Croce also purchased the house in which Vico had lived . His friend , the philosopher Giovanni Gentile , encouraged him to read Hegel . Croces famous commentary on Hegel , What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel , was published in 1907 . Political involvement . As his fame increased , Croce was persuaded , against his initial wishes , to become involved in politics . In 1910 , he was appointed to the Italian Senate , a lifelong position ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) . He was an open critic of Italys participation in World War I , feeling that it was a suicidal trade war . Although this made him initially unpopular , his reputation was restored after the war . In 1919 , he supported the government of Francesco Saverio Nitti while also expressing his admiration for the nascent Weimar Republic and the German Social Democrats . He was Minister of Public Education between 1920 and 1921 for the 5th and last government headed by Giovanni Giolitti . Benito Mussolini assumed power slightly more than a year after Croces exit from the government ; Mussolinis first Minister of Public Education was Giovanni Gentile , an independent who later became a fascist and with whom Croce had earlier cooperated in a philosophical polemic against positivism . Gentile remained minister for only a year but managed to begin a comprehensive reform of Italian education that was based partly on Croces earlier suggestions . Gentiles reform remained in force well beyond the Fascist regime , and was only partly abolished in 1962 . Croce was instrumental in the relocation of the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III to Naples Palazzo Reale in 1923 . Relations with Fascism . Croce initially supported Mussolinis Fascist government that took power in 1922 . However , the assassination by Fascists of the socialist politician Giacomo Matteotti in June 1924 shook Croces support for Mussolini . In May 1925 Croce was one of the signatories to the Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals which had been written by Croce himself ; however , in June of the previous year , he had voted in the Senate in support of the Mussolini government . He later explained that he had hoped that the support for Mussolini in parliament would weaken the more extreme Fascists who , he believed , were responsible for Matteottis murder . Croce later became one of the firmest opponents of fascism . In 1928 , Croce voted against the law which effectively abolished free elections in Italy by requiring electors to vote for a list of candidates approved by the Grand Council of Fascism . He became increasingly dismayed by the number of ex-democrats who had abandoned their former principles . Croce frequently provided financial assistance to anti-Fascist writers and dissidents such as Giorgio Amendola , Ivanoe Bonomi , and Meuccio Ruini , as well as those who wanted to maintain intellectual and political independence from the regime , and covertly helped them get published . Croces house in Turin became a popular destination for anti-Fascists , and after the war , Amendola along with communists such as Eugenio Reale reflected that Croce offered aid and encouragement to both liberal and Marxist resistance members during the crucial years . Croce was seriously threatened by Mussolinis regime , though the only act of physical violence he suffered at the hands of the fascists was the ransacking of his home and library in Naples in November 1926 . Although he managed to stay outside prison thanks to his reputation , he remained subject to surveillance , and his academic work was kept in obscurity by the government , to the extent that no mainstream newspaper or academic publication ever referred to him . Croce later coined the term onagrocrazia ( literally government by asses ) to emphasize the anti-intellectual and boorish tendencies of parts of the Fascist regime . However , in describing Fascism as anti-intellectual Croce ignored the many Italian intellectuals who at the time actively supported Mussolinis regime , including Croces former friend and colleague , Gentile . Croce also described Fascism as malattia morale ( literally moral illness ) . When Mussolinis government adopted antisemitic policies in 1938 , Croce was the only non-Jewish intellectual who refused to complete a government questionnaire designed to collect information on the so-called racial background of Italian intellectuals . Besides writing in his periodical , Croce used other means to express his anti-racism and to make public statements against the persecution of the Jews . The new Republic . In 1944 , when democracy was restored in Southern Italy , Croce , as an icon of liberal anti-fascism , became minister without portfolio in governments headed by Pietro Badoglio and by Ivanoe Bonomi ( Ryn , 2000:xi–xii ) . He left the government in July 1944 but remained president of the Liberal Party until 1947 ( Ryn , 2000:xii ) . Croce voted for the Monarchy in the Constitutional referendum of June 1946 , after having persuaded his Liberal Party to adopt a neutral stance . He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which existed in Italy between June 1946 and January 1948 . He spoke in the Assembly against the Peace treaty ( signed in February 1947 ) , which he regarded as humiliating for Italy . He declined to stand as provisional President of Italy . Philosophical works . Croces most interesting philosophical ideas are expounded in three works : Aesthetic ( 1902 ) , Logic ( 1908 ) , and Philosophy of the Practical ( 1908 ) , but his complete work is spread over 80 books and 40 years worth of publications in his own bi-monthly literary magazine , La Critica ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) Croce was philosophically a pantheist , but , from a religious point of view , an agnostic ; however , he did publish an essay entitled Why We Cannot Help Calling Ourselves Christians . This essay shows the Christian roots of European culture , but religion is considered by Croce a mere propaedeutic study for philosophy , which is the only true science : philosophy is , in fact , the science of spirit ( the Philosophy of Spirit ) . Philosophy of spirit . Heavily influenced by Hegel and other German Idealists such as Schelling , Croce produced what was called , by him , the Philosophy of Spirit . His preferred designations were absolute idealism or absolute historicism . Croces work can be seen as a second attempt ( contra Kant ) to resolve the problems and conflicts between empiricism and rationalism ( or sensationalism and transcendentalism , respectively ) . He calls his way immanentism , and concentrates on the lived human experience , as it happens in specific places and times . Since the root of reality is this immanent existence in concrete experience , Croce places aesthetics at the foundation of his philosophy . Domains of mind . Croces methodological approach to philosophy is expressed in his divisions of the spirit , or mind . He divides mental activity first into the theoretical , and then the practical . The theoretical division splits between aesthetic and logic . This theoretical aesthetic includes most importantly : intuitions and history . The logical includes concepts and relations . Practical spirit is concerned with economics and ethics . Economics is here to be understood as an exhaustive term for all utilitarian matters . Each of these divisions have an underlying structure that colors , or dictates , the sort of thinking that goes on within them . While Aesthetic is driven by beauty , Logic is subject to truth , Economics is concerned with what is useful , and the moral , or Ethics , is bound to the good . This schema is descriptive in that it attempts to elucidate the logic of human thought ; however , it is prescriptive as well , in that these ideas form the basis for epistemological claims and confidence . History . Croce also had great esteem for Vico , and shared his opinion that history should be written by philosophers . Croces On History sets forth the view of history as philosophy in motion , that there is no cosmic design or ultimate plan in history , and that the science of history was a farce . Aesthetics . Croces work Breviario di estetica ( The Essence of Aesthetics ) appears in the form of four lessons ( quattro lezioni ) in aesthetics that he was asked to write and deliver at the inauguration of Rice University in 1912 . He declined an invitation to attend the event , but he wrote the lessons and submitted them for translation so that they could be read in his absence . In this brief , but dense , work , Croce sets forth his theory of art . He believed that art is more important than science or metaphysics since only art edifies us . He claimed that all we know can be reduced to imaginative knowledge . Art springs from the latter , making it at its heart , pure imagery . All thought is based in part on this , and it precedes all other thought . The task of an artist is then to invent the perfect image that they can produce for their viewer since this is what beauty fundamentally is – the formation of inward , mental images in their ideal state . Our intuition is the basis for forming these concepts within us . Croce was the first to develop a position later known as aesthetic expressivism , the idea that art expresses emotions , not ideas . ( R . G . Collingwood later developed a similar thesis. ) Croces theory was later debated by such contemporary Italian philosophers as Umberto Eco , who locates the aesthetic within a semiotic construction . Contributions to liberal political theory . Croces liberalism differs from the theories advocated by most proponents of liberal political thought , including those in Britain and in the United States . While Croce theorises that the individual is the basis of society , he rejects social atomism . While Croce accepts limited government , he disputes the idea that the government should have fixed legitimate powers . Croce did not agree with John Locke about the nature of liberty . Croce believed that liberty is not a natural right but an earned right that arises out of continuing historical struggle for its maintenance . Croce defined civilization as the continual vigilance against barbarism , and liberty conformed to his ideal for civilization as it allows one to experience the full potential of life . Croce also rejects egalitarianism as absurd . In short , his variety of liberalism is aristocratic , as he views society being led by the few who can create the goodness of truth , civilization , and beauty , with the great mass of citizens , simply benefiting from them but unable to fully comprehend their creations ( Ryn , 2000:xii ) . In Etica e politica ( 1931 ) , Croce defines liberalism as an ethical conception of life that rejects dogmatism and favors diversity , and in the name of liberty and free choice of the individual , is hostile to the authoritarianism of fascism , communism , and the Catholic Church . While Croce realizes that democracy can sometimes threaten individual liberty , he sees liberalism and democracy as predicated on the same ideals of moral equality and opposition to authority . Furthermore , he acknowledged the positive historic role played by the Socialist parties in Italy in their struggles to improve conditions for the working class , and urged modern socialists to swear off dictatorial solutions . In contrast to the socialists , who Croce viewed as part of modernity along with liberals , his condemnation of reactionaries is unremittingly harsh . Croce also draws a distinction between liberalism and capitalism or laissez-faire economic doctrines . For Croce , capitalism only emerged to meet certain economic needs of society , and could be changed or even replaced if better solutions to those needs were found , if it failed to promote freedom , or if economic values clashed with higher values . Thus liberalism could welcome socialistic proposals so long as they promoted freedom . Croces ideas on the separation between liberalism as an ethical principle and the contingent laissez-faire economic doctrines which accompanied it in certain contexts would influence Italian social democrats such as Leo Valiani and Giuseppe Saragat as well as the liberal socialist synthesis of Carlo Rosselli . Selected bibliography . - Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica ( 1900 ) . English edition : Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger , 2004 . - LEstetica come scienza dellespressione e linguistica generale ( 1902 ) , commonly referred to as Aesthetic in English . - Benedetto Croce , ( 1908 ) Philosophy of the Practical Economic and Ethic , Douglas Ainslie ( trans. ) ( 1913 ) Macmillan and Co. , Limited , London . - Breviario di estetica ( 1913 ) - See English edition : Theory and history of Historiography , Douglas Ainslie , Editor : George G . Harrap . London ( 1921 ) . - Racconto degli racconti ( first translation into Italian from Neapolitan of Giambattista Basiles Pentamerone , Lo cunto de li cunti , 1925 ) - Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals ( 1 May 1925 in La Critica ) - Ultimi saggi ( 1935 ) - La poesia ( 1936 ) - La storia come pensiero e come azione ( History as thought and as action ; 1938 ) , translated in English by Sylvia Sprigge as History as the story of liberty in 1941 in London by George Allen & Unwin and in US by W.W . Norton . The most recent edited translation based on that of Sprigge is Liberty Fund Inc . in 2000 . The 1941 English translation is accessible online through Questia . - Il carattere della filosofia moderna ( 1941 ) - Politics and Morals 1946 . PDF . ( First published in 1946 . Croces dynamic conception of liberty , liberalism and the relation of individual morality to the State ) . - Filosofia e storiografia ( 1949 )

hard

What position did Benedetto Croce take between Sep 1947 and Nov 1947?

/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#P39#2

Benedetto Croce Benedetto Croce ( ; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952 ) was an Italian idealist philosopher , historian and politician , who wrote on numerous topics , including philosophy , history , historiography and aesthetics . In most regards , Croce was a liberal , although he opposed laissez-faire free trade and had considerable influence on other Italian intellectuals , including both Marxist Antonio Gramsci and fascist Giovanni Gentile . Croce was President of PEN International , the worldwide writers association , from 1949 until 1952 . He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature sixteen times . He is also noted for his major contributions to the rebirth of Italian democracy . Biography . Croce was born in Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo region of Italy . His family was influential and wealthy , and he was raised in a very strict Catholic environment . Around the age of 16 , he quit Catholicism and developed a personal philosophy of spiritual life , in which religion cannot be anything but a historical institution where the creative strength of mankind can be expressed . He kept this philosophy for the rest of his life . In 1883 , an earthquake occurred in the village of Casamicciola on the island of Ischia near Naples , where he was on holiday with his family , destroying the home they lived in . His mother , father , and only sister were all killed , while he was buried for a long time and barely survived . After the earthquake he inherited his familys fortune and—much like Schopenhauer—was able to live the rest of his life in relative leisure , devoting a great deal of time to philosophy as an independent intellectual writing from his palazzo in Naples ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) . He studied law , but never graduated , at the University of Naples , while reading extensively on historical materialism . His ideas were publicized at the University of Rome towards the end of the 1890s by Professor Antonio Labriola . Croce was well acquainted with and sympathetic to the developments in European socialist philosophy exemplified by August Bebel , Friedrich Engels , Karl Kautsky , Paul Lafargue , Wilhelm Liebknecht , and Filippo Turati . Influenced by Neapolitan-born Gianbattista Vicos thoughts about art and history , he began studying philosophy in 1893 . Croce also purchased the house in which Vico had lived . His friend , the philosopher Giovanni Gentile , encouraged him to read Hegel . Croces famous commentary on Hegel , What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel , was published in 1907 . Political involvement . As his fame increased , Croce was persuaded , against his initial wishes , to become involved in politics . In 1910 , he was appointed to the Italian Senate , a lifelong position ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) . He was an open critic of Italys participation in World War I , feeling that it was a suicidal trade war . Although this made him initially unpopular , his reputation was restored after the war . In 1919 , he supported the government of Francesco Saverio Nitti while also expressing his admiration for the nascent Weimar Republic and the German Social Democrats . He was Minister of Public Education between 1920 and 1921 for the 5th and last government headed by Giovanni Giolitti . Benito Mussolini assumed power slightly more than a year after Croces exit from the government ; Mussolinis first Minister of Public Education was Giovanni Gentile , an independent who later became a fascist and with whom Croce had earlier cooperated in a philosophical polemic against positivism . Gentile remained minister for only a year but managed to begin a comprehensive reform of Italian education that was based partly on Croces earlier suggestions . Gentiles reform remained in force well beyond the Fascist regime , and was only partly abolished in 1962 . Croce was instrumental in the relocation of the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III to Naples Palazzo Reale in 1923 . Relations with Fascism . Croce initially supported Mussolinis Fascist government that took power in 1922 . However , the assassination by Fascists of the socialist politician Giacomo Matteotti in June 1924 shook Croces support for Mussolini . In May 1925 Croce was one of the signatories to the Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals which had been written by Croce himself ; however , in June of the previous year , he had voted in the Senate in support of the Mussolini government . He later explained that he had hoped that the support for Mussolini in parliament would weaken the more extreme Fascists who , he believed , were responsible for Matteottis murder . Croce later became one of the firmest opponents of fascism . In 1928 , Croce voted against the law which effectively abolished free elections in Italy by requiring electors to vote for a list of candidates approved by the Grand Council of Fascism . He became increasingly dismayed by the number of ex-democrats who had abandoned their former principles . Croce frequently provided financial assistance to anti-Fascist writers and dissidents such as Giorgio Amendola , Ivanoe Bonomi , and Meuccio Ruini , as well as those who wanted to maintain intellectual and political independence from the regime , and covertly helped them get published . Croces house in Turin became a popular destination for anti-Fascists , and after the war , Amendola along with communists such as Eugenio Reale reflected that Croce offered aid and encouragement to both liberal and Marxist resistance members during the crucial years . Croce was seriously threatened by Mussolinis regime , though the only act of physical violence he suffered at the hands of the fascists was the ransacking of his home and library in Naples in November 1926 . Although he managed to stay outside prison thanks to his reputation , he remained subject to surveillance , and his academic work was kept in obscurity by the government , to the extent that no mainstream newspaper or academic publication ever referred to him . Croce later coined the term onagrocrazia ( literally government by asses ) to emphasize the anti-intellectual and boorish tendencies of parts of the Fascist regime . However , in describing Fascism as anti-intellectual Croce ignored the many Italian intellectuals who at the time actively supported Mussolinis regime , including Croces former friend and colleague , Gentile . Croce also described Fascism as malattia morale ( literally moral illness ) . When Mussolinis government adopted antisemitic policies in 1938 , Croce was the only non-Jewish intellectual who refused to complete a government questionnaire designed to collect information on the so-called racial background of Italian intellectuals . Besides writing in his periodical , Croce used other means to express his anti-racism and to make public statements against the persecution of the Jews . The new Republic . In 1944 , when democracy was restored in Southern Italy , Croce , as an icon of liberal anti-fascism , became minister without portfolio in governments headed by Pietro Badoglio and by Ivanoe Bonomi ( Ryn , 2000:xi–xii ) . He left the government in July 1944 but remained president of the Liberal Party until 1947 ( Ryn , 2000:xii ) . Croce voted for the Monarchy in the Constitutional referendum of June 1946 , after having persuaded his Liberal Party to adopt a neutral stance . He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which existed in Italy between June 1946 and January 1948 . He spoke in the Assembly against the Peace treaty ( signed in February 1947 ) , which he regarded as humiliating for Italy . He declined to stand as provisional President of Italy . Philosophical works . Croces most interesting philosophical ideas are expounded in three works : Aesthetic ( 1902 ) , Logic ( 1908 ) , and Philosophy of the Practical ( 1908 ) , but his complete work is spread over 80 books and 40 years worth of publications in his own bi-monthly literary magazine , La Critica ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) Croce was philosophically a pantheist , but , from a religious point of view , an agnostic ; however , he did publish an essay entitled Why We Cannot Help Calling Ourselves Christians . This essay shows the Christian roots of European culture , but religion is considered by Croce a mere propaedeutic study for philosophy , which is the only true science : philosophy is , in fact , the science of spirit ( the Philosophy of Spirit ) . Philosophy of spirit . Heavily influenced by Hegel and other German Idealists such as Schelling , Croce produced what was called , by him , the Philosophy of Spirit . His preferred designations were absolute idealism or absolute historicism . Croces work can be seen as a second attempt ( contra Kant ) to resolve the problems and conflicts between empiricism and rationalism ( or sensationalism and transcendentalism , respectively ) . He calls his way immanentism , and concentrates on the lived human experience , as it happens in specific places and times . Since the root of reality is this immanent existence in concrete experience , Croce places aesthetics at the foundation of his philosophy . Domains of mind . Croces methodological approach to philosophy is expressed in his divisions of the spirit , or mind . He divides mental activity first into the theoretical , and then the practical . The theoretical division splits between aesthetic and logic . This theoretical aesthetic includes most importantly : intuitions and history . The logical includes concepts and relations . Practical spirit is concerned with economics and ethics . Economics is here to be understood as an exhaustive term for all utilitarian matters . Each of these divisions have an underlying structure that colors , or dictates , the sort of thinking that goes on within them . While Aesthetic is driven by beauty , Logic is subject to truth , Economics is concerned with what is useful , and the moral , or Ethics , is bound to the good . This schema is descriptive in that it attempts to elucidate the logic of human thought ; however , it is prescriptive as well , in that these ideas form the basis for epistemological claims and confidence . History . Croce also had great esteem for Vico , and shared his opinion that history should be written by philosophers . Croces On History sets forth the view of history as philosophy in motion , that there is no cosmic design or ultimate plan in history , and that the science of history was a farce . Aesthetics . Croces work Breviario di estetica ( The Essence of Aesthetics ) appears in the form of four lessons ( quattro lezioni ) in aesthetics that he was asked to write and deliver at the inauguration of Rice University in 1912 . He declined an invitation to attend the event , but he wrote the lessons and submitted them for translation so that they could be read in his absence . In this brief , but dense , work , Croce sets forth his theory of art . He believed that art is more important than science or metaphysics since only art edifies us . He claimed that all we know can be reduced to imaginative knowledge . Art springs from the latter , making it at its heart , pure imagery . All thought is based in part on this , and it precedes all other thought . The task of an artist is then to invent the perfect image that they can produce for their viewer since this is what beauty fundamentally is – the formation of inward , mental images in their ideal state . Our intuition is the basis for forming these concepts within us . Croce was the first to develop a position later known as aesthetic expressivism , the idea that art expresses emotions , not ideas . ( R . G . Collingwood later developed a similar thesis. ) Croces theory was later debated by such contemporary Italian philosophers as Umberto Eco , who locates the aesthetic within a semiotic construction . Contributions to liberal political theory . Croces liberalism differs from the theories advocated by most proponents of liberal political thought , including those in Britain and in the United States . While Croce theorises that the individual is the basis of society , he rejects social atomism . While Croce accepts limited government , he disputes the idea that the government should have fixed legitimate powers . Croce did not agree with John Locke about the nature of liberty . Croce believed that liberty is not a natural right but an earned right that arises out of continuing historical struggle for its maintenance . Croce defined civilization as the continual vigilance against barbarism , and liberty conformed to his ideal for civilization as it allows one to experience the full potential of life . Croce also rejects egalitarianism as absurd . In short , his variety of liberalism is aristocratic , as he views society being led by the few who can create the goodness of truth , civilization , and beauty , with the great mass of citizens , simply benefiting from them but unable to fully comprehend their creations ( Ryn , 2000:xii ) . In Etica e politica ( 1931 ) , Croce defines liberalism as an ethical conception of life that rejects dogmatism and favors diversity , and in the name of liberty and free choice of the individual , is hostile to the authoritarianism of fascism , communism , and the Catholic Church . While Croce realizes that democracy can sometimes threaten individual liberty , he sees liberalism and democracy as predicated on the same ideals of moral equality and opposition to authority . Furthermore , he acknowledged the positive historic role played by the Socialist parties in Italy in their struggles to improve conditions for the working class , and urged modern socialists to swear off dictatorial solutions . In contrast to the socialists , who Croce viewed as part of modernity along with liberals , his condemnation of reactionaries is unremittingly harsh . Croce also draws a distinction between liberalism and capitalism or laissez-faire economic doctrines . For Croce , capitalism only emerged to meet certain economic needs of society , and could be changed or even replaced if better solutions to those needs were found , if it failed to promote freedom , or if economic values clashed with higher values . Thus liberalism could welcome socialistic proposals so long as they promoted freedom . Croces ideas on the separation between liberalism as an ethical principle and the contingent laissez-faire economic doctrines which accompanied it in certain contexts would influence Italian social democrats such as Leo Valiani and Giuseppe Saragat as well as the liberal socialist synthesis of Carlo Rosselli . Selected bibliography . - Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica ( 1900 ) . English edition : Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger , 2004 . - LEstetica come scienza dellespressione e linguistica generale ( 1902 ) , commonly referred to as Aesthetic in English . - Benedetto Croce , ( 1908 ) Philosophy of the Practical Economic and Ethic , Douglas Ainslie ( trans. ) ( 1913 ) Macmillan and Co. , Limited , London . - Breviario di estetica ( 1913 ) - See English edition : Theory and history of Historiography , Douglas Ainslie , Editor : George G . Harrap . London ( 1921 ) . - Racconto degli racconti ( first translation into Italian from Neapolitan of Giambattista Basiles Pentamerone , Lo cunto de li cunti , 1925 ) - Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals ( 1 May 1925 in La Critica ) - Ultimi saggi ( 1935 ) - La poesia ( 1936 ) - La storia come pensiero e come azione ( History as thought and as action ; 1938 ) , translated in English by Sylvia Sprigge as History as the story of liberty in 1941 in London by George Allen & Unwin and in US by W.W . Norton . The most recent edited translation based on that of Sprigge is Liberty Fund Inc . in 2000 . The 1941 English translation is accessible online through Questia . - Il carattere della filosofia moderna ( 1941 ) - Politics and Morals 1946 . PDF . ( First published in 1946 . Croces dynamic conception of liberty , liberalism and the relation of individual morality to the State ) . - Filosofia e storiografia ( 1949 )

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What position did Benedetto Croce take in Jun 1950?

/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#P39#3

Benedetto Croce Benedetto Croce ( ; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952 ) was an Italian idealist philosopher , historian and politician , who wrote on numerous topics , including philosophy , history , historiography and aesthetics . In most regards , Croce was a liberal , although he opposed laissez-faire free trade and had considerable influence on other Italian intellectuals , including both Marxist Antonio Gramsci and fascist Giovanni Gentile . Croce was President of PEN International , the worldwide writers association , from 1949 until 1952 . He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature sixteen times . He is also noted for his major contributions to the rebirth of Italian democracy . Biography . Croce was born in Pescasseroli in the Abruzzo region of Italy . His family was influential and wealthy , and he was raised in a very strict Catholic environment . Around the age of 16 , he quit Catholicism and developed a personal philosophy of spiritual life , in which religion cannot be anything but a historical institution where the creative strength of mankind can be expressed . He kept this philosophy for the rest of his life . In 1883 , an earthquake occurred in the village of Casamicciola on the island of Ischia near Naples , where he was on holiday with his family , destroying the home they lived in . His mother , father , and only sister were all killed , while he was buried for a long time and barely survived . After the earthquake he inherited his familys fortune and—much like Schopenhauer—was able to live the rest of his life in relative leisure , devoting a great deal of time to philosophy as an independent intellectual writing from his palazzo in Naples ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) . He studied law , but never graduated , at the University of Naples , while reading extensively on historical materialism . His ideas were publicized at the University of Rome towards the end of the 1890s by Professor Antonio Labriola . Croce was well acquainted with and sympathetic to the developments in European socialist philosophy exemplified by August Bebel , Friedrich Engels , Karl Kautsky , Paul Lafargue , Wilhelm Liebknecht , and Filippo Turati . Influenced by Neapolitan-born Gianbattista Vicos thoughts about art and history , he began studying philosophy in 1893 . Croce also purchased the house in which Vico had lived . His friend , the philosopher Giovanni Gentile , encouraged him to read Hegel . Croces famous commentary on Hegel , What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel , was published in 1907 . Political involvement . As his fame increased , Croce was persuaded , against his initial wishes , to become involved in politics . In 1910 , he was appointed to the Italian Senate , a lifelong position ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) . He was an open critic of Italys participation in World War I , feeling that it was a suicidal trade war . Although this made him initially unpopular , his reputation was restored after the war . In 1919 , he supported the government of Francesco Saverio Nitti while also expressing his admiration for the nascent Weimar Republic and the German Social Democrats . He was Minister of Public Education between 1920 and 1921 for the 5th and last government headed by Giovanni Giolitti . Benito Mussolini assumed power slightly more than a year after Croces exit from the government ; Mussolinis first Minister of Public Education was Giovanni Gentile , an independent who later became a fascist and with whom Croce had earlier cooperated in a philosophical polemic against positivism . Gentile remained minister for only a year but managed to begin a comprehensive reform of Italian education that was based partly on Croces earlier suggestions . Gentiles reform remained in force well beyond the Fascist regime , and was only partly abolished in 1962 . Croce was instrumental in the relocation of the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III to Naples Palazzo Reale in 1923 . Relations with Fascism . Croce initially supported Mussolinis Fascist government that took power in 1922 . However , the assassination by Fascists of the socialist politician Giacomo Matteotti in June 1924 shook Croces support for Mussolini . In May 1925 Croce was one of the signatories to the Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals which had been written by Croce himself ; however , in June of the previous year , he had voted in the Senate in support of the Mussolini government . He later explained that he had hoped that the support for Mussolini in parliament would weaken the more extreme Fascists who , he believed , were responsible for Matteottis murder . Croce later became one of the firmest opponents of fascism . In 1928 , Croce voted against the law which effectively abolished free elections in Italy by requiring electors to vote for a list of candidates approved by the Grand Council of Fascism . He became increasingly dismayed by the number of ex-democrats who had abandoned their former principles . Croce frequently provided financial assistance to anti-Fascist writers and dissidents such as Giorgio Amendola , Ivanoe Bonomi , and Meuccio Ruini , as well as those who wanted to maintain intellectual and political independence from the regime , and covertly helped them get published . Croces house in Turin became a popular destination for anti-Fascists , and after the war , Amendola along with communists such as Eugenio Reale reflected that Croce offered aid and encouragement to both liberal and Marxist resistance members during the crucial years . Croce was seriously threatened by Mussolinis regime , though the only act of physical violence he suffered at the hands of the fascists was the ransacking of his home and library in Naples in November 1926 . Although he managed to stay outside prison thanks to his reputation , he remained subject to surveillance , and his academic work was kept in obscurity by the government , to the extent that no mainstream newspaper or academic publication ever referred to him . Croce later coined the term onagrocrazia ( literally government by asses ) to emphasize the anti-intellectual and boorish tendencies of parts of the Fascist regime . However , in describing Fascism as anti-intellectual Croce ignored the many Italian intellectuals who at the time actively supported Mussolinis regime , including Croces former friend and colleague , Gentile . Croce also described Fascism as malattia morale ( literally moral illness ) . When Mussolinis government adopted antisemitic policies in 1938 , Croce was the only non-Jewish intellectual who refused to complete a government questionnaire designed to collect information on the so-called racial background of Italian intellectuals . Besides writing in his periodical , Croce used other means to express his anti-racism and to make public statements against the persecution of the Jews . The new Republic . In 1944 , when democracy was restored in Southern Italy , Croce , as an icon of liberal anti-fascism , became minister without portfolio in governments headed by Pietro Badoglio and by Ivanoe Bonomi ( Ryn , 2000:xi–xii ) . He left the government in July 1944 but remained president of the Liberal Party until 1947 ( Ryn , 2000:xii ) . Croce voted for the Monarchy in the Constitutional referendum of June 1946 , after having persuaded his Liberal Party to adopt a neutral stance . He was elected to the Constituent Assembly which existed in Italy between June 1946 and January 1948 . He spoke in the Assembly against the Peace treaty ( signed in February 1947 ) , which he regarded as humiliating for Italy . He declined to stand as provisional President of Italy . Philosophical works . Croces most interesting philosophical ideas are expounded in three works : Aesthetic ( 1902 ) , Logic ( 1908 ) , and Philosophy of the Practical ( 1908 ) , but his complete work is spread over 80 books and 40 years worth of publications in his own bi-monthly literary magazine , La Critica ( Ryn , 2000:xi ) Croce was philosophically a pantheist , but , from a religious point of view , an agnostic ; however , he did publish an essay entitled Why We Cannot Help Calling Ourselves Christians . This essay shows the Christian roots of European culture , but religion is considered by Croce a mere propaedeutic study for philosophy , which is the only true science : philosophy is , in fact , the science of spirit ( the Philosophy of Spirit ) . Philosophy of spirit . Heavily influenced by Hegel and other German Idealists such as Schelling , Croce produced what was called , by him , the Philosophy of Spirit . His preferred designations were absolute idealism or absolute historicism . Croces work can be seen as a second attempt ( contra Kant ) to resolve the problems and conflicts between empiricism and rationalism ( or sensationalism and transcendentalism , respectively ) . He calls his way immanentism , and concentrates on the lived human experience , as it happens in specific places and times . Since the root of reality is this immanent existence in concrete experience , Croce places aesthetics at the foundation of his philosophy . Domains of mind . Croces methodological approach to philosophy is expressed in his divisions of the spirit , or mind . He divides mental activity first into the theoretical , and then the practical . The theoretical division splits between aesthetic and logic . This theoretical aesthetic includes most importantly : intuitions and history . The logical includes concepts and relations . Practical spirit is concerned with economics and ethics . Economics is here to be understood as an exhaustive term for all utilitarian matters . Each of these divisions have an underlying structure that colors , or dictates , the sort of thinking that goes on within them . While Aesthetic is driven by beauty , Logic is subject to truth , Economics is concerned with what is useful , and the moral , or Ethics , is bound to the good . This schema is descriptive in that it attempts to elucidate the logic of human thought ; however , it is prescriptive as well , in that these ideas form the basis for epistemological claims and confidence . History . Croce also had great esteem for Vico , and shared his opinion that history should be written by philosophers . Croces On History sets forth the view of history as philosophy in motion , that there is no cosmic design or ultimate plan in history , and that the science of history was a farce . Aesthetics . Croces work Breviario di estetica ( The Essence of Aesthetics ) appears in the form of four lessons ( quattro lezioni ) in aesthetics that he was asked to write and deliver at the inauguration of Rice University in 1912 . He declined an invitation to attend the event , but he wrote the lessons and submitted them for translation so that they could be read in his absence . In this brief , but dense , work , Croce sets forth his theory of art . He believed that art is more important than science or metaphysics since only art edifies us . He claimed that all we know can be reduced to imaginative knowledge . Art springs from the latter , making it at its heart , pure imagery . All thought is based in part on this , and it precedes all other thought . The task of an artist is then to invent the perfect image that they can produce for their viewer since this is what beauty fundamentally is – the formation of inward , mental images in their ideal state . Our intuition is the basis for forming these concepts within us . Croce was the first to develop a position later known as aesthetic expressivism , the idea that art expresses emotions , not ideas . ( R . G . Collingwood later developed a similar thesis. ) Croces theory was later debated by such contemporary Italian philosophers as Umberto Eco , who locates the aesthetic within a semiotic construction . Contributions to liberal political theory . Croces liberalism differs from the theories advocated by most proponents of liberal political thought , including those in Britain and in the United States . While Croce theorises that the individual is the basis of society , he rejects social atomism . While Croce accepts limited government , he disputes the idea that the government should have fixed legitimate powers . Croce did not agree with John Locke about the nature of liberty . Croce believed that liberty is not a natural right but an earned right that arises out of continuing historical struggle for its maintenance . Croce defined civilization as the continual vigilance against barbarism , and liberty conformed to his ideal for civilization as it allows one to experience the full potential of life . Croce also rejects egalitarianism as absurd . In short , his variety of liberalism is aristocratic , as he views society being led by the few who can create the goodness of truth , civilization , and beauty , with the great mass of citizens , simply benefiting from them but unable to fully comprehend their creations ( Ryn , 2000:xii ) . In Etica e politica ( 1931 ) , Croce defines liberalism as an ethical conception of life that rejects dogmatism and favors diversity , and in the name of liberty and free choice of the individual , is hostile to the authoritarianism of fascism , communism , and the Catholic Church . While Croce realizes that democracy can sometimes threaten individual liberty , he sees liberalism and democracy as predicated on the same ideals of moral equality and opposition to authority . Furthermore , he acknowledged the positive historic role played by the Socialist parties in Italy in their struggles to improve conditions for the working class , and urged modern socialists to swear off dictatorial solutions . In contrast to the socialists , who Croce viewed as part of modernity along with liberals , his condemnation of reactionaries is unremittingly harsh . Croce also draws a distinction between liberalism and capitalism or laissez-faire economic doctrines . For Croce , capitalism only emerged to meet certain economic needs of society , and could be changed or even replaced if better solutions to those needs were found , if it failed to promote freedom , or if economic values clashed with higher values . Thus liberalism could welcome socialistic proposals so long as they promoted freedom . Croces ideas on the separation between liberalism as an ethical principle and the contingent laissez-faire economic doctrines which accompanied it in certain contexts would influence Italian social democrats such as Leo Valiani and Giuseppe Saragat as well as the liberal socialist synthesis of Carlo Rosselli . Selected bibliography . - Materialismo storico ed economia marxistica ( 1900 ) . English edition : Historical Materialism and the Economics of Karl Marx . Whitefish , MT : Kessinger , 2004 . - LEstetica come scienza dellespressione e linguistica generale ( 1902 ) , commonly referred to as Aesthetic in English . - Benedetto Croce , ( 1908 ) Philosophy of the Practical Economic and Ethic , Douglas Ainslie ( trans. ) ( 1913 ) Macmillan and Co. , Limited , London . - Breviario di estetica ( 1913 ) - See English edition : Theory and history of Historiography , Douglas Ainslie , Editor : George G . Harrap . London ( 1921 ) . - Racconto degli racconti ( first translation into Italian from Neapolitan of Giambattista Basiles Pentamerone , Lo cunto de li cunti , 1925 ) - Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals ( 1 May 1925 in La Critica ) - Ultimi saggi ( 1935 ) - La poesia ( 1936 ) - La storia come pensiero e come azione ( History as thought and as action ; 1938 ) , translated in English by Sylvia Sprigge as History as the story of liberty in 1941 in London by George Allen & Unwin and in US by W.W . Norton . The most recent edited translation based on that of Sprigge is Liberty Fund Inc . in 2000 . The 1941 English translation is accessible online through Questia . - Il carattere della filosofia moderna ( 1941 ) - Politics and Morals 1946 . PDF . ( First published in 1946 . Croces dynamic conception of liberty , liberalism and the relation of individual morality to the State ) . - Filosofia e storiografia ( 1949 )

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Clyde Geronimi was an employee for whom in Jan 1918?

/wiki/Clyde_Geronimi#P108#0

Clyde Geronimi Clito Clyde Geronimi ( June 12 , 1901 – April 24 , 1989 ) , known as Gerry , was an Italian American animation director . He is best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions . Biography . Geronimi was born in Chiavenna , Italy , immigrating to the United States as a young child . Geronimis earliest work in the animation field was for the J.R . Bray Studios , where he worked with Walter Lantz . Geronimi left Bray in 1931 to join Walt Disney Productions , where he remained until 1959 . Geronimi started off in the shorts department as an animator , eventually becoming a director . His 1941 short , Lend a Paw , won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . Geronimi moved into directing feature-length animated films after the end of World War II , mainly working for Walt Disney Productions . He was one of the directors on Bambi , Cinderella , Alice in Wonderland , Peter Pan , Lady and the Tramp , Sleeping Beauty , and One Hundred and One Dalmatians . After Geronimi left Disney in 1959 , he worked in television for a number of years ( mostly at UPA ) , including directing many episodes of the 1967 animated Spider-Man series . He retired from animation sometime in the late 1960s , and provided illustrations for childrens books . Geronimi received the 1978 Winsor McCay Award from the International Animated Film Society , ASIFA-Hollywood , for his lifetime of contributions to the animation field . The award was presented by his long-time friend and colleague Walter Lantz . Geronimi was also posthumously inducted as a Disney Legend on July 14 , 2017 . In 2019 , Sleeping Beauty was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . Geronimi died on April 24 , 1989 at his home in Newport Beach , California , aged 87 . Filmography . Shorts . Walter Lantz Productions period . - The Pied Piper ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - The Giant Killer ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - The Magic Lamp ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - Dinky Doodle in a Restaurant ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Circus ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Camel Got His Hump ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Hunt ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Bear Got His Short Tail ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle and the Bad Man ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Elephant Got His Trunk ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Just Spooks ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The Babes in the Woods ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Three Bears ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Robinson Crusoe ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Magic Carpet ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Peter Pan Handled ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The House That Dinky Built ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Cinderella ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Little Red Riding Hood ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The Cats Nine Lives ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Pigs Curly Tail ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Army ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dog Gone It ( Short ) ( assistant director ) ( 1926 ) - The Magician ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodles Little Orphan ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodles Bed Time Story ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Wild-West ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Ostrichs Plumes ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Egypt ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The King of Beasts ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Arctic ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Lost and Found ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Uncle Toms Cabin ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - How the Giraffe Got His Long Neck ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Goats Whiskers ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Hyenas Laugh ( animator ) ( 1926 ) - Lunch Hound ( animator ) ( 1927 ) - Mars ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Alaska ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Africa ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Mexico ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Navy ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Fowl Ball ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Detective ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Singing Sap ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Cold Feet ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Snappy Salesman ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Henpecked ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Spooks ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Not So Quiet ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - My Pal Paul ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Hells Heels ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Hot for Hollywood ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - The Prison Panic ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - The Hunter ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Kentucky Belles ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Radio Rhythm ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Stone Age ( Short ) ( animator and artist ) ( 1931 ) - Northwoods ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Bandmaster ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Country School ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Sunny South ( Short ) ( artist ) ( 1931 ) - The Fireman ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Farmer ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - What a Doctor ! ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Shipwreck ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - College ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - China ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) Disney period . - The Ugly Duckling ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Orphans ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickey Cuts Up ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - The Beach Party ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Good Deed ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Santas Workshop ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - The Klondike Kid ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Trader Mickey ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Flowers and Trees ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Just Dogs ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Mickey in Arabia ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Mickeys Revue ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - The Duck Hunt ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Giantland ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Steeple Chase ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Old king Cole ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Mechanical Man ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Father Noahs Ark ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Mellerdrammer ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Birds in the Spring ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Building a Building ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Dognapper ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Goddess of Spring ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Peculiar Penguins ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Wise Little Hen ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Big Bad Wolf ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Shanghaied ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Cock o the Walk ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Music Land ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - Plutos Judgement Day ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Who Killed Cock Robin ? ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - Mickeys Kangaroo ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - The Band Concert ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) - Mickeys Man Friday ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Mother Pluto ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Three Blind Mouseketeers ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Mickeys Rival ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Lonesome Ghosts ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Moose Hunters ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - The Fox Hunt ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Mickeys Trailer ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Boat Builders ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Society Dog Show ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1939 ) - Mickeys Parrot ( director ) ( 1938 ) - The Ugly Duckling ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Beach Picnic ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Officer Duck ( director ) ( 1939 ) - The Pointer ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Mr . Mouse Takes a Trip ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Pantry Pirate ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Billposters ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Tugboat Mickey ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Plutos Dream House ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Lend a Paw ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Canine Caddy ( director ) ( 1941 ) - A Gentlemans Gentleman ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Pluto Junior ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Army Mascot ( director ) ( 1942 ) - T-Bone for Two ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Pluto at the Zoo ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Sleep Walker ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Private Pluto ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Education for Death ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Chicken Little ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Victory Through Air Power ( Deputy director ) ( 1943 ) - Pluto and the Armadillo ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Susie the Little Blue Coupe ( director ) ( 1952 ) - Music Land ( director ) ( 1956 ) Feature films . - Dumbo ( assistant director - uncredited ) ( 1941 ) - Bambi ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Three Caballeros ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Make Mine Music ( Peter and the Wolf segment ) ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Melody Time ( Pecos Bill segment ) ( director ) ( 1948 ) - The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr . Toad ( The Adventures of Ichabod segment ) ( director ) ( 1949 ) - Cinderella ( director ) ( 1950 ) - Alice in Wonderland ( director ) ( 1951 ) - Peter Pan ( director ) ( 1953 ) - Lady and the Tramp ( director ) ( 1955 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) - One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) TV . - Spider-Man ( TV series ) ( direction ) ( 1967 ) - Disneyland ( TV series ) ( sequence director - 1 episode ) - How the West Was Lost ( 1967 ) ( sequence director ) - Funny Is Funny ( Short ) ( animation director ) ( 1966 ) - Linus the Lionhearted ( TV Series ) ( animation director - 2 episodes ) ( 1964 ) - Adrift on the Rapids ( 1964 ) ( animation director ) - Mocking Bird ( 1964 ) ( animation director ) External links . - Obituary at the New York Times

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Clyde Geronimi was an employee for whom between Nov 1922 and Jan 1926?

/wiki/Clyde_Geronimi#P108#1

Clyde Geronimi Clito Clyde Geronimi ( June 12 , 1901 – April 24 , 1989 ) , known as Gerry , was an Italian American animation director . He is best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions . Biography . Geronimi was born in Chiavenna , Italy , immigrating to the United States as a young child . Geronimis earliest work in the animation field was for the J.R . Bray Studios , where he worked with Walter Lantz . Geronimi left Bray in 1931 to join Walt Disney Productions , where he remained until 1959 . Geronimi started off in the shorts department as an animator , eventually becoming a director . His 1941 short , Lend a Paw , won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . Geronimi moved into directing feature-length animated films after the end of World War II , mainly working for Walt Disney Productions . He was one of the directors on Bambi , Cinderella , Alice in Wonderland , Peter Pan , Lady and the Tramp , Sleeping Beauty , and One Hundred and One Dalmatians . After Geronimi left Disney in 1959 , he worked in television for a number of years ( mostly at UPA ) , including directing many episodes of the 1967 animated Spider-Man series . He retired from animation sometime in the late 1960s , and provided illustrations for childrens books . Geronimi received the 1978 Winsor McCay Award from the International Animated Film Society , ASIFA-Hollywood , for his lifetime of contributions to the animation field . The award was presented by his long-time friend and colleague Walter Lantz . Geronimi was also posthumously inducted as a Disney Legend on July 14 , 2017 . In 2019 , Sleeping Beauty was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . Geronimi died on April 24 , 1989 at his home in Newport Beach , California , aged 87 . Filmography . Shorts . Walter Lantz Productions period . - The Pied Piper ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - The Giant Killer ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - The Magic Lamp ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - Dinky Doodle in a Restaurant ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Circus ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Camel Got His Hump ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Hunt ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Bear Got His Short Tail ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle and the Bad Man ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Elephant Got His Trunk ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Just Spooks ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The Babes in the Woods ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Three Bears ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Robinson Crusoe ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Magic Carpet ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Peter Pan Handled ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The House That Dinky Built ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Cinderella ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Little Red Riding Hood ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The Cats Nine Lives ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Pigs Curly Tail ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Army ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dog Gone It ( Short ) ( assistant director ) ( 1926 ) - The Magician ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodles Little Orphan ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodles Bed Time Story ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Wild-West ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Ostrichs Plumes ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Egypt ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The King of Beasts ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Arctic ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Lost and Found ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Uncle Toms Cabin ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - How the Giraffe Got His Long Neck ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Goats Whiskers ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Hyenas Laugh ( animator ) ( 1926 ) - Lunch Hound ( animator ) ( 1927 ) - Mars ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Alaska ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Africa ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Mexico ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Navy ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Fowl Ball ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Detective ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Singing Sap ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Cold Feet ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Snappy Salesman ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Henpecked ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Spooks ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Not So Quiet ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - My Pal Paul ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Hells Heels ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Hot for Hollywood ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - The Prison Panic ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - The Hunter ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Kentucky Belles ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Radio Rhythm ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Stone Age ( Short ) ( animator and artist ) ( 1931 ) - Northwoods ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Bandmaster ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Country School ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Sunny South ( Short ) ( artist ) ( 1931 ) - The Fireman ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Farmer ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - What a Doctor ! ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Shipwreck ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - College ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - China ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) Disney period . - The Ugly Duckling ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Orphans ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickey Cuts Up ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - The Beach Party ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Good Deed ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Santas Workshop ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - The Klondike Kid ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Trader Mickey ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Flowers and Trees ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Just Dogs ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Mickey in Arabia ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Mickeys Revue ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - The Duck Hunt ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Giantland ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Steeple Chase ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Old king Cole ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Mechanical Man ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Father Noahs Ark ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Mellerdrammer ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Birds in the Spring ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Building a Building ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Dognapper ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Goddess of Spring ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Peculiar Penguins ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Wise Little Hen ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Big Bad Wolf ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Shanghaied ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Cock o the Walk ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Music Land ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - Plutos Judgement Day ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Who Killed Cock Robin ? ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - Mickeys Kangaroo ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - The Band Concert ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) - Mickeys Man Friday ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Mother Pluto ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Three Blind Mouseketeers ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Mickeys Rival ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Lonesome Ghosts ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Moose Hunters ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - The Fox Hunt ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Mickeys Trailer ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Boat Builders ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Society Dog Show ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1939 ) - Mickeys Parrot ( director ) ( 1938 ) - The Ugly Duckling ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Beach Picnic ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Officer Duck ( director ) ( 1939 ) - The Pointer ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Mr . Mouse Takes a Trip ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Pantry Pirate ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Billposters ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Tugboat Mickey ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Plutos Dream House ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Lend a Paw ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Canine Caddy ( director ) ( 1941 ) - A Gentlemans Gentleman ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Pluto Junior ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Army Mascot ( director ) ( 1942 ) - T-Bone for Two ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Pluto at the Zoo ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Sleep Walker ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Private Pluto ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Education for Death ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Chicken Little ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Victory Through Air Power ( Deputy director ) ( 1943 ) - Pluto and the Armadillo ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Susie the Little Blue Coupe ( director ) ( 1952 ) - Music Land ( director ) ( 1956 ) Feature films . - Dumbo ( assistant director - uncredited ) ( 1941 ) - Bambi ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Three Caballeros ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Make Mine Music ( Peter and the Wolf segment ) ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Melody Time ( Pecos Bill segment ) ( director ) ( 1948 ) - The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr . Toad ( The Adventures of Ichabod segment ) ( director ) ( 1949 ) - Cinderella ( director ) ( 1950 ) - Alice in Wonderland ( director ) ( 1951 ) - Peter Pan ( director ) ( 1953 ) - Lady and the Tramp ( director ) ( 1955 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) - One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) TV . - Spider-Man ( TV series ) ( direction ) ( 1967 ) - Disneyland ( TV series ) ( sequence director - 1 episode ) - How the West Was Lost ( 1967 ) ( sequence director ) - Funny Is Funny ( Short ) ( animation director ) ( 1966 ) - Linus the Lionhearted ( TV Series ) ( animation director - 2 episodes ) ( 1964 ) - Adrift on the Rapids ( 1964 ) ( animation director ) - Mocking Bird ( 1964 ) ( animation director ) External links . - Obituary at the New York Times

hard

Clyde Geronimi was an employee for whom between Jan 1930 and May 1930?

/wiki/Clyde_Geronimi#P108#2

Clyde Geronimi Clito Clyde Geronimi ( June 12 , 1901 – April 24 , 1989 ) , known as Gerry , was an Italian American animation director . He is best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions . Biography . Geronimi was born in Chiavenna , Italy , immigrating to the United States as a young child . Geronimis earliest work in the animation field was for the J.R . Bray Studios , where he worked with Walter Lantz . Geronimi left Bray in 1931 to join Walt Disney Productions , where he remained until 1959 . Geronimi started off in the shorts department as an animator , eventually becoming a director . His 1941 short , Lend a Paw , won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . Geronimi moved into directing feature-length animated films after the end of World War II , mainly working for Walt Disney Productions . He was one of the directors on Bambi , Cinderella , Alice in Wonderland , Peter Pan , Lady and the Tramp , Sleeping Beauty , and One Hundred and One Dalmatians . After Geronimi left Disney in 1959 , he worked in television for a number of years ( mostly at UPA ) , including directing many episodes of the 1967 animated Spider-Man series . He retired from animation sometime in the late 1960s , and provided illustrations for childrens books . Geronimi received the 1978 Winsor McCay Award from the International Animated Film Society , ASIFA-Hollywood , for his lifetime of contributions to the animation field . The award was presented by his long-time friend and colleague Walter Lantz . Geronimi was also posthumously inducted as a Disney Legend on July 14 , 2017 . In 2019 , Sleeping Beauty was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . Geronimi died on April 24 , 1989 at his home in Newport Beach , California , aged 87 . Filmography . Shorts . Walter Lantz Productions period . - The Pied Piper ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - The Giant Killer ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - The Magic Lamp ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - Dinky Doodle in a Restaurant ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Circus ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Camel Got His Hump ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Hunt ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Bear Got His Short Tail ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle and the Bad Man ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Elephant Got His Trunk ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Just Spooks ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The Babes in the Woods ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Three Bears ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Robinson Crusoe ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Magic Carpet ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Peter Pan Handled ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The House That Dinky Built ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Cinderella ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Little Red Riding Hood ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The Cats Nine Lives ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Pigs Curly Tail ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Army ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dog Gone It ( Short ) ( assistant director ) ( 1926 ) - The Magician ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodles Little Orphan ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodles Bed Time Story ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Wild-West ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Ostrichs Plumes ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Egypt ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The King of Beasts ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Arctic ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Lost and Found ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Uncle Toms Cabin ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - How the Giraffe Got His Long Neck ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Goats Whiskers ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Hyenas Laugh ( animator ) ( 1926 ) - Lunch Hound ( animator ) ( 1927 ) - Mars ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Alaska ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Africa ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Mexico ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Navy ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Fowl Ball ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Detective ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Singing Sap ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Cold Feet ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Snappy Salesman ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Henpecked ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Spooks ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Not So Quiet ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - My Pal Paul ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Hells Heels ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Hot for Hollywood ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - The Prison Panic ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - The Hunter ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Kentucky Belles ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Radio Rhythm ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Stone Age ( Short ) ( animator and artist ) ( 1931 ) - Northwoods ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Bandmaster ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Country School ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Sunny South ( Short ) ( artist ) ( 1931 ) - The Fireman ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Farmer ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - What a Doctor ! ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Shipwreck ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - College ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - China ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) Disney period . - The Ugly Duckling ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Orphans ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickey Cuts Up ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - The Beach Party ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Good Deed ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Santas Workshop ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - The Klondike Kid ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Trader Mickey ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Flowers and Trees ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Just Dogs ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Mickey in Arabia ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Mickeys Revue ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - The Duck Hunt ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Giantland ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Steeple Chase ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Old king Cole ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Mechanical Man ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Father Noahs Ark ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Mellerdrammer ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Birds in the Spring ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Building a Building ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Dognapper ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Goddess of Spring ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Peculiar Penguins ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Wise Little Hen ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Big Bad Wolf ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Shanghaied ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Cock o the Walk ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Music Land ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - Plutos Judgement Day ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Who Killed Cock Robin ? ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - Mickeys Kangaroo ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - The Band Concert ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) - Mickeys Man Friday ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Mother Pluto ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Three Blind Mouseketeers ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Mickeys Rival ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Lonesome Ghosts ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Moose Hunters ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - The Fox Hunt ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Mickeys Trailer ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Boat Builders ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Society Dog Show ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1939 ) - Mickeys Parrot ( director ) ( 1938 ) - The Ugly Duckling ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Beach Picnic ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Officer Duck ( director ) ( 1939 ) - The Pointer ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Mr . Mouse Takes a Trip ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Pantry Pirate ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Billposters ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Tugboat Mickey ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Plutos Dream House ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Lend a Paw ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Canine Caddy ( director ) ( 1941 ) - A Gentlemans Gentleman ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Pluto Junior ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Army Mascot ( director ) ( 1942 ) - T-Bone for Two ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Pluto at the Zoo ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Sleep Walker ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Private Pluto ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Education for Death ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Chicken Little ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Victory Through Air Power ( Deputy director ) ( 1943 ) - Pluto and the Armadillo ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Susie the Little Blue Coupe ( director ) ( 1952 ) - Music Land ( director ) ( 1956 ) Feature films . - Dumbo ( assistant director - uncredited ) ( 1941 ) - Bambi ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Three Caballeros ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Make Mine Music ( Peter and the Wolf segment ) ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Melody Time ( Pecos Bill segment ) ( director ) ( 1948 ) - The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr . Toad ( The Adventures of Ichabod segment ) ( director ) ( 1949 ) - Cinderella ( director ) ( 1950 ) - Alice in Wonderland ( director ) ( 1951 ) - Peter Pan ( director ) ( 1953 ) - Lady and the Tramp ( director ) ( 1955 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) - One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) TV . - Spider-Man ( TV series ) ( direction ) ( 1967 ) - Disneyland ( TV series ) ( sequence director - 1 episode ) - How the West Was Lost ( 1967 ) ( sequence director ) - Funny Is Funny ( Short ) ( animation director ) ( 1966 ) - Linus the Lionhearted ( TV Series ) ( animation director - 2 episodes ) ( 1964 ) - Adrift on the Rapids ( 1964 ) ( animation director ) - Mocking Bird ( 1964 ) ( animation director ) External links . - Obituary at the New York Times

hard

Clyde Geronimi was an employee for whom after Jun 1931?

/wiki/Clyde_Geronimi#P108#3

Clyde Geronimi Clito Clyde Geronimi ( June 12 , 1901 – April 24 , 1989 ) , known as Gerry , was an Italian American animation director . He is best known for his work at Walt Disney Productions . Biography . Geronimi was born in Chiavenna , Italy , immigrating to the United States as a young child . Geronimis earliest work in the animation field was for the J.R . Bray Studios , where he worked with Walter Lantz . Geronimi left Bray in 1931 to join Walt Disney Productions , where he remained until 1959 . Geronimi started off in the shorts department as an animator , eventually becoming a director . His 1941 short , Lend a Paw , won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . Geronimi moved into directing feature-length animated films after the end of World War II , mainly working for Walt Disney Productions . He was one of the directors on Bambi , Cinderella , Alice in Wonderland , Peter Pan , Lady and the Tramp , Sleeping Beauty , and One Hundred and One Dalmatians . After Geronimi left Disney in 1959 , he worked in television for a number of years ( mostly at UPA ) , including directing many episodes of the 1967 animated Spider-Man series . He retired from animation sometime in the late 1960s , and provided illustrations for childrens books . Geronimi received the 1978 Winsor McCay Award from the International Animated Film Society , ASIFA-Hollywood , for his lifetime of contributions to the animation field . The award was presented by his long-time friend and colleague Walter Lantz . Geronimi was also posthumously inducted as a Disney Legend on July 14 , 2017 . In 2019 , Sleeping Beauty was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry for being culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . Geronimi died on April 24 , 1989 at his home in Newport Beach , California , aged 87 . Filmography . Shorts . Walter Lantz Productions period . - The Pied Piper ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - The Giant Killer ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - The Magic Lamp ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1924 ) - Dinky Doodle in a Restaurant ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Circus ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Camel Got His Hump ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Hunt ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Bear Got His Short Tail ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Dinky Doodle and the Bad Man ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - How the Elephant Got His Trunk ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Just Spooks ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The Babes in the Woods ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Three Bears ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Robinson Crusoe ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Magic Carpet ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Peter Pan Handled ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The House That Dinky Built ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Cinderella ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - Little Red Riding Hood ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1925 ) - The Cats Nine Lives ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Pigs Curly Tail ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in the Army ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dog Gone It ( Short ) ( assistant director ) ( 1926 ) - The Magician ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodles Little Orphan ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodles Bed Time Story ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Wild-West ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Ostrichs Plumes ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Egypt ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The King of Beasts ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Arctic ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Lost and Found ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Dinky Doodle in Uncle Toms Cabin ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - How the Giraffe Got His Long Neck ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - The Goats Whiskers ( Short ) ( assistant animator ) ( 1926 ) - Hyenas Laugh ( animator ) ( 1926 ) - Lunch Hound ( animator ) ( 1927 ) - Mars ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Alaska ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Africa ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Mexico ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Navy ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Fowl Ball ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Detective ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - The Singing Sap ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1930 ) - Cold Feet ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Snappy Salesman ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Henpecked ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Spooks ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Not So Quiet ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - My Pal Paul ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Hells Heels ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - Hot for Hollywood ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - The Prison Panic ( Short ) ( animator and writer ) ( 1930 ) - The Hunter ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Kentucky Belles ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Radio Rhythm ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Stone Age ( Short ) ( animator and artist ) ( 1931 ) - Northwoods ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Bandmaster ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Country School ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - Sunny South ( Short ) ( artist ) ( 1931 ) - The Fireman ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - The Farmer ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - What a Doctor ! ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Shipwreck ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1931 ) - College ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - China ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) Disney period . - The Ugly Duckling ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Orphans ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickey Cuts Up ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - The Beach Party ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1931 ) - Mickeys Good Deed ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Santas Workshop ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - The Klondike Kid ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Trader Mickey ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Flowers and Trees ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Just Dogs ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Mickey in Arabia ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Mickeys Revue ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - The Duck Hunt ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1932 ) - Giantland ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Steeple Chase ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Old king Cole ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Mechanical Man ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Father Noahs Ark ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Mickeys Mellerdrammer ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Birds in the Spring ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - Building a Building ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1933 ) - The Dognapper ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Goddess of Spring ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Peculiar Penguins ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Wise Little Hen ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - The Big Bad Wolf ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Shanghaied ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Cock o the Walk ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Music Land ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - Plutos Judgement Day ( Short ) ( animator ) ( 1935 ) - Who Killed Cock Robin ? ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - Mickeys Kangaroo ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1935 ) - The Band Concert ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) - Mickeys Man Friday ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1934 ) - Mother Pluto ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Three Blind Mouseketeers ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Mickeys Rival ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1936 ) - Lonesome Ghosts ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - Moose Hunters ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1937 ) - The Fox Hunt ( Short ) ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Mickeys Trailer ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Boat Builders ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1938 ) - Society Dog Show ( animator - uncredited ) ( 1939 ) - Mickeys Parrot ( director ) ( 1938 ) - The Ugly Duckling ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Beach Picnic ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Officer Duck ( director ) ( 1939 ) - The Pointer ( director ) ( 1939 ) - Mr . Mouse Takes a Trip ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Pantry Pirate ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Billposters ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Tugboat Mickey ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Plutos Dream House ( director ) ( 1940 ) - Lend a Paw ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Canine Caddy ( director ) ( 1941 ) - A Gentlemans Gentleman ( director ) ( 1941 ) - Pluto Junior ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Army Mascot ( director ) ( 1942 ) - T-Bone for Two ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Pluto at the Zoo ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Sleep Walker ( director ) ( 1942 ) - Private Pluto ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Education for Death ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Chicken Little ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Victory Through Air Power ( Deputy director ) ( 1943 ) - Pluto and the Armadillo ( director ) ( 1943 ) - Susie the Little Blue Coupe ( director ) ( 1952 ) - Music Land ( director ) ( 1956 ) Feature films . - Dumbo ( assistant director - uncredited ) ( 1941 ) - Bambi ( director ) ( 1942 ) - The Three Caballeros ( director ) ( 1944 ) - Make Mine Music ( Peter and the Wolf segment ) ( director ) ( 1946 ) - Melody Time ( Pecos Bill segment ) ( director ) ( 1948 ) - The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr . Toad ( The Adventures of Ichabod segment ) ( director ) ( 1949 ) - Cinderella ( director ) ( 1950 ) - Alice in Wonderland ( director ) ( 1951 ) - Peter Pan ( director ) ( 1953 ) - Lady and the Tramp ( director ) ( 1955 ) - Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) - One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) TV . - Spider-Man ( TV series ) ( direction ) ( 1967 ) - Disneyland ( TV series ) ( sequence director - 1 episode ) - How the West Was Lost ( 1967 ) ( sequence director ) - Funny Is Funny ( Short ) ( animation director ) ( 1966 ) - Linus the Lionhearted ( TV Series ) ( animation director - 2 episodes ) ( 1964 ) - Adrift on the Rapids ( 1964 ) ( animation director ) - Mocking Bird ( 1964 ) ( animation director ) External links . - Obituary at the New York Times

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Which team did Jonas Borring play for before Nov 2003?

/wiki/Jonas_Borring#P54#0

Jonas Borring Jonas Skov Borring ( born 4 January 1985 ) is a retired Danish footballer . Club career . OB . Borring started his career in Glamsbjerg IF and has later played for Årslev Boldklub , Dalum IF and B 1913 before joining OB in July 2004 on a one-year contract . Before his transfer to OB , he had appeared for various of the Danish youth national teams . Borring had a good first year at OB , and got his contract extended until 2007 in December 2004 . In the 2005/06 season , Borring played the first five matches , two of which were from start . But he got injured in the thigh , and was out for a month . A month after a friendly match against Viborg FF in the winter break 2006 where Borring scored two goals , the club offered him a contract extension until 2010 . But the rest of the season was filled with injuries for the young winger . He became a regular part of the squad in the 2006/07 , when the clubs former coach , Bruce Rioch , showed him great confidence , which he utilized . Borring played 32 league games in this season and scored 5 goals . His good performances gained him a place on the national team in September 2007 . FC Midtjylland . FC Midtjylland presented on 23 June 2008 Borring as a new player , where he signed a four-year contract with the club . The deal was the biggest deal ever between the two Danish clubs [ 7 ] after the price would have been 21 million kr . He quickly became a profile for the team and played 32 league games , scoring 10 goals , in his first season at FCM . His first half year at FCM was so successful , that he was followed by Greek club Panathinaikos in the winter break 2009 . After this season Borring revealed , that his plans was to play for a foreign club after the upcoming season . He left the club after 4 good seasons . It was confirmed on 1 May 2012 . Randers FC . After interest from foreign clubs , Esbjerg fB and a trail at German club FSV Frankfurt , he signed for Randers FC on 31 August 2012 . He got his debut on 16 September 2012 in 4-0 defeat against AaB . He had a good first season with 21 league games , the second place in the Danish Cup and the 3rd place in the league . The following season started bad with some small injury problems ; however , he played 25 league games in that season . His contract got extended in March 2014 for three years . Borring incurred an injury in his groin in summer 2014 , which resulted in an operation . After he got back from the injury some months later , he started on the bench . Borring only got 5 games from the start in the 2014/15 season . Contract negotiations began in November 2015 , but Borring wasnt sure about his future and decided to postpone it . Marriage episode . Randers FC had to miss Jonas Borring for an unknown period , due to some personal reasons . This was announced by the club in March 2015 Two days later , he signed a contract extension on two-years . The personal reasons were shortly after being published . The problem was that Borrings wife , Kira Egsgaard Borring , had left him , and had come along with Borrings team-mate , Christian Keller . Borring went out to the medias and said that he wouldnt play for Randers once again , as long as Keller was on the team : Directly asked if I want to play with him again , I can clearly answer no . One thing is , that I have lost everything for my ex-wife , especially when we got to children , but another thing is , that I have a captain , who stabbed me in the back and has violated the rules of the locker room , so I’m sad and disappointed , and I’m still in shock . Randers took the captaincy from Keller as a result of his doing . The other players in the squad supported Borring . On 23 March 2016 , Borring left Randers due to the romantic involvement between team-mate Christian Keller and Borrings ex-wife . Borrings coach Colin Todd revealed in June 2016 , after Borring had joined Brøndby IF , that he had told Keller that he had lost all of his respect for him and Keller wouldnt play for him once again as long as he was the coach . Brøndby IF . After Borring left Randers , he had bids from three Norwegian clubs and interest from Lyngby Boldklub , but signed for Brøndby IF on 29 April 2016 . Borring could join Brøndby immediately , but first play matches for the club from the coming season . Borring played his first game for Brøndby in May in a reserve match . Borring got his debut for Brøndby on 17 July 2016 in a 4-0 victory against Esbjerg fB . But the following day Borring revealed , that he was not sure about he would stay in Brøndby . The problem was , that he expected to play as a winger when he signed the contract with Brøndby , but coach Alexander Zorniger was using him as a attacker . FC Midtjylland . After only 3 months at Brøndby , FC Midtjylland and Brøndby agreed a swap deal that sent Borring to FC Midtjylland and Marco Ureña to Brøndby IF . He had a great first season in FCM , where he played 34 games , scored 3 goals and made 12 assists . AC Horsens . Borring signed for AC Horsens on 9 January 2018 . He got his contract terminated by mutual consent on 18 August 2019 . Retirement . On 7 September 2019 Borring announced on Instagram , that he had decided to retire . External links . - National team profile

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Which team did Jonas Borring play for in Sep 2006?

/wiki/Jonas_Borring#P54#1

Jonas Borring Jonas Skov Borring ( born 4 January 1985 ) is a retired Danish footballer . Club career . OB . Borring started his career in Glamsbjerg IF and has later played for Årslev Boldklub , Dalum IF and B 1913 before joining OB in July 2004 on a one-year contract . Before his transfer to OB , he had appeared for various of the Danish youth national teams . Borring had a good first year at OB , and got his contract extended until 2007 in December 2004 . In the 2005/06 season , Borring played the first five matches , two of which were from start . But he got injured in the thigh , and was out for a month . A month after a friendly match against Viborg FF in the winter break 2006 where Borring scored two goals , the club offered him a contract extension until 2010 . But the rest of the season was filled with injuries for the young winger . He became a regular part of the squad in the 2006/07 , when the clubs former coach , Bruce Rioch , showed him great confidence , which he utilized . Borring played 32 league games in this season and scored 5 goals . His good performances gained him a place on the national team in September 2007 . FC Midtjylland . FC Midtjylland presented on 23 June 2008 Borring as a new player , where he signed a four-year contract with the club . The deal was the biggest deal ever between the two Danish clubs [ 7 ] after the price would have been 21 million kr . He quickly became a profile for the team and played 32 league games , scoring 10 goals , in his first season at FCM . His first half year at FCM was so successful , that he was followed by Greek club Panathinaikos in the winter break 2009 . After this season Borring revealed , that his plans was to play for a foreign club after the upcoming season . He left the club after 4 good seasons . It was confirmed on 1 May 2012 . Randers FC . After interest from foreign clubs , Esbjerg fB and a trail at German club FSV Frankfurt , he signed for Randers FC on 31 August 2012 . He got his debut on 16 September 2012 in 4-0 defeat against AaB . He had a good first season with 21 league games , the second place in the Danish Cup and the 3rd place in the league . The following season started bad with some small injury problems ; however , he played 25 league games in that season . His contract got extended in March 2014 for three years . Borring incurred an injury in his groin in summer 2014 , which resulted in an operation . After he got back from the injury some months later , he started on the bench . Borring only got 5 games from the start in the 2014/15 season . Contract negotiations began in November 2015 , but Borring wasnt sure about his future and decided to postpone it . Marriage episode . Randers FC had to miss Jonas Borring for an unknown period , due to some personal reasons . This was announced by the club in March 2015 Two days later , he signed a contract extension on two-years . The personal reasons were shortly after being published . The problem was that Borrings wife , Kira Egsgaard Borring , had left him , and had come along with Borrings team-mate , Christian Keller . Borring went out to the medias and said that he wouldnt play for Randers once again , as long as Keller was on the team : Directly asked if I want to play with him again , I can clearly answer no . One thing is , that I have lost everything for my ex-wife , especially when we got to children , but another thing is , that I have a captain , who stabbed me in the back and has violated the rules of the locker room , so I’m sad and disappointed , and I’m still in shock . Randers took the captaincy from Keller as a result of his doing . The other players in the squad supported Borring . On 23 March 2016 , Borring left Randers due to the romantic involvement between team-mate Christian Keller and Borrings ex-wife . Borrings coach Colin Todd revealed in June 2016 , after Borring had joined Brøndby IF , that he had told Keller that he had lost all of his respect for him and Keller wouldnt play for him once again as long as he was the coach . Brøndby IF . After Borring left Randers , he had bids from three Norwegian clubs and interest from Lyngby Boldklub , but signed for Brøndby IF on 29 April 2016 . Borring could join Brøndby immediately , but first play matches for the club from the coming season . Borring played his first game for Brøndby in May in a reserve match . Borring got his debut for Brøndby on 17 July 2016 in a 4-0 victory against Esbjerg fB . But the following day Borring revealed , that he was not sure about he would stay in Brøndby . The problem was , that he expected to play as a winger when he signed the contract with Brøndby , but coach Alexander Zorniger was using him as a attacker . FC Midtjylland . After only 3 months at Brøndby , FC Midtjylland and Brøndby agreed a swap deal that sent Borring to FC Midtjylland and Marco Ureña to Brøndby IF . He had a great first season in FCM , where he played 34 games , scored 3 goals and made 12 assists . AC Horsens . Borring signed for AC Horsens on 9 January 2018 . He got his contract terminated by mutual consent on 18 August 2019 . Retirement . On 7 September 2019 Borring announced on Instagram , that he had decided to retire . External links . - National team profile

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Which team did Jonas Borring play for between Jul 2013 and Jul 2015?

/wiki/Jonas_Borring#P54#2

Jonas Borring Jonas Skov Borring ( born 4 January 1985 ) is a retired Danish footballer . Club career . OB . Borring started his career in Glamsbjerg IF and has later played for Årslev Boldklub , Dalum IF and B 1913 before joining OB in July 2004 on a one-year contract . Before his transfer to OB , he had appeared for various of the Danish youth national teams . Borring had a good first year at OB , and got his contract extended until 2007 in December 2004 . In the 2005/06 season , Borring played the first five matches , two of which were from start . But he got injured in the thigh , and was out for a month . A month after a friendly match against Viborg FF in the winter break 2006 where Borring scored two goals , the club offered him a contract extension until 2010 . But the rest of the season was filled with injuries for the young winger . He became a regular part of the squad in the 2006/07 , when the clubs former coach , Bruce Rioch , showed him great confidence , which he utilized . Borring played 32 league games in this season and scored 5 goals . His good performances gained him a place on the national team in September 2007 . FC Midtjylland . FC Midtjylland presented on 23 June 2008 Borring as a new player , where he signed a four-year contract with the club . The deal was the biggest deal ever between the two Danish clubs [ 7 ] after the price would have been 21 million kr . He quickly became a profile for the team and played 32 league games , scoring 10 goals , in his first season at FCM . His first half year at FCM was so successful , that he was followed by Greek club Panathinaikos in the winter break 2009 . After this season Borring revealed , that his plans was to play for a foreign club after the upcoming season . He left the club after 4 good seasons . It was confirmed on 1 May 2012 . Randers FC . After interest from foreign clubs , Esbjerg fB and a trail at German club FSV Frankfurt , he signed for Randers FC on 31 August 2012 . He got his debut on 16 September 2012 in 4-0 defeat against AaB . He had a good first season with 21 league games , the second place in the Danish Cup and the 3rd place in the league . The following season started bad with some small injury problems ; however , he played 25 league games in that season . His contract got extended in March 2014 for three years . Borring incurred an injury in his groin in summer 2014 , which resulted in an operation . After he got back from the injury some months later , he started on the bench . Borring only got 5 games from the start in the 2014/15 season . Contract negotiations began in November 2015 , but Borring wasnt sure about his future and decided to postpone it . Marriage episode . Randers FC had to miss Jonas Borring for an unknown period , due to some personal reasons . This was announced by the club in March 2015 Two days later , he signed a contract extension on two-years . The personal reasons were shortly after being published . The problem was that Borrings wife , Kira Egsgaard Borring , had left him , and had come along with Borrings team-mate , Christian Keller . Borring went out to the medias and said that he wouldnt play for Randers once again , as long as Keller was on the team : Directly asked if I want to play with him again , I can clearly answer no . One thing is , that I have lost everything for my ex-wife , especially when we got to children , but another thing is , that I have a captain , who stabbed me in the back and has violated the rules of the locker room , so I’m sad and disappointed , and I’m still in shock . Randers took the captaincy from Keller as a result of his doing . The other players in the squad supported Borring . On 23 March 2016 , Borring left Randers due to the romantic involvement between team-mate Christian Keller and Borrings ex-wife . Borrings coach Colin Todd revealed in June 2016 , after Borring had joined Brøndby IF , that he had told Keller that he had lost all of his respect for him and Keller wouldnt play for him once again as long as he was the coach . Brøndby IF . After Borring left Randers , he had bids from three Norwegian clubs and interest from Lyngby Boldklub , but signed for Brøndby IF on 29 April 2016 . Borring could join Brøndby immediately , but first play matches for the club from the coming season . Borring played his first game for Brøndby in May in a reserve match . Borring got his debut for Brøndby on 17 July 2016 in a 4-0 victory against Esbjerg fB . But the following day Borring revealed , that he was not sure about he would stay in Brøndby . The problem was , that he expected to play as a winger when he signed the contract with Brøndby , but coach Alexander Zorniger was using him as a attacker . FC Midtjylland . After only 3 months at Brøndby , FC Midtjylland and Brøndby agreed a swap deal that sent Borring to FC Midtjylland and Marco Ureña to Brøndby IF . He had a great first season in FCM , where he played 34 games , scored 3 goals and made 12 assists . AC Horsens . Borring signed for AC Horsens on 9 January 2018 . He got his contract terminated by mutual consent on 18 August 2019 . Retirement . On 7 September 2019 Borring announced on Instagram , that he had decided to retire . External links . - National team profile

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What was the position of Thomas Reibey in Apr 1876?

/wiki/Thomas_Reibey#P39#0

Thomas Reibey Thomas Reibey ( 24 September 1821 – 10 February 1912 ) was an Australian politician and Premier of Tasmania from 20 July 1876 until 9 August 1877 . Reiby was born in Hadspen , Van Diemens Land , ( now Tasmania ) the son of Thomas Haydock Reibey and Richarda Allen , and a grandson of Mary Reibey . Reibey was educated at Trinity College , Oxford . His father died before he graduated and he returned to Tasmania . In 1843 Reiby was admitted to Holy Orders by Bishop Francis Nixon . He was for some years rector of Holy Trinity church , Launceston , and afterwards rector of Carrick , where he built and partly endowed a church . About 1858 he became archdeacon of Launceston . Missions to the islands of Bass Strait . Archdeacon Reibey was one of a number of the Anglican clergy in Tasmania who voyaged to the Bass Strait islands in the middle of the 19th century to minister to the spiritual needs of the islanders of Aboriginal descent . The first such voyage seems to have been that made by Bishop Francis Nixon in 1854 . The next such voyage , for which a record survives , was made by archdeacon Reibey in 1862 . He was joined on the voyage by another cleric from northern Tasmania , the Reverend John Fereday ( 1813-1871 ) of George Town . They departed George Town on 17 March 1862 , aboard a cutter of 10 tons with a crew of two seamen . During the cruise they called at Flinders Island and then Chappell Island , where the islanders had gathered from their various home islands for the annual mutton-bird harvest . When archdeacon Reibey conducted divine service here on Sunday , 23 March 1862 , he had a congregation of over sixty people . Nine children were baptised during the service . Reibey and Fereday also visited Badger Island where they met Lucy Beadon . Archdeacon Reibey made subsequent voyages to the islands in 1862 and 1866 . Cannon Marcus Brownrigg followed his example and made a series of similar voyages between 1872 and 1885 . Political career . Reibey entered the Tasmanian House of Assembly as member for Westbury in 1874 and continued to represent it for 29 years . From March 1875 to July 1876 he was leader of the opposition and then became premier and colonial secretary . But parties were not clearly defined , there was much faction , and his ministry lasted only a little more than a year . He was again leader of the opposition from August 1877 to December 1878 when he became colonial secretary in the William Crowther ministry until October 1879 . In July 1887 he was elected speaker of the house of assembly and competently filled the position until July 1891 . He was minister without portfolio in the Edward Braddon ministry from April 1894 to October 1899 . Four years later Reibey retired from politics and confined his interests to country pursuits for the remainder of his long life . He had two estates and kept a stud of horses which he raced purely for the love of sport . In 1882 he won the Launceston Cup and had just failed to win the Melbourne Cup with Stockwell — he bought Malua as a yearling , which won the Melbourne Cup in 1884 . He retired from racing towards the end of his life on account of his disapproval of some incidents that had occurred in connection with it . He was president of more than one racing club and gave much energy to the improvement of agriculture as president of the Northern Agricultural Society . Keeping his faculties to the end he died aged 90 on 10 February 1912 . He married in 1842 Catherine McDonall , daughter of James Kyle of Inverness , who predeceased him . He had no children . References . - Peter Bolger , Reibey , Thomas ( 1821 - 1912 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 6 , MUP , 1976 , p . 17 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 - The Mighty Malua - Parliamentary library profile Further reading . - Blomfield , Henry Wilson. ( 1870 ) A full report of the great libel case , Reibey v . Blomfield : tried at the Supreme Court , Launceston , before His Honor Sir Francis Smith , Knt. , Chief Justice , June 1870 . Launceston [ Tas. ] : Printed and published by Harris and Just , [ 1870 ] The Great libel case , Reibey v . Blomfield .

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What was the position of Thomas Reibey in Jan 1877?

/wiki/Thomas_Reibey#P39#1

Thomas Reibey Thomas Reibey ( 24 September 1821 – 10 February 1912 ) was an Australian politician and Premier of Tasmania from 20 July 1876 until 9 August 1877 . Reiby was born in Hadspen , Van Diemens Land , ( now Tasmania ) the son of Thomas Haydock Reibey and Richarda Allen , and a grandson of Mary Reibey . Reibey was educated at Trinity College , Oxford . His father died before he graduated and he returned to Tasmania . In 1843 Reiby was admitted to Holy Orders by Bishop Francis Nixon . He was for some years rector of Holy Trinity church , Launceston , and afterwards rector of Carrick , where he built and partly endowed a church . About 1858 he became archdeacon of Launceston . Missions to the islands of Bass Strait . Archdeacon Reibey was one of a number of the Anglican clergy in Tasmania who voyaged to the Bass Strait islands in the middle of the 19th century to minister to the spiritual needs of the islanders of Aboriginal descent . The first such voyage seems to have been that made by Bishop Francis Nixon in 1854 . The next such voyage , for which a record survives , was made by archdeacon Reibey in 1862 . He was joined on the voyage by another cleric from northern Tasmania , the Reverend John Fereday ( 1813-1871 ) of George Town . They departed George Town on 17 March 1862 , aboard a cutter of 10 tons with a crew of two seamen . During the cruise they called at Flinders Island and then Chappell Island , where the islanders had gathered from their various home islands for the annual mutton-bird harvest . When archdeacon Reibey conducted divine service here on Sunday , 23 March 1862 , he had a congregation of over sixty people . Nine children were baptised during the service . Reibey and Fereday also visited Badger Island where they met Lucy Beadon . Archdeacon Reibey made subsequent voyages to the islands in 1862 and 1866 . Cannon Marcus Brownrigg followed his example and made a series of similar voyages between 1872 and 1885 . Political career . Reibey entered the Tasmanian House of Assembly as member for Westbury in 1874 and continued to represent it for 29 years . From March 1875 to July 1876 he was leader of the opposition and then became premier and colonial secretary . But parties were not clearly defined , there was much faction , and his ministry lasted only a little more than a year . He was again leader of the opposition from August 1877 to December 1878 when he became colonial secretary in the William Crowther ministry until October 1879 . In July 1887 he was elected speaker of the house of assembly and competently filled the position until July 1891 . He was minister without portfolio in the Edward Braddon ministry from April 1894 to October 1899 . Four years later Reibey retired from politics and confined his interests to country pursuits for the remainder of his long life . He had two estates and kept a stud of horses which he raced purely for the love of sport . In 1882 he won the Launceston Cup and had just failed to win the Melbourne Cup with Stockwell — he bought Malua as a yearling , which won the Melbourne Cup in 1884 . He retired from racing towards the end of his life on account of his disapproval of some incidents that had occurred in connection with it . He was president of more than one racing club and gave much energy to the improvement of agriculture as president of the Northern Agricultural Society . Keeping his faculties to the end he died aged 90 on 10 February 1912 . He married in 1842 Catherine McDonall , daughter of James Kyle of Inverness , who predeceased him . He had no children . References . - Peter Bolger , Reibey , Thomas ( 1821 - 1912 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 6 , MUP , 1976 , p . 17 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 - The Mighty Malua - Parliamentary library profile Further reading . - Blomfield , Henry Wilson. ( 1870 ) A full report of the great libel case , Reibey v . Blomfield : tried at the Supreme Court , Launceston , before His Honor Sir Francis Smith , Knt. , Chief Justice , June 1870 . Launceston [ Tas. ] : Printed and published by Harris and Just , [ 1870 ] The Great libel case , Reibey v . Blomfield .

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What was the position of Thomas Reibey in late 1870s?

/wiki/Thomas_Reibey#P39#2

Thomas Reibey Thomas Reibey ( 24 September 1821 – 10 February 1912 ) was an Australian politician and Premier of Tasmania from 20 July 1876 until 9 August 1877 . Reiby was born in Hadspen , Van Diemens Land , ( now Tasmania ) the son of Thomas Haydock Reibey and Richarda Allen , and a grandson of Mary Reibey . Reibey was educated at Trinity College , Oxford . His father died before he graduated and he returned to Tasmania . In 1843 Reiby was admitted to Holy Orders by Bishop Francis Nixon . He was for some years rector of Holy Trinity church , Launceston , and afterwards rector of Carrick , where he built and partly endowed a church . About 1858 he became archdeacon of Launceston . Missions to the islands of Bass Strait . Archdeacon Reibey was one of a number of the Anglican clergy in Tasmania who voyaged to the Bass Strait islands in the middle of the 19th century to minister to the spiritual needs of the islanders of Aboriginal descent . The first such voyage seems to have been that made by Bishop Francis Nixon in 1854 . The next such voyage , for which a record survives , was made by archdeacon Reibey in 1862 . He was joined on the voyage by another cleric from northern Tasmania , the Reverend John Fereday ( 1813-1871 ) of George Town . They departed George Town on 17 March 1862 , aboard a cutter of 10 tons with a crew of two seamen . During the cruise they called at Flinders Island and then Chappell Island , where the islanders had gathered from their various home islands for the annual mutton-bird harvest . When archdeacon Reibey conducted divine service here on Sunday , 23 March 1862 , he had a congregation of over sixty people . Nine children were baptised during the service . Reibey and Fereday also visited Badger Island where they met Lucy Beadon . Archdeacon Reibey made subsequent voyages to the islands in 1862 and 1866 . Cannon Marcus Brownrigg followed his example and made a series of similar voyages between 1872 and 1885 . Political career . Reibey entered the Tasmanian House of Assembly as member for Westbury in 1874 and continued to represent it for 29 years . From March 1875 to July 1876 he was leader of the opposition and then became premier and colonial secretary . But parties were not clearly defined , there was much faction , and his ministry lasted only a little more than a year . He was again leader of the opposition from August 1877 to December 1878 when he became colonial secretary in the William Crowther ministry until October 1879 . In July 1887 he was elected speaker of the house of assembly and competently filled the position until July 1891 . He was minister without portfolio in the Edward Braddon ministry from April 1894 to October 1899 . Four years later Reibey retired from politics and confined his interests to country pursuits for the remainder of his long life . He had two estates and kept a stud of horses which he raced purely for the love of sport . In 1882 he won the Launceston Cup and had just failed to win the Melbourne Cup with Stockwell — he bought Malua as a yearling , which won the Melbourne Cup in 1884 . He retired from racing towards the end of his life on account of his disapproval of some incidents that had occurred in connection with it . He was president of more than one racing club and gave much energy to the improvement of agriculture as president of the Northern Agricultural Society . Keeping his faculties to the end he died aged 90 on 10 February 1912 . He married in 1842 Catherine McDonall , daughter of James Kyle of Inverness , who predeceased him . He had no children . References . - Peter Bolger , Reibey , Thomas ( 1821 - 1912 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 6 , MUP , 1976 , p . 17 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 - The Mighty Malua - Parliamentary library profile Further reading . - Blomfield , Henry Wilson. ( 1870 ) A full report of the great libel case , Reibey v . Blomfield : tried at the Supreme Court , Launceston , before His Honor Sir Francis Smith , Knt. , Chief Justice , June 1870 . Launceston [ Tas. ] : Printed and published by Harris and Just , [ 1870 ] The Great libel case , Reibey v . Blomfield .

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What was the position of Thomas Reibey after Feb 1888?

/wiki/Thomas_Reibey#P39#3

Thomas Reibey Thomas Reibey ( 24 September 1821 – 10 February 1912 ) was an Australian politician and Premier of Tasmania from 20 July 1876 until 9 August 1877 . Reiby was born in Hadspen , Van Diemens Land , ( now Tasmania ) the son of Thomas Haydock Reibey and Richarda Allen , and a grandson of Mary Reibey . Reibey was educated at Trinity College , Oxford . His father died before he graduated and he returned to Tasmania . In 1843 Reiby was admitted to Holy Orders by Bishop Francis Nixon . He was for some years rector of Holy Trinity church , Launceston , and afterwards rector of Carrick , where he built and partly endowed a church . About 1858 he became archdeacon of Launceston . Missions to the islands of Bass Strait . Archdeacon Reibey was one of a number of the Anglican clergy in Tasmania who voyaged to the Bass Strait islands in the middle of the 19th century to minister to the spiritual needs of the islanders of Aboriginal descent . The first such voyage seems to have been that made by Bishop Francis Nixon in 1854 . The next such voyage , for which a record survives , was made by archdeacon Reibey in 1862 . He was joined on the voyage by another cleric from northern Tasmania , the Reverend John Fereday ( 1813-1871 ) of George Town . They departed George Town on 17 March 1862 , aboard a cutter of 10 tons with a crew of two seamen . During the cruise they called at Flinders Island and then Chappell Island , where the islanders had gathered from their various home islands for the annual mutton-bird harvest . When archdeacon Reibey conducted divine service here on Sunday , 23 March 1862 , he had a congregation of over sixty people . Nine children were baptised during the service . Reibey and Fereday also visited Badger Island where they met Lucy Beadon . Archdeacon Reibey made subsequent voyages to the islands in 1862 and 1866 . Cannon Marcus Brownrigg followed his example and made a series of similar voyages between 1872 and 1885 . Political career . Reibey entered the Tasmanian House of Assembly as member for Westbury in 1874 and continued to represent it for 29 years . From March 1875 to July 1876 he was leader of the opposition and then became premier and colonial secretary . But parties were not clearly defined , there was much faction , and his ministry lasted only a little more than a year . He was again leader of the opposition from August 1877 to December 1878 when he became colonial secretary in the William Crowther ministry until October 1879 . In July 1887 he was elected speaker of the house of assembly and competently filled the position until July 1891 . He was minister without portfolio in the Edward Braddon ministry from April 1894 to October 1899 . Four years later Reibey retired from politics and confined his interests to country pursuits for the remainder of his long life . He had two estates and kept a stud of horses which he raced purely for the love of sport . In 1882 he won the Launceston Cup and had just failed to win the Melbourne Cup with Stockwell — he bought Malua as a yearling , which won the Melbourne Cup in 1884 . He retired from racing towards the end of his life on account of his disapproval of some incidents that had occurred in connection with it . He was president of more than one racing club and gave much energy to the improvement of agriculture as president of the Northern Agricultural Society . Keeping his faculties to the end he died aged 90 on 10 February 1912 . He married in 1842 Catherine McDonall , daughter of James Kyle of Inverness , who predeceased him . He had no children . References . - Peter Bolger , Reibey , Thomas ( 1821 - 1912 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 6 , MUP , 1976 , p . 17 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 - The Mighty Malua - Parliamentary library profile Further reading . - Blomfield , Henry Wilson. ( 1870 ) A full report of the great libel case , Reibey v . Blomfield : tried at the Supreme Court , Launceston , before His Honor Sir Francis Smith , Knt. , Chief Justice , June 1870 . Launceston [ Tas. ] : Printed and published by Harris and Just , [ 1870 ] The Great libel case , Reibey v . Blomfield .

