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/- | |
Copyright (c) 2019 Rohan Mitta. All rights reserved. | |
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE. | |
Authors: Rohan Mitta, Kevin Buzzard, Alistair Tucker, Johannes Hölzl, Yury Kudryashov | |
-/ | |
import analysis.specific_limits.basic | |
import data.setoid.basic | |
import dynamics.fixed_points.topology | |
/-! | |
# Contracting maps | |
A Lipschitz continuous self-map with Lipschitz constant `K < 1` is called a *contracting map*. | |
In this file we prove the Banach fixed point theorem, some explicit estimates on the rate | |
of convergence, and some properties of the map sending a contracting map to its fixed point. | |
## Main definitions | |
* `contracting_with K f` : a Lipschitz continuous self-map with `K < 1`; | |
* `efixed_point` : given a contracting map `f` on a complete emetric space and a point `x` | |
such that `edist x (f x) ≠ ∞`, `efixed_point f hf x hx` is the unique fixed point of `f` | |
in `emetric.ball x ∞`; | |
* `fixed_point` : the unique fixed point of a contracting map on a complete nonempty metric space. | |
## Tags | |
contracting map, fixed point, Banach fixed point theorem | |
-/ | |
open_locale nnreal topological_space classical ennreal | |
open filter function | |
variables {α : Type*} | |
/-- A map is said to be `contracting_with K`, if `K < 1` and `f` is `lipschitz_with K`. -/ | |
def contracting_with [emetric_space α] (K : ℝ≥0) (f : α → α) := | |
(K < 1) ∧ lipschitz_with K f | |
namespace contracting_with | |
variables [emetric_space α] [cs : complete_space α] {K : ℝ≥0} {f : α → α} | |
open emetric set | |
lemma to_lipschitz_with (hf : contracting_with K f) : lipschitz_with K f := hf.2 | |
lemma one_sub_K_pos' (hf : contracting_with K f) : (0:ℝ≥0∞) < 1 - K := by simp [hf.1] | |
lemma one_sub_K_ne_zero (hf : contracting_with K f) : (1:ℝ≥0∞) - K ≠ 0 := | |
ne_of_gt hf.one_sub_K_pos' | |
lemma one_sub_K_ne_top : (1:ℝ≥0∞) - K ≠ ∞ := | |
by { norm_cast, exact ennreal.coe_ne_top } | |
lemma edist_inequality (hf : contracting_with K f) {x y} (h : edist x y ≠ ∞) : | |
edist x y ≤ (edist x (f x) + edist y (f y)) / (1 - K) := | |
suffices edist x y ≤ edist x (f x) + edist y (f y) + K * edist x y, | |
by rwa [ennreal.le_div_iff_mul_le (or.inl hf.one_sub_K_ne_zero) (or.inl one_sub_K_ne_top), | |
mul_comm, ennreal.sub_mul (λ _ _, h), one_mul, tsub_le_iff_right], | |
calc edist x y ≤ edist x (f x) + edist (f x) (f y) + edist (f y) y : edist_triangle4 _ _ _ _ | |
... = edist x (f x) + edist y (f y) + edist (f x) (f y) : by rw [edist_comm y, add_right_comm] | |
... ≤ edist x (f x) + edist y (f y) + K * edist x y : add_le_add le_rfl (hf.2 _ _) | |
lemma edist_le_of_fixed_point (hf : contracting_with K f) {x y} | |
(h : edist x y ≠ ∞) (hy : is_fixed_pt f y) : | |
edist x y ≤ (edist x (f x)) / (1 - K) := | |
by simpa only [hy.eq, edist_self, add_zero] using hf.edist_inequality h | |
lemma eq_or_edist_eq_top_of_fixed_points (hf : contracting_with K f) {x y} | |
(hx : is_fixed_pt f x) (hy : is_fixed_pt f y) : | |
x = y ∨ edist x y = ∞ := | |
begin | |
refine or_iff_not_imp_right.2 (λ h, edist_le_zero.1 _), | |
simpa only [hx.eq, edist_self, add_zero, ennreal.zero_div] | |
using hf.edist_le_of_fixed_point h hy | |
end | |
/-- If a map `f` is `contracting_with K`, and `s` is a forward-invariant set, then | |
restriction of `f` to `s` is `contracting_with K` as well. -/ | |
lemma restrict (hf : contracting_with K f) {s : set α} (hs : maps_to f s s) : | |
contracting_with K (hs.restrict f s s) := | |
⟨hf.1, λ x y, hf.2 x y⟩ | |