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What was the position of Romano Prodi before Feb 1979?

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Romano Prodi Romano Prodi ( ; born 9 August 1939 ) is an Italian politician , economist , academic , civil servant and manager who served as the 10th President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004 . He served twice as Prime Minister of Italy , first from 17 May 1996 to 21 October 1998 and then from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008 . He is considered the founder of the Italian centre-left and one of the most prominent and iconic figures of the so-called Second Republic . Prodi is often nicknamed Il Professore ( The Professor ) due to his academic career . A former professor of economics and international advisor to Goldman Sachs , Prodi ran in 1996 as lead candidate of The Olive Tree coalition , winning the general election and serving as Prime Minister of Italy until 1998 . Following the victory of his coalition The Union over the House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi in the April 2006 Italian elections , Prodi took power again . On 24 January 2008 , he lost a vote of confidence in the Senate house and consequently tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , but he continued in office for almost four months for routine business , until early elections were held and a new government was formed . Until now , he is the first progressive candidate to ever come first at legislative elections since 1921 and to manage to form a government without the need of opponents parliamentary support . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi became the first President of the Democratic Party upon foundation of the party . On 12 September 2008 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon selected Prodi as president of the African Union–United Nations peacekeeping panel . He is currently serving as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Sahel . Personal life . His brother Paolo Prodi ( 1932-2016 ) was an Italian historian and economist , who , according to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy , was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization . Romano Prodi married Flavia Franzoni in 1969 . He was married by Camillo Ruini , now a well-known cardinal . They have two sons , Giorgio and Antonio . He spends the summer holidays in the coastal town of Castiglione della Pescaia . Academic career . After completing his secondary education at the Liceo Ludovico Ariosto in Reggio Emilia , Prodi graduated in law at Milans Università Cattolica in 1961 with a thesis on the role of Protectionism in the development of Italian industry . He then carried out postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics . Prodi has received almost 20 honorary degrees from institutions in Italy , and from the rest of Europe , North America , Asia and Africa . Early political career . Ministry of Industry and Moros kidnapping . On 25 November 1978 Prodi was appointed Minister of Industry , Commerce and Craftmanship in the government of the Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Even if he was a DC member , Prodi was widely considered a technical minister . As minister , he promoted a law , known as Prodi law , which aimed a regulating of the extraordinary state administration procedure for the rescue of large enterprises in crisis . On 2 April 1978 , Prodi and other teachers at the University of Bologna passed on a tip-off that revealed the whereabouts of the safe house where the kidnapped Aldo Moro , the former Prime Minister , was being held captive by the Red Brigades . Prodi claimed he had been given this tip-off by the founders of the Christian Democracy party , contacted from beyond the grave via a séance and a Ouija board . Whilst during this supposed séance Prodi thought the word Gradoli referred to a town on the outskirts of Rome , it probably referred to the Roman address of a Red Brigades safe house , located at no . 96 , Via Gradoli . The information was trusted and a police group made an armed blitz in the town of Gradoli , 80 km from Rome , on the following day , 6 April though Moro was not found . Prodi spoke to the Italian parliaments commission about the case in 1981 . In the notes of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism , the séance is described as a fake , used to hide the true source of the information . In 1997 Giulio Andreotti declared that the information came from the Bologna section of Autonomia Operaia , a far-left organization with some ties with the Red Brigades , and that Francesco Cossiga also knew the true source . Judge Ferdinando Imposimato considered Andreottis theory as possible , but accused him of having kept information that could have been valuable in a trial about Moros murder . Moros widow later declared that she had repeatedly informed the police that a via Gradoli existed in Rome , but the investigators did not consider it ; some replied to her that the street did not appear in Romes maps . This is confirmed by other Moro relatives , but strongly denied by Francesco Cossiga , who served as Interior Minister during Moros kidnapping . In the 1990s the séance matter was reopened by the Italian parliaments commission on terrorism . While Prodi ( then Prime Minister ) declared that he had no time for an interview , both Baldassarri ( senator and vice-minister in two Berlusconi cabinets ) and Clò ( Minister of Industry in Lamberto Dinis cabinet and owner of the house where the séance was performed ) responded to the call : they confirmed the circumstances of the séance , and that the word Gradoli had appeared in several sessions , even if the participants had changed . Later , other Italian members of the European Commission claimed Prodi had invented this story to conceal the real source of the tip-off , which they believed to have originated somewhere among the far-left Italian political groups . This issue came back again in 2005 , when Prodi was accused of being a KGB man by Mario Scaramella . The same accusation was raised in 2002 by the Mitrokhin Commission . This claim was further repeated by Gerard Batten , the Member of the European Parliament for London who claimed he was informed of this by his constituent and former FSB operative , Alexander Litvinenko . The 2018 February 16 indictment of Paul Manafort unsealed on February 23 as part of the Special Counsel investigation ( 2017–2019 ) alleges that Foreign Politicians hypothesized to be Prodi and Alfred Gusenbauer took payments exceeding $2m from Manafort to promote the case of his client , Viktor Yanukovich . Business and administrative career . After leaving his position in 1989 , Prodi ran the Bologna based consulting company Analisi e Studi Economici , which he jointly owned along with his wife . Between 1990 and 1993 the company earned £1.4 million , most of which was paid by the investment bank Goldman Sachs . Second term as IRI President . In 1993 , he was between the main candidates to become Prime Minister at the head of a technocratic government , but the Governor of the Bank of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was chosen for this office by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro . In 1993–1994 , Prodi was appointed again President of the IRI , by Ciampi , where he oversaw extensive privatization of public assets . For his activities in this period Prodi would later twice come under investigation – firstly for an alleged conflict of interest in relation to contracts awarded to his own economic research company in relation to the Italdel-Siemens merger , and secondly concerning the sale of the loss-making state-owned food conglomerate SME to the multinational Unilever , for which he had previously been a paid consultant . Prodis former employer Goldman Sachs was involved in both of the deals . In February 2007 the Italian Treasury Police raided the Milan office of Goldman Sachs , where they removed a file called MTononi/memo-Prodi02.doc . They also obtained a letter to Siemens from the Frankfurt office of Goldman Sachs regarding the Italdel deal , which revealed that Prodi was made the Senior Advisor of Goldman Sachs International in Italy in March 1990 . In November 1996 , after Prodi had been elected Prime Minister , Rome prosecutor Guiseppa Geremia concluded that there was enough evidence to press charges against Prodi for conflict of interest in the Unilever deal . The case was however shut down within weeks by superiors , while Geremia was exiled to Sardinia . First term as Prime Minister ( 1996–1998 ) . On 25 May 1994 , Prodi went to Palazzo Chigi to announce his resignation as IRI President to the new Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi ; the resignation had been formalised on 31 May and became effective on 22 July . On 11 August , Prodi announced to the Gazzetta di Reggio of his intent to enter politics . A few months earlier , Prodi had rejected a proposal from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) to run for the 1994 European election . The Olive Tree and 1996 election . On 13 February 1995 Prodi , along with his close friend Arturo Parisi , founded his political alliance The Olive Tree . Prodis aim was to build a centre-left coalition composed by centrist and leftist parties , opposed to the centre-right alliance led by Silvio Berlusconi , who resigned from the office of Prime Minister few weeks before , when Lega Nord withdrew his support to the government . The movement was immediately supported by Mariotto Segni , leader of the centrist Segni Pact ; after few weeks the post-communist Democratic Party of the Left of Massimo DAlema , the PPI and the Federation of the Greens also joined the Olive Tree coalition . On 19 February 1996 , the outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini announced that he would run in the election with a new party called Italian Renewal , allied with Prodis Olive Tree rather than Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms . Shortly after Berlusconi claimed that Dini copied his electoral programme . On election day , Prodis Olive Tree coalition won over Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms , becoming the first coalition composed of a post-communist party to win a general election since the Second World War . In the Senate , The Olive Tree obtained the majority , but in the Chamber , it required the external support of Communist Refoundation Party . On 17 May 1996 , Prodi received from President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro the task of forming a new government . He ultimately formed a 23-member cabinet that included 16 PDS ministers ( including Deputy Prime Minister Walter Veltroni ) and 10 PDS junior ministers–the first ( former ) Communists to take part in government in half a century . Policies . Prodis economic programme consisted in continuing the past governments work of restoration of the countrys economic health , in order to pursue the then seemingly unreachable goal of leading the country within the strict European Monetary System parameters in order to allow the country to join the Euro currency . He succeeded in this in little more than six months . During his first premiership , Prodi faced the Albanian civil war ; his government proposed the so-called Operation Alba ( Sunrise ) , a multinational peacekeeping force sent to Albania in 1997 and led by Italy . It was intended to help the Albanian government restore law and order in their troubled country after the 1997 rebellion in Albania . Following the degenerating loss of administrative control by the Government in the first days of March 1997 , culminating in the desertion of most Police and many Republican Guard and Army units , leaving their armouries open to the inevitable looting which soon followed , several Nations autonomously helped evacuate their Nationals , causing wider concerns about the fate of others . The UN Security Council therefore agreed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 as a stop-gap operation to manage this and buy time , laying the foundations for another International Organisation to manage a planned reconstruction , which after six weeks of debate fell to the Western European Union , creating the Multinational Albanian Police Element around a command structure of Italian Military Carabinieri , which actually undertook the work of Judicial and Police reconstruction , extending into the elimination of the economic causes of the crisis . The Italian 3rd Army Corps assumed responsibility for the stop-gap mission as Operation Alba , the first multinational Italian-led Mission since World War II . Eleven contributing European Nations brought humanitarian aid to a country that was in a dramatic economic and political situation . Resignation . Prodis government fell in 1998 when the Communist Refoundation Party withdrew its external support . This led to the formation of a new government led by Massimo DAlema as Prime Minister . There are those who claim that DAlema , along with Peoples Party leader Franco Marini , deliberately engineered the collapse of the Prodi government to become Prime Minister himself . As the result of a vote of no confidence in Prodis government , DAlemas nomination was passed by a single vote . This was the first occasion in the history of the Italian Republic on which a vote of no confidence had ever been called ; the Republics many previous governments had been brought down by a majority no vote on some crucially important piece of legislation ( such as the budget ) . President of the European Commission ( 1999–2004 ) . In September 1999 Prodi , a strong supporter of European Integration , became President of the European Commission , thanks to the support of both the conservative European Peoples Party , the social-democratic Party of European Socialists and the centrist Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party in the European Parliament . His commission took office on 13 September 1999 following the scandal and subsequent resignation of the Santer Commission which had damaged the reputation of the institution . It took over from the interim Marín Commission . The College consisted of 20 Commissioners which grew to 30 following the Enlargement of the European Union in 2004 . It was the last commission to see two members allocated to the larger member states . This commission ( the 10th ) saw in increase in power and influence following Amsterdam Treaty . Some in the media described president Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Amsterdam Treaty . It was during Prodis presidency , in 2002 , that 11 EU member states ditched their national currencies and adopted the euro as their common currency . This commission ( the 10th ) saw an increase in power and influence following the Amsterdam Treaty . The treaty was the result of long negotiations which began in Messina , Sicily , on 2 June 1995 , nearly forty years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome , and reached completion in Amsterdam on 18 June 1997 . Following the formal signing of the Treaty on 2 October 1997 , the member states engaged in an equally long and complex ratification process . The European Parliament endorsed the treaty on 19 November 1997 , and after two referendums and 13 decisions by parliaments , the member states finally concluded the procedure . Under this treaty the member states agreed to devolve certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas , including legislating on immigration , adopting civil and criminal laws , and enacting foreign and security policy ( CFSP ) , as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU . Due to this increased power of the Commission President , some media described President Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Nice Treaty . As well as the enlargement and Amsterdam Treaty , the Prodi Commission also saw the signing and enforcement of the Treaty of Nice as well as the conclusion and signing of the European Constitution : in which he introduced the Convention method of negotiation . The treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003 . It amended the Maastricht Treaty ( or the Treaty on European Union ) and the Treaty of Rome ( or the Treaty establishing the European Community which , before the Maastricht Treaty , was the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ) . The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion , a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty , but failed to be addressed at the time . The entry into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time , after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001 . This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later . 2004 enlargement and of the mandate . In 2004 , his last year as Commission President , the European Union was enlarged to admit several more member nations , most formerly part of the Soviet bloc . It was the largest single expansion of the European Union ( EU ) , in terms of territory , number of states , and population to date ; however , it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product . It occurred on 1 May 2004 . The simultaneous accessions concerned the following countries ( sometimes referred to as the A10 countries ) : Cyprus , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Seven of these were part of the former Eastern Bloc ( of which three were from the former Soviet Union and four were and still are members of the Central European alliance Visegrád Group ) , one of the former Yugoslavia ( together sometimes referred to as the A8 countries ) , and the remaining two were Mediterranean islands and former British colonies . Part of the same wave of enlargement was the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 , who were unable to join in 2004 , but , according to the Commission , constitute part of the fifth enlargement . The commission was due to leave office on 31 October 2004 , but due to opposition from the European parliament to the proposed Barroso Commission which would succeed it , it was extended and finally left office on 21 November 2004 . When his mandate expired , Prodi returned to domestic politics . Return to Italian politics ( 2005–2006 ) . The Union primary election . Shortly before the end of his term as President of the European Commission , Prodi returned to national Italian politics at the helm of the enlarged centre-left coalition , The Union . Having no party of his own , in order to officially state his candidacy for the 2006 general election , Prodi came up with the idea of an apposite primary election , the first of such kind to be ever introduced in Europe and seen by its creator ( Prodi himself ) as a democratic move to bring the public and its opinion closer to the Italian politics . When the primary elections were first proposed , they were mostly meant as a plebiscite for Romano Prodi , since there were no other candidates for the leadership of the coalition . The secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party , Fausto Bertinotti , then announced he would run for the leadership , even if only to act as a symbolic candidate , to avoid a one-candidate election . After some time , more candidates were presented , like Union of Democrats for Europe leader Clemente Mastella , Italy of Values leader and former magistrate Antonio Di Pietro , Federation of the Greens leader Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio and others few minor candidates . The primary election may have been foreseen an easy win for Romano Prodi , with the other candidates running mostly to measure their strengths in the coalition , and they often talked about reaching a certain percentage rather than winning . However , there were rumours of supporters of the House of Freedoms trying to participate in the elections , and vote in favour of Mastella , reputed to be the least competent of the candidates and the least likely to win against Berlusconi , other than the most centrist ; other rumours indicated such fake left-wing voters would vote for Bertinotti , because his leadership would likely lose any grip on the political centre . The election had been held nationwide on 16 October 2005 , from 8 am to 10 pm . Poll stations were mainly managed on a voluntary basis ; they were hosted mainly in squares , local party quarters , schools , and even restaurants , bars , campers and a hairdresser ; some polling stations were also provided outside the country for Italians abroad . Most of the party leaders claimed a result of 1 million voters would be a good success for the election , but over four million people for the occasion went to cast a vote in the primary election . Second term as Prime Minister ( 2006–2008 ) . Italian 2006 general election . After having won the centre-left primary election , Prodi led The Union coalition in the 2006 election . The Union was a heterogeneous alliance , which was formed by centrist parties like UDEUR and communists like PRC and Party of Italian Communists . Prodi led his coalition to the electoral campaign preceding the election , eventually on 9 and 10 April won by a very narrow margin of 25,000 votes , and a final majority of two seats in the Senate . Initial exit polls suggested a victory for Prodi , but the results narrowed as the count progressed . On 11 April 2006 , Prodi declared victory ; Berlusconi never conceded defeat explicitly but this is not required by the Italian law . Preliminary results showed The Union leading the House of Freedoms in the Chamber of Deputies , with 340 seats to 277 , thanks to obtaining a majority bonus ( actual votes were distributed 49.81% to 49.74% ) . One more seat is allied with The Union ( Aosta Valley ) and 7 more seats in the foreign constituency . The House of Freedoms had secured a slight majority of Senate seats elected within Italy ( 155 seats to 154 ) , but The Union won 4 of the 6 seats allocated to voters outside Italy , giving them control of both chambers . On 19 April 2006 , Italys Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that Prodi had indeed won the election , winning control of the Chamber of Deputies by only 24,755 votes out of more than 38 million votes cast , and winning 158 seats in the Senate to 156 for Berlusconis coalition . Even so , Berlusconi refused to concede defeat , claiming unproven fraud . Government formation . Prodis appointment was somewhat delayed , as the outgoing President of the Republic , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , ended his mandate in May , not having enough time for the usual procedure ( consultations made by the President , appointment of a Prime Minister , the motion of confidence and oath of office ) . After the acrimonious election of Giorgio Napolitano to replace Ciampi , Prodi could proceed with his transition to government . On 16 May he was invited by Napolitano to form a government . The following day , 17 May 2006 , Prodi and his second cabinet were sworn into office . Prodis new cabinet drew in politicians from across his centre-left winning coalition , in addition to Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa , an unelected former official of the European Central Bank with no partisan membership . Romano Prodi obtained the support for his cabinet on 19 May at the Senate and on 23 May at the Chamber of Deputies . The coalition led by Prodi , thanks to the electoral law which gave the winner a sixty-seat majority , can count on a good majority in the Chamber of Deputies but only on a very narrow majority in the Senate . The composition of the coalition was heterogeneous , combining parties of communist ideology , the Party of Italian Communists and Communist Refoundation Party , within the same government as parties of Catholic inspiration , Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and UDEUR . The latter was led by Clemente Mastella , former chairman of Christian Democracy . Therefore , according to critics , it was difficult to have a single policy in different key areas , such as economics and foreign politics ( for instance , Italian military presence in Afghanistan ) . Foreign policy . In foreign policy , the Prodi II Cabinet continued the engagement in Afghanistan , under UN command , while withdrawing troops from post-invasion Iraq on 18 May 2006 , when Prodi laid out some sense of his new foreign policy , pledging to withdraw Italian troops from Iraq and called the Iraq War a grave mistake that has not solved but increased the problem of security . The major effort of foreign minister Massimo DAlema concerned the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War , being the first to offer troops to the UN for the constitution of the UNIFIL force , and assuming its command in February 2007 . In fact , Prodi had a key role in the creation of a multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon following the Israel-Lebanon conflict . Italy led negotiations with the Israeli foreign minister Tzipi Livni and was proposed by Israel to head the multinational peacekeeping mission , although the dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the center-right opposition that it could prove a kamikaze mission , with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed Hezbollah . Prodi and DAlema pledged Italys willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans . Coalitions troubles . Prodis government faced a crisis over policies in early 2007 , after just nine months of government . Three ministers in Prodis Cabinet boycotted a vote in January to continue funding for Italian troop deployments in Afghanistan . Lawmakers approved the expansion of the US military base Caserma Ederle at the end of January , but the victory was so narrow that Deputy Prime Minister Francesco Rutelli criticised members of the coalition who had not supported the government . At around the same time , Justice Minister Clemente Mastella , of the coalition member UDEUR , said he would rather see the government fall than support its unwed couples legislation . Tens of thousands of people marched in Vicenza against the expansion of Caserma Ederle , which saw the participation of some leading far-left members of the government . Harsh debates followed in the Italian Senate on 20 February 2007 . Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Massimo DAlema declared during an official visit in Ibiza , Spain that , without a majority on foreign policy affairs , the government would resign . The following day , DAlema gave a speech at the Senate representing the government , clarifying his foreign policy and asking the Senate to vote for or against it . In spite of the fear of many senators that Prodis defeat would return Silvio Berlusconi to power , the Senate did not approve a motion backing Prodis government foreign policy , two votes shy of the required majority of 160 . After a Government meeting on 21 February , Romano Prodi tendered his resignation to the President Giorgio Napolitano , who cut short an official visit to Bologna in order to receive the Prime Minister . Prodis spokesman indicated that he would only agree to form a new Government if , and only if , he is guaranteed the full support of all the parties in the majority from now on . On 22 February , centre-left coalition party leaders backed a non-negotiable list of twelve political conditions given by Prodi as conditions of his remaining in office . President Napolitano held talks with political leaders on 23 February to decide whether to confirm Prodis Government , ask Prodi to form a new government or call fresh elections . Following these talks , on 24 February , President Napolitano asked Prodi to remain in office but to submit to a vote of confidence in both houses . On 28 February , the Senate voted to grant confidence to Prodis Government . Though facing strong opposition from the centre-right coalition , the vote resulted in a 162–157 victory . Prodi then faced a vote of confidence in the lower house on 2 March , which he won as expected with a large majority of 342–198 . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi oversaw the merger of two main parties of the Italian centre-left , Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy , creating the Democratic Party . Prodi himself led the merger of the two parties , which had been planned over a twelve-year period , and became the first President of the party . He announced his resignation from that post on 16 April 2008 , two days after the Democratic Partys defeat in the general election . 2008 crisis and resignation . In early January 2008 , Justice Minister and Union of Democrats for Europes leader Clemente Mastella resigned after his wife Sandra Lonardo was put under house arrest for corruption charges . With three Senators , UDEUR was instrumental to ensure a narrow centre-left majority in the Italian Senate . After first promising to support the government , he later retracted this support , and his party followed , in part also due to pressure from the Vatican , for which the governments proposed laws in regards to registered partnerships of same-sex couples , and other liberal reforms were objectionable . Mastella also cited lack of solidarity from the majority parties after the arrest of his wife , and declared that his party would vote against the government bills since then . The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system . As stated many times by Minister Mastella , if the referendum had been confirmed , it would lead directly to the fall of the government and it happened . The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastellas to gain seats in parliament . The UDEUR defection forced caused Prodi to ask for a confidence vote in both Chambers : he won a clear majority in the Chamber of Deputies on 23 January , but was defeated 156 to 161 ( with 1 abstention ) in the Senate the next day . He therefore tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Giorgio Napolitano , who accepted it and appointed the President of the Senate , Franco Marini , with the task of evaluating possibilities for forming interim government to implement electoral reforms prior to holding elections . Marini , after consultation with all major political forces , acknowledged the impossibility of doing so on 5 February , forcing Napolitano to announce the end of the legislature . Prodi said that he would not seek to lead a new government and snap election were called . In the election that followed in April 2008 , Berlusconis centre-right The People of Freedom and allies defeated the Democratic Party . After the premiership ( 2008–present ) . On 19 March 2008 , during the political campaign for the snap general election , Romano Prodi stated I called it a day with Italian politics and maybe with politics in general . On 12 September 2008 , Prodi was named by the UN as head of a joint AU-UN panel aimed at enhancing peacekeeping operations in Africa . On 6 February 2009 , he was appointed Professor-at-Large at the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown University . Since 2010 Romano Prodi is the chair for Sino-European dialogue at the China Europe International Business School ( CEIBS – Shanghai&Beijing ) , Chinas leading business school . On 9 October 2012 , Romano Prodi was appointed by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Envoy for the Sahel . He served in that position until 31 January 2014 . Prodi is also a member of the Club de Madrid , an international organization of former democratic statesmen , which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership . He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group . 2013 presidential candidate . Prodi was drafted by Democratic Party parliamentarians to be President of Italy during the 2013 presidential election after Democratic Party–People of Freedom compromise candidate Franco Marini failed to receive sufficient votes on the first ballot . During the first three rounds of voting , few people cast ballots for Prodi ( 14 on the first ballot , 13 on the second and 22 on the third ) . On 16 April 2013 , just a few days prior to the fourth ballot , Prodi gave a lectio magistralis at the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum entitled I grandi cambiamenti della politica e delleconomia mondiale : cè un posto per lEuropa ? ( The Great Changes in Politics and the World Economy : Is there Room for Europe? ) . Prodi was sponsored by the Angelicum and the Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi on behalf of the Political Science program Scienze Politiche e del Buon Governo . A few days later on 19 April , starting on the fourth ballot Prodi was looked at seriously as a possible candidate . However , Prodi announced he was pulling out of the race for President after more than 100 centre-left electors did not vote for him as he received only 395 ( of 504 votes needed to be elected ) . After this vote , Pier Luigi Bersani , leader of centre-left Democratic Party , announced his resignation as partys secretary . As of September 2020 , he is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . Honours and awards . - : Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – 2 June 1993 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland – 1997 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic – 1998 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania – 2000 - : Order of the Three Stars , 1st Class – 2007 - : Order of the Rising Sun , Grand Cordon – 2012 Academic awards . - Laurea in Giurisprudenza ( 110 e lode ) Università Cattolica Milano ( 1961 ) - Madras University ( India , 1998 ) - Sofia University ( Bulgaria , 1998 ) - Universitat Politecnica de Barcelona ( Spain , 1998 ) - Brown University ( United States , 1999 ) - University of Michigan ( United States , 1999 ) - Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies ( Romania , 2000 ) - Catholic University of Leuven ( Belgium , 2000 ) - University of Malta ( Malta , 2000 ) - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia ( Italy , 2000 ) - University of Ottawa ( Canada , 2000 ) - St . Gallen University ( Switzerland , 2000 ) - Kyung Hee University , ( South Korea , 2000 ) - Pisa University ( Italy , 2001 ) - University of Tirana ( Albania , 2001 ) - Carleton University ( Canada , 2001 ) - Instituto de Empresa de Madrid ( Spain , 2002 ) - University of Oxford , ( United Kingdom , 2002 ) - Pavia University , ( Italy , 2002 ) - Skopje University , ( North Macedonia , 2003 ) - Tunis University , ( Tunisia , 2003 ) - University of Calabria ( Italy , 2003 ) - Torino University ( Italy , 2004 ) - Lublin University ( Poland , 2004 ) - Tongji University ( P.R.China , 2006 ) - Catholic University of Milan ( Italy , 2007 ) - Addis Abeba University ( 2007 ) - University of Calcutta ( 2007 ) - University of Freiburg ( 2008 ) - MIRBIS University Moscow ( 2009 ) - Chinese Academy of Governance ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Nova Gorica ( 2010 ) - Nankai University ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Halle-Wittenberg ( Germany , 2011 )

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What was the position of Romano Prodi in Oct 1996?

/wiki/Romano_Prodi#P39#1

Romano Prodi Romano Prodi ( ; born 9 August 1939 ) is an Italian politician , economist , academic , civil servant and manager who served as the 10th President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004 . He served twice as Prime Minister of Italy , first from 17 May 1996 to 21 October 1998 and then from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008 . He is considered the founder of the Italian centre-left and one of the most prominent and iconic figures of the so-called Second Republic . Prodi is often nicknamed Il Professore ( The Professor ) due to his academic career . A former professor of economics and international advisor to Goldman Sachs , Prodi ran in 1996 as lead candidate of The Olive Tree coalition , winning the general election and serving as Prime Minister of Italy until 1998 . Following the victory of his coalition The Union over the House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi in the April 2006 Italian elections , Prodi took power again . On 24 January 2008 , he lost a vote of confidence in the Senate house and consequently tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , but he continued in office for almost four months for routine business , until early elections were held and a new government was formed . Until now , he is the first progressive candidate to ever come first at legislative elections since 1921 and to manage to form a government without the need of opponents parliamentary support . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi became the first President of the Democratic Party upon foundation of the party . On 12 September 2008 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon selected Prodi as president of the African Union–United Nations peacekeeping panel . He is currently serving as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Sahel . Personal life . His brother Paolo Prodi ( 1932-2016 ) was an Italian historian and economist , who , according to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy , was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization . Romano Prodi married Flavia Franzoni in 1969 . He was married by Camillo Ruini , now a well-known cardinal . They have two sons , Giorgio and Antonio . He spends the summer holidays in the coastal town of Castiglione della Pescaia . Academic career . After completing his secondary education at the Liceo Ludovico Ariosto in Reggio Emilia , Prodi graduated in law at Milans Università Cattolica in 1961 with a thesis on the role of Protectionism in the development of Italian industry . He then carried out postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics . Prodi has received almost 20 honorary degrees from institutions in Italy , and from the rest of Europe , North America , Asia and Africa . Early political career . Ministry of Industry and Moros kidnapping . On 25 November 1978 Prodi was appointed Minister of Industry , Commerce and Craftmanship in the government of the Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Even if he was a DC member , Prodi was widely considered a technical minister . As minister , he promoted a law , known as Prodi law , which aimed a regulating of the extraordinary state administration procedure for the rescue of large enterprises in crisis . On 2 April 1978 , Prodi and other teachers at the University of Bologna passed on a tip-off that revealed the whereabouts of the safe house where the kidnapped Aldo Moro , the former Prime Minister , was being held captive by the Red Brigades . Prodi claimed he had been given this tip-off by the founders of the Christian Democracy party , contacted from beyond the grave via a séance and a Ouija board . Whilst during this supposed séance Prodi thought the word Gradoli referred to a town on the outskirts of Rome , it probably referred to the Roman address of a Red Brigades safe house , located at no . 96 , Via Gradoli . The information was trusted and a police group made an armed blitz in the town of Gradoli , 80 km from Rome , on the following day , 6 April though Moro was not found . Prodi spoke to the Italian parliaments commission about the case in 1981 . In the notes of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism , the séance is described as a fake , used to hide the true source of the information . In 1997 Giulio Andreotti declared that the information came from the Bologna section of Autonomia Operaia , a far-left organization with some ties with the Red Brigades , and that Francesco Cossiga also knew the true source . Judge Ferdinando Imposimato considered Andreottis theory as possible , but accused him of having kept information that could have been valuable in a trial about Moros murder . Moros widow later declared that she had repeatedly informed the police that a via Gradoli existed in Rome , but the investigators did not consider it ; some replied to her that the street did not appear in Romes maps . This is confirmed by other Moro relatives , but strongly denied by Francesco Cossiga , who served as Interior Minister during Moros kidnapping . In the 1990s the séance matter was reopened by the Italian parliaments commission on terrorism . While Prodi ( then Prime Minister ) declared that he had no time for an interview , both Baldassarri ( senator and vice-minister in two Berlusconi cabinets ) and Clò ( Minister of Industry in Lamberto Dinis cabinet and owner of the house where the séance was performed ) responded to the call : they confirmed the circumstances of the séance , and that the word Gradoli had appeared in several sessions , even if the participants had changed . Later , other Italian members of the European Commission claimed Prodi had invented this story to conceal the real source of the tip-off , which they believed to have originated somewhere among the far-left Italian political groups . This issue came back again in 2005 , when Prodi was accused of being a KGB man by Mario Scaramella . The same accusation was raised in 2002 by the Mitrokhin Commission . This claim was further repeated by Gerard Batten , the Member of the European Parliament for London who claimed he was informed of this by his constituent and former FSB operative , Alexander Litvinenko . The 2018 February 16 indictment of Paul Manafort unsealed on February 23 as part of the Special Counsel investigation ( 2017–2019 ) alleges that Foreign Politicians hypothesized to be Prodi and Alfred Gusenbauer took payments exceeding $2m from Manafort to promote the case of his client , Viktor Yanukovich . Business and administrative career . After leaving his position in 1989 , Prodi ran the Bologna based consulting company Analisi e Studi Economici , which he jointly owned along with his wife . Between 1990 and 1993 the company earned £1.4 million , most of which was paid by the investment bank Goldman Sachs . Second term as IRI President . In 1993 , he was between the main candidates to become Prime Minister at the head of a technocratic government , but the Governor of the Bank of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was chosen for this office by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro . In 1993–1994 , Prodi was appointed again President of the IRI , by Ciampi , where he oversaw extensive privatization of public assets . For his activities in this period Prodi would later twice come under investigation – firstly for an alleged conflict of interest in relation to contracts awarded to his own economic research company in relation to the Italdel-Siemens merger , and secondly concerning the sale of the loss-making state-owned food conglomerate SME to the multinational Unilever , for which he had previously been a paid consultant . Prodis former employer Goldman Sachs was involved in both of the deals . In February 2007 the Italian Treasury Police raided the Milan office of Goldman Sachs , where they removed a file called MTononi/memo-Prodi02.doc . They also obtained a letter to Siemens from the Frankfurt office of Goldman Sachs regarding the Italdel deal , which revealed that Prodi was made the Senior Advisor of Goldman Sachs International in Italy in March 1990 . In November 1996 , after Prodi had been elected Prime Minister , Rome prosecutor Guiseppa Geremia concluded that there was enough evidence to press charges against Prodi for conflict of interest in the Unilever deal . The case was however shut down within weeks by superiors , while Geremia was exiled to Sardinia . First term as Prime Minister ( 1996–1998 ) . On 25 May 1994 , Prodi went to Palazzo Chigi to announce his resignation as IRI President to the new Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi ; the resignation had been formalised on 31 May and became effective on 22 July . On 11 August , Prodi announced to the Gazzetta di Reggio of his intent to enter politics . A few months earlier , Prodi had rejected a proposal from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) to run for the 1994 European election . The Olive Tree and 1996 election . On 13 February 1995 Prodi , along with his close friend Arturo Parisi , founded his political alliance The Olive Tree . Prodis aim was to build a centre-left coalition composed by centrist and leftist parties , opposed to the centre-right alliance led by Silvio Berlusconi , who resigned from the office of Prime Minister few weeks before , when Lega Nord withdrew his support to the government . The movement was immediately supported by Mariotto Segni , leader of the centrist Segni Pact ; after few weeks the post-communist Democratic Party of the Left of Massimo DAlema , the PPI and the Federation of the Greens also joined the Olive Tree coalition . On 19 February 1996 , the outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini announced that he would run in the election with a new party called Italian Renewal , allied with Prodis Olive Tree rather than Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms . Shortly after Berlusconi claimed that Dini copied his electoral programme . On election day , Prodis Olive Tree coalition won over Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms , becoming the first coalition composed of a post-communist party to win a general election since the Second World War . In the Senate , The Olive Tree obtained the majority , but in the Chamber , it required the external support of Communist Refoundation Party . On 17 May 1996 , Prodi received from President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro the task of forming a new government . He ultimately formed a 23-member cabinet that included 16 PDS ministers ( including Deputy Prime Minister Walter Veltroni ) and 10 PDS junior ministers–the first ( former ) Communists to take part in government in half a century . Policies . Prodis economic programme consisted in continuing the past governments work of restoration of the countrys economic health , in order to pursue the then seemingly unreachable goal of leading the country within the strict European Monetary System parameters in order to allow the country to join the Euro currency . He succeeded in this in little more than six months . During his first premiership , Prodi faced the Albanian civil war ; his government proposed the so-called Operation Alba ( Sunrise ) , a multinational peacekeeping force sent to Albania in 1997 and led by Italy . It was intended to help the Albanian government restore law and order in their troubled country after the 1997 rebellion in Albania . Following the degenerating loss of administrative control by the Government in the first days of March 1997 , culminating in the desertion of most Police and many Republican Guard and Army units , leaving their armouries open to the inevitable looting which soon followed , several Nations autonomously helped evacuate their Nationals , causing wider concerns about the fate of others . The UN Security Council therefore agreed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 as a stop-gap operation to manage this and buy time , laying the foundations for another International Organisation to manage a planned reconstruction , which after six weeks of debate fell to the Western European Union , creating the Multinational Albanian Police Element around a command structure of Italian Military Carabinieri , which actually undertook the work of Judicial and Police reconstruction , extending into the elimination of the economic causes of the crisis . The Italian 3rd Army Corps assumed responsibility for the stop-gap mission as Operation Alba , the first multinational Italian-led Mission since World War II . Eleven contributing European Nations brought humanitarian aid to a country that was in a dramatic economic and political situation . Resignation . Prodis government fell in 1998 when the Communist Refoundation Party withdrew its external support . This led to the formation of a new government led by Massimo DAlema as Prime Minister . There are those who claim that DAlema , along with Peoples Party leader Franco Marini , deliberately engineered the collapse of the Prodi government to become Prime Minister himself . As the result of a vote of no confidence in Prodis government , DAlemas nomination was passed by a single vote . This was the first occasion in the history of the Italian Republic on which a vote of no confidence had ever been called ; the Republics many previous governments had been brought down by a majority no vote on some crucially important piece of legislation ( such as the budget ) . President of the European Commission ( 1999–2004 ) . In September 1999 Prodi , a strong supporter of European Integration , became President of the European Commission , thanks to the support of both the conservative European Peoples Party , the social-democratic Party of European Socialists and the centrist Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party in the European Parliament . His commission took office on 13 September 1999 following the scandal and subsequent resignation of the Santer Commission which had damaged the reputation of the institution . It took over from the interim Marín Commission . The College consisted of 20 Commissioners which grew to 30 following the Enlargement of the European Union in 2004 . It was the last commission to see two members allocated to the larger member states . This commission ( the 10th ) saw in increase in power and influence following Amsterdam Treaty . Some in the media described president Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Amsterdam Treaty . It was during Prodis presidency , in 2002 , that 11 EU member states ditched their national currencies and adopted the euro as their common currency . This commission ( the 10th ) saw an increase in power and influence following the Amsterdam Treaty . The treaty was the result of long negotiations which began in Messina , Sicily , on 2 June 1995 , nearly forty years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome , and reached completion in Amsterdam on 18 June 1997 . Following the formal signing of the Treaty on 2 October 1997 , the member states engaged in an equally long and complex ratification process . The European Parliament endorsed the treaty on 19 November 1997 , and after two referendums and 13 decisions by parliaments , the member states finally concluded the procedure . Under this treaty the member states agreed to devolve certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas , including legislating on immigration , adopting civil and criminal laws , and enacting foreign and security policy ( CFSP ) , as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU . Due to this increased power of the Commission President , some media described President Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Nice Treaty . As well as the enlargement and Amsterdam Treaty , the Prodi Commission also saw the signing and enforcement of the Treaty of Nice as well as the conclusion and signing of the European Constitution : in which he introduced the Convention method of negotiation . The treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003 . It amended the Maastricht Treaty ( or the Treaty on European Union ) and the Treaty of Rome ( or the Treaty establishing the European Community which , before the Maastricht Treaty , was the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ) . The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion , a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty , but failed to be addressed at the time . The entry into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time , after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001 . This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later . 2004 enlargement and of the mandate . In 2004 , his last year as Commission President , the European Union was enlarged to admit several more member nations , most formerly part of the Soviet bloc . It was the largest single expansion of the European Union ( EU ) , in terms of territory , number of states , and population to date ; however , it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product . It occurred on 1 May 2004 . The simultaneous accessions concerned the following countries ( sometimes referred to as the A10 countries ) : Cyprus , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Seven of these were part of the former Eastern Bloc ( of which three were from the former Soviet Union and four were and still are members of the Central European alliance Visegrád Group ) , one of the former Yugoslavia ( together sometimes referred to as the A8 countries ) , and the remaining two were Mediterranean islands and former British colonies . Part of the same wave of enlargement was the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 , who were unable to join in 2004 , but , according to the Commission , constitute part of the fifth enlargement . The commission was due to leave office on 31 October 2004 , but due to opposition from the European parliament to the proposed Barroso Commission which would succeed it , it was extended and finally left office on 21 November 2004 . When his mandate expired , Prodi returned to domestic politics . Return to Italian politics ( 2005–2006 ) . The Union primary election . Shortly before the end of his term as President of the European Commission , Prodi returned to national Italian politics at the helm of the enlarged centre-left coalition , The Union . Having no party of his own , in order to officially state his candidacy for the 2006 general election , Prodi came up with the idea of an apposite primary election , the first of such kind to be ever introduced in Europe and seen by its creator ( Prodi himself ) as a democratic move to bring the public and its opinion closer to the Italian politics . When the primary elections were first proposed , they were mostly meant as a plebiscite for Romano Prodi , since there were no other candidates for the leadership of the coalition . The secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party , Fausto Bertinotti , then announced he would run for the leadership , even if only to act as a symbolic candidate , to avoid a one-candidate election . After some time , more candidates were presented , like Union of Democrats for Europe leader Clemente Mastella , Italy of Values leader and former magistrate Antonio Di Pietro , Federation of the Greens leader Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio and others few minor candidates . The primary election may have been foreseen an easy win for Romano Prodi , with the other candidates running mostly to measure their strengths in the coalition , and they often talked about reaching a certain percentage rather than winning . However , there were rumours of supporters of the House of Freedoms trying to participate in the elections , and vote in favour of Mastella , reputed to be the least competent of the candidates and the least likely to win against Berlusconi , other than the most centrist ; other rumours indicated such fake left-wing voters would vote for Bertinotti , because his leadership would likely lose any grip on the political centre . The election had been held nationwide on 16 October 2005 , from 8 am to 10 pm . Poll stations were mainly managed on a voluntary basis ; they were hosted mainly in squares , local party quarters , schools , and even restaurants , bars , campers and a hairdresser ; some polling stations were also provided outside the country for Italians abroad . Most of the party leaders claimed a result of 1 million voters would be a good success for the election , but over four million people for the occasion went to cast a vote in the primary election . Second term as Prime Minister ( 2006–2008 ) . Italian 2006 general election . After having won the centre-left primary election , Prodi led The Union coalition in the 2006 election . The Union was a heterogeneous alliance , which was formed by centrist parties like UDEUR and communists like PRC and Party of Italian Communists . Prodi led his coalition to the electoral campaign preceding the election , eventually on 9 and 10 April won by a very narrow margin of 25,000 votes , and a final majority of two seats in the Senate . Initial exit polls suggested a victory for Prodi , but the results narrowed as the count progressed . On 11 April 2006 , Prodi declared victory ; Berlusconi never conceded defeat explicitly but this is not required by the Italian law . Preliminary results showed The Union leading the House of Freedoms in the Chamber of Deputies , with 340 seats to 277 , thanks to obtaining a majority bonus ( actual votes were distributed 49.81% to 49.74% ) . One more seat is allied with The Union ( Aosta Valley ) and 7 more seats in the foreign constituency . The House of Freedoms had secured a slight majority of Senate seats elected within Italy ( 155 seats to 154 ) , but The Union won 4 of the 6 seats allocated to voters outside Italy , giving them control of both chambers . On 19 April 2006 , Italys Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that Prodi had indeed won the election , winning control of the Chamber of Deputies by only 24,755 votes out of more than 38 million votes cast , and winning 158 seats in the Senate to 156 for Berlusconis coalition . Even so , Berlusconi refused to concede defeat , claiming unproven fraud . Government formation . Prodis appointment was somewhat delayed , as the outgoing President of the Republic , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , ended his mandate in May , not having enough time for the usual procedure ( consultations made by the President , appointment of a Prime Minister , the motion of confidence and oath of office ) . After the acrimonious election of Giorgio Napolitano to replace Ciampi , Prodi could proceed with his transition to government . On 16 May he was invited by Napolitano to form a government . The following day , 17 May 2006 , Prodi and his second cabinet were sworn into office . Prodis new cabinet drew in politicians from across his centre-left winning coalition , in addition to Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa , an unelected former official of the European Central Bank with no partisan membership . Romano Prodi obtained the support for his cabinet on 19 May at the Senate and on 23 May at the Chamber of Deputies . The coalition led by Prodi , thanks to the electoral law which gave the winner a sixty-seat majority , can count on a good majority in the Chamber of Deputies but only on a very narrow majority in the Senate . The composition of the coalition was heterogeneous , combining parties of communist ideology , the Party of Italian Communists and Communist Refoundation Party , within the same government as parties of Catholic inspiration , Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and UDEUR . The latter was led by Clemente Mastella , former chairman of Christian Democracy . Therefore , according to critics , it was difficult to have a single policy in different key areas , such as economics and foreign politics ( for instance , Italian military presence in Afghanistan ) . Foreign policy . In foreign policy , the Prodi II Cabinet continued the engagement in Afghanistan , under UN command , while withdrawing troops from post-invasion Iraq on 18 May 2006 , when Prodi laid out some sense of his new foreign policy , pledging to withdraw Italian troops from Iraq and called the Iraq War a grave mistake that has not solved but increased the problem of security . The major effort of foreign minister Massimo DAlema concerned the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War , being the first to offer troops to the UN for the constitution of the UNIFIL force , and assuming its command in February 2007 . In fact , Prodi had a key role in the creation of a multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon following the Israel-Lebanon conflict . Italy led negotiations with the Israeli foreign minister Tzipi Livni and was proposed by Israel to head the multinational peacekeeping mission , although the dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the center-right opposition that it could prove a kamikaze mission , with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed Hezbollah . Prodi and DAlema pledged Italys willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans . Coalitions troubles . Prodis government faced a crisis over policies in early 2007 , after just nine months of government . Three ministers in Prodis Cabinet boycotted a vote in January to continue funding for Italian troop deployments in Afghanistan . Lawmakers approved the expansion of the US military base Caserma Ederle at the end of January , but the victory was so narrow that Deputy Prime Minister Francesco Rutelli criticised members of the coalition who had not supported the government . At around the same time , Justice Minister Clemente Mastella , of the coalition member UDEUR , said he would rather see the government fall than support its unwed couples legislation . Tens of thousands of people marched in Vicenza against the expansion of Caserma Ederle , which saw the participation of some leading far-left members of the government . Harsh debates followed in the Italian Senate on 20 February 2007 . Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Massimo DAlema declared during an official visit in Ibiza , Spain that , without a majority on foreign policy affairs , the government would resign . The following day , DAlema gave a speech at the Senate representing the government , clarifying his foreign policy and asking the Senate to vote for or against it . In spite of the fear of many senators that Prodis defeat would return Silvio Berlusconi to power , the Senate did not approve a motion backing Prodis government foreign policy , two votes shy of the required majority of 160 . After a Government meeting on 21 February , Romano Prodi tendered his resignation to the President Giorgio Napolitano , who cut short an official visit to Bologna in order to receive the Prime Minister . Prodis spokesman indicated that he would only agree to form a new Government if , and only if , he is guaranteed the full support of all the parties in the majority from now on . On 22 February , centre-left coalition party leaders backed a non-negotiable list of twelve political conditions given by Prodi as conditions of his remaining in office . President Napolitano held talks with political leaders on 23 February to decide whether to confirm Prodis Government , ask Prodi to form a new government or call fresh elections . Following these talks , on 24 February , President Napolitano asked Prodi to remain in office but to submit to a vote of confidence in both houses . On 28 February , the Senate voted to grant confidence to Prodis Government . Though facing strong opposition from the centre-right coalition , the vote resulted in a 162–157 victory . Prodi then faced a vote of confidence in the lower house on 2 March , which he won as expected with a large majority of 342–198 . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi oversaw the merger of two main parties of the Italian centre-left , Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy , creating the Democratic Party . Prodi himself led the merger of the two parties , which had been planned over a twelve-year period , and became the first President of the party . He announced his resignation from that post on 16 April 2008 , two days after the Democratic Partys defeat in the general election . 2008 crisis and resignation . In early January 2008 , Justice Minister and Union of Democrats for Europes leader Clemente Mastella resigned after his wife Sandra Lonardo was put under house arrest for corruption charges . With three Senators , UDEUR was instrumental to ensure a narrow centre-left majority in the Italian Senate . After first promising to support the government , he later retracted this support , and his party followed , in part also due to pressure from the Vatican , for which the governments proposed laws in regards to registered partnerships of same-sex couples , and other liberal reforms were objectionable . Mastella also cited lack of solidarity from the majority parties after the arrest of his wife , and declared that his party would vote against the government bills since then . The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system . As stated many times by Minister Mastella , if the referendum had been confirmed , it would lead directly to the fall of the government and it happened . The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastellas to gain seats in parliament . The UDEUR defection forced caused Prodi to ask for a confidence vote in both Chambers : he won a clear majority in the Chamber of Deputies on 23 January , but was defeated 156 to 161 ( with 1 abstention ) in the Senate the next day . He therefore tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Giorgio Napolitano , who accepted it and appointed the President of the Senate , Franco Marini , with the task of evaluating possibilities for forming interim government to implement electoral reforms prior to holding elections . Marini , after consultation with all major political forces , acknowledged the impossibility of doing so on 5 February , forcing Napolitano to announce the end of the legislature . Prodi said that he would not seek to lead a new government and snap election were called . In the election that followed in April 2008 , Berlusconis centre-right The People of Freedom and allies defeated the Democratic Party . After the premiership ( 2008–present ) . On 19 March 2008 , during the political campaign for the snap general election , Romano Prodi stated I called it a day with Italian politics and maybe with politics in general . On 12 September 2008 , Prodi was named by the UN as head of a joint AU-UN panel aimed at enhancing peacekeeping operations in Africa . On 6 February 2009 , he was appointed Professor-at-Large at the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown University . Since 2010 Romano Prodi is the chair for Sino-European dialogue at the China Europe International Business School ( CEIBS – Shanghai&Beijing ) , Chinas leading business school . On 9 October 2012 , Romano Prodi was appointed by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Envoy for the Sahel . He served in that position until 31 January 2014 . Prodi is also a member of the Club de Madrid , an international organization of former democratic statesmen , which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership . He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group . 2013 presidential candidate . Prodi was drafted by Democratic Party parliamentarians to be President of Italy during the 2013 presidential election after Democratic Party–People of Freedom compromise candidate Franco Marini failed to receive sufficient votes on the first ballot . During the first three rounds of voting , few people cast ballots for Prodi ( 14 on the first ballot , 13 on the second and 22 on the third ) . On 16 April 2013 , just a few days prior to the fourth ballot , Prodi gave a lectio magistralis at the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum entitled I grandi cambiamenti della politica e delleconomia mondiale : cè un posto per lEuropa ? ( The Great Changes in Politics and the World Economy : Is there Room for Europe? ) . Prodi was sponsored by the Angelicum and the Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi on behalf of the Political Science program Scienze Politiche e del Buon Governo . A few days later on 19 April , starting on the fourth ballot Prodi was looked at seriously as a possible candidate . However , Prodi announced he was pulling out of the race for President after more than 100 centre-left electors did not vote for him as he received only 395 ( of 504 votes needed to be elected ) . After this vote , Pier Luigi Bersani , leader of centre-left Democratic Party , announced his resignation as partys secretary . As of September 2020 , he is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . Honours and awards . - : Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – 2 June 1993 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland – 1997 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic – 1998 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania – 2000 - : Order of the Three Stars , 1st Class – 2007 - : Order of the Rising Sun , Grand Cordon – 2012 Academic awards . - Laurea in Giurisprudenza ( 110 e lode ) Università Cattolica Milano ( 1961 ) - Madras University ( India , 1998 ) - Sofia University ( Bulgaria , 1998 ) - Universitat Politecnica de Barcelona ( Spain , 1998 ) - Brown University ( United States , 1999 ) - University of Michigan ( United States , 1999 ) - Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies ( Romania , 2000 ) - Catholic University of Leuven ( Belgium , 2000 ) - University of Malta ( Malta , 2000 ) - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia ( Italy , 2000 ) - University of Ottawa ( Canada , 2000 ) - St . Gallen University ( Switzerland , 2000 ) - Kyung Hee University , ( South Korea , 2000 ) - Pisa University ( Italy , 2001 ) - University of Tirana ( Albania , 2001 ) - Carleton University ( Canada , 2001 ) - Instituto de Empresa de Madrid ( Spain , 2002 ) - University of Oxford , ( United Kingdom , 2002 ) - Pavia University , ( Italy , 2002 ) - Skopje University , ( North Macedonia , 2003 ) - Tunis University , ( Tunisia , 2003 ) - University of Calabria ( Italy , 2003 ) - Torino University ( Italy , 2004 ) - Lublin University ( Poland , 2004 ) - Tongji University ( P.R.China , 2006 ) - Catholic University of Milan ( Italy , 2007 ) - Addis Abeba University ( 2007 ) - University of Calcutta ( 2007 ) - University of Freiburg ( 2008 ) - MIRBIS University Moscow ( 2009 ) - Chinese Academy of Governance ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Nova Gorica ( 2010 ) - Nankai University ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Halle-Wittenberg ( Germany , 2011 )

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What was the position of Romano Prodi between May 2003 and Mar 2004?

/wiki/Romano_Prodi#P39#2

Romano Prodi Romano Prodi ( ; born 9 August 1939 ) is an Italian politician , economist , academic , civil servant and manager who served as the 10th President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004 . He served twice as Prime Minister of Italy , first from 17 May 1996 to 21 October 1998 and then from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008 . He is considered the founder of the Italian centre-left and one of the most prominent and iconic figures of the so-called Second Republic . Prodi is often nicknamed Il Professore ( The Professor ) due to his academic career . A former professor of economics and international advisor to Goldman Sachs , Prodi ran in 1996 as lead candidate of The Olive Tree coalition , winning the general election and serving as Prime Minister of Italy until 1998 . Following the victory of his coalition The Union over the House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi in the April 2006 Italian elections , Prodi took power again . On 24 January 2008 , he lost a vote of confidence in the Senate house and consequently tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , but he continued in office for almost four months for routine business , until early elections were held and a new government was formed . Until now , he is the first progressive candidate to ever come first at legislative elections since 1921 and to manage to form a government without the need of opponents parliamentary support . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi became the first President of the Democratic Party upon foundation of the party . On 12 September 2008 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon selected Prodi as president of the African Union–United Nations peacekeeping panel . He is currently serving as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Sahel . Personal life . His brother Paolo Prodi ( 1932-2016 ) was an Italian historian and economist , who , according to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy , was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization . Romano Prodi married Flavia Franzoni in 1969 . He was married by Camillo Ruini , now a well-known cardinal . They have two sons , Giorgio and Antonio . He spends the summer holidays in the coastal town of Castiglione della Pescaia . Academic career . After completing his secondary education at the Liceo Ludovico Ariosto in Reggio Emilia , Prodi graduated in law at Milans Università Cattolica in 1961 with a thesis on the role of Protectionism in the development of Italian industry . He then carried out postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics . Prodi has received almost 20 honorary degrees from institutions in Italy , and from the rest of Europe , North America , Asia and Africa . Early political career . Ministry of Industry and Moros kidnapping . On 25 November 1978 Prodi was appointed Minister of Industry , Commerce and Craftmanship in the government of the Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Even if he was a DC member , Prodi was widely considered a technical minister . As minister , he promoted a law , known as Prodi law , which aimed a regulating of the extraordinary state administration procedure for the rescue of large enterprises in crisis . On 2 April 1978 , Prodi and other teachers at the University of Bologna passed on a tip-off that revealed the whereabouts of the safe house where the kidnapped Aldo Moro , the former Prime Minister , was being held captive by the Red Brigades . Prodi claimed he had been given this tip-off by the founders of the Christian Democracy party , contacted from beyond the grave via a séance and a Ouija board . Whilst during this supposed séance Prodi thought the word Gradoli referred to a town on the outskirts of Rome , it probably referred to the Roman address of a Red Brigades safe house , located at no . 96 , Via Gradoli . The information was trusted and a police group made an armed blitz in the town of Gradoli , 80 km from Rome , on the following day , 6 April though Moro was not found . Prodi spoke to the Italian parliaments commission about the case in 1981 . In the notes of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism , the séance is described as a fake , used to hide the true source of the information . In 1997 Giulio Andreotti declared that the information came from the Bologna section of Autonomia Operaia , a far-left organization with some ties with the Red Brigades , and that Francesco Cossiga also knew the true source . Judge Ferdinando Imposimato considered Andreottis theory as possible , but accused him of having kept information that could have been valuable in a trial about Moros murder . Moros widow later declared that she had repeatedly informed the police that a via Gradoli existed in Rome , but the investigators did not consider it ; some replied to her that the street did not appear in Romes maps . This is confirmed by other Moro relatives , but strongly denied by Francesco Cossiga , who served as Interior Minister during Moros kidnapping . In the 1990s the séance matter was reopened by the Italian parliaments commission on terrorism . While Prodi ( then Prime Minister ) declared that he had no time for an interview , both Baldassarri ( senator and vice-minister in two Berlusconi cabinets ) and Clò ( Minister of Industry in Lamberto Dinis cabinet and owner of the house where the séance was performed ) responded to the call : they confirmed the circumstances of the séance , and that the word Gradoli had appeared in several sessions , even if the participants had changed . Later , other Italian members of the European Commission claimed Prodi had invented this story to conceal the real source of the tip-off , which they believed to have originated somewhere among the far-left Italian political groups . This issue came back again in 2005 , when Prodi was accused of being a KGB man by Mario Scaramella . The same accusation was raised in 2002 by the Mitrokhin Commission . This claim was further repeated by Gerard Batten , the Member of the European Parliament for London who claimed he was informed of this by his constituent and former FSB operative , Alexander Litvinenko . The 2018 February 16 indictment of Paul Manafort unsealed on February 23 as part of the Special Counsel investigation ( 2017–2019 ) alleges that Foreign Politicians hypothesized to be Prodi and Alfred Gusenbauer took payments exceeding $2m from Manafort to promote the case of his client , Viktor Yanukovich . Business and administrative career . After leaving his position in 1989 , Prodi ran the Bologna based consulting company Analisi e Studi Economici , which he jointly owned along with his wife . Between 1990 and 1993 the company earned £1.4 million , most of which was paid by the investment bank Goldman Sachs . Second term as IRI President . In 1993 , he was between the main candidates to become Prime Minister at the head of a technocratic government , but the Governor of the Bank of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was chosen for this office by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro . In 1993–1994 , Prodi was appointed again President of the IRI , by Ciampi , where he oversaw extensive privatization of public assets . For his activities in this period Prodi would later twice come under investigation – firstly for an alleged conflict of interest in relation to contracts awarded to his own economic research company in relation to the Italdel-Siemens merger , and secondly concerning the sale of the loss-making state-owned food conglomerate SME to the multinational Unilever , for which he had previously been a paid consultant . Prodis former employer Goldman Sachs was involved in both of the deals . In February 2007 the Italian Treasury Police raided the Milan office of Goldman Sachs , where they removed a file called MTononi/memo-Prodi02.doc . They also obtained a letter to Siemens from the Frankfurt office of Goldman Sachs regarding the Italdel deal , which revealed that Prodi was made the Senior Advisor of Goldman Sachs International in Italy in March 1990 . In November 1996 , after Prodi had been elected Prime Minister , Rome prosecutor Guiseppa Geremia concluded that there was enough evidence to press charges against Prodi for conflict of interest in the Unilever deal . The case was however shut down within weeks by superiors , while Geremia was exiled to Sardinia . First term as Prime Minister ( 1996–1998 ) . On 25 May 1994 , Prodi went to Palazzo Chigi to announce his resignation as IRI President to the new Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi ; the resignation had been formalised on 31 May and became effective on 22 July . On 11 August , Prodi announced to the Gazzetta di Reggio of his intent to enter politics . A few months earlier , Prodi had rejected a proposal from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) to run for the 1994 European election . The Olive Tree and 1996 election . On 13 February 1995 Prodi , along with his close friend Arturo Parisi , founded his political alliance The Olive Tree . Prodis aim was to build a centre-left coalition composed by centrist and leftist parties , opposed to the centre-right alliance led by Silvio Berlusconi , who resigned from the office of Prime Minister few weeks before , when Lega Nord withdrew his support to the government . The movement was immediately supported by Mariotto Segni , leader of the centrist Segni Pact ; after few weeks the post-communist Democratic Party of the Left of Massimo DAlema , the PPI and the Federation of the Greens also joined the Olive Tree coalition . On 19 February 1996 , the outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini announced that he would run in the election with a new party called Italian Renewal , allied with Prodis Olive Tree rather than Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms . Shortly after Berlusconi claimed that Dini copied his electoral programme . On election day , Prodis Olive Tree coalition won over Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms , becoming the first coalition composed of a post-communist party to win a general election since the Second World War . In the Senate , The Olive Tree obtained the majority , but in the Chamber , it required the external support of Communist Refoundation Party . On 17 May 1996 , Prodi received from President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro the task of forming a new government . He ultimately formed a 23-member cabinet that included 16 PDS ministers ( including Deputy Prime Minister Walter Veltroni ) and 10 PDS junior ministers–the first ( former ) Communists to take part in government in half a century . Policies . Prodis economic programme consisted in continuing the past governments work of restoration of the countrys economic health , in order to pursue the then seemingly unreachable goal of leading the country within the strict European Monetary System parameters in order to allow the country to join the Euro currency . He succeeded in this in little more than six months . During his first premiership , Prodi faced the Albanian civil war ; his government proposed the so-called Operation Alba ( Sunrise ) , a multinational peacekeeping force sent to Albania in 1997 and led by Italy . It was intended to help the Albanian government restore law and order in their troubled country after the 1997 rebellion in Albania . Following the degenerating loss of administrative control by the Government in the first days of March 1997 , culminating in the desertion of most Police and many Republican Guard and Army units , leaving their armouries open to the inevitable looting which soon followed , several Nations autonomously helped evacuate their Nationals , causing wider concerns about the fate of others . The UN Security Council therefore agreed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 as a stop-gap operation to manage this and buy time , laying the foundations for another International Organisation to manage a planned reconstruction , which after six weeks of debate fell to the Western European Union , creating the Multinational Albanian Police Element around a command structure of Italian Military Carabinieri , which actually undertook the work of Judicial and Police reconstruction , extending into the elimination of the economic causes of the crisis . The Italian 3rd Army Corps assumed responsibility for the stop-gap mission as Operation Alba , the first multinational Italian-led Mission since World War II . Eleven contributing European Nations brought humanitarian aid to a country that was in a dramatic economic and political situation . Resignation . Prodis government fell in 1998 when the Communist Refoundation Party withdrew its external support . This led to the formation of a new government led by Massimo DAlema as Prime Minister . There are those who claim that DAlema , along with Peoples Party leader Franco Marini , deliberately engineered the collapse of the Prodi government to become Prime Minister himself . As the result of a vote of no confidence in Prodis government , DAlemas nomination was passed by a single vote . This was the first occasion in the history of the Italian Republic on which a vote of no confidence had ever been called ; the Republics many previous governments had been brought down by a majority no vote on some crucially important piece of legislation ( such as the budget ) . President of the European Commission ( 1999–2004 ) . In September 1999 Prodi , a strong supporter of European Integration , became President of the European Commission , thanks to the support of both the conservative European Peoples Party , the social-democratic Party of European Socialists and the centrist Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party in the European Parliament . His commission took office on 13 September 1999 following the scandal and subsequent resignation of the Santer Commission which had damaged the reputation of the institution . It took over from the interim Marín Commission . The College consisted of 20 Commissioners which grew to 30 following the Enlargement of the European Union in 2004 . It was the last commission to see two members allocated to the larger member states . This commission ( the 10th ) saw in increase in power and influence following Amsterdam Treaty . Some in the media described president Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Amsterdam Treaty . It was during Prodis presidency , in 2002 , that 11 EU member states ditched their national currencies and adopted the euro as their common currency . This commission ( the 10th ) saw an increase in power and influence following the Amsterdam Treaty . The treaty was the result of long negotiations which began in Messina , Sicily , on 2 June 1995 , nearly forty years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome , and reached completion in Amsterdam on 18 June 1997 . Following the formal signing of the Treaty on 2 October 1997 , the member states engaged in an equally long and complex ratification process . The European Parliament endorsed the treaty on 19 November 1997 , and after two referendums and 13 decisions by parliaments , the member states finally concluded the procedure . Under this treaty the member states agreed to devolve certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas , including legislating on immigration , adopting civil and criminal laws , and enacting foreign and security policy ( CFSP ) , as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU . Due to this increased power of the Commission President , some media described President Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Nice Treaty . As well as the enlargement and Amsterdam Treaty , the Prodi Commission also saw the signing and enforcement of the Treaty of Nice as well as the conclusion and signing of the European Constitution : in which he introduced the Convention method of negotiation . The treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003 . It amended the Maastricht Treaty ( or the Treaty on European Union ) and the Treaty of Rome ( or the Treaty establishing the European Community which , before the Maastricht Treaty , was the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ) . The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion , a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty , but failed to be addressed at the time . The entry into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time , after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001 . This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later . 2004 enlargement and of the mandate . In 2004 , his last year as Commission President , the European Union was enlarged to admit several more member nations , most formerly part of the Soviet bloc . It was the largest single expansion of the European Union ( EU ) , in terms of territory , number of states , and population to date ; however , it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product . It occurred on 1 May 2004 . The simultaneous accessions concerned the following countries ( sometimes referred to as the A10 countries ) : Cyprus , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Seven of these were part of the former Eastern Bloc ( of which three were from the former Soviet Union and four were and still are members of the Central European alliance Visegrád Group ) , one of the former Yugoslavia ( together sometimes referred to as the A8 countries ) , and the remaining two were Mediterranean islands and former British colonies . Part of the same wave of enlargement was the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 , who were unable to join in 2004 , but , according to the Commission , constitute part of the fifth enlargement . The commission was due to leave office on 31 October 2004 , but due to opposition from the European parliament to the proposed Barroso Commission which would succeed it , it was extended and finally left office on 21 November 2004 . When his mandate expired , Prodi returned to domestic politics . Return to Italian politics ( 2005–2006 ) . The Union primary election . Shortly before the end of his term as President of the European Commission , Prodi returned to national Italian politics at the helm of the enlarged centre-left coalition , The Union . Having no party of his own , in order to officially state his candidacy for the 2006 general election , Prodi came up with the idea of an apposite primary election , the first of such kind to be ever introduced in Europe and seen by its creator ( Prodi himself ) as a democratic move to bring the public and its opinion closer to the Italian politics . When the primary elections were first proposed , they were mostly meant as a plebiscite for Romano Prodi , since there were no other candidates for the leadership of the coalition . The secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party , Fausto Bertinotti , then announced he would run for the leadership , even if only to act as a symbolic candidate , to avoid a one-candidate election . After some time , more candidates were presented , like Union of Democrats for Europe leader Clemente Mastella , Italy of Values leader and former magistrate Antonio Di Pietro , Federation of the Greens leader Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio and others few minor candidates . The primary election may have been foreseen an easy win for Romano Prodi , with the other candidates running mostly to measure their strengths in the coalition , and they often talked about reaching a certain percentage rather than winning . However , there were rumours of supporters of the House of Freedoms trying to participate in the elections , and vote in favour of Mastella , reputed to be the least competent of the candidates and the least likely to win against Berlusconi , other than the most centrist ; other rumours indicated such fake left-wing voters would vote for Bertinotti , because his leadership would likely lose any grip on the political centre . The election had been held nationwide on 16 October 2005 , from 8 am to 10 pm . Poll stations were mainly managed on a voluntary basis ; they were hosted mainly in squares , local party quarters , schools , and even restaurants , bars , campers and a hairdresser ; some polling stations were also provided outside the country for Italians abroad . Most of the party leaders claimed a result of 1 million voters would be a good success for the election , but over four million people for the occasion went to cast a vote in the primary election . Second term as Prime Minister ( 2006–2008 ) . Italian 2006 general election . After having won the centre-left primary election , Prodi led The Union coalition in the 2006 election . The Union was a heterogeneous alliance , which was formed by centrist parties like UDEUR and communists like PRC and Party of Italian Communists . Prodi led his coalition to the electoral campaign preceding the election , eventually on 9 and 10 April won by a very narrow margin of 25,000 votes , and a final majority of two seats in the Senate . Initial exit polls suggested a victory for Prodi , but the results narrowed as the count progressed . On 11 April 2006 , Prodi declared victory ; Berlusconi never conceded defeat explicitly but this is not required by the Italian law . Preliminary results showed The Union leading the House of Freedoms in the Chamber of Deputies , with 340 seats to 277 , thanks to obtaining a majority bonus ( actual votes were distributed 49.81% to 49.74% ) . One more seat is allied with The Union ( Aosta Valley ) and 7 more seats in the foreign constituency . The House of Freedoms had secured a slight majority of Senate seats elected within Italy ( 155 seats to 154 ) , but The Union won 4 of the 6 seats allocated to voters outside Italy , giving them control of both chambers . On 19 April 2006 , Italys Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that Prodi had indeed won the election , winning control of the Chamber of Deputies by only 24,755 votes out of more than 38 million votes cast , and winning 158 seats in the Senate to 156 for Berlusconis coalition . Even so , Berlusconi refused to concede defeat , claiming unproven fraud . Government formation . Prodis appointment was somewhat delayed , as the outgoing President of the Republic , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , ended his mandate in May , not having enough time for the usual procedure ( consultations made by the President , appointment of a Prime Minister , the motion of confidence and oath of office ) . After the acrimonious election of Giorgio Napolitano to replace Ciampi , Prodi could proceed with his transition to government . On 16 May he was invited by Napolitano to form a government . The following day , 17 May 2006 , Prodi and his second cabinet were sworn into office . Prodis new cabinet drew in politicians from across his centre-left winning coalition , in addition to Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa , an unelected former official of the European Central Bank with no partisan membership . Romano Prodi obtained the support for his cabinet on 19 May at the Senate and on 23 May at the Chamber of Deputies . The coalition led by Prodi , thanks to the electoral law which gave the winner a sixty-seat majority , can count on a good majority in the Chamber of Deputies but only on a very narrow majority in the Senate . The composition of the coalition was heterogeneous , combining parties of communist ideology , the Party of Italian Communists and Communist Refoundation Party , within the same government as parties of Catholic inspiration , Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and UDEUR . The latter was led by Clemente Mastella , former chairman of Christian Democracy . Therefore , according to critics , it was difficult to have a single policy in different key areas , such as economics and foreign politics ( for instance , Italian military presence in Afghanistan ) . Foreign policy . In foreign policy , the Prodi II Cabinet continued the engagement in Afghanistan , under UN command , while withdrawing troops from post-invasion Iraq on 18 May 2006 , when Prodi laid out some sense of his new foreign policy , pledging to withdraw Italian troops from Iraq and called the Iraq War a grave mistake that has not solved but increased the problem of security . The major effort of foreign minister Massimo DAlema concerned the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War , being the first to offer troops to the UN for the constitution of the UNIFIL force , and assuming its command in February 2007 . In fact , Prodi had a key role in the creation of a multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon following the Israel-Lebanon conflict . Italy led negotiations with the Israeli foreign minister Tzipi Livni and was proposed by Israel to head the multinational peacekeeping mission , although the dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the center-right opposition that it could prove a kamikaze mission , with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed Hezbollah . Prodi and DAlema pledged Italys willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans . Coalitions troubles . Prodis government faced a crisis over policies in early 2007 , after just nine months of government . Three ministers in Prodis Cabinet boycotted a vote in January to continue funding for Italian troop deployments in Afghanistan . Lawmakers approved the expansion of the US military base Caserma Ederle at the end of January , but the victory was so narrow that Deputy Prime Minister Francesco Rutelli criticised members of the coalition who had not supported the government . At around the same time , Justice Minister Clemente Mastella , of the coalition member UDEUR , said he would rather see the government fall than support its unwed couples legislation . Tens of thousands of people marched in Vicenza against the expansion of Caserma Ederle , which saw the participation of some leading far-left members of the government . Harsh debates followed in the Italian Senate on 20 February 2007 . Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Massimo DAlema declared during an official visit in Ibiza , Spain that , without a majority on foreign policy affairs , the government would resign . The following day , DAlema gave a speech at the Senate representing the government , clarifying his foreign policy and asking the Senate to vote for or against it . In spite of the fear of many senators that Prodis defeat would return Silvio Berlusconi to power , the Senate did not approve a motion backing Prodis government foreign policy , two votes shy of the required majority of 160 . After a Government meeting on 21 February , Romano Prodi tendered his resignation to the President Giorgio Napolitano , who cut short an official visit to Bologna in order to receive the Prime Minister . Prodis spokesman indicated that he would only agree to form a new Government if , and only if , he is guaranteed the full support of all the parties in the majority from now on . On 22 February , centre-left coalition party leaders backed a non-negotiable list of twelve political conditions given by Prodi as conditions of his remaining in office . President Napolitano held talks with political leaders on 23 February to decide whether to confirm Prodis Government , ask Prodi to form a new government or call fresh elections . Following these talks , on 24 February , President Napolitano asked Prodi to remain in office but to submit to a vote of confidence in both houses . On 28 February , the Senate voted to grant confidence to Prodis Government . Though facing strong opposition from the centre-right coalition , the vote resulted in a 162–157 victory . Prodi then faced a vote of confidence in the lower house on 2 March , which he won as expected with a large majority of 342–198 . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi oversaw the merger of two main parties of the Italian centre-left , Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy , creating the Democratic Party . Prodi himself led the merger of the two parties , which had been planned over a twelve-year period , and became the first President of the party . He announced his resignation from that post on 16 April 2008 , two days after the Democratic Partys defeat in the general election . 2008 crisis and resignation . In early January 2008 , Justice Minister and Union of Democrats for Europes leader Clemente Mastella resigned after his wife Sandra Lonardo was put under house arrest for corruption charges . With three Senators , UDEUR was instrumental to ensure a narrow centre-left majority in the Italian Senate . After first promising to support the government , he later retracted this support , and his party followed , in part also due to pressure from the Vatican , for which the governments proposed laws in regards to registered partnerships of same-sex couples , and other liberal reforms were objectionable . Mastella also cited lack of solidarity from the majority parties after the arrest of his wife , and declared that his party would vote against the government bills since then . The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system . As stated many times by Minister Mastella , if the referendum had been confirmed , it would lead directly to the fall of the government and it happened . The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastellas to gain seats in parliament . The UDEUR defection forced caused Prodi to ask for a confidence vote in both Chambers : he won a clear majority in the Chamber of Deputies on 23 January , but was defeated 156 to 161 ( with 1 abstention ) in the Senate the next day . He therefore tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Giorgio Napolitano , who accepted it and appointed the President of the Senate , Franco Marini , with the task of evaluating possibilities for forming interim government to implement electoral reforms prior to holding elections . Marini , after consultation with all major political forces , acknowledged the impossibility of doing so on 5 February , forcing Napolitano to announce the end of the legislature . Prodi said that he would not seek to lead a new government and snap election were called . In the election that followed in April 2008 , Berlusconis centre-right The People of Freedom and allies defeated the Democratic Party . After the premiership ( 2008–present ) . On 19 March 2008 , during the political campaign for the snap general election , Romano Prodi stated I called it a day with Italian politics and maybe with politics in general . On 12 September 2008 , Prodi was named by the UN as head of a joint AU-UN panel aimed at enhancing peacekeeping operations in Africa . On 6 February 2009 , he was appointed Professor-at-Large at the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown University . Since 2010 Romano Prodi is the chair for Sino-European dialogue at the China Europe International Business School ( CEIBS – Shanghai&Beijing ) , Chinas leading business school . On 9 October 2012 , Romano Prodi was appointed by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Envoy for the Sahel . He served in that position until 31 January 2014 . Prodi is also a member of the Club de Madrid , an international organization of former democratic statesmen , which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership . He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group . 2013 presidential candidate . Prodi was drafted by Democratic Party parliamentarians to be President of Italy during the 2013 presidential election after Democratic Party–People of Freedom compromise candidate Franco Marini failed to receive sufficient votes on the first ballot . During the first three rounds of voting , few people cast ballots for Prodi ( 14 on the first ballot , 13 on the second and 22 on the third ) . On 16 April 2013 , just a few days prior to the fourth ballot , Prodi gave a lectio magistralis at the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum entitled I grandi cambiamenti della politica e delleconomia mondiale : cè un posto per lEuropa ? ( The Great Changes in Politics and the World Economy : Is there Room for Europe? ) . Prodi was sponsored by the Angelicum and the Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi on behalf of the Political Science program Scienze Politiche e del Buon Governo . A few days later on 19 April , starting on the fourth ballot Prodi was looked at seriously as a possible candidate . However , Prodi announced he was pulling out of the race for President after more than 100 centre-left electors did not vote for him as he received only 395 ( of 504 votes needed to be elected ) . After this vote , Pier Luigi Bersani , leader of centre-left Democratic Party , announced his resignation as partys secretary . As of September 2020 , he is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . Honours and awards . - : Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – 2 June 1993 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland – 1997 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic – 1998 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania – 2000 - : Order of the Three Stars , 1st Class – 2007 - : Order of the Rising Sun , Grand Cordon – 2012 Academic awards . - Laurea in Giurisprudenza ( 110 e lode ) Università Cattolica Milano ( 1961 ) - Madras University ( India , 1998 ) - Sofia University ( Bulgaria , 1998 ) - Universitat Politecnica de Barcelona ( Spain , 1998 ) - Brown University ( United States , 1999 ) - University of Michigan ( United States , 1999 ) - Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies ( Romania , 2000 ) - Catholic University of Leuven ( Belgium , 2000 ) - University of Malta ( Malta , 2000 ) - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia ( Italy , 2000 ) - University of Ottawa ( Canada , 2000 ) - St . Gallen University ( Switzerland , 2000 ) - Kyung Hee University , ( South Korea , 2000 ) - Pisa University ( Italy , 2001 ) - University of Tirana ( Albania , 2001 ) - Carleton University ( Canada , 2001 ) - Instituto de Empresa de Madrid ( Spain , 2002 ) - University of Oxford , ( United Kingdom , 2002 ) - Pavia University , ( Italy , 2002 ) - Skopje University , ( North Macedonia , 2003 ) - Tunis University , ( Tunisia , 2003 ) - University of Calabria ( Italy , 2003 ) - Torino University ( Italy , 2004 ) - Lublin University ( Poland , 2004 ) - Tongji University ( P.R.China , 2006 ) - Catholic University of Milan ( Italy , 2007 ) - Addis Abeba University ( 2007 ) - University of Calcutta ( 2007 ) - University of Freiburg ( 2008 ) - MIRBIS University Moscow ( 2009 ) - Chinese Academy of Governance ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Nova Gorica ( 2010 ) - Nankai University ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Halle-Wittenberg ( Germany , 2011 )

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What was the position of Romano Prodi between Sep 2007 and Oct 2007?

/wiki/Romano_Prodi#P39#3

Romano Prodi Romano Prodi ( ; born 9 August 1939 ) is an Italian politician , economist , academic , civil servant and manager who served as the 10th President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004 . He served twice as Prime Minister of Italy , first from 17 May 1996 to 21 October 1998 and then from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008 . He is considered the founder of the Italian centre-left and one of the most prominent and iconic figures of the so-called Second Republic . Prodi is often nicknamed Il Professore ( The Professor ) due to his academic career . A former professor of economics and international advisor to Goldman Sachs , Prodi ran in 1996 as lead candidate of The Olive Tree coalition , winning the general election and serving as Prime Minister of Italy until 1998 . Following the victory of his coalition The Union over the House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi in the April 2006 Italian elections , Prodi took power again . On 24 January 2008 , he lost a vote of confidence in the Senate house and consequently tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , but he continued in office for almost four months for routine business , until early elections were held and a new government was formed . Until now , he is the first progressive candidate to ever come first at legislative elections since 1921 and to manage to form a government without the need of opponents parliamentary support . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi became the first President of the Democratic Party upon foundation of the party . On 12 September 2008 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon selected Prodi as president of the African Union–United Nations peacekeeping panel . He is currently serving as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Sahel . Personal life . His brother Paolo Prodi ( 1932-2016 ) was an Italian historian and economist , who , according to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy , was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization . Romano Prodi married Flavia Franzoni in 1969 . He was married by Camillo Ruini , now a well-known cardinal . They have two sons , Giorgio and Antonio . He spends the summer holidays in the coastal town of Castiglione della Pescaia . Academic career . After completing his secondary education at the Liceo Ludovico Ariosto in Reggio Emilia , Prodi graduated in law at Milans Università Cattolica in 1961 with a thesis on the role of Protectionism in the development of Italian industry . He then carried out postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics . Prodi has received almost 20 honorary degrees from institutions in Italy , and from the rest of Europe , North America , Asia and Africa . Early political career . Ministry of Industry and Moros kidnapping . On 25 November 1978 Prodi was appointed Minister of Industry , Commerce and Craftmanship in the government of the Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Even if he was a DC member , Prodi was widely considered a technical minister . As minister , he promoted a law , known as Prodi law , which aimed a regulating of the extraordinary state administration procedure for the rescue of large enterprises in crisis . On 2 April 1978 , Prodi and other teachers at the University of Bologna passed on a tip-off that revealed the whereabouts of the safe house where the kidnapped Aldo Moro , the former Prime Minister , was being held captive by the Red Brigades . Prodi claimed he had been given this tip-off by the founders of the Christian Democracy party , contacted from beyond the grave via a séance and a Ouija board . Whilst during this supposed séance Prodi thought the word Gradoli referred to a town on the outskirts of Rome , it probably referred to the Roman address of a Red Brigades safe house , located at no . 96 , Via Gradoli . The information was trusted and a police group made an armed blitz in the town of Gradoli , 80 km from Rome , on the following day , 6 April though Moro was not found . Prodi spoke to the Italian parliaments commission about the case in 1981 . In the notes of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism , the séance is described as a fake , used to hide the true source of the information . In 1997 Giulio Andreotti declared that the information came from the Bologna section of Autonomia Operaia , a far-left organization with some ties with the Red Brigades , and that Francesco Cossiga also knew the true source . Judge Ferdinando Imposimato considered Andreottis theory as possible , but accused him of having kept information that could have been valuable in a trial about Moros murder . Moros widow later declared that she had repeatedly informed the police that a via Gradoli existed in Rome , but the investigators did not consider it ; some replied to her that the street did not appear in Romes maps . This is confirmed by other Moro relatives , but strongly denied by Francesco Cossiga , who served as Interior Minister during Moros kidnapping . In the 1990s the séance matter was reopened by the Italian parliaments commission on terrorism . While Prodi ( then Prime Minister ) declared that he had no time for an interview , both Baldassarri ( senator and vice-minister in two Berlusconi cabinets ) and Clò ( Minister of Industry in Lamberto Dinis cabinet and owner of the house where the séance was performed ) responded to the call : they confirmed the circumstances of the séance , and that the word Gradoli had appeared in several sessions , even if the participants had changed . Later , other Italian members of the European Commission claimed Prodi had invented this story to conceal the real source of the tip-off , which they believed to have originated somewhere among the far-left Italian political groups . This issue came back again in 2005 , when Prodi was accused of being a KGB man by Mario Scaramella . The same accusation was raised in 2002 by the Mitrokhin Commission . This claim was further repeated by Gerard Batten , the Member of the European Parliament for London who claimed he was informed of this by his constituent and former FSB operative , Alexander Litvinenko . The 2018 February 16 indictment of Paul Manafort unsealed on February 23 as part of the Special Counsel investigation ( 2017–2019 ) alleges that Foreign Politicians hypothesized to be Prodi and Alfred Gusenbauer took payments exceeding $2m from Manafort to promote the case of his client , Viktor Yanukovich . Business and administrative career . After leaving his position in 1989 , Prodi ran the Bologna based consulting company Analisi e Studi Economici , which he jointly owned along with his wife . Between 1990 and 1993 the company earned £1.4 million , most of which was paid by the investment bank Goldman Sachs . Second term as IRI President . In 1993 , he was between the main candidates to become Prime Minister at the head of a technocratic government , but the Governor of the Bank of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was chosen for this office by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro . In 1993–1994 , Prodi was appointed again President of the IRI , by Ciampi , where he oversaw extensive privatization of public assets . For his activities in this period Prodi would later twice come under investigation – firstly for an alleged conflict of interest in relation to contracts awarded to his own economic research company in relation to the Italdel-Siemens merger , and secondly concerning the sale of the loss-making state-owned food conglomerate SME to the multinational Unilever , for which he had previously been a paid consultant . Prodis former employer Goldman Sachs was involved in both of the deals . In February 2007 the Italian Treasury Police raided the Milan office of Goldman Sachs , where they removed a file called MTononi/memo-Prodi02.doc . They also obtained a letter to Siemens from the Frankfurt office of Goldman Sachs regarding the Italdel deal , which revealed that Prodi was made the Senior Advisor of Goldman Sachs International in Italy in March 1990 . In November 1996 , after Prodi had been elected Prime Minister , Rome prosecutor Guiseppa Geremia concluded that there was enough evidence to press charges against Prodi for conflict of interest in the Unilever deal . The case was however shut down within weeks by superiors , while Geremia was exiled to Sardinia . First term as Prime Minister ( 1996–1998 ) . On 25 May 1994 , Prodi went to Palazzo Chigi to announce his resignation as IRI President to the new Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi ; the resignation had been formalised on 31 May and became effective on 22 July . On 11 August , Prodi announced to the Gazzetta di Reggio of his intent to enter politics . A few months earlier , Prodi had rejected a proposal from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) to run for the 1994 European election . The Olive Tree and 1996 election . On 13 February 1995 Prodi , along with his close friend Arturo Parisi , founded his political alliance The Olive Tree . Prodis aim was to build a centre-left coalition composed by centrist and leftist parties , opposed to the centre-right alliance led by Silvio Berlusconi , who resigned from the office of Prime Minister few weeks before , when Lega Nord withdrew his support to the government . The movement was immediately supported by Mariotto Segni , leader of the centrist Segni Pact ; after few weeks the post-communist Democratic Party of the Left of Massimo DAlema , the PPI and the Federation of the Greens also joined the Olive Tree coalition . On 19 February 1996 , the outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini announced that he would run in the election with a new party called Italian Renewal , allied with Prodis Olive Tree rather than Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms . Shortly after Berlusconi claimed that Dini copied his electoral programme . On election day , Prodis Olive Tree coalition won over Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms , becoming the first coalition composed of a post-communist party to win a general election since the Second World War . In the Senate , The Olive Tree obtained the majority , but in the Chamber , it required the external support of Communist Refoundation Party . On 17 May 1996 , Prodi received from President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro the task of forming a new government . He ultimately formed a 23-member cabinet that included 16 PDS ministers ( including Deputy Prime Minister Walter Veltroni ) and 10 PDS junior ministers–the first ( former ) Communists to take part in government in half a century . Policies . Prodis economic programme consisted in continuing the past governments work of restoration of the countrys economic health , in order to pursue the then seemingly unreachable goal of leading the country within the strict European Monetary System parameters in order to allow the country to join the Euro currency . He succeeded in this in little more than six months . During his first premiership , Prodi faced the Albanian civil war ; his government proposed the so-called Operation Alba ( Sunrise ) , a multinational peacekeeping force sent to Albania in 1997 and led by Italy . It was intended to help the Albanian government restore law and order in their troubled country after the 1997 rebellion in Albania . Following the degenerating loss of administrative control by the Government in the first days of March 1997 , culminating in the desertion of most Police and many Republican Guard and Army units , leaving their armouries open to the inevitable looting which soon followed , several Nations autonomously helped evacuate their Nationals , causing wider concerns about the fate of others . The UN Security Council therefore agreed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 as a stop-gap operation to manage this and buy time , laying the foundations for another International Organisation to manage a planned reconstruction , which after six weeks of debate fell to the Western European Union , creating the Multinational Albanian Police Element around a command structure of Italian Military Carabinieri , which actually undertook the work of Judicial and Police reconstruction , extending into the elimination of the economic causes of the crisis . The Italian 3rd Army Corps assumed responsibility for the stop-gap mission as Operation Alba , the first multinational Italian-led Mission since World War II . Eleven contributing European Nations brought humanitarian aid to a country that was in a dramatic economic and political situation . Resignation . Prodis government fell in 1998 when the Communist Refoundation Party withdrew its external support . This led to the formation of a new government led by Massimo DAlema as Prime Minister . There are those who claim that DAlema , along with Peoples Party leader Franco Marini , deliberately engineered the collapse of the Prodi government to become Prime Minister himself . As the result of a vote of no confidence in Prodis government , DAlemas nomination was passed by a single vote . This was the first occasion in the history of the Italian Republic on which a vote of no confidence had ever been called ; the Republics many previous governments had been brought down by a majority no vote on some crucially important piece of legislation ( such as the budget ) . President of the European Commission ( 1999–2004 ) . In September 1999 Prodi , a strong supporter of European Integration , became President of the European Commission , thanks to the support of both the conservative European Peoples Party , the social-democratic Party of European Socialists and the centrist Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party in the European Parliament . His commission took office on 13 September 1999 following the scandal and subsequent resignation of the Santer Commission which had damaged the reputation of the institution . It took over from the interim Marín Commission . The College consisted of 20 Commissioners which grew to 30 following the Enlargement of the European Union in 2004 . It was the last commission to see two members allocated to the larger member states . This commission ( the 10th ) saw in increase in power and influence following Amsterdam Treaty . Some in the media described president Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Amsterdam Treaty . It was during Prodis presidency , in 2002 , that 11 EU member states ditched their national currencies and adopted the euro as their common currency . This commission ( the 10th ) saw an increase in power and influence following the Amsterdam Treaty . The treaty was the result of long negotiations which began in Messina , Sicily , on 2 June 1995 , nearly forty years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome , and reached completion in Amsterdam on 18 June 1997 . Following the formal signing of the Treaty on 2 October 1997 , the member states engaged in an equally long and complex ratification process . The European Parliament endorsed the treaty on 19 November 1997 , and after two referendums and 13 decisions by parliaments , the member states finally concluded the procedure . Under this treaty the member states agreed to devolve certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas , including legislating on immigration , adopting civil and criminal laws , and enacting foreign and security policy ( CFSP ) , as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU . Due to this increased power of the Commission President , some media described President Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Nice Treaty . As well as the enlargement and Amsterdam Treaty , the Prodi Commission also saw the signing and enforcement of the Treaty of Nice as well as the conclusion and signing of the European Constitution : in which he introduced the Convention method of negotiation . The treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003 . It amended the Maastricht Treaty ( or the Treaty on European Union ) and the Treaty of Rome ( or the Treaty establishing the European Community which , before the Maastricht Treaty , was the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ) . The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion , a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty , but failed to be addressed at the time . The entry into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time , after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001 . This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later . 2004 enlargement and of the mandate . In 2004 , his last year as Commission President , the European Union was enlarged to admit several more member nations , most formerly part of the Soviet bloc . It was the largest single expansion of the European Union ( EU ) , in terms of territory , number of states , and population to date ; however , it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product . It occurred on 1 May 2004 . The simultaneous accessions concerned the following countries ( sometimes referred to as the A10 countries ) : Cyprus , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Seven of these were part of the former Eastern Bloc ( of which three were from the former Soviet Union and four were and still are members of the Central European alliance Visegrád Group ) , one of the former Yugoslavia ( together sometimes referred to as the A8 countries ) , and the remaining two were Mediterranean islands and former British colonies . Part of the same wave of enlargement was the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 , who were unable to join in 2004 , but , according to the Commission , constitute part of the fifth enlargement . The commission was due to leave office on 31 October 2004 , but due to opposition from the European parliament to the proposed Barroso Commission which would succeed it , it was extended and finally left office on 21 November 2004 . When his mandate expired , Prodi returned to domestic politics . Return to Italian politics ( 2005–2006 ) . The Union primary election . Shortly before the end of his term as President of the European Commission , Prodi returned to national Italian politics at the helm of the enlarged centre-left coalition , The Union . Having no party of his own , in order to officially state his candidacy for the 2006 general election , Prodi came up with the idea of an apposite primary election , the first of such kind to be ever introduced in Europe and seen by its creator ( Prodi himself ) as a democratic move to bring the public and its opinion closer to the Italian politics . When the primary elections were first proposed , they were mostly meant as a plebiscite for Romano Prodi , since there were no other candidates for the leadership of the coalition . The secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party , Fausto Bertinotti , then announced he would run for the leadership , even if only to act as a symbolic candidate , to avoid a one-candidate election . After some time , more candidates were presented , like Union of Democrats for Europe leader Clemente Mastella , Italy of Values leader and former magistrate Antonio Di Pietro , Federation of the Greens leader Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio and others few minor candidates . The primary election may have been foreseen an easy win for Romano Prodi , with the other candidates running mostly to measure their strengths in the coalition , and they often talked about reaching a certain percentage rather than winning . However , there were rumours of supporters of the House of Freedoms trying to participate in the elections , and vote in favour of Mastella , reputed to be the least competent of the candidates and the least likely to win against Berlusconi , other than the most centrist ; other rumours indicated such fake left-wing voters would vote for Bertinotti , because his leadership would likely lose any grip on the political centre . The election had been held nationwide on 16 October 2005 , from 8 am to 10 pm . Poll stations were mainly managed on a voluntary basis ; they were hosted mainly in squares , local party quarters , schools , and even restaurants , bars , campers and a hairdresser ; some polling stations were also provided outside the country for Italians abroad . Most of the party leaders claimed a result of 1 million voters would be a good success for the election , but over four million people for the occasion went to cast a vote in the primary election . Second term as Prime Minister ( 2006–2008 ) . Italian 2006 general election . After having won the centre-left primary election , Prodi led The Union coalition in the 2006 election . The Union was a heterogeneous alliance , which was formed by centrist parties like UDEUR and communists like PRC and Party of Italian Communists . Prodi led his coalition to the electoral campaign preceding the election , eventually on 9 and 10 April won by a very narrow margin of 25,000 votes , and a final majority of two seats in the Senate . Initial exit polls suggested a victory for Prodi , but the results narrowed as the count progressed . On 11 April 2006 , Prodi declared victory ; Berlusconi never conceded defeat explicitly but this is not required by the Italian law . Preliminary results showed The Union leading the House of Freedoms in the Chamber of Deputies , with 340 seats to 277 , thanks to obtaining a majority bonus ( actual votes were distributed 49.81% to 49.74% ) . One more seat is allied with The Union ( Aosta Valley ) and 7 more seats in the foreign constituency . The House of Freedoms had secured a slight majority of Senate seats elected within Italy ( 155 seats to 154 ) , but The Union won 4 of the 6 seats allocated to voters outside Italy , giving them control of both chambers . On 19 April 2006 , Italys Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that Prodi had indeed won the election , winning control of the Chamber of Deputies by only 24,755 votes out of more than 38 million votes cast , and winning 158 seats in the Senate to 156 for Berlusconis coalition . Even so , Berlusconi refused to concede defeat , claiming unproven fraud . Government formation . Prodis appointment was somewhat delayed , as the outgoing President of the Republic , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , ended his mandate in May , not having enough time for the usual procedure ( consultations made by the President , appointment of a Prime Minister , the motion of confidence and oath of office ) . After the acrimonious election of Giorgio Napolitano to replace Ciampi , Prodi could proceed with his transition to government . On 16 May he was invited by Napolitano to form a government . The following day , 17 May 2006 , Prodi and his second cabinet were sworn into office . Prodis new cabinet drew in politicians from across his centre-left winning coalition , in addition to Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa , an unelected former official of the European Central Bank with no partisan membership . Romano Prodi obtained the support for his cabinet on 19 May at the Senate and on 23 May at the Chamber of Deputies . The coalition led by Prodi , thanks to the electoral law which gave the winner a sixty-seat majority , can count on a good majority in the Chamber of Deputies but only on a very narrow majority in the Senate . The composition of the coalition was heterogeneous , combining parties of communist ideology , the Party of Italian Communists and Communist Refoundation Party , within the same government as parties of Catholic inspiration , Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and UDEUR . The latter was led by Clemente Mastella , former chairman of Christian Democracy . Therefore , according to critics , it was difficult to have a single policy in different key areas , such as economics and foreign politics ( for instance , Italian military presence in Afghanistan ) . Foreign policy . In foreign policy , the Prodi II Cabinet continued the engagement in Afghanistan , under UN command , while withdrawing troops from post-invasion Iraq on 18 May 2006 , when Prodi laid out some sense of his new foreign policy , pledging to withdraw Italian troops from Iraq and called the Iraq War a grave mistake that has not solved but increased the problem of security . The major effort of foreign minister Massimo DAlema concerned the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War , being the first to offer troops to the UN for the constitution of the UNIFIL force , and assuming its command in February 2007 . In fact , Prodi had a key role in the creation of a multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon following the Israel-Lebanon conflict . Italy led negotiations with the Israeli foreign minister Tzipi Livni and was proposed by Israel to head the multinational peacekeeping mission , although the dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the center-right opposition that it could prove a kamikaze mission , with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed Hezbollah . Prodi and DAlema pledged Italys willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans . Coalitions troubles . Prodis government faced a crisis over policies in early 2007 , after just nine months of government . Three ministers in Prodis Cabinet boycotted a vote in January to continue funding for Italian troop deployments in Afghanistan . Lawmakers approved the expansion of the US military base Caserma Ederle at the end of January , but the victory was so narrow that Deputy Prime Minister Francesco Rutelli criticised members of the coalition who had not supported the government . At around the same time , Justice Minister Clemente Mastella , of the coalition member UDEUR , said he would rather see the government fall than support its unwed couples legislation . Tens of thousands of people marched in Vicenza against the expansion of Caserma Ederle , which saw the participation of some leading far-left members of the government . Harsh debates followed in the Italian Senate on 20 February 2007 . Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Massimo DAlema declared during an official visit in Ibiza , Spain that , without a majority on foreign policy affairs , the government would resign . The following day , DAlema gave a speech at the Senate representing the government , clarifying his foreign policy and asking the Senate to vote for or against it . In spite of the fear of many senators that Prodis defeat would return Silvio Berlusconi to power , the Senate did not approve a motion backing Prodis government foreign policy , two votes shy of the required majority of 160 . After a Government meeting on 21 February , Romano Prodi tendered his resignation to the President Giorgio Napolitano , who cut short an official visit to Bologna in order to receive the Prime Minister . Prodis spokesman indicated that he would only agree to form a new Government if , and only if , he is guaranteed the full support of all the parties in the majority from now on . On 22 February , centre-left coalition party leaders backed a non-negotiable list of twelve political conditions given by Prodi as conditions of his remaining in office . President Napolitano held talks with political leaders on 23 February to decide whether to confirm Prodis Government , ask Prodi to form a new government or call fresh elections . Following these talks , on 24 February , President Napolitano asked Prodi to remain in office but to submit to a vote of confidence in both houses . On 28 February , the Senate voted to grant confidence to Prodis Government . Though facing strong opposition from the centre-right coalition , the vote resulted in a 162–157 victory . Prodi then faced a vote of confidence in the lower house on 2 March , which he won as expected with a large majority of 342–198 . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi oversaw the merger of two main parties of the Italian centre-left , Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy , creating the Democratic Party . Prodi himself led the merger of the two parties , which had been planned over a twelve-year period , and became the first President of the party . He announced his resignation from that post on 16 April 2008 , two days after the Democratic Partys defeat in the general election . 2008 crisis and resignation . In early January 2008 , Justice Minister and Union of Democrats for Europes leader Clemente Mastella resigned after his wife Sandra Lonardo was put under house arrest for corruption charges . With three Senators , UDEUR was instrumental to ensure a narrow centre-left majority in the Italian Senate . After first promising to support the government , he later retracted this support , and his party followed , in part also due to pressure from the Vatican , for which the governments proposed laws in regards to registered partnerships of same-sex couples , and other liberal reforms were objectionable . Mastella also cited lack of solidarity from the majority parties after the arrest of his wife , and declared that his party would vote against the government bills since then . The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system . As stated many times by Minister Mastella , if the referendum had been confirmed , it would lead directly to the fall of the government and it happened . The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastellas to gain seats in parliament . The UDEUR defection forced caused Prodi to ask for a confidence vote in both Chambers : he won a clear majority in the Chamber of Deputies on 23 January , but was defeated 156 to 161 ( with 1 abstention ) in the Senate the next day . He therefore tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Giorgio Napolitano , who accepted it and appointed the President of the Senate , Franco Marini , with the task of evaluating possibilities for forming interim government to implement electoral reforms prior to holding elections . Marini , after consultation with all major political forces , acknowledged the impossibility of doing so on 5 February , forcing Napolitano to announce the end of the legislature . Prodi said that he would not seek to lead a new government and snap election were called . In the election that followed in April 2008 , Berlusconis centre-right The People of Freedom and allies defeated the Democratic Party . After the premiership ( 2008–present ) . On 19 March 2008 , during the political campaign for the snap general election , Romano Prodi stated I called it a day with Italian politics and maybe with politics in general . On 12 September 2008 , Prodi was named by the UN as head of a joint AU-UN panel aimed at enhancing peacekeeping operations in Africa . On 6 February 2009 , he was appointed Professor-at-Large at the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown University . Since 2010 Romano Prodi is the chair for Sino-European dialogue at the China Europe International Business School ( CEIBS – Shanghai&Beijing ) , Chinas leading business school . On 9 October 2012 , Romano Prodi was appointed by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Envoy for the Sahel . He served in that position until 31 January 2014 . Prodi is also a member of the Club de Madrid , an international organization of former democratic statesmen , which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership . He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group . 2013 presidential candidate . Prodi was drafted by Democratic Party parliamentarians to be President of Italy during the 2013 presidential election after Democratic Party–People of Freedom compromise candidate Franco Marini failed to receive sufficient votes on the first ballot . During the first three rounds of voting , few people cast ballots for Prodi ( 14 on the first ballot , 13 on the second and 22 on the third ) . On 16 April 2013 , just a few days prior to the fourth ballot , Prodi gave a lectio magistralis at the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum entitled I grandi cambiamenti della politica e delleconomia mondiale : cè un posto per lEuropa ? ( The Great Changes in Politics and the World Economy : Is there Room for Europe? ) . Prodi was sponsored by the Angelicum and the Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi on behalf of the Political Science program Scienze Politiche e del Buon Governo . A few days later on 19 April , starting on the fourth ballot Prodi was looked at seriously as a possible candidate . However , Prodi announced he was pulling out of the race for President after more than 100 centre-left electors did not vote for him as he received only 395 ( of 504 votes needed to be elected ) . After this vote , Pier Luigi Bersani , leader of centre-left Democratic Party , announced his resignation as partys secretary . As of September 2020 , he is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . Honours and awards . - : Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – 2 June 1993 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland – 1997 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic – 1998 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania – 2000 - : Order of the Three Stars , 1st Class – 2007 - : Order of the Rising Sun , Grand Cordon – 2012 Academic awards . - Laurea in Giurisprudenza ( 110 e lode ) Università Cattolica Milano ( 1961 ) - Madras University ( India , 1998 ) - Sofia University ( Bulgaria , 1998 ) - Universitat Politecnica de Barcelona ( Spain , 1998 ) - Brown University ( United States , 1999 ) - University of Michigan ( United States , 1999 ) - Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies ( Romania , 2000 ) - Catholic University of Leuven ( Belgium , 2000 ) - University of Malta ( Malta , 2000 ) - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia ( Italy , 2000 ) - University of Ottawa ( Canada , 2000 ) - St . Gallen University ( Switzerland , 2000 ) - Kyung Hee University , ( South Korea , 2000 ) - Pisa University ( Italy , 2001 ) - University of Tirana ( Albania , 2001 ) - Carleton University ( Canada , 2001 ) - Instituto de Empresa de Madrid ( Spain , 2002 ) - University of Oxford , ( United Kingdom , 2002 ) - Pavia University , ( Italy , 2002 ) - Skopje University , ( North Macedonia , 2003 ) - Tunis University , ( Tunisia , 2003 ) - University of Calabria ( Italy , 2003 ) - Torino University ( Italy , 2004 ) - Lublin University ( Poland , 2004 ) - Tongji University ( P.R.China , 2006 ) - Catholic University of Milan ( Italy , 2007 ) - Addis Abeba University ( 2007 ) - University of Calcutta ( 2007 ) - University of Freiburg ( 2008 ) - MIRBIS University Moscow ( 2009 ) - Chinese Academy of Governance ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Nova Gorica ( 2010 ) - Nankai University ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Halle-Wittenberg ( Germany , 2011 )

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What was the position of Romano Prodi in Oct 2007?

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Romano Prodi Romano Prodi ( ; born 9 August 1939 ) is an Italian politician , economist , academic , civil servant and manager who served as the 10th President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004 . He served twice as Prime Minister of Italy , first from 17 May 1996 to 21 October 1998 and then from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008 . He is considered the founder of the Italian centre-left and one of the most prominent and iconic figures of the so-called Second Republic . Prodi is often nicknamed Il Professore ( The Professor ) due to his academic career . A former professor of economics and international advisor to Goldman Sachs , Prodi ran in 1996 as lead candidate of The Olive Tree coalition , winning the general election and serving as Prime Minister of Italy until 1998 . Following the victory of his coalition The Union over the House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi in the April 2006 Italian elections , Prodi took power again . On 24 January 2008 , he lost a vote of confidence in the Senate house and consequently tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , but he continued in office for almost four months for routine business , until early elections were held and a new government was formed . Until now , he is the first progressive candidate to ever come first at legislative elections since 1921 and to manage to form a government without the need of opponents parliamentary support . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi became the first President of the Democratic Party upon foundation of the party . On 12 September 2008 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon selected Prodi as president of the African Union–United Nations peacekeeping panel . He is currently serving as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Sahel . Personal life . His brother Paolo Prodi ( 1932-2016 ) was an Italian historian and economist , who , according to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy , was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization . Romano Prodi married Flavia Franzoni in 1969 . He was married by Camillo Ruini , now a well-known cardinal . They have two sons , Giorgio and Antonio . He spends the summer holidays in the coastal town of Castiglione della Pescaia . Academic career . After completing his secondary education at the Liceo Ludovico Ariosto in Reggio Emilia , Prodi graduated in law at Milans Università Cattolica in 1961 with a thesis on the role of Protectionism in the development of Italian industry . He then carried out postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics . Prodi has received almost 20 honorary degrees from institutions in Italy , and from the rest of Europe , North America , Asia and Africa . Early political career . Ministry of Industry and Moros kidnapping . On 25 November 1978 Prodi was appointed Minister of Industry , Commerce and Craftmanship in the government of the Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Even if he was a DC member , Prodi was widely considered a technical minister . As minister , he promoted a law , known as Prodi law , which aimed a regulating of the extraordinary state administration procedure for the rescue of large enterprises in crisis . On 2 April 1978 , Prodi and other teachers at the University of Bologna passed on a tip-off that revealed the whereabouts of the safe house where the kidnapped Aldo Moro , the former Prime Minister , was being held captive by the Red Brigades . Prodi claimed he had been given this tip-off by the founders of the Christian Democracy party , contacted from beyond the grave via a séance and a Ouija board . Whilst during this supposed séance Prodi thought the word Gradoli referred to a town on the outskirts of Rome , it probably referred to the Roman address of a Red Brigades safe house , located at no . 96 , Via Gradoli . The information was trusted and a police group made an armed blitz in the town of Gradoli , 80 km from Rome , on the following day , 6 April though Moro was not found . Prodi spoke to the Italian parliaments commission about the case in 1981 . In the notes of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism , the séance is described as a fake , used to hide the true source of the information . In 1997 Giulio Andreotti declared that the information came from the Bologna section of Autonomia Operaia , a far-left organization with some ties with the Red Brigades , and that Francesco Cossiga also knew the true source . Judge Ferdinando Imposimato considered Andreottis theory as possible , but accused him of having kept information that could have been valuable in a trial about Moros murder . Moros widow later declared that she had repeatedly informed the police that a via Gradoli existed in Rome , but the investigators did not consider it ; some replied to her that the street did not appear in Romes maps . This is confirmed by other Moro relatives , but strongly denied by Francesco Cossiga , who served as Interior Minister during Moros kidnapping . In the 1990s the séance matter was reopened by the Italian parliaments commission on terrorism . While Prodi ( then Prime Minister ) declared that he had no time for an interview , both Baldassarri ( senator and vice-minister in two Berlusconi cabinets ) and Clò ( Minister of Industry in Lamberto Dinis cabinet and owner of the house where the séance was performed ) responded to the call : they confirmed the circumstances of the séance , and that the word Gradoli had appeared in several sessions , even if the participants had changed . Later , other Italian members of the European Commission claimed Prodi had invented this story to conceal the real source of the tip-off , which they believed to have originated somewhere among the far-left Italian political groups . This issue came back again in 2005 , when Prodi was accused of being a KGB man by Mario Scaramella . The same accusation was raised in 2002 by the Mitrokhin Commission . This claim was further repeated by Gerard Batten , the Member of the European Parliament for London who claimed he was informed of this by his constituent and former FSB operative , Alexander Litvinenko . The 2018 February 16 indictment of Paul Manafort unsealed on February 23 as part of the Special Counsel investigation ( 2017–2019 ) alleges that Foreign Politicians hypothesized to be Prodi and Alfred Gusenbauer took payments exceeding $2m from Manafort to promote the case of his client , Viktor Yanukovich . Business and administrative career . After leaving his position in 1989 , Prodi ran the Bologna based consulting company Analisi e Studi Economici , which he jointly owned along with his wife . Between 1990 and 1993 the company earned £1.4 million , most of which was paid by the investment bank Goldman Sachs . Second term as IRI President . In 1993 , he was between the main candidates to become Prime Minister at the head of a technocratic government , but the Governor of the Bank of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was chosen for this office by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro . In 1993–1994 , Prodi was appointed again President of the IRI , by Ciampi , where he oversaw extensive privatization of public assets . For his activities in this period Prodi would later twice come under investigation – firstly for an alleged conflict of interest in relation to contracts awarded to his own economic research company in relation to the Italdel-Siemens merger , and secondly concerning the sale of the loss-making state-owned food conglomerate SME to the multinational Unilever , for which he had previously been a paid consultant . Prodis former employer Goldman Sachs was involved in both of the deals . In February 2007 the Italian Treasury Police raided the Milan office of Goldman Sachs , where they removed a file called MTononi/memo-Prodi02.doc . They also obtained a letter to Siemens from the Frankfurt office of Goldman Sachs regarding the Italdel deal , which revealed that Prodi was made the Senior Advisor of Goldman Sachs International in Italy in March 1990 . In November 1996 , after Prodi had been elected Prime Minister , Rome prosecutor Guiseppa Geremia concluded that there was enough evidence to press charges against Prodi for conflict of interest in the Unilever deal . The case was however shut down within weeks by superiors , while Geremia was exiled to Sardinia . First term as Prime Minister ( 1996–1998 ) . On 25 May 1994 , Prodi went to Palazzo Chigi to announce his resignation as IRI President to the new Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi ; the resignation had been formalised on 31 May and became effective on 22 July . On 11 August , Prodi announced to the Gazzetta di Reggio of his intent to enter politics . A few months earlier , Prodi had rejected a proposal from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) to run for the 1994 European election . The Olive Tree and 1996 election . On 13 February 1995 Prodi , along with his close friend Arturo Parisi , founded his political alliance The Olive Tree . Prodis aim was to build a centre-left coalition composed by centrist and leftist parties , opposed to the centre-right alliance led by Silvio Berlusconi , who resigned from the office of Prime Minister few weeks before , when Lega Nord withdrew his support to the government . The movement was immediately supported by Mariotto Segni , leader of the centrist Segni Pact ; after few weeks the post-communist Democratic Party of the Left of Massimo DAlema , the PPI and the Federation of the Greens also joined the Olive Tree coalition . On 19 February 1996 , the outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini announced that he would run in the election with a new party called Italian Renewal , allied with Prodis Olive Tree rather than Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms . Shortly after Berlusconi claimed that Dini copied his electoral programme . On election day , Prodis Olive Tree coalition won over Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms , becoming the first coalition composed of a post-communist party to win a general election since the Second World War . In the Senate , The Olive Tree obtained the majority , but in the Chamber , it required the external support of Communist Refoundation Party . On 17 May 1996 , Prodi received from President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro the task of forming a new government . He ultimately formed a 23-member cabinet that included 16 PDS ministers ( including Deputy Prime Minister Walter Veltroni ) and 10 PDS junior ministers–the first ( former ) Communists to take part in government in half a century . Policies . Prodis economic programme consisted in continuing the past governments work of restoration of the countrys economic health , in order to pursue the then seemingly unreachable goal of leading the country within the strict European Monetary System parameters in order to allow the country to join the Euro currency . He succeeded in this in little more than six months . During his first premiership , Prodi faced the Albanian civil war ; his government proposed the so-called Operation Alba ( Sunrise ) , a multinational peacekeeping force sent to Albania in 1997 and led by Italy . It was intended to help the Albanian government restore law and order in their troubled country after the 1997 rebellion in Albania . Following the degenerating loss of administrative control by the Government in the first days of March 1997 , culminating in the desertion of most Police and many Republican Guard and Army units , leaving their armouries open to the inevitable looting which soon followed , several Nations autonomously helped evacuate their Nationals , causing wider concerns about the fate of others . The UN Security Council therefore agreed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 as a stop-gap operation to manage this and buy time , laying the foundations for another International Organisation to manage a planned reconstruction , which after six weeks of debate fell to the Western European Union , creating the Multinational Albanian Police Element around a command structure of Italian Military Carabinieri , which actually undertook the work of Judicial and Police reconstruction , extending into the elimination of the economic causes of the crisis . The Italian 3rd Army Corps assumed responsibility for the stop-gap mission as Operation Alba , the first multinational Italian-led Mission since World War II . Eleven contributing European Nations brought humanitarian aid to a country that was in a dramatic economic and political situation . Resignation . Prodis government fell in 1998 when the Communist Refoundation Party withdrew its external support . This led to the formation of a new government led by Massimo DAlema as Prime Minister . There are those who claim that DAlema , along with Peoples Party leader Franco Marini , deliberately engineered the collapse of the Prodi government to become Prime Minister himself . As the result of a vote of no confidence in Prodis government , DAlemas nomination was passed by a single vote . This was the first occasion in the history of the Italian Republic on which a vote of no confidence had ever been called ; the Republics many previous governments had been brought down by a majority no vote on some crucially important piece of legislation ( such as the budget ) . President of the European Commission ( 1999–2004 ) . In September 1999 Prodi , a strong supporter of European Integration , became President of the European Commission , thanks to the support of both the conservative European Peoples Party , the social-democratic Party of European Socialists and the centrist Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party in the European Parliament . His commission took office on 13 September 1999 following the scandal and subsequent resignation of the Santer Commission which had damaged the reputation of the institution . It took over from the interim Marín Commission . The College consisted of 20 Commissioners which grew to 30 following the Enlargement of the European Union in 2004 . It was the last commission to see two members allocated to the larger member states . This commission ( the 10th ) saw in increase in power and influence following Amsterdam Treaty . Some in the media described president Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Amsterdam Treaty . It was during Prodis presidency , in 2002 , that 11 EU member states ditched their national currencies and adopted the euro as their common currency . This commission ( the 10th ) saw an increase in power and influence following the Amsterdam Treaty . The treaty was the result of long negotiations which began in Messina , Sicily , on 2 June 1995 , nearly forty years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome , and reached completion in Amsterdam on 18 June 1997 . Following the formal signing of the Treaty on 2 October 1997 , the member states engaged in an equally long and complex ratification process . The European Parliament endorsed the treaty on 19 November 1997 , and after two referendums and 13 decisions by parliaments , the member states finally concluded the procedure . Under this treaty the member states agreed to devolve certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas , including legislating on immigration , adopting civil and criminal laws , and enacting foreign and security policy ( CFSP ) , as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU . Due to this increased power of the Commission President , some media described President Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Nice Treaty . As well as the enlargement and Amsterdam Treaty , the Prodi Commission also saw the signing and enforcement of the Treaty of Nice as well as the conclusion and signing of the European Constitution : in which he introduced the Convention method of negotiation . The treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003 . It amended the Maastricht Treaty ( or the Treaty on European Union ) and the Treaty of Rome ( or the Treaty establishing the European Community which , before the Maastricht Treaty , was the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ) . The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion , a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty , but failed to be addressed at the time . The entry into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time , after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001 . This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later . 2004 enlargement and of the mandate . In 2004 , his last year as Commission President , the European Union was enlarged to admit several more member nations , most formerly part of the Soviet bloc . It was the largest single expansion of the European Union ( EU ) , in terms of territory , number of states , and population to date ; however , it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product . It occurred on 1 May 2004 . The simultaneous accessions concerned the following countries ( sometimes referred to as the A10 countries ) : Cyprus , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Seven of these were part of the former Eastern Bloc ( of which three were from the former Soviet Union and four were and still are members of the Central European alliance Visegrád Group ) , one of the former Yugoslavia ( together sometimes referred to as the A8 countries ) , and the remaining two were Mediterranean islands and former British colonies . Part of the same wave of enlargement was the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 , who were unable to join in 2004 , but , according to the Commission , constitute part of the fifth enlargement . The commission was due to leave office on 31 October 2004 , but due to opposition from the European parliament to the proposed Barroso Commission which would succeed it , it was extended and finally left office on 21 November 2004 . When his mandate expired , Prodi returned to domestic politics . Return to Italian politics ( 2005–2006 ) . The Union primary election . Shortly before the end of his term as President of the European Commission , Prodi returned to national Italian politics at the helm of the enlarged centre-left coalition , The Union . Having no party of his own , in order to officially state his candidacy for the 2006 general election , Prodi came up with the idea of an apposite primary election , the first of such kind to be ever introduced in Europe and seen by its creator ( Prodi himself ) as a democratic move to bring the public and its opinion closer to the Italian politics . When the primary elections were first proposed , they were mostly meant as a plebiscite for Romano Prodi , since there were no other candidates for the leadership of the coalition . The secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party , Fausto Bertinotti , then announced he would run for the leadership , even if only to act as a symbolic candidate , to avoid a one-candidate election . After some time , more candidates were presented , like Union of Democrats for Europe leader Clemente Mastella , Italy of Values leader and former magistrate Antonio Di Pietro , Federation of the Greens leader Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio and others few minor candidates . The primary election may have been foreseen an easy win for Romano Prodi , with the other candidates running mostly to measure their strengths in the coalition , and they often talked about reaching a certain percentage rather than winning . However , there were rumours of supporters of the House of Freedoms trying to participate in the elections , and vote in favour of Mastella , reputed to be the least competent of the candidates and the least likely to win against Berlusconi , other than the most centrist ; other rumours indicated such fake left-wing voters would vote for Bertinotti , because his leadership would likely lose any grip on the political centre . The election had been held nationwide on 16 October 2005 , from 8 am to 10 pm . Poll stations were mainly managed on a voluntary basis ; they were hosted mainly in squares , local party quarters , schools , and even restaurants , bars , campers and a hairdresser ; some polling stations were also provided outside the country for Italians abroad . Most of the party leaders claimed a result of 1 million voters would be a good success for the election , but over four million people for the occasion went to cast a vote in the primary election . Second term as Prime Minister ( 2006–2008 ) . Italian 2006 general election . After having won the centre-left primary election , Prodi led The Union coalition in the 2006 election . The Union was a heterogeneous alliance , which was formed by centrist parties like UDEUR and communists like PRC and Party of Italian Communists . Prodi led his coalition to the electoral campaign preceding the election , eventually on 9 and 10 April won by a very narrow margin of 25,000 votes , and a final majority of two seats in the Senate . Initial exit polls suggested a victory for Prodi , but the results narrowed as the count progressed . On 11 April 2006 , Prodi declared victory ; Berlusconi never conceded defeat explicitly but this is not required by the Italian law . Preliminary results showed The Union leading the House of Freedoms in the Chamber of Deputies , with 340 seats to 277 , thanks to obtaining a majority bonus ( actual votes were distributed 49.81% to 49.74% ) . One more seat is allied with The Union ( Aosta Valley ) and 7 more seats in the foreign constituency . The House of Freedoms had secured a slight majority of Senate seats elected within Italy ( 155 seats to 154 ) , but The Union won 4 of the 6 seats allocated to voters outside Italy , giving them control of both chambers . On 19 April 2006 , Italys Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that Prodi had indeed won the election , winning control of the Chamber of Deputies by only 24,755 votes out of more than 38 million votes cast , and winning 158 seats in the Senate to 156 for Berlusconis coalition . Even so , Berlusconi refused to concede defeat , claiming unproven fraud . Government formation . Prodis appointment was somewhat delayed , as the outgoing President of the Republic , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , ended his mandate in May , not having enough time for the usual procedure ( consultations made by the President , appointment of a Prime Minister , the motion of confidence and oath of office ) . After the acrimonious election of Giorgio Napolitano to replace Ciampi , Prodi could proceed with his transition to government . On 16 May he was invited by Napolitano to form a government . The following day , 17 May 2006 , Prodi and his second cabinet were sworn into office . Prodis new cabinet drew in politicians from across his centre-left winning coalition , in addition to Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa , an unelected former official of the European Central Bank with no partisan membership . Romano Prodi obtained the support for his cabinet on 19 May at the Senate and on 23 May at the Chamber of Deputies . The coalition led by Prodi , thanks to the electoral law which gave the winner a sixty-seat majority , can count on a good majority in the Chamber of Deputies but only on a very narrow majority in the Senate . The composition of the coalition was heterogeneous , combining parties of communist ideology , the Party of Italian Communists and Communist Refoundation Party , within the same government as parties of Catholic inspiration , Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and UDEUR . The latter was led by Clemente Mastella , former chairman of Christian Democracy . Therefore , according to critics , it was difficult to have a single policy in different key areas , such as economics and foreign politics ( for instance , Italian military presence in Afghanistan ) . Foreign policy . In foreign policy , the Prodi II Cabinet continued the engagement in Afghanistan , under UN command , while withdrawing troops from post-invasion Iraq on 18 May 2006 , when Prodi laid out some sense of his new foreign policy , pledging to withdraw Italian troops from Iraq and called the Iraq War a grave mistake that has not solved but increased the problem of security . The major effort of foreign minister Massimo DAlema concerned the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War , being the first to offer troops to the UN for the constitution of the UNIFIL force , and assuming its command in February 2007 . In fact , Prodi had a key role in the creation of a multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon following the Israel-Lebanon conflict . Italy led negotiations with the Israeli foreign minister Tzipi Livni and was proposed by Israel to head the multinational peacekeeping mission , although the dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the center-right opposition that it could prove a kamikaze mission , with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed Hezbollah . Prodi and DAlema pledged Italys willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans . Coalitions troubles . Prodis government faced a crisis over policies in early 2007 , after just nine months of government . Three ministers in Prodis Cabinet boycotted a vote in January to continue funding for Italian troop deployments in Afghanistan . Lawmakers approved the expansion of the US military base Caserma Ederle at the end of January , but the victory was so narrow that Deputy Prime Minister Francesco Rutelli criticised members of the coalition who had not supported the government . At around the same time , Justice Minister Clemente Mastella , of the coalition member UDEUR , said he would rather see the government fall than support its unwed couples legislation . Tens of thousands of people marched in Vicenza against the expansion of Caserma Ederle , which saw the participation of some leading far-left members of the government . Harsh debates followed in the Italian Senate on 20 February 2007 . Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Massimo DAlema declared during an official visit in Ibiza , Spain that , without a majority on foreign policy affairs , the government would resign . The following day , DAlema gave a speech at the Senate representing the government , clarifying his foreign policy and asking the Senate to vote for or against it . In spite of the fear of many senators that Prodis defeat would return Silvio Berlusconi to power , the Senate did not approve a motion backing Prodis government foreign policy , two votes shy of the required majority of 160 . After a Government meeting on 21 February , Romano Prodi tendered his resignation to the President Giorgio Napolitano , who cut short an official visit to Bologna in order to receive the Prime Minister . Prodis spokesman indicated that he would only agree to form a new Government if , and only if , he is guaranteed the full support of all the parties in the majority from now on . On 22 February , centre-left coalition party leaders backed a non-negotiable list of twelve political conditions given by Prodi as conditions of his remaining in office . President Napolitano held talks with political leaders on 23 February to decide whether to confirm Prodis Government , ask Prodi to form a new government or call fresh elections . Following these talks , on 24 February , President Napolitano asked Prodi to remain in office but to submit to a vote of confidence in both houses . On 28 February , the Senate voted to grant confidence to Prodis Government . Though facing strong opposition from the centre-right coalition , the vote resulted in a 162–157 victory . Prodi then faced a vote of confidence in the lower house on 2 March , which he won as expected with a large majority of 342–198 . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi oversaw the merger of two main parties of the Italian centre-left , Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy , creating the Democratic Party . Prodi himself led the merger of the two parties , which had been planned over a twelve-year period , and became the first President of the party . He announced his resignation from that post on 16 April 2008 , two days after the Democratic Partys defeat in the general election . 2008 crisis and resignation . In early January 2008 , Justice Minister and Union of Democrats for Europes leader Clemente Mastella resigned after his wife Sandra Lonardo was put under house arrest for corruption charges . With three Senators , UDEUR was instrumental to ensure a narrow centre-left majority in the Italian Senate . After first promising to support the government , he later retracted this support , and his party followed , in part also due to pressure from the Vatican , for which the governments proposed laws in regards to registered partnerships of same-sex couples , and other liberal reforms were objectionable . Mastella also cited lack of solidarity from the majority parties after the arrest of his wife , and declared that his party would vote against the government bills since then . The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system . As stated many times by Minister Mastella , if the referendum had been confirmed , it would lead directly to the fall of the government and it happened . The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastellas to gain seats in parliament . The UDEUR defection forced caused Prodi to ask for a confidence vote in both Chambers : he won a clear majority in the Chamber of Deputies on 23 January , but was defeated 156 to 161 ( with 1 abstention ) in the Senate the next day . He therefore tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Giorgio Napolitano , who accepted it and appointed the President of the Senate , Franco Marini , with the task of evaluating possibilities for forming interim government to implement electoral reforms prior to holding elections . Marini , after consultation with all major political forces , acknowledged the impossibility of doing so on 5 February , forcing Napolitano to announce the end of the legislature . Prodi said that he would not seek to lead a new government and snap election were called . In the election that followed in April 2008 , Berlusconis centre-right The People of Freedom and allies defeated the Democratic Party . After the premiership ( 2008–present ) . On 19 March 2008 , during the political campaign for the snap general election , Romano Prodi stated I called it a day with Italian politics and maybe with politics in general . On 12 September 2008 , Prodi was named by the UN as head of a joint AU-UN panel aimed at enhancing peacekeeping operations in Africa . On 6 February 2009 , he was appointed Professor-at-Large at the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown University . Since 2010 Romano Prodi is the chair for Sino-European dialogue at the China Europe International Business School ( CEIBS – Shanghai&Beijing ) , Chinas leading business school . On 9 October 2012 , Romano Prodi was appointed by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Envoy for the Sahel . He served in that position until 31 January 2014 . Prodi is also a member of the Club de Madrid , an international organization of former democratic statesmen , which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership . He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group . 2013 presidential candidate . Prodi was drafted by Democratic Party parliamentarians to be President of Italy during the 2013 presidential election after Democratic Party–People of Freedom compromise candidate Franco Marini failed to receive sufficient votes on the first ballot . During the first three rounds of voting , few people cast ballots for Prodi ( 14 on the first ballot , 13 on the second and 22 on the third ) . On 16 April 2013 , just a few days prior to the fourth ballot , Prodi gave a lectio magistralis at the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum entitled I grandi cambiamenti della politica e delleconomia mondiale : cè un posto per lEuropa ? ( The Great Changes in Politics and the World Economy : Is there Room for Europe? ) . Prodi was sponsored by the Angelicum and the Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi on behalf of the Political Science program Scienze Politiche e del Buon Governo . A few days later on 19 April , starting on the fourth ballot Prodi was looked at seriously as a possible candidate . However , Prodi announced he was pulling out of the race for President after more than 100 centre-left electors did not vote for him as he received only 395 ( of 504 votes needed to be elected ) . After this vote , Pier Luigi Bersani , leader of centre-left Democratic Party , announced his resignation as partys secretary . As of September 2020 , he is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . Honours and awards . - : Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – 2 June 1993 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland – 1997 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic – 1998 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania – 2000 - : Order of the Three Stars , 1st Class – 2007 - : Order of the Rising Sun , Grand Cordon – 2012 Academic awards . - Laurea in Giurisprudenza ( 110 e lode ) Università Cattolica Milano ( 1961 ) - Madras University ( India , 1998 ) - Sofia University ( Bulgaria , 1998 ) - Universitat Politecnica de Barcelona ( Spain , 1998 ) - Brown University ( United States , 1999 ) - University of Michigan ( United States , 1999 ) - Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies ( Romania , 2000 ) - Catholic University of Leuven ( Belgium , 2000 ) - University of Malta ( Malta , 2000 ) - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia ( Italy , 2000 ) - University of Ottawa ( Canada , 2000 ) - St . Gallen University ( Switzerland , 2000 ) - Kyung Hee University , ( South Korea , 2000 ) - Pisa University ( Italy , 2001 ) - University of Tirana ( Albania , 2001 ) - Carleton University ( Canada , 2001 ) - Instituto de Empresa de Madrid ( Spain , 2002 ) - University of Oxford , ( United Kingdom , 2002 ) - Pavia University , ( Italy , 2002 ) - Skopje University , ( North Macedonia , 2003 ) - Tunis University , ( Tunisia , 2003 ) - University of Calabria ( Italy , 2003 ) - Torino University ( Italy , 2004 ) - Lublin University ( Poland , 2004 ) - Tongji University ( P.R.China , 2006 ) - Catholic University of Milan ( Italy , 2007 ) - Addis Abeba University ( 2007 ) - University of Calcutta ( 2007 ) - University of Freiburg ( 2008 ) - MIRBIS University Moscow ( 2009 ) - Chinese Academy of Governance ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Nova Gorica ( 2010 ) - Nankai University ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Halle-Wittenberg ( Germany , 2011 )

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What was the position of Romano Prodi in 2008?

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Romano Prodi Romano Prodi ( ; born 9 August 1939 ) is an Italian politician , economist , academic , civil servant and manager who served as the 10th President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004 . He served twice as Prime Minister of Italy , first from 17 May 1996 to 21 October 1998 and then from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008 . He is considered the founder of the Italian centre-left and one of the most prominent and iconic figures of the so-called Second Republic . Prodi is often nicknamed Il Professore ( The Professor ) due to his academic career . A former professor of economics and international advisor to Goldman Sachs , Prodi ran in 1996 as lead candidate of The Olive Tree coalition , winning the general election and serving as Prime Minister of Italy until 1998 . Following the victory of his coalition The Union over the House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi in the April 2006 Italian elections , Prodi took power again . On 24 January 2008 , he lost a vote of confidence in the Senate house and consequently tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , but he continued in office for almost four months for routine business , until early elections were held and a new government was formed . Until now , he is the first progressive candidate to ever come first at legislative elections since 1921 and to manage to form a government without the need of opponents parliamentary support . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi became the first President of the Democratic Party upon foundation of the party . On 12 September 2008 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon selected Prodi as president of the African Union–United Nations peacekeeping panel . He is currently serving as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Sahel . Personal life . His brother Paolo Prodi ( 1932-2016 ) was an Italian historian and economist , who , according to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy , was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization . Romano Prodi married Flavia Franzoni in 1969 . He was married by Camillo Ruini , now a well-known cardinal . They have two sons , Giorgio and Antonio . He spends the summer holidays in the coastal town of Castiglione della Pescaia . Academic career . After completing his secondary education at the Liceo Ludovico Ariosto in Reggio Emilia , Prodi graduated in law at Milans Università Cattolica in 1961 with a thesis on the role of Protectionism in the development of Italian industry . He then carried out postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics . Prodi has received almost 20 honorary degrees from institutions in Italy , and from the rest of Europe , North America , Asia and Africa . Early political career . Ministry of Industry and Moros kidnapping . On 25 November 1978 Prodi was appointed Minister of Industry , Commerce and Craftmanship in the government of the Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Even if he was a DC member , Prodi was widely considered a technical minister . As minister , he promoted a law , known as Prodi law , which aimed a regulating of the extraordinary state administration procedure for the rescue of large enterprises in crisis . On 2 April 1978 , Prodi and other teachers at the University of Bologna passed on a tip-off that revealed the whereabouts of the safe house where the kidnapped Aldo Moro , the former Prime Minister , was being held captive by the Red Brigades . Prodi claimed he had been given this tip-off by the founders of the Christian Democracy party , contacted from beyond the grave via a séance and a Ouija board . Whilst during this supposed séance Prodi thought the word Gradoli referred to a town on the outskirts of Rome , it probably referred to the Roman address of a Red Brigades safe house , located at no . 96 , Via Gradoli . The information was trusted and a police group made an armed blitz in the town of Gradoli , 80 km from Rome , on the following day , 6 April though Moro was not found . Prodi spoke to the Italian parliaments commission about the case in 1981 . In the notes of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism , the séance is described as a fake , used to hide the true source of the information . In 1997 Giulio Andreotti declared that the information came from the Bologna section of Autonomia Operaia , a far-left organization with some ties with the Red Brigades , and that Francesco Cossiga also knew the true source . Judge Ferdinando Imposimato considered Andreottis theory as possible , but accused him of having kept information that could have been valuable in a trial about Moros murder . Moros widow later declared that she had repeatedly informed the police that a via Gradoli existed in Rome , but the investigators did not consider it ; some replied to her that the street did not appear in Romes maps . This is confirmed by other Moro relatives , but strongly denied by Francesco Cossiga , who served as Interior Minister during Moros kidnapping . In the 1990s the séance matter was reopened by the Italian parliaments commission on terrorism . While Prodi ( then Prime Minister ) declared that he had no time for an interview , both Baldassarri ( senator and vice-minister in two Berlusconi cabinets ) and Clò ( Minister of Industry in Lamberto Dinis cabinet and owner of the house where the séance was performed ) responded to the call : they confirmed the circumstances of the séance , and that the word Gradoli had appeared in several sessions , even if the participants had changed . Later , other Italian members of the European Commission claimed Prodi had invented this story to conceal the real source of the tip-off , which they believed to have originated somewhere among the far-left Italian political groups . This issue came back again in 2005 , when Prodi was accused of being a KGB man by Mario Scaramella . The same accusation was raised in 2002 by the Mitrokhin Commission . This claim was further repeated by Gerard Batten , the Member of the European Parliament for London who claimed he was informed of this by his constituent and former FSB operative , Alexander Litvinenko . The 2018 February 16 indictment of Paul Manafort unsealed on February 23 as part of the Special Counsel investigation ( 2017–2019 ) alleges that Foreign Politicians hypothesized to be Prodi and Alfred Gusenbauer took payments exceeding $2m from Manafort to promote the case of his client , Viktor Yanukovich . Business and administrative career . After leaving his position in 1989 , Prodi ran the Bologna based consulting company Analisi e Studi Economici , which he jointly owned along with his wife . Between 1990 and 1993 the company earned £1.4 million , most of which was paid by the investment bank Goldman Sachs . Second term as IRI President . In 1993 , he was between the main candidates to become Prime Minister at the head of a technocratic government , but the Governor of the Bank of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was chosen for this office by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro . In 1993–1994 , Prodi was appointed again President of the IRI , by Ciampi , where he oversaw extensive privatization of public assets . For his activities in this period Prodi would later twice come under investigation – firstly for an alleged conflict of interest in relation to contracts awarded to his own economic research company in relation to the Italdel-Siemens merger , and secondly concerning the sale of the loss-making state-owned food conglomerate SME to the multinational Unilever , for which he had previously been a paid consultant . Prodis former employer Goldman Sachs was involved in both of the deals . In February 2007 the Italian Treasury Police raided the Milan office of Goldman Sachs , where they removed a file called MTononi/memo-Prodi02.doc . They also obtained a letter to Siemens from the Frankfurt office of Goldman Sachs regarding the Italdel deal , which revealed that Prodi was made the Senior Advisor of Goldman Sachs International in Italy in March 1990 . In November 1996 , after Prodi had been elected Prime Minister , Rome prosecutor Guiseppa Geremia concluded that there was enough evidence to press charges against Prodi for conflict of interest in the Unilever deal . The case was however shut down within weeks by superiors , while Geremia was exiled to Sardinia . First term as Prime Minister ( 1996–1998 ) . On 25 May 1994 , Prodi went to Palazzo Chigi to announce his resignation as IRI President to the new Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi ; the resignation had been formalised on 31 May and became effective on 22 July . On 11 August , Prodi announced to the Gazzetta di Reggio of his intent to enter politics . A few months earlier , Prodi had rejected a proposal from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) to run for the 1994 European election . The Olive Tree and 1996 election . On 13 February 1995 Prodi , along with his close friend Arturo Parisi , founded his political alliance The Olive Tree . Prodis aim was to build a centre-left coalition composed by centrist and leftist parties , opposed to the centre-right alliance led by Silvio Berlusconi , who resigned from the office of Prime Minister few weeks before , when Lega Nord withdrew his support to the government . The movement was immediately supported by Mariotto Segni , leader of the centrist Segni Pact ; after few weeks the post-communist Democratic Party of the Left of Massimo DAlema , the PPI and the Federation of the Greens also joined the Olive Tree coalition . On 19 February 1996 , the outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini announced that he would run in the election with a new party called Italian Renewal , allied with Prodis Olive Tree rather than Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms . Shortly after Berlusconi claimed that Dini copied his electoral programme . On election day , Prodis Olive Tree coalition won over Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms , becoming the first coalition composed of a post-communist party to win a general election since the Second World War . In the Senate , The Olive Tree obtained the majority , but in the Chamber , it required the external support of Communist Refoundation Party . On 17 May 1996 , Prodi received from President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro the task of forming a new government . He ultimately formed a 23-member cabinet that included 16 PDS ministers ( including Deputy Prime Minister Walter Veltroni ) and 10 PDS junior ministers–the first ( former ) Communists to take part in government in half a century . Policies . Prodis economic programme consisted in continuing the past governments work of restoration of the countrys economic health , in order to pursue the then seemingly unreachable goal of leading the country within the strict European Monetary System parameters in order to allow the country to join the Euro currency . He succeeded in this in little more than six months . During his first premiership , Prodi faced the Albanian civil war ; his government proposed the so-called Operation Alba ( Sunrise ) , a multinational peacekeeping force sent to Albania in 1997 and led by Italy . It was intended to help the Albanian government restore law and order in their troubled country after the 1997 rebellion in Albania . Following the degenerating loss of administrative control by the Government in the first days of March 1997 , culminating in the desertion of most Police and many Republican Guard and Army units , leaving their armouries open to the inevitable looting which soon followed , several Nations autonomously helped evacuate their Nationals , causing wider concerns about the fate of others . The UN Security Council therefore agreed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 as a stop-gap operation to manage this and buy time , laying the foundations for another International Organisation to manage a planned reconstruction , which after six weeks of debate fell to the Western European Union , creating the Multinational Albanian Police Element around a command structure of Italian Military Carabinieri , which actually undertook the work of Judicial and Police reconstruction , extending into the elimination of the economic causes of the crisis . The Italian 3rd Army Corps assumed responsibility for the stop-gap mission as Operation Alba , the first multinational Italian-led Mission since World War II . Eleven contributing European Nations brought humanitarian aid to a country that was in a dramatic economic and political situation . Resignation . Prodis government fell in 1998 when the Communist Refoundation Party withdrew its external support . This led to the formation of a new government led by Massimo DAlema as Prime Minister . There are those who claim that DAlema , along with Peoples Party leader Franco Marini , deliberately engineered the collapse of the Prodi government to become Prime Minister himself . As the result of a vote of no confidence in Prodis government , DAlemas nomination was passed by a single vote . This was the first occasion in the history of the Italian Republic on which a vote of no confidence had ever been called ; the Republics many previous governments had been brought down by a majority no vote on some crucially important piece of legislation ( such as the budget ) . President of the European Commission ( 1999–2004 ) . In September 1999 Prodi , a strong supporter of European Integration , became President of the European Commission , thanks to the support of both the conservative European Peoples Party , the social-democratic Party of European Socialists and the centrist Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party in the European Parliament . His commission took office on 13 September 1999 following the scandal and subsequent resignation of the Santer Commission which had damaged the reputation of the institution . It took over from the interim Marín Commission . The College consisted of 20 Commissioners which grew to 30 following the Enlargement of the European Union in 2004 . It was the last commission to see two members allocated to the larger member states . This commission ( the 10th ) saw in increase in power and influence following Amsterdam Treaty . Some in the media described president Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Amsterdam Treaty . It was during Prodis presidency , in 2002 , that 11 EU member states ditched their national currencies and adopted the euro as their common currency . This commission ( the 10th ) saw an increase in power and influence following the Amsterdam Treaty . The treaty was the result of long negotiations which began in Messina , Sicily , on 2 June 1995 , nearly forty years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome , and reached completion in Amsterdam on 18 June 1997 . Following the formal signing of the Treaty on 2 October 1997 , the member states engaged in an equally long and complex ratification process . The European Parliament endorsed the treaty on 19 November 1997 , and after two referendums and 13 decisions by parliaments , the member states finally concluded the procedure . Under this treaty the member states agreed to devolve certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas , including legislating on immigration , adopting civil and criminal laws , and enacting foreign and security policy ( CFSP ) , as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU . Due to this increased power of the Commission President , some media described President Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Nice Treaty . As well as the enlargement and Amsterdam Treaty , the Prodi Commission also saw the signing and enforcement of the Treaty of Nice as well as the conclusion and signing of the European Constitution : in which he introduced the Convention method of negotiation . The treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003 . It amended the Maastricht Treaty ( or the Treaty on European Union ) and the Treaty of Rome ( or the Treaty establishing the European Community which , before the Maastricht Treaty , was the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ) . The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion , a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty , but failed to be addressed at the time . The entry into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time , after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001 . This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later . 2004 enlargement and of the mandate . In 2004 , his last year as Commission President , the European Union was enlarged to admit several more member nations , most formerly part of the Soviet bloc . It was the largest single expansion of the European Union ( EU ) , in terms of territory , number of states , and population to date ; however , it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product . It occurred on 1 May 2004 . The simultaneous accessions concerned the following countries ( sometimes referred to as the A10 countries ) : Cyprus , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Seven of these were part of the former Eastern Bloc ( of which three were from the former Soviet Union and four were and still are members of the Central European alliance Visegrád Group ) , one of the former Yugoslavia ( together sometimes referred to as the A8 countries ) , and the remaining two were Mediterranean islands and former British colonies . Part of the same wave of enlargement was the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 , who were unable to join in 2004 , but , according to the Commission , constitute part of the fifth enlargement . The commission was due to leave office on 31 October 2004 , but due to opposition from the European parliament to the proposed Barroso Commission which would succeed it , it was extended and finally left office on 21 November 2004 . When his mandate expired , Prodi returned to domestic politics . Return to Italian politics ( 2005–2006 ) . The Union primary election . Shortly before the end of his term as President of the European Commission , Prodi returned to national Italian politics at the helm of the enlarged centre-left coalition , The Union . Having no party of his own , in order to officially state his candidacy for the 2006 general election , Prodi came up with the idea of an apposite primary election , the first of such kind to be ever introduced in Europe and seen by its creator ( Prodi himself ) as a democratic move to bring the public and its opinion closer to the Italian politics . When the primary elections were first proposed , they were mostly meant as a plebiscite for Romano Prodi , since there were no other candidates for the leadership of the coalition . The secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party , Fausto Bertinotti , then announced he would run for the leadership , even if only to act as a symbolic candidate , to avoid a one-candidate election . After some time , more candidates were presented , like Union of Democrats for Europe leader Clemente Mastella , Italy of Values leader and former magistrate Antonio Di Pietro , Federation of the Greens leader Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio and others few minor candidates . The primary election may have been foreseen an easy win for Romano Prodi , with the other candidates running mostly to measure their strengths in the coalition , and they often talked about reaching a certain percentage rather than winning . However , there were rumours of supporters of the House of Freedoms trying to participate in the elections , and vote in favour of Mastella , reputed to be the least competent of the candidates and the least likely to win against Berlusconi , other than the most centrist ; other rumours indicated such fake left-wing voters would vote for Bertinotti , because his leadership would likely lose any grip on the political centre . The election had been held nationwide on 16 October 2005 , from 8 am to 10 pm . Poll stations were mainly managed on a voluntary basis ; they were hosted mainly in squares , local party quarters , schools , and even restaurants , bars , campers and a hairdresser ; some polling stations were also provided outside the country for Italians abroad . Most of the party leaders claimed a result of 1 million voters would be a good success for the election , but over four million people for the occasion went to cast a vote in the primary election . Second term as Prime Minister ( 2006–2008 ) . Italian 2006 general election . After having won the centre-left primary election , Prodi led The Union coalition in the 2006 election . The Union was a heterogeneous alliance , which was formed by centrist parties like UDEUR and communists like PRC and Party of Italian Communists . Prodi led his coalition to the electoral campaign preceding the election , eventually on 9 and 10 April won by a very narrow margin of 25,000 votes , and a final majority of two seats in the Senate . Initial exit polls suggested a victory for Prodi , but the results narrowed as the count progressed . On 11 April 2006 , Prodi declared victory ; Berlusconi never conceded defeat explicitly but this is not required by the Italian law . Preliminary results showed The Union leading the House of Freedoms in the Chamber of Deputies , with 340 seats to 277 , thanks to obtaining a majority bonus ( actual votes were distributed 49.81% to 49.74% ) . One more seat is allied with The Union ( Aosta Valley ) and 7 more seats in the foreign constituency . The House of Freedoms had secured a slight majority of Senate seats elected within Italy ( 155 seats to 154 ) , but The Union won 4 of the 6 seats allocated to voters outside Italy , giving them control of both chambers . On 19 April 2006 , Italys Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that Prodi had indeed won the election , winning control of the Chamber of Deputies by only 24,755 votes out of more than 38 million votes cast , and winning 158 seats in the Senate to 156 for Berlusconis coalition . Even so , Berlusconi refused to concede defeat , claiming unproven fraud . Government formation . Prodis appointment was somewhat delayed , as the outgoing President of the Republic , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , ended his mandate in May , not having enough time for the usual procedure ( consultations made by the President , appointment of a Prime Minister , the motion of confidence and oath of office ) . After the acrimonious election of Giorgio Napolitano to replace Ciampi , Prodi could proceed with his transition to government . On 16 May he was invited by Napolitano to form a government . The following day , 17 May 2006 , Prodi and his second cabinet were sworn into office . Prodis new cabinet drew in politicians from across his centre-left winning coalition , in addition to Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa , an unelected former official of the European Central Bank with no partisan membership . Romano Prodi obtained the support for his cabinet on 19 May at the Senate and on 23 May at the Chamber of Deputies . The coalition led by Prodi , thanks to the electoral law which gave the winner a sixty-seat majority , can count on a good majority in the Chamber of Deputies but only on a very narrow majority in the Senate . The composition of the coalition was heterogeneous , combining parties of communist ideology , the Party of Italian Communists and Communist Refoundation Party , within the same government as parties of Catholic inspiration , Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and UDEUR . The latter was led by Clemente Mastella , former chairman of Christian Democracy . Therefore , according to critics , it was difficult to have a single policy in different key areas , such as economics and foreign politics ( for instance , Italian military presence in Afghanistan ) . Foreign policy . In foreign policy , the Prodi II Cabinet continued the engagement in Afghanistan , under UN command , while withdrawing troops from post-invasion Iraq on 18 May 2006 , when Prodi laid out some sense of his new foreign policy , pledging to withdraw Italian troops from Iraq and called the Iraq War a grave mistake that has not solved but increased the problem of security . The major effort of foreign minister Massimo DAlema concerned the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War , being the first to offer troops to the UN for the constitution of the UNIFIL force , and assuming its command in February 2007 . In fact , Prodi had a key role in the creation of a multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon following the Israel-Lebanon conflict . Italy led negotiations with the Israeli foreign minister Tzipi Livni and was proposed by Israel to head the multinational peacekeeping mission , although the dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the center-right opposition that it could prove a kamikaze mission , with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed Hezbollah . Prodi and DAlema pledged Italys willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans . Coalitions troubles . Prodis government faced a crisis over policies in early 2007 , after just nine months of government . Three ministers in Prodis Cabinet boycotted a vote in January to continue funding for Italian troop deployments in Afghanistan . Lawmakers approved the expansion of the US military base Caserma Ederle at the end of January , but the victory was so narrow that Deputy Prime Minister Francesco Rutelli criticised members of the coalition who had not supported the government . At around the same time , Justice Minister Clemente Mastella , of the coalition member UDEUR , said he would rather see the government fall than support its unwed couples legislation . Tens of thousands of people marched in Vicenza against the expansion of Caserma Ederle , which saw the participation of some leading far-left members of the government . Harsh debates followed in the Italian Senate on 20 February 2007 . Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Massimo DAlema declared during an official visit in Ibiza , Spain that , without a majority on foreign policy affairs , the government would resign . The following day , DAlema gave a speech at the Senate representing the government , clarifying his foreign policy and asking the Senate to vote for or against it . In spite of the fear of many senators that Prodis defeat would return Silvio Berlusconi to power , the Senate did not approve a motion backing Prodis government foreign policy , two votes shy of the required majority of 160 . After a Government meeting on 21 February , Romano Prodi tendered his resignation to the President Giorgio Napolitano , who cut short an official visit to Bologna in order to receive the Prime Minister . Prodis spokesman indicated that he would only agree to form a new Government if , and only if , he is guaranteed the full support of all the parties in the majority from now on . On 22 February , centre-left coalition party leaders backed a non-negotiable list of twelve political conditions given by Prodi as conditions of his remaining in office . President Napolitano held talks with political leaders on 23 February to decide whether to confirm Prodis Government , ask Prodi to form a new government or call fresh elections . Following these talks , on 24 February , President Napolitano asked Prodi to remain in office but to submit to a vote of confidence in both houses . On 28 February , the Senate voted to grant confidence to Prodis Government . Though facing strong opposition from the centre-right coalition , the vote resulted in a 162–157 victory . Prodi then faced a vote of confidence in the lower house on 2 March , which he won as expected with a large majority of 342–198 . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi oversaw the merger of two main parties of the Italian centre-left , Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy , creating the Democratic Party . Prodi himself led the merger of the two parties , which had been planned over a twelve-year period , and became the first President of the party . He announced his resignation from that post on 16 April 2008 , two days after the Democratic Partys defeat in the general election . 2008 crisis and resignation . In early January 2008 , Justice Minister and Union of Democrats for Europes leader Clemente Mastella resigned after his wife Sandra Lonardo was put under house arrest for corruption charges . With three Senators , UDEUR was instrumental to ensure a narrow centre-left majority in the Italian Senate . After first promising to support the government , he later retracted this support , and his party followed , in part also due to pressure from the Vatican , for which the governments proposed laws in regards to registered partnerships of same-sex couples , and other liberal reforms were objectionable . Mastella also cited lack of solidarity from the majority parties after the arrest of his wife , and declared that his party would vote against the government bills since then . The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system . As stated many times by Minister Mastella , if the referendum had been confirmed , it would lead directly to the fall of the government and it happened . The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastellas to gain seats in parliament . The UDEUR defection forced caused Prodi to ask for a confidence vote in both Chambers : he won a clear majority in the Chamber of Deputies on 23 January , but was defeated 156 to 161 ( with 1 abstention ) in the Senate the next day . He therefore tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Giorgio Napolitano , who accepted it and appointed the President of the Senate , Franco Marini , with the task of evaluating possibilities for forming interim government to implement electoral reforms prior to holding elections . Marini , after consultation with all major political forces , acknowledged the impossibility of doing so on 5 February , forcing Napolitano to announce the end of the legislature . Prodi said that he would not seek to lead a new government and snap election were called . In the election that followed in April 2008 , Berlusconis centre-right The People of Freedom and allies defeated the Democratic Party . After the premiership ( 2008–present ) . On 19 March 2008 , during the political campaign for the snap general election , Romano Prodi stated I called it a day with Italian politics and maybe with politics in general . On 12 September 2008 , Prodi was named by the UN as head of a joint AU-UN panel aimed at enhancing peacekeeping operations in Africa . On 6 February 2009 , he was appointed Professor-at-Large at the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown University . Since 2010 Romano Prodi is the chair for Sino-European dialogue at the China Europe International Business School ( CEIBS – Shanghai&Beijing ) , Chinas leading business school . On 9 October 2012 , Romano Prodi was appointed by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Envoy for the Sahel . He served in that position until 31 January 2014 . Prodi is also a member of the Club de Madrid , an international organization of former democratic statesmen , which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership . He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group . 2013 presidential candidate . Prodi was drafted by Democratic Party parliamentarians to be President of Italy during the 2013 presidential election after Democratic Party–People of Freedom compromise candidate Franco Marini failed to receive sufficient votes on the first ballot . During the first three rounds of voting , few people cast ballots for Prodi ( 14 on the first ballot , 13 on the second and 22 on the third ) . On 16 April 2013 , just a few days prior to the fourth ballot , Prodi gave a lectio magistralis at the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum entitled I grandi cambiamenti della politica e delleconomia mondiale : cè un posto per lEuropa ? ( The Great Changes in Politics and the World Economy : Is there Room for Europe? ) . Prodi was sponsored by the Angelicum and the Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi on behalf of the Political Science program Scienze Politiche e del Buon Governo . A few days later on 19 April , starting on the fourth ballot Prodi was looked at seriously as a possible candidate . However , Prodi announced he was pulling out of the race for President after more than 100 centre-left electors did not vote for him as he received only 395 ( of 504 votes needed to be elected ) . After this vote , Pier Luigi Bersani , leader of centre-left Democratic Party , announced his resignation as partys secretary . As of September 2020 , he is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . Honours and awards . - : Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – 2 June 1993 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland – 1997 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic – 1998 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania – 2000 - : Order of the Three Stars , 1st Class – 2007 - : Order of the Rising Sun , Grand Cordon – 2012 Academic awards . - Laurea in Giurisprudenza ( 110 e lode ) Università Cattolica Milano ( 1961 ) - Madras University ( India , 1998 ) - Sofia University ( Bulgaria , 1998 ) - Universitat Politecnica de Barcelona ( Spain , 1998 ) - Brown University ( United States , 1999 ) - University of Michigan ( United States , 1999 ) - Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies ( Romania , 2000 ) - Catholic University of Leuven ( Belgium , 2000 ) - University of Malta ( Malta , 2000 ) - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia ( Italy , 2000 ) - University of Ottawa ( Canada , 2000 ) - St . Gallen University ( Switzerland , 2000 ) - Kyung Hee University , ( South Korea , 2000 ) - Pisa University ( Italy , 2001 ) - University of Tirana ( Albania , 2001 ) - Carleton University ( Canada , 2001 ) - Instituto de Empresa de Madrid ( Spain , 2002 ) - University of Oxford , ( United Kingdom , 2002 ) - Pavia University , ( Italy , 2002 ) - Skopje University , ( North Macedonia , 2003 ) - Tunis University , ( Tunisia , 2003 ) - University of Calabria ( Italy , 2003 ) - Torino University ( Italy , 2004 ) - Lublin University ( Poland , 2004 ) - Tongji University ( P.R.China , 2006 ) - Catholic University of Milan ( Italy , 2007 ) - Addis Abeba University ( 2007 ) - University of Calcutta ( 2007 ) - University of Freiburg ( 2008 ) - MIRBIS University Moscow ( 2009 ) - Chinese Academy of Governance ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Nova Gorica ( 2010 ) - Nankai University ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Halle-Wittenberg ( Germany , 2011 )

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What was the position of Romano Prodi in Feb 2008?

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Romano Prodi Romano Prodi ( ; born 9 August 1939 ) is an Italian politician , economist , academic , civil servant and manager who served as the 10th President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004 . He served twice as Prime Minister of Italy , first from 17 May 1996 to 21 October 1998 and then from 17 May 2006 to 8 May 2008 . He is considered the founder of the Italian centre-left and one of the most prominent and iconic figures of the so-called Second Republic . Prodi is often nicknamed Il Professore ( The Professor ) due to his academic career . A former professor of economics and international advisor to Goldman Sachs , Prodi ran in 1996 as lead candidate of The Olive Tree coalition , winning the general election and serving as Prime Minister of Italy until 1998 . Following the victory of his coalition The Union over the House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi in the April 2006 Italian elections , Prodi took power again . On 24 January 2008 , he lost a vote of confidence in the Senate house and consequently tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to Italian President Giorgio Napolitano , but he continued in office for almost four months for routine business , until early elections were held and a new government was formed . Until now , he is the first progressive candidate to ever come first at legislative elections since 1921 and to manage to form a government without the need of opponents parliamentary support . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi became the first President of the Democratic Party upon foundation of the party . On 12 September 2008 , United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon selected Prodi as president of the African Union–United Nations peacekeeping panel . He is currently serving as the United Nations Special Envoy for the Sahel . Personal life . His brother Paolo Prodi ( 1932-2016 ) was an Italian historian and economist , who , according to the former President of the Grand Orient of Italy , was invited and participated in many cultural events organized by the main Italian Masonic organization . Romano Prodi married Flavia Franzoni in 1969 . He was married by Camillo Ruini , now a well-known cardinal . They have two sons , Giorgio and Antonio . He spends the summer holidays in the coastal town of Castiglione della Pescaia . Academic career . After completing his secondary education at the Liceo Ludovico Ariosto in Reggio Emilia , Prodi graduated in law at Milans Università Cattolica in 1961 with a thesis on the role of Protectionism in the development of Italian industry . He then carried out postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics . Prodi has received almost 20 honorary degrees from institutions in Italy , and from the rest of Europe , North America , Asia and Africa . Early political career . Ministry of Industry and Moros kidnapping . On 25 November 1978 Prodi was appointed Minister of Industry , Commerce and Craftmanship in the government of the Christian Democratic leader Giulio Andreotti . Even if he was a DC member , Prodi was widely considered a technical minister . As minister , he promoted a law , known as Prodi law , which aimed a regulating of the extraordinary state administration procedure for the rescue of large enterprises in crisis . On 2 April 1978 , Prodi and other teachers at the University of Bologna passed on a tip-off that revealed the whereabouts of the safe house where the kidnapped Aldo Moro , the former Prime Minister , was being held captive by the Red Brigades . Prodi claimed he had been given this tip-off by the founders of the Christian Democracy party , contacted from beyond the grave via a séance and a Ouija board . Whilst during this supposed séance Prodi thought the word Gradoli referred to a town on the outskirts of Rome , it probably referred to the Roman address of a Red Brigades safe house , located at no . 96 , Via Gradoli . The information was trusted and a police group made an armed blitz in the town of Gradoli , 80 km from Rome , on the following day , 6 April though Moro was not found . Prodi spoke to the Italian parliaments commission about the case in 1981 . In the notes of the Italian parliament commission on terrorism , the séance is described as a fake , used to hide the true source of the information . In 1997 Giulio Andreotti declared that the information came from the Bologna section of Autonomia Operaia , a far-left organization with some ties with the Red Brigades , and that Francesco Cossiga also knew the true source . Judge Ferdinando Imposimato considered Andreottis theory as possible , but accused him of having kept information that could have been valuable in a trial about Moros murder . Moros widow later declared that she had repeatedly informed the police that a via Gradoli existed in Rome , but the investigators did not consider it ; some replied to her that the street did not appear in Romes maps . This is confirmed by other Moro relatives , but strongly denied by Francesco Cossiga , who served as Interior Minister during Moros kidnapping . In the 1990s the séance matter was reopened by the Italian parliaments commission on terrorism . While Prodi ( then Prime Minister ) declared that he had no time for an interview , both Baldassarri ( senator and vice-minister in two Berlusconi cabinets ) and Clò ( Minister of Industry in Lamberto Dinis cabinet and owner of the house where the séance was performed ) responded to the call : they confirmed the circumstances of the séance , and that the word Gradoli had appeared in several sessions , even if the participants had changed . Later , other Italian members of the European Commission claimed Prodi had invented this story to conceal the real source of the tip-off , which they believed to have originated somewhere among the far-left Italian political groups . This issue came back again in 2005 , when Prodi was accused of being a KGB man by Mario Scaramella . The same accusation was raised in 2002 by the Mitrokhin Commission . This claim was further repeated by Gerard Batten , the Member of the European Parliament for London who claimed he was informed of this by his constituent and former FSB operative , Alexander Litvinenko . The 2018 February 16 indictment of Paul Manafort unsealed on February 23 as part of the Special Counsel investigation ( 2017–2019 ) alleges that Foreign Politicians hypothesized to be Prodi and Alfred Gusenbauer took payments exceeding $2m from Manafort to promote the case of his client , Viktor Yanukovich . Business and administrative career . After leaving his position in 1989 , Prodi ran the Bologna based consulting company Analisi e Studi Economici , which he jointly owned along with his wife . Between 1990 and 1993 the company earned £1.4 million , most of which was paid by the investment bank Goldman Sachs . Second term as IRI President . In 1993 , he was between the main candidates to become Prime Minister at the head of a technocratic government , but the Governor of the Bank of Italy Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was chosen for this office by President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro . In 1993–1994 , Prodi was appointed again President of the IRI , by Ciampi , where he oversaw extensive privatization of public assets . For his activities in this period Prodi would later twice come under investigation – firstly for an alleged conflict of interest in relation to contracts awarded to his own economic research company in relation to the Italdel-Siemens merger , and secondly concerning the sale of the loss-making state-owned food conglomerate SME to the multinational Unilever , for which he had previously been a paid consultant . Prodis former employer Goldman Sachs was involved in both of the deals . In February 2007 the Italian Treasury Police raided the Milan office of Goldman Sachs , where they removed a file called MTononi/memo-Prodi02.doc . They also obtained a letter to Siemens from the Frankfurt office of Goldman Sachs regarding the Italdel deal , which revealed that Prodi was made the Senior Advisor of Goldman Sachs International in Italy in March 1990 . In November 1996 , after Prodi had been elected Prime Minister , Rome prosecutor Guiseppa Geremia concluded that there was enough evidence to press charges against Prodi for conflict of interest in the Unilever deal . The case was however shut down within weeks by superiors , while Geremia was exiled to Sardinia . First term as Prime Minister ( 1996–1998 ) . On 25 May 1994 , Prodi went to Palazzo Chigi to announce his resignation as IRI President to the new Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi ; the resignation had been formalised on 31 May and became effective on 22 July . On 11 August , Prodi announced to the Gazzetta di Reggio of his intent to enter politics . A few months earlier , Prodi had rejected a proposal from the Italian Peoples Party ( PPI ) to run for the 1994 European election . The Olive Tree and 1996 election . On 13 February 1995 Prodi , along with his close friend Arturo Parisi , founded his political alliance The Olive Tree . Prodis aim was to build a centre-left coalition composed by centrist and leftist parties , opposed to the centre-right alliance led by Silvio Berlusconi , who resigned from the office of Prime Minister few weeks before , when Lega Nord withdrew his support to the government . The movement was immediately supported by Mariotto Segni , leader of the centrist Segni Pact ; after few weeks the post-communist Democratic Party of the Left of Massimo DAlema , the PPI and the Federation of the Greens also joined the Olive Tree coalition . On 19 February 1996 , the outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini announced that he would run in the election with a new party called Italian Renewal , allied with Prodis Olive Tree rather than Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms . Shortly after Berlusconi claimed that Dini copied his electoral programme . On election day , Prodis Olive Tree coalition won over Berlusconis Pole for Freedoms , becoming the first coalition composed of a post-communist party to win a general election since the Second World War . In the Senate , The Olive Tree obtained the majority , but in the Chamber , it required the external support of Communist Refoundation Party . On 17 May 1996 , Prodi received from President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro the task of forming a new government . He ultimately formed a 23-member cabinet that included 16 PDS ministers ( including Deputy Prime Minister Walter Veltroni ) and 10 PDS junior ministers–the first ( former ) Communists to take part in government in half a century . Policies . Prodis economic programme consisted in continuing the past governments work of restoration of the countrys economic health , in order to pursue the then seemingly unreachable goal of leading the country within the strict European Monetary System parameters in order to allow the country to join the Euro currency . He succeeded in this in little more than six months . During his first premiership , Prodi faced the Albanian civil war ; his government proposed the so-called Operation Alba ( Sunrise ) , a multinational peacekeeping force sent to Albania in 1997 and led by Italy . It was intended to help the Albanian government restore law and order in their troubled country after the 1997 rebellion in Albania . Following the degenerating loss of administrative control by the Government in the first days of March 1997 , culminating in the desertion of most Police and many Republican Guard and Army units , leaving their armouries open to the inevitable looting which soon followed , several Nations autonomously helped evacuate their Nationals , causing wider concerns about the fate of others . The UN Security Council therefore agreed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 as a stop-gap operation to manage this and buy time , laying the foundations for another International Organisation to manage a planned reconstruction , which after six weeks of debate fell to the Western European Union , creating the Multinational Albanian Police Element around a command structure of Italian Military Carabinieri , which actually undertook the work of Judicial and Police reconstruction , extending into the elimination of the economic causes of the crisis . The Italian 3rd Army Corps assumed responsibility for the stop-gap mission as Operation Alba , the first multinational Italian-led Mission since World War II . Eleven contributing European Nations brought humanitarian aid to a country that was in a dramatic economic and political situation . Resignation . Prodis government fell in 1998 when the Communist Refoundation Party withdrew its external support . This led to the formation of a new government led by Massimo DAlema as Prime Minister . There are those who claim that DAlema , along with Peoples Party leader Franco Marini , deliberately engineered the collapse of the Prodi government to become Prime Minister himself . As the result of a vote of no confidence in Prodis government , DAlemas nomination was passed by a single vote . This was the first occasion in the history of the Italian Republic on which a vote of no confidence had ever been called ; the Republics many previous governments had been brought down by a majority no vote on some crucially important piece of legislation ( such as the budget ) . President of the European Commission ( 1999–2004 ) . In September 1999 Prodi , a strong supporter of European Integration , became President of the European Commission , thanks to the support of both the conservative European Peoples Party , the social-democratic Party of European Socialists and the centrist Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party in the European Parliament . His commission took office on 13 September 1999 following the scandal and subsequent resignation of the Santer Commission which had damaged the reputation of the institution . It took over from the interim Marín Commission . The College consisted of 20 Commissioners which grew to 30 following the Enlargement of the European Union in 2004 . It was the last commission to see two members allocated to the larger member states . This commission ( the 10th ) saw in increase in power and influence following Amsterdam Treaty . Some in the media described president Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Amsterdam Treaty . It was during Prodis presidency , in 2002 , that 11 EU member states ditched their national currencies and adopted the euro as their common currency . This commission ( the 10th ) saw an increase in power and influence following the Amsterdam Treaty . The treaty was the result of long negotiations which began in Messina , Sicily , on 2 June 1995 , nearly forty years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome , and reached completion in Amsterdam on 18 June 1997 . Following the formal signing of the Treaty on 2 October 1997 , the member states engaged in an equally long and complex ratification process . The European Parliament endorsed the treaty on 19 November 1997 , and after two referendums and 13 decisions by parliaments , the member states finally concluded the procedure . Under this treaty the member states agreed to devolve certain powers from national governments to the European Parliament across diverse areas , including legislating on immigration , adopting civil and criminal laws , and enacting foreign and security policy ( CFSP ) , as well as implementing institutional changes for expansion as new member nations join the EU . Due to this increased power of the Commission President , some media described President Prodi as being the first Prime Minister of the European Union . Nice Treaty . As well as the enlargement and Amsterdam Treaty , the Prodi Commission also saw the signing and enforcement of the Treaty of Nice as well as the conclusion and signing of the European Constitution : in which he introduced the Convention method of negotiation . The treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003 . It amended the Maastricht Treaty ( or the Treaty on European Union ) and the Treaty of Rome ( or the Treaty establishing the European Community which , before the Maastricht Treaty , was the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community ) . The Treaty of Nice reformed the institutional structure of the European Union to withstand eastward expansion , a task which was originally intended to have been done by the Amsterdam Treaty , but failed to be addressed at the time . The entry into force of the treaty was in doubt for a time , after its initial rejection by Irish voters in a referendum in June 2001 . This referendum result was reversed in a subsequent referendum held a little over a year later . 2004 enlargement and of the mandate . In 2004 , his last year as Commission President , the European Union was enlarged to admit several more member nations , most formerly part of the Soviet bloc . It was the largest single expansion of the European Union ( EU ) , in terms of territory , number of states , and population to date ; however , it was not the largest in terms of gross domestic product . It occurred on 1 May 2004 . The simultaneous accessions concerned the following countries ( sometimes referred to as the A10 countries ) : Cyprus , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Malta , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Seven of these were part of the former Eastern Bloc ( of which three were from the former Soviet Union and four were and still are members of the Central European alliance Visegrád Group ) , one of the former Yugoslavia ( together sometimes referred to as the A8 countries ) , and the remaining two were Mediterranean islands and former British colonies . Part of the same wave of enlargement was the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 , who were unable to join in 2004 , but , according to the Commission , constitute part of the fifth enlargement . The commission was due to leave office on 31 October 2004 , but due to opposition from the European parliament to the proposed Barroso Commission which would succeed it , it was extended and finally left office on 21 November 2004 . When his mandate expired , Prodi returned to domestic politics . Return to Italian politics ( 2005–2006 ) . The Union primary election . Shortly before the end of his term as President of the European Commission , Prodi returned to national Italian politics at the helm of the enlarged centre-left coalition , The Union . Having no party of his own , in order to officially state his candidacy for the 2006 general election , Prodi came up with the idea of an apposite primary election , the first of such kind to be ever introduced in Europe and seen by its creator ( Prodi himself ) as a democratic move to bring the public and its opinion closer to the Italian politics . When the primary elections were first proposed , they were mostly meant as a plebiscite for Romano Prodi , since there were no other candidates for the leadership of the coalition . The secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party , Fausto Bertinotti , then announced he would run for the leadership , even if only to act as a symbolic candidate , to avoid a one-candidate election . After some time , more candidates were presented , like Union of Democrats for Europe leader Clemente Mastella , Italy of Values leader and former magistrate Antonio Di Pietro , Federation of the Greens leader Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio and others few minor candidates . The primary election may have been foreseen an easy win for Romano Prodi , with the other candidates running mostly to measure their strengths in the coalition , and they often talked about reaching a certain percentage rather than winning . However , there were rumours of supporters of the House of Freedoms trying to participate in the elections , and vote in favour of Mastella , reputed to be the least competent of the candidates and the least likely to win against Berlusconi , other than the most centrist ; other rumours indicated such fake left-wing voters would vote for Bertinotti , because his leadership would likely lose any grip on the political centre . The election had been held nationwide on 16 October 2005 , from 8 am to 10 pm . Poll stations were mainly managed on a voluntary basis ; they were hosted mainly in squares , local party quarters , schools , and even restaurants , bars , campers and a hairdresser ; some polling stations were also provided outside the country for Italians abroad . Most of the party leaders claimed a result of 1 million voters would be a good success for the election , but over four million people for the occasion went to cast a vote in the primary election . Second term as Prime Minister ( 2006–2008 ) . Italian 2006 general election . After having won the centre-left primary election , Prodi led The Union coalition in the 2006 election . The Union was a heterogeneous alliance , which was formed by centrist parties like UDEUR and communists like PRC and Party of Italian Communists . Prodi led his coalition to the electoral campaign preceding the election , eventually on 9 and 10 April won by a very narrow margin of 25,000 votes , and a final majority of two seats in the Senate . Initial exit polls suggested a victory for Prodi , but the results narrowed as the count progressed . On 11 April 2006 , Prodi declared victory ; Berlusconi never conceded defeat explicitly but this is not required by the Italian law . Preliminary results showed The Union leading the House of Freedoms in the Chamber of Deputies , with 340 seats to 277 , thanks to obtaining a majority bonus ( actual votes were distributed 49.81% to 49.74% ) . One more seat is allied with The Union ( Aosta Valley ) and 7 more seats in the foreign constituency . The House of Freedoms had secured a slight majority of Senate seats elected within Italy ( 155 seats to 154 ) , but The Union won 4 of the 6 seats allocated to voters outside Italy , giving them control of both chambers . On 19 April 2006 , Italys Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that Prodi had indeed won the election , winning control of the Chamber of Deputies by only 24,755 votes out of more than 38 million votes cast , and winning 158 seats in the Senate to 156 for Berlusconis coalition . Even so , Berlusconi refused to concede defeat , claiming unproven fraud . Government formation . Prodis appointment was somewhat delayed , as the outgoing President of the Republic , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , ended his mandate in May , not having enough time for the usual procedure ( consultations made by the President , appointment of a Prime Minister , the motion of confidence and oath of office ) . After the acrimonious election of Giorgio Napolitano to replace Ciampi , Prodi could proceed with his transition to government . On 16 May he was invited by Napolitano to form a government . The following day , 17 May 2006 , Prodi and his second cabinet were sworn into office . Prodis new cabinet drew in politicians from across his centre-left winning coalition , in addition to Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa , an unelected former official of the European Central Bank with no partisan membership . Romano Prodi obtained the support for his cabinet on 19 May at the Senate and on 23 May at the Chamber of Deputies . The coalition led by Prodi , thanks to the electoral law which gave the winner a sixty-seat majority , can count on a good majority in the Chamber of Deputies but only on a very narrow majority in the Senate . The composition of the coalition was heterogeneous , combining parties of communist ideology , the Party of Italian Communists and Communist Refoundation Party , within the same government as parties of Catholic inspiration , Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and UDEUR . The latter was led by Clemente Mastella , former chairman of Christian Democracy . Therefore , according to critics , it was difficult to have a single policy in different key areas , such as economics and foreign politics ( for instance , Italian military presence in Afghanistan ) . Foreign policy . In foreign policy , the Prodi II Cabinet continued the engagement in Afghanistan , under UN command , while withdrawing troops from post-invasion Iraq on 18 May 2006 , when Prodi laid out some sense of his new foreign policy , pledging to withdraw Italian troops from Iraq and called the Iraq War a grave mistake that has not solved but increased the problem of security . The major effort of foreign minister Massimo DAlema concerned the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War , being the first to offer troops to the UN for the constitution of the UNIFIL force , and assuming its command in February 2007 . In fact , Prodi had a key role in the creation of a multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon following the Israel-Lebanon conflict . Italy led negotiations with the Israeli foreign minister Tzipi Livni and was proposed by Israel to head the multinational peacekeeping mission , although the dangers of the mission for Italian troops sparked warnings from the center-right opposition that it could prove a kamikaze mission , with the peacekeepers sandwiched between Israel and the well-armed Hezbollah . Prodi and DAlema pledged Italys willingness to enforce the United Nations resolution on Lebanon and urged other European Union member states to do the same because the stability of the Middle East should be a chief concern for Europeans . Coalitions troubles . Prodis government faced a crisis over policies in early 2007 , after just nine months of government . Three ministers in Prodis Cabinet boycotted a vote in January to continue funding for Italian troop deployments in Afghanistan . Lawmakers approved the expansion of the US military base Caserma Ederle at the end of January , but the victory was so narrow that Deputy Prime Minister Francesco Rutelli criticised members of the coalition who had not supported the government . At around the same time , Justice Minister Clemente Mastella , of the coalition member UDEUR , said he would rather see the government fall than support its unwed couples legislation . Tens of thousands of people marched in Vicenza against the expansion of Caserma Ederle , which saw the participation of some leading far-left members of the government . Harsh debates followed in the Italian Senate on 20 February 2007 . Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Massimo DAlema declared during an official visit in Ibiza , Spain that , without a majority on foreign policy affairs , the government would resign . The following day , DAlema gave a speech at the Senate representing the government , clarifying his foreign policy and asking the Senate to vote for or against it . In spite of the fear of many senators that Prodis defeat would return Silvio Berlusconi to power , the Senate did not approve a motion backing Prodis government foreign policy , two votes shy of the required majority of 160 . After a Government meeting on 21 February , Romano Prodi tendered his resignation to the President Giorgio Napolitano , who cut short an official visit to Bologna in order to receive the Prime Minister . Prodis spokesman indicated that he would only agree to form a new Government if , and only if , he is guaranteed the full support of all the parties in the majority from now on . On 22 February , centre-left coalition party leaders backed a non-negotiable list of twelve political conditions given by Prodi as conditions of his remaining in office . President Napolitano held talks with political leaders on 23 February to decide whether to confirm Prodis Government , ask Prodi to form a new government or call fresh elections . Following these talks , on 24 February , President Napolitano asked Prodi to remain in office but to submit to a vote of confidence in both houses . On 28 February , the Senate voted to grant confidence to Prodis Government . Though facing strong opposition from the centre-right coalition , the vote resulted in a 162–157 victory . Prodi then faced a vote of confidence in the lower house on 2 March , which he won as expected with a large majority of 342–198 . On 14 October 2007 , Prodi oversaw the merger of two main parties of the Italian centre-left , Democrats of the Left and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy , creating the Democratic Party . Prodi himself led the merger of the two parties , which had been planned over a twelve-year period , and became the first President of the party . He announced his resignation from that post on 16 April 2008 , two days after the Democratic Partys defeat in the general election . 2008 crisis and resignation . In early January 2008 , Justice Minister and Union of Democrats for Europes leader Clemente Mastella resigned after his wife Sandra Lonardo was put under house arrest for corruption charges . With three Senators , UDEUR was instrumental to ensure a narrow centre-left majority in the Italian Senate . After first promising to support the government , he later retracted this support , and his party followed , in part also due to pressure from the Vatican , for which the governments proposed laws in regards to registered partnerships of same-sex couples , and other liberal reforms were objectionable . Mastella also cited lack of solidarity from the majority parties after the arrest of his wife , and declared that his party would vote against the government bills since then . The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system . As stated many times by Minister Mastella , if the referendum had been confirmed , it would lead directly to the fall of the government and it happened . The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastellas to gain seats in parliament . The UDEUR defection forced caused Prodi to ask for a confidence vote in both Chambers : he won a clear majority in the Chamber of Deputies on 23 January , but was defeated 156 to 161 ( with 1 abstention ) in the Senate the next day . He therefore tendered his resignation as Prime Minister to President Giorgio Napolitano , who accepted it and appointed the President of the Senate , Franco Marini , with the task of evaluating possibilities for forming interim government to implement electoral reforms prior to holding elections . Marini , after consultation with all major political forces , acknowledged the impossibility of doing so on 5 February , forcing Napolitano to announce the end of the legislature . Prodi said that he would not seek to lead a new government and snap election were called . In the election that followed in April 2008 , Berlusconis centre-right The People of Freedom and allies defeated the Democratic Party . After the premiership ( 2008–present ) . On 19 March 2008 , during the political campaign for the snap general election , Romano Prodi stated I called it a day with Italian politics and maybe with politics in general . On 12 September 2008 , Prodi was named by the UN as head of a joint AU-UN panel aimed at enhancing peacekeeping operations in Africa . On 6 February 2009 , he was appointed Professor-at-Large at the Watson Institute for International Studies of Brown University . Since 2010 Romano Prodi is the chair for Sino-European dialogue at the China Europe International Business School ( CEIBS – Shanghai&Beijing ) , Chinas leading business school . On 9 October 2012 , Romano Prodi was appointed by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon as his Special Envoy for the Sahel . He served in that position until 31 January 2014 . Prodi is also a member of the Club de Madrid , an international organization of former democratic statesmen , which works to strengthen democratic governance and leadership . He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group . 2013 presidential candidate . Prodi was drafted by Democratic Party parliamentarians to be President of Italy during the 2013 presidential election after Democratic Party–People of Freedom compromise candidate Franco Marini failed to receive sufficient votes on the first ballot . During the first three rounds of voting , few people cast ballots for Prodi ( 14 on the first ballot , 13 on the second and 22 on the third ) . On 16 April 2013 , just a few days prior to the fourth ballot , Prodi gave a lectio magistralis at the Pontifical University of St . Thomas Aquinas , Angelicum entitled I grandi cambiamenti della politica e delleconomia mondiale : cè un posto per lEuropa ? ( The Great Changes in Politics and the World Economy : Is there Room for Europe? ) . Prodi was sponsored by the Angelicum and the Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi on behalf of the Political Science program Scienze Politiche e del Buon Governo . A few days later on 19 April , starting on the fourth ballot Prodi was looked at seriously as a possible candidate . However , Prodi announced he was pulling out of the race for President after more than 100 centre-left electors did not vote for him as he received only 395 ( of 504 votes needed to be elected ) . After this vote , Pier Luigi Bersani , leader of centre-left Democratic Party , announced his resignation as partys secretary . As of September 2020 , he is a member of the Italian Aspen Institute . Honours and awards . - : Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania . - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic – 2 June 1993 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland – 1997 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic – 1998 - : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania – 2000 - : Order of the Three Stars , 1st Class – 2007 - : Order of the Rising Sun , Grand Cordon – 2012 Academic awards . - Laurea in Giurisprudenza ( 110 e lode ) Università Cattolica Milano ( 1961 ) - Madras University ( India , 1998 ) - Sofia University ( Bulgaria , 1998 ) - Universitat Politecnica de Barcelona ( Spain , 1998 ) - Brown University ( United States , 1999 ) - University of Michigan ( United States , 1999 ) - Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies ( Romania , 2000 ) - Catholic University of Leuven ( Belgium , 2000 ) - University of Malta ( Malta , 2000 ) - University of Modena and Reggio Emilia ( Italy , 2000 ) - University of Ottawa ( Canada , 2000 ) - St . Gallen University ( Switzerland , 2000 ) - Kyung Hee University , ( South Korea , 2000 ) - Pisa University ( Italy , 2001 ) - University of Tirana ( Albania , 2001 ) - Carleton University ( Canada , 2001 ) - Instituto de Empresa de Madrid ( Spain , 2002 ) - University of Oxford , ( United Kingdom , 2002 ) - Pavia University , ( Italy , 2002 ) - Skopje University , ( North Macedonia , 2003 ) - Tunis University , ( Tunisia , 2003 ) - University of Calabria ( Italy , 2003 ) - Torino University ( Italy , 2004 ) - Lublin University ( Poland , 2004 ) - Tongji University ( P.R.China , 2006 ) - Catholic University of Milan ( Italy , 2007 ) - Addis Abeba University ( 2007 ) - University of Calcutta ( 2007 ) - University of Freiburg ( 2008 ) - MIRBIS University Moscow ( 2009 ) - Chinese Academy of Governance ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Nova Gorica ( 2010 ) - Nankai University ( P.R.China , 2010 ) - University of Halle-Wittenberg ( Germany , 2011 )

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What position did Jackie Baillie take between Feb 2001 and Jul 2001?