include cs | |
/-- Banach fixed-point theorem, contraction mapping theorem, `emetric_space` version. | |
A contracting map on a complete metric space has a fixed point. | |
We include more conclusions in this theorem to avoid proving them again later. | |
The main API for this theorem are the functions `efixed_point` and `fixed_point`, | |
and lemmas about these functions. -/ | |
theorem exists_fixed_point (hf : contracting_with K f) (x : α) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
∃ y, is_fixed_pt f y ∧ tendsto (λ n, f^[n] x) at_top (𝓝 y) ∧ | |
∀ n:ℕ, edist (f^[n] x) y ≤ (edist x (f x)) * K^n / (1 - K) := | |
have cauchy_seq (λ n, f^[n] x), | |
from cauchy_seq_of_edist_le_geometric K (edist x (f x)) (ennreal.coe_lt_one_iff.2 hf.1) | |
hx (hf.to_lipschitz_with.edist_iterate_succ_le_geometric x), | |
let ⟨y, hy⟩ := cauchy_seq_tendsto_of_complete this in | |
⟨y, is_fixed_pt_of_tendsto_iterate hy hf.2.continuous.continuous_at, hy, | |
edist_le_of_edist_le_geometric_of_tendsto K (edist x (f x)) | |
(hf.to_lipschitz_with.edist_iterate_succ_le_geometric x) hy⟩ | |
variable (f) -- avoid `efixed_point _` in pretty printer | |
/-- Let `x` be a point of a complete emetric space. Suppose that `f` is a contracting map, | |
and `edist x (f x) ≠ ∞`. Then `efixed_point` is the unique fixed point of `f` | |
in `emetric.ball x ∞`. -/ | |
noncomputable def efixed_point (hf : contracting_with K f) (x : α) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
α := | |
classical.some $ hf.exists_fixed_point x hx | |
variables {f} | |
lemma efixed_point_is_fixed_pt (hf : contracting_with K f) {x : α} (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
is_fixed_pt f (efixed_point f hf x hx) := | |
(classical.some_spec $ hf.exists_fixed_point x hx).1 | |
lemma tendsto_iterate_efixed_point (hf : contracting_with K f) {x : α} (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
tendsto (λn, f^[n] x) at_top (𝓝 $ efixed_point f hf x hx) := | |
(classical.some_spec $ hf.exists_fixed_point x hx).2.1 | |
lemma apriori_edist_iterate_efixed_point_le (hf : contracting_with K f) | |
{x : α} (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) (n : ℕ) : | |
edist (f^[n] x) (efixed_point f hf x hx) ≤ (edist x (f x)) * K^n / (1 - K) := | |
(classical.some_spec $ hf.exists_fixed_point x hx).2.2 n | |
lemma edist_efixed_point_le (hf : contracting_with K f) {x : α} (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
edist x (efixed_point f hf x hx) ≤ (edist x (f x)) / (1 - K) := | |
by { convert hf.apriori_edist_iterate_efixed_point_le hx 0, simp only [pow_zero, mul_one] } | |
lemma edist_efixed_point_lt_top (hf : contracting_with K f) {x : α} (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
edist x (efixed_point f hf x hx) < ∞ := | |
(hf.edist_efixed_point_le hx).trans_lt (ennreal.mul_lt_top hx $ | |
ennreal.inv_ne_top.2 hf.one_sub_K_ne_zero) | |
lemma efixed_point_eq_of_edist_lt_top (hf : contracting_with K f) {x : α} (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) | |
{y : α} (hy : edist y (f y) ≠ ∞) (h : edist x y ≠ ∞) : | |
efixed_point f hf x hx = efixed_point f hf y hy := | |
begin | |
refine (hf.eq_or_edist_eq_top_of_fixed_points _ _).elim id (λ h', false.elim (ne_of_lt _ h')); | |
try { apply efixed_point_is_fixed_pt }, | |
change edist_lt_top_setoid.rel _ _, | |
transitivity x, by { symmetry, exact hf.edist_efixed_point_lt_top hx }, | |
transitivity y, | |
exacts [lt_top_iff_ne_top.2 h, hf.edist_efixed_point_lt_top hy] | |
end | |
omit cs | |
/-- Banach fixed-point theorem for maps contracting on a complete subset. -/ | |