/wiki/Jackie_Baillie#P39#0

Jackie Baillie Jacqueline Marie Baillie ( Barnes ; born 15 January 1964 ) is a Scottish politician who has served as Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since 2020 . She has been Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Dumbarton constituency since 1999 . She also served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2017 and again in 2021 . Born in British Hong Kong , Baillie was educated at St Annes School , Windermere before studying at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . After working in local government , she was elected at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election and served in the Scottish Executive as Minister for Social Justice under Henry McLeish . In December 2014 , she was appointed as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance , Constitution and Economy ; later Economy , Jobs and Fair Work . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party and acting leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as Scottish Labour leader in 2017 . She was sacked by Leonard as economy spokesperson in October 2018 , who also replaced her in the role . After she was elected Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party , Leonard reappointed Baillie to his Shadow Cabinet as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance in April 2020 . She again served as acting Scottish Labour leader for six weeks following Leonards resignation in January 2021 . Early life and career . Baillie was born on 15 January 1964 in British Hong Kong to Sophie and Frank Barnes . Her mother is Scottish and her father Portuguese . After education at the private St Annes School , Windermere in the Lake District , she studied at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . She went on to work as a resource centre manager at Strathkelvin District Council and a community economic development manager at East Dunbartonshire Council . Political career . Scottish Executive : 1999–2007 . Baillie was chair of Scottish Labour in 1997 . She was first elected at the inaugural election for the Scottish Parliament in May 1999 . A member of the Scottish Executive , she served as Minister for Social Justice when Henry McLeish was First Minister of Scotland , during which time she was involved with the Homelessness Task Force . She was re-elected in 2003 and became a member of the Scottish Parliaments Justice 2 Committee and Public Petitions Committee . Opposition : 2007–2020 . In December 2007 , Baillie defended Labour leader Wendy Alexander on Newsnight Scotland , during the controversy regarding alleged illegal donations to Alexanders leadership campaign . In 2009 , Baillie successfully brought into being an act of the Scottish Parliament , with the unanimous support of all MSPs , to allow for greater protection of disabled parking spaces . Baillie has opposed minimum pricing of alcohol , being unconvinced about the overall benefits . In 2010 , she stated it would not be the best way of tackling the countrys alcohol-related problems but instead backed a tax-based alternative amongst other measures . The legislation was passed setting a minimum unit pricing floor price for a unit of alcohol of 50 pence per unit . Baillie held the position of Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Health in the Shadow Cabinet of Iain Gray , retaining the post in December 2011 following the election of Johann Lamont as Grays successor . When Lamont announced a major shakeup of the Labour frontbench team on 28 June 2013 , Baillie was moved from Health to Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Social Justice and Welfare . On 27 March 2014 , Baillie stood in for Johann Lamont at First Ministers Questions while Lamont was attending the funeral of veteran Labour politician Tony Benn . She also stood in at FMQs following Lamonts resignation as Labour leader in October 2014 . Baillie ruled herself out of standing in the leadership election that followed Lamonts departure , stating that she wanted a supporting role rather than to be Labour leader . As a backbench MSP , Baillie campaigned for a public inquiry into a lethal outbreak of Clostridium difficile colitis at the Vale of Leven Hospital in her constituency . The inquiry into the outbreak cost £10 million , while the families were offered £1 million , something which prompted Baillie to plead Health Secretary Shona Robison for greater compensation for those affected , during a session of the Scottish Parliament in November 2014 . In December 2017 , Baillie was reduced to tears when raising the concern of fire safety following the deaths of two men in the Cameron House Hotel Fire . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Scottish Labour leader in August 2017 and interim leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as the new leader following the 2017 Scottish Labour leadership election . Baillie continued to serve as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Economy , Jobs and Fair Work until October 2018 when she was sacked by Leonard , who also replaced her in the role . Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party : 2020–present . In January 2020 , Baillie announced that she would be standing as a candidate for the post of Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . On 3 April , it was announced she had won the contest by 10,311 votes to Matt Kerrs 7,528 votes . After she was elected , Leonard reappointed her to his frontbench as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance . She served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since after the resignation of Leonard on 14 January 2021 and served until the election of Anas Sarwar as leader . On 1 March 2021 , Baillie was moved from shadowing Finance to Health , Social Care and Equalities . Between 2020 and 2021 , Baillie was a member of Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints that concluded the Scottish Governments handling of harassment complaints against Alex Salmond was seriously flawed . As a committee member , Baillie quizzed both Salmond and Nicola Sturgeon , asking the latter : You have described these errors as catastrophic . Thats a strong word , tell me why then nobody has resigned ? Nobody has taken responsibility of this , because at the heart of this two women have been let down . Former BBC journalist Andrew Neil said of Baillies questioning , As a professional interviewer.. . there were many times when I thought Jackie Baillie was the only one that knew the questions to ask . On 19 March 2021 , the findings of the committee were pre-emptively leaked to the media by an MSP . Baillie backed an inquiry into the leak and said : “The leaks against the women were particularly bad , because they had the bravery to come forward to speak to the committee . It was entirely inappropriate that that information was leaked to the public domain.” She was re-elected in May 2021 with an increased majority of 1,483 . After her victory , she told her constituents : You want a recovery , not a referendum . You want us to prioritise your jobs , the economy , the NHS . You want us to make sure that our kids at school have all the opportunities they deserve . I pledge to you that I will do that in this next parliament . Personal life . Baillie married Stephen Baillie in 1982 . She lives in Dumbarton with her daughter . During her time as MSP , she studied for a Master of Science degree in Local Economic Development at the University of Glasgow . External links . - www.jackiebaillie.co.uk Jackie Baillie official website - Jackie Baillie MSP Biography at the Labour Party website

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What position did Jackie Baillie take in Apr 2004?

/wiki/Jackie_Baillie#P39#1

Jackie Baillie Jacqueline Marie Baillie ( Barnes ; born 15 January 1964 ) is a Scottish politician who has served as Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since 2020 . She has been Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Dumbarton constituency since 1999 . She also served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2017 and again in 2021 . Born in British Hong Kong , Baillie was educated at St Annes School , Windermere before studying at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . After working in local government , she was elected at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election and served in the Scottish Executive as Minister for Social Justice under Henry McLeish . In December 2014 , she was appointed as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance , Constitution and Economy ; later Economy , Jobs and Fair Work . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party and acting leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as Scottish Labour leader in 2017 . She was sacked by Leonard as economy spokesperson in October 2018 , who also replaced her in the role . After she was elected Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party , Leonard reappointed Baillie to his Shadow Cabinet as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance in April 2020 . She again served as acting Scottish Labour leader for six weeks following Leonards resignation in January 2021 . Early life and career . Baillie was born on 15 January 1964 in British Hong Kong to Sophie and Frank Barnes . Her mother is Scottish and her father Portuguese . After education at the private St Annes School , Windermere in the Lake District , she studied at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . She went on to work as a resource centre manager at Strathkelvin District Council and a community economic development manager at East Dunbartonshire Council . Political career . Scottish Executive : 1999–2007 . Baillie was chair of Scottish Labour in 1997 . She was first elected at the inaugural election for the Scottish Parliament in May 1999 . A member of the Scottish Executive , she served as Minister for Social Justice when Henry McLeish was First Minister of Scotland , during which time she was involved with the Homelessness Task Force . She was re-elected in 2003 and became a member of the Scottish Parliaments Justice 2 Committee and Public Petitions Committee . Opposition : 2007–2020 . In December 2007 , Baillie defended Labour leader Wendy Alexander on Newsnight Scotland , during the controversy regarding alleged illegal donations to Alexanders leadership campaign . In 2009 , Baillie successfully brought into being an act of the Scottish Parliament , with the unanimous support of all MSPs , to allow for greater protection of disabled parking spaces . Baillie has opposed minimum pricing of alcohol , being unconvinced about the overall benefits . In 2010 , she stated it would not be the best way of tackling the countrys alcohol-related problems but instead backed a tax-based alternative amongst other measures . The legislation was passed setting a minimum unit pricing floor price for a unit of alcohol of 50 pence per unit . Baillie held the position of Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Health in the Shadow Cabinet of Iain Gray , retaining the post in December 2011 following the election of Johann Lamont as Grays successor . When Lamont announced a major shakeup of the Labour frontbench team on 28 June 2013 , Baillie was moved from Health to Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Social Justice and Welfare . On 27 March 2014 , Baillie stood in for Johann Lamont at First Ministers Questions while Lamont was attending the funeral of veteran Labour politician Tony Benn . She also stood in at FMQs following Lamonts resignation as Labour leader in October 2014 . Baillie ruled herself out of standing in the leadership election that followed Lamonts departure , stating that she wanted a supporting role rather than to be Labour leader . As a backbench MSP , Baillie campaigned for a public inquiry into a lethal outbreak of Clostridium difficile colitis at the Vale of Leven Hospital in her constituency . The inquiry into the outbreak cost £10 million , while the families were offered £1 million , something which prompted Baillie to plead Health Secretary Shona Robison for greater compensation for those affected , during a session of the Scottish Parliament in November 2014 . In December 2017 , Baillie was reduced to tears when raising the concern of fire safety following the deaths of two men in the Cameron House Hotel Fire . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Scottish Labour leader in August 2017 and interim leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as the new leader following the 2017 Scottish Labour leadership election . Baillie continued to serve as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Economy , Jobs and Fair Work until October 2018 when she was sacked by Leonard , who also replaced her in the role . Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party : 2020–present . In January 2020 , Baillie announced that she would be standing as a candidate for the post of Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . On 3 April , it was announced she had won the contest by 10,311 votes to Matt Kerrs 7,528 votes . After she was elected , Leonard reappointed her to his frontbench as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance . She served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since after the resignation of Leonard on 14 January 2021 and served until the election of Anas Sarwar as leader . On 1 March 2021 , Baillie was moved from shadowing Finance to Health , Social Care and Equalities . Between 2020 and 2021 , Baillie was a member of Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints that concluded the Scottish Governments handling of harassment complaints against Alex Salmond was seriously flawed . As a committee member , Baillie quizzed both Salmond and Nicola Sturgeon , asking the latter : You have described these errors as catastrophic . Thats a strong word , tell me why then nobody has resigned ? Nobody has taken responsibility of this , because at the heart of this two women have been let down . Former BBC journalist Andrew Neil said of Baillies questioning , As a professional interviewer.. . there were many times when I thought Jackie Baillie was the only one that knew the questions to ask . On 19 March 2021 , the findings of the committee were pre-emptively leaked to the media by an MSP . Baillie backed an inquiry into the leak and said : “The leaks against the women were particularly bad , because they had the bravery to come forward to speak to the committee . It was entirely inappropriate that that information was leaked to the public domain.” She was re-elected in May 2021 with an increased majority of 1,483 . After her victory , she told her constituents : You want a recovery , not a referendum . You want us to prioritise your jobs , the economy , the NHS . You want us to make sure that our kids at school have all the opportunities they deserve . I pledge to you that I will do that in this next parliament . Personal life . Baillie married Stephen Baillie in 1982 . She lives in Dumbarton with her daughter . During her time as MSP , she studied for a Master of Science degree in Local Economic Development at the University of Glasgow . External links . - www.jackiebaillie.co.uk Jackie Baillie official website - Jackie Baillie MSP Biography at the Labour Party website

hard

What position did Jackie Baillie take between Nov 2010 and Dec 2010?

/wiki/Jackie_Baillie#P39#2

Jackie Baillie Jacqueline Marie Baillie ( Barnes ; born 15 January 1964 ) is a Scottish politician who has served as Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since 2020 . She has been Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Dumbarton constituency since 1999 . She also served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2017 and again in 2021 . Born in British Hong Kong , Baillie was educated at St Annes School , Windermere before studying at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . After working in local government , she was elected at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election and served in the Scottish Executive as Minister for Social Justice under Henry McLeish . In December 2014 , she was appointed as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance , Constitution and Economy ; later Economy , Jobs and Fair Work . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party and acting leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as Scottish Labour leader in 2017 . She was sacked by Leonard as economy spokesperson in October 2018 , who also replaced her in the role . After she was elected Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party , Leonard reappointed Baillie to his Shadow Cabinet as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance in April 2020 . She again served as acting Scottish Labour leader for six weeks following Leonards resignation in January 2021 . Early life and career . Baillie was born on 15 January 1964 in British Hong Kong to Sophie and Frank Barnes . Her mother is Scottish and her father Portuguese . After education at the private St Annes School , Windermere in the Lake District , she studied at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . She went on to work as a resource centre manager at Strathkelvin District Council and a community economic development manager at East Dunbartonshire Council . Political career . Scottish Executive : 1999–2007 . Baillie was chair of Scottish Labour in 1997 . She was first elected at the inaugural election for the Scottish Parliament in May 1999 . A member of the Scottish Executive , she served as Minister for Social Justice when Henry McLeish was First Minister of Scotland , during which time she was involved with the Homelessness Task Force . She was re-elected in 2003 and became a member of the Scottish Parliaments Justice 2 Committee and Public Petitions Committee . Opposition : 2007–2020 . In December 2007 , Baillie defended Labour leader Wendy Alexander on Newsnight Scotland , during the controversy regarding alleged illegal donations to Alexanders leadership campaign . In 2009 , Baillie successfully brought into being an act of the Scottish Parliament , with the unanimous support of all MSPs , to allow for greater protection of disabled parking spaces . Baillie has opposed minimum pricing of alcohol , being unconvinced about the overall benefits . In 2010 , she stated it would not be the best way of tackling the countrys alcohol-related problems but instead backed a tax-based alternative amongst other measures . The legislation was passed setting a minimum unit pricing floor price for a unit of alcohol of 50 pence per unit . Baillie held the position of Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Health in the Shadow Cabinet of Iain Gray , retaining the post in December 2011 following the election of Johann Lamont as Grays successor . When Lamont announced a major shakeup of the Labour frontbench team on 28 June 2013 , Baillie was moved from Health to Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Social Justice and Welfare . On 27 March 2014 , Baillie stood in for Johann Lamont at First Ministers Questions while Lamont was attending the funeral of veteran Labour politician Tony Benn . She also stood in at FMQs following Lamonts resignation as Labour leader in October 2014 . Baillie ruled herself out of standing in the leadership election that followed Lamonts departure , stating that she wanted a supporting role rather than to be Labour leader . As a backbench MSP , Baillie campaigned for a public inquiry into a lethal outbreak of Clostridium difficile colitis at the Vale of Leven Hospital in her constituency . The inquiry into the outbreak cost £10 million , while the families were offered £1 million , something which prompted Baillie to plead Health Secretary Shona Robison for greater compensation for those affected , during a session of the Scottish Parliament in November 2014 . In December 2017 , Baillie was reduced to tears when raising the concern of fire safety following the deaths of two men in the Cameron House Hotel Fire . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Scottish Labour leader in August 2017 and interim leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as the new leader following the 2017 Scottish Labour leadership election . Baillie continued to serve as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Economy , Jobs and Fair Work until October 2018 when she was sacked by Leonard , who also replaced her in the role . Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party : 2020–present . In January 2020 , Baillie announced that she would be standing as a candidate for the post of Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . On 3 April , it was announced she had won the contest by 10,311 votes to Matt Kerrs 7,528 votes . After she was elected , Leonard reappointed her to his frontbench as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance . She served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since after the resignation of Leonard on 14 January 2021 and served until the election of Anas Sarwar as leader . On 1 March 2021 , Baillie was moved from shadowing Finance to Health , Social Care and Equalities . Between 2020 and 2021 , Baillie was a member of Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints that concluded the Scottish Governments handling of harassment complaints against Alex Salmond was seriously flawed . As a committee member , Baillie quizzed both Salmond and Nicola Sturgeon , asking the latter : You have described these errors as catastrophic . Thats a strong word , tell me why then nobody has resigned ? Nobody has taken responsibility of this , because at the heart of this two women have been let down . Former BBC journalist Andrew Neil said of Baillies questioning , As a professional interviewer.. . there were many times when I thought Jackie Baillie was the only one that knew the questions to ask . On 19 March 2021 , the findings of the committee were pre-emptively leaked to the media by an MSP . Baillie backed an inquiry into the leak and said : “The leaks against the women were particularly bad , because they had the bravery to come forward to speak to the committee . It was entirely inappropriate that that information was leaked to the public domain.” She was re-elected in May 2021 with an increased majority of 1,483 . After her victory , she told her constituents : You want a recovery , not a referendum . You want us to prioritise your jobs , the economy , the NHS . You want us to make sure that our kids at school have all the opportunities they deserve . I pledge to you that I will do that in this next parliament . Personal life . Baillie married Stephen Baillie in 1982 . She lives in Dumbarton with her daughter . During her time as MSP , she studied for a Master of Science degree in Local Economic Development at the University of Glasgow . External links . - www.jackiebaillie.co.uk Jackie Baillie official website - Jackie Baillie MSP Biography at the Labour Party website

hard

What position did Jackie Baillie take in May 2014?

/wiki/Jackie_Baillie#P39#3

Jackie Baillie Jacqueline Marie Baillie ( Barnes ; born 15 January 1964 ) is a Scottish politician who has served as Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since 2020 . She has been Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Dumbarton constituency since 1999 . She also served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2017 and again in 2021 . Born in British Hong Kong , Baillie was educated at St Annes School , Windermere before studying at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . After working in local government , she was elected at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election and served in the Scottish Executive as Minister for Social Justice under Henry McLeish . In December 2014 , she was appointed as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance , Constitution and Economy ; later Economy , Jobs and Fair Work . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party and acting leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as Scottish Labour leader in 2017 . She was sacked by Leonard as economy spokesperson in October 2018 , who also replaced her in the role . After she was elected Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party , Leonard reappointed Baillie to his Shadow Cabinet as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance in April 2020 . She again served as acting Scottish Labour leader for six weeks following Leonards resignation in January 2021 . Early life and career . Baillie was born on 15 January 1964 in British Hong Kong to Sophie and Frank Barnes . Her mother is Scottish and her father Portuguese . After education at the private St Annes School , Windermere in the Lake District , she studied at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . She went on to work as a resource centre manager at Strathkelvin District Council and a community economic development manager at East Dunbartonshire Council . Political career . Scottish Executive : 1999–2007 . Baillie was chair of Scottish Labour in 1997 . She was first elected at the inaugural election for the Scottish Parliament in May 1999 . A member of the Scottish Executive , she served as Minister for Social Justice when Henry McLeish was First Minister of Scotland , during which time she was involved with the Homelessness Task Force . She was re-elected in 2003 and became a member of the Scottish Parliaments Justice 2 Committee and Public Petitions Committee . Opposition : 2007–2020 . In December 2007 , Baillie defended Labour leader Wendy Alexander on Newsnight Scotland , during the controversy regarding alleged illegal donations to Alexanders leadership campaign . In 2009 , Baillie successfully brought into being an act of the Scottish Parliament , with the unanimous support of all MSPs , to allow for greater protection of disabled parking spaces . Baillie has opposed minimum pricing of alcohol , being unconvinced about the overall benefits . In 2010 , she stated it would not be the best way of tackling the countrys alcohol-related problems but instead backed a tax-based alternative amongst other measures . The legislation was passed setting a minimum unit pricing floor price for a unit of alcohol of 50 pence per unit . Baillie held the position of Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Health in the Shadow Cabinet of Iain Gray , retaining the post in December 2011 following the election of Johann Lamont as Grays successor . When Lamont announced a major shakeup of the Labour frontbench team on 28 June 2013 , Baillie was moved from Health to Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Social Justice and Welfare . On 27 March 2014 , Baillie stood in for Johann Lamont at First Ministers Questions while Lamont was attending the funeral of veteran Labour politician Tony Benn . She also stood in at FMQs following Lamonts resignation as Labour leader in October 2014 . Baillie ruled herself out of standing in the leadership election that followed Lamonts departure , stating that she wanted a supporting role rather than to be Labour leader . As a backbench MSP , Baillie campaigned for a public inquiry into a lethal outbreak of Clostridium difficile colitis at the Vale of Leven Hospital in her constituency . The inquiry into the outbreak cost £10 million , while the families were offered £1 million , something which prompted Baillie to plead Health Secretary Shona Robison for greater compensation for those affected , during a session of the Scottish Parliament in November 2014 . In December 2017 , Baillie was reduced to tears when raising the concern of fire safety following the deaths of two men in the Cameron House Hotel Fire . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Scottish Labour leader in August 2017 and interim leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as the new leader following the 2017 Scottish Labour leadership election . Baillie continued to serve as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Economy , Jobs and Fair Work until October 2018 when she was sacked by Leonard , who also replaced her in the role . Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party : 2020–present . In January 2020 , Baillie announced that she would be standing as a candidate for the post of Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . On 3 April , it was announced she had won the contest by 10,311 votes to Matt Kerrs 7,528 votes . After she was elected , Leonard reappointed her to his frontbench as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance . She served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since after the resignation of Leonard on 14 January 2021 and served until the election of Anas Sarwar as leader . On 1 March 2021 , Baillie was moved from shadowing Finance to Health , Social Care and Equalities . Between 2020 and 2021 , Baillie was a member of Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints that concluded the Scottish Governments handling of harassment complaints against Alex Salmond was seriously flawed . As a committee member , Baillie quizzed both Salmond and Nicola Sturgeon , asking the latter : You have described these errors as catastrophic . Thats a strong word , tell me why then nobody has resigned ? Nobody has taken responsibility of this , because at the heart of this two women have been let down . Former BBC journalist Andrew Neil said of Baillies questioning , As a professional interviewer.. . there were many times when I thought Jackie Baillie was the only one that knew the questions to ask . On 19 March 2021 , the findings of the committee were pre-emptively leaked to the media by an MSP . Baillie backed an inquiry into the leak and said : “The leaks against the women were particularly bad , because they had the bravery to come forward to speak to the committee . It was entirely inappropriate that that information was leaked to the public domain.” She was re-elected in May 2021 with an increased majority of 1,483 . After her victory , she told her constituents : You want a recovery , not a referendum . You want us to prioritise your jobs , the economy , the NHS . You want us to make sure that our kids at school have all the opportunities they deserve . I pledge to you that I will do that in this next parliament . Personal life . Baillie married Stephen Baillie in 1982 . She lives in Dumbarton with her daughter . During her time as MSP , she studied for a Master of Science degree in Local Economic Development at the University of Glasgow . External links . - www.jackiebaillie.co.uk Jackie Baillie official website - Jackie Baillie MSP Biography at the Labour Party website

hard

What position did Jackie Baillie take between May 2017 and May 2017?

/wiki/Jackie_Baillie#P39#4

Jackie Baillie Jacqueline Marie Baillie ( Barnes ; born 15 January 1964 ) is a Scottish politician who has served as Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since 2020 . She has been Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Dumbarton constituency since 1999 . She also served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party in 2017 and again in 2021 . Born in British Hong Kong , Baillie was educated at St Annes School , Windermere before studying at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . After working in local government , she was elected at the 1999 Scottish Parliament election and served in the Scottish Executive as Minister for Social Justice under Henry McLeish . In December 2014 , she was appointed as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance , Constitution and Economy ; later Economy , Jobs and Fair Work . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Leader of the Scottish Labour Party and acting leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as Scottish Labour leader in 2017 . She was sacked by Leonard as economy spokesperson in October 2018 , who also replaced her in the role . After she was elected Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party , Leonard reappointed Baillie to his Shadow Cabinet as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance in April 2020 . She again served as acting Scottish Labour leader for six weeks following Leonards resignation in January 2021 . Early life and career . Baillie was born on 15 January 1964 in British Hong Kong to Sophie and Frank Barnes . Her mother is Scottish and her father Portuguese . After education at the private St Annes School , Windermere in the Lake District , she studied at Cumbernauld College and the University of Strathclyde . She went on to work as a resource centre manager at Strathkelvin District Council and a community economic development manager at East Dunbartonshire Council . Political career . Scottish Executive : 1999–2007 . Baillie was chair of Scottish Labour in 1997 . She was first elected at the inaugural election for the Scottish Parliament in May 1999 . A member of the Scottish Executive , she served as Minister for Social Justice when Henry McLeish was First Minister of Scotland , during which time she was involved with the Homelessness Task Force . She was re-elected in 2003 and became a member of the Scottish Parliaments Justice 2 Committee and Public Petitions Committee . Opposition : 2007–2020 . In December 2007 , Baillie defended Labour leader Wendy Alexander on Newsnight Scotland , during the controversy regarding alleged illegal donations to Alexanders leadership campaign . In 2009 , Baillie successfully brought into being an act of the Scottish Parliament , with the unanimous support of all MSPs , to allow for greater protection of disabled parking spaces . Baillie has opposed minimum pricing of alcohol , being unconvinced about the overall benefits . In 2010 , she stated it would not be the best way of tackling the countrys alcohol-related problems but instead backed a tax-based alternative amongst other measures . The legislation was passed setting a minimum unit pricing floor price for a unit of alcohol of 50 pence per unit . Baillie held the position of Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Health in the Shadow Cabinet of Iain Gray , retaining the post in December 2011 following the election of Johann Lamont as Grays successor . When Lamont announced a major shakeup of the Labour frontbench team on 28 June 2013 , Baillie was moved from Health to Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Social Justice and Welfare . On 27 March 2014 , Baillie stood in for Johann Lamont at First Ministers Questions while Lamont was attending the funeral of veteran Labour politician Tony Benn . She also stood in at FMQs following Lamonts resignation as Labour leader in October 2014 . Baillie ruled herself out of standing in the leadership election that followed Lamonts departure , stating that she wanted a supporting role rather than to be Labour leader . As a backbench MSP , Baillie campaigned for a public inquiry into a lethal outbreak of Clostridium difficile colitis at the Vale of Leven Hospital in her constituency . The inquiry into the outbreak cost £10 million , while the families were offered £1 million , something which prompted Baillie to plead Health Secretary Shona Robison for greater compensation for those affected , during a session of the Scottish Parliament in November 2014 . In December 2017 , Baillie was reduced to tears when raising the concern of fire safety following the deaths of two men in the Cameron House Hotel Fire . After Kezia Dugdale resigned as Scottish Labour leader in August 2017 and interim leader Alex Rowley was suspended , Baillie served as acting leader until Richard Leonard was elected as the new leader following the 2017 Scottish Labour leadership election . Baillie continued to serve as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Economy , Jobs and Fair Work until October 2018 when she was sacked by Leonard , who also replaced her in the role . Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party : 2020–present . In January 2020 , Baillie announced that she would be standing as a candidate for the post of Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party . On 3 April , it was announced she had won the contest by 10,311 votes to Matt Kerrs 7,528 votes . After she was elected , Leonard reappointed her to his frontbench as Scottish Labour Spokesperson for Finance . She served as acting Leader of the Scottish Labour Party since after the resignation of Leonard on 14 January 2021 and served until the election of Anas Sarwar as leader . On 1 March 2021 , Baillie was moved from shadowing Finance to Health , Social Care and Equalities . Between 2020 and 2021 , Baillie was a member of Committee on the Scottish Government Handling of Harassment Complaints that concluded the Scottish Governments handling of harassment complaints against Alex Salmond was seriously flawed . As a committee member , Baillie quizzed both Salmond and Nicola Sturgeon , asking the latter : You have described these errors as catastrophic . Thats a strong word , tell me why then nobody has resigned ? Nobody has taken responsibility of this , because at the heart of this two women have been let down . Former BBC journalist Andrew Neil said of Baillies questioning , As a professional interviewer.. . there were many times when I thought Jackie Baillie was the only one that knew the questions to ask . On 19 March 2021 , the findings of the committee were pre-emptively leaked to the media by an MSP . Baillie backed an inquiry into the leak and said : “The leaks against the women were particularly bad , because they had the bravery to come forward to speak to the committee . It was entirely inappropriate that that information was leaked to the public domain.” She was re-elected in May 2021 with an increased majority of 1,483 . After her victory , she told her constituents : You want a recovery , not a referendum . You want us to prioritise your jobs , the economy , the NHS . You want us to make sure that our kids at school have all the opportunities they deserve . I pledge to you that I will do that in this next parliament . Personal life . Baillie married Stephen Baillie in 1982 . She lives in Dumbarton with her daughter . During her time as MSP , she studied for a Master of Science degree in Local Economic Development at the University of Glasgow . External links . - www.jackiebaillie.co.uk Jackie Baillie official website - Jackie Baillie MSP Biography at the Labour Party website

hard

Which title was conferred to Tigran Petrosian in 1952?

/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian#P2962#0

Tigran Petrosian Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian ( ; ; June 17 , 1929 – August 13 , 1984 ) was a Soviet Armenian Grandmaster , and World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969 . He was nicknamed Iron Tigran due to his almost impenetrable defensive playing style , which emphasized safety above all else . Petrosian is credited with popularizing chess in Armenia . Petrosian was a Candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions ( 1953 , 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1971 , 1974 , 1977 and 1980 ) . He won the World Championship in 1963 ( against Mikhail Botvinnik ) , successfully defended it in 1966 ( against Boris Spassky ) , and lost it to Spassky in 1969 . Thus he was the defending World Champion or a World Championship Candidate in ten consecutive three-year cycles . He won the Soviet Championship four times ( 1959 , 1961 , 1969 , and 1975 ) . Early life . Petrosian was born to Armenian parents on June 17 , 1929 , in Tiflis , Georgian SSR ( present-day Georgia ) . As a young boy , Petrosian was an excellent student and enjoyed studying , as did his brother Hmayak and sister Vartoosh . He learned to play chess at the age of 8 , though his illiterate father Vartan encouraged him to continue studying , as he thought chess was unlikely to bring his son any success as a career . Petrosian was orphaned during World War II and was forced to sweep streets to earn a living . It was about this time that his hearing began to deteriorate , a problem that afflicted him throughout his life . In a 1969 interview with Time magazine , he recalled : He used his rations to buy Chess Praxis by Danish grandmaster Aron Nimzowitsch , a book which Petrosian later stated had the greatest influence on him as a chess player . He also purchased The Art of Sacrifice in Chess by Rudolf Spielmann . The other player to have had an early effect on Petrosians chess was José Raúl Capablanca . At age 12 he began training at the Tiflis Palace of Pioneers under the tutelage of Archil Ebralidze . Ebralidze was a supporter of Nimzowitsch and Capablanca , and his scientific approach to chess discouraged wild tactics and dubious combinations . As a result , Petrosian developed a repertoire of solid positional openings , such as the Caro–Kann Defence . After training at the Palace of Pioneers for just one year , he defeated visiting Soviet grandmaster Salo Flohr at a simultaneous exhibition . By 1946 , Petrosian had earned the title of Candidate Master . In that year alone , he drew against Grandmaster Paul Keres at the Georgian Chess Championship , then moved to Yerevan where he won the Armenian Chess Championship and the USSR Junior Chess Championship . Petrosian earned the title of Master during the 1947 USSR Chess Championship , though he failed to qualify for the finals . He set about to improve his game by studying Nimzowitschs My System and by moving to Moscow to seek greater competition . Grandmaster in Moscow . After moving to Moscow in 1949 , Petrosians career as a chess player advanced rapidly and his results in Soviet events steadily improved . He placed second in the 1951 Soviet Championship , thereby earning the title of international master . It was in this tournament that Petrosian faced world champion Botvinnik for the first time . Playing White , after obtaining a slightly inferior position from the opening , he defended through two adjournments and eleven total hours of play to obtain a draw . Petrosians result in this event qualified him for the Interzonal the following year in Stockholm . He earned the title of Grandmaster by coming in second in the Stockholm tournament , and qualified for the 1953 Candidates Tournament . Petrosian placed fifth in the 1953 Candidates Tournament , a result which marked the beginning of a stagnant period in his career . He seemed content drawing against weaker players and maintaining his title of Grandmaster rather than improving his chess or making an attempt at becoming World Champion . This attitude was illustrated by his result in the 1955 USSR Championship : out of 19 games played , Petrosian was undefeated , but won only four games and drew the rest , with each of the draws lasting twenty moves or less . Although his consistent playing ensured decent tournament results , it was looked down upon by the public and by Soviet chess media and authorities . Near the end of the event , journalist Vasily Panov wrote the following comment about the tournament contenders : Real chances of victory , besides Botvinnik and Smyslov , up to round 15 , are held by Geller , Spassky and Taimanov . I deliberately exclude Petrosian from the group , since from the very first rounds the latter has made it clear that he is playing for an easier , but also honourable conquest—a place in the interzonal quartet . This period of complacency ended with the 1957 USSR Championship , where out of 21 games played , Petrosian won seven , lost four , and drew the remaining 10 . Although this result was only good enough for seventh place in a field of 22 competitors , his more ambitious approach to tournament play was met with great appreciation from the Soviet chess community . He went on to win his first USSR Championship in 1959 , and later that year in the Candidates Tournament he defeated Paul Keres with a display of his often-overlooked tactical abilities . Petrosian was awarded the title of Master of Sport of the USSR in 1960 , and won a second Soviet title in 1961 . His excellent playing continued through 1962 when he qualified for the Candidates Tournament for what would be his first World Championship match . 1963 World Championship . After playing in the 1962 Interzonal in Stockholm , Petrosian qualified for the Candidates Tournament in Curaçao along with Pal Benko , Miroslav Filip , Bobby Fischer , Efim Geller , Paul Keres , Viktor Korchnoi , and Mikhail Tal . Petrosian , representing the Soviet Union , won the tournament with a final score of 17½ points , followed by fellow Soviets Geller and Keres each with 17 points and the American Fischer with 14 . Fischer later accused the Soviet players of arranging draws and having ganged up on him to prevent him from winning the tournament . As evidence for this claim , he noted that all 12 games played between Petrosian , Geller , and Keres were draws . Statisticians pointed out that when playing against each other , these Soviet competitors averaged 19 moves per game , as opposed to 39.5 moves when playing against other competitors . Although responses to Fischers allegations were mixed , FIDE later adjusted the rules and format to try to prevent future collusion in the Candidates matches . Having won the Candidates Tournament , Petrosian earned the right to challenge Mikhail Botvinnik for the title of World Chess Champion in a 24-game match . In addition to practicing his chess , Petrosian also prepared for the match by skiing for several hours each day . He believed that in such a long match , physical fitness could become a factor in the later games . This advantage was increased by Botvinnik being much older than Petrosian . Whereas a multitude of draws in tournament play could prevent a player from taking first place , draws did not affect the outcome of a one-on-one match . In this regard , Petrosians cautious playing style was well-suited for match play , as he could simply wait for his opponent to make mistakes and then capitalize on them . Petrosian won the match against Botvinnik with a final score of 5 to 2 with 15 draws , securing the title of World Champion . Reigning World Champion . Upon becoming World Champion , Petrosian campaigned for the publication of a chess newspaper for the entire Soviet Union rather than just Moscow . This newspaper became known as 64 . Petrosian studied for a degree of Master of Philosophical Science at Yerevan State University ; his thesis , dated 1968 , was titled Chess Logic , Some Problems of the Logic of Chess Thought . In 1966 , three years after Petrosian had earned the title of World Chess Champion , he was challenged by Boris Spassky . Petrosian defended his title by winning rather than drawing the match , a feat that had not been accomplished since Alexander Alekhine defeated Efim Bogoljubov in the 1934 World Championship . However , Spassky would defeat Efim Geller , Bent Larsen , and Viktor Korchnoi in the next candidates cycle , earning a rematch with Petrosian , in Moscow in 1969 . Spassky won the match by 12½–10½ . Later career . Along with a number of other Soviet chess champions , he signed a petition condemning the actions of the defector Viktor Korchnoi in 1976 . It was the continuation of a bitter feud between the two , dating back at least to their 1974 Candidates semifinal match in which Petrosian withdrew after five games while trailing 3½–1½ His match with Korchnoi in 1977 saw the two former colleagues refuse to shake hands or speak to each other . They even demanded separate eating and toilet facilities . Petrosian went on to lose the match and was subsequently fired as editor of Russias largest chess magazine , 64 . His detractors condemned his reluctance to attack and some put it down to a lack of courage . At this point , however , Botvinnik spoke out on his behalf , stating that he only attacked when he felt secure and his greatest strength was in defence . Some of his late successes included victories at Lone Pine 1976 and in the 1979 Paul Keres Memorial tournament in Tallinn ( 12/16 without a loss , ahead of Tal , Bronstein , and others ) . He shared first place ( with Portisch and Hübner ) in the Rio de Janeiro Interzonal the same year , and won second place in Tilburg in 1981 , half a point behind the winner Beliavsky . It was here that he played his last famous victory , a miraculous escape against the young Garry Kasparov . Personal life and death . Petrosian lived in Moscow from 1949 . In the 1960s and 1970s , he lived at 59 Pyatnitskaya Street . When asked by Anthony Saidy whether he is Russian , Petrosian replied : Abroad , they call us all Russians . I am a Soviet Armenian . In 1952 , Petrosian married Rona Yakovlevna ( née Avinezer , 1923–2005 ) , a Russian Jew born in Kyiv , Ukraine . A graduate of the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages , she was an English teacher and interpreter . She is buried at the Jewish section of the in Moscow . They had two sons : Vartan and Mikhail . The latter was Ronas son from the first marriage . His hobbies included football , backgammon , cross-country skiing , table tennis , and gardening . Petrosian died of stomach cancer on August 13 , 1984 , in Moscow and is buried in the Moscow Armenian Cemetery . Deafness . Petrosian was partially deaf and wore a hearing aid during his matches , which sometimes led to strange situations . On one occasion he offered a draw to Svetozar Gligorić , which Gligorić initially refused in surprise , but then changed his mind in a few seconds and re-offered the draw . However , Petrosian did not even respond , instead went ahead and won the game . As it turned out , he switched off his hearing aid , and did not hear when Gligorić re-offered the draw . In 1971 , he played a candidates match against Robert Hübner in a noisy area in Seville , which did not disturb him , but frustrated Hübner so much that he finally withdrew from the match . Recognition and legacy . At the time of his death , Petrosian was working on a set of chess-related lectures and articles to be compiled in a book . These were edited by his wife Rona and published posthumously , in Russian under the title Шахматные лекции Петросян ( 1989 ) and in English as Petrosians Legacy ( 1990 ) . In 1987 , World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov unveiled a memorial at Petrosians grave which depicts the laurel wreath of World Champion and an image contained within a crown of the sun shining above the twin peaks of Mount Ararat – the national symbol of Petrosians Armenian homeland . On July 7 , 2006 , a monument honouring Petrosian was opened in the Davtashen district of Yerevan , in the street named after Petrosian . Petrosian was also honoured on the third banknote series of the Armenian dram , with his image on the 2,000 dram banknote . Olympiads and team championships . Petrosian was not selected for the Soviet Olympiad side until 1958 ; he had already been a Candidate twice by that time . But he then made ten straight Soviet Olympiad teams from 1958 to 1978 , won nine team gold medals , one team silver medal , and six individual gold medals . His overall performance in Olympiad play is impressive : ( only one game lost , to Robert Hübner , out of 129 played ) , for 79.8 per cent , the third all-time best performance after Anatoly Karpov for 80.1 per cent ) and Mikhail Tal for 81.2 per cent ) . His Olympiad results follow : - Munich 1958 , 2nd reserve , 10½/13 board and team gold medals ; - Leipzig 1960 , 2nd reserve , 12/13 board and team gold medals ; - Varna 1962 , board 2 , 10/12 board and team gold medals ; - Tel Aviv 1964 , board 1 , 9½/13 team gold medal ; - Havana 1966 , board 1 , 11½/13 board and team gold medals ; - Lugano 1968 , board 1 , 10½/12 board and team gold medals ; - Siegen 1970 , board 2 , 10/14 team gold medal ; - Skopje 1972 , board 1 , 10½/16 team gold medal ; - Nice 1974 , board 4 , 12½/14 board and team gold medals ; - Buenos Aires 1978 , board 2 , 6/9 team silver medal . Petrosian also made the Soviet team for the first eight European Team Championships ( from 1957 to 1983 ) . He won eight team gold medals , and four board gold medals . His totals in Euroteams play , according to olimpbase.org , are for 64.4 per cent . His Euroteams results follow : - Vienna 1957 , board 6 , 4/5 board and team gold medals ; - Oberhausen 1961 , board 4 , 6/8 board and team gold medals ; - Hamburg 1965 , board 1 , 6/10 board and team gold medals ; - Kapfenberg 1970 , board 1 , 3½/6 team gold medal ; - Bath , Somerset 1973 , board 2 , 4½/7 board and team gold medals ; - Moscow 1977 , board 2 , 3½/6 team gold medal ; - Skara 1980 , board 3 , 2½/5 team gold medal ; - Plovdiv 1983 , board 3 , 3½/5 team gold medal . Playing style . Petrosian was a conservative , cautious , and highly defensive chess player who was strongly influenced by Aron Nimzowitschs idea of prophylaxis . He made more effort to prevent his opponents offensive capabilities than he did to make use of his own . He very rarely went on the offensive unless he felt his position was completely secure . He usually won by playing consistently until his aggressive opponent made a mistake , securing the win by capitalizing upon this mistake without revealing any weaknesses of his own . This style of play often led to draws , especially against other players who preferred to counterattack . Nonetheless , his patience and mastery of defence made him extremely difficult to beat . He was undefeated at the 1952 and 1955 Interzonals , and in 1962 he did not lose a single tournament game . Petrosians consistent ability to avoid defeat earned him the nickname Iron Tigran . He was considered to be the hardest player to beat in the history of chess by the authors of a 2004 book . Petrosian preferred to play openings that did not commit his pieces to any particular plan . As black , Petrosian enjoyed playing the Sicilian Defence , Najdorf Variation and the French Defence . As white , he often played the English Opening . Petrosian would often move the same piece multiple times in a few moves , confusing his opponents in the opening and threatening draws by threefold repetition in the endgame . In a game against Mark Taimanov during the 1955 USSR Chess Championship , Petrosian moved the same rook 6 times in a 24-move game , with 4 of those moves occurring on consecutive turns . He had a strong affinity for knights rather than bishops , a characteristic that is attributed to the influence of Aron Nimzowitsch . A number of illustrative metaphors have been used to describe Petrosians style of play . Harold C . Schonberg said that playing him was like trying to put handcuffs on an eel . There was nothing to grip . He has been described as a centipede lurking in the dark , a tiger looking for the opportunity to pounce , a python who slowly squeezes his victims to death , and as a crocodile who waits for hours to make a decisive strike . Boris Spassky , who succeeded Petrosian as World Chess Champion , described his style of play as such : Petrosian reminds me of a hedgehog . Just when you think you have caught him , he puts out his quills . Petrosians style of play , although highly successful for avoiding defeats , was criticized as being dull . Chess enthusiasts saw his ultraconservative style as an unwelcome contrast to the popular image of Soviet chess as daring and indomitable . His 1971 Candidates Tournament match with Viktor Korchnoi featured so many monotonous draws that the Russian press began to complain . However , Svetozar Gligorić described Petrosian as being very impressive in his incomparable ability to foresee danger on the board and to avoid any risk of defeat . Petrosian responded to his criticisms by saying : They say my games should be more interesting . I could be more interesting—and also lose . Petrosian was , in the words of future World Champion Vladimir Kramnik , the first defender with a capital D . Another consequence of Petrosians style of play was that he did not score many victories , which in turn meant he seldom won tournaments even though he often finished 2nd or 3rd . However , his style was extremely effective in matches . Petrosian could also occasionally play in an attacking , sacrificial style . In his 1966 match with Spassky , he won Game 7 and Game 10 this way . Boris Spassky subsequently stated : It is to Petrosians advantage that his opponents never know when he is suddenly going to play like Mikhail Tal . ( Tal was known as the most aggressive attacker of his era. ) The positional exchange sacrifice . Petrosian was known for his use of the positional exchange sacrifice , where one side sacrifices a rook for the opponents bishop or knight . Kasparov discussed Petrosians use of this motif : One of Petrosians most famous examples of the positional exchange sacrifice is from his game against Samuel Reshevsky in Zurich 1953 ( see diagram ) . Reshevsky , as White , appears to have an advantage due to his strong , which may become mobile after Bf3 and d4–d5 . Petrosian realized he was in a difficult position because of the passive placement of his pieces , relegated to defensive roles . He further understood that White might also advance on the with h2–h4–h5 , provoking weaknesses that would make it more difficult to defend later on . Faced with these threats , Petrosian devised a plan to maneuver his knight to the square d5 , where it would be prominently placed in the centre , and blockade the advance of Whites pawns . With the rook vacated from e7 , the black knight is free to move to d5 , where it will be attacking the pawn on c3 , and help support an eventual advance of his pawn with ...b5–b4 . The game was eventually drawn on move 41 . Contributions to opening theory . Petrosian was an expert against the Kings Indian Defence , and he often played what is now known as the Petrosian System : 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.d5 . This variation closes the centre early in the game . One of the tactical ideas for White is to play Bg5 , pinning Blacks knight to his queen . Black can respond by either moving his queen ( usually ...Qe8 ) or by playing ...h6 , though the latter move weakens Blacks kingside pawn structure . Two of Blacks responses to the Petrosian Variation were developed by grandmasters Paul Keres and Leonid Stein . The Keres Variation arises after 7...Nbd7 8.Bg5 h6 9.Bh4 g5 10.Bg3 Nh5 11.h4 , and the Stein Variation begins an immediate queenside offensive with 7...a5 . The Queens Indian Defence also has a variation developed by Petrosian : 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.a3 , with the idea of preventing ...Bb4+ . This system received much attention in 1980 when it was used by the young Garry Kasparov to defeat several grandmasters . Today the Petrosian Variation is still considered the most pressing variation , with the greatest score in Master games . Other Petrosian variations can be found in the Grünfeld Defence after 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Bg5 , and the French Defence after 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 Qd7 . Some authorities refer to a variation of the Caro–Kann Defence with his name , along with former world champion Vassily Smyslov : the Petrosian–Smyslov Variation , 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 . Quotes . - In those years , it was easier to win the Soviet Championship than a game against Iron Tigran . — Lev Polugaevsky - It is to Petrosians advantage that his opponents never know when he is suddenly going to play like Mikhail Tal . — Boris Spassky - He [ Petrosian ] has an incredible tactical view , and a wonderful sense of the danger.. . No matter how much you think deep.. . He will smell any kind of danger 20 moves before ! — Bobby Fischer - Chess is a game by its form , an art by its content and a science by the difficulty of gaining mastery in it . Chess can convey as much happiness as a good book or work of music can . However , it is necessary to learn to play well and only afterwards will one experience real delight . — Tigran Petrosian - Im absolutely convinced that in chess – although it remains a game – there is nothing accidental . And this is my credo . I like only those chess games , in which I have played in accordance with the position requirements.. . I believe only in logical and right game . — Tigran Petrosian - During tournament analysis sessions players all speak at once , but whenever Petrosian said anything , everyone would shut up and listen . — Yasser Seirawan - I associate Tigran Petrosian with Warne Marsh . A unique style of play which , it seemed , was too calm and dull , while in reality it was deep and cunning . — Levon Aronian

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Which title was conferred to Tigran Petrosian in 1947?

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Tigran Petrosian Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian ( ; ; June 17 , 1929 – August 13 , 1984 ) was a Soviet Armenian Grandmaster , and World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969 . He was nicknamed Iron Tigran due to his almost impenetrable defensive playing style , which emphasized safety above all else . Petrosian is credited with popularizing chess in Armenia . Petrosian was a Candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions ( 1953 , 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1971 , 1974 , 1977 and 1980 ) . He won the World Championship in 1963 ( against Mikhail Botvinnik ) , successfully defended it in 1966 ( against Boris Spassky ) , and lost it to Spassky in 1969 . Thus he was the defending World Champion or a World Championship Candidate in ten consecutive three-year cycles . He won the Soviet Championship four times ( 1959 , 1961 , 1969 , and 1975 ) . Early life . Petrosian was born to Armenian parents on June 17 , 1929 , in Tiflis , Georgian SSR ( present-day Georgia ) . As a young boy , Petrosian was an excellent student and enjoyed studying , as did his brother Hmayak and sister Vartoosh . He learned to play chess at the age of 8 , though his illiterate father Vartan encouraged him to continue studying , as he thought chess was unlikely to bring his son any success as a career . Petrosian was orphaned during World War II and was forced to sweep streets to earn a living . It was about this time that his hearing began to deteriorate , a problem that afflicted him throughout his life . In a 1969 interview with Time magazine , he recalled : He used his rations to buy Chess Praxis by Danish grandmaster Aron Nimzowitsch , a book which Petrosian later stated had the greatest influence on him as a chess player . He also purchased The Art of Sacrifice in Chess by Rudolf Spielmann . The other player to have had an early effect on Petrosians chess was José Raúl Capablanca . At age 12 he began training at the Tiflis Palace of Pioneers under the tutelage of Archil Ebralidze . Ebralidze was a supporter of Nimzowitsch and Capablanca , and his scientific approach to chess discouraged wild tactics and dubious combinations . As a result , Petrosian developed a repertoire of solid positional openings , such as the Caro–Kann Defence . After training at the Palace of Pioneers for just one year , he defeated visiting Soviet grandmaster Salo Flohr at a simultaneous exhibition . By 1946 , Petrosian had earned the title of Candidate Master . In that year alone , he drew against Grandmaster Paul Keres at the Georgian Chess Championship , then moved to Yerevan where he won the Armenian Chess Championship and the USSR Junior Chess Championship . Petrosian earned the title of Master during the 1947 USSR Chess Championship , though he failed to qualify for the finals . He set about to improve his game by studying Nimzowitschs My System and by moving to Moscow to seek greater competition . Grandmaster in Moscow . After moving to Moscow in 1949 , Petrosians career as a chess player advanced rapidly and his results in Soviet events steadily improved . He placed second in the 1951 Soviet Championship , thereby earning the title of international master . It was in this tournament that Petrosian faced world champion Botvinnik for the first time . Playing White , after obtaining a slightly inferior position from the opening , he defended through two adjournments and eleven total hours of play to obtain a draw . Petrosians result in this event qualified him for the Interzonal the following year in Stockholm . He earned the title of Grandmaster by coming in second in the Stockholm tournament , and qualified for the 1953 Candidates Tournament . Petrosian placed fifth in the 1953 Candidates Tournament , a result which marked the beginning of a stagnant period in his career . He seemed content drawing against weaker players and maintaining his title of Grandmaster rather than improving his chess or making an attempt at becoming World Champion . This attitude was illustrated by his result in the 1955 USSR Championship : out of 19 games played , Petrosian was undefeated , but won only four games and drew the rest , with each of the draws lasting twenty moves or less . Although his consistent playing ensured decent tournament results , it was looked down upon by the public and by Soviet chess media and authorities . Near the end of the event , journalist Vasily Panov wrote the following comment about the tournament contenders : Real chances of victory , besides Botvinnik and Smyslov , up to round 15 , are held by Geller , Spassky and Taimanov . I deliberately exclude Petrosian from the group , since from the very first rounds the latter has made it clear that he is playing for an easier , but also honourable conquest—a place in the interzonal quartet . This period of complacency ended with the 1957 USSR Championship , where out of 21 games played , Petrosian won seven , lost four , and drew the remaining 10 . Although this result was only good enough for seventh place in a field of 22 competitors , his more ambitious approach to tournament play was met with great appreciation from the Soviet chess community . He went on to win his first USSR Championship in 1959 , and later that year in the Candidates Tournament he defeated Paul Keres with a display of his often-overlooked tactical abilities . Petrosian was awarded the title of Master of Sport of the USSR in 1960 , and won a second Soviet title in 1961 . His excellent playing continued through 1962 when he qualified for the Candidates Tournament for what would be his first World Championship match . 1963 World Championship . After playing in the 1962 Interzonal in Stockholm , Petrosian qualified for the Candidates Tournament in Curaçao along with Pal Benko , Miroslav Filip , Bobby Fischer , Efim Geller , Paul Keres , Viktor Korchnoi , and Mikhail Tal . Petrosian , representing the Soviet Union , won the tournament with a final score of 17½ points , followed by fellow Soviets Geller and Keres each with 17 points and the American Fischer with 14 . Fischer later accused the Soviet players of arranging draws and having ganged up on him to prevent him from winning the tournament . As evidence for this claim , he noted that all 12 games played between Petrosian , Geller , and Keres were draws . Statisticians pointed out that when playing against each other , these Soviet competitors averaged 19 moves per game , as opposed to 39.5 moves when playing against other competitors . Although responses to Fischers allegations were mixed , FIDE later adjusted the rules and format to try to prevent future collusion in the Candidates matches . Having won the Candidates Tournament , Petrosian earned the right to challenge Mikhail Botvinnik for the title of World Chess Champion in a 24-game match . In addition to practicing his chess , Petrosian also prepared for the match by skiing for several hours each day . He believed that in such a long match , physical fitness could become a factor in the later games . This advantage was increased by Botvinnik being much older than Petrosian . Whereas a multitude of draws in tournament play could prevent a player from taking first place , draws did not affect the outcome of a one-on-one match . In this regard , Petrosians cautious playing style was well-suited for match play , as he could simply wait for his opponent to make mistakes and then capitalize on them . Petrosian won the match against Botvinnik with a final score of 5 to 2 with 15 draws , securing the title of World Champion . Reigning World Champion . Upon becoming World Champion , Petrosian campaigned for the publication of a chess newspaper for the entire Soviet Union rather than just Moscow . This newspaper became known as 64 . Petrosian studied for a degree of Master of Philosophical Science at Yerevan State University ; his thesis , dated 1968 , was titled Chess Logic , Some Problems of the Logic of Chess Thought . In 1966 , three years after Petrosian had earned the title of World Chess Champion , he was challenged by Boris Spassky . Petrosian defended his title by winning rather than drawing the match , a feat that had not been accomplished since Alexander Alekhine defeated Efim Bogoljubov in the 1934 World Championship . However , Spassky would defeat Efim Geller , Bent Larsen , and Viktor Korchnoi in the next candidates cycle , earning a rematch with Petrosian , in Moscow in 1969 . Spassky won the match by 12½–10½ . Later career . Along with a number of other Soviet chess champions , he signed a petition condemning the actions of the defector Viktor Korchnoi in 1976 . It was the continuation of a bitter feud between the two , dating back at least to their 1974 Candidates semifinal match in which Petrosian withdrew after five games while trailing 3½–1½ His match with Korchnoi in 1977 saw the two former colleagues refuse to shake hands or speak to each other . They even demanded separate eating and toilet facilities . Petrosian went on to lose the match and was subsequently fired as editor of Russias largest chess magazine , 64 . His detractors condemned his reluctance to attack and some put it down to a lack of courage . At this point , however , Botvinnik spoke out on his behalf , stating that he only attacked when he felt secure and his greatest strength was in defence . Some of his late successes included victories at Lone Pine 1976 and in the 1979 Paul Keres Memorial tournament in Tallinn ( 12/16 without a loss , ahead of Tal , Bronstein , and others ) . He shared first place ( with Portisch and Hübner ) in the Rio de Janeiro Interzonal the same year , and won second place in Tilburg in 1981 , half a point behind the winner Beliavsky . It was here that he played his last famous victory , a miraculous escape against the young Garry Kasparov . Personal life and death . Petrosian lived in Moscow from 1949 . In the 1960s and 1970s , he lived at 59 Pyatnitskaya Street . When asked by Anthony Saidy whether he is Russian , Petrosian replied : Abroad , they call us all Russians . I am a Soviet Armenian . In 1952 , Petrosian married Rona Yakovlevna ( née Avinezer , 1923–2005 ) , a Russian Jew born in Kyiv , Ukraine . A graduate of the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages , she was an English teacher and interpreter . She is buried at the Jewish section of the in Moscow . They had two sons : Vartan and Mikhail . The latter was Ronas son from the first marriage . His hobbies included football , backgammon , cross-country skiing , table tennis , and gardening . Petrosian died of stomach cancer on August 13 , 1984 , in Moscow and is buried in the Moscow Armenian Cemetery . Deafness . Petrosian was partially deaf and wore a hearing aid during his matches , which sometimes led to strange situations . On one occasion he offered a draw to Svetozar Gligorić , which Gligorić initially refused in surprise , but then changed his mind in a few seconds and re-offered the draw . However , Petrosian did not even respond , instead went ahead and won the game . As it turned out , he switched off his hearing aid , and did not hear when Gligorić re-offered the draw . In 1971 , he played a candidates match against Robert Hübner in a noisy area in Seville , which did not disturb him , but frustrated Hübner so much that he finally withdrew from the match . Recognition and legacy . At the time of his death , Petrosian was working on a set of chess-related lectures and articles to be compiled in a book . These were edited by his wife Rona and published posthumously , in Russian under the title Шахматные лекции Петросян ( 1989 ) and in English as Petrosians Legacy ( 1990 ) . In 1987 , World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov unveiled a memorial at Petrosians grave which depicts the laurel wreath of World Champion and an image contained within a crown of the sun shining above the twin peaks of Mount Ararat – the national symbol of Petrosians Armenian homeland . On July 7 , 2006 , a monument honouring Petrosian was opened in the Davtashen district of Yerevan , in the street named after Petrosian . Petrosian was also honoured on the third banknote series of the Armenian dram , with his image on the 2,000 dram banknote . Olympiads and team championships . Petrosian was not selected for the Soviet Olympiad side until 1958 ; he had already been a Candidate twice by that time . But he then made ten straight Soviet Olympiad teams from 1958 to 1978 , won nine team gold medals , one team silver medal , and six individual gold medals . His overall performance in Olympiad play is impressive : ( only one game lost , to Robert Hübner , out of 129 played ) , for 79.8 per cent , the third all-time best performance after Anatoly Karpov for 80.1 per cent ) and Mikhail Tal for 81.2 per cent ) . His Olympiad results follow : - Munich 1958 , 2nd reserve , 10½/13 board and team gold medals ; - Leipzig 1960 , 2nd reserve , 12/13 board and team gold medals ; - Varna 1962 , board 2 , 10/12 board and team gold medals ; - Tel Aviv 1964 , board 1 , 9½/13 team gold medal ; - Havana 1966 , board 1 , 11½/13 board and team gold medals ; - Lugano 1968 , board 1 , 10½/12 board and team gold medals ; - Siegen 1970 , board 2 , 10/14 team gold medal ; - Skopje 1972 , board 1 , 10½/16 team gold medal ; - Nice 1974 , board 4 , 12½/14 board and team gold medals ; - Buenos Aires 1978 , board 2 , 6/9 team silver medal . Petrosian also made the Soviet team for the first eight European Team Championships ( from 1957 to 1983 ) . He won eight team gold medals , and four board gold medals . His totals in Euroteams play , according to olimpbase.org , are for 64.4 per cent . His Euroteams results follow : - Vienna 1957 , board 6 , 4/5 board and team gold medals ; - Oberhausen 1961 , board 4 , 6/8 board and team gold medals ; - Hamburg 1965 , board 1 , 6/10 board and team gold medals ; - Kapfenberg 1970 , board 1 , 3½/6 team gold medal ; - Bath , Somerset 1973 , board 2 , 4½/7 board and team gold medals ; - Moscow 1977 , board 2 , 3½/6 team gold medal ; - Skara 1980 , board 3 , 2½/5 team gold medal ; - Plovdiv 1983 , board 3 , 3½/5 team gold medal . Playing style . Petrosian was a conservative , cautious , and highly defensive chess player who was strongly influenced by Aron Nimzowitschs idea of prophylaxis . He made more effort to prevent his opponents offensive capabilities than he did to make use of his own . He very rarely went on the offensive unless he felt his position was completely secure . He usually won by playing consistently until his aggressive opponent made a mistake , securing the win by capitalizing upon this mistake without revealing any weaknesses of his own . This style of play often led to draws , especially against other players who preferred to counterattack . Nonetheless , his patience and mastery of defence made him extremely difficult to beat . He was undefeated at the 1952 and 1955 Interzonals , and in 1962 he did not lose a single tournament game . Petrosians consistent ability to avoid defeat earned him the nickname Iron Tigran . He was considered to be the hardest player to beat in the history of chess by the authors of a 2004 book . Petrosian preferred to play openings that did not commit his pieces to any particular plan . As black , Petrosian enjoyed playing the Sicilian Defence , Najdorf Variation and the French Defence . As white , he often played the English Opening . Petrosian would often move the same piece multiple times in a few moves , confusing his opponents in the opening and threatening draws by threefold repetition in the endgame . In a game against Mark Taimanov during the 1955 USSR Chess Championship , Petrosian moved the same rook 6 times in a 24-move game , with 4 of those moves occurring on consecutive turns . He had a strong affinity for knights rather than bishops , a characteristic that is attributed to the influence of Aron Nimzowitsch . A number of illustrative metaphors have been used to describe Petrosians style of play . Harold C . Schonberg said that playing him was like trying to put handcuffs on an eel . There was nothing to grip . He has been described as a centipede lurking in the dark , a tiger looking for the opportunity to pounce , a python who slowly squeezes his victims to death , and as a crocodile who waits for hours to make a decisive strike . Boris Spassky , who succeeded Petrosian as World Chess Champion , described his style of play as such : Petrosian reminds me of a hedgehog . Just when you think you have caught him , he puts out his quills . Petrosians style of play , although highly successful for avoiding defeats , was criticized as being dull . Chess enthusiasts saw his ultraconservative style as an unwelcome contrast to the popular image of Soviet chess as daring and indomitable . His 1971 Candidates Tournament match with Viktor Korchnoi featured so many monotonous draws that the Russian press began to complain . However , Svetozar Gligorić described Petrosian as being very impressive in his incomparable ability to foresee danger on the board and to avoid any risk of defeat . Petrosian responded to his criticisms by saying : They say my games should be more interesting . I could be more interesting—and also lose . Petrosian was , in the words of future World Champion Vladimir Kramnik , the first defender with a capital D . Another consequence of Petrosians style of play was that he did not score many victories , which in turn meant he seldom won tournaments even though he often finished 2nd or 3rd . However , his style was extremely effective in matches . Petrosian could also occasionally play in an attacking , sacrificial style . In his 1966 match with Spassky , he won Game 7 and Game 10 this way . Boris Spassky subsequently stated : It is to Petrosians advantage that his opponents never know when he is suddenly going to play like Mikhail Tal . ( Tal was known as the most aggressive attacker of his era. ) The positional exchange sacrifice . Petrosian was known for his use of the positional exchange sacrifice , where one side sacrifices a rook for the opponents bishop or knight . Kasparov discussed Petrosians use of this motif : One of Petrosians most famous examples of the positional exchange sacrifice is from his game against Samuel Reshevsky in Zurich 1953 ( see diagram ) . Reshevsky , as White , appears to have an advantage due to his strong , which may become mobile after Bf3 and d4–d5 . Petrosian realized he was in a difficult position because of the passive placement of his pieces , relegated to defensive roles . He further understood that White might also advance on the with h2–h4–h5 , provoking weaknesses that would make it more difficult to defend later on . Faced with these threats , Petrosian devised a plan to maneuver his knight to the square d5 , where it would be prominently placed in the centre , and blockade the advance of Whites pawns . With the rook vacated from e7 , the black knight is free to move to d5 , where it will be attacking the pawn on c3 , and help support an eventual advance of his pawn with ...b5–b4 . The game was eventually drawn on move 41 . Contributions to opening theory . Petrosian was an expert against the Kings Indian Defence , and he often played what is now known as the Petrosian System : 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.e4 d6 5.Nf3 0-0 6.Be2 e5 7.d5 . This variation closes the centre early in the game . One of the tactical ideas for White is to play Bg5 , pinning Blacks knight to his queen . Black can respond by either moving his queen ( usually ...Qe8 ) or by playing ...h6 , though the latter move weakens Blacks kingside pawn structure . Two of Blacks responses to the Petrosian Variation were developed by grandmasters Paul Keres and Leonid Stein . The Keres Variation arises after 7...Nbd7 8.Bg5 h6 9.Bh4 g5 10.Bg3 Nh5 11.h4 , and the Stein Variation begins an immediate queenside offensive with 7...a5 . The Queens Indian Defence also has a variation developed by Petrosian : 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 4.a3 , with the idea of preventing ...Bb4+ . This system received much attention in 1980 when it was used by the young Garry Kasparov to defeat several grandmasters . Today the Petrosian Variation is still considered the most pressing variation , with the greatest score in Master games . Other Petrosian variations can be found in the Grünfeld Defence after 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Bg5 , and the French Defence after 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 Qd7 . Some authorities refer to a variation of the Caro–Kann Defence with his name , along with former world champion Vassily Smyslov : the Petrosian–Smyslov Variation , 1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 . Quotes . - In those years , it was easier to win the Soviet Championship than a game against Iron Tigran . — Lev Polugaevsky - It is to Petrosians advantage that his opponents never know when he is suddenly going to play like Mikhail Tal . — Boris Spassky - He [ Petrosian ] has an incredible tactical view , and a wonderful sense of the danger.. . No matter how much you think deep.. . He will smell any kind of danger 20 moves before ! — Bobby Fischer - Chess is a game by its form , an art by its content and a science by the difficulty of gaining mastery in it . Chess can convey as much happiness as a good book or work of music can . However , it is necessary to learn to play well and only afterwards will one experience real delight . — Tigran Petrosian - Im absolutely convinced that in chess – although it remains a game – there is nothing accidental . And this is my credo . I like only those chess games , in which I have played in accordance with the position requirements.. . I believe only in logical and right game . — Tigran Petrosian - During tournament analysis sessions players all speak at once , but whenever Petrosian said anything , everyone would shut up and listen . — Yasser Seirawan - I associate Tigran Petrosian with Warne Marsh . A unique style of play which , it seemed , was too calm and dull , while in reality it was deep and cunning . — Levon Aronian

hard

Who was the head coach of the team Borussia Dortmund between May 1993 and Dec 1995?

/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund#P286#0

Borussia Dortmund Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e . V . Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia . It is best known for its mens professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The club have won eight league championships , five DFB-Pokals , one UEFA Champions League , one Intercontinental Cup , and one UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund , the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . The club has active departments in other sports , namely in womens handball . Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion ; the stadium is the largest in Germany , and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmunds colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . They hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , with whom they contest the Revierderby . They also contest Der Klassiker with Bayern Munich . In terms of Deloittes annual Football Money League , Dortmund was in 2015 ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany , and the 12th richest football team in the world . Moreover , under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s , Dortmund have cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent , and have remained focused on developing a youth system . They have also received plaudits for generally adhering to an attacking footballing philosophy . History . Foundation and early years . The club was founded on 19 December 1909 by a group of young men unhappy with the Catholic church-sponsored Trinity Youth , where they played football under the stern and unsympathetic eye of the local parish priest . The priest , Father Dewald was blocked at the door when he tried to break up the organising meeting being held in a room of the local pub , Zum Wildschütz . The founders were Franz and Paul Braun , Henry Cleve , Hans Debest , Paul Dziendzielle , Franz , Julius and Wilhelm Jacobi , Hans Kahn , Gustav Müller , Franz Risse , Fritz Schulte , Hans Siebold , August Tönnesmann , Heinrich and Robert Unger , Fritz Weber and Franz Wendt . The name Borussia is Latin for Prussia but was taken from Borussia beer from the nearby Borussia brewery in Dortmund . The team began playing in blue and white striped shirts with a red sash , and black shorts . In 1913 , they donned the black and yellow stripes so familiar today . Over the next decades the club enjoyed only modest success playing in local leagues . They had a brush with bankruptcy in 1929 when an attempt to boost the clubs fortunes by signing some paid professional footballers failed miserably and left the team deep in debt . They survived only through the generosity of a local supporter who covered the teams shortfall out of his own pocket . The 1930s saw the rise of the Third Reich , which restructured sports and football organisations throughout the nation to suit the regimes goals . Borussias president was replaced when he refused to join the Nazi Party , and a couple of members who surreptitiously used the clubs offices to produce anti-Nazi pamphlets were executed in the last days of the war . The club did have greater success in the newly established Gauliga Westfalen , but would have to wait until after World War II to make a breakthrough . It was during this time that Borussia developed its intense rivalry with Schalke 04 of suburban Gelsenkirchen , the most successful side of the era ( see Revierderby ) . Like every other organisation in Germany , Borussia was dissolved by the Allied occupation authorities after the war in an attempt to distance the countrys institutions from its so-recent Nazi past . There was a short-lived attempt to merge the club with two others – Werksportgemeinschaft Hoesch and Freier Sportverein 98 – as Sportgemeinschaft Borussia von 1898 , but it was as Ballspiel-Verein Borussia ( BVB ) that they made their first appearance in the national league final in 1949 , where they lost 2–3 to VfR Mannheim . First national titles . Between 1946 and 1963 , Borussia featured in the Oberliga West , a first division league which dominated German football through the late 1950s . In 1949 , Borussia reached the final in Stuttgart against VfR Mannheim , which they lost 2–3 after extra time . The club claimed its first national title in 1956 with a 4–2 win against Karlsruher SC . One year later , Borussia defeated Hamburger SV 4–1 to win their second national title . After this coup , the three Alfredos ( Alfred Preißler , Alfred Kelbassa and Alfred Niepieklo ) were legends in Dortmund . In 1963 , Borussia won the last edition of the German Football Championship ( before the introduction of the new Bundesliga ) to secure their third national title . Bundesliga debut . In 1962 , the DFB met in Dortmund and voted to establish a professional football league in Germany , to begin play in August 1963 as the Bundesliga . Borussia Dortmund earned its place among the first sixteen clubs to play in the league by winning the last pre-Bundesliga national championship . Runners-up 1 . FC Köln also earned an automatic berth . Dortmunds Friedhelm Konietzka scored the first-ever Bundesliga goal a minute into the match , which they would eventually lose 2–3 to Werder Bremen . In 1965 , Dortmund captured its first DFB-Pokal . In 1966 , Dortmund won the European Cup Winners Cup 2–1 against Liverpool in extra time , with the goals coming from Sigfried Held and Reinhard Libuda . In the same year , however , the team surrendered a commanding position atop the Bundesliga by losing four of their last five league games and finishing second , three points behind champions 1860 München . Ironically , much of 1860 Münchens success came on the strength of the play of Konietzka , recently transferred from Dortmund . The 1970s were characterised by financial problems , relegation from the Bundesliga in 1972 , and the opening of the Westfalenstadion , named after its home region Westphalia in 1974 . The club earned its return to Bundesliga in 1976 . Dortmund continued to have financial problems through the 1980s . BVB avoided being relegated in 1986 by winning a third decisive playoff game against Fortuna Köln after finishing the regular season in 16th place . Dortmund did not enjoy any significant success again until a 4–1 DFB-Pokal win in 1989 against Werder Bremen . It was Horst Köppels first trophy as a manager . Dortmund then won the 1989 DFL-Supercup 4–3 against rivals Bayern Munich . Golden age – the 1990s . After a tenth-place finish in the Bundesliga in 1991 , manager Horst Köppel was let go and manager Ottmar Hitzfeld was hired . In 1992 , Hitzfeld led Borussia Dortmund to a second-place finish in the Bundesliga and would have won the title had VfB Stuttgart not won their last game to become champions instead . Along with a fourth-place finish in the Bundesliga , Dortmund made it to the 1993 UEFA Cup final , which they lost 6–1 on aggregate to Juventus . In spite of this result , Borussia walked away with DM25 million under the prize money pool system in place at the time for German sides participating in the Cup . Cash flush , Dortmund was able to sign players who later brought them numerous honours in the 1990s . Under the captaincy of 1996 European Footballer of the Year Matthias Sammer , Borussia Dortmund won back-to-back Bundesliga titles in 1995 and 1996 . Dortmund also won the DFL-Supercup against Mönchengladbach in 1995 and 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in 1996 . In 1996–97 the team reached its first European Cup final . In a memorable match at the Olympiastadion in Munich , Dortmund faced the holders Juventus . Karl-Heinz Riedle put Dortmund ahead , shooting under goalkeeper Angelo Peruzzi from a cross by Paul Lambert . Riedle then made it two with a bullet header from a corner kick . In the second half , Alessandro Del Piero pulled one back for Juventus with a back heel . Then 20-year-old substitute and local boy Lars Ricken latched onto a through pass by Andreas Möller . Only 16 seconds after coming on to the pitch , Ricken chipped Peruzzi in the Juventus goal from over 20 yards out with his first touch of the ball . With Zinedine Zidane unable to make an impression for Juventus against the close marking of Lambert , Dortmund lifted the trophy with a 3–1 victory . Dortmund then went on to beat Brazilian club Cruzeiro 2–0 in the 1997 Intercontinental Cup Final to become world club champions . Borussia Dortmund were the second German club to win the Intercontinental Cup , after Bayern Munich in 1976 . As defending champions Dortmund reached the Champions League semi-final in 1998 . The team was missing key players from the start of the season when they played Real Madrid in the 98 semi . Sammers career was cut short by injury and only played three first team games after the Champions League win . Lambert had left in November to return to play in Scotland . Möller missed the first leg as did Kohler who missed both games in the tie . Real won the first leg 2–0 at home . Dortmund played better in the second leg but failed to take their chances . Dortmund went out 2–0 on aggregate . 21st century and Borussia goes public . In October 2000 , Borussia Dortmund became the first publicly traded club on the German stock market . In 2002 , Borussia Dortmund won their third Bundesliga title . Dortmund had a remarkable run at the end of the season to overtake Bayer Leverkusen , securing the title on the final day . Manager Matthias Sammer became the first person in Borussia Dortmund history to win the Bundesliga as both a player and manager . In the same season , Borussia lost the final of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup to Dutch side Feyenoord . Dortmunds fortunes then steadily declined for a number of years . Poor financial management led to a heavy debt load and the sale of their Westfalenstadion grounds . The situation was compounded by failure to advance in the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League , when the team was eliminated on penalties in the qualifying rounds by Club Brugge . In 2003 , Bayern Munich loaned €2 million to Dortmund for several months to pay their payroll . Borussia was again driven to the brink of bankruptcy in 2005 , the original €11 value of its shares having plummeted by over 80% on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . At this time Hans-Joachim Watzke was appointed CEO and streamlined the club . The response to the crisis included a 20% pay cut for all players . In 2006 , in order to reduce debt , the Westfalenstadion was renamed Signal Iduna Park after a local insurance company . The naming rights agreement runs until 2021 . Dortmund suffered a miserable start to the 2005–06 season , but rallied to finish seventh . The club failed to gain a place in the UEFA Cup via the Fair Play draw . The clubs management recently indicated that the club again showed a profit ; this was largely related to the sale of David Odonkor to Real Betis and Tomáš Rosický to Arsenal . In the 2006–07 season , Dortmund unexpectedly faced serious relegation trouble for the first time in years . Dortmund went through three coaches and appointed Thomas Doll on 13 March 2007 after dropping to just one point above the relegation zone . Christoph Metzelder also left Borussia Dortmund on a free transfer . In the 2007–08 season , Dortmund lost to many smaller Bundesliga clubs . Despite finishing 13th in the Bundesliga table , Dortmund reached the DFB-Pokal Final against Bayern Munich , where they lost 2–1 in extra time . The final appearance qualified Dortmund for the UEFA Cup because Bayern already qualified for the Champions League . Thomas Doll resigned on 19 May 2008 and was replaced by Jürgen Klopp . Return to prominence . In the 2009–10 season , Klopps Dortmund improved on the season before to finish fifth in the Bundesliga to qualify for the UEFA Europa League . The team missed an opportunity to qualify for the Champions League by failing to beat eighth-place VfL Wolfsburg and 14th-place SC Freiburg in the final two matches of the campaign . Entering the 2010–11 season , Dortmund fielded a young and vibrant roster . On 4 December 2010 , Borussia became Herbstmeister ( Autumn Champion ) , an unofficial accolade going to the league leader at the winter break . They did this three matches before the break , sharing the record for having achieved this earliest with Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1993–94 ) and 1 . FC Kaiserslautern ( 1997–98 ) . On 30 April 2011 , the club beat 1 . FC Nürnberg 2–0 at home , while second-place Bayer Leverkusen lost , leaving Dortmund eight points clear with two games to play . This championship equalled the seven national titles held by rivals Schalke 04 , and guaranteed a spot in the 2011–12 Champions League group stages . One year later , Dortmund made a successful defence of its Bundesliga title with a win over Borussia Mönchengladbach , again on the 32nd match day . By the 34th and final match day , Dortmund set a new record with the most points—81—ever gained by a club in one Bundesliga season . This was surpassed the following season by Bayern Munichs 91 points . The clubs eighth championship places it third in total national titles , and players will now wear two stars over their uniform crest in recognition of the teams five Bundesliga titles . Notable names from the winning roster include Lucas Barrios , Mario Götze , Neven Subotić , Mats Hummels , Robert Lewandowski , Shinji Kagawa , Łukasz Piszczek , Jakub Błaszczykowski , Kevin Großkreutz , Ivan Perišić and İlkay Gündoğan . The club capped its successful 2011–12 season by winning the double for the first time by beating Bayern 5–2 in the final of the DFB-Pokal . Borussia Dortmund are one of four German clubs to win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double , along with Bayern Munich , 1 . FC Köln and Werder Bremen . The club was voted Team of the Year 2011 at the annual Sportler des Jahres ( German Sports Personality of the Year ) awards . Borussia Dortmund ended the 2012–13 season in second place in the Bundesliga . Dortmund played in their second UEFA Champions League Final against Bayern Munich in the first ever all-German club final at Wembley Stadium on 25 May 2013 , which they lost 2–1 . In the 2013–14 season , Borussia Dortmund won the 2013 DFL-Supercup 4–2 against rivals Bayern Munich . The 2013–14 season started with a five-game winning streak for Dortmund , their best start to a season . Despite such a promising start , however , their season was hampered by injuries to several key players , seeing them stoop as low as fourth place in the table , and with a depleted squad could go only as far as the quarter-finals of the Champions League , losing 3–2 on aggregate to Real Madrid . Nevertheless , Dortmund managed to end their season on a high note by finishing second in the Bundesliga and reaching the 2014 DFB-Pokal Final , losing 0–2 to Bayern in extra time . They then began their 2014–15 season by defeating Bayern in the 2014 DFL-Supercup 2–0 . However , this victory would not be enough to inspire the squad to a solid performance at the start of the ensuing season , with Dortmund recording various results such as a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV and two 2–2 draws against VfB Stuttgart and Bundesliga newcomers Paderborn 07 . During the winter , Dortmund fell to the bottom of the table on multiple occasions , but managed to escape the relegation zone after four consecutive wins in February . On 15 April 2015 , Jürgen Klopp announced that after seven years , he would be leaving Dortmund . Four days later , Dortmund announced that Thomas Tuchel would replace Klopp at the end of the season . Klopps final season , however , ended on high note , rising and finishing seventh after facing relegation , gaining a DFB-Pokal final with VfL Wolfsburg and qualifying for the 2015–16 Europa League . Post-Klopp era . In the 2015–16 season , Dortmund started off on a high , winning 4–0 against Borussia Mönchengladbach on the opening day , followed by five-straight wins which took them to the top of the Bundesliga . After the eighth matchday , they were surpassed by Bayern Munich following an unlucky draw with 1899 Hoffenheim . Dortmund kept their performances up , winning 24 out of 34 league games and becoming the best Bundesliga runner-up team of all time . In the Europa League , they advanced to the quarter-finals , getting knocked out by a Jürgen Klopp-led Liverpool in a dramatic comeback at Anfield , where defender Dejan Lovren scored a late goal to make it 4–3 to the Reds and 5–4 on aggregate . In the 2015–16 DFB-Pokal , for the third-straight year Dortmund made it to the competition final , but lost to Bayern Munich on penalties . On 11 April 2017 , three explosions occurred near the teams bus on its way to a Champions League match against AS Monaco at the Signal Iduna Park . Defender Marc Bartra was injured , and taken to hospital . Dortmund went on to lose the game 2–3 to AS Monaco . Dortmunds manager , Thomas Tuchel , blamed the loss as a result of an ignorant decision by UEFA . UEFA went on to say that the team made no objection to playing , and that the decision was made in compliance with the club and local law enforcement . In the second leg , Dortmund went on to lose 1–3 , leaving the aggregate score at 3–6 , and seeing them eliminated from that years UEFA Champions League . On 26 April , Dortmund defeated Bayern Munich 3–2 in Munich to advance to the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , Dortmunds fourth consecutive final and fifth in six seasons . On 27 May , Dortmund won the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal 2–1 over Eintracht Frankfurt with the winner coming from a penalty converted by Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang . Ahead of the 2017–18 season , Thomas Tuchel stepped down as manager . The Dortmund board made a decision to hire Peter Bosz as the new manager and head coach . Although Bosz got off to a record-breaking start in the teams first 7 games , what followed was 20 games without a win , after which he was relieved of his staff role . Peter Stöger was announced as the interim coach . During the January window of the same season , Aubameyang and Bartra both left the club . Stöger bought Manuel Akanji of FC Basel for a fee of €21.5 million and Michy Batshuayi on a six-month loan from Chelsea . Stöger coached Dortmund for the rest of the season , granting them a fourth-place finish in the Bundesliga before stepping down at the end of the season . Michy Batshuayi also returned to Chelsea . In the summer of 2018 , Dortmund appointed former OGC Nice coach , Lucien Favre as their manager/head coach . After a very busy transfer window for the team , seeing eight new players arrive at the club for the first team squad , Dortmund performed strongly , chasing Bayern Munich for the title race down to the last matchday , narrowly missing out on the league title by two points and earning Lucien Favre a contract extension . A four-part Amazon Prime Video documentary series was created , about the same season , named Inside Borussia Dortmund . The next season , Dortmund pulled off a few big-name signings with the intent of winning the Bundesliga title . Although they won the DFL Supercup , this was their only silverware this season . After a scrappy first half of the season , they changed their tactics and made a few more transfers in the January Window . They were eliminated in both the DFB-Pokal and the UEFA Champions League as well . Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany , the season stopped abruptly . Once the restart occurred , Dortmund looked better but their performances were not enough to stop a dominant Bayern Munich side from grasping the Bundesliga title . They finished the 2019–20 season in second place after beating RB Leipzig in matchweek 33 due to a brace from Erling Haaland . Grounds . Stadiums . The Westfalenstadion is the home stadium of Borussia Dortmund , Germanys largest stadium and the seventh-largest in Europe . The stadium is officially named Signal Iduna Park after insurance company Signal Iduna purchased the rights to name the stadium until 2021 . This name , however , cannot be used when hosting FIFA and UEFA events , since these governing bodies have policies forbidding corporate sponsorship from companies that are not official tournament partners . During the 2006 World Cup , the stadium was referred to as FIFA World Cup Stadium , Dortmund , while in UEFA club matches , it is known as BVB Stadion Dortmund . The stadium currently hosts up to 81,359 spectators ( standing and seated ) for league matches and 65,829 seated spectators for international matches . For these , the characteristic southern grandstand is re-equipped with seats to conform to FIFA regulations . In 1974 , the Westfalenstadion replaced the Stadion Rote Erde , which is located next door and serves now as the stadium of Borussia Dortmund II . After the increasing popularity of Borussia Dortmund in the 1960s , it became obvious that the traditional ground was too small for the increasing number of Borussia Dortmund supporters . The city of Dortmund , however , was not able to finance a new stadium and federal institutions were unwilling to help . But in 1971 , Dortmund was selected to replace the city of Cologne , which was forced to withdraw its plans to host games in the 1974 World Cup . The funds originally set aside for the projected stadium in Cologne were thus re-allocated to Dortmund , and a new stadium became reality . The Westfalenstadion has undergone several renovations throughout the years to increase the size of the stadium , including an expansion of the stadium for the 2006 World Cup . In 2008 , the Borusseum , a museum about Borussia Dortmund , opened in the stadium . In 2011 , Borussia Dortmund agreed to a partnership with Q-Cells . The company installed 8,768 solar cells on the roof of the Westfalenstadion to generate up to 860,000 kWh per year . Borussia Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any football club worldwide . In 2014 , it was estimated that each of the clubs home games is attended by around 1,000 British spectators , drawn to the team by its low ticket prices compared to the Premier League . Training ground . Borussia Dortmunds training ground and Academy base Hohenbuschei is located in Brackel , a district of Dortmund . Inside the complex , there are physical exercise training for physical fitness and rehabilitation robotics areas , physiotherapy and massage rooms , and remedial and hydrotherapy pools . There are also sauna rooms , steam rooms and weight rooms , classrooms , conference halls , offices for the BVB front office , a restaurant , and a TV studio to interview the BVB professional footballers and coaching staff for BVB total! , the channel owned by the club . On the grounds , there are five grass pitches , two of which have under-soil heating , one artificial grass field , three small grass pitches and a multi-functional sports arena . The site covers a total area of . In addition , the club owns a Footbonaut , a training robot which is effectively a training cage . The training complex and youth performance centre , located in Hohenbuschei , will be expanded in stages until 2021 . In addition , the Sports Business Office will be entirely rebuilt from scratch . The planned construction , which will cost up to 20 million euros , will make BVB the best-equipped football club in the country with regards to infrastructure . In the Strobelallee Training Centre , the BVB Evonik Football Academy has an outstanding training venue exclusively at its disposal . Among others , the Bundesliga-team used to prepare for their matches on the clubs former training ground . Organisation and finance . Borussia Dortmund e.V . is represented by its management board and a board of directors consisting of president Dr . Reinhard Rauball , his proxy and vice-president Gerd Pieper , and treasurer Dr . Reinhold Lunow . Professional football at Dortmund is run by the organisation Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA . This corporation model has two types of participators : at least one partner with unlimited liability and at least one partner with limited liability . The investment of the latter is divided into stocks . The organisation Borussia Dortmund GmbH is the partner with unlimited liability and is responsible for the management and representation of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA . Borussia Dortmund GmbH is fully owned by the sports club , Borussia Dortmund e.V . This organizational structure was designed to ensure that the sports club has full control over the professional squad . The stock of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA was floated on the stock market in October 2000 and is listed in the General Standard of Deutsche Börse AG . Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA became the first and so far the only publicly traded sports club on the German stock market . 5.53% of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA is owned by the sports club , Borussia Dortmund e.V. ; 9.33% by Bernd Geske ; and 59.93% widely spread shareholdings . Hans-Joachim Watzke is the CEO and Thomas Treß is the CFO of the GmbH & Co . KGaA . Michael Zorc as sporting director is responsible for the first team , the coaching staff , the youth and junior section , and scouting . The supervisory board consists , among others , of politicians Werner Müller and Peer Steinbrück . Borussia Dortmund e.V . and Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaAs economic indicators reveal that BVB will be generating revenue of €305 million ( US$408 million ) from September 2012 to August 2013 . According to the 2015 Deloittes annual Football Money League , BVB generated revenues of €262 million during the 2013–14 season . This figure excludes player transfer fees , VAT and other sales-related taxes . Kits and sponsorship . Dortmunds main advertising partner and current shirt sponsor is Evonik . The insurance company Signal Iduna purchased the rights to name the Westfalenstadion Signal Iduna Park until 2021 . The main equipment supplier is Puma since the 2012–13 season . The contract is valid until 2025 . The club announced a deal with Opel to be the first-ever sleeve sponsor from the 2017–18 season . In addition , there are three different levels of partners : BVBChampionPartner includes among others Opel , bwin , Brinkhoffs , Wilo , Hankook and EA Sports ; BVBPartner includes among others MAN , Eurowings , Coca-Cola , Ruhr Nachrichten , REWE and Aral ; and BVBProduktPartner includes among others ofo , Westfalenhallen and TEDi . Since 2012 , Brixental in the Kitzbühel Alps in Austria is a BVB sponsor as well ; furthermore , the region is host of one of the annual summer training camps . Charity . Borussia Dortmund has raised money for charity over the years for various causes . On 17 May 2011 , Borussia Dortmund held a charity game for the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami against Team Japan . Ticket sales from the game and €1 million from Dortmunds main sponsor Evonik went to charity for Japan earthquake and tsunami victims . In November 2012 , Borussia Dortmund KGaA founded a charitable trust called leuchte auf , to give important social projects financial help . The trusts logo is a star consisting of the streets which meet at Dortmunds Borsigplatz , where the club was founded . On 6 July 2013 , Borussia Dortmund held a charity game to raise money for 2013 German flood victims in the German states of Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . In March 2020 , Borussia Dortmund , Bayern Munich , RB Leipzig , and Bayer Leverkusen , the four German UEFA Champions League teams for the 2019–20 season , collectively gave €20 million to Bundesliga and 2 . Bundesliga teams that were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic . Since 1996 , during Advent , Borussia Dortmund players visit the childrens hospital in Dortmund where the players meet with the patients and give them gifts . Players . Club captains . Since 1963 , 18 players have held the position of club captain for Borussia Dortmund . The first club captain after the introduction of the Bundesliga was Alfred Schmidt , who was captain from 1963 to 1965 . The longest-serving captain Michael Zorc , who was club captain from 1988 to 1997 , has the distinction of having won the most trophies as captain ; he won two Bundesliga titles , one DFB-Pokal , three DFL-Supercups and one UEFA Champions League . The current club captain is Marco Reus , who took over after Marcel Schmelzer stepped down from his role as the clubs captain for the 2018–19 season . Non-playing staff . Head coaches . In July 1935 , Fritz Thelen became the clubs first full-time head coach , but was not available in the first months of the season , forcing Dortmund player and Germany international Ernst Kuzorra to take over instead . In 1966 , Willi Multhaup led his side to the European Cup Winners Cup , the first German team to win a European trophy . Horst Köppel was the coach to bring major silverware to the club for the first time in over 20 years , winning the DFB-Pokal in 1989 . Ottmar Hitzfeld , the clubs most successful coach , having won both the Bundesliga and Supercup twice . In 1997 , Dortmund had waited for continental success for over 30 years ; Hitzfeld crowned his period with an unexpected triumph and won the Champions League . Dortmund won the Intercontinental Cup in 1997 and head coach Nevio Scala became the first and so far the only non-native speaker who won a major title . In 2001–02 , Matthias Sammer , a former BVB player , brought the league title back to Dortmund . In 2008–09 , the club approached Mainz 05 head coach Jürgen Klopp . He won the clubs seventh championship title in 2010–11 . In his fourth season , Dortmund won the Bundesliga and the DFB-Pokal to complete the first league and cup double in the clubs history . Successor Thomas Tuchel won the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal . On 22 May 2018 , Lucien Favre was confirmed as the new head coach of the club for the 2018–19 season . He was able to win the 2019 DFL-Supercup on 3 August 2019 . On 12 December 2020 , Dortmund suffered a 5–1 defeat against VfB Stuttgart . Favre was fired the next day . Records . Borussia Dortmunds name is attached to a number of Bundesliga and European records : - The Borussia Dortmund player with the most appearances is Michael Zorc , with 572 in all competitions . - The Borussia Dortmund player with the most goals is Alfred Preissler , with 168 in all competitions . - The most goals ever in a UEFA Champions League match ( 12 ) occurred when Dortmund beat Legia Warsaw 8–4 in the 2016–17 season . - Youssoufa Moukoko became the youngest player in Bundesliga history ( aged 16 years and 1 day ) when he appeared for Borussia Dortmund against Hertha BSC on 21 November 2020 . - Moukoko also became the youngest player in UEFA Champions League history ( aged 16 years and 18 days ) when he was subbed on for Dortmund against Zenit Saint Petersburg on 8 December 2020 . - Moukoko became both the youngest goalscorer in Bundesliga history and the youngest player to score for Dortmund ( aged 16 years and 28 days ) after netting against Union Berlin on 18 December 2020 . - Dortmund was on the receiving end of the worst loss ever in a Bundesliga match when they suffered a 12–0 defeat away to Borussia Mönchengladbach on 29 April 1978 . - BVB and Bayern Munich were carded a record of 15 times ( 3 for Dortmund , 12 for Munich ) in a match played on 7 April 2001 . - The most penalties given in a Bundesliga match was five , in a game played between Borussia Mönchengladbach and Dortmund on 9 November 1965 . - The first goal ever scored in Bundesliga play was by Dortmunds Friedhelm Konietzka against Werder Bremen ; however , Werder Bremen won 3–2 . - Former Borussia Dortmund striker Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang is one of only three players , the others being Klaus Allofs and Robert Lewandowski , to have scored at least once in ten straight Bundesliga matchdays . He was also the first player ever to score at least once in the first eight matchdays of a Bundesliga season , and formerly held the record for most Bundesliga goals in a single season by a foreign player ( 31 in 2016–17 ) . Honours . Domestic . - German Championship/Bundesliga - 2 . Bundesliga North - DFB-Pokal - DFB/DFL-Supercup - DFB-Ligapokal European . - UEFA Champions League - UEFA Cup Winners Cup - UEFA Cup - UEFA Super Cup International . - Intercontinental Cup Regional . - Oberliga West/West German Championship - Westphalia Cup Partnerships . Hyderabad FC

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Who was the head coach of the team Borussia Dortmund in early 2010s?

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Borussia Dortmund Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e . V . Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia . It is best known for its mens professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The club have won eight league championships , five DFB-Pokals , one UEFA Champions League , one Intercontinental Cup , and one UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund , the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . The club has active departments in other sports , namely in womens handball . Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion ; the stadium is the largest in Germany , and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmunds colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . They hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , with whom they contest the Revierderby . They also contest Der Klassiker with Bayern Munich . In terms of Deloittes annual Football Money League , Dortmund was in 2015 ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany , and the 12th richest football team in the world . Moreover , under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s , Dortmund have cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent , and have remained focused on developing a youth system . They have also received plaudits for generally adhering to an attacking footballing philosophy . History . Foundation and early years . The club was founded on 19 December 1909 by a group of young men unhappy with the Catholic church-sponsored Trinity Youth , where they played football under the stern and unsympathetic eye of the local parish priest . The priest , Father Dewald was blocked at the door when he tried to break up the organising meeting being held in a room of the local pub , Zum Wildschütz . The founders were Franz and Paul Braun , Henry Cleve , Hans Debest , Paul Dziendzielle , Franz , Julius and Wilhelm Jacobi , Hans Kahn , Gustav Müller , Franz Risse , Fritz Schulte , Hans Siebold , August Tönnesmann , Heinrich and Robert Unger , Fritz Weber and Franz Wendt . The name Borussia is Latin for Prussia but was taken from Borussia beer from the nearby Borussia brewery in Dortmund . The team began playing in blue and white striped shirts with a red sash , and black shorts . In 1913 , they donned the black and yellow stripes so familiar today . Over the next decades the club enjoyed only modest success playing in local leagues . They had a brush with bankruptcy in 1929 when an attempt to boost the clubs fortunes by signing some paid professional footballers failed miserably and left the team deep in debt . They survived only through the generosity of a local supporter who covered the teams shortfall out of his own pocket . The 1930s saw the rise of the Third Reich , which restructured sports and football organisations throughout the nation to suit the regimes goals . Borussias president was replaced when he refused to join the Nazi Party , and a couple of members who surreptitiously used the clubs offices to produce anti-Nazi pamphlets were executed in the last days of the war . The club did have greater success in the newly established Gauliga Westfalen , but would have to wait until after World War II to make a breakthrough . It was during this time that Borussia developed its intense rivalry with Schalke 04 of suburban Gelsenkirchen , the most successful side of the era ( see Revierderby ) . Like every other organisation in Germany , Borussia was dissolved by the Allied occupation authorities after the war in an attempt to distance the countrys institutions from its so-recent Nazi past . There was a short-lived attempt to merge the club with two others – Werksportgemeinschaft Hoesch and Freier Sportverein 98 – as Sportgemeinschaft Borussia von 1898 , but it was as Ballspiel-Verein Borussia ( BVB ) that they made their first appearance in the national league final in 1949 , where they lost 2–3 to VfR Mannheim . First national titles . Between 1946 and 1963 , Borussia featured in the Oberliga West , a first division league which dominated German football through the late 1950s . In 1949 , Borussia reached the final in Stuttgart against VfR Mannheim , which they lost 2–3 after extra time . The club claimed its first national title in 1956 with a 4–2 win against Karlsruher SC . One year later , Borussia defeated Hamburger SV 4–1 to win their second national title . After this coup , the three Alfredos ( Alfred Preißler , Alfred Kelbassa and Alfred Niepieklo ) were legends in Dortmund . In 1963 , Borussia won the last edition of the German Football Championship ( before the introduction of the new Bundesliga ) to secure their third national title . Bundesliga debut . In 1962 , the DFB met in Dortmund and voted to establish a professional football league in Germany , to begin play in August 1963 as the Bundesliga . Borussia Dortmund earned its place among the first sixteen clubs to play in the league by winning the last pre-Bundesliga national championship . Runners-up 1 . FC Köln also earned an automatic berth . Dortmunds Friedhelm Konietzka scored the first-ever Bundesliga goal a minute into the match , which they would eventually lose 2–3 to Werder Bremen . In 1965 , Dortmund captured its first DFB-Pokal . In 1966 , Dortmund won the European Cup Winners Cup 2–1 against Liverpool in extra time , with the goals coming from Sigfried Held and Reinhard Libuda . In the same year , however , the team surrendered a commanding position atop the Bundesliga by losing four of their last five league games and finishing second , three points behind champions 1860 München . Ironically , much of 1860 Münchens success came on the strength of the play of Konietzka , recently transferred from Dortmund . The 1970s were characterised by financial problems , relegation from the Bundesliga in 1972 , and the opening of the Westfalenstadion , named after its home region Westphalia in 1974 . The club earned its return to Bundesliga in 1976 . Dortmund continued to have financial problems through the 1980s . BVB avoided being relegated in 1986 by winning a third decisive playoff game against Fortuna Köln after finishing the regular season in 16th place . Dortmund did not enjoy any significant success again until a 4–1 DFB-Pokal win in 1989 against Werder Bremen . It was Horst Köppels first trophy as a manager . Dortmund then won the 1989 DFL-Supercup 4–3 against rivals Bayern Munich . Golden age – the 1990s . After a tenth-place finish in the Bundesliga in 1991 , manager Horst Köppel was let go and manager Ottmar Hitzfeld was hired . In 1992 , Hitzfeld led Borussia Dortmund to a second-place finish in the Bundesliga and would have won the title had VfB Stuttgart not won their last game to become champions instead . Along with a fourth-place finish in the Bundesliga , Dortmund made it to the 1993 UEFA Cup final , which they lost 6–1 on aggregate to Juventus . In spite of this result , Borussia walked away with DM25 million under the prize money pool system in place at the time for German sides participating in the Cup . Cash flush , Dortmund was able to sign players who later brought them numerous honours in the 1990s . Under the captaincy of 1996 European Footballer of the Year Matthias Sammer , Borussia Dortmund won back-to-back Bundesliga titles in 1995 and 1996 . Dortmund also won the DFL-Supercup against Mönchengladbach in 1995 and 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in 1996 . In 1996–97 the team reached its first European Cup final . In a memorable match at the Olympiastadion in Munich , Dortmund faced the holders Juventus . Karl-Heinz Riedle put Dortmund ahead , shooting under goalkeeper Angelo Peruzzi from a cross by Paul Lambert . Riedle then made it two with a bullet header from a corner kick . In the second half , Alessandro Del Piero pulled one back for Juventus with a back heel . Then 20-year-old substitute and local boy Lars Ricken latched onto a through pass by Andreas Möller . Only 16 seconds after coming on to the pitch , Ricken chipped Peruzzi in the Juventus goal from over 20 yards out with his first touch of the ball . With Zinedine Zidane unable to make an impression for Juventus against the close marking of Lambert , Dortmund lifted the trophy with a 3–1 victory . Dortmund then went on to beat Brazilian club Cruzeiro 2–0 in the 1997 Intercontinental Cup Final to become world club champions . Borussia Dortmund were the second German club to win the Intercontinental Cup , after Bayern Munich in 1976 . As defending champions Dortmund reached the Champions League semi-final in 1998 . The team was missing key players from the start of the season when they played Real Madrid in the 98 semi . Sammers career was cut short by injury and only played three first team games after the Champions League win . Lambert had left in November to return to play in Scotland . Möller missed the first leg as did Kohler who missed both games in the tie . Real won the first leg 2–0 at home . Dortmund played better in the second leg but failed to take their chances . Dortmund went out 2–0 on aggregate . 21st century and Borussia goes public . In October 2000 , Borussia Dortmund became the first publicly traded club on the German stock market . In 2002 , Borussia Dortmund won their third Bundesliga title . Dortmund had a remarkable run at the end of the season to overtake Bayer Leverkusen , securing the title on the final day . Manager Matthias Sammer became the first person in Borussia Dortmund history to win the Bundesliga as both a player and manager . In the same season , Borussia lost the final of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup to Dutch side Feyenoord . Dortmunds fortunes then steadily declined for a number of years . Poor financial management led to a heavy debt load and the sale of their Westfalenstadion grounds . The situation was compounded by failure to advance in the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League , when the team was eliminated on penalties in the qualifying rounds by Club Brugge . In 2003 , Bayern Munich loaned €2 million to Dortmund for several months to pay their payroll . Borussia was again driven to the brink of bankruptcy in 2005 , the original €11 value of its shares having plummeted by over 80% on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . At this time Hans-Joachim Watzke was appointed CEO and streamlined the club . The response to the crisis included a 20% pay cut for all players . In 2006 , in order to reduce debt , the Westfalenstadion was renamed Signal Iduna Park after a local insurance company . The naming rights agreement runs until 2021 . Dortmund suffered a miserable start to the 2005–06 season , but rallied to finish seventh . The club failed to gain a place in the UEFA Cup via the Fair Play draw . The clubs management recently indicated that the club again showed a profit ; this was largely related to the sale of David Odonkor to Real Betis and Tomáš Rosický to Arsenal . In the 2006–07 season , Dortmund unexpectedly faced serious relegation trouble for the first time in years . Dortmund went through three coaches and appointed Thomas Doll on 13 March 2007 after dropping to just one point above the relegation zone . Christoph Metzelder also left Borussia Dortmund on a free transfer . In the 2007–08 season , Dortmund lost to many smaller Bundesliga clubs . Despite finishing 13th in the Bundesliga table , Dortmund reached the DFB-Pokal Final against Bayern Munich , where they lost 2–1 in extra time . The final appearance qualified Dortmund for the UEFA Cup because Bayern already qualified for the Champions League . Thomas Doll resigned on 19 May 2008 and was replaced by Jürgen Klopp . Return to prominence . In the 2009–10 season , Klopps Dortmund improved on the season before to finish fifth in the Bundesliga to qualify for the UEFA Europa League . The team missed an opportunity to qualify for the Champions League by failing to beat eighth-place VfL Wolfsburg and 14th-place SC Freiburg in the final two matches of the campaign . Entering the 2010–11 season , Dortmund fielded a young and vibrant roster . On 4 December 2010 , Borussia became Herbstmeister ( Autumn Champion ) , an unofficial accolade going to the league leader at the winter break . They did this three matches before the break , sharing the record for having achieved this earliest with Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1993–94 ) and 1 . FC Kaiserslautern ( 1997–98 ) . On 30 April 2011 , the club beat 1 . FC Nürnberg 2–0 at home , while second-place Bayer Leverkusen lost , leaving Dortmund eight points clear with two games to play . This championship equalled the seven national titles held by rivals Schalke 04 , and guaranteed a spot in the 2011–12 Champions League group stages . One year later , Dortmund made a successful defence of its Bundesliga title with a win over Borussia Mönchengladbach , again on the 32nd match day . By the 34th and final match day , Dortmund set a new record with the most points—81—ever gained by a club in one Bundesliga season . This was surpassed the following season by Bayern Munichs 91 points . The clubs eighth championship places it third in total national titles , and players will now wear two stars over their uniform crest in recognition of the teams five Bundesliga titles . Notable names from the winning roster include Lucas Barrios , Mario Götze , Neven Subotić , Mats Hummels , Robert Lewandowski , Shinji Kagawa , Łukasz Piszczek , Jakub Błaszczykowski , Kevin Großkreutz , Ivan Perišić and İlkay Gündoğan . The club capped its successful 2011–12 season by winning the double for the first time by beating Bayern 5–2 in the final of the DFB-Pokal . Borussia Dortmund are one of four German clubs to win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double , along with Bayern Munich , 1 . FC Köln and Werder Bremen . The club was voted Team of the Year 2011 at the annual Sportler des Jahres ( German Sports Personality of the Year ) awards . Borussia Dortmund ended the 2012–13 season in second place in the Bundesliga . Dortmund played in their second UEFA Champions League Final against Bayern Munich in the first ever all-German club final at Wembley Stadium on 25 May 2013 , which they lost 2–1 . In the 2013–14 season , Borussia Dortmund won the 2013 DFL-Supercup 4–2 against rivals Bayern Munich . The 2013–14 season started with a five-game winning streak for Dortmund , their best start to a season . Despite such a promising start , however , their season was hampered by injuries to several key players , seeing them stoop as low as fourth place in the table , and with a depleted squad could go only as far as the quarter-finals of the Champions League , losing 3–2 on aggregate to Real Madrid . Nevertheless , Dortmund managed to end their season on a high note by finishing second in the Bundesliga and reaching the 2014 DFB-Pokal Final , losing 0–2 to Bayern in extra time . They then began their 2014–15 season by defeating Bayern in the 2014 DFL-Supercup 2–0 . However , this victory would not be enough to inspire the squad to a solid performance at the start of the ensuing season , with Dortmund recording various results such as a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV and two 2–2 draws against VfB Stuttgart and Bundesliga newcomers Paderborn 07 . During the winter , Dortmund fell to the bottom of the table on multiple occasions , but managed to escape the relegation zone after four consecutive wins in February . On 15 April 2015 , Jürgen Klopp announced that after seven years , he would be leaving Dortmund . Four days later , Dortmund announced that Thomas Tuchel would replace Klopp at the end of the season . Klopps final season , however , ended on high note , rising and finishing seventh after facing relegation , gaining a DFB-Pokal final with VfL Wolfsburg and qualifying for the 2015–16 Europa League . Post-Klopp era . In the 2015–16 season , Dortmund started off on a high , winning 4–0 against Borussia Mönchengladbach on the opening day , followed by five-straight wins which took them to the top of the Bundesliga . After the eighth matchday , they were surpassed by Bayern Munich following an unlucky draw with 1899 Hoffenheim . Dortmund kept their performances up , winning 24 out of 34 league games and becoming the best Bundesliga runner-up team of all time . In the Europa League , they advanced to the quarter-finals , getting knocked out by a Jürgen Klopp-led Liverpool in a dramatic comeback at Anfield , where defender Dejan Lovren scored a late goal to make it 4–3 to the Reds and 5–4 on aggregate . In the 2015–16 DFB-Pokal , for the third-straight year Dortmund made it to the competition final , but lost to Bayern Munich on penalties . On 11 April 2017 , three explosions occurred near the teams bus on its way to a Champions League match against AS Monaco at the Signal Iduna Park . Defender Marc Bartra was injured , and taken to hospital . Dortmund went on to lose the game 2–3 to AS Monaco . Dortmunds manager , Thomas Tuchel , blamed the loss as a result of an ignorant decision by UEFA . UEFA went on to say that the team made no objection to playing , and that the decision was made in compliance with the club and local law enforcement . In the second leg , Dortmund went on to lose 1–3 , leaving the aggregate score at 3–6 , and seeing them eliminated from that years UEFA Champions League . On 26 April , Dortmund defeated Bayern Munich 3–2 in Munich to advance to the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , Dortmunds fourth consecutive final and fifth in six seasons . On 27 May , Dortmund won the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal 2–1 over Eintracht Frankfurt with the winner coming from a penalty converted by Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang . Ahead of the 2017–18 season , Thomas Tuchel stepped down as manager . The Dortmund board made a decision to hire Peter Bosz as the new manager and head coach . Although Bosz got off to a record-breaking start in the teams first 7 games , what followed was 20 games without a win , after which he was relieved of his staff role . Peter Stöger was announced as the interim coach . During the January window of the same season , Aubameyang and Bartra both left the club . Stöger bought Manuel Akanji of FC Basel for a fee of €21.5 million and Michy Batshuayi on a six-month loan from Chelsea . Stöger coached Dortmund for the rest of the season , granting them a fourth-place finish in the Bundesliga before stepping down at the end of the season . Michy Batshuayi also returned to Chelsea . In the summer of 2018 , Dortmund appointed former OGC Nice coach , Lucien Favre as their manager/head coach . After a very busy transfer window for the team , seeing eight new players arrive at the club for the first team squad , Dortmund performed strongly , chasing Bayern Munich for the title race down to the last matchday , narrowly missing out on the league title by two points and earning Lucien Favre a contract extension . A four-part Amazon Prime Video documentary series was created , about the same season , named Inside Borussia Dortmund . The next season , Dortmund pulled off a few big-name signings with the intent of winning the Bundesliga title . Although they won the DFL Supercup , this was their only silverware this season . After a scrappy first half of the season , they changed their tactics and made a few more transfers in the January Window . They were eliminated in both the DFB-Pokal and the UEFA Champions League as well . Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany , the season stopped abruptly . Once the restart occurred , Dortmund looked better but their performances were not enough to stop a dominant Bayern Munich side from grasping the Bundesliga title . They finished the 2019–20 season in second place after beating RB Leipzig in matchweek 33 due to a brace from Erling Haaland . Grounds . Stadiums . The Westfalenstadion is the home stadium of Borussia Dortmund , Germanys largest stadium and the seventh-largest in Europe . The stadium is officially named Signal Iduna Park after insurance company Signal Iduna purchased the rights to name the stadium until 2021 . This name , however , cannot be used when hosting FIFA and UEFA events , since these governing bodies have policies forbidding corporate sponsorship from companies that are not official tournament partners . During the 2006 World Cup , the stadium was referred to as FIFA World Cup Stadium , Dortmund , while in UEFA club matches , it is known as BVB Stadion Dortmund . The stadium currently hosts up to 81,359 spectators ( standing and seated ) for league matches and 65,829 seated spectators for international matches . For these , the characteristic southern grandstand is re-equipped with seats to conform to FIFA regulations . In 1974 , the Westfalenstadion replaced the Stadion Rote Erde , which is located next door and serves now as the stadium of Borussia Dortmund II . After the increasing popularity of Borussia Dortmund in the 1960s , it became obvious that the traditional ground was too small for the increasing number of Borussia Dortmund supporters . The city of Dortmund , however , was not able to finance a new stadium and federal institutions were unwilling to help . But in 1971 , Dortmund was selected to replace the city of Cologne , which was forced to withdraw its plans to host games in the 1974 World Cup . The funds originally set aside for the projected stadium in Cologne were thus re-allocated to Dortmund , and a new stadium became reality . The Westfalenstadion has undergone several renovations throughout the years to increase the size of the stadium , including an expansion of the stadium for the 2006 World Cup . In 2008 , the Borusseum , a museum about Borussia Dortmund , opened in the stadium . In 2011 , Borussia Dortmund agreed to a partnership with Q-Cells . The company installed 8,768 solar cells on the roof of the Westfalenstadion to generate up to 860,000 kWh per year . Borussia Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any football club worldwide . In 2014 , it was estimated that each of the clubs home games is attended by around 1,000 British spectators , drawn to the team by its low ticket prices compared to the Premier League . Training ground . Borussia Dortmunds training ground and Academy base Hohenbuschei is located in Brackel , a district of Dortmund . Inside the complex , there are physical exercise training for physical fitness and rehabilitation robotics areas , physiotherapy and massage rooms , and remedial and hydrotherapy pools . There are also sauna rooms , steam rooms and weight rooms , classrooms , conference halls , offices for the BVB front office , a restaurant , and a TV studio to interview the BVB professional footballers and coaching staff for BVB total! , the channel owned by the club . On the grounds , there are five grass pitches , two of which have under-soil heating , one artificial grass field , three small grass pitches and a multi-functional sports arena . The site covers a total area of . In addition , the club owns a Footbonaut , a training robot which is effectively a training cage . The training complex and youth performance centre , located in Hohenbuschei , will be expanded in stages until 2021 . In addition , the Sports Business Office will be entirely rebuilt from scratch . The planned construction , which will cost up to 20 million euros , will make BVB the best-equipped football club in the country with regards to infrastructure . In the Strobelallee Training Centre , the BVB Evonik Football Academy has an outstanding training venue exclusively at its disposal . Among others , the Bundesliga-team used to prepare for their matches on the clubs former training ground . Organisation and finance . Borussia Dortmund e.V . is represented by its management board and a board of directors consisting of president Dr . Reinhard Rauball , his proxy and vice-president Gerd Pieper , and treasurer Dr . Reinhold Lunow . Professional football at Dortmund is run by the organisation Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA . This corporation model has two types of participators : at least one partner with unlimited liability and at least one partner with limited liability . The investment of the latter is divided into stocks . The organisation Borussia Dortmund GmbH is the partner with unlimited liability and is responsible for the management and representation of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA . Borussia Dortmund GmbH is fully owned by the sports club , Borussia Dortmund e.V . This organizational structure was designed to ensure that the sports club has full control over the professional squad . The stock of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA was floated on the stock market in October 2000 and is listed in the General Standard of Deutsche Börse AG . Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA became the first and so far the only publicly traded sports club on the German stock market . 5.53% of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA is owned by the sports club , Borussia Dortmund e.V. ; 9.33% by Bernd Geske ; and 59.93% widely spread shareholdings . Hans-Joachim Watzke is the CEO and Thomas Treß is the CFO of the GmbH & Co . KGaA . Michael Zorc as sporting director is responsible for the first team , the coaching staff , the youth and junior section , and scouting . The supervisory board consists , among others , of politicians Werner Müller and Peer Steinbrück . Borussia Dortmund e.V . and Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaAs economic indicators reveal that BVB will be generating revenue of €305 million ( US$408 million ) from September 2012 to August 2013 . According to the 2015 Deloittes annual Football Money League , BVB generated revenues of €262 million during the 2013–14 season . This figure excludes player transfer fees , VAT and other sales-related taxes . Kits and sponsorship . Dortmunds main advertising partner and current shirt sponsor is Evonik . The insurance company Signal Iduna purchased the rights to name the Westfalenstadion Signal Iduna Park until 2021 . The main equipment supplier is Puma since the 2012–13 season . The contract is valid until 2025 . The club announced a deal with Opel to be the first-ever sleeve sponsor from the 2017–18 season . In addition , there are three different levels of partners : BVBChampionPartner includes among others Opel , bwin , Brinkhoffs , Wilo , Hankook and EA Sports ; BVBPartner includes among others MAN , Eurowings , Coca-Cola , Ruhr Nachrichten , REWE and Aral ; and BVBProduktPartner includes among others ofo , Westfalenhallen and TEDi . Since 2012 , Brixental in the Kitzbühel Alps in Austria is a BVB sponsor as well ; furthermore , the region is host of one of the annual summer training camps . Charity . Borussia Dortmund has raised money for charity over the years for various causes . On 17 May 2011 , Borussia Dortmund held a charity game for the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami against Team Japan . Ticket sales from the game and €1 million from Dortmunds main sponsor Evonik went to charity for Japan earthquake and tsunami victims . In November 2012 , Borussia Dortmund KGaA founded a charitable trust called leuchte auf , to give important social projects financial help . The trusts logo is a star consisting of the streets which meet at Dortmunds Borsigplatz , where the club was founded . On 6 July 2013 , Borussia Dortmund held a charity game to raise money for 2013 German flood victims in the German states of Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . In March 2020 , Borussia Dortmund , Bayern Munich , RB Leipzig , and Bayer Leverkusen , the four German UEFA Champions League teams for the 2019–20 season , collectively gave €20 million to Bundesliga and 2 . Bundesliga teams that were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic . Since 1996 , during Advent , Borussia Dortmund players visit the childrens hospital in Dortmund where the players meet with the patients and give them gifts . Players . Club captains . Since 1963 , 18 players have held the position of club captain for Borussia Dortmund . The first club captain after the introduction of the Bundesliga was Alfred Schmidt , who was captain from 1963 to 1965 . The longest-serving captain Michael Zorc , who was club captain from 1988 to 1997 , has the distinction of having won the most trophies as captain ; he won two Bundesliga titles , one DFB-Pokal , three DFL-Supercups and one UEFA Champions League . The current club captain is Marco Reus , who took over after Marcel Schmelzer stepped down from his role as the clubs captain for the 2018–19 season . Non-playing staff . Head coaches . In July 1935 , Fritz Thelen became the clubs first full-time head coach , but was not available in the first months of the season , forcing Dortmund player and Germany international Ernst Kuzorra to take over instead . In 1966 , Willi Multhaup led his side to the European Cup Winners Cup , the first German team to win a European trophy . Horst Köppel was the coach to bring major silverware to the club for the first time in over 20 years , winning the DFB-Pokal in 1989 . Ottmar Hitzfeld , the clubs most successful coach , having won both the Bundesliga and Supercup twice . In 1997 , Dortmund had waited for continental success for over 30 years ; Hitzfeld crowned his period with an unexpected triumph and won the Champions League . Dortmund won the Intercontinental Cup in 1997 and head coach Nevio Scala became the first and so far the only non-native speaker who won a major title . In 2001–02 , Matthias Sammer , a former BVB player , brought the league title back to Dortmund . In 2008–09 , the club approached Mainz 05 head coach Jürgen Klopp . He won the clubs seventh championship title in 2010–11 . In his fourth season , Dortmund won the Bundesliga and the DFB-Pokal to complete the first league and cup double in the clubs history . Successor Thomas Tuchel won the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal . On 22 May 2018 , Lucien Favre was confirmed as the new head coach of the club for the 2018–19 season . He was able to win the 2019 DFL-Supercup on 3 August 2019 . On 12 December 2020 , Dortmund suffered a 5–1 defeat against VfB Stuttgart . Favre was fired the next day . Records . Borussia Dortmunds name is attached to a number of Bundesliga and European records : - The Borussia Dortmund player with the most appearances is Michael Zorc , with 572 in all competitions . - The Borussia Dortmund player with the most goals is Alfred Preissler , with 168 in all competitions . - The most goals ever in a UEFA Champions League match ( 12 ) occurred when Dortmund beat Legia Warsaw 8–4 in the 2016–17 season . - Youssoufa Moukoko became the youngest player in Bundesliga history ( aged 16 years and 1 day ) when he appeared for Borussia Dortmund against Hertha BSC on 21 November 2020 . - Moukoko also became the youngest player in UEFA Champions League history ( aged 16 years and 18 days ) when he was subbed on for Dortmund against Zenit Saint Petersburg on 8 December 2020 . - Moukoko became both the youngest goalscorer in Bundesliga history and the youngest player to score for Dortmund ( aged 16 years and 28 days ) after netting against Union Berlin on 18 December 2020 . - Dortmund was on the receiving end of the worst loss ever in a Bundesliga match when they suffered a 12–0 defeat away to Borussia Mönchengladbach on 29 April 1978 . - BVB and Bayern Munich were carded a record of 15 times ( 3 for Dortmund , 12 for Munich ) in a match played on 7 April 2001 . - The most penalties given in a Bundesliga match was five , in a game played between Borussia Mönchengladbach and Dortmund on 9 November 1965 . - The first goal ever scored in Bundesliga play was by Dortmunds Friedhelm Konietzka against Werder Bremen ; however , Werder Bremen won 3–2 . - Former Borussia Dortmund striker Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang is one of only three players , the others being Klaus Allofs and Robert Lewandowski , to have scored at least once in ten straight Bundesliga matchdays . He was also the first player ever to score at least once in the first eight matchdays of a Bundesliga season , and formerly held the record for most Bundesliga goals in a single season by a foreign player ( 31 in 2016–17 ) . Honours . Domestic . - German Championship/Bundesliga - 2 . Bundesliga North - DFB-Pokal - DFB/DFL-Supercup - DFB-Ligapokal European . - UEFA Champions League - UEFA Cup Winners Cup - UEFA Cup - UEFA Super Cup International . - Intercontinental Cup Regional . - Oberliga West/West German Championship - Westphalia Cup Partnerships . Hyderabad FC

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Who was the head coach of the team Borussia Dortmund in Nov 2016?

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Borussia Dortmund Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e . V . Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia . It is best known for its mens professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The club have won eight league championships , five DFB-Pokals , one UEFA Champions League , one Intercontinental Cup , and one UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund , the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . The club has active departments in other sports , namely in womens handball . Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion ; the stadium is the largest in Germany , and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmunds colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . They hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , with whom they contest the Revierderby . They also contest Der Klassiker with Bayern Munich . In terms of Deloittes annual Football Money League , Dortmund was in 2015 ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany , and the 12th richest football team in the world . Moreover , under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s , Dortmund have cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent , and have remained focused on developing a youth system . They have also received plaudits for generally adhering to an attacking footballing philosophy . History . Foundation and early years . The club was founded on 19 December 1909 by a group of young men unhappy with the Catholic church-sponsored Trinity Youth , where they played football under the stern and unsympathetic eye of the local parish priest . The priest , Father Dewald was blocked at the door when he tried to break up the organising meeting being held in a room of the local pub , Zum Wildschütz . The founders were Franz and Paul Braun , Henry Cleve , Hans Debest , Paul Dziendzielle , Franz , Julius and Wilhelm Jacobi , Hans Kahn , Gustav Müller , Franz Risse , Fritz Schulte , Hans Siebold , August Tönnesmann , Heinrich and Robert Unger , Fritz Weber and Franz Wendt . The name Borussia is Latin for Prussia but was taken from Borussia beer from the nearby Borussia brewery in Dortmund . The team began playing in blue and white striped shirts with a red sash , and black shorts . In 1913 , they donned the black and yellow stripes so familiar today . Over the next decades the club enjoyed only modest success playing in local leagues . They had a brush with bankruptcy in 1929 when an attempt to boost the clubs fortunes by signing some paid professional footballers failed miserably and left the team deep in debt . They survived only through the generosity of a local supporter who covered the teams shortfall out of his own pocket . The 1930s saw the rise of the Third Reich , which restructured sports and football organisations throughout the nation to suit the regimes goals . Borussias president was replaced when he refused to join the Nazi Party , and a couple of members who surreptitiously used the clubs offices to produce anti-Nazi pamphlets were executed in the last days of the war . The club did have greater success in the newly established Gauliga Westfalen , but would have to wait until after World War II to make a breakthrough . It was during this time that Borussia developed its intense rivalry with Schalke 04 of suburban Gelsenkirchen , the most successful side of the era ( see Revierderby ) . Like every other organisation in Germany , Borussia was dissolved by the Allied occupation authorities after the war in an attempt to distance the countrys institutions from its so-recent Nazi past . There was a short-lived attempt to merge the club with two others – Werksportgemeinschaft Hoesch and Freier Sportverein 98 – as Sportgemeinschaft Borussia von 1898 , but it was as Ballspiel-Verein Borussia ( BVB ) that they made their first appearance in the national league final in 1949 , where they lost 2–3 to VfR Mannheim . First national titles . Between 1946 and 1963 , Borussia featured in the Oberliga West , a first division league which dominated German football through the late 1950s . In 1949 , Borussia reached the final in Stuttgart against VfR Mannheim , which they lost 2–3 after extra time . The club claimed its first national title in 1956 with a 4–2 win against Karlsruher SC . One year later , Borussia defeated Hamburger SV 4–1 to win their second national title . After this coup , the three Alfredos ( Alfred Preißler , Alfred Kelbassa and Alfred Niepieklo ) were legends in Dortmund . In 1963 , Borussia won the last edition of the German Football Championship ( before the introduction of the new Bundesliga ) to secure their third national title . Bundesliga debut . In 1962 , the DFB met in Dortmund and voted to establish a professional football league in Germany , to begin play in August 1963 as the Bundesliga . Borussia Dortmund earned its place among the first sixteen clubs to play in the league by winning the last pre-Bundesliga national championship . Runners-up 1 . FC Köln also earned an automatic berth . Dortmunds Friedhelm Konietzka scored the first-ever Bundesliga goal a minute into the match , which they would eventually lose 2–3 to Werder Bremen . In 1965 , Dortmund captured its first DFB-Pokal . In 1966 , Dortmund won the European Cup Winners Cup 2–1 against Liverpool in extra time , with the goals coming from Sigfried Held and Reinhard Libuda . In the same year , however , the team surrendered a commanding position atop the Bundesliga by losing four of their last five league games and finishing second , three points behind champions 1860 München . Ironically , much of 1860 Münchens success came on the strength of the play of Konietzka , recently transferred from Dortmund . The 1970s were characterised by financial problems , relegation from the Bundesliga in 1972 , and the opening of the Westfalenstadion , named after its home region Westphalia in 1974 . The club earned its return to Bundesliga in 1976 . Dortmund continued to have financial problems through the 1980s . BVB avoided being relegated in 1986 by winning a third decisive playoff game against Fortuna Köln after finishing the regular season in 16th place . Dortmund did not enjoy any significant success again until a 4–1 DFB-Pokal win in 1989 against Werder Bremen . It was Horst Köppels first trophy as a manager . Dortmund then won the 1989 DFL-Supercup 4–3 against rivals Bayern Munich . Golden age – the 1990s . After a tenth-place finish in the Bundesliga in 1991 , manager Horst Köppel was let go and manager Ottmar Hitzfeld was hired . In 1992 , Hitzfeld led Borussia Dortmund to a second-place finish in the Bundesliga and would have won the title had VfB Stuttgart not won their last game to become champions instead . Along with a fourth-place finish in the Bundesliga , Dortmund made it to the 1993 UEFA Cup final , which they lost 6–1 on aggregate to Juventus . In spite of this result , Borussia walked away with DM25 million under the prize money pool system in place at the time for German sides participating in the Cup . Cash flush , Dortmund was able to sign players who later brought them numerous honours in the 1990s . Under the captaincy of 1996 European Footballer of the Year Matthias Sammer , Borussia Dortmund won back-to-back Bundesliga titles in 1995 and 1996 . Dortmund also won the DFL-Supercup against Mönchengladbach in 1995 and 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in 1996 . In 1996–97 the team reached its first European Cup final . In a memorable match at the Olympiastadion in Munich , Dortmund faced the holders Juventus . Karl-Heinz Riedle put Dortmund ahead , shooting under goalkeeper Angelo Peruzzi from a cross by Paul Lambert . Riedle then made it two with a bullet header from a corner kick . In the second half , Alessandro Del Piero pulled one back for Juventus with a back heel . Then 20-year-old substitute and local boy Lars Ricken latched onto a through pass by Andreas Möller . Only 16 seconds after coming on to the pitch , Ricken chipped Peruzzi in the Juventus goal from over 20 yards out with his first touch of the ball . With Zinedine Zidane unable to make an impression for Juventus against the close marking of Lambert , Dortmund lifted the trophy with a 3–1 victory . Dortmund then went on to beat Brazilian club Cruzeiro 2–0 in the 1997 Intercontinental Cup Final to become world club champions . Borussia Dortmund were the second German club to win the Intercontinental Cup , after Bayern Munich in 1976 . As defending champions Dortmund reached the Champions League semi-final in 1998 . The team was missing key players from the start of the season when they played Real Madrid in the 98 semi . Sammers career was cut short by injury and only played three first team games after the Champions League win . Lambert had left in November to return to play in Scotland . Möller missed the first leg as did Kohler who missed both games in the tie . Real won the first leg 2–0 at home . Dortmund played better in the second leg but failed to take their chances . Dortmund went out 2–0 on aggregate . 21st century and Borussia goes public . In October 2000 , Borussia Dortmund became the first publicly traded club on the German stock market . In 2002 , Borussia Dortmund won their third Bundesliga title . Dortmund had a remarkable run at the end of the season to overtake Bayer Leverkusen , securing the title on the final day . Manager Matthias Sammer became the first person in Borussia Dortmund history to win the Bundesliga as both a player and manager . In the same season , Borussia lost the final of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup to Dutch side Feyenoord . Dortmunds fortunes then steadily declined for a number of years . Poor financial management led to a heavy debt load and the sale of their Westfalenstadion grounds . The situation was compounded by failure to advance in the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League , when the team was eliminated on penalties in the qualifying rounds by Club Brugge . In 2003 , Bayern Munich loaned €2 million to Dortmund for several months to pay their payroll . Borussia was again driven to the brink of bankruptcy in 2005 , the original €11 value of its shares having plummeted by over 80% on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . At this time Hans-Joachim Watzke was appointed CEO and streamlined the club . The response to the crisis included a 20% pay cut for all players . In 2006 , in order to reduce debt , the Westfalenstadion was renamed Signal Iduna Park after a local insurance company . The naming rights agreement runs until 2021 . Dortmund suffered a miserable start to the 2005–06 season , but rallied to finish seventh . The club failed to gain a place in the UEFA Cup via the Fair Play draw . The clubs management recently indicated that the club again showed a profit ; this was largely related to the sale of David Odonkor to Real Betis and Tomáš Rosický to Arsenal . In the 2006–07 season , Dortmund unexpectedly faced serious relegation trouble for the first time in years . Dortmund went through three coaches and appointed Thomas Doll on 13 March 2007 after dropping to just one point above the relegation zone . Christoph Metzelder also left Borussia Dortmund on a free transfer . In the 2007–08 season , Dortmund lost to many smaller Bundesliga clubs . Despite finishing 13th in the Bundesliga table , Dortmund reached the DFB-Pokal Final against Bayern Munich , where they lost 2–1 in extra time . The final appearance qualified Dortmund for the UEFA Cup because Bayern already qualified for the Champions League . Thomas Doll resigned on 19 May 2008 and was replaced by Jürgen Klopp . Return to prominence . In the 2009–10 season , Klopps Dortmund improved on the season before to finish fifth in the Bundesliga to qualify for the UEFA Europa League . The team missed an opportunity to qualify for the Champions League by failing to beat eighth-place VfL Wolfsburg and 14th-place SC Freiburg in the final two matches of the campaign . Entering the 2010–11 season , Dortmund fielded a young and vibrant roster . On 4 December 2010 , Borussia became Herbstmeister ( Autumn Champion ) , an unofficial accolade going to the league leader at the winter break . They did this three matches before the break , sharing the record for having achieved this earliest with Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1993–94 ) and 1 . FC Kaiserslautern ( 1997–98 ) . On 30 April 2011 , the club beat 1 . FC Nürnberg 2–0 at home , while second-place Bayer Leverkusen lost , leaving Dortmund eight points clear with two games to play . This championship equalled the seven national titles held by rivals Schalke 04 , and guaranteed a spot in the 2011–12 Champions League group stages . One year later , Dortmund made a successful defence of its Bundesliga title with a win over Borussia Mönchengladbach , again on the 32nd match day . By the 34th and final match day , Dortmund set a new record with the most points—81—ever gained by a club in one Bundesliga season . This was surpassed the following season by Bayern Munichs 91 points . The clubs eighth championship places it third in total national titles , and players will now wear two stars over their uniform crest in recognition of the teams five Bundesliga titles . Notable names from the winning roster include Lucas Barrios , Mario Götze , Neven Subotić , Mats Hummels , Robert Lewandowski , Shinji Kagawa , Łukasz Piszczek , Jakub Błaszczykowski , Kevin Großkreutz , Ivan Perišić and İlkay Gündoğan . The club capped its successful 2011–12 season by winning the double for the first time by beating Bayern 5–2 in the final of the DFB-Pokal . Borussia Dortmund are one of four German clubs to win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double , along with Bayern Munich , 1 . FC Köln and Werder Bremen . The club was voted Team of the Year 2011 at the annual Sportler des Jahres ( German Sports Personality of the Year ) awards . Borussia Dortmund ended the 2012–13 season in second place in the Bundesliga . Dortmund played in their second UEFA Champions League Final against Bayern Munich in the first ever all-German club final at Wembley Stadium on 25 May 2013 , which they lost 2–1 . In the 2013–14 season , Borussia Dortmund won the 2013 DFL-Supercup 4–2 against rivals Bayern Munich . The 2013–14 season started with a five-game winning streak for Dortmund , their best start to a season . Despite such a promising start , however , their season was hampered by injuries to several key players , seeing them stoop as low as fourth place in the table , and with a depleted squad could go only as far as the quarter-finals of the Champions League , losing 3–2 on aggregate to Real Madrid . Nevertheless , Dortmund managed to end their season on a high note by finishing second in the Bundesliga and reaching the 2014 DFB-Pokal Final , losing 0–2 to Bayern in extra time . They then began their 2014–15 season by defeating Bayern in the 2014 DFL-Supercup 2–0 . However , this victory would not be enough to inspire the squad to a solid performance at the start of the ensuing season , with Dortmund recording various results such as a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV and two 2–2 draws against VfB Stuttgart and Bundesliga newcomers Paderborn 07 . During the winter , Dortmund fell to the bottom of the table on multiple occasions , but managed to escape the relegation zone after four consecutive wins in February . On 15 April 2015 , Jürgen Klopp announced that after seven years , he would be leaving Dortmund . Four days later , Dortmund announced that Thomas Tuchel would replace Klopp at the end of the season . Klopps final season , however , ended on high note , rising and finishing seventh after facing relegation , gaining a DFB-Pokal final with VfL Wolfsburg and qualifying for the 2015–16 Europa League . Post-Klopp era . In the 2015–16 season , Dortmund started off on a high , winning 4–0 against Borussia Mönchengladbach on the opening day , followed by five-straight wins which took them to the top of the Bundesliga . After the eighth matchday , they were surpassed by Bayern Munich following an unlucky draw with 1899 Hoffenheim . Dortmund kept their performances up , winning 24 out of 34 league games and becoming the best Bundesliga runner-up team of all time . In the Europa League , they advanced to the quarter-finals , getting knocked out by a Jürgen Klopp-led Liverpool in a dramatic comeback at Anfield , where defender Dejan Lovren scored a late goal to make it 4–3 to the Reds and 5–4 on aggregate . In the 2015–16 DFB-Pokal , for the third-straight year Dortmund made it to the competition final , but lost to Bayern Munich on penalties . On 11 April 2017 , three explosions occurred near the teams bus on its way to a Champions League match against AS Monaco at the Signal Iduna Park . Defender Marc Bartra was injured , and taken to hospital . Dortmund went on to lose the game 2–3 to AS Monaco . Dortmunds manager , Thomas Tuchel , blamed the loss as a result of an ignorant decision by UEFA . UEFA went on to say that the team made no objection to playing , and that the decision was made in compliance with the club and local law enforcement . In the second leg , Dortmund went on to lose 1–3 , leaving the aggregate score at 3–6 , and seeing them eliminated from that years UEFA Champions League . On 26 April , Dortmund defeated Bayern Munich 3–2 in Munich to advance to the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , Dortmunds fourth consecutive final and fifth in six seasons . On 27 May , Dortmund won the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal 2–1 over Eintracht Frankfurt with the winner coming from a penalty converted by Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang . Ahead of the 2017–18 season , Thomas Tuchel stepped down as manager . The Dortmund board made a decision to hire Peter Bosz as the new manager and head coach . Although Bosz got off to a record-breaking start in the teams first 7 games , what followed was 20 games without a win , after which he was relieved of his staff role . Peter Stöger was announced as the interim coach . During the January window of the same season , Aubameyang and Bartra both left the club . Stöger bought Manuel Akanji of FC Basel for a fee of €21.5 million and Michy Batshuayi on a six-month loan from Chelsea . Stöger coached Dortmund for the rest of the season , granting them a fourth-place finish in the Bundesliga before stepping down at the end of the season . Michy Batshuayi also returned to Chelsea . In the summer of 2018 , Dortmund appointed former OGC Nice coach , Lucien Favre as their manager/head coach . After a very busy transfer window for the team , seeing eight new players arrive at the club for the first team squad , Dortmund performed strongly , chasing Bayern Munich for the title race down to the last matchday , narrowly missing out on the league title by two points and earning Lucien Favre a contract extension . A four-part Amazon Prime Video documentary series was created , about the same season , named Inside Borussia Dortmund . The next season , Dortmund pulled off a few big-name signings with the intent of winning the Bundesliga title . Although they won the DFL Supercup , this was their only silverware this season . After a scrappy first half of the season , they changed their tactics and made a few more transfers in the January Window . They were eliminated in both the DFB-Pokal and the UEFA Champions League as well . Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany , the season stopped abruptly . Once the restart occurred , Dortmund looked better but their performances were not enough to stop a dominant Bayern Munich side from grasping the Bundesliga title . They finished the 2019–20 season in second place after beating RB Leipzig in matchweek 33 due to a brace from Erling Haaland . Grounds . Stadiums . The Westfalenstadion is the home stadium of Borussia Dortmund , Germanys largest stadium and the seventh-largest in Europe . The stadium is officially named Signal Iduna Park after insurance company Signal Iduna purchased the rights to name the stadium until 2021 . This name , however , cannot be used when hosting FIFA and UEFA events , since these governing bodies have policies forbidding corporate sponsorship from companies that are not official tournament partners . During the 2006 World Cup , the stadium was referred to as FIFA World Cup Stadium , Dortmund , while in UEFA club matches , it is known as BVB Stadion Dortmund . The stadium currently hosts up to 81,359 spectators ( standing and seated ) for league matches and 65,829 seated spectators for international matches . For these , the characteristic southern grandstand is re-equipped with seats to conform to FIFA regulations . In 1974 , the Westfalenstadion replaced the Stadion Rote Erde , which is located next door and serves now as the stadium of Borussia Dortmund II . After the increasing popularity of Borussia Dortmund in the 1960s , it became obvious that the traditional ground was too small for the increasing number of Borussia Dortmund supporters . The city of Dortmund , however , was not able to finance a new stadium and federal institutions were unwilling to help . But in 1971 , Dortmund was selected to replace the city of Cologne , which was forced to withdraw its plans to host games in the 1974 World Cup . The funds originally set aside for the projected stadium in Cologne were thus re-allocated to Dortmund , and a new stadium became reality . The Westfalenstadion has undergone several renovations throughout the years to increase the size of the stadium , including an expansion of the stadium for the 2006 World Cup . In 2008 , the Borusseum , a museum about Borussia Dortmund , opened in the stadium . In 2011 , Borussia Dortmund agreed to a partnership with Q-Cells . The company installed 8,768 solar cells on the roof of the Westfalenstadion to generate up to 860,000 kWh per year . Borussia Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any football club worldwide . In 2014 , it was estimated that each of the clubs home games is attended by around 1,000 British spectators , drawn to the team by its low ticket prices compared to the Premier League . Training ground . Borussia Dortmunds training ground and Academy base Hohenbuschei is located in Brackel , a district of Dortmund . Inside the complex , there are physical exercise training for physical fitness and rehabilitation robotics areas , physiotherapy and massage rooms , and remedial and hydrotherapy pools . There are also sauna rooms , steam rooms and weight rooms , classrooms , conference halls , offices for the BVB front office , a restaurant , and a TV studio to interview the BVB professional footballers and coaching staff for BVB total! , the channel owned by the club . On the grounds , there are five grass pitches , two of which have under-soil heating , one artificial grass field , three small grass pitches and a multi-functional sports arena . The site covers a total area of . In addition , the club owns a Footbonaut , a training robot which is effectively a training cage . The training complex and youth performance centre , located in Hohenbuschei , will be expanded in stages until 2021 . In addition , the Sports Business Office will be entirely rebuilt from scratch . The planned construction , which will cost up to 20 million euros , will make BVB the best-equipped football club in the country with regards to infrastructure . In the Strobelallee Training Centre , the BVB Evonik Football Academy has an outstanding training venue exclusively at its disposal . Among others , the Bundesliga-team used to prepare for their matches on the clubs former training ground . Organisation and finance . Borussia Dortmund e.V . is represented by its management board and a board of directors consisting of president Dr . Reinhard Rauball , his proxy and vice-president Gerd Pieper , and treasurer Dr . Reinhold Lunow . Professional football at Dortmund is run by the organisation Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA . This corporation model has two types of participators : at least one partner with unlimited liability and at least one partner with limited liability . The investment of the latter is divided into stocks . The organisation Borussia Dortmund GmbH is the partner with unlimited liability and is responsible for the management and representation of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA . Borussia Dortmund GmbH is fully owned by the sports club , Borussia Dortmund e.V . This organizational structure was designed to ensure that the sports club has full control over the professional squad . The stock of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA was floated on the stock market in October 2000 and is listed in the General Standard of Deutsche Börse AG . Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA became the first and so far the only publicly traded sports club on the German stock market . 5.53% of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA is owned by the sports club , Borussia Dortmund e.V. ; 9.33% by Bernd Geske ; and 59.93% widely spread shareholdings . Hans-Joachim Watzke is the CEO and Thomas Treß is the CFO of the GmbH & Co . KGaA . Michael Zorc as sporting director is responsible for the first team , the coaching staff , the youth and junior section , and scouting . The supervisory board consists , among others , of politicians Werner Müller and Peer Steinbrück . Borussia Dortmund e.V . and Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaAs economic indicators reveal that BVB will be generating revenue of €305 million ( US$408 million ) from September 2012 to August 2013 . According to the 2015 Deloittes annual Football Money League , BVB generated revenues of €262 million during the 2013–14 season . This figure excludes player transfer fees , VAT and other sales-related taxes . Kits and sponsorship . Dortmunds main advertising partner and current shirt sponsor is Evonik . The insurance company Signal Iduna purchased the rights to name the Westfalenstadion Signal Iduna Park until 2021 . The main equipment supplier is Puma since the 2012–13 season . The contract is valid until 2025 . The club announced a deal with Opel to be the first-ever sleeve sponsor from the 2017–18 season . In addition , there are three different levels of partners : BVBChampionPartner includes among others Opel , bwin , Brinkhoffs , Wilo , Hankook and EA Sports ; BVBPartner includes among others MAN , Eurowings , Coca-Cola , Ruhr Nachrichten , REWE and Aral ; and BVBProduktPartner includes among others ofo , Westfalenhallen and TEDi . Since 2012 , Brixental in the Kitzbühel Alps in Austria is a BVB sponsor as well ; furthermore , the region is host of one of the annual summer training camps . Charity . Borussia Dortmund has raised money for charity over the years for various causes . On 17 May 2011 , Borussia Dortmund held a charity game for the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami against Team Japan . Ticket sales from the game and €1 million from Dortmunds main sponsor Evonik went to charity for Japan earthquake and tsunami victims . In November 2012 , Borussia Dortmund KGaA founded a charitable trust called leuchte auf , to give important social projects financial help . The trusts logo is a star consisting of the streets which meet at Dortmunds Borsigplatz , where the club was founded . On 6 July 2013 , Borussia Dortmund held a charity game to raise money for 2013 German flood victims in the German states of Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . In March 2020 , Borussia Dortmund , Bayern Munich , RB Leipzig , and Bayer Leverkusen , the four German UEFA Champions League teams for the 2019–20 season , collectively gave €20 million to Bundesliga and 2 . Bundesliga teams that were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic . Since 1996 , during Advent , Borussia Dortmund players visit the childrens hospital in Dortmund where the players meet with the patients and give them gifts . Players . Club captains . Since 1963 , 18 players have held the position of club captain for Borussia Dortmund . The first club captain after the introduction of the Bundesliga was Alfred Schmidt , who was captain from 1963 to 1965 . The longest-serving captain Michael Zorc , who was club captain from 1988 to 1997 , has the distinction of having won the most trophies as captain ; he won two Bundesliga titles , one DFB-Pokal , three DFL-Supercups and one UEFA Champions League . The current club captain is Marco Reus , who took over after Marcel Schmelzer stepped down from his role as the clubs captain for the 2018–19 season . Non-playing staff . Head coaches . In July 1935 , Fritz Thelen became the clubs first full-time head coach , but was not available in the first months of the season , forcing Dortmund player and Germany international Ernst Kuzorra to take over instead . In 1966 , Willi Multhaup led his side to the European Cup Winners Cup , the first German team to win a European trophy . Horst Köppel was the coach to bring major silverware to the club for the first time in over 20 years , winning the DFB-Pokal in 1989 . Ottmar Hitzfeld , the clubs most successful coach , having won both the Bundesliga and Supercup twice . In 1997 , Dortmund had waited for continental success for over 30 years ; Hitzfeld crowned his period with an unexpected triumph and won the Champions League . Dortmund won the Intercontinental Cup in 1997 and head coach Nevio Scala became the first and so far the only non-native speaker who won a major title . In 2001–02 , Matthias Sammer , a former BVB player , brought the league title back to Dortmund . In 2008–09 , the club approached Mainz 05 head coach Jürgen Klopp . He won the clubs seventh championship title in 2010–11 . In his fourth season , Dortmund won the Bundesliga and the DFB-Pokal to complete the first league and cup double in the clubs history . Successor Thomas Tuchel won the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal . On 22 May 2018 , Lucien Favre was confirmed as the new head coach of the club for the 2018–19 season . He was able to win the 2019 DFL-Supercup on 3 August 2019 . On 12 December 2020 , Dortmund suffered a 5–1 defeat against VfB Stuttgart . Favre was fired the next day . Records . Borussia Dortmunds name is attached to a number of Bundesliga and European records : - The Borussia Dortmund player with the most appearances is Michael Zorc , with 572 in all competitions . - The Borussia Dortmund player with the most goals is Alfred Preissler , with 168 in all competitions . - The most goals ever in a UEFA Champions League match ( 12 ) occurred when Dortmund beat Legia Warsaw 8–4 in the 2016–17 season . - Youssoufa Moukoko became the youngest player in Bundesliga history ( aged 16 years and 1 day ) when he appeared for Borussia Dortmund against Hertha BSC on 21 November 2020 . - Moukoko also became the youngest player in UEFA Champions League history ( aged 16 years and 18 days ) when he was subbed on for Dortmund against Zenit Saint Petersburg on 8 December 2020 . - Moukoko became both the youngest goalscorer in Bundesliga history and the youngest player to score for Dortmund ( aged 16 years and 28 days ) after netting against Union Berlin on 18 December 2020 . - Dortmund was on the receiving end of the worst loss ever in a Bundesliga match when they suffered a 12–0 defeat away to Borussia Mönchengladbach on 29 April 1978 . - BVB and Bayern Munich were carded a record of 15 times ( 3 for Dortmund , 12 for Munich ) in a match played on 7 April 2001 . - The most penalties given in a Bundesliga match was five , in a game played between Borussia Mönchengladbach and Dortmund on 9 November 1965 . - The first goal ever scored in Bundesliga play was by Dortmunds Friedhelm Konietzka against Werder Bremen ; however , Werder Bremen won 3–2 . - Former Borussia Dortmund striker Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang is one of only three players , the others being Klaus Allofs and Robert Lewandowski , to have scored at least once in ten straight Bundesliga matchdays . He was also the first player ever to score at least once in the first eight matchdays of a Bundesliga season , and formerly held the record for most Bundesliga goals in a single season by a foreign player ( 31 in 2016–17 ) . Honours . Domestic . - German Championship/Bundesliga - 2 . Bundesliga North - DFB-Pokal - DFB/DFL-Supercup - DFB-Ligapokal European . - UEFA Champions League - UEFA Cup Winners Cup - UEFA Cup - UEFA Super Cup International . - Intercontinental Cup Regional . - Oberliga West/West German Championship - Westphalia Cup Partnerships . Hyderabad FC

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Who was the head coach of the team Borussia Dortmund between Oct 2018 and Dec 2018?

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Borussia Dortmund Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e . V . Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia . It is best known for its mens professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The club have won eight league championships , five DFB-Pokals , one UEFA Champions League , one Intercontinental Cup , and one UEFA Cup Winners Cup . Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund , the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . The club has active departments in other sports , namely in womens handball . Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion ; the stadium is the largest in Germany , and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmunds colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . They hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , with whom they contest the Revierderby . They also contest Der Klassiker with Bayern Munich . In terms of Deloittes annual Football Money League , Dortmund was in 2015 ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany , and the 12th richest football team in the world . Moreover , under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s , Dortmund have cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent , and have remained focused on developing a youth system . They have also received plaudits for generally adhering to an attacking footballing philosophy . History . Foundation and early years . The club was founded on 19 December 1909 by a group of young men unhappy with the Catholic church-sponsored Trinity Youth , where they played football under the stern and unsympathetic eye of the local parish priest . The priest , Father Dewald was blocked at the door when he tried to break up the organising meeting being held in a room of the local pub , Zum Wildschütz . The founders were Franz and Paul Braun , Henry Cleve , Hans Debest , Paul Dziendzielle , Franz , Julius and Wilhelm Jacobi , Hans Kahn , Gustav Müller , Franz Risse , Fritz Schulte , Hans Siebold , August Tönnesmann , Heinrich and Robert Unger , Fritz Weber and Franz Wendt . The name Borussia is Latin for Prussia but was taken from Borussia beer from the nearby Borussia brewery in Dortmund . The team began playing in blue and white striped shirts with a red sash , and black shorts . In 1913 , they donned the black and yellow stripes so familiar today . Over the next decades the club enjoyed only modest success playing in local leagues . They had a brush with bankruptcy in 1929 when an attempt to boost the clubs fortunes by signing some paid professional footballers failed miserably and left the team deep in debt . They survived only through the generosity of a local supporter who covered the teams shortfall out of his own pocket . The 1930s saw the rise of the Third Reich , which restructured sports and football organisations throughout the nation to suit the regimes goals . Borussias president was replaced when he refused to join the Nazi Party , and a couple of members who surreptitiously used the clubs offices to produce anti-Nazi pamphlets were executed in the last days of the war . The club did have greater success in the newly established Gauliga Westfalen , but would have to wait until after World War II to make a breakthrough . It was during this time that Borussia developed its intense rivalry with Schalke 04 of suburban Gelsenkirchen , the most successful side of the era ( see Revierderby ) . Like every other organisation in Germany , Borussia was dissolved by the Allied occupation authorities after the war in an attempt to distance the countrys institutions from its so-recent Nazi past . There was a short-lived attempt to merge the club with two others – Werksportgemeinschaft Hoesch and Freier Sportverein 98 – as Sportgemeinschaft Borussia von 1898 , but it was as Ballspiel-Verein Borussia ( BVB ) that they made their first appearance in the national league final in 1949 , where they lost 2–3 to VfR Mannheim . First national titles . Between 1946 and 1963 , Borussia featured in the Oberliga West , a first division league which dominated German football through the late 1950s . In 1949 , Borussia reached the final in Stuttgart against VfR Mannheim , which they lost 2–3 after extra time . The club claimed its first national title in 1956 with a 4–2 win against Karlsruher SC . One year later , Borussia defeated Hamburger SV 4–1 to win their second national title . After this coup , the three Alfredos ( Alfred Preißler , Alfred Kelbassa and Alfred Niepieklo ) were legends in Dortmund . In 1963 , Borussia won the last edition of the German Football Championship ( before the introduction of the new Bundesliga ) to secure their third national title . Bundesliga debut . In 1962 , the DFB met in Dortmund and voted to establish a professional football league in Germany , to begin play in August 1963 as the Bundesliga . Borussia Dortmund earned its place among the first sixteen clubs to play in the league by winning the last pre-Bundesliga national championship . Runners-up 1 . FC Köln also earned an automatic berth . Dortmunds Friedhelm Konietzka scored the first-ever Bundesliga goal a minute into the match , which they would eventually lose 2–3 to Werder Bremen . In 1965 , Dortmund captured its first DFB-Pokal . In 1966 , Dortmund won the European Cup Winners Cup 2–1 against Liverpool in extra time , with the goals coming from Sigfried Held and Reinhard Libuda . In the same year , however , the team surrendered a commanding position atop the Bundesliga by losing four of their last five league games and finishing second , three points behind champions 1860 München . Ironically , much of 1860 Münchens success came on the strength of the play of Konietzka , recently transferred from Dortmund . The 1970s were characterised by financial problems , relegation from the Bundesliga in 1972 , and the opening of the Westfalenstadion , named after its home region Westphalia in 1974 . The club earned its return to Bundesliga in 1976 . Dortmund continued to have financial problems through the 1980s . BVB avoided being relegated in 1986 by winning a third decisive playoff game against Fortuna Köln after finishing the regular season in 16th place . Dortmund did not enjoy any significant success again until a 4–1 DFB-Pokal win in 1989 against Werder Bremen . It was Horst Köppels first trophy as a manager . Dortmund then won the 1989 DFL-Supercup 4–3 against rivals Bayern Munich . Golden age – the 1990s . After a tenth-place finish in the Bundesliga in 1991 , manager Horst Köppel was let go and manager Ottmar Hitzfeld was hired . In 1992 , Hitzfeld led Borussia Dortmund to a second-place finish in the Bundesliga and would have won the title had VfB Stuttgart not won their last game to become champions instead . Along with a fourth-place finish in the Bundesliga , Dortmund made it to the 1993 UEFA Cup final , which they lost 6–1 on aggregate to Juventus . In spite of this result , Borussia walked away with DM25 million under the prize money pool system in place at the time for German sides participating in the Cup . Cash flush , Dortmund was able to sign players who later brought them numerous honours in the 1990s . Under the captaincy of 1996 European Footballer of the Year Matthias Sammer , Borussia Dortmund won back-to-back Bundesliga titles in 1995 and 1996 . Dortmund also won the DFL-Supercup against Mönchengladbach in 1995 and 1 . FC Kaiserslautern in 1996 . In 1996–97 the team reached its first European Cup final . In a memorable match at the Olympiastadion in Munich , Dortmund faced the holders Juventus . Karl-Heinz Riedle put Dortmund ahead , shooting under goalkeeper Angelo Peruzzi from a cross by Paul Lambert . Riedle then made it two with a bullet header from a corner kick . In the second half , Alessandro Del Piero pulled one back for Juventus with a back heel . Then 20-year-old substitute and local boy Lars Ricken latched onto a through pass by Andreas Möller . Only 16 seconds after coming on to the pitch , Ricken chipped Peruzzi in the Juventus goal from over 20 yards out with his first touch of the ball . With Zinedine Zidane unable to make an impression for Juventus against the close marking of Lambert , Dortmund lifted the trophy with a 3–1 victory . Dortmund then went on to beat Brazilian club Cruzeiro 2–0 in the 1997 Intercontinental Cup Final to become world club champions . Borussia Dortmund were the second German club to win the Intercontinental Cup , after Bayern Munich in 1976 . As defending champions Dortmund reached the Champions League semi-final in 1998 . The team was missing key players from the start of the season when they played Real Madrid in the 98 semi . Sammers career was cut short by injury and only played three first team games after the Champions League win . Lambert had left in November to return to play in Scotland . Möller missed the first leg as did Kohler who missed both games in the tie . Real won the first leg 2–0 at home . Dortmund played better in the second leg but failed to take their chances . Dortmund went out 2–0 on aggregate . 21st century and Borussia goes public . In October 2000 , Borussia Dortmund became the first publicly traded club on the German stock market . In 2002 , Borussia Dortmund won their third Bundesliga title . Dortmund had a remarkable run at the end of the season to overtake Bayer Leverkusen , securing the title on the final day . Manager Matthias Sammer became the first person in Borussia Dortmund history to win the Bundesliga as both a player and manager . In the same season , Borussia lost the final of the 2001–02 UEFA Cup to Dutch side Feyenoord . Dortmunds fortunes then steadily declined for a number of years . Poor financial management led to a heavy debt load and the sale of their Westfalenstadion grounds . The situation was compounded by failure to advance in the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League , when the team was eliminated on penalties in the qualifying rounds by Club Brugge . In 2003 , Bayern Munich loaned €2 million to Dortmund for several months to pay their payroll . Borussia was again driven to the brink of bankruptcy in 2005 , the original €11 value of its shares having plummeted by over 80% on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange . At this time Hans-Joachim Watzke was appointed CEO and streamlined the club . The response to the crisis included a 20% pay cut for all players . In 2006 , in order to reduce debt , the Westfalenstadion was renamed Signal Iduna Park after a local insurance company . The naming rights agreement runs until 2021 . Dortmund suffered a miserable start to the 2005–06 season , but rallied to finish seventh . The club failed to gain a place in the UEFA Cup via the Fair Play draw . The clubs management recently indicated that the club again showed a profit ; this was largely related to the sale of David Odonkor to Real Betis and Tomáš Rosický to Arsenal . In the 2006–07 season , Dortmund unexpectedly faced serious relegation trouble for the first time in years . Dortmund went through three coaches and appointed Thomas Doll on 13 March 2007 after dropping to just one point above the relegation zone . Christoph Metzelder also left Borussia Dortmund on a free transfer . In the 2007–08 season , Dortmund lost to many smaller Bundesliga clubs . Despite finishing 13th in the Bundesliga table , Dortmund reached the DFB-Pokal Final against Bayern Munich , where they lost 2–1 in extra time . The final appearance qualified Dortmund for the UEFA Cup because Bayern already qualified for the Champions League . Thomas Doll resigned on 19 May 2008 and was replaced by Jürgen Klopp . Return to prominence . In the 2009–10 season , Klopps Dortmund improved on the season before to finish fifth in the Bundesliga to qualify for the UEFA Europa League . The team missed an opportunity to qualify for the Champions League by failing to beat eighth-place VfL Wolfsburg and 14th-place SC Freiburg in the final two matches of the campaign . Entering the 2010–11 season , Dortmund fielded a young and vibrant roster . On 4 December 2010 , Borussia became Herbstmeister ( Autumn Champion ) , an unofficial accolade going to the league leader at the winter break . They did this three matches before the break , sharing the record for having achieved this earliest with Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1993–94 ) and 1 . FC Kaiserslautern ( 1997–98 ) . On 30 April 2011 , the club beat 1 . FC Nürnberg 2–0 at home , while second-place Bayer Leverkusen lost , leaving Dortmund eight points clear with two games to play . This championship equalled the seven national titles held by rivals Schalke 04 , and guaranteed a spot in the 2011–12 Champions League group stages . One year later , Dortmund made a successful defence of its Bundesliga title with a win over Borussia Mönchengladbach , again on the 32nd match day . By the 34th and final match day , Dortmund set a new record with the most points—81—ever gained by a club in one Bundesliga season . This was surpassed the following season by Bayern Munichs 91 points . The clubs eighth championship places it third in total national titles , and players will now wear two stars over their uniform crest in recognition of the teams five Bundesliga titles . Notable names from the winning roster include Lucas Barrios , Mario Götze , Neven Subotić , Mats Hummels , Robert Lewandowski , Shinji Kagawa , Łukasz Piszczek , Jakub Błaszczykowski , Kevin Großkreutz , Ivan Perišić and İlkay Gündoğan . The club capped its successful 2011–12 season by winning the double for the first time by beating Bayern 5–2 in the final of the DFB-Pokal . Borussia Dortmund are one of four German clubs to win the Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal double , along with Bayern Munich , 1 . FC Köln and Werder Bremen . The club was voted Team of the Year 2011 at the annual Sportler des Jahres ( German Sports Personality of the Year ) awards . Borussia Dortmund ended the 2012–13 season in second place in the Bundesliga . Dortmund played in their second UEFA Champions League Final against Bayern Munich in the first ever all-German club final at Wembley Stadium on 25 May 2013 , which they lost 2–1 . In the 2013–14 season , Borussia Dortmund won the 2013 DFL-Supercup 4–2 against rivals Bayern Munich . The 2013–14 season started with a five-game winning streak for Dortmund , their best start to a season . Despite such a promising start , however , their season was hampered by injuries to several key players , seeing them stoop as low as fourth place in the table , and with a depleted squad could go only as far as the quarter-finals of the Champions League , losing 3–2 on aggregate to Real Madrid . Nevertheless , Dortmund managed to end their season on a high note by finishing second in the Bundesliga and reaching the 2014 DFB-Pokal Final , losing 0–2 to Bayern in extra time . They then began their 2014–15 season by defeating Bayern in the 2014 DFL-Supercup 2–0 . However , this victory would not be enough to inspire the squad to a solid performance at the start of the ensuing season , with Dortmund recording various results such as a 0–1 loss to Hamburger SV and two 2–2 draws against VfB Stuttgart and Bundesliga newcomers Paderborn 07 . During the winter , Dortmund fell to the bottom of the table on multiple occasions , but managed to escape the relegation zone after four consecutive wins in February . On 15 April 2015 , Jürgen Klopp announced that after seven years , he would be leaving Dortmund . Four days later , Dortmund announced that Thomas Tuchel would replace Klopp at the end of the season . Klopps final season , however , ended on high note , rising and finishing seventh after facing relegation , gaining a DFB-Pokal final with VfL Wolfsburg and qualifying for the 2015–16 Europa League . Post-Klopp era . In the 2015–16 season , Dortmund started off on a high , winning 4–0 against Borussia Mönchengladbach on the opening day , followed by five-straight wins which took them to the top of the Bundesliga . After the eighth matchday , they were surpassed by Bayern Munich following an unlucky draw with 1899 Hoffenheim . Dortmund kept their performances up , winning 24 out of 34 league games and becoming the best Bundesliga runner-up team of all time . In the Europa League , they advanced to the quarter-finals , getting knocked out by a Jürgen Klopp-led Liverpool in a dramatic comeback at Anfield , where defender Dejan Lovren scored a late goal to make it 4–3 to the Reds and 5–4 on aggregate . In the 2015–16 DFB-Pokal , for the third-straight year Dortmund made it to the competition final , but lost to Bayern Munich on penalties . On 11 April 2017 , three explosions occurred near the teams bus on its way to a Champions League match against AS Monaco at the Signal Iduna Park . Defender Marc Bartra was injured , and taken to hospital . Dortmund went on to lose the game 2–3 to AS Monaco . Dortmunds manager , Thomas Tuchel , blamed the loss as a result of an ignorant decision by UEFA . UEFA went on to say that the team made no objection to playing , and that the decision was made in compliance with the club and local law enforcement . In the second leg , Dortmund went on to lose 1–3 , leaving the aggregate score at 3–6 , and seeing them eliminated from that years UEFA Champions League . On 26 April , Dortmund defeated Bayern Munich 3–2 in Munich to advance to the 2017 DFB-Pokal Final , Dortmunds fourth consecutive final and fifth in six seasons . On 27 May , Dortmund won the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal 2–1 over Eintracht Frankfurt with the winner coming from a penalty converted by Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang . Ahead of the 2017–18 season , Thomas Tuchel stepped down as manager . The Dortmund board made a decision to hire Peter Bosz as the new manager and head coach . Although Bosz got off to a record-breaking start in the teams first 7 games , what followed was 20 games without a win , after which he was relieved of his staff role . Peter Stöger was announced as the interim coach . During the January window of the same season , Aubameyang and Bartra both left the club . Stöger bought Manuel Akanji of FC Basel for a fee of €21.5 million and Michy Batshuayi on a six-month loan from Chelsea . Stöger coached Dortmund for the rest of the season , granting them a fourth-place finish in the Bundesliga before stepping down at the end of the season . Michy Batshuayi also returned to Chelsea . In the summer of 2018 , Dortmund appointed former OGC Nice coach , Lucien Favre as their manager/head coach . After a very busy transfer window for the team , seeing eight new players arrive at the club for the first team squad , Dortmund performed strongly , chasing Bayern Munich for the title race down to the last matchday , narrowly missing out on the league title by two points and earning Lucien Favre a contract extension . A four-part Amazon Prime Video documentary series was created , about the same season , named Inside Borussia Dortmund . The next season , Dortmund pulled off a few big-name signings with the intent of winning the Bundesliga title . Although they won the DFL Supercup , this was their only silverware this season . After a scrappy first half of the season , they changed their tactics and made a few more transfers in the January Window . They were eliminated in both the DFB-Pokal and the UEFA Champions League as well . Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany , the season stopped abruptly . Once the restart occurred , Dortmund looked better but their performances were not enough to stop a dominant Bayern Munich side from grasping the Bundesliga title . They finished the 2019–20 season in second place after beating RB Leipzig in matchweek 33 due to a brace from Erling Haaland . Grounds . Stadiums . The Westfalenstadion is the home stadium of Borussia Dortmund , Germanys largest stadium and the seventh-largest in Europe . The stadium is officially named Signal Iduna Park after insurance company Signal Iduna purchased the rights to name the stadium until 2021 . This name , however , cannot be used when hosting FIFA and UEFA events , since these governing bodies have policies forbidding corporate sponsorship from companies that are not official tournament partners . During the 2006 World Cup , the stadium was referred to as FIFA World Cup Stadium , Dortmund , while in UEFA club matches , it is known as BVB Stadion Dortmund . The stadium currently hosts up to 81,359 spectators ( standing and seated ) for league matches and 65,829 seated spectators for international matches . For these , the characteristic southern grandstand is re-equipped with seats to conform to FIFA regulations . In 1974 , the Westfalenstadion replaced the Stadion Rote Erde , which is located next door and serves now as the stadium of Borussia Dortmund II . After the increasing popularity of Borussia Dortmund in the 1960s , it became obvious that the traditional ground was too small for the increasing number of Borussia Dortmund supporters . The city of Dortmund , however , was not able to finance a new stadium and federal institutions were unwilling to help . But in 1971 , Dortmund was selected to replace the city of Cologne , which was forced to withdraw its plans to host games in the 1974 World Cup . The funds originally set aside for the projected stadium in Cologne were thus re-allocated to Dortmund , and a new stadium became reality . The Westfalenstadion has undergone several renovations throughout the years to increase the size of the stadium , including an expansion of the stadium for the 2006 World Cup . In 2008 , the Borusseum , a museum about Borussia Dortmund , opened in the stadium . In 2011 , Borussia Dortmund agreed to a partnership with Q-Cells . The company installed 8,768 solar cells on the roof of the Westfalenstadion to generate up to 860,000 kWh per year . Borussia Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any football club worldwide . In 2014 , it was estimated that each of the clubs home games is attended by around 1,000 British spectators , drawn to the team by its low ticket prices compared to the Premier League . Training ground . Borussia Dortmunds training ground and Academy base Hohenbuschei is located in Brackel , a district of Dortmund . Inside the complex , there are physical exercise training for physical fitness and rehabilitation robotics areas , physiotherapy and massage rooms , and remedial and hydrotherapy pools . There are also sauna rooms , steam rooms and weight rooms , classrooms , conference halls , offices for the BVB front office , a restaurant , and a TV studio to interview the BVB professional footballers and coaching staff for BVB total! , the channel owned by the club . On the grounds , there are five grass pitches , two of which have under-soil heating , one artificial grass field , three small grass pitches and a multi-functional sports arena . The site covers a total area of . In addition , the club owns a Footbonaut , a training robot which is effectively a training cage . The training complex and youth performance centre , located in Hohenbuschei , will be expanded in stages until 2021 . In addition , the Sports Business Office will be entirely rebuilt from scratch . The planned construction , which will cost up to 20 million euros , will make BVB the best-equipped football club in the country with regards to infrastructure . In the Strobelallee Training Centre , the BVB Evonik Football Academy has an outstanding training venue exclusively at its disposal . Among others , the Bundesliga-team used to prepare for their matches on the clubs former training ground . Organisation and finance . Borussia Dortmund e.V . is represented by its management board and a board of directors consisting of president Dr . Reinhard Rauball , his proxy and vice-president Gerd Pieper , and treasurer Dr . Reinhold Lunow . Professional football at Dortmund is run by the organisation Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA . This corporation model has two types of participators : at least one partner with unlimited liability and at least one partner with limited liability . The investment of the latter is divided into stocks . The organisation Borussia Dortmund GmbH is the partner with unlimited liability and is responsible for the management and representation of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA . Borussia Dortmund GmbH is fully owned by the sports club , Borussia Dortmund e.V . This organizational structure was designed to ensure that the sports club has full control over the professional squad . The stock of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA was floated on the stock market in October 2000 and is listed in the General Standard of Deutsche Börse AG . Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA became the first and so far the only publicly traded sports club on the German stock market . 5.53% of Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaA is owned by the sports club , Borussia Dortmund e.V. ; 9.33% by Bernd Geske ; and 59.93% widely spread shareholdings . Hans-Joachim Watzke is the CEO and Thomas Treß is the CFO of the GmbH & Co . KGaA . Michael Zorc as sporting director is responsible for the first team , the coaching staff , the youth and junior section , and scouting . The supervisory board consists , among others , of politicians Werner Müller and Peer Steinbrück . Borussia Dortmund e.V . and Borussia Dortmund GmbH & Co . KGaAs economic indicators reveal that BVB will be generating revenue of €305 million ( US$408 million ) from September 2012 to August 2013 . According to the 2015 Deloittes annual Football Money League , BVB generated revenues of €262 million during the 2013–14 season . This figure excludes player transfer fees , VAT and other sales-related taxes . Kits and sponsorship . Dortmunds main advertising partner and current shirt sponsor is Evonik . The insurance company Signal Iduna purchased the rights to name the Westfalenstadion Signal Iduna Park until 2021 . The main equipment supplier is Puma since the 2012–13 season . The contract is valid until 2025 . The club announced a deal with Opel to be the first-ever sleeve sponsor from the 2017–18 season . In addition , there are three different levels of partners : BVBChampionPartner includes among others Opel , bwin , Brinkhoffs , Wilo , Hankook and EA Sports ; BVBPartner includes among others MAN , Eurowings , Coca-Cola , Ruhr Nachrichten , REWE and Aral ; and BVBProduktPartner includes among others ofo , Westfalenhallen and TEDi . Since 2012 , Brixental in the Kitzbühel Alps in Austria is a BVB sponsor as well ; furthermore , the region is host of one of the annual summer training camps . Charity . Borussia Dortmund has raised money for charity over the years for various causes . On 17 May 2011 , Borussia Dortmund held a charity game for the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami against Team Japan . Ticket sales from the game and €1 million from Dortmunds main sponsor Evonik went to charity for Japan earthquake and tsunami victims . In November 2012 , Borussia Dortmund KGaA founded a charitable trust called leuchte auf , to give important social projects financial help . The trusts logo is a star consisting of the streets which meet at Dortmunds Borsigplatz , where the club was founded . On 6 July 2013 , Borussia Dortmund held a charity game to raise money for 2013 German flood victims in the German states of Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt . In March 2020 , Borussia Dortmund , Bayern Munich , RB Leipzig , and Bayer Leverkusen , the four German UEFA Champions League teams for the 2019–20 season , collectively gave €20 million to Bundesliga and 2 . Bundesliga teams that were struggling financially during the COVID-19 pandemic . Since 1996 , during Advent , Borussia Dortmund players visit the childrens hospital in Dortmund where the players meet with the patients and give them gifts . Players . Club captains . Since 1963 , 18 players have held the position of club captain for Borussia Dortmund . The first club captain after the introduction of the Bundesliga was Alfred Schmidt , who was captain from 1963 to 1965 . The longest-serving captain Michael Zorc , who was club captain from 1988 to 1997 , has the distinction of having won the most trophies as captain ; he won two Bundesliga titles , one DFB-Pokal , three DFL-Supercups and one UEFA Champions League . The current club captain is Marco Reus , who took over after Marcel Schmelzer stepped down from his role as the clubs captain for the 2018–19 season . Non-playing staff . Head coaches . In July 1935 , Fritz Thelen became the clubs first full-time head coach , but was not available in the first months of the season , forcing Dortmund player and Germany international Ernst Kuzorra to take over instead . In 1966 , Willi Multhaup led his side to the European Cup Winners Cup , the first German team to win a European trophy . Horst Köppel was the coach to bring major silverware to the club for the first time in over 20 years , winning the DFB-Pokal in 1989 . Ottmar Hitzfeld , the clubs most successful coach , having won both the Bundesliga and Supercup twice . In 1997 , Dortmund had waited for continental success for over 30 years ; Hitzfeld crowned his period with an unexpected triumph and won the Champions League . Dortmund won the Intercontinental Cup in 1997 and head coach Nevio Scala became the first and so far the only non-native speaker who won a major title . In 2001–02 , Matthias Sammer , a former BVB player , brought the league title back to Dortmund . In 2008–09 , the club approached Mainz 05 head coach Jürgen Klopp . He won the clubs seventh championship title in 2010–11 . In his fourth season , Dortmund won the Bundesliga and the DFB-Pokal to complete the first league and cup double in the clubs history . Successor Thomas Tuchel won the 2016–17 DFB-Pokal . On 22 May 2018 , Lucien Favre was confirmed as the new head coach of the club for the 2018–19 season . He was able to win the 2019 DFL-Supercup on 3 August 2019 . On 12 December 2020 , Dortmund suffered a 5–1 defeat against VfB Stuttgart . Favre was fired the next day . Records . Borussia Dortmunds name is attached to a number of Bundesliga and European records : - The Borussia Dortmund player with the most appearances is Michael Zorc , with 572 in all competitions . - The Borussia Dortmund player with the most goals is Alfred Preissler , with 168 in all competitions . - The most goals ever in a UEFA Champions League match ( 12 ) occurred when Dortmund beat Legia Warsaw 8–4 in the 2016–17 season . - Youssoufa Moukoko became the youngest player in Bundesliga history ( aged 16 years and 1 day ) when he appeared for Borussia Dortmund against Hertha BSC on 21 November 2020 . - Moukoko also became the youngest player in UEFA Champions League history ( aged 16 years and 18 days ) when he was subbed on for Dortmund against Zenit Saint Petersburg on 8 December 2020 . - Moukoko became both the youngest goalscorer in Bundesliga history and the youngest player to score for Dortmund ( aged 16 years and 28 days ) after netting against Union Berlin on 18 December 2020 . - Dortmund was on the receiving end of the worst loss ever in a Bundesliga match when they suffered a 12–0 defeat away to Borussia Mönchengladbach on 29 April 1978 . - BVB and Bayern Munich were carded a record of 15 times ( 3 for Dortmund , 12 for Munich ) in a match played on 7 April 2001 . - The most penalties given in a Bundesliga match was five , in a game played between Borussia Mönchengladbach and Dortmund on 9 November 1965 . - The first goal ever scored in Bundesliga play was by Dortmunds Friedhelm Konietzka against Werder Bremen ; however , Werder Bremen won 3–2 . - Former Borussia Dortmund striker Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang is one of only three players , the others being Klaus Allofs and Robert Lewandowski , to have scored at least once in ten straight Bundesliga matchdays . He was also the first player ever to score at least once in the first eight matchdays of a Bundesliga season , and formerly held the record for most Bundesliga goals in a single season by a foreign player ( 31 in 2016–17 ) . Honours . Domestic . - German Championship/Bundesliga - 2 . Bundesliga North - DFB-Pokal - DFB/DFL-Supercup - DFB-Ligapokal European . - UEFA Champions League - UEFA Cup Winners Cup - UEFA Cup - UEFA Super Cup International . - Intercontinental Cup Regional . - Oberliga West/West German Championship - Westphalia Cup Partnerships . Hyderabad FC

hard

Which political party did Fred Dubois belong to before Nov 1895?

/wiki/Fred_Dubois#P102#0

Fred Dubois Fred Thomas Dubois ( May 29 , 1851February 14 , 1930 ) was a controversial American politician from Idaho who served two terms in the United States Senate . He was best known for his opposition to the gold standard and his efforts to disenfranchise Mormon voters . Early life and career . Dubois was of part French-Canadian descent . His paternal grandfather , Toussaint Dubois , was an immigrant who distinguished himself at the Battle of Tippecanoe . Dubois father , Jesse Kilgore Dubois , was an official at the U.S . Land Office in Palestine , Illinois , a former judge and state legislator , an early supporter of the Republican Party , and a close friend of fellow Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln . In 1856 the elder Dubois was elected Illinois state auditor and moved the family to the state capital , Springfield . Fred Dubois studied at Yale College from 1870 to 1872 , where he was elected to Scroll and Key . He then participated in business until 1875 , when he was appointed to the board of railroad and warehouse commissioners of Illinois . He held this position for one year , resigning shortly before the death of his father . In 1880 , he moved to Idaho Territory with his brother , Dr . Jesse Dubois , Jr . ( 1850–1908 ) , a physician . In 1882 , Dubois was appointed to be the U.S . Marshal for the Idaho Territory . He launched a successful campaign to disenfranchise Mormon voters in the territory on the grounds they broke the law by practicing polygamy . Territorial delegate . Based on this political success , in 1886 Dubois ran as a Republican for the Congressional delegate position from the territory . He defeated the Democratic incumbent , John Hailey , and remained in the position until Idahos statehood in 1890 . Dubois strongly supported Idahos application for statehood and opposed efforts to split the territory among neighboring regions . He reputedly lobbied President Benjamin Harrison in support of Idaho statehood by alluding to the common Battle of Tippecanoe connection between Dubois grandfather and Harrisons grandfather , President William Henry Harrison . On July 3 , 1890 , Dubois requested that Harrison sign the act of statehood on the Independence Day the next day . However , Harrison responded that since the stars are added to the flag every July 4 for every state adopted the previous year , if he did so , Idaho would not get its star on the flag before next year , so Dubois asked him to sign the act immediately , which he did . Senator . Idaho became a state in July 1890 and that November , Dubois helped engineer a plan for the Idaho Legislature to effectively elect three people to the U.S . Senate : Governor George Shoup to the Class 2 seat up for election in 1894 , state constitutional convention member William J . McConnell to serve for the remainder of the 51st Congress , ending in March 1891 , and Dubois himself to succeed McConnell and serve a full six-year term in the Class 3 seat beginning in March 1891 . During his first term in the Senate , Dubois concentrated on domestic politics , advocating for positions that he thought would benefit Idaho . He was a strong supporter of tariffs , particularly on wool and lead which Idaho produced much of . He also helped to negotiate a treaty with the Nez Perce Native Americans in 1894 . In 1895 , commenting on the exemption of the Bannocks from hunting limits , he said , the extermination [ driven over the boundary ] of the whole lazy , shiftless non-supporting tribe of Bannocks would not be any great loss . Dubois most prominent position , however , was in support of bimetallism . In 1896 , he was among those who left the Republican Party to join the Silver Republican faction . He considered having the Idaho Republicans fuse with the Democrats and Populists , but his allies were ousted from the Idaho Republican Party . This disorganization gave control of the Idaho Legislature to the Democrats and Populists . In 1896 Dubois was defeated for reelection in the Idaho Legislature by Populist Henry Heitfeld . After leaving the Senate in 1897 , Dubois returned to his ranch in Blackfoot , where he grew alfalfa . Return to the Senate . As the Silver Republican faction declined , it was thought by many that Dubois political career was over . But in 1900 , after refusing to rejoin the Republican Party , he was elected again to the United States Senate by the Democratic Idaho Legislature by defeating Shoup , his onetime political ally . Shortly after returning to the Senate in 1901 , Dubois switched parties and joined the Democratic Party , one of few politicians in that era to do so . He remains the only person in Idaho history to serve in the United States Congress as both a Republican and a Democrat . During his second term in the Senate , Dubois continued to advocate abandoning the gold standard , but focused most of his attention on opposition to imperialism and Mormonism . Dubois led a group of senators which tried to force Reed Smoot of Utah , the first Mormon ever elected to the Senate , to resign . Dubois strongly opposed efforts to make the Philippines , which were annexed from Spain after the Spanish–American War , an American territory . Dubois first supported independence for the Philippines , but after a 1905 visit , he declared that Filipinos could not rule themselves and advocated selling the islands to Japan . His reasons for opposing Filipino independence were strongly influenced by racist beliefs . He was afraid of the new territories economic competition with the rest of America , but not because he believed that the Filipinos presented an economic threat . Dubois disparaged Filipinos and many other ethnic and racial groups , declaring that It is difficult to get the Filipino to labor at all , and asserting that The Hawaiians will not labor . . . They are very similar to our American negro . The Philippines posed an economic threat if Japanese laborers migrated there , but he hoped that trade barriers could prevent Philippines sugar and tobacco from reaching American markets . Dubois also supported strong limits on Chinese immigration . Dubois broke with most Democrats of the day and supported President Theodore Roosevelts agenda of environmental conservationism . He supported William Randolph Hearst for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1904 . Defeat and later years . Caused in no small part by Dubois obsession with anti-Mormonism , Democrats in Idaho suffered significant electoral losses during his second term in the Senate . In January 1907 , a Republican Idaho Legislature chose prominent Boise attorney William Borah to replace Dubois in the Senate ; Borah was reelected five times and served over 32 years . Dubois lived the rest of his life in Washington , D.C . and made attempts at writing and business , which largely failed . He supported Champ Clark for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1912 , but after Clarks defeat , he worked for the Woodrow Wilson campaign in 1912 and 1916 . His last major political action was in 1918 , when he supported the election of various politicians from both parties in Idaho to support Wilsons progressive agenda , including Borah . Dubois served on the Board of Ordinance from 1918 to 1920 and on a commission on U.S . boundary disputes with Canada from 1924 until his death on February 14 , 1930 . He was buried at Grove City Cemetery in Blackfoot . Legacy . In Idaho , the county seat of rural Clark County is Dubois , and there is also Dubois Avenue in Twin Falls . In adjacent Wyoming , the town of Dubois in Fremont County is also named after the former senator . Senator Fred Dubois 1891 mansion still stands at 320 Southeast Main Street in Blackfoot , Idaho .

hard

Which political party did Fred Dubois belong to in late 1890s?

/wiki/Fred_Dubois#P102#1

Fred Dubois Fred Thomas Dubois ( May 29 , 1851February 14 , 1930 ) was a controversial American politician from Idaho who served two terms in the United States Senate . He was best known for his opposition to the gold standard and his efforts to disenfranchise Mormon voters . Early life and career . Dubois was of part French-Canadian descent . His paternal grandfather , Toussaint Dubois , was an immigrant who distinguished himself at the Battle of Tippecanoe . Dubois father , Jesse Kilgore Dubois , was an official at the U.S . Land Office in Palestine , Illinois , a former judge and state legislator , an early supporter of the Republican Party , and a close friend of fellow Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln . In 1856 the elder Dubois was elected Illinois state auditor and moved the family to the state capital , Springfield . Fred Dubois studied at Yale College from 1870 to 1872 , where he was elected to Scroll and Key . He then participated in business until 1875 , when he was appointed to the board of railroad and warehouse commissioners of Illinois . He held this position for one year , resigning shortly before the death of his father . In 1880 , he moved to Idaho Territory with his brother , Dr . Jesse Dubois , Jr . ( 1850–1908 ) , a physician . In 1882 , Dubois was appointed to be the U.S . Marshal for the Idaho Territory . He launched a successful campaign to disenfranchise Mormon voters in the territory on the grounds they broke the law by practicing polygamy . Territorial delegate . Based on this political success , in 1886 Dubois ran as a Republican for the Congressional delegate position from the territory . He defeated the Democratic incumbent , John Hailey , and remained in the position until Idahos statehood in 1890 . Dubois strongly supported Idahos application for statehood and opposed efforts to split the territory among neighboring regions . He reputedly lobbied President Benjamin Harrison in support of Idaho statehood by alluding to the common Battle of Tippecanoe connection between Dubois grandfather and Harrisons grandfather , President William Henry Harrison . On July 3 , 1890 , Dubois requested that Harrison sign the act of statehood on the Independence Day the next day . However , Harrison responded that since the stars are added to the flag every July 4 for every state adopted the previous year , if he did so , Idaho would not get its star on the flag before next year , so Dubois asked him to sign the act immediately , which he did . Senator . Idaho became a state in July 1890 and that November , Dubois helped engineer a plan for the Idaho Legislature to effectively elect three people to the U.S . Senate : Governor George Shoup to the Class 2 seat up for election in 1894 , state constitutional convention member William J . McConnell to serve for the remainder of the 51st Congress , ending in March 1891 , and Dubois himself to succeed McConnell and serve a full six-year term in the Class 3 seat beginning in March 1891 . During his first term in the Senate , Dubois concentrated on domestic politics , advocating for positions that he thought would benefit Idaho . He was a strong supporter of tariffs , particularly on wool and lead which Idaho produced much of . He also helped to negotiate a treaty with the Nez Perce Native Americans in 1894 . In 1895 , commenting on the exemption of the Bannocks from hunting limits , he said , the extermination [ driven over the boundary ] of the whole lazy , shiftless non-supporting tribe of Bannocks would not be any great loss . Dubois most prominent position , however , was in support of bimetallism . In 1896 , he was among those who left the Republican Party to join the Silver Republican faction . He considered having the Idaho Republicans fuse with the Democrats and Populists , but his allies were ousted from the Idaho Republican Party . This disorganization gave control of the Idaho Legislature to the Democrats and Populists . In 1896 Dubois was defeated for reelection in the Idaho Legislature by Populist Henry Heitfeld . After leaving the Senate in 1897 , Dubois returned to his ranch in Blackfoot , where he grew alfalfa . Return to the Senate . As the Silver Republican faction declined , it was thought by many that Dubois political career was over . But in 1900 , after refusing to rejoin the Republican Party , he was elected again to the United States Senate by the Democratic Idaho Legislature by defeating Shoup , his onetime political ally . Shortly after returning to the Senate in 1901 , Dubois switched parties and joined the Democratic Party , one of few politicians in that era to do so . He remains the only person in Idaho history to serve in the United States Congress as both a Republican and a Democrat . During his second term in the Senate , Dubois continued to advocate abandoning the gold standard , but focused most of his attention on opposition to imperialism and Mormonism . Dubois led a group of senators which tried to force Reed Smoot of Utah , the first Mormon ever elected to the Senate , to resign . Dubois strongly opposed efforts to make the Philippines , which were annexed from Spain after the Spanish–American War , an American territory . Dubois first supported independence for the Philippines , but after a 1905 visit , he declared that Filipinos could not rule themselves and advocated selling the islands to Japan . His reasons for opposing Filipino independence were strongly influenced by racist beliefs . He was afraid of the new territories economic competition with the rest of America , but not because he believed that the Filipinos presented an economic threat . Dubois disparaged Filipinos and many other ethnic and racial groups , declaring that It is difficult to get the Filipino to labor at all , and asserting that The Hawaiians will not labor . . . They are very similar to our American negro . The Philippines posed an economic threat if Japanese laborers migrated there , but he hoped that trade barriers could prevent Philippines sugar and tobacco from reaching American markets . Dubois also supported strong limits on Chinese immigration . Dubois broke with most Democrats of the day and supported President Theodore Roosevelts agenda of environmental conservationism . He supported William Randolph Hearst for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1904 . Defeat and later years . Caused in no small part by Dubois obsession with anti-Mormonism , Democrats in Idaho suffered significant electoral losses during his second term in the Senate . In January 1907 , a Republican Idaho Legislature chose prominent Boise attorney William Borah to replace Dubois in the Senate ; Borah was reelected five times and served over 32 years . Dubois lived the rest of his life in Washington , D.C . and made attempts at writing and business , which largely failed . He supported Champ Clark for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1912 , but after Clarks defeat , he worked for the Woodrow Wilson campaign in 1912 and 1916 . His last major political action was in 1918 , when he supported the election of various politicians from both parties in Idaho to support Wilsons progressive agenda , including Borah . Dubois served on the Board of Ordinance from 1918 to 1920 and on a commission on U.S . boundary disputes with Canada from 1924 until his death on February 14 , 1930 . He was buried at Grove City Cemetery in Blackfoot . Legacy . In Idaho , the county seat of rural Clark County is Dubois , and there is also Dubois Avenue in Twin Falls . In adjacent Wyoming , the town of Dubois in Fremont County is also named after the former senator . Senator Fred Dubois 1891 mansion still stands at 320 Southeast Main Street in Blackfoot , Idaho .

hard

Which political party did Fred Dubois belong to after Nov 1901?

/wiki/Fred_Dubois#P102#2

Fred Dubois Fred Thomas Dubois ( May 29 , 1851February 14 , 1930 ) was a controversial American politician from Idaho who served two terms in the United States Senate . He was best known for his opposition to the gold standard and his efforts to disenfranchise Mormon voters . Early life and career . Dubois was of part French-Canadian descent . His paternal grandfather , Toussaint Dubois , was an immigrant who distinguished himself at the Battle of Tippecanoe . Dubois father , Jesse Kilgore Dubois , was an official at the U.S . Land Office in Palestine , Illinois , a former judge and state legislator , an early supporter of the Republican Party , and a close friend of fellow Illinois Republican Abraham Lincoln . In 1856 the elder Dubois was elected Illinois state auditor and moved the family to the state capital , Springfield . Fred Dubois studied at Yale College from 1870 to 1872 , where he was elected to Scroll and Key . He then participated in business until 1875 , when he was appointed to the board of railroad and warehouse commissioners of Illinois . He held this position for one year , resigning shortly before the death of his father . In 1880 , he moved to Idaho Territory with his brother , Dr . Jesse Dubois , Jr . ( 1850–1908 ) , a physician . In 1882 , Dubois was appointed to be the U.S . Marshal for the Idaho Territory . He launched a successful campaign to disenfranchise Mormon voters in the territory on the grounds they broke the law by practicing polygamy . Territorial delegate . Based on this political success , in 1886 Dubois ran as a Republican for the Congressional delegate position from the territory . He defeated the Democratic incumbent , John Hailey , and remained in the position until Idahos statehood in 1890 . Dubois strongly supported Idahos application for statehood and opposed efforts to split the territory among neighboring regions . He reputedly lobbied President Benjamin Harrison in support of Idaho statehood by alluding to the common Battle of Tippecanoe connection between Dubois grandfather and Harrisons grandfather , President William Henry Harrison . On July 3 , 1890 , Dubois requested that Harrison sign the act of statehood on the Independence Day the next day . However , Harrison responded that since the stars are added to the flag every July 4 for every state adopted the previous year , if he did so , Idaho would not get its star on the flag before next year , so Dubois asked him to sign the act immediately , which he did . Senator . Idaho became a state in July 1890 and that November , Dubois helped engineer a plan for the Idaho Legislature to effectively elect three people to the U.S . Senate : Governor George Shoup to the Class 2 seat up for election in 1894 , state constitutional convention member William J . McConnell to serve for the remainder of the 51st Congress , ending in March 1891 , and Dubois himself to succeed McConnell and serve a full six-year term in the Class 3 seat beginning in March 1891 . During his first term in the Senate , Dubois concentrated on domestic politics , advocating for positions that he thought would benefit Idaho . He was a strong supporter of tariffs , particularly on wool and lead which Idaho produced much of . He also helped to negotiate a treaty with the Nez Perce Native Americans in 1894 . In 1895 , commenting on the exemption of the Bannocks from hunting limits , he said , the extermination [ driven over the boundary ] of the whole lazy , shiftless non-supporting tribe of Bannocks would not be any great loss . Dubois most prominent position , however , was in support of bimetallism . In 1896 , he was among those who left the Republican Party to join the Silver Republican faction . He considered having the Idaho Republicans fuse with the Democrats and Populists , but his allies were ousted from the Idaho Republican Party . This disorganization gave control of the Idaho Legislature to the Democrats and Populists . In 1896 Dubois was defeated for reelection in the Idaho Legislature by Populist Henry Heitfeld . After leaving the Senate in 1897 , Dubois returned to his ranch in Blackfoot , where he grew alfalfa . Return to the Senate . As the Silver Republican faction declined , it was thought by many that Dubois political career was over . But in 1900 , after refusing to rejoin the Republican Party , he was elected again to the United States Senate by the Democratic Idaho Legislature by defeating Shoup , his onetime political ally . Shortly after returning to the Senate in 1901 , Dubois switched parties and joined the Democratic Party , one of few politicians in that era to do so . He remains the only person in Idaho history to serve in the United States Congress as both a Republican and a Democrat . During his second term in the Senate , Dubois continued to advocate abandoning the gold standard , but focused most of his attention on opposition to imperialism and Mormonism . Dubois led a group of senators which tried to force Reed Smoot of Utah , the first Mormon ever elected to the Senate , to resign . Dubois strongly opposed efforts to make the Philippines , which were annexed from Spain after the Spanish–American War , an American territory . Dubois first supported independence for the Philippines , but after a 1905 visit , he declared that Filipinos could not rule themselves and advocated selling the islands to Japan . His reasons for opposing Filipino independence were strongly influenced by racist beliefs . He was afraid of the new territories economic competition with the rest of America , but not because he believed that the Filipinos presented an economic threat . Dubois disparaged Filipinos and many other ethnic and racial groups , declaring that It is difficult to get the Filipino to labor at all , and asserting that The Hawaiians will not labor . . . They are very similar to our American negro . The Philippines posed an economic threat if Japanese laborers migrated there , but he hoped that trade barriers could prevent Philippines sugar and tobacco from reaching American markets . Dubois also supported strong limits on Chinese immigration . Dubois broke with most Democrats of the day and supported President Theodore Roosevelts agenda of environmental conservationism . He supported William Randolph Hearst for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1904 . Defeat and later years . Caused in no small part by Dubois obsession with anti-Mormonism , Democrats in Idaho suffered significant electoral losses during his second term in the Senate . In January 1907 , a Republican Idaho Legislature chose prominent Boise attorney William Borah to replace Dubois in the Senate ; Borah was reelected five times and served over 32 years . Dubois lived the rest of his life in Washington , D.C . and made attempts at writing and business , which largely failed . He supported Champ Clark for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1912 , but after Clarks defeat , he worked for the Woodrow Wilson campaign in 1912 and 1916 . His last major political action was in 1918 , when he supported the election of various politicians from both parties in Idaho to support Wilsons progressive agenda , including Borah . Dubois served on the Board of Ordinance from 1918 to 1920 and on a commission on U.S . boundary disputes with Canada from 1924 until his death on February 14 , 1930 . He was buried at Grove City Cemetery in Blackfoot . Legacy . In Idaho , the county seat of rural Clark County is Dubois , and there is also Dubois Avenue in Twin Falls . In adjacent Wyoming , the town of Dubois in Fremont County is also named after the former senator . Senator Fred Dubois 1891 mansion still stands at 320 Southeast Main Street in Blackfoot , Idaho .

hard

What organization or association or team did Greg Lake join in 1969?

/wiki/Greg_Lake#P463#0

Greg Lake Gregory Stuart Lake ( 10 November 1947 – 7 December 2016 ) was an English singer , songwriter , bassist , guitarist and record producer . He gained prominence as a founding member of the progressive rock bands King Crimson and Emerson , Lake & Palmer ( ELP ) . Born and raised in Dorset , Lake began to play the guitar at the age of 12 and wrote his first song , Lucky Man , at the same age . He became a full-time musician at 17 , playing in several rock bands until his friend and fellow Dorset guitarist Robert Fripp invited him to join King Crimson as lead singer and bassist . They found commercial success with their influential debut album , In the Court of the Crimson King ( 1969 ) . Lake left the band in 1970 and achieved significant success in the 1970s and beyond as the singer , guitarist , bassist , and producer of Emerson , Lake & Palmer ( ELP ) . As a member of ELP , Lake wrote and recorded several popular songs including Lucky Man and From the Beginning . Both songs entered the UK and US singles charts . Lake launched a solo career , beginning with his 1975 single I Believe in Father Christmas which reached number two in the UK . He went on to release three solo albums with his Greg Lake Band with guitarist Gary Moore , recorded 1981 through 1983 ( two studio albums , one live album ) , as well as collaborating and performing with other artists and with various groups in the 1980s , had occasional ELP reunions in the 1990s and in 2010 , and toured regularly as a solo artist into the 21st century . He also sponsored other artists , producing their recordings and helping them to get recording contracts . He also was a fundraiser for the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children . He died on 7 December 2016 in London , of pancreatic cancer , at the age of 69 . Early life . Greg Lake was born on 10 November 1947 in the Parkstone area of Poole in Dorset , to Harry , an engineer , and Pearl , a housewife . He grew up in the residential suburb of Oakdale . Speaking about his childhood , Lake said he was born in an asbestos prefab housing unit into a very poor family , and remembered several cold winters at home , but credits his parents for sending him money and food during his time as a struggling musician . He later described his upbringing as a happy one . Lake discovered rock and roll in 1957 when he bought Little Richards Lucille . At the age of 12 , he first learned to play the guitar and wrote his first song , Lucky Man , which he didnt write down , simply committing it to memory . He named his mother , a pianist , as his initial musical influence and she bought Lake a second hand guitar to learn on . Lake then took guitar lessons from Don Strike , who had a shop in Westbourne . Strike taught him these awful Bert Weedon things , reading musical notation exercises with violin pieces by Niccolò Paganini , and playing 1930s pop tunes , the latter of which became an influence on Lake at the time . After roughly one year with Strike , Lake ended his tuition as he wished to learn songs by the Shadows , a favourite band of his , but Strike wouldnt have any of it . Lakes second guitar was a pink Fender Stratocaster . Lake attended Oakdale Junior School followed by Henry Harbin Secondary Modern School , and left the latter in 1963 or 1964 . He then took up work loading and unloading cargo at the Poole docks , and as a draughtsman for a short period . Lake then decided to become a full-time musician at the age of 17 . Career . Early bands . Lake joined his first band , Unit Four , playing cover songs as their singer and guitarist . King Crimson . In the 1960s , Lake formed a friendship with future King Crimson co-founder and guitarist Robert Fripp , who was also from Dorset and had also received lessons from Don Strike , and saw Lake perform in Unit Four in Poole . Fripp was asked to be a roadie for a gig at Ventnor , Isle of Wight , but no audience turned up . Consequently , Lake and Fripp decided to just play tunes from their guitar lessons that Strike had taught them . Fripp formed King Crimson since his previous group , Giles , Giles and Fripp was not commercially successful , and their record company suggested getting a proper lead singer . He chose Lake for this role , but asked him to play bass instead of guitar to avoid having to get a bass player in the group . This marked Lakes first time playing the instrument as he had primarily been a guitarist for the previous eleven years . Though Peter Sinfield was the bands lyricist , Lake had some involvement in the lyrics for their debut album In the Court of the Crimson King . After their contracted producer Tony Clarke walked away from the project , Lake produced the album . Released in October 1969 , the album was an immediate commercial and critical success , as Lake recalled : There was this huge wave of response . The audiences were really into us because we were an underground thing – the critics loved us because we offered something fresh . King Crimson supported In the Court of the Crimson King with a tour of the UK and the US , with some of the shows featuring rock band the Nice as the opening act . During the US leg , Lake struck up a friendship with Nice keyboardist Keith Emerson ; the two shared similar musical interests and talked about the benefits of forming a new group . When King Crimson returned to the UK in early 1970 , Lake agreed to sing on the bands second album , In the Wake of Poseidon , and appear on the music television show Top of the Pops with them , performing the song Cat Food . Emerson , Lake & Palmer . In April 1970 , Lake left King Crimson and reunited with Emerson , along with drummer Carl Palmer of the Crazy World of Arthur Brown and Atomic Rooster , to form the progressive rock supergroup , Emerson , Lake & Palmer . Lake began with a Fender bass before he switched to a Gibson Ripper . As well as bass , Lake contributed acoustic and electric guitar work to Emerson , Lake & Palmer , and his voice had a wider and more diverse range than anything the Nice had previously recorded . Emerson , Lake & Palmer became one of the most successful groups in the 1970s . Lake became known for performing on a Persian carpet on stage , which originally sold for £1,500 and , by 1976 , had increased its value to £7,000 . In addition , Lake would change his guitar strings after each show on tour . Emerson , Lake & Palmer conflicted between Emersons interest in complex , classically-influenced music and Lakes more straightforward rock tastes . Lake complained that Emerson chose to play in keys that were not a good fit for his voice . During the making of the bands second album Tarkus , Lake initially rejected the title track , but was persuaded to record it following a band meeting with management , which ended in the addition of an original Lake tune , Battlefield , into the suite . Lakes track From the Beginning , released on Trilogy in 1972 , had no particular source of inspiration ; I just felt an inspiration to do it , and it flowed through me in a natural way . My hands fell upon these very unusual chords .. . It was kind of a gift . It was released as a single , and reached number 39 in the US . In 1974 , Emerson , Lake & Palmer took a break in activity . Lake used this time to focus on his family life , travel , and write and release music . By then the band were tax exiles and relocated to Switzerland , France , Canada and the Bahamas as they were restricted to two months stay in England a year . In March 1977 , the band released Works Volume 1 , a double album , with each member of the group getting one side of an album for his solo music , and the fourth side for the group to work together . Lake wrote five acoustic songs with lyrical assistance from Sinfield , with a conscious effort not to record just ballads and attempt a wider variety of musical styles . He then incorporated orchestral overdubs to the songs . One of them , Cest la Vie , was released as a single . Lake called the album the beginning of the end of the band , as he no longer produced their future albums , neither of which were a really innovative record . In November 1977 , the band released Works Volume 2 . The band split up in 1979 following the unsuccessful album Love Beach , an album the group were contractually obliged to record . The group reformed for a number of years in the mid-1990s and released two albums , Black Moon in 1992 and In The Hot Seat in 1994 , before permanently disbanding except for a forty-year anniversary one-off gig in 2010 at Londons High Voltage Festival . Solo career and other projects . In 1975 , while still a member of ELP , Lake achieved solo chart success when his single , I Believe in Father Christmas , reached number two on the UK Singles Chart . It has become a Yuletide perennial . In the UK , the single sold over 13,000 copies in two days . Several months following the break-up of ELP in 1979 , Lake began to write new songs and had put down a tremendous amount of material for his first solo album . He travelled to Los Angeles and worked with a group of session musicians to develop his songs further , but he found a lack of personality in the music , though not at the fault of the performers . Lake realised he wished to play as part of a group , and began to assemble members of the Greg Lake Band . The result , Greg Lake , was released in September 1981 on Chrysalis Records , and reached number 62 in both the UK and the US . The debut concert for the tour of the album took place in August 1981 at the Reading Festival , with bandmates Gary Moore on guitar , Ted McKenna on drums , Tommy Eyre on keyboards , and Tristram Margetts on bass . A concert at the Hammersmith Odeon during the tour in 1981 , broadcast live on the King Biscuit Flower Hour , was released as a live album in 1995 . Lakes second solo album Manoeuvres was released in July 1983 . He disbanded the Greg Lake Band soon after completing it , without promoting or touring the album , and split with his record company . In a 1997 interview , he explained his decision : It was a weird time for me , and for the music business . I was pressured into writing songs that the record company thought radio programmers wanted to hear . Hence , there was not the passion the first album had . There were some nice ballads , but the record lacked the pure vision that a hit album needs to succeed . He gave further insight in 2011 : It was great to be the rhythm guitar player in that line-up . Gary is a fabulous player , and the bass was covered properly . The problem was the solo albums really lacked direction . I was lost in a way . Once you’ve been in a band like ELP , if you try a solo career you can do it , but the public voted You’re part of ELP . That’s who you are.. . When you try and search for an alternative identity , it’s difficult . For a long while , I was kind of lost and would try different things . It was fun , but also a bit here , there and everywhere . Adding to the decision , lead guitarist Gary Moore had written solo material that brought him a recording contract : I was working with Greg Lake for two years during ’81 and ’82 and we did two albums . At the time I was with him , I was writing songs .. . I did some demos after the U.S . tour with Greg to see what would happen , and I got a deal with Atlantic . I really wanted to get out on my own at that stage , and I wanted these songs recorded – they weren’t suitable for Greg.. . so I set up a deal with Virgin , and went in and did Corridors Of Power . We didn’t even set out to form a band , but the album took off , so we went on tour . In October 1983 , at friend Carl Palmers request , Lake briefly joined Palmer in the 1980s supergroup Asia , to replace fellow King Crimson alumnus John Wetton for four scheduled concerts in Japan . Lake agreed and spent six weeks learning Asias songs , culminating in his performance in the Asia in Asia concert at the Nippon Budokan Hall in Tokyo , 6 December 1983 , the first concert broadcast over satellite to MTV in the United States , and later made into a home video . Lake left the group after the tour , having joined as a favor for the Japanese concerts only . In 1986 , he and Keith Emerson decided to re-form Emerson , Lake & Palmer to record another album . However , Carl Palmer continued to have commitments to Asia , so Lake and Emerson auditioned other artists . They found good rapport with drummer Cozy Powell , and recorded their eponymous album Emerson , Lake & Powell with him . In 2001 , Lake toured as a member of the seventh incarnation of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band . In 2003 , Lake played bass on The Who song Real Good Looking Boy . The groups usual bassist Pino Palladino was touring at the time of recording , and Lake was asked to play bass . In 2005 , Lake toured Germany and the UK with his group , the Greg Lake Band , which now included David Arch on keyboards , Florian Opahle on guitar , Trevor Barry on bass , and Brett Morgan on drums . The tour was sponsored by UK entertainer and long-term ELP fan , Jim Davidson . But the shows were not a sell-out , the US leg was cancelled , and the two men then fell out . In 2006 , Lake played as a member of the supergroup the RD Crusaders in aid for charity . Lake performed Karn Evil 9 with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra at several shows . He was a special guest on their album Night Castle ( 2009 ) . In 2010 , Lake and Emerson completed an acoustic world tour , performing ELP songs . The tour got off to a bad start following a backstage altercation between the two , but we completed the tour and it was very happy . We actually ended up enjoying ourselves . That July , Lake joined Emerson and Palmer for a one-off gig from Emerson , Lake & Palmer at the High Voltage Festival in Victoria Park , London , to commemorate the bands fortieth anniversary . The concert was released on CD , DVD , and Blu-ray as High Voltage . It was the final performance by the group . Lake wished to continue touring , but claimed his bandmates didnt want to , thus ending such plans . Lake continued to tour solo in the 2010s . His Songs of a Lifetime Tour began in 2012 which featured songs of his career and those by his favourite artists , including Elvis Presley and Johnny Kidd & the Pirates . The tour ended in December of that year and produced the live albums , Songs of a Lifetime ( 2013 ) and Live in Piacenza ( 2017 ) . On 9 January 2016 , he was awarded an honorary degree in music and lyrics composition by Conservatorio Nicolini in Piacenza , Italy , the first degree awarded by any conservatory , ever . Lake spent several years writing his autobiography Lucky Man , originally planned to be published in 2012 but eventually released posthumously in June 2017 . On 19 June 2017 , the Municipality of Zoagli ( Genoa ) Italy awarded the Honorary Citizenship post mortem to Greg Lake and engraved a marble plaque that is next to Castello Canevaro where the musician performed on 30 November 2012 . Personal life . In late 1974 , Lake moved from a flat in Cornwall Gardens in Kensington , London to a home near Windsor . Lake later lived in the Kingston and Richmond areas of Greater London with his wife Regina . The couple had one daughter , Natasha . Death . Lake died in London on 7 December 2016 , at the age of 69 , after suffering from cancer . His manager announced the news on Twitter , describing Lakes battle with the illness as long and stubborn . Numerous fellow musicians paid tribute , including Rick Wakeman and Steve Hackett , Ringo Starr , John Wetton , Opeths Mikael Åkerfeldt , Jethro Tulls Ian Anderson and ELP drummer Carl Palmer . With Lakes death and that of Keith Emerson earlier in 2016 , Palmer is the last surviving member of the group . Discography . Solo . Compilations - The Greg Lake Retrospective : From the Beginning ( 1997 ) - From the Underground : The Official Bootleg ( 1998 ) - From the Underground 2 : Deeper Into the Mine – An Official Greg Lake Bootleg ( 2003 ) - The Anthology : A Musical Journey ( 2020 ) Singles - I Believe in Father Christmas / Humbug ( 1975 ) - Cest La Vie / Jeremy Bender ( 1977 ) - Watching Over You / Hallowed Be Thy Name ( 1977 ) - Love You Too Much / Someone ( UK/Europe 1981 ) - For Those who dare / Love you too much ( Germany 1981 ) - Let Me Love You Once / Retribution Drive ( USA 1981 ) - It Hurts / Retribution Drive ( UK/Europe 1982 ) - Famous Last Words / I Dont Know Why I Still Love You ( Portugal 1983 ) DVDs - Greg Lake : Live In Concert ( 2006 ) - Welcome Backstage ( 2006 ) - Greg Lake Live in Piacenza ( 2017 ) exclusively with the limited edition box set of the album with the same title . As Producer . - Spontaneous Combustion - Just A Dream { aka Unknown Ballad attributed to Emerson , Lake & Palmer , recorded December 1970 or January 1971 , released as a bonus track on the 2012 Tarkus reissue } ( 2012 ) - Spontaneous Combustion - Lonely Singer / 200 Lives / Leaving ( 1971 ) 7 single - Spontaneous Combustion - self-titled ( 1972 ) - Pete Sinfield - Still ( 1973 ) - The Kings Singers – Strawberry Fields Forever ( 1978 ) 7 single - Annie Barbazza & Max Repetti - Moonchild ( 2018 ) - Annie Barbazza - Vive ( 2018 ) ( Track Boite A Tisane ) References . - Bibliography

hard

What organization or association or team did Greg Lake join in 1970?

/wiki/Greg_Lake#P463#1

Greg Lake Gregory Stuart Lake ( 10 November 1947 – 7 December 2016 ) was an English singer , songwriter , bassist , guitarist and record producer . He gained prominence as a founding member of the progressive rock bands King Crimson and Emerson , Lake & Palmer ( ELP ) . Born and raised in Dorset , Lake began to play the guitar at the age of 12 and wrote his first song , Lucky Man , at the same age . He became a full-time musician at 17 , playing in several rock bands until his friend and fellow Dorset guitarist Robert Fripp invited him to join King Crimson as lead singer and bassist . They found commercial success with their influential debut album , In the Court of the Crimson King ( 1969 ) . Lake left the band in 1970 and achieved significant success in the 1970s and beyond as the singer , guitarist , bassist , and producer of Emerson , Lake & Palmer ( ELP ) . As a member of ELP , Lake wrote and recorded several popular songs including Lucky Man and From the Beginning . Both songs entered the UK and US singles charts . Lake launched a solo career , beginning with his 1975 single I Believe in Father Christmas which reached number two in the UK . He went on to release three solo albums with his Greg Lake Band with guitarist Gary Moore , recorded 1981 through 1983 ( two studio albums , one live album ) , as well as collaborating and performing with other artists and with various groups in the 1980s , had occasional ELP reunions in the 1990s and in 2010 , and toured regularly as a solo artist into the 21st century . He also sponsored other artists , producing their recordings and helping them to get recording contracts . He also was a fundraiser for the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children . He died on 7 December 2016 in London , of pancreatic cancer , at the age of 69 . Early life . Greg Lake was born on 10 November 1947 in the Parkstone area of Poole in Dorset , to Harry , an engineer , and Pearl , a housewife . He grew up in the residential suburb of Oakdale . Speaking about his childhood , Lake said he was born in an asbestos prefab housing unit into a very poor family , and remembered several cold winters at home , but credits his parents for sending him money and food during his time as a struggling musician . He later described his upbringing as a happy one . Lake discovered rock and roll in 1957 when he bought Little Richards Lucille . At the age of 12 , he first learned to play the guitar and wrote his first song , Lucky Man , which he didnt write down , simply committing it to memory . He named his mother , a pianist , as his initial musical influence and she bought Lake a second hand guitar to learn on . Lake then took guitar lessons from Don Strike , who had a shop in Westbourne . Strike taught him these awful Bert Weedon things , reading musical notation exercises with violin pieces by Niccolò Paganini , and playing 1930s pop tunes , the latter of which became an influence on Lake at the time . After roughly one year with Strike , Lake ended his tuition as he wished to learn songs by the Shadows , a favourite band of his , but Strike wouldnt have any of it . Lakes second guitar was a pink Fender Stratocaster . Lake attended Oakdale Junior School followed by Henry Harbin Secondary Modern School , and left the latter in 1963 or 1964 . He then took up work loading and unloading cargo at the Poole docks , and as a draughtsman for a short period . Lake then decided to become a full-time musician at the age of 17 . Career . Early bands . Lake joined his first band , Unit Four , playing cover songs as their singer and guitarist . King Crimson . In the 1960s , Lake formed a friendship with future King Crimson co-founder and guitarist Robert Fripp , who was also from Dorset and had also received lessons from Don Strike , and saw Lake perform in Unit Four in Poole . Fripp was asked to be a roadie for a gig at Ventnor , Isle of Wight , but no audience turned up . Consequently , Lake and Fripp decided to just play tunes from their guitar lessons that Strike had taught them . Fripp formed King Crimson since his previous group , Giles , Giles and Fripp was not commercially successful , and their record company suggested getting a proper lead singer . He chose Lake for this role , but asked him to play bass instead of guitar to avoid having to get a bass player in the group . This marked Lakes first time playing the instrument as he had primarily been a guitarist for the previous eleven years . Though Peter Sinfield was the bands lyricist , Lake had some involvement in the lyrics for their debut album In the Court of the Crimson King . After their contracted producer Tony Clarke walked away from the project , Lake produced the album . Released in October 1969 , the album was an immediate commercial and critical success , as Lake recalled : There was this huge wave of response . The audiences were really into us because we were an underground thing – the critics loved us because we offered something fresh . King Crimson supported In the Court of the Crimson King with a tour of the UK and the US , with some of the shows featuring rock band the Nice as the opening act . During the US leg , Lake struck up a friendship with Nice keyboardist Keith Emerson ; the two shared similar musical interests and talked about the benefits of forming a new group . When King Crimson returned to the UK in early 1970 , Lake agreed to sing on the bands second album , In the Wake of Poseidon , and appear on the music television show Top of the Pops with them , performing the song Cat Food . Emerson , Lake & Palmer . In April 1970 , Lake left King Crimson and reunited with Emerson , along with drummer Carl Palmer of the Crazy World of Arthur Brown and Atomic Rooster , to form the progressive rock supergroup , Emerson , Lake & Palmer . Lake began with a Fender bass before he switched to a Gibson Ripper . As well as bass , Lake contributed acoustic and electric guitar work to Emerson , Lake & Palmer , and his voice had a wider and more diverse range than anything the Nice had previously recorded . Emerson , Lake & Palmer became one of the most successful groups in the 1970s . Lake became known for performing on a Persian carpet on stage , which originally sold for £1,500 and , by 1976 , had increased its value to £7,000 . In addition , Lake would change his guitar strings after each show on tour . Emerson , Lake & Palmer conflicted between Emersons interest in complex , classically-influenced music and Lakes more straightforward rock tastes . Lake complained that Emerson chose to play in keys that were not a good fit for his voice . During the making of the bands second album Tarkus , Lake initially rejected the title track , but was persuaded to record it following a band meeting with management , which ended in the addition of an original Lake tune , Battlefield , into the suite . Lakes track From the Beginning , released on Trilogy in 1972 , had no particular source of inspiration ; I just felt an inspiration to do it , and it flowed through me in a natural way . My hands fell upon these very unusual chords .. . It was kind of a gift . It was released as a single , and reached number 39 in the US . In 1974 , Emerson , Lake & Palmer took a break in activity . Lake used this time to focus on his family life , travel , and write and release music . By then the band were tax exiles and relocated to Switzerland , France , Canada and the Bahamas as they were restricted to two months stay in England a year . In March 1977 , the band released Works Volume 1 , a double album , with each member of the group getting one side of an album for his solo music , and the fourth side for the group to work together . Lake wrote five acoustic songs with lyrical assistance from Sinfield , with a conscious effort not to record just ballads and attempt a wider variety of musical styles . He then incorporated orchestral overdubs to the songs . One of them , Cest la Vie , was released as a single . Lake called the album the beginning of the end of the band , as he no longer produced their future albums , neither of which were a really innovative record . In November 1977 , the band released Works Volume 2 . The band split up in 1979 following the unsuccessful album Love Beach , an album the group were contractually obliged to record . The group reformed for a number of years in the mid-1990s and released two albums , Black Moon in 1992 and In The Hot Seat in 1994 , before permanently disbanding except for a forty-year anniversary one-off gig in 2010 at Londons High Voltage Festival . Solo career and other projects . In 1975 , while still a member of ELP , Lake achieved solo chart success when his single , I Believe in Father Christmas , reached number two on the UK Singles Chart . It has become a Yuletide perennial . In the UK , the single sold over 13,000 copies in two days . Several months following the break-up of ELP in 1979 , Lake began to write new songs and had put down a tremendous amount of material for his first solo album . He travelled to Los Angeles and worked with a group of session musicians to develop his songs further , but he found a lack of personality in the music , though not at the fault of the performers . Lake realised he wished to play as part of a group , and began to assemble members of the Greg Lake Band . The result , Greg Lake , was released in September 1981 on Chrysalis Records , and reached number 62 in both the UK and the US . The debut concert for the tour of the album took place in August 1981 at the Reading Festival , with bandmates Gary Moore on guitar , Ted McKenna on drums , Tommy Eyre on keyboards , and Tristram Margetts on bass . A concert at the Hammersmith Odeon during the tour in 1981 , broadcast live on the King Biscuit Flower Hour , was released as a live album in 1995 . Lakes second solo album Manoeuvres was released in July 1983 . He disbanded the Greg Lake Band soon after completing it , without promoting or touring the album , and split with his record company . In a 1997 interview , he explained his decision : It was a weird time for me , and for the music business . I was pressured into writing songs that the record company thought radio programmers wanted to hear . Hence , there was not the passion the first album had . There were some nice ballads , but the record lacked the pure vision that a hit album needs to succeed . He gave further insight in 2011 : It was great to be the rhythm guitar player in that line-up . Gary is a fabulous player , and the bass was covered properly . The problem was the solo albums really lacked direction . I was lost in a way . Once you’ve been in a band like ELP , if you try a solo career you can do it , but the public voted You’re part of ELP . That’s who you are.. . When you try and search for an alternative identity , it’s difficult . For a long while , I was kind of lost and would try different things . It was fun , but also a bit here , there and everywhere . Adding to the decision , lead guitarist Gary Moore had written solo material that brought him a recording contract : I was working with Greg Lake for two years during ’81 and ’82 and we did two albums . At the time I was with him , I was writing songs .. . I did some demos after the U.S . tour with Greg to see what would happen , and I got a deal with Atlantic . I really wanted to get out on my own at that stage , and I wanted these songs recorded – they weren’t suitable for Greg.. . so I set up a deal with Virgin , and went in and did Corridors Of Power . We didn’t even set out to form a band , but the album took off , so we went on tour . In October 1983 , at friend Carl Palmers request , Lake briefly joined Palmer in the 1980s supergroup Asia , to replace fellow King Crimson alumnus John Wetton for four scheduled concerts in Japan . Lake agreed and spent six weeks learning Asias songs , culminating in his performance in the Asia in Asia concert at the Nippon Budokan Hall in Tokyo , 6 December 1983 , the first concert broadcast over satellite to MTV in the United States , and later made into a home video . Lake left the group after the tour , having joined as a favor for the Japanese concerts only . In 1986 , he and Keith Emerson decided to re-form Emerson , Lake & Palmer to record another album . However , Carl Palmer continued to have commitments to Asia , so Lake and Emerson auditioned other artists . They found good rapport with drummer Cozy Powell , and recorded their eponymous album Emerson , Lake & Powell with him . In 2001 , Lake toured as a member of the seventh incarnation of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band . In 2003 , Lake played bass on The Who song Real Good Looking Boy . The groups usual bassist Pino Palladino was touring at the time of recording , and Lake was asked to play bass . In 2005 , Lake toured Germany and the UK with his group , the Greg Lake Band , which now included David Arch on keyboards , Florian Opahle on guitar , Trevor Barry on bass , and Brett Morgan on drums . The tour was sponsored by UK entertainer and long-term ELP fan , Jim Davidson . But the shows were not a sell-out , the US leg was cancelled , and the two men then fell out . In 2006 , Lake played as a member of the supergroup the RD Crusaders in aid for charity . Lake performed Karn Evil 9 with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra at several shows . He was a special guest on their album Night Castle ( 2009 ) . In 2010 , Lake and Emerson completed an acoustic world tour , performing ELP songs . The tour got off to a bad start following a backstage altercation between the two , but we completed the tour and it was very happy . We actually ended up enjoying ourselves . That July , Lake joined Emerson and Palmer for a one-off gig from Emerson , Lake & Palmer at the High Voltage Festival in Victoria Park , London , to commemorate the bands fortieth anniversary . The concert was released on CD , DVD , and Blu-ray as High Voltage . It was the final performance by the group . Lake wished to continue touring , but claimed his bandmates didnt want to , thus ending such plans . Lake continued to tour solo in the 2010s . His Songs of a Lifetime Tour began in 2012 which featured songs of his career and those by his favourite artists , including Elvis Presley and Johnny Kidd & the Pirates . The tour ended in December of that year and produced the live albums , Songs of a Lifetime ( 2013 ) and Live in Piacenza ( 2017 ) . On 9 January 2016 , he was awarded an honorary degree in music and lyrics composition by Conservatorio Nicolini in Piacenza , Italy , the first degree awarded by any conservatory , ever . Lake spent several years writing his autobiography Lucky Man , originally planned to be published in 2012 but eventually released posthumously in June 2017 . On 19 June 2017 , the Municipality of Zoagli ( Genoa ) Italy awarded the Honorary Citizenship post mortem to Greg Lake and engraved a marble plaque that is next to Castello Canevaro where the musician performed on 30 November 2012 . Personal life . In late 1974 , Lake moved from a flat in Cornwall Gardens in Kensington , London to a home near Windsor . Lake later lived in the Kingston and Richmond areas of Greater London with his wife Regina . The couple had one daughter , Natasha . Death . Lake died in London on 7 December 2016 , at the age of 69 , after suffering from cancer . His manager announced the news on Twitter , describing Lakes battle with the illness as long and stubborn . Numerous fellow musicians paid tribute , including Rick Wakeman and Steve Hackett , Ringo Starr , John Wetton , Opeths Mikael Åkerfeldt , Jethro Tulls Ian Anderson and ELP drummer Carl Palmer . With Lakes death and that of Keith Emerson earlier in 2016 , Palmer is the last surviving member of the group . Discography . Solo . Compilations - The Greg Lake Retrospective : From the Beginning ( 1997 ) - From the Underground : The Official Bootleg ( 1998 ) - From the Underground 2 : Deeper Into the Mine – An Official Greg Lake Bootleg ( 2003 ) - The Anthology : A Musical Journey ( 2020 ) Singles - I Believe in Father Christmas / Humbug ( 1975 ) - Cest La Vie / Jeremy Bender ( 1977 ) - Watching Over You / Hallowed Be Thy Name ( 1977 ) - Love You Too Much / Someone ( UK/Europe 1981 ) - For Those who dare / Love you too much ( Germany 1981 ) - Let Me Love You Once / Retribution Drive ( USA 1981 ) - It Hurts / Retribution Drive ( UK/Europe 1982 ) - Famous Last Words / I Dont Know Why I Still Love You ( Portugal 1983 ) DVDs - Greg Lake : Live In Concert ( 2006 ) - Welcome Backstage ( 2006 ) - Greg Lake Live in Piacenza ( 2017 ) exclusively with the limited edition box set of the album with the same title . As Producer . - Spontaneous Combustion - Just A Dream { aka Unknown Ballad attributed to Emerson , Lake & Palmer , recorded December 1970 or January 1971 , released as a bonus track on the 2012 Tarkus reissue } ( 2012 ) - Spontaneous Combustion - Lonely Singer / 200 Lives / Leaving ( 1971 ) 7 single - Spontaneous Combustion - self-titled ( 1972 ) - Pete Sinfield - Still ( 1973 ) - The Kings Singers – Strawberry Fields Forever ( 1978 ) 7 single - Annie Barbazza & Max Repetti - Moonchild ( 2018 ) - Annie Barbazza - Vive ( 2018 ) ( Track Boite A Tisane ) References . - Bibliography

hard

What organization or association or team did Greg Lake join in 1983?

/wiki/Greg_Lake#P463#2

Greg Lake Gregory Stuart Lake ( 10 November 1947 – 7 December 2016 ) was an English singer , songwriter , bassist , guitarist and record producer . He gained prominence as a founding member of the progressive rock bands King Crimson and Emerson , Lake & Palmer ( ELP ) . Born and raised in Dorset , Lake began to play the guitar at the age of 12 and wrote his first song , Lucky Man , at the same age . He became a full-time musician at 17 , playing in several rock bands until his friend and fellow Dorset guitarist Robert Fripp invited him to join King Crimson as lead singer and bassist . They found commercial success with their influential debut album , In the Court of the Crimson King ( 1969 ) . Lake left the band in 1970 and achieved significant success in the 1970s and beyond as the singer , guitarist , bassist , and producer of Emerson , Lake & Palmer ( ELP ) . As a member of ELP , Lake wrote and recorded several popular songs including Lucky Man and From the Beginning . Both songs entered the UK and US singles charts . Lake launched a solo career , beginning with his 1975 single I Believe in Father Christmas which reached number two in the UK . He went on to release three solo albums with his Greg Lake Band with guitarist Gary Moore , recorded 1981 through 1983 ( two studio albums , one live album ) , as well as collaborating and performing with other artists and with various groups in the 1980s , had occasional ELP reunions in the 1990s and in 2010 , and toured regularly as a solo artist into the 21st century . He also sponsored other artists , producing their recordings and helping them to get recording contracts . He also was a fundraiser for the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children . He died on 7 December 2016 in London , of pancreatic cancer , at the age of 69 . Early life . Greg Lake was born on 10 November 1947 in the Parkstone area of Poole in Dorset , to Harry , an engineer , and Pearl , a housewife . He grew up in the residential suburb of Oakdale . Speaking about his childhood , Lake said he was born in an asbestos prefab housing unit into a very poor family , and remembered several cold winters at home , but credits his parents for sending him money and food during his time as a struggling musician . He later described his upbringing as a happy one . Lake discovered rock and roll in 1957 when he bought Little Richards Lucille . At the age of 12 , he first learned to play the guitar and wrote his first song , Lucky Man , which he didnt write down , simply committing it to memory . He named his mother , a pianist , as his initial musical influence and she bought Lake a second hand guitar to learn on . Lake then took guitar lessons from Don Strike , who had a shop in Westbourne . Strike taught him these awful Bert Weedon things , reading musical notation exercises with violin pieces by Niccolò Paganini , and playing 1930s pop tunes , the latter of which became an influence on Lake at the time . After roughly one year with Strike , Lake ended his tuition as he wished to learn songs by the Shadows , a favourite band of his , but Strike wouldnt have any of it . Lakes second guitar was a pink Fender Stratocaster . Lake attended Oakdale Junior School followed by Henry Harbin Secondary Modern School , and left the latter in 1963 or 1964 . He then took up work loading and unloading cargo at the Poole docks , and as a draughtsman for a short period . Lake then decided to become a full-time musician at the age of 17 . Career . Early bands . Lake joined his first band , Unit Four , playing cover songs as their singer and guitarist . King Crimson . In the 1960s , Lake formed a friendship with future King Crimson co-founder and guitarist Robert Fripp , who was also from Dorset and had also received lessons from Don Strike , and saw Lake perform in Unit Four in Poole . Fripp was asked to be a roadie for a gig at Ventnor , Isle of Wight , but no audience turned up . Consequently , Lake and Fripp decided to just play tunes from their guitar lessons that Strike had taught them . Fripp formed King Crimson since his previous group , Giles , Giles and Fripp was not commercially successful , and their record company suggested getting a proper lead singer . He chose Lake for this role , but asked him to play bass instead of guitar to avoid having to get a bass player in the group . This marked Lakes first time playing the instrument as he had primarily been a guitarist for the previous eleven years . Though Peter Sinfield was the bands lyricist , Lake had some involvement in the lyrics for their debut album In the Court of the Crimson King . After their contracted producer Tony Clarke walked away from the project , Lake produced the album . Released in October 1969 , the album was an immediate commercial and critical success , as Lake recalled : There was this huge wave of response . The audiences were really into us because we were an underground thing – the critics loved us because we offered something fresh . King Crimson supported In the Court of the Crimson King with a tour of the UK and the US , with some of the shows featuring rock band the Nice as the opening act . During the US leg , Lake struck up a friendship with Nice keyboardist Keith Emerson ; the two shared similar musical interests and talked about the benefits of forming a new group . When King Crimson returned to the UK in early 1970 , Lake agreed to sing on the bands second album , In the Wake of Poseidon , and appear on the music television show Top of the Pops with them , performing the song Cat Food . Emerson , Lake & Palmer . In April 1970 , Lake left King Crimson and reunited with Emerson , along with drummer Carl Palmer of the Crazy World of Arthur Brown and Atomic Rooster , to form the progressive rock supergroup , Emerson , Lake & Palmer . Lake began with a Fender bass before he switched to a Gibson Ripper . As well as bass , Lake contributed acoustic and electric guitar work to Emerson , Lake & Palmer , and his voice had a wider and more diverse range than anything the Nice had previously recorded . Emerson , Lake & Palmer became one of the most successful groups in the 1970s . Lake became known for performing on a Persian carpet on stage , which originally sold for £1,500 and , by 1976 , had increased its value to £7,000 . In addition , Lake would change his guitar strings after each show on tour . Emerson , Lake & Palmer conflicted between Emersons interest in complex , classically-influenced music and Lakes more straightforward rock tastes . Lake complained that Emerson chose to play in keys that were not a good fit for his voice . During the making of the bands second album Tarkus , Lake initially rejected the title track , but was persuaded to record it following a band meeting with management , which ended in the addition of an original Lake tune , Battlefield , into the suite . Lakes track From the Beginning , released on Trilogy in 1972 , had no particular source of inspiration ; I just felt an inspiration to do it , and it flowed through me in a natural way . My hands fell upon these very unusual chords .. . It was kind of a gift . It was released as a single , and reached number 39 in the US . In 1974 , Emerson , Lake & Palmer took a break in activity . Lake used this time to focus on his family life , travel , and write and release music . By then the band were tax exiles and relocated to Switzerland , France , Canada and the Bahamas as they were restricted to two months stay in England a year . In March 1977 , the band released Works Volume 1 , a double album , with each member of the group getting one side of an album for his solo music , and the fourth side for the group to work together . Lake wrote five acoustic songs with lyrical assistance from Sinfield , with a conscious effort not to record just ballads and attempt a wider variety of musical styles . He then incorporated orchestral overdubs to the songs . One of them , Cest la Vie , was released as a single . Lake called the album the beginning of the end of the band , as he no longer produced their future albums , neither of which were a really innovative record . In November 1977 , the band released Works Volume 2 . The band split up in 1979 following the unsuccessful album Love Beach , an album the group were contractually obliged to record . The group reformed for a number of years in the mid-1990s and released two albums , Black Moon in 1992 and In The Hot Seat in 1994 , before permanently disbanding except for a forty-year anniversary one-off gig in 2010 at Londons High Voltage Festival . Solo career and other projects . In 1975 , while still a member of ELP , Lake achieved solo chart success when his single , I Believe in Father Christmas , reached number two on the UK Singles Chart . It has become a Yuletide perennial . In the UK , the single sold over 13,000 copies in two days . Several months following the break-up of ELP in 1979 , Lake began to write new songs and had put down a tremendous amount of material for his first solo album . He travelled to Los Angeles and worked with a group of session musicians to develop his songs further , but he found a lack of personality in the music , though not at the fault of the performers . Lake realised he wished to play as part of a group , and began to assemble members of the Greg Lake Band . The result , Greg Lake , was released in September 1981 on Chrysalis Records , and reached number 62 in both the UK and the US . The debut concert for the tour of the album took place in August 1981 at the Reading Festival , with bandmates Gary Moore on guitar , Ted McKenna on drums , Tommy Eyre on keyboards , and Tristram Margetts on bass . A concert at the Hammersmith Odeon during the tour in 1981 , broadcast live on the King Biscuit Flower Hour , was released as a live album in 1995 . Lakes second solo album Manoeuvres was released in July 1983 . He disbanded the Greg Lake Band soon after completing it , without promoting or touring the album , and split with his record company . In a 1997 interview , he explained his decision : It was a weird time for me , and for the music business . I was pressured into writing songs that the record company thought radio programmers wanted to hear . Hence , there was not the passion the first album had . There were some nice ballads , but the record lacked the pure vision that a hit album needs to succeed . He gave further insight in 2011 : It was great to be the rhythm guitar player in that line-up . Gary is a fabulous player , and the bass was covered properly . The problem was the solo albums really lacked direction . I was lost in a way . Once you’ve been in a band like ELP , if you try a solo career you can do it , but the public voted You’re part of ELP . That’s who you are.. . When you try and search for an alternative identity , it’s difficult . For a long while , I was kind of lost and would try different things . It was fun , but also a bit here , there and everywhere . Adding to the decision , lead guitarist Gary Moore had written solo material that brought him a recording contract : I was working with Greg Lake for two years during ’81 and ’82 and we did two albums . At the time I was with him , I was writing songs .. . I did some demos after the U.S . tour with Greg to see what would happen , and I got a deal with Atlantic . I really wanted to get out on my own at that stage , and I wanted these songs recorded – they weren’t suitable for Greg.. . so I set up a deal with Virgin , and went in and did Corridors Of Power . We didn’t even set out to form a band , but the album took off , so we went on tour . In October 1983 , at friend Carl Palmers request , Lake briefly joined Palmer in the 1980s supergroup Asia , to replace fellow King Crimson alumnus John Wetton for four scheduled concerts in Japan . Lake agreed and spent six weeks learning Asias songs , culminating in his performance in the Asia in Asia concert at the Nippon Budokan Hall in Tokyo , 6 December 1983 , the first concert broadcast over satellite to MTV in the United States , and later made into a home video . Lake left the group after the tour , having joined as a favor for the Japanese concerts only . In 1986 , he and Keith Emerson decided to re-form Emerson , Lake & Palmer to record another album . However , Carl Palmer continued to have commitments to Asia , so Lake and Emerson auditioned other artists . They found good rapport with drummer Cozy Powell , and recorded their eponymous album Emerson , Lake & Powell with him . In 2001 , Lake toured as a member of the seventh incarnation of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band . In 2003 , Lake played bass on The Who song Real Good Looking Boy . The groups usual bassist Pino Palladino was touring at the time of recording , and Lake was asked to play bass . In 2005 , Lake toured Germany and the UK with his group , the Greg Lake Band , which now included David Arch on keyboards , Florian Opahle on guitar , Trevor Barry on bass , and Brett Morgan on drums . The tour was sponsored by UK entertainer and long-term ELP fan , Jim Davidson . But the shows were not a sell-out , the US leg was cancelled , and the two men then fell out . In 2006 , Lake played as a member of the supergroup the RD Crusaders in aid for charity . Lake performed Karn Evil 9 with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra at several shows . He was a special guest on their album Night Castle ( 2009 ) . In 2010 , Lake and Emerson completed an acoustic world tour , performing ELP songs . The tour got off to a bad start following a backstage altercation between the two , but we completed the tour and it was very happy . We actually ended up enjoying ourselves . That July , Lake joined Emerson and Palmer for a one-off gig from Emerson , Lake & Palmer at the High Voltage Festival in Victoria Park , London , to commemorate the bands fortieth anniversary . The concert was released on CD , DVD , and Blu-ray as High Voltage . It was the final performance by the group . Lake wished to continue touring , but claimed his bandmates didnt want to , thus ending such plans . Lake continued to tour solo in the 2010s . His Songs of a Lifetime Tour began in 2012 which featured songs of his career and those by his favourite artists , including Elvis Presley and Johnny Kidd & the Pirates . The tour ended in December of that year and produced the live albums , Songs of a Lifetime ( 2013 ) and Live in Piacenza ( 2017 ) . On 9 January 2016 , he was awarded an honorary degree in music and lyrics composition by Conservatorio Nicolini in Piacenza , Italy , the first degree awarded by any conservatory , ever . Lake spent several years writing his autobiography Lucky Man , originally planned to be published in 2012 but eventually released posthumously in June 2017 . On 19 June 2017 , the Municipality of Zoagli ( Genoa ) Italy awarded the Honorary Citizenship post mortem to Greg Lake and engraved a marble plaque that is next to Castello Canevaro where the musician performed on 30 November 2012 . Personal life . In late 1974 , Lake moved from a flat in Cornwall Gardens in Kensington , London to a home near Windsor . Lake later lived in the Kingston and Richmond areas of Greater London with his wife Regina . The couple had one daughter , Natasha . Death . Lake died in London on 7 December 2016 , at the age of 69 , after suffering from cancer . His manager announced the news on Twitter , describing Lakes battle with the illness as long and stubborn . Numerous fellow musicians paid tribute , including Rick Wakeman and Steve Hackett , Ringo Starr , John Wetton , Opeths Mikael Åkerfeldt , Jethro Tulls Ian Anderson and ELP drummer Carl Palmer . With Lakes death and that of Keith Emerson earlier in 2016 , Palmer is the last surviving member of the group . Discography . Solo . Compilations - The Greg Lake Retrospective : From the Beginning ( 1997 ) - From the Underground : The Official Bootleg ( 1998 ) - From the Underground 2 : Deeper Into the Mine – An Official Greg Lake Bootleg ( 2003 ) - The Anthology : A Musical Journey ( 2020 ) Singles - I Believe in Father Christmas / Humbug ( 1975 ) - Cest La Vie / Jeremy Bender ( 1977 ) - Watching Over You / Hallowed Be Thy Name ( 1977 ) - Love You Too Much / Someone ( UK/Europe 1981 ) - For Those who dare / Love you too much ( Germany 1981 ) - Let Me Love You Once / Retribution Drive ( USA 1981 ) - It Hurts / Retribution Drive ( UK/Europe 1982 ) - Famous Last Words / I Dont Know Why I Still Love You ( Portugal 1983 ) DVDs - Greg Lake : Live In Concert ( 2006 ) - Welcome Backstage ( 2006 ) - Greg Lake Live in Piacenza ( 2017 ) exclusively with the limited edition box set of the album with the same title . As Producer . - Spontaneous Combustion - Just A Dream { aka Unknown Ballad attributed to Emerson , Lake & Palmer , recorded December 1970 or January 1971 , released as a bonus track on the 2012 Tarkus reissue } ( 2012 ) - Spontaneous Combustion - Lonely Singer / 200 Lives / Leaving ( 1971 ) 7 single - Spontaneous Combustion - self-titled ( 1972 ) - Pete Sinfield - Still ( 1973 ) - The Kings Singers – Strawberry Fields Forever ( 1978 ) 7 single - Annie Barbazza & Max Repetti - Moonchild ( 2018 ) - Annie Barbazza - Vive ( 2018 ) ( Track Boite A Tisane ) References . - Bibliography

hard

What organization or association or team did Greg Lake join in 1986?

/wiki/Greg_Lake#P463#3

Greg Lake Gregory Stuart Lake ( 10 November 1947 – 7 December 2016 ) was an English singer , songwriter , bassist , guitarist and record producer . He gained prominence as a founding member of the progressive rock bands King Crimson and Emerson , Lake & Palmer ( ELP ) . Born and raised in Dorset , Lake began to play the guitar at the age of 12 and wrote his first song , Lucky Man , at the same age . He became a full-time musician at 17 , playing in several rock bands until his friend and fellow Dorset guitarist Robert Fripp invited him to join King Crimson as lead singer and bassist . They found commercial success with their influential debut album , In the Court of the Crimson King ( 1969 ) . Lake left the band in 1970 and achieved significant success in the 1970s and beyond as the singer , guitarist , bassist , and producer of Emerson , Lake & Palmer ( ELP ) . As a member of ELP , Lake wrote and recorded several popular songs including Lucky Man and From the Beginning . Both songs entered the UK and US singles charts . Lake launched a solo career , beginning with his 1975 single I Believe in Father Christmas which reached number two in the UK . He went on to release three solo albums with his Greg Lake Band with guitarist Gary Moore , recorded 1981 through 1983 ( two studio albums , one live album ) , as well as collaborating and performing with other artists and with various groups in the 1980s , had occasional ELP reunions in the 1990s and in 2010 , and toured regularly as a solo artist into the 21st century . He also sponsored other artists , producing their recordings and helping them to get recording contracts . He also was a fundraiser for the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children . He died on 7 December 2016 in London , of pancreatic cancer , at the age of 69 . Early life . Greg Lake was born on 10 November 1947 in the Parkstone area of Poole in Dorset , to Harry , an engineer , and Pearl , a housewife . He grew up in the residential suburb of Oakdale . Speaking about his childhood , Lake said he was born in an asbestos prefab housing unit into a very poor family , and remembered several cold winters at home , but credits his parents for sending him money and food during his time as a struggling musician . He later described his upbringing as a happy one . Lake discovered rock and roll in 1957 when he bought Little Richards Lucille . At the age of 12 , he first learned to play the guitar and wrote his first song , Lucky Man , which he didnt write down , simply committing it to memory . He named his mother , a pianist , as his initial musical influence and she bought Lake a second hand guitar to learn on . Lake then took guitar lessons from Don Strike , who had a shop in Westbourne . Strike taught him these awful Bert Weedon things , reading musical notation exercises with violin pieces by Niccolò Paganini , and playing 1930s pop tunes , the latter of which became an influence on Lake at the time . After roughly one year with Strike , Lake ended his tuition as he wished to learn songs by the Shadows , a favourite band of his , but Strike wouldnt have any of it . Lakes second guitar was a pink Fender Stratocaster . Lake attended Oakdale Junior School followed by Henry Harbin Secondary Modern School , and left the latter in 1963 or 1964 . He then took up work loading and unloading cargo at the Poole docks , and as a draughtsman for a short period . Lake then decided to become a full-time musician at the age of 17 . Career . Early bands . Lake joined his first band , Unit Four , playing cover songs as their singer and guitarist . King Crimson . In the 1960s , Lake formed a friendship with future King Crimson co-founder and guitarist Robert Fripp , who was also from Dorset and had also received lessons from Don Strike , and saw Lake perform in Unit Four in Poole . Fripp was asked to be a roadie for a gig at Ventnor , Isle of Wight , but no audience turned up . Consequently , Lake and Fripp decided to just play tunes from their guitar lessons that Strike had taught them . Fripp formed King Crimson since his previous group , Giles , Giles and Fripp was not commercially successful , and their record company suggested getting a proper lead singer . He chose Lake for this role , but asked him to play bass instead of guitar to avoid having to get a bass player in the group . This marked Lakes first time playing the instrument as he had primarily been a guitarist for the previous eleven years . Though Peter Sinfield was the bands lyricist , Lake had some involvement in the lyrics for their debut album In the Court of the Crimson King . After their contracted producer Tony Clarke walked away from the project , Lake produced the album . Released in October 1969 , the album was an immediate commercial and critical success , as Lake recalled : There was this huge wave of response . The audiences were really into us because we were an underground thing – the critics loved us because we offered something fresh . King Crimson supported In the Court of the Crimson King with a tour of the UK and the US , with some of the shows featuring rock band the Nice as the opening act . During the US leg , Lake struck up a friendship with Nice keyboardist Keith Emerson ; the two shared similar musical interests and talked about the benefits of forming a new group . When King Crimson returned to the UK in early 1970 , Lake agreed to sing on the bands second album , In the Wake of Poseidon , and appear on the music television show Top of the Pops with them , performing the song Cat Food . Emerson , Lake & Palmer . In April 1970 , Lake left King Crimson and reunited with Emerson , along with drummer Carl Palmer of the Crazy World of Arthur Brown and Atomic Rooster , to form the progressive rock supergroup , Emerson , Lake & Palmer . Lake began with a Fender bass before he switched to a Gibson Ripper . As well as bass , Lake contributed acoustic and electric guitar work to Emerson , Lake & Palmer , and his voice had a wider and more diverse range than anything the Nice had previously recorded . Emerson , Lake & Palmer became one of the most successful groups in the 1970s . Lake became known for performing on a Persian carpet on stage , which originally sold for £1,500 and , by 1976 , had increased its value to £7,000 . In addition , Lake would change his guitar strings after each show on tour . Emerson , Lake & Palmer conflicted between Emersons interest in complex , classically-influenced music and Lakes more straightforward rock tastes . Lake complained that Emerson chose to play in keys that were not a good fit for his voice . During the making of the bands second album Tarkus , Lake initially rejected the title track , but was persuaded to record it following a band meeting with management , which ended in the addition of an original Lake tune , Battlefield , into the suite . Lakes track From the Beginning , released on Trilogy in 1972 , had no particular source of inspiration ; I just felt an inspiration to do it , and it flowed through me in a natural way . My hands fell upon these very unusual chords .. . It was kind of a gift . It was released as a single , and reached number 39 in the US . In 1974 , Emerson , Lake & Palmer took a break in activity . Lake used this time to focus on his family life , travel , and write and release music . By then the band were tax exiles and relocated to Switzerland , France , Canada and the Bahamas as they were restricted to two months stay in England a year . In March 1977 , the band released Works Volume 1 , a double album , with each member of the group getting one side of an album for his solo music , and the fourth side for the group to work together . Lake wrote five acoustic songs with lyrical assistance from Sinfield , with a conscious effort not to record just ballads and attempt a wider variety of musical styles . He then incorporated orchestral overdubs to the songs . One of them , Cest la Vie , was released as a single . Lake called the album the beginning of the end of the band , as he no longer produced their future albums , neither of which were a really innovative record . In November 1977 , the band released Works Volume 2 . The band split up in 1979 following the unsuccessful album Love Beach , an album the group were contractually obliged to record . The group reformed for a number of years in the mid-1990s and released two albums , Black Moon in 1992 and In The Hot Seat in 1994 , before permanently disbanding except for a forty-year anniversary one-off gig in 2010 at Londons High Voltage Festival . Solo career and other projects . In 1975 , while still a member of ELP , Lake achieved solo chart success when his single , I Believe in Father Christmas , reached number two on the UK Singles Chart . It has become a Yuletide perennial . In the UK , the single sold over 13,000 copies in two days . Several months following the break-up of ELP in 1979 , Lake began to write new songs and had put down a tremendous amount of material for his first solo album . He travelled to Los Angeles and worked with a group of session musicians to develop his songs further , but he found a lack of personality in the music , though not at the fault of the performers . Lake realised he wished to play as part of a group , and began to assemble members of the Greg Lake Band . The result , Greg Lake , was released in September 1981 on Chrysalis Records , and reached number 62 in both the UK and the US . The debut concert for the tour of the album took place in August 1981 at the Reading Festival , with bandmates Gary Moore on guitar , Ted McKenna on drums , Tommy Eyre on keyboards , and Tristram Margetts on bass . A concert at the Hammersmith Odeon during the tour in 1981 , broadcast live on the King Biscuit Flower Hour , was released as a live album in 1995 . Lakes second solo album Manoeuvres was released in July 1983 . He disbanded the Greg Lake Band soon after completing it , without promoting or touring the album , and split with his record company . In a 1997 interview , he explained his decision : It was a weird time for me , and for the music business . I was pressured into writing songs that the record company thought radio programmers wanted to hear . Hence , there was not the passion the first album had . There were some nice ballads , but the record lacked the pure vision that a hit album needs to succeed . He gave further insight in 2011 : It was great to be the rhythm guitar player in that line-up . Gary is a fabulous player , and the bass was covered properly . The problem was the solo albums really lacked direction . I was lost in a way . Once you’ve been in a band like ELP , if you try a solo career you can do it , but the public voted You’re part of ELP . That’s who you are.. . When you try and search for an alternative identity , it’s difficult . For a long while , I was kind of lost and would try different things . It was fun , but also a bit here , there and everywhere . Adding to the decision , lead guitarist Gary Moore had written solo material that brought him a recording contract : I was working with Greg Lake for two years during ’81 and ’82 and we did two albums . At the time I was with him , I was writing songs .. . I did some demos after the U.S . tour with Greg to see what would happen , and I got a deal with Atlantic . I really wanted to get out on my own at that stage , and I wanted these songs recorded – they weren’t suitable for Greg.. . so I set up a deal with Virgin , and went in and did Corridors Of Power . We didn’t even set out to form a band , but the album took off , so we went on tour . In October 1983 , at friend Carl Palmers request , Lake briefly joined Palmer in the 1980s supergroup Asia , to replace fellow King Crimson alumnus John Wetton for four scheduled concerts in Japan . Lake agreed and spent six weeks learning Asias songs , culminating in his performance in the Asia in Asia concert at the Nippon Budokan Hall in Tokyo , 6 December 1983 , the first concert broadcast over satellite to MTV in the United States , and later made into a home video . Lake left the group after the tour , having joined as a favor for the Japanese concerts only . In 1986 , he and Keith Emerson decided to re-form Emerson , Lake & Palmer to record another album . However , Carl Palmer continued to have commitments to Asia , so Lake and Emerson auditioned other artists . They found good rapport with drummer Cozy Powell , and recorded their eponymous album Emerson , Lake & Powell with him . In 2001 , Lake toured as a member of the seventh incarnation of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band . In 2003 , Lake played bass on The Who song Real Good Looking Boy . The groups usual bassist Pino Palladino was touring at the time of recording , and Lake was asked to play bass . In 2005 , Lake toured Germany and the UK with his group , the Greg Lake Band , which now included David Arch on keyboards , Florian Opahle on guitar , Trevor Barry on bass , and Brett Morgan on drums . The tour was sponsored by UK entertainer and long-term ELP fan , Jim Davidson . But the shows were not a sell-out , the US leg was cancelled , and the two men then fell out . In 2006 , Lake played as a member of the supergroup the RD Crusaders in aid for charity . Lake performed Karn Evil 9 with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra at several shows . He was a special guest on their album Night Castle ( 2009 ) . In 2010 , Lake and Emerson completed an acoustic world tour , performing ELP songs . The tour got off to a bad start following a backstage altercation between the two , but we completed the tour and it was very happy . We actually ended up enjoying ourselves . That July , Lake joined Emerson and Palmer for a one-off gig from Emerson , Lake & Palmer at the High Voltage Festival in Victoria Park , London , to commemorate the bands fortieth anniversary . The concert was released on CD , DVD , and Blu-ray as High Voltage . It was the final performance by the group . Lake wished to continue touring , but claimed his bandmates didnt want to , thus ending such plans . Lake continued to tour solo in the 2010s . His Songs of a Lifetime Tour began in 2012 which featured songs of his career and those by his favourite artists , including Elvis Presley and Johnny Kidd & the Pirates . The tour ended in December of that year and produced the live albums , Songs of a Lifetime ( 2013 ) and Live in Piacenza ( 2017 ) . On 9 January 2016 , he was awarded an honorary degree in music and lyrics composition by Conservatorio Nicolini in Piacenza , Italy , the first degree awarded by any conservatory , ever . Lake spent several years writing his autobiography Lucky Man , originally planned to be published in 2012 but eventually released posthumously in June 2017 . On 19 June 2017 , the Municipality of Zoagli ( Genoa ) Italy awarded the Honorary Citizenship post mortem to Greg Lake and engraved a marble plaque that is next to Castello Canevaro where the musician performed on 30 November 2012 . Personal life . In late 1974 , Lake moved from a flat in Cornwall Gardens in Kensington , London to a home near Windsor . Lake later lived in the Kingston and Richmond areas of Greater London with his wife Regina . The couple had one daughter , Natasha . Death . Lake died in London on 7 December 2016 , at the age of 69 , after suffering from cancer . His manager announced the news on Twitter , describing Lakes battle with the illness as long and stubborn . Numerous fellow musicians paid tribute , including Rick Wakeman and Steve Hackett , Ringo Starr , John Wetton , Opeths Mikael Åkerfeldt , Jethro Tulls Ian Anderson and ELP drummer Carl Palmer . With Lakes death and that of Keith Emerson earlier in 2016 , Palmer is the last surviving member of the group . Discography . Solo . Compilations - The Greg Lake Retrospective : From the Beginning ( 1997 ) - From the Underground : The Official Bootleg ( 1998 ) - From the Underground 2 : Deeper Into the Mine – An Official Greg Lake Bootleg ( 2003 ) - The Anthology : A Musical Journey ( 2020 ) Singles - I Believe in Father Christmas / Humbug ( 1975 ) - Cest La Vie / Jeremy Bender ( 1977 ) - Watching Over You / Hallowed Be Thy Name ( 1977 ) - Love You Too Much / Someone ( UK/Europe 1981 ) - For Those who dare / Love you too much ( Germany 1981 ) - Let Me Love You Once / Retribution Drive ( USA 1981 ) - It Hurts / Retribution Drive ( UK/Europe 1982 ) - Famous Last Words / I Dont Know Why I Still Love You ( Portugal 1983 ) DVDs - Greg Lake : Live In Concert ( 2006 ) - Welcome Backstage ( 2006 ) - Greg Lake Live in Piacenza ( 2017 ) exclusively with the limited edition box set of the album with the same title . As Producer . - Spontaneous Combustion - Just A Dream { aka Unknown Ballad attributed to Emerson , Lake & Palmer , recorded December 1970 or January 1971 , released as a bonus track on the 2012 Tarkus reissue } ( 2012 ) - Spontaneous Combustion - Lonely Singer / 200 Lives / Leaving ( 1971 ) 7 single - Spontaneous Combustion - self-titled ( 1972 ) - Pete Sinfield - Still ( 1973 ) - The Kings Singers – Strawberry Fields Forever ( 1978 ) 7 single - Annie Barbazza & Max Repetti - Moonchild ( 2018 ) - Annie Barbazza - Vive ( 2018 ) ( Track Boite A Tisane ) References . - Bibliography

hard

What was the name of the employer John D. Eshelby work for before Feb 1963?

/wiki/John_D._Eshelby#P108#0

John D . Eshelby John Douglas Eshelby FRS ( 21 December 1916 – 10 December 1981 ) was a scientist in micromechanics . His work has shaped the fields of defect mechanics and micromechanics of inhomogeneous solids for fifty years and provided the basis for the quantitative analysis of the controlling mechanisms of plastic deformation and fracture . Eshelby was born at Puddington , Cheshire , the son of Captain Alan Douglas Eshelby and Phoebe Mason Hutchinson . He was educated at St Cyprians School , Eastbourne and was due to go to Charterhouse School but developed rheumatic fever and received his secondary education privately at home . At about this time the family moved to Manor House at Farrington Gurney , Somerset where his tutors were the village schoolmaster and a local clergyman . He relied extensively on self-instruction and obtained a place in the Physics Department of Bristol University and was awarded a first class honours in physics in 1937 . He then worked in a research laboratory under H W B Skinner and W Sucksmith on magnetism and the soft X-ray spectra of solids . In World War II Eshelby began working for the Admiralty on the degaussing of ships , but on 4 May 1940 he joined the Technical Branch of the Royal Air Force . His work from February 1941 to June 1942 was for the Coastal Command Development Unit conducting performance trials of Air-to-Surface Vessel radar and other operational devices in all types of aircraft . He was then involved in radar work , from August 1942 to February 1943 with 76 signals wing and from February 1943 to September 1944 at the radar establishment at Malvern . He was then transferred to disarmament work and then to the Air Historical branch in September 1945 . He left the RAF as a squadron leader on 4 October 1946 . After the war Eshelby returned to Bristol University to study for a PhD and taught himself the theory of elasticity for his thesis on Stationary and moving dislocations . He obtained his PhD in 1950 under Nevill Mott . In 1951 he moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana as a Research Associate , where he stayed until 1953 when he was appointed a lecturer at the University of Birmingham , where he taught from 1953 to 1964 at the Department of Metallurgy . During this time , he worked on point defects and dislocations , developing the method of transformation strains and studying the Eshelby inclusion problems for the first time , as well as the study of forces on elastic singularities . In 1964 he moved to the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University at the behest of Neville Mott , and was a Fellow of Churchill College from 1965 to 1966 . He was then appointed Reader in the Faculty of Materials ( Theory of Materials ) at the University of Sheffield , where he became Professor in 1971 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1974 . He was awarded the Timoshenko Medal in 1977 . He died in 1981 and the Eshelby Memorial Bursary was founded in his memory . The scientific phenomenon called Eshelbys inclusion is named after this scientist , and points at an ellipsoidal subdomain in an infinite homogeneous body , subjected to a uniform transformation strain . Eshelby was clear and amusing as a lecturer , and prepared his lectures with great care , but was not keen on doing experimental work . He was well versed in Sanskrit ( among other classical languages ) and was an avid second-hand book buyer . In 2012 , the Eshelby Mechanics Award for Young Faculty was launched to commemorate the memory of Eshelby . The award is given annually to rapidly emerging junior faculty who exemplify the creative use and development of mechanics , and awardees are formally recognised at the annual Applied Mechanics Division Banquet at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition ( ASME-IMECE ) meeting . Bibliography ( incomplete ) . - A Tentative Theory of Metallic Whisker Growth University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois Received 4 June 1953 The American Physical Society - Collected Works of J . D . Eshelby , Mechanics of Defects and Inhomogeneities , Springer ( 2006 ) , Xanthippi Markenscoff and Anurag Gupta ( Eds. ) - J . D . Eshelby , The continuum theory of lattice defects , in : F . Seitz and D . Turnbull ( eds. ) , Progress in Solid State Physics , Vol . 3 , Academic Press , New York ( 1956 ) , pp . 79–303 .

hard

What was the name of the employer John D. Eshelby work for in Feb 1964?

/wiki/John_D._Eshelby#P108#1

John D . Eshelby John Douglas Eshelby FRS ( 21 December 1916 – 10 December 1981 ) was a scientist in micromechanics . His work has shaped the fields of defect mechanics and micromechanics of inhomogeneous solids for fifty years and provided the basis for the quantitative analysis of the controlling mechanisms of plastic deformation and fracture . Eshelby was born at Puddington , Cheshire , the son of Captain Alan Douglas Eshelby and Phoebe Mason Hutchinson . He was educated at St Cyprians School , Eastbourne and was due to go to Charterhouse School but developed rheumatic fever and received his secondary education privately at home . At about this time the family moved to Manor House at Farrington Gurney , Somerset where his tutors were the village schoolmaster and a local clergyman . He relied extensively on self-instruction and obtained a place in the Physics Department of Bristol University and was awarded a first class honours in physics in 1937 . He then worked in a research laboratory under H W B Skinner and W Sucksmith on magnetism and the soft X-ray spectra of solids . In World War II Eshelby began working for the Admiralty on the degaussing of ships , but on 4 May 1940 he joined the Technical Branch of the Royal Air Force . His work from February 1941 to June 1942 was for the Coastal Command Development Unit conducting performance trials of Air-to-Surface Vessel radar and other operational devices in all types of aircraft . He was then involved in radar work , from August 1942 to February 1943 with 76 signals wing and from February 1943 to September 1944 at the radar establishment at Malvern . He was then transferred to disarmament work and then to the Air Historical branch in September 1945 . He left the RAF as a squadron leader on 4 October 1946 . After the war Eshelby returned to Bristol University to study for a PhD and taught himself the theory of elasticity for his thesis on Stationary and moving dislocations . He obtained his PhD in 1950 under Nevill Mott . In 1951 he moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana as a Research Associate , where he stayed until 1953 when he was appointed a lecturer at the University of Birmingham , where he taught from 1953 to 1964 at the Department of Metallurgy . During this time , he worked on point defects and dislocations , developing the method of transformation strains and studying the Eshelby inclusion problems for the first time , as well as the study of forces on elastic singularities . In 1964 he moved to the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University at the behest of Neville Mott , and was a Fellow of Churchill College from 1965 to 1966 . He was then appointed Reader in the Faculty of Materials ( Theory of Materials ) at the University of Sheffield , where he became Professor in 1971 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1974 . He was awarded the Timoshenko Medal in 1977 . He died in 1981 and the Eshelby Memorial Bursary was founded in his memory . The scientific phenomenon called Eshelbys inclusion is named after this scientist , and points at an ellipsoidal subdomain in an infinite homogeneous body , subjected to a uniform transformation strain . Eshelby was clear and amusing as a lecturer , and prepared his lectures with great care , but was not keen on doing experimental work . He was well versed in Sanskrit ( among other classical languages ) and was an avid second-hand book buyer . In 2012 , the Eshelby Mechanics Award for Young Faculty was launched to commemorate the memory of Eshelby . The award is given annually to rapidly emerging junior faculty who exemplify the creative use and development of mechanics , and awardees are formally recognised at the annual Applied Mechanics Division Banquet at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition ( ASME-IMECE ) meeting . Bibliography ( incomplete ) . - A Tentative Theory of Metallic Whisker Growth University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois Received 4 June 1953 The American Physical Society - Collected Works of J . D . Eshelby , Mechanics of Defects and Inhomogeneities , Springer ( 2006 ) , Xanthippi Markenscoff and Anurag Gupta ( Eds. ) - J . D . Eshelby , The continuum theory of lattice defects , in : F . Seitz and D . Turnbull ( eds. ) , Progress in Solid State Physics , Vol . 3 , Academic Press , New York ( 1956 ) , pp . 79–303 .

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What was the name of the employer John D. Eshelby work for after May 1975?

/wiki/John_D._Eshelby#P108#2

John D . Eshelby John Douglas Eshelby FRS ( 21 December 1916 – 10 December 1981 ) was a scientist in micromechanics . His work has shaped the fields of defect mechanics and micromechanics of inhomogeneous solids for fifty years and provided the basis for the quantitative analysis of the controlling mechanisms of plastic deformation and fracture . Eshelby was born at Puddington , Cheshire , the son of Captain Alan Douglas Eshelby and Phoebe Mason Hutchinson . He was educated at St Cyprians School , Eastbourne and was due to go to Charterhouse School but developed rheumatic fever and received his secondary education privately at home . At about this time the family moved to Manor House at Farrington Gurney , Somerset where his tutors were the village schoolmaster and a local clergyman . He relied extensively on self-instruction and obtained a place in the Physics Department of Bristol University and was awarded a first class honours in physics in 1937 . He then worked in a research laboratory under H W B Skinner and W Sucksmith on magnetism and the soft X-ray spectra of solids . In World War II Eshelby began working for the Admiralty on the degaussing of ships , but on 4 May 1940 he joined the Technical Branch of the Royal Air Force . His work from February 1941 to June 1942 was for the Coastal Command Development Unit conducting performance trials of Air-to-Surface Vessel radar and other operational devices in all types of aircraft . He was then involved in radar work , from August 1942 to February 1943 with 76 signals wing and from February 1943 to September 1944 at the radar establishment at Malvern . He was then transferred to disarmament work and then to the Air Historical branch in September 1945 . He left the RAF as a squadron leader on 4 October 1946 . After the war Eshelby returned to Bristol University to study for a PhD and taught himself the theory of elasticity for his thesis on Stationary and moving dislocations . He obtained his PhD in 1950 under Nevill Mott . In 1951 he moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana as a Research Associate , where he stayed until 1953 when he was appointed a lecturer at the University of Birmingham , where he taught from 1953 to 1964 at the Department of Metallurgy . During this time , he worked on point defects and dislocations , developing the method of transformation strains and studying the Eshelby inclusion problems for the first time , as well as the study of forces on elastic singularities . In 1964 he moved to the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University at the behest of Neville Mott , and was a Fellow of Churchill College from 1965 to 1966 . He was then appointed Reader in the Faculty of Materials ( Theory of Materials ) at the University of Sheffield , where he became Professor in 1971 . He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1974 . He was awarded the Timoshenko Medal in 1977 . He died in 1981 and the Eshelby Memorial Bursary was founded in his memory . The scientific phenomenon called Eshelbys inclusion is named after this scientist , and points at an ellipsoidal subdomain in an infinite homogeneous body , subjected to a uniform transformation strain . Eshelby was clear and amusing as a lecturer , and prepared his lectures with great care , but was not keen on doing experimental work . He was well versed in Sanskrit ( among other classical languages ) and was an avid second-hand book buyer . In 2012 , the Eshelby Mechanics Award for Young Faculty was launched to commemorate the memory of Eshelby . The award is given annually to rapidly emerging junior faculty who exemplify the creative use and development of mechanics , and awardees are formally recognised at the annual Applied Mechanics Division Banquet at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition ( ASME-IMECE ) meeting . Bibliography ( incomplete ) . - A Tentative Theory of Metallic Whisker Growth University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois Received 4 June 1953 The American Physical Society - Collected Works of J . D . Eshelby , Mechanics of Defects and Inhomogeneities , Springer ( 2006 ) , Xanthippi Markenscoff and Anurag Gupta ( Eds. ) - J . D . Eshelby , The continuum theory of lattice defects , in : F . Seitz and D . Turnbull ( eds. ) , Progress in Solid State Physics , Vol . 3 , Academic Press , New York ( 1956 ) , pp . 79–303 .

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Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics was managed or directed by whom in Jul 2000?

/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformatics#P1037#0

Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is an academic not-for-profit foundation which federates bioinformatics activities throughout Switzerland . The institute was established on 30 March 1998 and its mission is to provide core bioinformatics resources to the national and international life science research community in fields such as genomics , proteomics and systems biology as well as to lead and coordinate the field of bioinformatics in Switzerland . In particular , it promotes research , develops databanks and computer technologies , and is involved in teaching and service activities . History . The institute was originally created to provide a framework for stable long-term funding for both the Swiss-Prot database and the Swiss EMBnet node . Swiss-Prot in particular went through a major funding crisis in 1996 , which led the leaders of the five research groups active in bioinformatics in Geneva and Lausanne , Ron Appel , Amos Bairoch , Philipp Bucher , Victor Jongeneel and Manuel Peitsch to create SIB . Once created , the institute could then apply for funding under a Swiss law that allows the government to fund up to 50% of expenses of vital research and teaching infrastructures . The first director of the institute was Victor Jongeneel followed by Ernest Feytmans between 2001 and September 2007 . From 1 October 2007 until July 2018 , the institute was led by Ron Appel , one of its founding members . Since July 2018 , the SIB is led by Christine Durinx and Ron Appel , as Joint Executive Directors . Organisation . The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is a federation of research groups with affiliated bioinformaticians at 21 SIB partner institutions , including the Universities of Basel , Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Lausanne , Lugano and Zurich , the Federal Institutes of Technology in Lausanne and Zurich , the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research , the Institute of Oncology Research in Bellinzona , and the Geneva School of Business Administration ( HEG ) . Current research groups in SIB are located in Basel , Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Lausanne , Lugano , Zurich , Yverdon , Wädenswil , Bellinzona and Davos . SIB federates more than 70 research , service and infrastructure groups , gathering more than 700 scientists in fields as varied as proteomics , transcriptomics , genomics , systems biology , structural bioinformatics , evolutionary bioinformatics , modelling , imaging , biophysics , population genetics and clinical bioinformatics . The SIB organizes an annual international scientific meeting , the [ BC ] 2 Basel Computational Biology Conference . Bioinformatics resources . The institute offers a wide range of resources for the life science research community , most being open and accessible through Expasy , the SIB bioinformatics resource portal . They include : Databases . SIB develops and maintains databases of international standing , including UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ( curated protein sequence database providing a high level of annotation ) , neXtProt ( human-centric protein knowledge platform ) , SWISS-MODEL Repository ( three-dimensional protein structure models ) , STRING ( protein interaction networks for Systems Biology ) , SwissRegulon ( genome-wide transcription regulatory networks ) , Eukaryotic Promoter Database ( EPD ) , SWISS-2DPAGE ( 2D gel database ) , WORLD-2DPAGE Repository ( 2D gel repository ) , PROSITE ( protein families and domains ) , MyHits ( protein sequences and motifs ) , Bgee ( database to retrieve and compare gene expression patterns between animal species ) , OpenFlu ( database for human and animal influenza virus ) , ViralZone ( portal to viral UniProtKB entries ) , GlycoSuiteDB ( glycan database ) , SugarBindDB ( Pathogen Sugar-Binding Database ) , OrthoDB ( the hierarchical catalogue of eukaryotic orthologs ) , miROrtho ( the catalogue of animal microRNA genes ) , ImmunoDB ( insect immune-related genes and gene families ) and Cellosaurus ( a knowledge resource on cell lines ) . Software tools . SIB develops and supplies software for the global life science research community , such as SWISS-MODEL ( protein structure homology modelling ) , SwissDrugDesign ( computer-aided drug design ) , Melanie ( 2D gel analysis platform ) , MSight ( LC-MS imaging and analysis software ) , OMA ( Orthology Matrix ) , V-pipe ( viral genomics pipepline ) , DeepView/Swiss-PdbViewer ( protein visualization , modelling and analysis ) , and Newick utilities ( high-throughput phylogenetic tree processing ) . Core facilities . SIB manages several bioinformatics core facilities that provide informatics and statistical support , as well as services and advice to life scientists , thus enabling them to conduct their research projects and analyse the resulting data . Core facilities have been set up for genomics , transcriptomics and proteomics research . SIB also maintains the Vital-IT High Performance Computing Centre that provides computational resources , development support and consultancy to the Swiss life science community both in academia and industry . The Vital-IT infrastructure is distributed to three sites : University of Lausanne , EPFL and University of Geneva . Compute resources and bioinformatics expertise are also provided in the Basel area with sciCORE , the Basel Computational Biology Center . Education and training . One of SIB’s priorities is to promote and coordinate education in bioinformatics . SIB members are directly , or indirectly , involved in a number of bioinformatics courses at all educational levels – from high school to undergraduate and graduate degrees – as well as in specialized training for life scientists . SIB also promotes a PhD Training Network in bioinformatics , which is open to graduate students at Swiss schools of higher education . The objectives of this network are two-fold : 1 . To offer graduate students in bioinformatics a set of cutting-edge courses that provide both the theoretical and the practical knowledge necessary to work on a successful PhD research project in bioinformatics . 2 . To foster the development of a network of PhD students and promote the exchange of ideas , as well as the mobility of the students between participating institutions . Popular science . The SIB is also involved in bringing bioinformatics to the layman . Understanding the growing importance this relatively recent science has in today’s society is becoming fundamental . Indeed , in not too distant a future , patients will be referring to results directly generated by bioinformatics methods . Since the year 2000 , in order to heighten public awareness , the SIB has taken part in numerous science fairs , created two online magazines , an outdoor exhibition and , in 2012 , a virtual exhibition .

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Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics was managed or directed by whom in Mar 2004?

/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformatics#P1037#1

Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is an academic not-for-profit foundation which federates bioinformatics activities throughout Switzerland . The institute was established on 30 March 1998 and its mission is to provide core bioinformatics resources to the national and international life science research community in fields such as genomics , proteomics and systems biology as well as to lead and coordinate the field of bioinformatics in Switzerland . In particular , it promotes research , develops databanks and computer technologies , and is involved in teaching and service activities . History . The institute was originally created to provide a framework for stable long-term funding for both the Swiss-Prot database and the Swiss EMBnet node . Swiss-Prot in particular went through a major funding crisis in 1996 , which led the leaders of the five research groups active in bioinformatics in Geneva and Lausanne , Ron Appel , Amos Bairoch , Philipp Bucher , Victor Jongeneel and Manuel Peitsch to create SIB . Once created , the institute could then apply for funding under a Swiss law that allows the government to fund up to 50% of expenses of vital research and teaching infrastructures . The first director of the institute was Victor Jongeneel followed by Ernest Feytmans between 2001 and September 2007 . From 1 October 2007 until July 2018 , the institute was led by Ron Appel , one of its founding members . Since July 2018 , the SIB is led by Christine Durinx and Ron Appel , as Joint Executive Directors . Organisation . The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is a federation of research groups with affiliated bioinformaticians at 21 SIB partner institutions , including the Universities of Basel , Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Lausanne , Lugano and Zurich , the Federal Institutes of Technology in Lausanne and Zurich , the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research , the Institute of Oncology Research in Bellinzona , and the Geneva School of Business Administration ( HEG ) . Current research groups in SIB are located in Basel , Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Lausanne , Lugano , Zurich , Yverdon , Wädenswil , Bellinzona and Davos . SIB federates more than 70 research , service and infrastructure groups , gathering more than 700 scientists in fields as varied as proteomics , transcriptomics , genomics , systems biology , structural bioinformatics , evolutionary bioinformatics , modelling , imaging , biophysics , population genetics and clinical bioinformatics . The SIB organizes an annual international scientific meeting , the [ BC ] 2 Basel Computational Biology Conference . Bioinformatics resources . The institute offers a wide range of resources for the life science research community , most being open and accessible through Expasy , the SIB bioinformatics resource portal . They include : Databases . SIB develops and maintains databases of international standing , including UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ( curated protein sequence database providing a high level of annotation ) , neXtProt ( human-centric protein knowledge platform ) , SWISS-MODEL Repository ( three-dimensional protein structure models ) , STRING ( protein interaction networks for Systems Biology ) , SwissRegulon ( genome-wide transcription regulatory networks ) , Eukaryotic Promoter Database ( EPD ) , SWISS-2DPAGE ( 2D gel database ) , WORLD-2DPAGE Repository ( 2D gel repository ) , PROSITE ( protein families and domains ) , MyHits ( protein sequences and motifs ) , Bgee ( database to retrieve and compare gene expression patterns between animal species ) , OpenFlu ( database for human and animal influenza virus ) , ViralZone ( portal to viral UniProtKB entries ) , GlycoSuiteDB ( glycan database ) , SugarBindDB ( Pathogen Sugar-Binding Database ) , OrthoDB ( the hierarchical catalogue of eukaryotic orthologs ) , miROrtho ( the catalogue of animal microRNA genes ) , ImmunoDB ( insect immune-related genes and gene families ) and Cellosaurus ( a knowledge resource on cell lines ) . Software tools . SIB develops and supplies software for the global life science research community , such as SWISS-MODEL ( protein structure homology modelling ) , SwissDrugDesign ( computer-aided drug design ) , Melanie ( 2D gel analysis platform ) , MSight ( LC-MS imaging and analysis software ) , OMA ( Orthology Matrix ) , V-pipe ( viral genomics pipepline ) , DeepView/Swiss-PdbViewer ( protein visualization , modelling and analysis ) , and Newick utilities ( high-throughput phylogenetic tree processing ) . Core facilities . SIB manages several bioinformatics core facilities that provide informatics and statistical support , as well as services and advice to life scientists , thus enabling them to conduct their research projects and analyse the resulting data . Core facilities have been set up for genomics , transcriptomics and proteomics research . SIB also maintains the Vital-IT High Performance Computing Centre that provides computational resources , development support and consultancy to the Swiss life science community both in academia and industry . The Vital-IT infrastructure is distributed to three sites : University of Lausanne , EPFL and University of Geneva . Compute resources and bioinformatics expertise are also provided in the Basel area with sciCORE , the Basel Computational Biology Center . Education and training . One of SIB’s priorities is to promote and coordinate education in bioinformatics . SIB members are directly , or indirectly , involved in a number of bioinformatics courses at all educational levels – from high school to undergraduate and graduate degrees – as well as in specialized training for life scientists . SIB also promotes a PhD Training Network in bioinformatics , which is open to graduate students at Swiss schools of higher education . The objectives of this network are two-fold : 1 . To offer graduate students in bioinformatics a set of cutting-edge courses that provide both the theoretical and the practical knowledge necessary to work on a successful PhD research project in bioinformatics . 2 . To foster the development of a network of PhD students and promote the exchange of ideas , as well as the mobility of the students between participating institutions . Popular science . The SIB is also involved in bringing bioinformatics to the layman . Understanding the growing importance this relatively recent science has in today’s society is becoming fundamental . Indeed , in not too distant a future , patients will be referring to results directly generated by bioinformatics methods . Since the year 2000 , in order to heighten public awareness , the SIB has taken part in numerous science fairs , created two online magazines , an outdoor exhibition and , in 2012 , a virtual exhibition .

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Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics was managed or directed by whom after May 2007?

/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformatics#P1037#2

Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is an academic not-for-profit foundation which federates bioinformatics activities throughout Switzerland . The institute was established on 30 March 1998 and its mission is to provide core bioinformatics resources to the national and international life science research community in fields such as genomics , proteomics and systems biology as well as to lead and coordinate the field of bioinformatics in Switzerland . In particular , it promotes research , develops databanks and computer technologies , and is involved in teaching and service activities . History . The institute was originally created to provide a framework for stable long-term funding for both the Swiss-Prot database and the Swiss EMBnet node . Swiss-Prot in particular went through a major funding crisis in 1996 , which led the leaders of the five research groups active in bioinformatics in Geneva and Lausanne , Ron Appel , Amos Bairoch , Philipp Bucher , Victor Jongeneel and Manuel Peitsch to create SIB . Once created , the institute could then apply for funding under a Swiss law that allows the government to fund up to 50% of expenses of vital research and teaching infrastructures . The first director of the institute was Victor Jongeneel followed by Ernest Feytmans between 2001 and September 2007 . From 1 October 2007 until July 2018 , the institute was led by Ron Appel , one of its founding members . Since July 2018 , the SIB is led by Christine Durinx and Ron Appel , as Joint Executive Directors . Organisation . The SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics is a federation of research groups with affiliated bioinformaticians at 21 SIB partner institutions , including the Universities of Basel , Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Lausanne , Lugano and Zurich , the Federal Institutes of Technology in Lausanne and Zurich , the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research , the Institute of Oncology Research in Bellinzona , and the Geneva School of Business Administration ( HEG ) . Current research groups in SIB are located in Basel , Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Lausanne , Lugano , Zurich , Yverdon , Wädenswil , Bellinzona and Davos . SIB federates more than 70 research , service and infrastructure groups , gathering more than 700 scientists in fields as varied as proteomics , transcriptomics , genomics , systems biology , structural bioinformatics , evolutionary bioinformatics , modelling , imaging , biophysics , population genetics and clinical bioinformatics . The SIB organizes an annual international scientific meeting , the [ BC ] 2 Basel Computational Biology Conference . Bioinformatics resources . The institute offers a wide range of resources for the life science research community , most being open and accessible through Expasy , the SIB bioinformatics resource portal . They include : Databases . SIB develops and maintains databases of international standing , including UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot ( curated protein sequence database providing a high level of annotation ) , neXtProt ( human-centric protein knowledge platform ) , SWISS-MODEL Repository ( three-dimensional protein structure models ) , STRING ( protein interaction networks for Systems Biology ) , SwissRegulon ( genome-wide transcription regulatory networks ) , Eukaryotic Promoter Database ( EPD ) , SWISS-2DPAGE ( 2D gel database ) , WORLD-2DPAGE Repository ( 2D gel repository ) , PROSITE ( protein families and domains ) , MyHits ( protein sequences and motifs ) , Bgee ( database to retrieve and compare gene expression patterns between animal species ) , OpenFlu ( database for human and animal influenza virus ) , ViralZone ( portal to viral UniProtKB entries ) , GlycoSuiteDB ( glycan database ) , SugarBindDB ( Pathogen Sugar-Binding Database ) , OrthoDB ( the hierarchical catalogue of eukaryotic orthologs ) , miROrtho ( the catalogue of animal microRNA genes ) , ImmunoDB ( insect immune-related genes and gene families ) and Cellosaurus ( a knowledge resource on cell lines ) . Software tools . SIB develops and supplies software for the global life science research community , such as SWISS-MODEL ( protein structure homology modelling ) , SwissDrugDesign ( computer-aided drug design ) , Melanie ( 2D gel analysis platform ) , MSight ( LC-MS imaging and analysis software ) , OMA ( Orthology Matrix ) , V-pipe ( viral genomics pipepline ) , DeepView/Swiss-PdbViewer ( protein visualization , modelling and analysis ) , and Newick utilities ( high-throughput phylogenetic tree processing ) . Core facilities . SIB manages several bioinformatics core facilities that provide informatics and statistical support , as well as services and advice to life scientists , thus enabling them to conduct their research projects and analyse the resulting data . Core facilities have been set up for genomics , transcriptomics and proteomics research . SIB also maintains the Vital-IT High Performance Computing Centre that provides computational resources , development support and consultancy to the Swiss life science community both in academia and industry . The Vital-IT infrastructure is distributed to three sites : University of Lausanne , EPFL and University of Geneva . Compute resources and bioinformatics expertise are also provided in the Basel area with sciCORE , the Basel Computational Biology Center . Education and training . One of SIB’s priorities is to promote and coordinate education in bioinformatics . SIB members are directly , or indirectly , involved in a number of bioinformatics courses at all educational levels – from high school to undergraduate and graduate degrees – as well as in specialized training for life scientists . SIB also promotes a PhD Training Network in bioinformatics , which is open to graduate students at Swiss schools of higher education . The objectives of this network are two-fold : 1 . To offer graduate students in bioinformatics a set of cutting-edge courses that provide both the theoretical and the practical knowledge necessary to work on a successful PhD research project in bioinformatics . 2 . To foster the development of a network of PhD students and promote the exchange of ideas , as well as the mobility of the students between participating institutions . Popular science . The SIB is also involved in bringing bioinformatics to the layman . Understanding the growing importance this relatively recent science has in today’s society is becoming fundamental . Indeed , in not too distant a future , patients will be referring to results directly generated by bioinformatics methods . Since the year 2000 , in order to heighten public awareness , the SIB has taken part in numerous science fairs , created two online magazines , an outdoor exhibition and , in 2012 , a virtual exhibition .

hard

The One Show was presented by whom in Oct 2006?

/wiki/The_One_Show#P371#0

The One Show The One Show is a British television magazine and chat show programme . Broadcast live on BBC One weeknights at 7:00 pm , it features topical stories and studio guests . It is currently co-hosted by Alex Jones , Jermaine Jenas and Ronan Keating . Various reporters also assist with subject-specific presenting , both in the studio and on location , or through filmed segments . Originally produced in Birmingham and then in the BBC Media Village in White City , London , since 2014 the studio has been based in Broadcasting House , the BBCs headquarters in London . Launched with a pilot series in 2006 , leading to a full series from 2007 , it has had various previous permanent and temporary hosts . After initial low ratings , the partnership of Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley from 2007 to 2010 has been credited with boosting ratings and establishing the show as a popular staple of British viewing . The longest-serving partnership was between Jones and Matt Baker , who hosted together between 2011 and 2020 . The programme is usually 30 minutes long , although it is occasionally extended to an hour . It runs all year round , apart from a two-week break at Christmas and a four-week summer holiday , with the summer slot filled with a highlights show , The One Show : Best of British , presented by Matt Allwright and Lucy Siegle . Launching the full series represented a major financial commitment for the BBC , and was seen by it as a first test of a wide-ranging restructuring of the BBCs production arm into a more flexible and creative organisation , with the show seen as a potential platform for piloting other programme ideas . Format . As a topical magazine programme , The One Show covers a variety of stories , ranging from light-hearted humour to serious issues or tragic current events . The broadcast features a mix of in-studio presenting , outside live broadcasting , and pre-recorded segments . Reporters and other experts are included to provide contributions on various topics , both in the studio and as part of segments . Special guests are usually introduced at the top of the show , and remain throughout , often being encouraged to interact with it in various ways , as opposed to simply answering questions . Inside the studio , videotaping is done in front of a small standing audience , and focuses on two sofas ( one for the two presenters , one for guests and contributors ) arranged around a coffee table , often serving a practical use , e.g . during food tasting . Use of the forecourt of Broadcasting House for outside live broadcasts is common , allowing for a larger audience and/or a bigger stage for a performance or demonstration . The show often takes an active part in events such as Comic Relief/Sport Relief and Children in Need . Cross-promotion of other BBC shows is common , although under BBC rules the show cannot give the BBC preferential coverage . History . The One Show was initially commissioned for a four-week trial run . It was broadcast on weeknights at 6:55 pm between 14 August and 8 September 2006 . The programme was billed as a topical magazine show that was to showcase stories of interest from around the United Kingdom . The trial was hosted by Adrian Chiles and Nadia Sawalha , featuring reports from a variety of people across the UK . The show was intended to be an updated version of the BBC news magazine show Nationwide ( 1969–83 ) . After favourable viewing figures for the pilot , the show returned for a full series after being revamped on 9 July 2007 . Team members were Adrian Chiles , studio presenter , Hardeep Singh Kohli , head roving reporter , and 13 other reporters or contributors . A number of changes were made to the format . The show was moved from Birmingham to London . Sawalha was replaced by Myleene Klass . Klass then left in August to give birth to her first child , and was replaced by Christine Bleakley . The line-up was completed by the addition of a new team of reporters . The show replaced Real Story , and Holiday . The shows 400th episode aired on 18 March 2009 ; this was an hour in length instead of the usual 30 minutes . From September 2009 , The One Show included a 60-minute episode every week , after successfully trying the format in May 2009 . The hour-long format continued until December 2009 , and was revived in April 2011 . On 13 April 2010 , it was announced the show was being revamped with an hour-long Friday episode , to be hosted by Chris Evans . He was not due to start until after the summer break , but prior to this , both Chiles and Bleakley left the show . Chiles departed first , this being announced on 19 April , his last appearance being on 30 April . His replacement was announced on 26 May as Jason Manford , to begin in July . Bleakley continued alongside stand-ins until the last show before the break , on 10 June 2010 , with her departure confirmed during the break , on 8 July . The BBC had also confirmed that following the break , The One Show would be broadcast in high-definition , with the set updated to HD standards . The show returned on 12 July with stand-in presenters . On 26 July , S4C presenter Alex Jones was announced as the new female co-host . The new lineup of Jones and Manford on Monday to Thursday , and Jones and Evans on Friday , did not debut until the week beginning 16 August , Evans first show being Friday 20 August . On Friday 19 November , it was announced Manford was resigning ; his last show had aired that Wednesday , for – owing to the Children in Need telethon being on Friday – Chris Evans had presented the end-of-week episode on Thursday . Filling in , Jones was joined by guest presenters including Matt Baker , Alexander Armstrong and Matt Allwright on Monday to Thursday , with Evans also presenting extra episodes on occasion . The show began broadcasting from New Broadcasting House on 6 January 2014 with revamped opening title sequence graphics . The opening sequence is also enhanced for the run-up to Christmas each year with extra vocals and visual sparkle . On 25 January 2011 , Matt Baker was announced as Manfords replacement . On 19 June 2015 it was announced Evans would be leaving , his last show being 10 July 2015 . Following the departure of Evans , the Friday show has been presented by Jones alongside various guest presenters , the first being Patrick Kielty ( on 17 July ) . On 26 January 2015 , an FA Cup draw was performed on the show for the first time , for the 2014–15 FA Cup Fifth Round Proper . The BBC regained the broadcasting rights for the Cup from that season and since then , draws have been a semi-regular occurrence on the programme . On 1 February 2016 , the show broadcast an extended one-hour tribute to TV and radio host Sir Terry Wogan , who had died the previous day . This format was repeated ( albeit for the usual 30-minute duration ) on 31 March 2016 as a tribute to comedian Ronnie Corbett who had died earlier in the day . On 17 May 2016 , the show broadcast a 25-minute EastEnders special , EastEnders : Last Orders , to mark the end of the era of the character Peggy Mitchell , who was to be leaving the soap for the final time ; the show went out live from Albert Square , with cast members talking about Peggy and the show itself . On 6 January 2017 , Jones presented her last show before going on maternity leave ; guest presenters Angela Scanlon and Michelle Ackerley began to take over for Jones effective 9 January . Jones called into the show on 26 January to announce that she had given birth to a baby boy . In April 2019 , Jones went on maternity leave for the second time , giving birth on 13 May to a baby boy . Jones’ maternity leave is being covered again by Angela Scanlon and Michelle Ackerley , and she hopes to return to the show in early 2020 . On 4 December 2019 , Matt Baker announced he will leave the show in Spring 2020 to spend more time with his family , but reassured viewers that he will continue to work with the BBC . Matt Baker left on 31 March 2020 , and the BBC confirmed that he would not be replaced , with the programme instead relying on guest hosts to present alongside Jones on a permanent basis . However on 29 April 2021 , it was confirmed that the rotating guest hosts would be replaced by Jermaine Jenas who will host Monday through Wednesday , and Ronan Keating who will host on Thursday and Friday , from the week of 10 May . Both Jenas and Keating had appeared as guest hosts since the latter half of 2020 , with Keating having also co-hosted an episode in 2017 . Production . The pilot show was transmitted from a temporary studio built at The Mailbox complex in Birmingham . It was produced by BBC Birmingham , with production input from various BBC regions . When The One Show returned for a full series , it was moved to BBC Media Village in White City , London , in 2007 . It moved again to Broadcasting House in January 2014 . On 23 February 2011 , the fire alarm at the BBC White City studios went off , causing the programme to be taken off air and the remainder of the show was replaced with a recording of Nigel Slaters Simple Suppers . Ratings . In 2014 , the show was attracting an average daily audience of 5 million viewers . It received its lowest ever audience on Friday 24 June 2011 , with just 1.92 million tuning in ; the reason for this unusually low figure was because the show was unexpectedly moved to BBC Two after a Wimbledon match overran . The trend to a Friday ratings slump coincided with Evans being handed the role of co-host for the pre-weekend edition in early 2011 . The show shed two million viewers for the Friday edition after Evans joined the programme . The show reached a 12-month-high audience on 18 January 2013 of 5.83 million viewers . Popular culture . A popular unofficial companion podcast The The One Show Show launched in 2018 . Presented by writer and comedian Jon Holmes with co-host Marc Haynes and guests , it takes a deep dive into TVs shallowest programme . The weekly show ( in two parts ) analyses The One Show in forensic detail with presenters , segues , film items and studio guests being mined for laughs . A live version of the podcast sold out the London Podcast Festival in 2019 with guest Fi Glover . Other notable guests have included Jane Garvey and Jay Rayner , who resigned from his One Show presenting job on the podcast . Presenters . Guest presenters . Guest presenters are indicated in bold while other notable guests are indicated in italics . Other guest presenters . The following have guest presented episodes of The One Show ( as of 14 January 2021 ) - Leslie Ash - Chris Hollins ( 2010 , 2016 ) - Matt Allwright ( 2010–present ) - Louise Minchin ( 2010–2014 ) - Paul Merton ( 2010 ) - Anita Rani ( 2011–12 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ; 9 episodes ) - Aled Jones ( 2011 ; 1 episode ) - Joe Crowley ( 2011–12 ; 2016 , 9 episodes ) - Zoë Ball ( 2012–13 , 2016–17 ; 5 episodes ) - Jake Humphrey ( 2012–13 ; 5 episodes ) - Sarah Millican ( 2013 ; 2 episodes ) - Julia Bradbury ( 2013 ; 4 episodes ) - Michael Ball ( 2013 , 2016–present ; 63 episodes ) - Tess Daly ( 2013 ; 1 episode ) - Fearne Cotton ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ; 8 episodes ) - Jo Brand ( 2014 ; 2 episodes ) - Vernon Kay ( 2014 , 2016 ; 4 episodes ) - Richard Madeley ( 2014 , 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Eddie Mair ( 2014 ; 4 episodes ) - Angellica Bell ( 2014–present ; 87 episodes ) - Richard Osman ( 2014–17 ; 9 episodes ) - Terry Wogan ( 2014 ; 1 episode ) - Patrick Kielty ( 2014–present ; 56 episodes ) - Nick Grimshaw ( 2014–present ; 7 episodes ) - Mel Giedroyc ( 2014–present ; 11 episodes ) - Denise Lewis ( 2015–16 ; 3 episodes ) - Shane Richie ( 2015–20 ; 7 episodes ) - James Martin ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Dan Walker ( 2015 , 2018 ; 3 episodes ) - Ore Oduba ( 2015–present ; 32 episodes ) - Richard Blackwood ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Adil Ray ( 2015–16 ; 5 episodes ) - Chris Evans ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Warwick Davis ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Ed Byrne ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Geri Halliwell ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Paul Hollywood ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Will Young ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Ricky Wilson ( 2015–17 ; 4 episodes ) - Jasper Carrott ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Nina Wadia ( 2016 ; 4 episodes ) - Rory Bremner ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Anton du Beke ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Omid Djalili ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jeremy Vine ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Dermot OLeary ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Konnie Huq ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Greg James ( 2016–19 ; 7 episodes ) - Craig Charles ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Bradley Walsh ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Josh Groban ( 2016 , 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Gyles Brandreth ( 2016–present ; 9 episodes ) - Angela Scanlon ( 2016–present ; 95 episodes ) - Jerry Springer ( 2016–18 ; 3 episodes ) - Ade Adepitan ( 2016 , 2018–19 ; 4 episodes ) - Brenda Emmanus ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jack Docherty ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Bill Turnbull ( 2016 ; 3 episodes ) - Michelle Ackerley ( 2016–present ; 100 episodes ) - Steve Davis ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - John Barrowman ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Al Murray ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Fay Ripley ( 2016–17 ; 3 episodes ) - Caroline Quentin ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jon Richardson ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Katherine Ryan ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Si King ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Dave Myers ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Amol Rajan ( 2017–present ; 83 episodes ) - Ronan Keating ( 2017 , 2020–present ; 29 episodes ) - Sally Phillips ( 2017–18 ; 4 episodes ) - Kevin Duala ( 2017–18 ; 2 episodes ) - Rob Beckett ( 2017–2020 ; 3 episodes ) - Dev Griffin ( 2018–20 ; 4 episodes ) - Sandi Toksvig ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Rory Reid ( 2018 ; 1 episode ) - Joe Lycett ( 2018–19 ; 2 episodes ) - Sara Cox ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Angela Griffin ( 2018–present ; 5 episodes ) - Susan Calman ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Marvin Humes ( 2018–19 ; 5 episodes ) - Rylan Clark-Neal ( 2019–present ; 31 episodes ) - Joe Sugg ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Oti Mabuse ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Ashley Banjo ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Peter Andre ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Stacey Dooley ( 2019 ; 5 episodes ) - Alex Scott ( 2019–present ; 40 episodes ) - Emma Willis ( 2019 ; 14 episodes ) - Jo Whiley ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Sue Perkins ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Frank Skinner ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Clara Amfo ( 2019 , 2021 ; 5 episodes ) - Jamie Cullum ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Ashley John-Baptiste ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Chris Kamara ( 2019 , 1 episode ) - Gethin Jones ( 2009 , 2019–present ; 40 episodes ) - Chris Ramsey ( 2020–present ; 18 episodes ) - Iain Stirling ( 2019–present ; 4 episodes ) - Huw Edwards ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Kym Marsh ( 2020 ; 6 episodes ) - Jermaine Jenas ( 2020–present ; 31 episodes ) - Riyadh Khalaf ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Carl Hutchinson ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Harry Judd ( 2020–present ; 6 episodes ) - Jordan Banjo ( 2021 ; 1 episode ) - Martin Clunes ( 2021 ; 1 episode ) Reporters . Current . - General - Ade Adepitan - Matt Allwright - Angela Scanlon - Angellica Bell - Gyles Brandreth - Joe Crowley - Michael Douglas - Carrie Grant - Andy Kershaw - Alex Riley - John Sergeant - Lucy Siegle - Iwan Thomas - Consumer affairs - Dan Donnelly - Dominic Littlewood - Anita Rani - Angela Rippon - Justin Rowlatt - Nick Wallis - Jasmine Harman - Current affairs - Helen Fospero - Fiona Foster - Andy Kershaw - Anita Rani - Alex Riley - Lucy Siegle - Nature and wildlife - Mike Dilger - Miranda Krestovnikoff - Dr George McGavin - Crime - Dan Donnelly - Health and medical - Dr Sarah Jarvis - Dr Mark Porter - Dr Michael Mosley - Medical science - Weather - Carol Kirkwood - History - Gyles Brandreth - Joe Crowley - Ruth Goodman - Larry Lamb - David Olusoga - wills - Arthur Smith - cultural - Dan Snow - Food - Jay Rayner - Ricky Andalcio - Nadiya Hussain - Gardening - Christine Walkden - Holidays - Christine Walkden - Sport - Phil Tufnell - Art critic - Phil Tufnell - Music - Carrie Grant - Andy Kershaw - Cerys Matthews - Richard Mainwaring - Culture - Cerys Matthews - Arthur Smith - Hairstyles - Michael Douglas - Science & Technology - Marty Jopson - Scotland - Sarah Mack - Accents - Alistair McGowan - Adventure - Andy Torbet - Business Advice - Theo Paphitis - Science - Tim Peake Former . - General reporters:Clare BaldingKaye AdamsAnna AdamsMatt BakerRajesh MirchandaniCarol ThatcherHardeep Singh KohliMyleene KlassIain LeeColin JacksonPauric OBrienPaddy OConnell - Composer:Mitch Benn - Nature and wildlifeKate HumbleEllie HarrisonDavid Lindo - FinancialMartin Lewis - AstronomyMark Thompson - DanceArlene Phillips - CrimeRav WildingMartin Bayfield - Health and medicalDr Phil Hammond - WeatherPeter Gibbs - HistoryNeil Oliver - Domestic petsJoe Inglis - CultureTony Livesey Controversies . Carol Thatcher . Carol Thatcher did not have her short-term contract as a One Show roving reporter renewed after the BBC refused to accept her apology following an allegedly racist comment made in January 2009 following filming . It was made during a private conversation between her , presenter Adrian Chiles and guest , comedian Jo Brand , but the comment was subsequently reported to BBC staff . Thatcher argued that the comment had been meant in jest , and that she considered the way the incident had been handled to be a breach of trust , for which she expected an apology from the BBC . Jeremy Clarkson . On 30 November 2011 , over 21,000 complaints were received because Jeremy Clarkson made two allegedly offensive comments on the show , one in relation to the recent public sector strikes , and another on suicide . The One Show apologised for the suicide comment . The incident registered 763 complaints to regulator OFCOM , the third highest recorded in 2011 . Jimmy Carr . Two jokes told by comedian Jimmy Carr on 4 November 2015 episode were referred to regulator OFCOM for investigation regarding their potentially discriminatory nature . The jokes were found to be in breach of their broadcasting code , leading the BBC to alter its existing arrangements for ensuring guests do not swear or use offensive language , to also explicitly discourage jokes made at the expense of minorities . Paul OGrady . The BBC received complaints that while being interviewed in January 2014 about the issue of benefit reform , the Labour Party supporter and television presenter Paul OGrady was not adequately challenged on his views , described as forthright in their condemnation of the Channel 4 documentary , Benefits Street . The BBC responded by arguing that a variety of opinions had been heard , and that balance need not be addressed simply through a single programme . Rita Ora . Singer Rita Ora generated hundreds of complaints to the BBC over her choice of clothing for a 5 January 2015 appearance on the show , in which she wore a trouser suit with nothing underneath the jacket , the fit of which exposed her full cleavage . The BBC defended her clothing as being broadly in line with most viewers expectations of a pop stars choice of attire , while also making clear it would have requested a more modest outfit had she consulted with them first .

hard

The One Show was presented by whom in late 2000s?

/wiki/The_One_Show#P371#1

The One Show The One Show is a British television magazine and chat show programme . Broadcast live on BBC One weeknights at 7:00 pm , it features topical stories and studio guests . It is currently co-hosted by Alex Jones , Jermaine Jenas and Ronan Keating . Various reporters also assist with subject-specific presenting , both in the studio and on location , or through filmed segments . Originally produced in Birmingham and then in the BBC Media Village in White City , London , since 2014 the studio has been based in Broadcasting House , the BBCs headquarters in London . Launched with a pilot series in 2006 , leading to a full series from 2007 , it has had various previous permanent and temporary hosts . After initial low ratings , the partnership of Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley from 2007 to 2010 has been credited with boosting ratings and establishing the show as a popular staple of British viewing . The longest-serving partnership was between Jones and Matt Baker , who hosted together between 2011 and 2020 . The programme is usually 30 minutes long , although it is occasionally extended to an hour . It runs all year round , apart from a two-week break at Christmas and a four-week summer holiday , with the summer slot filled with a highlights show , The One Show : Best of British , presented by Matt Allwright and Lucy Siegle . Launching the full series represented a major financial commitment for the BBC , and was seen by it as a first test of a wide-ranging restructuring of the BBCs production arm into a more flexible and creative organisation , with the show seen as a potential platform for piloting other programme ideas . Format . As a topical magazine programme , The One Show covers a variety of stories , ranging from light-hearted humour to serious issues or tragic current events . The broadcast features a mix of in-studio presenting , outside live broadcasting , and pre-recorded segments . Reporters and other experts are included to provide contributions on various topics , both in the studio and as part of segments . Special guests are usually introduced at the top of the show , and remain throughout , often being encouraged to interact with it in various ways , as opposed to simply answering questions . Inside the studio , videotaping is done in front of a small standing audience , and focuses on two sofas ( one for the two presenters , one for guests and contributors ) arranged around a coffee table , often serving a practical use , e.g . during food tasting . Use of the forecourt of Broadcasting House for outside live broadcasts is common , allowing for a larger audience and/or a bigger stage for a performance or demonstration . The show often takes an active part in events such as Comic Relief/Sport Relief and Children in Need . Cross-promotion of other BBC shows is common , although under BBC rules the show cannot give the BBC preferential coverage . History . The One Show was initially commissioned for a four-week trial run . It was broadcast on weeknights at 6:55 pm between 14 August and 8 September 2006 . The programme was billed as a topical magazine show that was to showcase stories of interest from around the United Kingdom . The trial was hosted by Adrian Chiles and Nadia Sawalha , featuring reports from a variety of people across the UK . The show was intended to be an updated version of the BBC news magazine show Nationwide ( 1969–83 ) . After favourable viewing figures for the pilot , the show returned for a full series after being revamped on 9 July 2007 . Team members were Adrian Chiles , studio presenter , Hardeep Singh Kohli , head roving reporter , and 13 other reporters or contributors . A number of changes were made to the format . The show was moved from Birmingham to London . Sawalha was replaced by Myleene Klass . Klass then left in August to give birth to her first child , and was replaced by Christine Bleakley . The line-up was completed by the addition of a new team of reporters . The show replaced Real Story , and Holiday . The shows 400th episode aired on 18 March 2009 ; this was an hour in length instead of the usual 30 minutes . From September 2009 , The One Show included a 60-minute episode every week , after successfully trying the format in May 2009 . The hour-long format continued until December 2009 , and was revived in April 2011 . On 13 April 2010 , it was announced the show was being revamped with an hour-long Friday episode , to be hosted by Chris Evans . He was not due to start until after the summer break , but prior to this , both Chiles and Bleakley left the show . Chiles departed first , this being announced on 19 April , his last appearance being on 30 April . His replacement was announced on 26 May as Jason Manford , to begin in July . Bleakley continued alongside stand-ins until the last show before the break , on 10 June 2010 , with her departure confirmed during the break , on 8 July . The BBC had also confirmed that following the break , The One Show would be broadcast in high-definition , with the set updated to HD standards . The show returned on 12 July with stand-in presenters . On 26 July , S4C presenter Alex Jones was announced as the new female co-host . The new lineup of Jones and Manford on Monday to Thursday , and Jones and Evans on Friday , did not debut until the week beginning 16 August , Evans first show being Friday 20 August . On Friday 19 November , it was announced Manford was resigning ; his last show had aired that Wednesday , for – owing to the Children in Need telethon being on Friday – Chris Evans had presented the end-of-week episode on Thursday . Filling in , Jones was joined by guest presenters including Matt Baker , Alexander Armstrong and Matt Allwright on Monday to Thursday , with Evans also presenting extra episodes on occasion . The show began broadcasting from New Broadcasting House on 6 January 2014 with revamped opening title sequence graphics . The opening sequence is also enhanced for the run-up to Christmas each year with extra vocals and visual sparkle . On 25 January 2011 , Matt Baker was announced as Manfords replacement . On 19 June 2015 it was announced Evans would be leaving , his last show being 10 July 2015 . Following the departure of Evans , the Friday show has been presented by Jones alongside various guest presenters , the first being Patrick Kielty ( on 17 July ) . On 26 January 2015 , an FA Cup draw was performed on the show for the first time , for the 2014–15 FA Cup Fifth Round Proper . The BBC regained the broadcasting rights for the Cup from that season and since then , draws have been a semi-regular occurrence on the programme . On 1 February 2016 , the show broadcast an extended one-hour tribute to TV and radio host Sir Terry Wogan , who had died the previous day . This format was repeated ( albeit for the usual 30-minute duration ) on 31 March 2016 as a tribute to comedian Ronnie Corbett who had died earlier in the day . On 17 May 2016 , the show broadcast a 25-minute EastEnders special , EastEnders : Last Orders , to mark the end of the era of the character Peggy Mitchell , who was to be leaving the soap for the final time ; the show went out live from Albert Square , with cast members talking about Peggy and the show itself . On 6 January 2017 , Jones presented her last show before going on maternity leave ; guest presenters Angela Scanlon and Michelle Ackerley began to take over for Jones effective 9 January . Jones called into the show on 26 January to announce that she had given birth to a baby boy . In April 2019 , Jones went on maternity leave for the second time , giving birth on 13 May to a baby boy . Jones’ maternity leave is being covered again by Angela Scanlon and Michelle Ackerley , and she hopes to return to the show in early 2020 . On 4 December 2019 , Matt Baker announced he will leave the show in Spring 2020 to spend more time with his family , but reassured viewers that he will continue to work with the BBC . Matt Baker left on 31 March 2020 , and the BBC confirmed that he would not be replaced , with the programme instead relying on guest hosts to present alongside Jones on a permanent basis . However on 29 April 2021 , it was confirmed that the rotating guest hosts would be replaced by Jermaine Jenas who will host Monday through Wednesday , and Ronan Keating who will host on Thursday and Friday , from the week of 10 May . Both Jenas and Keating had appeared as guest hosts since the latter half of 2020 , with Keating having also co-hosted an episode in 2017 . Production . The pilot show was transmitted from a temporary studio built at The Mailbox complex in Birmingham . It was produced by BBC Birmingham , with production input from various BBC regions . When The One Show returned for a full series , it was moved to BBC Media Village in White City , London , in 2007 . It moved again to Broadcasting House in January 2014 . On 23 February 2011 , the fire alarm at the BBC White City studios went off , causing the programme to be taken off air and the remainder of the show was replaced with a recording of Nigel Slaters Simple Suppers . Ratings . In 2014 , the show was attracting an average daily audience of 5 million viewers . It received its lowest ever audience on Friday 24 June 2011 , with just 1.92 million tuning in ; the reason for this unusually low figure was because the show was unexpectedly moved to BBC Two after a Wimbledon match overran . The trend to a Friday ratings slump coincided with Evans being handed the role of co-host for the pre-weekend edition in early 2011 . The show shed two million viewers for the Friday edition after Evans joined the programme . The show reached a 12-month-high audience on 18 January 2013 of 5.83 million viewers . Popular culture . A popular unofficial companion podcast The The One Show Show launched in 2018 . Presented by writer and comedian Jon Holmes with co-host Marc Haynes and guests , it takes a deep dive into TVs shallowest programme . The weekly show ( in two parts ) analyses The One Show in forensic detail with presenters , segues , film items and studio guests being mined for laughs . A live version of the podcast sold out the London Podcast Festival in 2019 with guest Fi Glover . Other notable guests have included Jane Garvey and Jay Rayner , who resigned from his One Show presenting job on the podcast . Presenters . Guest presenters . Guest presenters are indicated in bold while other notable guests are indicated in italics . Other guest presenters . The following have guest presented episodes of The One Show ( as of 14 January 2021 ) - Leslie Ash - Chris Hollins ( 2010 , 2016 ) - Matt Allwright ( 2010–present ) - Louise Minchin ( 2010–2014 ) - Paul Merton ( 2010 ) - Anita Rani ( 2011–12 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ; 9 episodes ) - Aled Jones ( 2011 ; 1 episode ) - Joe Crowley ( 2011–12 ; 2016 , 9 episodes ) - Zoë Ball ( 2012–13 , 2016–17 ; 5 episodes ) - Jake Humphrey ( 2012–13 ; 5 episodes ) - Sarah Millican ( 2013 ; 2 episodes ) - Julia Bradbury ( 2013 ; 4 episodes ) - Michael Ball ( 2013 , 2016–present ; 63 episodes ) - Tess Daly ( 2013 ; 1 episode ) - Fearne Cotton ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ; 8 episodes ) - Jo Brand ( 2014 ; 2 episodes ) - Vernon Kay ( 2014 , 2016 ; 4 episodes ) - Richard Madeley ( 2014 , 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Eddie Mair ( 2014 ; 4 episodes ) - Angellica Bell ( 2014–present ; 87 episodes ) - Richard Osman ( 2014–17 ; 9 episodes ) - Terry Wogan ( 2014 ; 1 episode ) - Patrick Kielty ( 2014–present ; 56 episodes ) - Nick Grimshaw ( 2014–present ; 7 episodes ) - Mel Giedroyc ( 2014–present ; 11 episodes ) - Denise Lewis ( 2015–16 ; 3 episodes ) - Shane Richie ( 2015–20 ; 7 episodes ) - James Martin ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Dan Walker ( 2015 , 2018 ; 3 episodes ) - Ore Oduba ( 2015–present ; 32 episodes ) - Richard Blackwood ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Adil Ray ( 2015–16 ; 5 episodes ) - Chris Evans ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Warwick Davis ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Ed Byrne ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Geri Halliwell ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Paul Hollywood ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Will Young ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Ricky Wilson ( 2015–17 ; 4 episodes ) - Jasper Carrott ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Nina Wadia ( 2016 ; 4 episodes ) - Rory Bremner ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Anton du Beke ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Omid Djalili ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jeremy Vine ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Dermot OLeary ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Konnie Huq ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Greg James ( 2016–19 ; 7 episodes ) - Craig Charles ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Bradley Walsh ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Josh Groban ( 2016 , 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Gyles Brandreth ( 2016–present ; 9 episodes ) - Angela Scanlon ( 2016–present ; 95 episodes ) - Jerry Springer ( 2016–18 ; 3 episodes ) - Ade Adepitan ( 2016 , 2018–19 ; 4 episodes ) - Brenda Emmanus ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jack Docherty ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Bill Turnbull ( 2016 ; 3 episodes ) - Michelle Ackerley ( 2016–present ; 100 episodes ) - Steve Davis ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - John Barrowman ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Al Murray ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Fay Ripley ( 2016–17 ; 3 episodes ) - Caroline Quentin ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jon Richardson ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Katherine Ryan ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Si King ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Dave Myers ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Amol Rajan ( 2017–present ; 83 episodes ) - Ronan Keating ( 2017 , 2020–present ; 29 episodes ) - Sally Phillips ( 2017–18 ; 4 episodes ) - Kevin Duala ( 2017–18 ; 2 episodes ) - Rob Beckett ( 2017–2020 ; 3 episodes ) - Dev Griffin ( 2018–20 ; 4 episodes ) - Sandi Toksvig ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Rory Reid ( 2018 ; 1 episode ) - Joe Lycett ( 2018–19 ; 2 episodes ) - Sara Cox ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Angela Griffin ( 2018–present ; 5 episodes ) - Susan Calman ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Marvin Humes ( 2018–19 ; 5 episodes ) - Rylan Clark-Neal ( 2019–present ; 31 episodes ) - Joe Sugg ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Oti Mabuse ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Ashley Banjo ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Peter Andre ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Stacey Dooley ( 2019 ; 5 episodes ) - Alex Scott ( 2019–present ; 40 episodes ) - Emma Willis ( 2019 ; 14 episodes ) - Jo Whiley ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Sue Perkins ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Frank Skinner ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Clara Amfo ( 2019 , 2021 ; 5 episodes ) - Jamie Cullum ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Ashley John-Baptiste ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Chris Kamara ( 2019 , 1 episode ) - Gethin Jones ( 2009 , 2019–present ; 40 episodes ) - Chris Ramsey ( 2020–present ; 18 episodes ) - Iain Stirling ( 2019–present ; 4 episodes ) - Huw Edwards ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Kym Marsh ( 2020 ; 6 episodes ) - Jermaine Jenas ( 2020–present ; 31 episodes ) - Riyadh Khalaf ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Carl Hutchinson ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Harry Judd ( 2020–present ; 6 episodes ) - Jordan Banjo ( 2021 ; 1 episode ) - Martin Clunes ( 2021 ; 1 episode ) Reporters . Current . - General - Ade Adepitan - Matt Allwright - Angela Scanlon - Angellica Bell - Gyles Brandreth - Joe Crowley - Michael Douglas - Carrie Grant - Andy Kershaw - Alex Riley - John Sergeant - Lucy Siegle - Iwan Thomas - Consumer affairs - Dan Donnelly - Dominic Littlewood - Anita Rani - Angela Rippon - Justin Rowlatt - Nick Wallis - Jasmine Harman - Current affairs - Helen Fospero - Fiona Foster - Andy Kershaw - Anita Rani - Alex Riley - Lucy Siegle - Nature and wildlife - Mike Dilger - Miranda Krestovnikoff - Dr George McGavin - Crime - Dan Donnelly - Health and medical - Dr Sarah Jarvis - Dr Mark Porter - Dr Michael Mosley - Medical science - Weather - Carol Kirkwood - History - Gyles Brandreth - Joe Crowley - Ruth Goodman - Larry Lamb - David Olusoga - wills - Arthur Smith - cultural - Dan Snow - Food - Jay Rayner - Ricky Andalcio - Nadiya Hussain - Gardening - Christine Walkden - Holidays - Christine Walkden - Sport - Phil Tufnell - Art critic - Phil Tufnell - Music - Carrie Grant - Andy Kershaw - Cerys Matthews - Richard Mainwaring - Culture - Cerys Matthews - Arthur Smith - Hairstyles - Michael Douglas - Science & Technology - Marty Jopson - Scotland - Sarah Mack - Accents - Alistair McGowan - Adventure - Andy Torbet - Business Advice - Theo Paphitis - Science - Tim Peake Former . - General reporters:Clare BaldingKaye AdamsAnna AdamsMatt BakerRajesh MirchandaniCarol ThatcherHardeep Singh KohliMyleene KlassIain LeeColin JacksonPauric OBrienPaddy OConnell - Composer:Mitch Benn - Nature and wildlifeKate HumbleEllie HarrisonDavid Lindo - FinancialMartin Lewis - AstronomyMark Thompson - DanceArlene Phillips - CrimeRav WildingMartin Bayfield - Health and medicalDr Phil Hammond - WeatherPeter Gibbs - HistoryNeil Oliver - Domestic petsJoe Inglis - CultureTony Livesey Controversies . Carol Thatcher . Carol Thatcher did not have her short-term contract as a One Show roving reporter renewed after the BBC refused to accept her apology following an allegedly racist comment made in January 2009 following filming . It was made during a private conversation between her , presenter Adrian Chiles and guest , comedian Jo Brand , but the comment was subsequently reported to BBC staff . Thatcher argued that the comment had been meant in jest , and that she considered the way the incident had been handled to be a breach of trust , for which she expected an apology from the BBC . Jeremy Clarkson . On 30 November 2011 , over 21,000 complaints were received because Jeremy Clarkson made two allegedly offensive comments on the show , one in relation to the recent public sector strikes , and another on suicide . The One Show apologised for the suicide comment . The incident registered 763 complaints to regulator OFCOM , the third highest recorded in 2011 . Jimmy Carr . Two jokes told by comedian Jimmy Carr on 4 November 2015 episode were referred to regulator OFCOM for investigation regarding their potentially discriminatory nature . The jokes were found to be in breach of their broadcasting code , leading the BBC to alter its existing arrangements for ensuring guests do not swear or use offensive language , to also explicitly discourage jokes made at the expense of minorities . Paul OGrady . The BBC received complaints that while being interviewed in January 2014 about the issue of benefit reform , the Labour Party supporter and television presenter Paul OGrady was not adequately challenged on his views , described as forthright in their condemnation of the Channel 4 documentary , Benefits Street . The BBC responded by arguing that a variety of opinions had been heard , and that balance need not be addressed simply through a single programme . Rita Ora . Singer Rita Ora generated hundreds of complaints to the BBC over her choice of clothing for a 5 January 2015 appearance on the show , in which she wore a trouser suit with nothing underneath the jacket , the fit of which exposed her full cleavage . The BBC defended her clothing as being broadly in line with most viewers expectations of a pop stars choice of attire , while also making clear it would have requested a more modest outfit had she consulted with them first .

hard

The One Show was presented by whom between Mar 2010 and Apr 2010?

/wiki/The_One_Show#P371#2

The One Show The One Show is a British television magazine and chat show programme . Broadcast live on BBC One weeknights at 7:00 pm , it features topical stories and studio guests . It is currently co-hosted by Alex Jones , Jermaine Jenas and Ronan Keating . Various reporters also assist with subject-specific presenting , both in the studio and on location , or through filmed segments . Originally produced in Birmingham and then in the BBC Media Village in White City , London , since 2014 the studio has been based in Broadcasting House , the BBCs headquarters in London . Launched with a pilot series in 2006 , leading to a full series from 2007 , it has had various previous permanent and temporary hosts . After initial low ratings , the partnership of Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley from 2007 to 2010 has been credited with boosting ratings and establishing the show as a popular staple of British viewing . The longest-serving partnership was between Jones and Matt Baker , who hosted together between 2011 and 2020 . The programme is usually 30 minutes long , although it is occasionally extended to an hour . It runs all year round , apart from a two-week break at Christmas and a four-week summer holiday , with the summer slot filled with a highlights show , The One Show : Best of British , presented by Matt Allwright and Lucy Siegle . Launching the full series represented a major financial commitment for the BBC , and was seen by it as a first test of a wide-ranging restructuring of the BBCs production arm into a more flexible and creative organisation , with the show seen as a potential platform for piloting other programme ideas . Format . As a topical magazine programme , The One Show covers a variety of stories , ranging from light-hearted humour to serious issues or tragic current events . The broadcast features a mix of in-studio presenting , outside live broadcasting , and pre-recorded segments . Reporters and other experts are included to provide contributions on various topics , both in the studio and as part of segments . Special guests are usually introduced at the top of the show , and remain throughout , often being encouraged to interact with it in various ways , as opposed to simply answering questions . Inside the studio , videotaping is done in front of a small standing audience , and focuses on two sofas ( one for the two presenters , one for guests and contributors ) arranged around a coffee table , often serving a practical use , e.g . during food tasting . Use of the forecourt of Broadcasting House for outside live broadcasts is common , allowing for a larger audience and/or a bigger stage for a performance or demonstration . The show often takes an active part in events such as Comic Relief/Sport Relief and Children in Need . Cross-promotion of other BBC shows is common , although under BBC rules the show cannot give the BBC preferential coverage . History . The One Show was initially commissioned for a four-week trial run . It was broadcast on weeknights at 6:55 pm between 14 August and 8 September 2006 . The programme was billed as a topical magazine show that was to showcase stories of interest from around the United Kingdom . The trial was hosted by Adrian Chiles and Nadia Sawalha , featuring reports from a variety of people across the UK . The show was intended to be an updated version of the BBC news magazine show Nationwide ( 1969–83 ) . After favourable viewing figures for the pilot , the show returned for a full series after being revamped on 9 July 2007 . Team members were Adrian Chiles , studio presenter , Hardeep Singh Kohli , head roving reporter , and 13 other reporters or contributors . A number of changes were made to the format . The show was moved from Birmingham to London . Sawalha was replaced by Myleene Klass . Klass then left in August to give birth to her first child , and was replaced by Christine Bleakley . The line-up was completed by the addition of a new team of reporters . The show replaced Real Story , and Holiday . The shows 400th episode aired on 18 March 2009 ; this was an hour in length instead of the usual 30 minutes . From September 2009 , The One Show included a 60-minute episode every week , after successfully trying the format in May 2009 . The hour-long format continued until December 2009 , and was revived in April 2011 . On 13 April 2010 , it was announced the show was being revamped with an hour-long Friday episode , to be hosted by Chris Evans . He was not due to start until after the summer break , but prior to this , both Chiles and Bleakley left the show . Chiles departed first , this being announced on 19 April , his last appearance being on 30 April . His replacement was announced on 26 May as Jason Manford , to begin in July . Bleakley continued alongside stand-ins until the last show before the break , on 10 June 2010 , with her departure confirmed during the break , on 8 July . The BBC had also confirmed that following the break , The One Show would be broadcast in high-definition , with the set updated to HD standards . The show returned on 12 July with stand-in presenters . On 26 July , S4C presenter Alex Jones was announced as the new female co-host . The new lineup of Jones and Manford on Monday to Thursday , and Jones and Evans on Friday , did not debut until the week beginning 16 August , Evans first show being Friday 20 August . On Friday 19 November , it was announced Manford was resigning ; his last show had aired that Wednesday , for – owing to the Children in Need telethon being on Friday – Chris Evans had presented the end-of-week episode on Thursday . Filling in , Jones was joined by guest presenters including Matt Baker , Alexander Armstrong and Matt Allwright on Monday to Thursday , with Evans also presenting extra episodes on occasion . The show began broadcasting from New Broadcasting House on 6 January 2014 with revamped opening title sequence graphics . The opening sequence is also enhanced for the run-up to Christmas each year with extra vocals and visual sparkle . On 25 January 2011 , Matt Baker was announced as Manfords replacement . On 19 June 2015 it was announced Evans would be leaving , his last show being 10 July 2015 . Following the departure of Evans , the Friday show has been presented by Jones alongside various guest presenters , the first being Patrick Kielty ( on 17 July ) . On 26 January 2015 , an FA Cup draw was performed on the show for the first time , for the 2014–15 FA Cup Fifth Round Proper . The BBC regained the broadcasting rights for the Cup from that season and since then , draws have been a semi-regular occurrence on the programme . On 1 February 2016 , the show broadcast an extended one-hour tribute to TV and radio host Sir Terry Wogan , who had died the previous day . This format was repeated ( albeit for the usual 30-minute duration ) on 31 March 2016 as a tribute to comedian Ronnie Corbett who had died earlier in the day . On 17 May 2016 , the show broadcast a 25-minute EastEnders special , EastEnders : Last Orders , to mark the end of the era of the character Peggy Mitchell , who was to be leaving the soap for the final time ; the show went out live from Albert Square , with cast members talking about Peggy and the show itself . On 6 January 2017 , Jones presented her last show before going on maternity leave ; guest presenters Angela Scanlon and Michelle Ackerley began to take over for Jones effective 9 January . Jones called into the show on 26 January to announce that she had given birth to a baby boy . In April 2019 , Jones went on maternity leave for the second time , giving birth on 13 May to a baby boy . Jones’ maternity leave is being covered again by Angela Scanlon and Michelle Ackerley , and she hopes to return to the show in early 2020 . On 4 December 2019 , Matt Baker announced he will leave the show in Spring 2020 to spend more time with his family , but reassured viewers that he will continue to work with the BBC . Matt Baker left on 31 March 2020 , and the BBC confirmed that he would not be replaced , with the programme instead relying on guest hosts to present alongside Jones on a permanent basis . However on 29 April 2021 , it was confirmed that the rotating guest hosts would be replaced by Jermaine Jenas who will host Monday through Wednesday , and Ronan Keating who will host on Thursday and Friday , from the week of 10 May . Both Jenas and Keating had appeared as guest hosts since the latter half of 2020 , with Keating having also co-hosted an episode in 2017 . Production . The pilot show was transmitted from a temporary studio built at The Mailbox complex in Birmingham . It was produced by BBC Birmingham , with production input from various BBC regions . When The One Show returned for a full series , it was moved to BBC Media Village in White City , London , in 2007 . It moved again to Broadcasting House in January 2014 . On 23 February 2011 , the fire alarm at the BBC White City studios went off , causing the programme to be taken off air and the remainder of the show was replaced with a recording of Nigel Slaters Simple Suppers . Ratings . In 2014 , the show was attracting an average daily audience of 5 million viewers . It received its lowest ever audience on Friday 24 June 2011 , with just 1.92 million tuning in ; the reason for this unusually low figure was because the show was unexpectedly moved to BBC Two after a Wimbledon match overran . The trend to a Friday ratings slump coincided with Evans being handed the role of co-host for the pre-weekend edition in early 2011 . The show shed two million viewers for the Friday edition after Evans joined the programme . The show reached a 12-month-high audience on 18 January 2013 of 5.83 million viewers . Popular culture . A popular unofficial companion podcast The The One Show Show launched in 2018 . Presented by writer and comedian Jon Holmes with co-host Marc Haynes and guests , it takes a deep dive into TVs shallowest programme . The weekly show ( in two parts ) analyses The One Show in forensic detail with presenters , segues , film items and studio guests being mined for laughs . A live version of the podcast sold out the London Podcast Festival in 2019 with guest Fi Glover . Other notable guests have included Jane Garvey and Jay Rayner , who resigned from his One Show presenting job on the podcast . Presenters . Guest presenters . Guest presenters are indicated in bold while other notable guests are indicated in italics . Other guest presenters . The following have guest presented episodes of The One Show ( as of 14 January 2021 ) - Leslie Ash - Chris Hollins ( 2010 , 2016 ) - Matt Allwright ( 2010–present ) - Louise Minchin ( 2010–2014 ) - Paul Merton ( 2010 ) - Anita Rani ( 2011–12 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ; 9 episodes ) - Aled Jones ( 2011 ; 1 episode ) - Joe Crowley ( 2011–12 ; 2016 , 9 episodes ) - Zoë Ball ( 2012–13 , 2016–17 ; 5 episodes ) - Jake Humphrey ( 2012–13 ; 5 episodes ) - Sarah Millican ( 2013 ; 2 episodes ) - Julia Bradbury ( 2013 ; 4 episodes ) - Michael Ball ( 2013 , 2016–present ; 63 episodes ) - Tess Daly ( 2013 ; 1 episode ) - Fearne Cotton ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ; 8 episodes ) - Jo Brand ( 2014 ; 2 episodes ) - Vernon Kay ( 2014 , 2016 ; 4 episodes ) - Richard Madeley ( 2014 , 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Eddie Mair ( 2014 ; 4 episodes ) - Angellica Bell ( 2014–present ; 87 episodes ) - Richard Osman ( 2014–17 ; 9 episodes ) - Terry Wogan ( 2014 ; 1 episode ) - Patrick Kielty ( 2014–present ; 56 episodes ) - Nick Grimshaw ( 2014–present ; 7 episodes ) - Mel Giedroyc ( 2014–present ; 11 episodes ) - Denise Lewis ( 2015–16 ; 3 episodes ) - Shane Richie ( 2015–20 ; 7 episodes ) - James Martin ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Dan Walker ( 2015 , 2018 ; 3 episodes ) - Ore Oduba ( 2015–present ; 32 episodes ) - Richard Blackwood ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Adil Ray ( 2015–16 ; 5 episodes ) - Chris Evans ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Warwick Davis ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Ed Byrne ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Geri Halliwell ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Paul Hollywood ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Will Young ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Ricky Wilson ( 2015–17 ; 4 episodes ) - Jasper Carrott ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Nina Wadia ( 2016 ; 4 episodes ) - Rory Bremner ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Anton du Beke ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Omid Djalili ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jeremy Vine ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Dermot OLeary ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Konnie Huq ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Greg James ( 2016–19 ; 7 episodes ) - Craig Charles ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Bradley Walsh ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Josh Groban ( 2016 , 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Gyles Brandreth ( 2016–present ; 9 episodes ) - Angela Scanlon ( 2016–present ; 95 episodes ) - Jerry Springer ( 2016–18 ; 3 episodes ) - Ade Adepitan ( 2016 , 2018–19 ; 4 episodes ) - Brenda Emmanus ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jack Docherty ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Bill Turnbull ( 2016 ; 3 episodes ) - Michelle Ackerley ( 2016–present ; 100 episodes ) - Steve Davis ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - John Barrowman ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Al Murray ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Fay Ripley ( 2016–17 ; 3 episodes ) - Caroline Quentin ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jon Richardson ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Katherine Ryan ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Si King ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Dave Myers ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Amol Rajan ( 2017–present ; 83 episodes ) - Ronan Keating ( 2017 , 2020–present ; 29 episodes ) - Sally Phillips ( 2017–18 ; 4 episodes ) - Kevin Duala ( 2017–18 ; 2 episodes ) - Rob Beckett ( 2017–2020 ; 3 episodes ) - Dev Griffin ( 2018–20 ; 4 episodes ) - Sandi Toksvig ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Rory Reid ( 2018 ; 1 episode ) - Joe Lycett ( 2018–19 ; 2 episodes ) - Sara Cox ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Angela Griffin ( 2018–present ; 5 episodes ) - Susan Calman ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Marvin Humes ( 2018–19 ; 5 episodes ) - Rylan Clark-Neal ( 2019–present ; 31 episodes ) - Joe Sugg ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Oti Mabuse ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Ashley Banjo ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Peter Andre ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Stacey Dooley ( 2019 ; 5 episodes ) - Alex Scott ( 2019–present ; 40 episodes ) - Emma Willis ( 2019 ; 14 episodes ) - Jo Whiley ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Sue Perkins ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Frank Skinner ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Clara Amfo ( 2019 , 2021 ; 5 episodes ) - Jamie Cullum ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Ashley John-Baptiste ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Chris Kamara ( 2019 , 1 episode ) - Gethin Jones ( 2009 , 2019–present ; 40 episodes ) - Chris Ramsey ( 2020–present ; 18 episodes ) - Iain Stirling ( 2019–present ; 4 episodes ) - Huw Edwards ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Kym Marsh ( 2020 ; 6 episodes ) - Jermaine Jenas ( 2020–present ; 31 episodes ) - Riyadh Khalaf ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Carl Hutchinson ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Harry Judd ( 2020–present ; 6 episodes ) - Jordan Banjo ( 2021 ; 1 episode ) - Martin Clunes ( 2021 ; 1 episode ) Reporters . Current . - General - Ade Adepitan - Matt Allwright - Angela Scanlon - Angellica Bell - Gyles Brandreth - Joe Crowley - Michael Douglas - Carrie Grant - Andy Kershaw - Alex Riley - John Sergeant - Lucy Siegle - Iwan Thomas - Consumer affairs - Dan Donnelly - Dominic Littlewood - Anita Rani - Angela Rippon - Justin Rowlatt - Nick Wallis - Jasmine Harman - Current affairs - Helen Fospero - Fiona Foster - Andy Kershaw - Anita Rani - Alex Riley - Lucy Siegle - Nature and wildlife - Mike Dilger - Miranda Krestovnikoff - Dr George McGavin - Crime - Dan Donnelly - Health and medical - Dr Sarah Jarvis - Dr Mark Porter - Dr Michael Mosley - Medical science - Weather - Carol Kirkwood - History - Gyles Brandreth - Joe Crowley - Ruth Goodman - Larry Lamb - David Olusoga - wills - Arthur Smith - cultural - Dan Snow - Food - Jay Rayner - Ricky Andalcio - Nadiya Hussain - Gardening - Christine Walkden - Holidays - Christine Walkden - Sport - Phil Tufnell - Art critic - Phil Tufnell - Music - Carrie Grant - Andy Kershaw - Cerys Matthews - Richard Mainwaring - Culture - Cerys Matthews - Arthur Smith - Hairstyles - Michael Douglas - Science & Technology - Marty Jopson - Scotland - Sarah Mack - Accents - Alistair McGowan - Adventure - Andy Torbet - Business Advice - Theo Paphitis - Science - Tim Peake Former . - General reporters:Clare BaldingKaye AdamsAnna AdamsMatt BakerRajesh MirchandaniCarol ThatcherHardeep Singh KohliMyleene KlassIain LeeColin JacksonPauric OBrienPaddy OConnell - Composer:Mitch Benn - Nature and wildlifeKate HumbleEllie HarrisonDavid Lindo - FinancialMartin Lewis - AstronomyMark Thompson - DanceArlene Phillips - CrimeRav WildingMartin Bayfield - Health and medicalDr Phil Hammond - WeatherPeter Gibbs - HistoryNeil Oliver - Domestic petsJoe Inglis - CultureTony Livesey Controversies . Carol Thatcher . Carol Thatcher did not have her short-term contract as a One Show roving reporter renewed after the BBC refused to accept her apology following an allegedly racist comment made in January 2009 following filming . It was made during a private conversation between her , presenter Adrian Chiles and guest , comedian Jo Brand , but the comment was subsequently reported to BBC staff . Thatcher argued that the comment had been meant in jest , and that she considered the way the incident had been handled to be a breach of trust , for which she expected an apology from the BBC . Jeremy Clarkson . On 30 November 2011 , over 21,000 complaints were received because Jeremy Clarkson made two allegedly offensive comments on the show , one in relation to the recent public sector strikes , and another on suicide . The One Show apologised for the suicide comment . The incident registered 763 complaints to regulator OFCOM , the third highest recorded in 2011 . Jimmy Carr . Two jokes told by comedian Jimmy Carr on 4 November 2015 episode were referred to regulator OFCOM for investigation regarding their potentially discriminatory nature . The jokes were found to be in breach of their broadcasting code , leading the BBC to alter its existing arrangements for ensuring guests do not swear or use offensive language , to also explicitly discourage jokes made at the expense of minorities . Paul OGrady . The BBC received complaints that while being interviewed in January 2014 about the issue of benefit reform , the Labour Party supporter and television presenter Paul OGrady was not adequately challenged on his views , described as forthright in their condemnation of the Channel 4 documentary , Benefits Street . The BBC responded by arguing that a variety of opinions had been heard , and that balance need not be addressed simply through a single programme . Rita Ora . Singer Rita Ora generated hundreds of complaints to the BBC over her choice of clothing for a 5 January 2015 appearance on the show , in which she wore a trouser suit with nothing underneath the jacket , the fit of which exposed her full cleavage . The BBC defended her clothing as being broadly in line with most viewers expectations of a pop stars choice of attire , while also making clear it would have requested a more modest outfit had she consulted with them first .

hard

The One Show was presented by whom between Oct 2011 and Dec 2011?

/wiki/The_One_Show#P371#3

The One Show The One Show is a British television magazine and chat show programme . Broadcast live on BBC One weeknights at 7:00 pm , it features topical stories and studio guests . It is currently co-hosted by Alex Jones , Jermaine Jenas and Ronan Keating . Various reporters also assist with subject-specific presenting , both in the studio and on location , or through filmed segments . Originally produced in Birmingham and then in the BBC Media Village in White City , London , since 2014 the studio has been based in Broadcasting House , the BBCs headquarters in London . Launched with a pilot series in 2006 , leading to a full series from 2007 , it has had various previous permanent and temporary hosts . After initial low ratings , the partnership of Adrian Chiles and Christine Bleakley from 2007 to 2010 has been credited with boosting ratings and establishing the show as a popular staple of British viewing . The longest-serving partnership was between Jones and Matt Baker , who hosted together between 2011 and 2020 . The programme is usually 30 minutes long , although it is occasionally extended to an hour . It runs all year round , apart from a two-week break at Christmas and a four-week summer holiday , with the summer slot filled with a highlights show , The One Show : Best of British , presented by Matt Allwright and Lucy Siegle . Launching the full series represented a major financial commitment for the BBC , and was seen by it as a first test of a wide-ranging restructuring of the BBCs production arm into a more flexible and creative organisation , with the show seen as a potential platform for piloting other programme ideas . Format . As a topical magazine programme , The One Show covers a variety of stories , ranging from light-hearted humour to serious issues or tragic current events . The broadcast features a mix of in-studio presenting , outside live broadcasting , and pre-recorded segments . Reporters and other experts are included to provide contributions on various topics , both in the studio and as part of segments . Special guests are usually introduced at the top of the show , and remain throughout , often being encouraged to interact with it in various ways , as opposed to simply answering questions . Inside the studio , videotaping is done in front of a small standing audience , and focuses on two sofas ( one for the two presenters , one for guests and contributors ) arranged around a coffee table , often serving a practical use , e.g . during food tasting . Use of the forecourt of Broadcasting House for outside live broadcasts is common , allowing for a larger audience and/or a bigger stage for a performance or demonstration . The show often takes an active part in events such as Comic Relief/Sport Relief and Children in Need . Cross-promotion of other BBC shows is common , although under BBC rules the show cannot give the BBC preferential coverage . History . The One Show was initially commissioned for a four-week trial run . It was broadcast on weeknights at 6:55 pm between 14 August and 8 September 2006 . The programme was billed as a topical magazine show that was to showcase stories of interest from around the United Kingdom . The trial was hosted by Adrian Chiles and Nadia Sawalha , featuring reports from a variety of people across the UK . The show was intended to be an updated version of the BBC news magazine show Nationwide ( 1969–83 ) . After favourable viewing figures for the pilot , the show returned for a full series after being revamped on 9 July 2007 . Team members were Adrian Chiles , studio presenter , Hardeep Singh Kohli , head roving reporter , and 13 other reporters or contributors . A number of changes were made to the format . The show was moved from Birmingham to London . Sawalha was replaced by Myleene Klass . Klass then left in August to give birth to her first child , and was replaced by Christine Bleakley . The line-up was completed by the addition of a new team of reporters . The show replaced Real Story , and Holiday . The shows 400th episode aired on 18 March 2009 ; this was an hour in length instead of the usual 30 minutes . From September 2009 , The One Show included a 60-minute episode every week , after successfully trying the format in May 2009 . The hour-long format continued until December 2009 , and was revived in April 2011 . On 13 April 2010 , it was announced the show was being revamped with an hour-long Friday episode , to be hosted by Chris Evans . He was not due to start until after the summer break , but prior to this , both Chiles and Bleakley left the show . Chiles departed first , this being announced on 19 April , his last appearance being on 30 April . His replacement was announced on 26 May as Jason Manford , to begin in July . Bleakley continued alongside stand-ins until the last show before the break , on 10 June 2010 , with her departure confirmed during the break , on 8 July . The BBC had also confirmed that following the break , The One Show would be broadcast in high-definition , with the set updated to HD standards . The show returned on 12 July with stand-in presenters . On 26 July , S4C presenter Alex Jones was announced as the new female co-host . The new lineup of Jones and Manford on Monday to Thursday , and Jones and Evans on Friday , did not debut until the week beginning 16 August , Evans first show being Friday 20 August . On Friday 19 November , it was announced Manford was resigning ; his last show had aired that Wednesday , for – owing to the Children in Need telethon being on Friday – Chris Evans had presented the end-of-week episode on Thursday . Filling in , Jones was joined by guest presenters including Matt Baker , Alexander Armstrong and Matt Allwright on Monday to Thursday , with Evans also presenting extra episodes on occasion . The show began broadcasting from New Broadcasting House on 6 January 2014 with revamped opening title sequence graphics . The opening sequence is also enhanced for the run-up to Christmas each year with extra vocals and visual sparkle . On 25 January 2011 , Matt Baker was announced as Manfords replacement . On 19 June 2015 it was announced Evans would be leaving , his last show being 10 July 2015 . Following the departure of Evans , the Friday show has been presented by Jones alongside various guest presenters , the first being Patrick Kielty ( on 17 July ) . On 26 January 2015 , an FA Cup draw was performed on the show for the first time , for the 2014–15 FA Cup Fifth Round Proper . The BBC regained the broadcasting rights for the Cup from that season and since then , draws have been a semi-regular occurrence on the programme . On 1 February 2016 , the show broadcast an extended one-hour tribute to TV and radio host Sir Terry Wogan , who had died the previous day . This format was repeated ( albeit for the usual 30-minute duration ) on 31 March 2016 as a tribute to comedian Ronnie Corbett who had died earlier in the day . On 17 May 2016 , the show broadcast a 25-minute EastEnders special , EastEnders : Last Orders , to mark the end of the era of the character Peggy Mitchell , who was to be leaving the soap for the final time ; the show went out live from Albert Square , with cast members talking about Peggy and the show itself . On 6 January 2017 , Jones presented her last show before going on maternity leave ; guest presenters Angela Scanlon and Michelle Ackerley began to take over for Jones effective 9 January . Jones called into the show on 26 January to announce that she had given birth to a baby boy . In April 2019 , Jones went on maternity leave for the second time , giving birth on 13 May to a baby boy . Jones’ maternity leave is being covered again by Angela Scanlon and Michelle Ackerley , and she hopes to return to the show in early 2020 . On 4 December 2019 , Matt Baker announced he will leave the show in Spring 2020 to spend more time with his family , but reassured viewers that he will continue to work with the BBC . Matt Baker left on 31 March 2020 , and the BBC confirmed that he would not be replaced , with the programme instead relying on guest hosts to present alongside Jones on a permanent basis . However on 29 April 2021 , it was confirmed that the rotating guest hosts would be replaced by Jermaine Jenas who will host Monday through Wednesday , and Ronan Keating who will host on Thursday and Friday , from the week of 10 May . Both Jenas and Keating had appeared as guest hosts since the latter half of 2020 , with Keating having also co-hosted an episode in 2017 . Production . The pilot show was transmitted from a temporary studio built at The Mailbox complex in Birmingham . It was produced by BBC Birmingham , with production input from various BBC regions . When The One Show returned for a full series , it was moved to BBC Media Village in White City , London , in 2007 . It moved again to Broadcasting House in January 2014 . On 23 February 2011 , the fire alarm at the BBC White City studios went off , causing the programme to be taken off air and the remainder of the show was replaced with a recording of Nigel Slaters Simple Suppers . Ratings . In 2014 , the show was attracting an average daily audience of 5 million viewers . It received its lowest ever audience on Friday 24 June 2011 , with just 1.92 million tuning in ; the reason for this unusually low figure was because the show was unexpectedly moved to BBC Two after a Wimbledon match overran . The trend to a Friday ratings slump coincided with Evans being handed the role of co-host for the pre-weekend edition in early 2011 . The show shed two million viewers for the Friday edition after Evans joined the programme . The show reached a 12-month-high audience on 18 January 2013 of 5.83 million viewers . Popular culture . A popular unofficial companion podcast The The One Show Show launched in 2018 . Presented by writer and comedian Jon Holmes with co-host Marc Haynes and guests , it takes a deep dive into TVs shallowest programme . The weekly show ( in two parts ) analyses The One Show in forensic detail with presenters , segues , film items and studio guests being mined for laughs . A live version of the podcast sold out the London Podcast Festival in 2019 with guest Fi Glover . Other notable guests have included Jane Garvey and Jay Rayner , who resigned from his One Show presenting job on the podcast . Presenters . Guest presenters . Guest presenters are indicated in bold while other notable guests are indicated in italics . Other guest presenters . The following have guest presented episodes of The One Show ( as of 14 January 2021 ) - Leslie Ash - Chris Hollins ( 2010 , 2016 ) - Matt Allwright ( 2010–present ) - Louise Minchin ( 2010–2014 ) - Paul Merton ( 2010 ) - Anita Rani ( 2011–12 , 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ; 9 episodes ) - Aled Jones ( 2011 ; 1 episode ) - Joe Crowley ( 2011–12 ; 2016 , 9 episodes ) - Zoë Ball ( 2012–13 , 2016–17 ; 5 episodes ) - Jake Humphrey ( 2012–13 ; 5 episodes ) - Sarah Millican ( 2013 ; 2 episodes ) - Julia Bradbury ( 2013 ; 4 episodes ) - Michael Ball ( 2013 , 2016–present ; 63 episodes ) - Tess Daly ( 2013 ; 1 episode ) - Fearne Cotton ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ; 8 episodes ) - Jo Brand ( 2014 ; 2 episodes ) - Vernon Kay ( 2014 , 2016 ; 4 episodes ) - Richard Madeley ( 2014 , 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Eddie Mair ( 2014 ; 4 episodes ) - Angellica Bell ( 2014–present ; 87 episodes ) - Richard Osman ( 2014–17 ; 9 episodes ) - Terry Wogan ( 2014 ; 1 episode ) - Patrick Kielty ( 2014–present ; 56 episodes ) - Nick Grimshaw ( 2014–present ; 7 episodes ) - Mel Giedroyc ( 2014–present ; 11 episodes ) - Denise Lewis ( 2015–16 ; 3 episodes ) - Shane Richie ( 2015–20 ; 7 episodes ) - James Martin ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Dan Walker ( 2015 , 2018 ; 3 episodes ) - Ore Oduba ( 2015–present ; 32 episodes ) - Richard Blackwood ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Adil Ray ( 2015–16 ; 5 episodes ) - Chris Evans ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Warwick Davis ( 2015 ; 2 episodes ) - Ed Byrne ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Geri Halliwell ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Paul Hollywood ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Will Young ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Ricky Wilson ( 2015–17 ; 4 episodes ) - Jasper Carrott ( 2015 ; 1 episode ) - Nina Wadia ( 2016 ; 4 episodes ) - Rory Bremner ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Anton du Beke ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Omid Djalili ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jeremy Vine ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Dermot OLeary ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Konnie Huq ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Greg James ( 2016–19 ; 7 episodes ) - Craig Charles ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Bradley Walsh ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Josh Groban ( 2016 , 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Gyles Brandreth ( 2016–present ; 9 episodes ) - Angela Scanlon ( 2016–present ; 95 episodes ) - Jerry Springer ( 2016–18 ; 3 episodes ) - Ade Adepitan ( 2016 , 2018–19 ; 4 episodes ) - Brenda Emmanus ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jack Docherty ( 2016 ; 2 episodes ) - Bill Turnbull ( 2016 ; 3 episodes ) - Michelle Ackerley ( 2016–present ; 100 episodes ) - Steve Davis ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - John Barrowman ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Al Murray ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Fay Ripley ( 2016–17 ; 3 episodes ) - Caroline Quentin ( 2016 ; 1 episode ) - Jon Richardson ( 2016–18 ; 5 episodes ) - Katherine Ryan ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Si King ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Dave Myers ( 2017 ; 1 episode ) - Amol Rajan ( 2017–present ; 83 episodes ) - Ronan Keating ( 2017 , 2020–present ; 29 episodes ) - Sally Phillips ( 2017–18 ; 4 episodes ) - Kevin Duala ( 2017–18 ; 2 episodes ) - Rob Beckett ( 2017–2020 ; 3 episodes ) - Dev Griffin ( 2018–20 ; 4 episodes ) - Sandi Toksvig ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Rory Reid ( 2018 ; 1 episode ) - Joe Lycett ( 2018–19 ; 2 episodes ) - Sara Cox ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Angela Griffin ( 2018–present ; 5 episodes ) - Susan Calman ( 2018 ; 2 episodes ) - Marvin Humes ( 2018–19 ; 5 episodes ) - Rylan Clark-Neal ( 2019–present ; 31 episodes ) - Joe Sugg ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Oti Mabuse ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Ashley Banjo ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Peter Andre ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Stacey Dooley ( 2019 ; 5 episodes ) - Alex Scott ( 2019–present ; 40 episodes ) - Emma Willis ( 2019 ; 14 episodes ) - Jo Whiley ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Sue Perkins ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Frank Skinner ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Clara Amfo ( 2019 , 2021 ; 5 episodes ) - Jamie Cullum ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Ashley John-Baptiste ( 2019 ; 1 episode ) - Chris Kamara ( 2019 , 1 episode ) - Gethin Jones ( 2009 , 2019–present ; 40 episodes ) - Chris Ramsey ( 2020–present ; 18 episodes ) - Iain Stirling ( 2019–present ; 4 episodes ) - Huw Edwards ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Kym Marsh ( 2020 ; 6 episodes ) - Jermaine Jenas ( 2020–present ; 31 episodes ) - Riyadh Khalaf ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Carl Hutchinson ( 2020 ; 1 episode ) - Harry Judd ( 2020–present ; 6 episodes ) - Jordan Banjo ( 2021 ; 1 episode ) - Martin Clunes ( 2021 ; 1 episode ) Reporters . Current . - General - Ade Adepitan - Matt Allwright - Angela Scanlon - Angellica Bell - Gyles Brandreth - Joe Crowley - Michael Douglas - Carrie Grant - Andy Kershaw - Alex Riley - John Sergeant - Lucy Siegle - Iwan Thomas - Consumer affairs - Dan Donnelly - Dominic Littlewood - Anita Rani - Angela Rippon - Justin Rowlatt - Nick Wallis - Jasmine Harman - Current affairs - Helen Fospero - Fiona Foster - Andy Kershaw - Anita Rani - Alex Riley - Lucy Siegle - Nature and wildlife - Mike Dilger - Miranda Krestovnikoff - Dr George McGavin - Crime - Dan Donnelly - Health and medical - Dr Sarah Jarvis - Dr Mark Porter - Dr Michael Mosley - Medical science - Weather - Carol Kirkwood - History - Gyles Brandreth - Joe Crowley - Ruth Goodman - Larry Lamb - David Olusoga - wills - Arthur Smith - cultural - Dan Snow - Food - Jay Rayner - Ricky Andalcio - Nadiya Hussain - Gardening - Christine Walkden - Holidays - Christine Walkden - Sport - Phil Tufnell - Art critic - Phil Tufnell - Music - Carrie Grant - Andy Kershaw - Cerys Matthews - Richard Mainwaring - Culture - Cerys Matthews - Arthur Smith - Hairstyles - Michael Douglas - Science & Technology - Marty Jopson - Scotland - Sarah Mack - Accents - Alistair McGowan - Adventure - Andy Torbet - Business Advice - Theo Paphitis - Science - Tim Peake Former . - General reporters:Clare BaldingKaye AdamsAnna AdamsMatt BakerRajesh MirchandaniCarol ThatcherHardeep Singh KohliMyleene KlassIain LeeColin JacksonPauric OBrienPaddy OConnell - Composer:Mitch Benn - Nature and wildlifeKate HumbleEllie HarrisonDavid Lindo - FinancialMartin Lewis - AstronomyMark Thompson - DanceArlene Phillips - CrimeRav WildingMartin Bayfield - Health and medicalDr Phil Hammond - WeatherPeter Gibbs - HistoryNeil Oliver - Domestic petsJoe Inglis - CultureTony Livesey Controversies . Carol Thatcher . Carol Thatcher did not have her short-term contract as a One Show roving reporter renewed after the BBC refused to accept her apology following an allegedly racist comment made in January 2009 following filming . It was made during a private conversation between her , presenter Adrian Chiles and guest , comedian Jo Brand , but the comment was subsequently reported to BBC staff . Thatcher argued that the comment had been meant in jest , and that she considered the way the incident had been handled to be a breach of trust , for which she expected an apology from the BBC . Jeremy Clarkson . On 30 November 2011 , over 21,000 complaints were received because Jeremy Clarkson made two allegedly offensive comments on the show , one in relation to the recent public sector strikes , and another on suicide . The One Show apologised for the suicide comment . The incident registered 763 complaints to regulator OFCOM , the third highest recorded in 2011 . Jimmy Carr . Two jokes told by comedian Jimmy Carr on 4 November 2015 episode were referred to regulator OFCOM for investigation regarding their potentially discriminatory nature . The jokes were found to be in breach of their broadcasting code , leading the BBC to alter its existing arrangements for ensuring guests do not swear or use offensive language , to also explicitly discourage jokes made at the expense of minorities . Paul OGrady . The BBC received complaints that while being interviewed in January 2014 about the issue of benefit reform , the Labour Party supporter and television presenter Paul OGrady was not adequately challenged on his views , described as forthright in their condemnation of the Channel 4 documentary , Benefits Street . The BBC responded by arguing that a variety of opinions had been heard , and that balance need not be addressed simply through a single programme . Rita Ora . Singer Rita Ora generated hundreds of complaints to the BBC over her choice of clothing for a 5 January 2015 appearance on the show , in which she wore a trouser suit with nothing underneath the jacket , the fit of which exposed her full cleavage . The BBC defended her clothing as being broadly in line with most viewers expectations of a pop stars choice of attire , while also making clear it would have requested a more modest outfit had she consulted with them first .

hard

What was the residence of Patrick Burns (businessman) in Jul 1861?

/wiki/Patrick_Burns_(businessman)#P551#0

Patrick Burns ( businessman ) Patrick Burns ( July 6 , 1856 – February 24 , 1937 ) was a Canadian rancher , meat packer , businessperson , senator , and philanthropist . A self-made man of wealth , he built one of the worlds largest integrated meat-packing empires , P . Burns & Co. , becoming one of the wealthiest Canadians of his time . He is honoured as one of the Big Four western cattle kings who started the Calgary Stampede in Alberta in 1912 . He made his fortune in the meat industry , but ranching was his true passion . Burns of cattle ranches covered so vast an area of Southern Alberta that he boasted about being able to travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land . In 1931 , he was appointed to the Canadian Senate as a representative for Alberta . On October 16 , 2008 , the Calgary Herald named Burns as Albertas Greatest Citizen . Early life . Born in Oshawa , Ontario , in 1856 , he was the fourth of eleven children of Michael and Bridget OByrne . Shortly after , the family moved to Kirkfield , Ontario , where he would spend the majority of his childhood . His parents had emigrated from Ireland , and as part of the naturalization process , the family name was shortened to Byrne and then later to Burns . Patrick had very little formal schooling but learned a great deal about hard work and thriftiness from his parents . He spent his last summer in Kirkfield chopping wood for a neighbour . He had intended to save enough money to travel out west , but when it came time for him to collect his pay , he discovered that his employer did not have enough cash to cover the $100 he was owed for his labour and so was instead given two oxen as payment . They had a resale value of $70 , but he saw an alternative . He made $140 by slaughtering the animals and reselling their meat and byproducts . That experience was one that he would remember when he was as an entrepreneur . With his brothers John and Dominic in 1878 he head out west at the age of 22 . They started out by steamer , but when they reached Rat Portage , he feared that if he paid for transportation the rest of the way , he might lack funds on his arrival . Undaunted , he bought some bread and cheese , and with his gun for protection , walked the rest of the way to Winnipeg . He and John , impressed by reports of good lands to the west , decided to take advantage of the Dominion Homestead Act of 1872 . The brothers set out on foot to locate their homesteads and walked until they found land to their liking just east of Minnedosa , Manitoba . Burns continued to homestead in Manitoba until after the Louis Riel rebellion but gradually became involved in buying cattle and selling meat . He began his meat packing career with a cow bought on credit and sold for $4 . He began freighting goods from Winnipeg and driving his neighbours cattle to the Winnipeg market . By 1885 , he was buying and selling his own cattle . As a contractor from railway construction , that Burns transitioned from being a small-time broker to a successful entrepreneur . In 1887 , William Mackenzie and his partners Donald Mann , James Ross , and Herbert Holt secured a railway construction contract to drive a line from Quebec through Maine to the Eastern Seaboard . Mackenzie had grown up in Kirkfield and remembered Burns from their briefly-shared school days and time spent working in their fields . Aware of Burns experience in the livestock business , Mackenzie gave him the opportunity to provision the labourers who were to construct the line . Burns learned to establish a mobile slaughtering facility , which could move easily as the railhead was extended . The success of the contract in Maine led to whole succession of other contracts with Mackenzie and Mann . Alberta . Burns moved to Calgary in 1890 and established his first substantial slaughterhouse . In 1898 , he built a packing house in Calgary followed by others in Vancouver , Edmonton , Prince Albert , and Regina . He then turned to ranching on a large scale and acquired large tracts of land . His company , P . Burns & Co . ( later Burns Foods ) became western Canadas largest meatpacking company . At the grand opening of his second abattoir in 1899 ( the first had burned down ) , the Calgary Herald described the event as the passing of yet another milestone on the road to Calgarys full measure of prosperity . In 1901 he married Eileen Ellis of Penticton in a small ceremony in London , England . Back in Calgary , Burns was building a house for him and his new bride . Burns Manor , on the corner of 4th Street and 13th Avenue SW , designed by Pats friend , the famed architect Francis Rattenbury , was a grand , 18-room sandstone mansion , visited by the likes of Prime Ministers and Royalty . Construction took two years , and the couple meanwhile lived at the Alberta Hotel , on Stephen Avenue . The Burnses had one son , Patrick Michael Burns , born in Calgary in 1906 . In 1912 , he was one of the Big Four , who started the Calgary Stampede . With A.E . Cross , A.J . McLean , and George Lane , they arranged $100,000 worth of financing and billed the event as The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth . Burns then personally owned six ranches with 38,000 head of cattle , 1,500 horses and 20,000 sheep . His company , Burns Foods , had abattoirs in Calgary , Edmonton , Vancouver , Prince Albert , and Regina with an overall daily capacity of 1,070 cattle , 6,000 pigs , and 3,000 sheep . Burns facilities were of the utmost sanitation and technically advanced to a level previously unseen in Western Canada . Facilities were eventually opened in Winnipeg , Seattle , Australia , and Great Britain . Burns was able to revolutionize the slaughterhouse industry by emphasizing efficiency in the use of byproducts . Traditionally , much of the animals had been lost to waste , but with his advanced abattoirs , Burns could expand the list of recoverable products , which included leather , fats for soap , bone for bone meal and manufactured articles , fertilizers , glycerine , hair for brushes , and even an array of pharmaceuticals . Burns joked that the only product not recovered were the pigs squeals , which could have been sold to politicians . Burns played a crucial role in World War I by supplying meat to troops overseas . For example , he shipped over 2,000 tons of pork shipped to troops in France during the first half of 1917 . After the war , Belgium was looking to secure a meat supply from a North American company . With no American distributors able to meet the call , Burns stepped in to help the devastated nation . British Columbia . From the early 1900s to 1914 , he was the principal meat supplier for the workers during the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway . One of the Foley , Welch and Stewart , sternwheelers , the Skeena was used for the express purpose of delivering Burns beef to the railway construction camps in British Columbia . As part of his western expansion , Burns purchased several thousand acres of land south of Vancouver with the intent of using it for grazing cattle . The property included a significant amount of wetland that was not ideal terrain for cattle grazing and so failed . The land was renamed the Burns Bog and maintained its original state until around the 1940s , when peat harvesting began and parts of the bog were dug up . In 1907 , Dominic Burns , a brother , oversaw the construction of Burns Foods first slaughterhouse in Vancouver . When it was torn down in 1969 the man in charge of the demolition said it was the toughest building to destroy he had ever seen with brick walls that were thick . Burns constructed the historic 18 West Hastings Street as his regional head office and one of several retail outlets in the city . The building is a six-storey brick Edwardian commercial building on West Hastings Street , Vancouver . During the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Hastings Street corridor was the centre for Vancouvers trade and manufacturing . In 1910 , Dominic had the Vancouver Block built on Granville Street , Vancouver . Dominic moved into the penthouse upon completion of the building in 1912 and lived there until his death in 1933 . The building is recognized by its large clock tower and has incredible historic value with its prominent location , the highest point of land in Downtown Vancouver , and being an early example of Edwardian commercial buildings that typified the building boom at the turn of the 20th century . The Blakeburn coalmine , near Princeton and Coalmont , was another of Burns ventures . Bow Valley Ranch . The Bow Valley Farm became the functional headquarters of his cattle empire . Burns purchased the Ranche in 1902 from William Roper Hull . Burns also acquired adjacent sections of land , as they became available . Eventually , the Burns Ranch at Bow Valley included some bounded on the north by what is now Stampede Park , on the east by the Bow River , on the south by 146th Avenue , and on the west by MacLeod Trail , a large property by any standards but only a small segment of his ranching empire . The farm was an ideal location with respect to the Burns family meat packing plant . Many large cattle drives were brought to the site where the animals were bedded , fed , watered and rested before being herded to the stockyards . Burns frequently offered the hospitality of the ranch to distinguished people visiting the Calgary area . Hull was responsible for building the natural brick two storey Bow Valley Ranche House which was said to be the finest country home in the territories . When Burns bought the property , the house was a two-hour ride away from Calgary , and he used it as a weekend retreat . Today , the house has the elegant Bow Valley Ranche Restaurant in Fish Creek Provincial Park . After his death , his nephew and business successor Michael John Burns came to live in Bow Valley Ranche House . Under his supervision , the ranching operation continued to prosper and he also preserved the established tradition of true western hospitality remembered by many Calgarians . In failing health , Michael John Burns moved to Calgary in 1950 , and his son Richard J . Burns came to live at the ranch with his wife and three sons . Under his management , many more improvements were made , including the construction of a tennis court , a swimming pool , and a one-story addition . Richard J . Burns lived at the site until 1970 . In 1973 , the Alberta Provincial Government purchased the Bow Valley Ranche from the Burns Foundation as part of the development of Fish Creek Provincial Park . Later years . By the Great War , Burns had become one of Canadas most successful businessmen and had butcher shops and abattoirs all across Western Canada . He had over 100 retail meat shops in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta . He also established 65 creameries and cheese factories , 11 wholesale provision houses and 18 wholesale fruit houses . He extended his empire overseas and set up agencies in London , Liverpool and Yokohama . In 1928 , Burns Foods generated sales of about $40 million ( $ million in ) . In 1928 , he sold his interests in Burns Foods for $15 million ( $ million in ) to Dominion Securities and the company was renamed Burns & Co . Ltd . In the sale , Burns retained control over his true passion , his vast cattle ranches , which covered so much of Southern Alberta that he could travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land . At the height of his empire , his assets included nearly of ranch land , roughly the size of Luxembourg . One of his most prized possessions was the Bar U Ranch , south of Calgary , which was among the largest in the country and one of the first and most enduring large corporate ranches of the West . Under George Lane , it had achieved an international repute as a centre of breeding excellence for cattle and purebred Percheron horses . Burns acquired the property from Lanes estate after his close friend died in 1925 . Some of the other ranches in his possession were Willow Creek , Glengarry ( 44 ) , Bradfield , Two Dot , Rio Alto , Linehum , Flying E , and C.K . In 1931 , he was appointed to the Senate of Canada by his close friend , R . B . Bennett , to represent the senatorial division of Northern Alberta . In making the announcement , Prime Minister Bennett had this to say about him : “Holding your wealth as a trust , you have given generously to every good cause and your life has been an inspiration to the younger generation.” He sat as an independent until he resigned for health reasons in 1936 . He was predeceased by both his wife , Eileen , and their son , Patrick Michael . He died in Calgary on February 24 , 1937 with his nephew John and other family at his side . He is buried alongside his son in St . Marys Cemetery in Calgary . Upon his death , he left his estate to his nieces and nephews and many charities . The tax on his estate was enough to offset the provincial deficit and balance the budget . As a result , the Social Credit Party chose to eliminate the Provincial Sales Tax permanently . Philanthropy . Burns was known as a man of few words but great generosity . When a huge rock slide devastated the community of Frank , Alberta in 1903 , Burns was among the first to send aid . Five years later , when fire swept through Fernie , British Columbia , leaving 6,000 people homeless , he sent carloads of food . He was a staunch supporter of many children’s charities , making sure that the local orphanage was always well-stocked with free high-quality meat . He was an active Catholic but also supported other religious groups . When he was called upon to pay for the painting of a small Catholic church near Calgary , he requested for the Anglican church next door to be painted as well , at his expense , so that it did not look shabby by comparison . He was extremely generous to the Diocese of Calgary and donated large sums to St . Marys Parish . He donated three 750 lb bells to St . Marys Cathedral in 1904 that were cast by the Fonderie Paccard in Anncey , France . The bells were the only parts from the old building used in the construction of the existing cathedral . He paid for the construction of Albert Lacombes Hermitage in Pincher Creek , and donated the land for the Lacombe Nursing Home at Midnapore , which he kept provisioned at his expense . Burns placed a high value on education . He contributed to the creation of Western Canada College , now Western Canada High School , in Calgary , provided the funding for the erection of St . Josephs College at the University of Alberta , and financed construction on a new school building , new residence , and donated land for expansion at Vancouver College in Vancouver . On August 11 , 1914 , he offered £10,000 to equip a complete Legion ( Mounted Rifles Regiment ) of Canadian Legion of Frontiersmen , for the Canadian Governments war effort . In 1914 , Pope Benedict XV created him a Knight Commander of the Order of St . Gregory the Great , the first Canadian to receive such an honour . He was also a Knight of St . John of Jerusalem , and an honorary colonel in Calgarys 31st Regiment . In honour of his 75th birthday , a huge cake ( said at the time to be the world’s largest birthday cake ) led the Stampede parade and was cut and distributed that evening to the citys underprivileged citizens . Also , he celebrated his birthday by giving a 5 lb roast to every family in which the head of the house was unemployed and a ticket for a meal at any restaurant in the city to the unmarried unemployed . It was during the Depression days , and the gifts were much needed ; 2000 Calgary families received the roasts and 4000 single unemployed dined out at his expense . Patrick Burns took special interest to environment conservation . Recognizing the value of the trees in Fish Creek Valley , he directed his foreman to erect fences around the groves of aspen and poplar as protection from the cattle . They also planted 2000 poplars along the MacLeod Trail , adjacent to Bow Valley Ranche . Burns Memorial Fund . In his will , Burns endowed a third of his estate to the Burns Memorial Fund . As such , in 1939 a court order was issued setting up trusteeship and administration of The Burns Memorial Bequest Fund for three groups of beneficiaries : - Widows and orphans of members of the police force of Calgary - Widows and orphans of members of the fire brigade of Calgary - Poor , indigent and neglected children of Calgary Today , the Burns Memorial Fund is made up of a private charitable foundation ( the Children’s Fund ) and two non-profit trusts ( the Police Fund and the Fire Fund ) . The funds operate collectively as the Burns Memorial Fund . Death and legacy . Burns died February 24 , 1937—less than six months after the death of his son . Estate . After his death , Burns estate was assessed at $3.8 million ( $ million in ) —having fallen significantly due to the Great Depression . In 1996 , Maple Leaf Foods purchased a majority of Burns Foods for an undisclosed amount . Some Maple Leaf products retain the Burns name but many have been rebranded . Albertas Greatest Citizen . As part of its 125th anniversary , the Calgary Herald organized the search for Our Greatest Albertan . In what is considered the largest citizen journalism project in the province , readers originally nominated 125 people for consideration . A Top 10 list was culminated from months of thought , debate , and votes from the public . Along with Burns , the list included former Premier Peter Lougheed , former Mayor and Lieutenant-Governor Grant MacEwan and Famous Five member Nellie McClung . On October 16 , 2008 , at a gala at Heritage Park , Burns was named the provinces greatest citizen . The Herald commented that His story is the story of Alberta . His struggles , his dreams , his success and philanthropy define the very core of our western character . Influence on ranching . Burns was a major force behind the growth of ranching in Alberta . He purchased large herds of purebred Hereford stock , which he used to help fellow ranchers improve the blood lines of their own cattle . A pioneer of cold-weather ranching , Burns put up 250,000 tons of hay for winter feed and convinced other ranchers to utilize winter feeding methods themselves . He renovated the corrals and feeding pens on his ranches and introduced modern feed-lot techniques to finish cattle for market . Namesakes . Buildings . - Burns Manor , Calgary - Burns Block , Calgary - Burns Block , Nelson - Burns Block , Vancouver - Burns Building , Calgary - Burns Stadium ( former home of the Calgary Cannons ) , Calgary , - Senator Patrick Burns Building at SAIT Polytechnic , Calgary - Senator Patrick Burns School , Calgary Land . - Burns Bog , Delta , British Columbia ( Named after Burns brother , Dominic ) - Mount Burns , Alberta Neighbourhoods . - Burnsland , Southeast Calgary - Burns Industrial Park , Calgary - Burnsland Cemetery , Calgary Parks . - Senator Patrick Burns Memorial Rock Garden , Calgary Roads . - Burnsland Road , Calgary - Burns Ranch Road , Olds - Burns Road , Winnipeg - Patrick Street , Winnipeg External links . - Patrick Burns : A Man of His Word - Patrick Burns Manor House - Best of Alberta . Our Greatest Citizen Announced - Burns Memorial Fund - The Ranche Restaurant at the Bow Valley Ranche

hard

What was the residence of Patrick Burns (businessman) between Dec 1883 and May 1888?

/wiki/Patrick_Burns_(businessman)#P551#1

Patrick Burns ( businessman ) Patrick Burns ( July 6 , 1856 – February 24 , 1937 ) was a Canadian rancher , meat packer , businessperson , senator , and philanthropist . A self-made man of wealth , he built one of the worlds largest integrated meat-packing empires , P . Burns & Co. , becoming one of the wealthiest Canadians of his time . He is honoured as one of the Big Four western cattle kings who started the Calgary Stampede in Alberta in 1912 . He made his fortune in the meat industry , but ranching was his true passion . Burns of cattle ranches covered so vast an area of Southern Alberta that he boasted about being able to travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land . In 1931 , he was appointed to the Canadian Senate as a representative for Alberta . On October 16 , 2008 , the Calgary Herald named Burns as Albertas Greatest Citizen . Early life . Born in Oshawa , Ontario , in 1856 , he was the fourth of eleven children of Michael and Bridget OByrne . Shortly after , the family moved to Kirkfield , Ontario , where he would spend the majority of his childhood . His parents had emigrated from Ireland , and as part of the naturalization process , the family name was shortened to Byrne and then later to Burns . Patrick had very little formal schooling but learned a great deal about hard work and thriftiness from his parents . He spent his last summer in Kirkfield chopping wood for a neighbour . He had intended to save enough money to travel out west , but when it came time for him to collect his pay , he discovered that his employer did not have enough cash to cover the $100 he was owed for his labour and so was instead given two oxen as payment . They had a resale value of $70 , but he saw an alternative . He made $140 by slaughtering the animals and reselling their meat and byproducts . That experience was one that he would remember when he was as an entrepreneur . With his brothers John and Dominic in 1878 he head out west at the age of 22 . They started out by steamer , but when they reached Rat Portage , he feared that if he paid for transportation the rest of the way , he might lack funds on his arrival . Undaunted , he bought some bread and cheese , and with his gun for protection , walked the rest of the way to Winnipeg . He and John , impressed by reports of good lands to the west , decided to take advantage of the Dominion Homestead Act of 1872 . The brothers set out on foot to locate their homesteads and walked until they found land to their liking just east of Minnedosa , Manitoba . Burns continued to homestead in Manitoba until after the Louis Riel rebellion but gradually became involved in buying cattle and selling meat . He began his meat packing career with a cow bought on credit and sold for $4 . He began freighting goods from Winnipeg and driving his neighbours cattle to the Winnipeg market . By 1885 , he was buying and selling his own cattle . As a contractor from railway construction , that Burns transitioned from being a small-time broker to a successful entrepreneur . In 1887 , William Mackenzie and his partners Donald Mann , James Ross , and Herbert Holt secured a railway construction contract to drive a line from Quebec through Maine to the Eastern Seaboard . Mackenzie had grown up in Kirkfield and remembered Burns from their briefly-shared school days and time spent working in their fields . Aware of Burns experience in the livestock business , Mackenzie gave him the opportunity to provision the labourers who were to construct the line . Burns learned to establish a mobile slaughtering facility , which could move easily as the railhead was extended . The success of the contract in Maine led to whole succession of other contracts with Mackenzie and Mann . Alberta . Burns moved to Calgary in 1890 and established his first substantial slaughterhouse . In 1898 , he built a packing house in Calgary followed by others in Vancouver , Edmonton , Prince Albert , and Regina . He then turned to ranching on a large scale and acquired large tracts of land . His company , P . Burns & Co . ( later Burns Foods ) became western Canadas largest meatpacking company . At the grand opening of his second abattoir in 1899 ( the first had burned down ) , the Calgary Herald described the event as the passing of yet another milestone on the road to Calgarys full measure of prosperity . In 1901 he married Eileen Ellis of Penticton in a small ceremony in London , England . Back in Calgary , Burns was building a house for him and his new bride . Burns Manor , on the corner of 4th Street and 13th Avenue SW , designed by Pats friend , the famed architect Francis Rattenbury , was a grand , 18-room sandstone mansion , visited by the likes of Prime Ministers and Royalty . Construction took two years , and the couple meanwhile lived at the Alberta Hotel , on Stephen Avenue . The Burnses had one son , Patrick Michael Burns , born in Calgary in 1906 . In 1912 , he was one of the Big Four , who started the Calgary Stampede . With A.E . Cross , A.J . McLean , and George Lane , they arranged $100,000 worth of financing and billed the event as The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth . Burns then personally owned six ranches with 38,000 head of cattle , 1,500 horses and 20,000 sheep . His company , Burns Foods , had abattoirs in Calgary , Edmonton , Vancouver , Prince Albert , and Regina with an overall daily capacity of 1,070 cattle , 6,000 pigs , and 3,000 sheep . Burns facilities were of the utmost sanitation and technically advanced to a level previously unseen in Western Canada . Facilities were eventually opened in Winnipeg , Seattle , Australia , and Great Britain . Burns was able to revolutionize the slaughterhouse industry by emphasizing efficiency in the use of byproducts . Traditionally , much of the animals had been lost to waste , but with his advanced abattoirs , Burns could expand the list of recoverable products , which included leather , fats for soap , bone for bone meal and manufactured articles , fertilizers , glycerine , hair for brushes , and even an array of pharmaceuticals . Burns joked that the only product not recovered were the pigs squeals , which could have been sold to politicians . Burns played a crucial role in World War I by supplying meat to troops overseas . For example , he shipped over 2,000 tons of pork shipped to troops in France during the first half of 1917 . After the war , Belgium was looking to secure a meat supply from a North American company . With no American distributors able to meet the call , Burns stepped in to help the devastated nation . British Columbia . From the early 1900s to 1914 , he was the principal meat supplier for the workers during the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway . One of the Foley , Welch and Stewart , sternwheelers , the Skeena was used for the express purpose of delivering Burns beef to the railway construction camps in British Columbia . As part of his western expansion , Burns purchased several thousand acres of land south of Vancouver with the intent of using it for grazing cattle . The property included a significant amount of wetland that was not ideal terrain for cattle grazing and so failed . The land was renamed the Burns Bog and maintained its original state until around the 1940s , when peat harvesting began and parts of the bog were dug up . In 1907 , Dominic Burns , a brother , oversaw the construction of Burns Foods first slaughterhouse in Vancouver . When it was torn down in 1969 the man in charge of the demolition said it was the toughest building to destroy he had ever seen with brick walls that were thick . Burns constructed the historic 18 West Hastings Street as his regional head office and one of several retail outlets in the city . The building is a six-storey brick Edwardian commercial building on West Hastings Street , Vancouver . During the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Hastings Street corridor was the centre for Vancouvers trade and manufacturing . In 1910 , Dominic had the Vancouver Block built on Granville Street , Vancouver . Dominic moved into the penthouse upon completion of the building in 1912 and lived there until his death in 1933 . The building is recognized by its large clock tower and has incredible historic value with its prominent location , the highest point of land in Downtown Vancouver , and being an early example of Edwardian commercial buildings that typified the building boom at the turn of the 20th century . The Blakeburn coalmine , near Princeton and Coalmont , was another of Burns ventures . Bow Valley Ranch . The Bow Valley Farm became the functional headquarters of his cattle empire . Burns purchased the Ranche in 1902 from William Roper Hull . Burns also acquired adjacent sections of land , as they became available . Eventually , the Burns Ranch at Bow Valley included some bounded on the north by what is now Stampede Park , on the east by the Bow River , on the south by 146th Avenue , and on the west by MacLeod Trail , a large property by any standards but only a small segment of his ranching empire . The farm was an ideal location with respect to the Burns family meat packing plant . Many large cattle drives were brought to the site where the animals were bedded , fed , watered and rested before being herded to the stockyards . Burns frequently offered the hospitality of the ranch to distinguished people visiting the Calgary area . Hull was responsible for building the natural brick two storey Bow Valley Ranche House which was said to be the finest country home in the territories . When Burns bought the property , the house was a two-hour ride away from Calgary , and he used it as a weekend retreat . Today , the house has the elegant Bow Valley Ranche Restaurant in Fish Creek Provincial Park . After his death , his nephew and business successor Michael John Burns came to live in Bow Valley Ranche House . Under his supervision , the ranching operation continued to prosper and he also preserved the established tradition of true western hospitality remembered by many Calgarians . In failing health , Michael John Burns moved to Calgary in 1950 , and his son Richard J . Burns came to live at the ranch with his wife and three sons . Under his management , many more improvements were made , including the construction of a tennis court , a swimming pool , and a one-story addition . Richard J . Burns lived at the site until 1970 . In 1973 , the Alberta Provincial Government purchased the Bow Valley Ranche from the Burns Foundation as part of the development of Fish Creek Provincial Park . Later years . By the Great War , Burns had become one of Canadas most successful businessmen and had butcher shops and abattoirs all across Western Canada . He had over 100 retail meat shops in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta . He also established 65 creameries and cheese factories , 11 wholesale provision houses and 18 wholesale fruit houses . He extended his empire overseas and set up agencies in London , Liverpool and Yokohama . In 1928 , Burns Foods generated sales of about $40 million ( $ million in ) . In 1928 , he sold his interests in Burns Foods for $15 million ( $ million in ) to Dominion Securities and the company was renamed Burns & Co . Ltd . In the sale , Burns retained control over his true passion , his vast cattle ranches , which covered so much of Southern Alberta that he could travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land . At the height of his empire , his assets included nearly of ranch land , roughly the size of Luxembourg . One of his most prized possessions was the Bar U Ranch , south of Calgary , which was among the largest in the country and one of the first and most enduring large corporate ranches of the West . Under George Lane , it had achieved an international repute as a centre of breeding excellence for cattle and purebred Percheron horses . Burns acquired the property from Lanes estate after his close friend died in 1925 . Some of the other ranches in his possession were Willow Creek , Glengarry ( 44 ) , Bradfield , Two Dot , Rio Alto , Linehum , Flying E , and C.K . In 1931 , he was appointed to the Senate of Canada by his close friend , R . B . Bennett , to represent the senatorial division of Northern Alberta . In making the announcement , Prime Minister Bennett had this to say about him : “Holding your wealth as a trust , you have given generously to every good cause and your life has been an inspiration to the younger generation.” He sat as an independent until he resigned for health reasons in 1936 . He was predeceased by both his wife , Eileen , and their son , Patrick Michael . He died in Calgary on February 24 , 1937 with his nephew John and other family at his side . He is buried alongside his son in St . Marys Cemetery in Calgary . Upon his death , he left his estate to his nieces and nephews and many charities . The tax on his estate was enough to offset the provincial deficit and balance the budget . As a result , the Social Credit Party chose to eliminate the Provincial Sales Tax permanently . Philanthropy . Burns was known as a man of few words but great generosity . When a huge rock slide devastated the community of Frank , Alberta in 1903 , Burns was among the first to send aid . Five years later , when fire swept through Fernie , British Columbia , leaving 6,000 people homeless , he sent carloads of food . He was a staunch supporter of many children’s charities , making sure that the local orphanage was always well-stocked with free high-quality meat . He was an active Catholic but also supported other religious groups . When he was called upon to pay for the painting of a small Catholic church near Calgary , he requested for the Anglican church next door to be painted as well , at his expense , so that it did not look shabby by comparison . He was extremely generous to the Diocese of Calgary and donated large sums to St . Marys Parish . He donated three 750 lb bells to St . Marys Cathedral in 1904 that were cast by the Fonderie Paccard in Anncey , France . The bells were the only parts from the old building used in the construction of the existing cathedral . He paid for the construction of Albert Lacombes Hermitage in Pincher Creek , and donated the land for the Lacombe Nursing Home at Midnapore , which he kept provisioned at his expense . Burns placed a high value on education . He contributed to the creation of Western Canada College , now Western Canada High School , in Calgary , provided the funding for the erection of St . Josephs College at the University of Alberta , and financed construction on a new school building , new residence , and donated land for expansion at Vancouver College in Vancouver . On August 11 , 1914 , he offered £10,000 to equip a complete Legion ( Mounted Rifles Regiment ) of Canadian Legion of Frontiersmen , for the Canadian Governments war effort . In 1914 , Pope Benedict XV created him a Knight Commander of the Order of St . Gregory the Great , the first Canadian to receive such an honour . He was also a Knight of St . John of Jerusalem , and an honorary colonel in Calgarys 31st Regiment . In honour of his 75th birthday , a huge cake ( said at the time to be the world’s largest birthday cake ) led the Stampede parade and was cut and distributed that evening to the citys underprivileged citizens . Also , he celebrated his birthday by giving a 5 lb roast to every family in which the head of the house was unemployed and a ticket for a meal at any restaurant in the city to the unmarried unemployed . It was during the Depression days , and the gifts were much needed ; 2000 Calgary families received the roasts and 4000 single unemployed dined out at his expense . Patrick Burns took special interest to environment conservation . Recognizing the value of the trees in Fish Creek Valley , he directed his foreman to erect fences around the groves of aspen and poplar as protection from the cattle . They also planted 2000 poplars along the MacLeod Trail , adjacent to Bow Valley Ranche . Burns Memorial Fund . In his will , Burns endowed a third of his estate to the Burns Memorial Fund . As such , in 1939 a court order was issued setting up trusteeship and administration of The Burns Memorial Bequest Fund for three groups of beneficiaries : - Widows and orphans of members of the police force of Calgary - Widows and orphans of members of the fire brigade of Calgary - Poor , indigent and neglected children of Calgary Today , the Burns Memorial Fund is made up of a private charitable foundation ( the Children’s Fund ) and two non-profit trusts ( the Police Fund and the Fire Fund ) . The funds operate collectively as the Burns Memorial Fund . Death and legacy . Burns died February 24 , 1937—less than six months after the death of his son . Estate . After his death , Burns estate was assessed at $3.8 million ( $ million in ) —having fallen significantly due to the Great Depression . In 1996 , Maple Leaf Foods purchased a majority of Burns Foods for an undisclosed amount . Some Maple Leaf products retain the Burns name but many have been rebranded . Albertas Greatest Citizen . As part of its 125th anniversary , the Calgary Herald organized the search for Our Greatest Albertan . In what is considered the largest citizen journalism project in the province , readers originally nominated 125 people for consideration . A Top 10 list was culminated from months of thought , debate , and votes from the public . Along with Burns , the list included former Premier Peter Lougheed , former Mayor and Lieutenant-Governor Grant MacEwan and Famous Five member Nellie McClung . On October 16 , 2008 , at a gala at Heritage Park , Burns was named the provinces greatest citizen . The Herald commented that His story is the story of Alberta . His struggles , his dreams , his success and philanthropy define the very core of our western character . Influence on ranching . Burns was a major force behind the growth of ranching in Alberta . He purchased large herds of purebred Hereford stock , which he used to help fellow ranchers improve the blood lines of their own cattle . A pioneer of cold-weather ranching , Burns put up 250,000 tons of hay for winter feed and convinced other ranchers to utilize winter feeding methods themselves . He renovated the corrals and feeding pens on his ranches and introduced modern feed-lot techniques to finish cattle for market . Namesakes . Buildings . - Burns Manor , Calgary - Burns Block , Calgary - Burns Block , Nelson - Burns Block , Vancouver - Burns Building , Calgary - Burns Stadium ( former home of the Calgary Cannons ) , Calgary , - Senator Patrick Burns Building at SAIT Polytechnic , Calgary - Senator Patrick Burns School , Calgary Land . - Burns Bog , Delta , British Columbia ( Named after Burns brother , Dominic ) - Mount Burns , Alberta Neighbourhoods . - Burnsland , Southeast Calgary - Burns Industrial Park , Calgary - Burnsland Cemetery , Calgary Parks . - Senator Patrick Burns Memorial Rock Garden , Calgary Roads . - Burnsland Road , Calgary - Burns Ranch Road , Olds - Burns Road , Winnipeg - Patrick Street , Winnipeg External links . - Patrick Burns : A Man of His Word - Patrick Burns Manor House - Best of Alberta . Our Greatest Citizen Announced - Burns Memorial Fund - The Ranche Restaurant at the Bow Valley Ranche

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What was the residence of Patrick Burns (businessman) between Jan 1890 and Jun 1890?

/wiki/Patrick_Burns_(businessman)#P551#2

Patrick Burns ( businessman ) Patrick Burns ( July 6 , 1856 – February 24 , 1937 ) was a Canadian rancher , meat packer , businessperson , senator , and philanthropist . A self-made man of wealth , he built one of the worlds largest integrated meat-packing empires , P . Burns & Co. , becoming one of the wealthiest Canadians of his time . He is honoured as one of the Big Four western cattle kings who started the Calgary Stampede in Alberta in 1912 . He made his fortune in the meat industry , but ranching was his true passion . Burns of cattle ranches covered so vast an area of Southern Alberta that he boasted about being able to travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land . In 1931 , he was appointed to the Canadian Senate as a representative for Alberta . On October 16 , 2008 , the Calgary Herald named Burns as Albertas Greatest Citizen . Early life . Born in Oshawa , Ontario , in 1856 , he was the fourth of eleven children of Michael and Bridget OByrne . Shortly after , the family moved to Kirkfield , Ontario , where he would spend the majority of his childhood . His parents had emigrated from Ireland , and as part of the naturalization process , the family name was shortened to Byrne and then later to Burns . Patrick had very little formal schooling but learned a great deal about hard work and thriftiness from his parents . He spent his last summer in Kirkfield chopping wood for a neighbour . He had intended to save enough money to travel out west , but when it came time for him to collect his pay , he discovered that his employer did not have enough cash to cover the $100 he was owed for his labour and so was instead given two oxen as payment . They had a resale value of $70 , but he saw an alternative . He made $140 by slaughtering the animals and reselling their meat and byproducts . That experience was one that he would remember when he was as an entrepreneur . With his brothers John and Dominic in 1878 he head out west at the age of 22 . They started out by steamer , but when they reached Rat Portage , he feared that if he paid for transportation the rest of the way , he might lack funds on his arrival . Undaunted , he bought some bread and cheese , and with his gun for protection , walked the rest of the way to Winnipeg . He and John , impressed by reports of good lands to the west , decided to take advantage of the Dominion Homestead Act of 1872 . The brothers set out on foot to locate their homesteads and walked until they found land to their liking just east of Minnedosa , Manitoba . Burns continued to homestead in Manitoba until after the Louis Riel rebellion but gradually became involved in buying cattle and selling meat . He began his meat packing career with a cow bought on credit and sold for $4 . He began freighting goods from Winnipeg and driving his neighbours cattle to the Winnipeg market . By 1885 , he was buying and selling his own cattle . As a contractor from railway construction , that Burns transitioned from being a small-time broker to a successful entrepreneur . In 1887 , William Mackenzie and his partners Donald Mann , James Ross , and Herbert Holt secured a railway construction contract to drive a line from Quebec through Maine to the Eastern Seaboard . Mackenzie had grown up in Kirkfield and remembered Burns from their briefly-shared school days and time spent working in their fields . Aware of Burns experience in the livestock business , Mackenzie gave him the opportunity to provision the labourers who were to construct the line . Burns learned to establish a mobile slaughtering facility , which could move easily as the railhead was extended . The success of the contract in Maine led to whole succession of other contracts with Mackenzie and Mann . Alberta . Burns moved to Calgary in 1890 and established his first substantial slaughterhouse . In 1898 , he built a packing house in Calgary followed by others in Vancouver , Edmonton , Prince Albert , and Regina . He then turned to ranching on a large scale and acquired large tracts of land . His company , P . Burns & Co . ( later Burns Foods ) became western Canadas largest meatpacking company . At the grand opening of his second abattoir in 1899 ( the first had burned down ) , the Calgary Herald described the event as the passing of yet another milestone on the road to Calgarys full measure of prosperity . In 1901 he married Eileen Ellis of Penticton in a small ceremony in London , England . Back in Calgary , Burns was building a house for him and his new bride . Burns Manor , on the corner of 4th Street and 13th Avenue SW , designed by Pats friend , the famed architect Francis Rattenbury , was a grand , 18-room sandstone mansion , visited by the likes of Prime Ministers and Royalty . Construction took two years , and the couple meanwhile lived at the Alberta Hotel , on Stephen Avenue . The Burnses had one son , Patrick Michael Burns , born in Calgary in 1906 . In 1912 , he was one of the Big Four , who started the Calgary Stampede . With A.E . Cross , A.J . McLean , and George Lane , they arranged $100,000 worth of financing and billed the event as The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth . Burns then personally owned six ranches with 38,000 head of cattle , 1,500 horses and 20,000 sheep . His company , Burns Foods , had abattoirs in Calgary , Edmonton , Vancouver , Prince Albert , and Regina with an overall daily capacity of 1,070 cattle , 6,000 pigs , and 3,000 sheep . Burns facilities were of the utmost sanitation and technically advanced to a level previously unseen in Western Canada . Facilities were eventually opened in Winnipeg , Seattle , Australia , and Great Britain . Burns was able to revolutionize the slaughterhouse industry by emphasizing efficiency in the use of byproducts . Traditionally , much of the animals had been lost to waste , but with his advanced abattoirs , Burns could expand the list of recoverable products , which included leather , fats for soap , bone for bone meal and manufactured articles , fertilizers , glycerine , hair for brushes , and even an array of pharmaceuticals . Burns joked that the only product not recovered were the pigs squeals , which could have been sold to politicians . Burns played a crucial role in World War I by supplying meat to troops overseas . For example , he shipped over 2,000 tons of pork shipped to troops in France during the first half of 1917 . After the war , Belgium was looking to secure a meat supply from a North American company . With no American distributors able to meet the call , Burns stepped in to help the devastated nation . British Columbia . From the early 1900s to 1914 , he was the principal meat supplier for the workers during the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway . One of the Foley , Welch and Stewart , sternwheelers , the Skeena was used for the express purpose of delivering Burns beef to the railway construction camps in British Columbia . As part of his western expansion , Burns purchased several thousand acres of land south of Vancouver with the intent of using it for grazing cattle . The property included a significant amount of wetland that was not ideal terrain for cattle grazing and so failed . The land was renamed the Burns Bog and maintained its original state until around the 1940s , when peat harvesting began and parts of the bog were dug up . In 1907 , Dominic Burns , a brother , oversaw the construction of Burns Foods first slaughterhouse in Vancouver . When it was torn down in 1969 the man in charge of the demolition said it was the toughest building to destroy he had ever seen with brick walls that were thick . Burns constructed the historic 18 West Hastings Street as his regional head office and one of several retail outlets in the city . The building is a six-storey brick Edwardian commercial building on West Hastings Street , Vancouver . During the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Hastings Street corridor was the centre for Vancouvers trade and manufacturing . In 1910 , Dominic had the Vancouver Block built on Granville Street , Vancouver . Dominic moved into the penthouse upon completion of the building in 1912 and lived there until his death in 1933 . The building is recognized by its large clock tower and has incredible historic value with its prominent location , the highest point of land in Downtown Vancouver , and being an early example of Edwardian commercial buildings that typified the building boom at the turn of the 20th century . The Blakeburn coalmine , near Princeton and Coalmont , was another of Burns ventures . Bow Valley Ranch . The Bow Valley Farm became the functional headquarters of his cattle empire . Burns purchased the Ranche in 1902 from William Roper Hull . Burns also acquired adjacent sections of land , as they became available . Eventually , the Burns Ranch at Bow Valley included some bounded on the north by what is now Stampede Park , on the east by the Bow River , on the south by 146th Avenue , and on the west by MacLeod Trail , a large property by any standards but only a small segment of his ranching empire . The farm was an ideal location with respect to the Burns family meat packing plant . Many large cattle drives were brought to the site where the animals were bedded , fed , watered and rested before being herded to the stockyards . Burns frequently offered the hospitality of the ranch to distinguished people visiting the Calgary area . Hull was responsible for building the natural brick two storey Bow Valley Ranche House which was said to be the finest country home in the territories . When Burns bought the property , the house was a two-hour ride away from Calgary , and he used it as a weekend retreat . Today , the house has the elegant Bow Valley Ranche Restaurant in Fish Creek Provincial Park . After his death , his nephew and business successor Michael John Burns came to live in Bow Valley Ranche House . Under his supervision , the ranching operation continued to prosper and he also preserved the established tradition of true western hospitality remembered by many Calgarians . In failing health , Michael John Burns moved to Calgary in 1950 , and his son Richard J . Burns came to live at the ranch with his wife and three sons . Under his management , many more improvements were made , including the construction of a tennis court , a swimming pool , and a one-story addition . Richard J . Burns lived at the site until 1970 . In 1973 , the Alberta Provincial Government purchased the Bow Valley Ranche from the Burns Foundation as part of the development of Fish Creek Provincial Park . Later years . By the Great War , Burns had become one of Canadas most successful businessmen and had butcher shops and abattoirs all across Western Canada . He had over 100 retail meat shops in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta . He also established 65 creameries and cheese factories , 11 wholesale provision houses and 18 wholesale fruit houses . He extended his empire overseas and set up agencies in London , Liverpool and Yokohama . In 1928 , Burns Foods generated sales of about $40 million ( $ million in ) . In 1928 , he sold his interests in Burns Foods for $15 million ( $ million in ) to Dominion Securities and the company was renamed Burns & Co . Ltd . In the sale , Burns retained control over his true passion , his vast cattle ranches , which covered so much of Southern Alberta that he could travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land . At the height of his empire , his assets included nearly of ranch land , roughly the size of Luxembourg . One of his most prized possessions was the Bar U Ranch , south of Calgary , which was among the largest in the country and one of the first and most enduring large corporate ranches of the West . Under George Lane , it had achieved an international repute as a centre of breeding excellence for cattle and purebred Percheron horses . Burns acquired the property from Lanes estate after his close friend died in 1925 . Some of the other ranches in his possession were Willow Creek , Glengarry ( 44 ) , Bradfield , Two Dot , Rio Alto , Linehum , Flying E , and C.K . In 1931 , he was appointed to the Senate of Canada by his close friend , R . B . Bennett , to represent the senatorial division of Northern Alberta . In making the announcement , Prime Minister Bennett had this to say about him : “Holding your wealth as a trust , you have given generously to every good cause and your life has been an inspiration to the younger generation.” He sat as an independent until he resigned for health reasons in 1936 . He was predeceased by both his wife , Eileen , and their son , Patrick Michael . He died in Calgary on February 24 , 1937 with his nephew John and other family at his side . He is buried alongside his son in St . Marys Cemetery in Calgary . Upon his death , he left his estate to his nieces and nephews and many charities . The tax on his estate was enough to offset the provincial deficit and balance the budget . As a result , the Social Credit Party chose to eliminate the Provincial Sales Tax permanently . Philanthropy . Burns was known as a man of few words but great generosity . When a huge rock slide devastated the community of Frank , Alberta in 1903 , Burns was among the first to send aid . Five years later , when fire swept through Fernie , British Columbia , leaving 6,000 people homeless , he sent carloads of food . He was a staunch supporter of many children’s charities , making sure that the local orphanage was always well-stocked with free high-quality meat . He was an active Catholic but also supported other religious groups . When he was called upon to pay for the painting of a small Catholic church near Calgary , he requested for the Anglican church next door to be painted as well , at his expense , so that it did not look shabby by comparison . He was extremely generous to the Diocese of Calgary and donated large sums to St . Marys Parish . He donated three 750 lb bells to St . Marys Cathedral in 1904 that were cast by the Fonderie Paccard in Anncey , France . The bells were the only parts from the old building used in the construction of the existing cathedral . He paid for the construction of Albert Lacombes Hermitage in Pincher Creek , and donated the land for the Lacombe Nursing Home at Midnapore , which he kept provisioned at his expense . Burns placed a high value on education . He contributed to the creation of Western Canada College , now Western Canada High School , in Calgary , provided the funding for the erection of St . Josephs College at the University of Alberta , and financed construction on a new school building , new residence , and donated land for expansion at Vancouver College in Vancouver . On August 11 , 1914 , he offered £10,000 to equip a complete Legion ( Mounted Rifles Regiment ) of Canadian Legion of Frontiersmen , for the Canadian Governments war effort . In 1914 , Pope Benedict XV created him a Knight Commander of the Order of St . Gregory the Great , the first Canadian to receive such an honour . He was also a Knight of St . John of Jerusalem , and an honorary colonel in Calgarys 31st Regiment . In honour of his 75th birthday , a huge cake ( said at the time to be the world’s largest birthday cake ) led the Stampede parade and was cut and distributed that evening to the citys underprivileged citizens . Also , he celebrated his birthday by giving a 5 lb roast to every family in which the head of the house was unemployed and a ticket for a meal at any restaurant in the city to the unmarried unemployed . It was during the Depression days , and the gifts were much needed ; 2000 Calgary families received the roasts and 4000 single unemployed dined out at his expense . Patrick Burns took special interest to environment conservation . Recognizing the value of the trees in Fish Creek Valley , he directed his foreman to erect fences around the groves of aspen and poplar as protection from the cattle . They also planted 2000 poplars along the MacLeod Trail , adjacent to Bow Valley Ranche . Burns Memorial Fund . In his will , Burns endowed a third of his estate to the Burns Memorial Fund . As such , in 1939 a court order was issued setting up trusteeship and administration of The Burns Memorial Bequest Fund for three groups of beneficiaries : - Widows and orphans of members of the police force of Calgary - Widows and orphans of members of the fire brigade of Calgary - Poor , indigent and neglected children of Calgary Today , the Burns Memorial Fund is made up of a private charitable foundation ( the Children’s Fund ) and two non-profit trusts ( the Police Fund and the Fire Fund ) . The funds operate collectively as the Burns Memorial Fund . Death and legacy . Burns died February 24 , 1937—less than six months after the death of his son . Estate . After his death , Burns estate was assessed at $3.8 million ( $ million in ) —having fallen significantly due to the Great Depression . In 1996 , Maple Leaf Foods purchased a majority of Burns Foods for an undisclosed amount . Some Maple Leaf products retain the Burns name but many have been rebranded . Albertas Greatest Citizen . As part of its 125th anniversary , the Calgary Herald organized the search for Our Greatest Albertan . In what is considered the largest citizen journalism project in the province , readers originally nominated 125 people for consideration . A Top 10 list was culminated from months of thought , debate , and votes from the public . Along with Burns , the list included former Premier Peter Lougheed , former Mayor and Lieutenant-Governor Grant MacEwan and Famous Five member Nellie McClung . On October 16 , 2008 , at a gala at Heritage Park , Burns was named the provinces greatest citizen . The Herald commented that His story is the story of Alberta . His struggles , his dreams , his success and philanthropy define the very core of our western character . Influence on ranching . Burns was a major force behind the growth of ranching in Alberta . He purchased large herds of purebred Hereford stock , which he used to help fellow ranchers improve the blood lines of their own cattle . A pioneer of cold-weather ranching , Burns put up 250,000 tons of hay for winter feed and convinced other ranchers to utilize winter feeding methods themselves . He renovated the corrals and feeding pens on his ranches and introduced modern feed-lot techniques to finish cattle for market . Namesakes . Buildings . - Burns Manor , Calgary - Burns Block , Calgary - Burns Block , Nelson - Burns Block , Vancouver - Burns Building , Calgary - Burns Stadium ( former home of the Calgary Cannons ) , Calgary , - Senator Patrick Burns Building at SAIT Polytechnic , Calgary - Senator Patrick Burns School , Calgary Land . - Burns Bog , Delta , British Columbia ( Named after Burns brother , Dominic ) - Mount Burns , Alberta Neighbourhoods . - Burnsland , Southeast Calgary - Burns Industrial Park , Calgary - Burnsland Cemetery , Calgary Parks . - Senator Patrick Burns Memorial Rock Garden , Calgary Roads . - Burnsland Road , Calgary - Burns Ranch Road , Olds - Burns Road , Winnipeg - Patrick Street , Winnipeg External links . - Patrick Burns : A Man of His Word - Patrick Burns Manor House - Best of Alberta . Our Greatest Citizen Announced - Burns Memorial Fund - The Ranche Restaurant at the Bow Valley Ranche

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What position did Fernando Mönckeberg Barros take before Jul 1992?

/wiki/Fernando_Mönckeberg_Barros#P39#0

Fernando Mönckeberg Barros Fernando Rafael Mönckeberg Barros ( born 26 June 1926 ) is a Chilean surgeon , doctor of medicine specializing in nutrition , professor , researcher , and economist at the University of Chile . He is the founder of the ( INTA ) and president of the ( CONIN ) . Early life . The son of Gustavo Mönckeberg Bravo and Beatriz Barros Calvo , Fernando Rafael Mönckeberg is the brother of gynecologist and politician . Barros finished his secondary education , overcoming great difficulties due to undiagnosed dyslexia ; his grades did not give him many options when applying to universities . He performed military service , where he was assigned to the telecommunications sector . There Barros discovered that telegraphy did not present him with the same problems as writing , so he decided that he would continue in that line of work once his service was finished . However , a woman with whom he had a close relationship for a few years managed to use her influence to allow him to enter the University of Chile , where he graduated with a degree in medicine in 1952 . In 1958 , Barros did postgraduate studies in biochemistry and teaching at Harvard University . Academic career . Mönckeberg Barros developed extensive scientific research in the field of child malnutrition in Chile , publishing articles in specialized journals inside and outside the country . He formed CONPAN , an autonomous entity whose objective was the elaboration and coordination of a food and nutrition policy , and he managed to make the country adopt enriched milk . He is the founder and president of the Corporation for Child Nutrition ( CONIN ) . In 1959 , Barros became an associate professor of pediatrics at Harvard University Childrens Hospital . In 1965 , he became a professor of pediatrics at the University of Chile , as well as president of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics and president of the Latin American Nutrition Society . Two years later Barros founded the Latin American Pediatric Research Society and served as its first president . In 1972 , he created INTA , and was its director until 1994 . In 1975 , he founded CONIN . From 1994 to 1996 , Barros was rector of the . From 1998 to 1999 , he was rector of the Iberoamerican University of Science and Technology . In 2001 , he became dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Diego Portales University . Mönckeberg Barros has been an academic at the House of Bello ( University of Chile ) for more than 30 years . He has been elected an honorary member of national and international institutions , mainly in the pediatric and nutritional fields , including the , the United States Academy of Pediatrics , the Third World Scientific Academy , and academies of England , Spain , Brazil , and Argentina . Barros was an advisor to specialized committees of the United Nations , Food and Agriculture Organization , UNICEF , and the World Health Organization . In 1989 , Barros tried unsuccessfully to present his candidacy for the Presidency of the Republic in the 1989 election . His application was rejected by the on 24 August of that year , as his lists of sponsoring voters exceeded the allowed percentage of sponsors registered in political parties . Publications . In addition to the publication of about 130 articles in specialized journals , Mönckeberg Barros has written some 65 chapters in specialized books , and also 12 of his own works . He is the director of the journal Creces , a publication through which the Educational program for scientific dissemination has been developed since 1980 , aimed at middle and high school levels and medical professionals , and part of the set of programs implemented by CONIN . - Jaque al subdesarrollo ( 1973 ; translated into several languages ) - Chile y sus recursos naturales ( 1975 ) - Políticas de alimentación y nutrición en Chile ( 1976 ) - Antecedentes y acciones para una política nacional de alimentación y nutrición de Chile ( 1976 ) - Crear para compartir : compartir para seguir creando ( 1980 ) - La revolución de la Bioingeniería ( 1980 ) - Desnutrición infantil : fisiopatología , clínica , tratamiento y prevención : nuestra experiencia y contribución ( 1988 ) - Chile en la encrucijada : decisiones para una nueva era ( 1989 ) - Jaque al subdesarrollo , ahora ( 1993 ) - Ciencia y tecnología ( 1994 ) - Desnutrición : el mal oculto ( 2004 ) - Contra viento y marea . Hasta erradicar la desnutrición ( 2010 ) Honors . - 1957 – Guggenheim Fellowship - 1975 – ICARE Award - 1979 – Pan American Health Education Foundation Award - 1985 – Award of the American Academy of Pediatrics , for worldwide pediatrician of the year - 1985 – Award of the World Foundation for Health and Peace - 1993 – Award of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences - 1995 – Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Valladolid - 1998 – National Prize for Applied Sciences and Technologies - 1999 – Award of the Medical Scientific Societies of Chile - 2000 – Academic Excellence Award of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics - 2005 – , granted by the Cultural Heritage Corporation of Chile jointly with the University of Chile and the Presidential Advisory Commission for the Bicentennial of the Republic - 2007 – Recognition of career and fundamental contribution to nutrition in Chile , from the Granotec Technological Center , CTG-OTEC , during the 5th Seminar on Healthy Lifestyles - Doctor Honoris Causa of the National University of Cuyo , Argentina - Fellow of the American Society for Nutrition - 2010 – for Contra viento y marea . Hasta erradicar la desnutrición - 2012 – National Prize for Medicine

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What position did Fernando Mönckeberg Barros take between Oct 1995 and Nov 1995?

/wiki/Fernando_Mönckeberg_Barros#P39#1

Fernando Mönckeberg Barros Fernando Rafael Mönckeberg Barros ( born 26 June 1926 ) is a Chilean surgeon , doctor of medicine specializing in nutrition , professor , researcher , and economist at the University of Chile . He is the founder of the ( INTA ) and president of the ( CONIN ) . Early life . The son of Gustavo Mönckeberg Bravo and Beatriz Barros Calvo , Fernando Rafael Mönckeberg is the brother of gynecologist and politician . Barros finished his secondary education , overcoming great difficulties due to undiagnosed dyslexia ; his grades did not give him many options when applying to universities . He performed military service , where he was assigned to the telecommunications sector . There Barros discovered that telegraphy did not present him with the same problems as writing , so he decided that he would continue in that line of work once his service was finished . However , a woman with whom he had a close relationship for a few years managed to use her influence to allow him to enter the University of Chile , where he graduated with a degree in medicine in 1952 . In 1958 , Barros did postgraduate studies in biochemistry and teaching at Harvard University . Academic career . Mönckeberg Barros developed extensive scientific research in the field of child malnutrition in Chile , publishing articles in specialized journals inside and outside the country . He formed CONPAN , an autonomous entity whose objective was the elaboration and coordination of a food and nutrition policy , and he managed to make the country adopt enriched milk . He is the founder and president of the Corporation for Child Nutrition ( CONIN ) . In 1959 , Barros became an associate professor of pediatrics at Harvard University Childrens Hospital . In 1965 , he became a professor of pediatrics at the University of Chile , as well as president of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics and president of the Latin American Nutrition Society . Two years later Barros founded the Latin American Pediatric Research Society and served as its first president . In 1972 , he created INTA , and was its director until 1994 . In 1975 , he founded CONIN . From 1994 to 1996 , Barros was rector of the . From 1998 to 1999 , he was rector of the Iberoamerican University of Science and Technology . In 2001 , he became dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Diego Portales University . Mönckeberg Barros has been an academic at the House of Bello ( University of Chile ) for more than 30 years . He has been elected an honorary member of national and international institutions , mainly in the pediatric and nutritional fields , including the , the United States Academy of Pediatrics , the Third World Scientific Academy , and academies of England , Spain , Brazil , and Argentina . Barros was an advisor to specialized committees of the United Nations , Food and Agriculture Organization , UNICEF , and the World Health Organization . In 1989 , Barros tried unsuccessfully to present his candidacy for the Presidency of the Republic in the 1989 election . His application was rejected by the on 24 August of that year , as his lists of sponsoring voters exceeded the allowed percentage of sponsors registered in political parties . Publications . In addition to the publication of about 130 articles in specialized journals , Mönckeberg Barros has written some 65 chapters in specialized books , and also 12 of his own works . He is the director of the journal Creces , a publication through which the Educational program for scientific dissemination has been developed since 1980 , aimed at middle and high school levels and medical professionals , and part of the set of programs implemented by CONIN . - Jaque al subdesarrollo ( 1973 ; translated into several languages ) - Chile y sus recursos naturales ( 1975 ) - Políticas de alimentación y nutrición en Chile ( 1976 ) - Antecedentes y acciones para una política nacional de alimentación y nutrición de Chile ( 1976 ) - Crear para compartir : compartir para seguir creando ( 1980 ) - La revolución de la Bioingeniería ( 1980 ) - Desnutrición infantil : fisiopatología , clínica , tratamiento y prevención : nuestra experiencia y contribución ( 1988 ) - Chile en la encrucijada : decisiones para una nueva era ( 1989 ) - Jaque al subdesarrollo , ahora ( 1993 ) - Ciencia y tecnología ( 1994 ) - Desnutrición : el mal oculto ( 2004 ) - Contra viento y marea . Hasta erradicar la desnutrición ( 2010 ) Honors . - 1957 – Guggenheim Fellowship - 1975 – ICARE Award - 1979 – Pan American Health Education Foundation Award - 1985 – Award of the American Academy of Pediatrics , for worldwide pediatrician of the year - 1985 – Award of the World Foundation for Health and Peace - 1993 – Award of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences - 1995 – Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Valladolid - 1998 – National Prize for Applied Sciences and Technologies - 1999 – Award of the Medical Scientific Societies of Chile - 2000 – Academic Excellence Award of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics - 2005 – , granted by the Cultural Heritage Corporation of Chile jointly with the University of Chile and the Presidential Advisory Commission for the Bicentennial of the Republic - 2007 – Recognition of career and fundamental contribution to nutrition in Chile , from the Granotec Technological Center , CTG-OTEC , during the 5th Seminar on Healthy Lifestyles - Doctor Honoris Causa of the National University of Cuyo , Argentina - Fellow of the American Society for Nutrition - 2010 – for Contra viento y marea . Hasta erradicar la desnutrición - 2012 – National Prize for Medicine

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What position did Fernando Mönckeberg Barros take in Aug 1998?

/wiki/Fernando_Mönckeberg_Barros#P39#2

Fernando Mönckeberg Barros Fernando Rafael Mönckeberg Barros ( born 26 June 1926 ) is a Chilean surgeon , doctor of medicine specializing in nutrition , professor , researcher , and economist at the University of Chile . He is the founder of the ( INTA ) and president of the ( CONIN ) . Early life . The son of Gustavo Mönckeberg Bravo and Beatriz Barros Calvo , Fernando Rafael Mönckeberg is the brother of gynecologist and politician . Barros finished his secondary education , overcoming great difficulties due to undiagnosed dyslexia ; his grades did not give him many options when applying to universities . He performed military service , where he was assigned to the telecommunications sector . There Barros discovered that telegraphy did not present him with the same problems as writing , so he decided that he would continue in that line of work once his service was finished . However , a woman with whom he had a close relationship for a few years managed to use her influence to allow him to enter the University of Chile , where he graduated with a degree in medicine in 1952 . In 1958 , Barros did postgraduate studies in biochemistry and teaching at Harvard University . Academic career . Mönckeberg Barros developed extensive scientific research in the field of child malnutrition in Chile , publishing articles in specialized journals inside and outside the country . He formed CONPAN , an autonomous entity whose objective was the elaboration and coordination of a food and nutrition policy , and he managed to make the country adopt enriched milk . He is the founder and president of the Corporation for Child Nutrition ( CONIN ) . In 1959 , Barros became an associate professor of pediatrics at Harvard University Childrens Hospital . In 1965 , he became a professor of pediatrics at the University of Chile , as well as president of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics and president of the Latin American Nutrition Society . Two years later Barros founded the Latin American Pediatric Research Society and served as its first president . In 1972 , he created INTA , and was its director until 1994 . In 1975 , he founded CONIN . From 1994 to 1996 , Barros was rector of the . From 1998 to 1999 , he was rector of the Iberoamerican University of Science and Technology . In 2001 , he became dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences at Diego Portales University . Mönckeberg Barros has been an academic at the House of Bello ( University of Chile ) for more than 30 years . He has been elected an honorary member of national and international institutions , mainly in the pediatric and nutritional fields , including the , the United States Academy of Pediatrics , the Third World Scientific Academy , and academies of England , Spain , Brazil , and Argentina . Barros was an advisor to specialized committees of the United Nations , Food and Agriculture Organization , UNICEF , and the World Health Organization . In 1989 , Barros tried unsuccessfully to present his candidacy for the Presidency of the Republic in the 1989 election . His application was rejected by the on 24 August of that year , as his lists of sponsoring voters exceeded the allowed percentage of sponsors registered in political parties . Publications . In addition to the publication of about 130 articles in specialized journals , Mönckeberg Barros has written some 65 chapters in specialized books , and also 12 of his own works . He is the director of the journal Creces , a publication through which the Educational program for scientific dissemination has been developed since 1980 , aimed at middle and high school levels and medical professionals , and part of the set of programs implemented by CONIN . - Jaque al subdesarrollo ( 1973 ; translated into several languages ) - Chile y sus recursos naturales ( 1975 ) - Políticas de alimentación y nutrición en Chile ( 1976 ) - Antecedentes y acciones para una política nacional de alimentación y nutrición de Chile ( 1976 ) - Crear para compartir : compartir para seguir creando ( 1980 ) - La revolución de la Bioingeniería ( 1980 ) - Desnutrición infantil : fisiopatología , clínica , tratamiento y prevención : nuestra experiencia y contribución ( 1988 ) - Chile en la encrucijada : decisiones para una nueva era ( 1989 ) - Jaque al subdesarrollo , ahora ( 1993 ) - Ciencia y tecnología ( 1994 ) - Desnutrición : el mal oculto ( 2004 ) - Contra viento y marea . Hasta erradicar la desnutrición ( 2010 ) Honors . - 1957 – Guggenheim Fellowship - 1975 – ICARE Award - 1979 – Pan American Health Education Foundation Award - 1985 – Award of the American Academy of Pediatrics , for worldwide pediatrician of the year - 1985 – Award of the World Foundation for Health and Peace - 1993 – Award of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences - 1995 – Doctor Honoris Causa from the University of Valladolid - 1998 – National Prize for Applied Sciences and Technologies - 1999 – Award of the Medical Scientific Societies of Chile - 2000 – Academic Excellence Award of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics - 2005 – , granted by the Cultural Heritage Corporation of Chile jointly with the University of Chile and the Presidential Advisory Commission for the Bicentennial of the Republic - 2007 – Recognition of career and fundamental contribution to nutrition in Chile , from the Granotec Technological Center , CTG-OTEC , during the 5th Seminar on Healthy Lifestyles - Doctor Honoris Causa of the National University of Cuyo , Argentina - Fellow of the American Society for Nutrition - 2010 – for Contra viento y marea . Hasta erradicar la desnutrición - 2012 – National Prize for Medicine

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Clemente Palma was an employee for whom before Oct 1893?

/wiki/Clemente_Palma#P108#0

Clemente Palma Clemente Palma ( born December 3 , 1872 in Lima - d . August 13 , 1946 in Lima ) was a Peruvian writer . He was the son of famous Peruvian author and scholar Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramínez . His halfsister Angélica Palma was also a writer . Life . Clemente Palma y Ramírez was born on December 3 , 1872 in Lima , Peru , son of famous Peruvian author Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramírez . On 1876 , his father later married Cristina Román , which whom he had seven other children : Félix Vital , Angélica , Ricardo , Peregrina Augusta , Cristina , Cristián and Renée Cristina . In 1897 he obtained a degree in Letters from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , with a thesis entitled El Porvenir de las Razas en el Perú ( The Future of the Races in Peru ) in which he defended the controversial thesis that the Peruvian race had to be improved and that this could be achieved through the introduction of Germans into Peru . He also obtained a doctorate from this university with a thesis on philosophy and art and became a professor at the university subsequently . In 1899 he obtained a bachelor of law degree from the same university . During his university studies , he worked as curator of the National Library of Peru and started his activities as a writer . From 1902 to 1904 he was the consul of Peru in Barcelona . In Spain he met Maria Manuela Schmalz whom he married in 1902 . They had five children : Judith , Clemente Ricardo , Ricardo , Clemencia and Isabel . Upon his return to Peru , he resumed his position as curator of the National Library of Peru , a post that he held until November 1911 . During this period , he founded several cultural and literary magazines such as Prisma and Variedades and the daily newspaper La Crónica . From 1911 to 1918 , he dedicated himself to the direction of these magazines . He was director of the magazines Prisma ( 1906–1908 ) and Variedades ( 1908–1931 ) and the newspaper La Crónica ( 1912–1929 ) . Between 1919 and 1930 , Clemente Palma was a Member of Parliament , supporting the authoritarian President Augusto B . Leguia , who had taken power through a coup . During this period , he remained active in the press and also taught classes of aesthetics and art history at his alma mater . In 1930 , he was imprisoned for a while after the coup of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro . He was liberated thanks to the pressure of his friends but was forced into exile to Chile in 1932 . He could return to Peru only after the assassination of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in 1933 . During his exile in Chile , he wrote the science fiction novel XYZ . After the publication of this novel , he mainly wrote literary criticism and essays . Works . Clemente Palma was an important literary critic in Peru and exercised an important influence through the magazine Variedades . In that role , he has been criticized for not recognising the genius of César Vallejo when the latter sent him one of his early poems for review . Palmas best known works are in the realm of fiction . He is one of the first adherents of modernism in Peru . He made a great contribution to the development of the short story and science fiction in Peru and introduced new themes in its literature . His stories deal mostly with fantastic themes , psychological horror and science fiction . He was attracted to the morbid and many of his characters are abnormal and perverse . As his father was the director of the National Library of Peru , he had the opportunity to read the works of many foreign authors . His work shows a strong influence of Edgar Allan Poe and , to a lesser extent , nineteenth-century Russian writers and symbolist and decadent French writers , as well as the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche . His two short story collections Cuentos malévolos ( Malevolent Tales ) ( 1904 ) and Historietas Malignas ( Malignant Tales ) ( 1925 ) are in the style of Villiers de lIsle-Adams Contes cruels . Influenced by decadent themes and subject matter , they are filled with dark humor , blasphemy and the supernatural . His Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) were in the style of his fathers Tradiciones en Salsa Verde . He also wrote several novels , including Mors et Vita ( Death and Life ) ( 1923 ) and XYZ ( 1934 ) . This last novel has some similarities with the science fiction novel The Invention of Morel published by the Argentine Adolfo Bioy Casares in 1940 . The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú ( PUCP ) re-edited the entire narrative work of Clemente Palma , including the novel XYZ , in 2006 . His major works are : - Excursión literaria ( 1895 ) - Filosofía y arte ( 1897 ) - El porvenir de las razas ( 1897 ) , - El Perú ( 1898 ) - Cuentos Malévolos ( 1904 ) - Historietas Malignas ( 1925 ) - La cuestión de Tacna y Arica y la conferencia de Washington ( 1922 ) - Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) - Mors ex vita ( 1923 ) , novel . - XYZ ( 1934 ) - Había una vez un hombre.. . ( 1935 ) - Don Alonso Henríquez de Guzmán y el primer poema sobre la conquista de América ! ( 1935 ) - Crónicas político-doméstico-taurinas ( 1938 ) - La nieta del oidor ( 1986 , posthumous edition by Ricardo Silva Santisteban ) . Further reading . - Breaking traditions : the fiction of Clemente Palma , Nancy M . Kason , Associated University Presses , 1988 - Clemente Palma - El modernismo en su version decadente y gotica , Gabriela Mora , Instituto de Estudios Peruanos , 2000 External links . - Clemente Palma at the Guide to Supernatural Fiction - Clemente Palma at Educared - Clemente Palma at Prosa Modernista , also reproduces some stories in Spanish

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Clemente Palma was an employee for whom in May 1901?

/wiki/Clemente_Palma#P108#1

Clemente Palma Clemente Palma ( born December 3 , 1872 in Lima - d . August 13 , 1946 in Lima ) was a Peruvian writer . He was the son of famous Peruvian author and scholar Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramínez . His halfsister Angélica Palma was also a writer . Life . Clemente Palma y Ramírez was born on December 3 , 1872 in Lima , Peru , son of famous Peruvian author Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramírez . On 1876 , his father later married Cristina Román , which whom he had seven other children : Félix Vital , Angélica , Ricardo , Peregrina Augusta , Cristina , Cristián and Renée Cristina . In 1897 he obtained a degree in Letters from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , with a thesis entitled El Porvenir de las Razas en el Perú ( The Future of the Races in Peru ) in which he defended the controversial thesis that the Peruvian race had to be improved and that this could be achieved through the introduction of Germans into Peru . He also obtained a doctorate from this university with a thesis on philosophy and art and became a professor at the university subsequently . In 1899 he obtained a bachelor of law degree from the same university . During his university studies , he worked as curator of the National Library of Peru and started his activities as a writer . From 1902 to 1904 he was the consul of Peru in Barcelona . In Spain he met Maria Manuela Schmalz whom he married in 1902 . They had five children : Judith , Clemente Ricardo , Ricardo , Clemencia and Isabel . Upon his return to Peru , he resumed his position as curator of the National Library of Peru , a post that he held until November 1911 . During this period , he founded several cultural and literary magazines such as Prisma and Variedades and the daily newspaper La Crónica . From 1911 to 1918 , he dedicated himself to the direction of these magazines . He was director of the magazines Prisma ( 1906–1908 ) and Variedades ( 1908–1931 ) and the newspaper La Crónica ( 1912–1929 ) . Between 1919 and 1930 , Clemente Palma was a Member of Parliament , supporting the authoritarian President Augusto B . Leguia , who had taken power through a coup . During this period , he remained active in the press and also taught classes of aesthetics and art history at his alma mater . In 1930 , he was imprisoned for a while after the coup of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro . He was liberated thanks to the pressure of his friends but was forced into exile to Chile in 1932 . He could return to Peru only after the assassination of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in 1933 . During his exile in Chile , he wrote the science fiction novel XYZ . After the publication of this novel , he mainly wrote literary criticism and essays . Works . Clemente Palma was an important literary critic in Peru and exercised an important influence through the magazine Variedades . In that role , he has been criticized for not recognising the genius of César Vallejo when the latter sent him one of his early poems for review . Palmas best known works are in the realm of fiction . He is one of the first adherents of modernism in Peru . He made a great contribution to the development of the short story and science fiction in Peru and introduced new themes in its literature . His stories deal mostly with fantastic themes , psychological horror and science fiction . He was attracted to the morbid and many of his characters are abnormal and perverse . As his father was the director of the National Library of Peru , he had the opportunity to read the works of many foreign authors . His work shows a strong influence of Edgar Allan Poe and , to a lesser extent , nineteenth-century Russian writers and symbolist and decadent French writers , as well as the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche . His two short story collections Cuentos malévolos ( Malevolent Tales ) ( 1904 ) and Historietas Malignas ( Malignant Tales ) ( 1925 ) are in the style of Villiers de lIsle-Adams Contes cruels . Influenced by decadent themes and subject matter , they are filled with dark humor , blasphemy and the supernatural . His Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) were in the style of his fathers Tradiciones en Salsa Verde . He also wrote several novels , including Mors et Vita ( Death and Life ) ( 1923 ) and XYZ ( 1934 ) . This last novel has some similarities with the science fiction novel The Invention of Morel published by the Argentine Adolfo Bioy Casares in 1940 . The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú ( PUCP ) re-edited the entire narrative work of Clemente Palma , including the novel XYZ , in 2006 . His major works are : - Excursión literaria ( 1895 ) - Filosofía y arte ( 1897 ) - El porvenir de las razas ( 1897 ) , - El Perú ( 1898 ) - Cuentos Malévolos ( 1904 ) - Historietas Malignas ( 1925 ) - La cuestión de Tacna y Arica y la conferencia de Washington ( 1922 ) - Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) - Mors ex vita ( 1923 ) , novel . - XYZ ( 1934 ) - Había una vez un hombre.. . ( 1935 ) - Don Alonso Henríquez de Guzmán y el primer poema sobre la conquista de América ! ( 1935 ) - Crónicas político-doméstico-taurinas ( 1938 ) - La nieta del oidor ( 1986 , posthumous edition by Ricardo Silva Santisteban ) . Further reading . - Breaking traditions : the fiction of Clemente Palma , Nancy M . Kason , Associated University Presses , 1988 - Clemente Palma - El modernismo en su version decadente y gotica , Gabriela Mora , Instituto de Estudios Peruanos , 2000 External links . - Clemente Palma at the Guide to Supernatural Fiction - Clemente Palma at Educared - Clemente Palma at Prosa Modernista , also reproduces some stories in Spanish

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Clemente Palma was an employee for whom in Sep 1910?

/wiki/Clemente_Palma#P108#2

Clemente Palma Clemente Palma ( born December 3 , 1872 in Lima - d . August 13 , 1946 in Lima ) was a Peruvian writer . He was the son of famous Peruvian author and scholar Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramínez . His halfsister Angélica Palma was also a writer . Life . Clemente Palma y Ramírez was born on December 3 , 1872 in Lima , Peru , son of famous Peruvian author Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramírez . On 1876 , his father later married Cristina Román , which whom he had seven other children : Félix Vital , Angélica , Ricardo , Peregrina Augusta , Cristina , Cristián and Renée Cristina . In 1897 he obtained a degree in Letters from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , with a thesis entitled El Porvenir de las Razas en el Perú ( The Future of the Races in Peru ) in which he defended the controversial thesis that the Peruvian race had to be improved and that this could be achieved through the introduction of Germans into Peru . He also obtained a doctorate from this university with a thesis on philosophy and art and became a professor at the university subsequently . In 1899 he obtained a bachelor of law degree from the same university . During his university studies , he worked as curator of the National Library of Peru and started his activities as a writer . From 1902 to 1904 he was the consul of Peru in Barcelona . In Spain he met Maria Manuela Schmalz whom he married in 1902 . They had five children : Judith , Clemente Ricardo , Ricardo , Clemencia and Isabel . Upon his return to Peru , he resumed his position as curator of the National Library of Peru , a post that he held until November 1911 . During this period , he founded several cultural and literary magazines such as Prisma and Variedades and the daily newspaper La Crónica . From 1911 to 1918 , he dedicated himself to the direction of these magazines . He was director of the magazines Prisma ( 1906–1908 ) and Variedades ( 1908–1931 ) and the newspaper La Crónica ( 1912–1929 ) . Between 1919 and 1930 , Clemente Palma was a Member of Parliament , supporting the authoritarian President Augusto B . Leguia , who had taken power through a coup . During this period , he remained active in the press and also taught classes of aesthetics and art history at his alma mater . In 1930 , he was imprisoned for a while after the coup of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro . He was liberated thanks to the pressure of his friends but was forced into exile to Chile in 1932 . He could return to Peru only after the assassination of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in 1933 . During his exile in Chile , he wrote the science fiction novel XYZ . After the publication of this novel , he mainly wrote literary criticism and essays . Works . Clemente Palma was an important literary critic in Peru and exercised an important influence through the magazine Variedades . In that role , he has been criticized for not recognising the genius of César Vallejo when the latter sent him one of his early poems for review . Palmas best known works are in the realm of fiction . He is one of the first adherents of modernism in Peru . He made a great contribution to the development of the short story and science fiction in Peru and introduced new themes in its literature . His stories deal mostly with fantastic themes , psychological horror and science fiction . He was attracted to the morbid and many of his characters are abnormal and perverse . As his father was the director of the National Library of Peru , he had the opportunity to read the works of many foreign authors . His work shows a strong influence of Edgar Allan Poe and , to a lesser extent , nineteenth-century Russian writers and symbolist and decadent French writers , as well as the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche . His two short story collections Cuentos malévolos ( Malevolent Tales ) ( 1904 ) and Historietas Malignas ( Malignant Tales ) ( 1925 ) are in the style of Villiers de lIsle-Adams Contes cruels . Influenced by decadent themes and subject matter , they are filled with dark humor , blasphemy and the supernatural . His Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) were in the style of his fathers Tradiciones en Salsa Verde . He also wrote several novels , including Mors et Vita ( Death and Life ) ( 1923 ) and XYZ ( 1934 ) . This last novel has some similarities with the science fiction novel The Invention of Morel published by the Argentine Adolfo Bioy Casares in 1940 . The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú ( PUCP ) re-edited the entire narrative work of Clemente Palma , including the novel XYZ , in 2006 . His major works are : - Excursión literaria ( 1895 ) - Filosofía y arte ( 1897 ) - El porvenir de las razas ( 1897 ) , - El Perú ( 1898 ) - Cuentos Malévolos ( 1904 ) - Historietas Malignas ( 1925 ) - La cuestión de Tacna y Arica y la conferencia de Washington ( 1922 ) - Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) - Mors ex vita ( 1923 ) , novel . - XYZ ( 1934 ) - Había una vez un hombre.. . ( 1935 ) - Don Alonso Henríquez de Guzmán y el primer poema sobre la conquista de América ! ( 1935 ) - Crónicas político-doméstico-taurinas ( 1938 ) - La nieta del oidor ( 1986 , posthumous edition by Ricardo Silva Santisteban ) . Further reading . - Breaking traditions : the fiction of Clemente Palma , Nancy M . Kason , Associated University Presses , 1988 - Clemente Palma - El modernismo en su version decadente y gotica , Gabriela Mora , Instituto de Estudios Peruanos , 2000 External links . - Clemente Palma at the Guide to Supernatural Fiction - Clemente Palma at Educared - Clemente Palma at Prosa Modernista , also reproduces some stories in Spanish

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Clemente Palma was an employee for whom in Jul 1922?

/wiki/Clemente_Palma#P108#3

Clemente Palma Clemente Palma ( born December 3 , 1872 in Lima - d . August 13 , 1946 in Lima ) was a Peruvian writer . He was the son of famous Peruvian author and scholar Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramínez . His halfsister Angélica Palma was also a writer . Life . Clemente Palma y Ramírez was born on December 3 , 1872 in Lima , Peru , son of famous Peruvian author Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramírez . On 1876 , his father later married Cristina Román , which whom he had seven other children : Félix Vital , Angélica , Ricardo , Peregrina Augusta , Cristina , Cristián and Renée Cristina . In 1897 he obtained a degree in Letters from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , with a thesis entitled El Porvenir de las Razas en el Perú ( The Future of the Races in Peru ) in which he defended the controversial thesis that the Peruvian race had to be improved and that this could be achieved through the introduction of Germans into Peru . He also obtained a doctorate from this university with a thesis on philosophy and art and became a professor at the university subsequently . In 1899 he obtained a bachelor of law degree from the same university . During his university studies , he worked as curator of the National Library of Peru and started his activities as a writer . From 1902 to 1904 he was the consul of Peru in Barcelona . In Spain he met Maria Manuela Schmalz whom he married in 1902 . They had five children : Judith , Clemente Ricardo , Ricardo , Clemencia and Isabel . Upon his return to Peru , he resumed his position as curator of the National Library of Peru , a post that he held until November 1911 . During this period , he founded several cultural and literary magazines such as Prisma and Variedades and the daily newspaper La Crónica . From 1911 to 1918 , he dedicated himself to the direction of these magazines . He was director of the magazines Prisma ( 1906–1908 ) and Variedades ( 1908–1931 ) and the newspaper La Crónica ( 1912–1929 ) . Between 1919 and 1930 , Clemente Palma was a Member of Parliament , supporting the authoritarian President Augusto B . Leguia , who had taken power through a coup . During this period , he remained active in the press and also taught classes of aesthetics and art history at his alma mater . In 1930 , he was imprisoned for a while after the coup of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro . He was liberated thanks to the pressure of his friends but was forced into exile to Chile in 1932 . He could return to Peru only after the assassination of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in 1933 . During his exile in Chile , he wrote the science fiction novel XYZ . After the publication of this novel , he mainly wrote literary criticism and essays . Works . Clemente Palma was an important literary critic in Peru and exercised an important influence through the magazine Variedades . In that role , he has been criticized for not recognising the genius of César Vallejo when the latter sent him one of his early poems for review . Palmas best known works are in the realm of fiction . He is one of the first adherents of modernism in Peru . He made a great contribution to the development of the short story and science fiction in Peru and introduced new themes in its literature . His stories deal mostly with fantastic themes , psychological horror and science fiction . He was attracted to the morbid and many of his characters are abnormal and perverse . As his father was the director of the National Library of Peru , he had the opportunity to read the works of many foreign authors . His work shows a strong influence of Edgar Allan Poe and , to a lesser extent , nineteenth-century Russian writers and symbolist and decadent French writers , as well as the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche . His two short story collections Cuentos malévolos ( Malevolent Tales ) ( 1904 ) and Historietas Malignas ( Malignant Tales ) ( 1925 ) are in the style of Villiers de lIsle-Adams Contes cruels . Influenced by decadent themes and subject matter , they are filled with dark humor , blasphemy and the supernatural . His Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) were in the style of his fathers Tradiciones en Salsa Verde . He also wrote several novels , including Mors et Vita ( Death and Life ) ( 1923 ) and XYZ ( 1934 ) . This last novel has some similarities with the science fiction novel The Invention of Morel published by the Argentine Adolfo Bioy Casares in 1940 . The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú ( PUCP ) re-edited the entire narrative work of Clemente Palma , including the novel XYZ , in 2006 . His major works are : - Excursión literaria ( 1895 ) - Filosofía y arte ( 1897 ) - El porvenir de las razas ( 1897 ) , - El Perú ( 1898 ) - Cuentos Malévolos ( 1904 ) - Historietas Malignas ( 1925 ) - La cuestión de Tacna y Arica y la conferencia de Washington ( 1922 ) - Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) - Mors ex vita ( 1923 ) , novel . - XYZ ( 1934 ) - Había una vez un hombre.. . ( 1935 ) - Don Alonso Henríquez de Guzmán y el primer poema sobre la conquista de América ! ( 1935 ) - Crónicas político-doméstico-taurinas ( 1938 ) - La nieta del oidor ( 1986 , posthumous edition by Ricardo Silva Santisteban ) . Further reading . - Breaking traditions : the fiction of Clemente Palma , Nancy M . Kason , Associated University Presses , 1988 - Clemente Palma - El modernismo en su version decadente y gotica , Gabriela Mora , Instituto de Estudios Peruanos , 2000 External links . - Clemente Palma at the Guide to Supernatural Fiction - Clemente Palma at Educared - Clemente Palma at Prosa Modernista , also reproduces some stories in Spanish

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Clemente Palma was an employee for whom between Dec 1929 and 1930?

/wiki/Clemente_Palma#P108#4

Clemente Palma Clemente Palma ( born December 3 , 1872 in Lima - d . August 13 , 1946 in Lima ) was a Peruvian writer . He was the son of famous Peruvian author and scholar Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramínez . His halfsister Angélica Palma was also a writer . Life . Clemente Palma y Ramírez was born on December 3 , 1872 in Lima , Peru , son of famous Peruvian author Ricardo Palma and Ecuadorian Clemencia Ramírez . On 1876 , his father later married Cristina Román , which whom he had seven other children : Félix Vital , Angélica , Ricardo , Peregrina Augusta , Cristina , Cristián and Renée Cristina . In 1897 he obtained a degree in Letters from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos , with a thesis entitled El Porvenir de las Razas en el Perú ( The Future of the Races in Peru ) in which he defended the controversial thesis that the Peruvian race had to be improved and that this could be achieved through the introduction of Germans into Peru . He also obtained a doctorate from this university with a thesis on philosophy and art and became a professor at the university subsequently . In 1899 he obtained a bachelor of law degree from the same university . During his university studies , he worked as curator of the National Library of Peru and started his activities as a writer . From 1902 to 1904 he was the consul of Peru in Barcelona . In Spain he met Maria Manuela Schmalz whom he married in 1902 . They had five children : Judith , Clemente Ricardo , Ricardo , Clemencia and Isabel . Upon his return to Peru , he resumed his position as curator of the National Library of Peru , a post that he held until November 1911 . During this period , he founded several cultural and literary magazines such as Prisma and Variedades and the daily newspaper La Crónica . From 1911 to 1918 , he dedicated himself to the direction of these magazines . He was director of the magazines Prisma ( 1906–1908 ) and Variedades ( 1908–1931 ) and the newspaper La Crónica ( 1912–1929 ) . Between 1919 and 1930 , Clemente Palma was a Member of Parliament , supporting the authoritarian President Augusto B . Leguia , who had taken power through a coup . During this period , he remained active in the press and also taught classes of aesthetics and art history at his alma mater . In 1930 , he was imprisoned for a while after the coup of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro . He was liberated thanks to the pressure of his friends but was forced into exile to Chile in 1932 . He could return to Peru only after the assassination of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in 1933 . During his exile in Chile , he wrote the science fiction novel XYZ . After the publication of this novel , he mainly wrote literary criticism and essays . Works . Clemente Palma was an important literary critic in Peru and exercised an important influence through the magazine Variedades . In that role , he has been criticized for not recognising the genius of César Vallejo when the latter sent him one of his early poems for review . Palmas best known works are in the realm of fiction . He is one of the first adherents of modernism in Peru . He made a great contribution to the development of the short story and science fiction in Peru and introduced new themes in its literature . His stories deal mostly with fantastic themes , psychological horror and science fiction . He was attracted to the morbid and many of his characters are abnormal and perverse . As his father was the director of the National Library of Peru , he had the opportunity to read the works of many foreign authors . His work shows a strong influence of Edgar Allan Poe and , to a lesser extent , nineteenth-century Russian writers and symbolist and decadent French writers , as well as the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche . His two short story collections Cuentos malévolos ( Malevolent Tales ) ( 1904 ) and Historietas Malignas ( Malignant Tales ) ( 1925 ) are in the style of Villiers de lIsle-Adams Contes cruels . Influenced by decadent themes and subject matter , they are filled with dark humor , blasphemy and the supernatural . His Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) were in the style of his fathers Tradiciones en Salsa Verde . He also wrote several novels , including Mors et Vita ( Death and Life ) ( 1923 ) and XYZ ( 1934 ) . This last novel has some similarities with the science fiction novel The Invention of Morel published by the Argentine Adolfo Bioy Casares in 1940 . The Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú ( PUCP ) re-edited the entire narrative work of Clemente Palma , including the novel XYZ , in 2006 . His major works are : - Excursión literaria ( 1895 ) - Filosofía y arte ( 1897 ) - El porvenir de las razas ( 1897 ) , - El Perú ( 1898 ) - Cuentos Malévolos ( 1904 ) - Historietas Malignas ( 1925 ) - La cuestión de Tacna y Arica y la conferencia de Washington ( 1922 ) - Tres cuentos Verdes ( 1922 ) - Mors ex vita ( 1923 ) , novel . - XYZ ( 1934 ) - Había una vez un hombre.. . ( 1935 ) - Don Alonso Henríquez de Guzmán y el primer poema sobre la conquista de América ! ( 1935 ) - Crónicas político-doméstico-taurinas ( 1938 ) - La nieta del oidor ( 1986 , posthumous edition by Ricardo Silva Santisteban ) . Further reading . - Breaking traditions : the fiction of Clemente Palma , Nancy M . Kason , Associated University Presses , 1988 - Clemente Palma - El modernismo en su version decadente y gotica , Gabriela Mora , Instituto de Estudios Peruanos , 2000 External links . - Clemente Palma at the Guide to Supernatural Fiction - Clemente Palma at Educared - Clemente Palma at Prosa Modernista , also reproduces some stories in Spanish