theorem exists_fixed_point' {s : set α} (hsc : is_complete s) (hsf : maps_to f s s) | |
(hf : contracting_with K $ hsf.restrict f s s) {x : α} (hxs : x ∈ s) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
∃ y ∈ s, is_fixed_pt f y ∧ tendsto (λ n, f^[n] x) at_top (𝓝 y) ∧ | |
∀ n:ℕ, edist (f^[n] x) y ≤ (edist x (f x)) * K^n / (1 - K) := | |
begin | |
haveI := hsc.complete_space_coe, | |
rcases hf.exists_fixed_point ⟨x, hxs⟩ hx with ⟨y, hfy, h_tendsto, hle⟩, | |
refine ⟨y, y.2, subtype.ext_iff_val.1 hfy, _, λ n, _⟩, | |
{ convert (continuous_subtype_coe.tendsto _).comp h_tendsto, ext n, | |
simp only [(∘), maps_to.iterate_restrict, maps_to.coe_restrict_apply, subtype.coe_mk] }, | |
{ convert hle n, | |
rw [maps_to.iterate_restrict, eq_comm, maps_to.coe_restrict_apply, subtype.coe_mk] } | |
end | |
variable (f) -- avoid `efixed_point _` in pretty printer | |
/-- Let `s` be a complete forward-invariant set of a self-map `f`. If `f` contracts on `s` | |
and `x ∈ s` satisfies `edist x (f x) ≠ ∞`, then `efixed_point'` is the unique fixed point | |
of the restriction of `f` to `s ∩ emetric.ball x ∞`. -/ | |
noncomputable def efixed_point' {s : set α} (hsc : is_complete s) (hsf : maps_to f s s) | |
(hf : contracting_with K $ hsf.restrict f s s) (x : α) (hxs : x ∈ s) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
α := | |
classical.some $ hf.exists_fixed_point' hsc hsf hxs hx | |
variables {f} | |
lemma efixed_point_mem' {s : set α} (hsc : is_complete s) (hsf : maps_to f s s) | |
(hf : contracting_with K $ hsf.restrict f s s) {x : α} (hxs : x ∈ s) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
efixed_point' f hsc hsf hf x hxs hx ∈ s := | |
(classical.some_spec $ hf.exists_fixed_point' hsc hsf hxs hx).fst | |
lemma efixed_point_is_fixed_pt' {s : set α} (hsc : is_complete s) (hsf : maps_to f s s) | |
(hf : contracting_with K $ hsf.restrict f s s) {x : α} (hxs : x ∈ s) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
is_fixed_pt f (efixed_point' f hsc hsf hf x hxs hx) := | |
(classical.some_spec $ hf.exists_fixed_point' hsc hsf hxs hx).snd.1 | |
lemma tendsto_iterate_efixed_point' {s : set α} (hsc : is_complete s) (hsf : maps_to f s s) | |
(hf : contracting_with K $ hsf.restrict f s s) {x : α} (hxs : x ∈ s) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
tendsto (λn, f^[n] x) at_top (𝓝 $ efixed_point' f hsc hsf hf x hxs hx) := | |
(classical.some_spec $ hf.exists_fixed_point' hsc hsf hxs hx).snd.2.1 | |
lemma apriori_edist_iterate_efixed_point_le' {s : set α} (hsc : is_complete s) | |
(hsf : maps_to f s s) (hf : contracting_with K $ hsf.restrict f s s) {x : α} (hxs : x ∈ s) | |
(hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) (n : ℕ) : | |
edist (f^[n] x) (efixed_point' f hsc hsf hf x hxs hx) ≤ (edist x (f x)) * K^n / (1 - K) := | |
(classical.some_spec $ hf.exists_fixed_point' hsc hsf hxs hx).snd.2.2 n | |
lemma edist_efixed_point_le' {s : set α} (hsc : is_complete s) (hsf : maps_to f s s) | |
(hf : contracting_with K $ hsf.restrict f s s) {x : α} (hxs : x ∈ s) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
edist x (efixed_point' f hsc hsf hf x hxs hx) ≤ (edist x (f x)) / (1 - K) := | |
by { convert hf.apriori_edist_iterate_efixed_point_le' hsc hsf hxs hx 0, | |
rw [pow_zero, mul_one] } | |
lemma edist_efixed_point_lt_top' {s : set α} (hsc : is_complete s) (hsf : maps_to f s s) | |
(hf : contracting_with K $ hsf.restrict f s s) {x : α} (hxs : x ∈ s) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) : | |
edist x (efixed_point' f hsc hsf hf x hxs hx) < ∞ := | |
(hf.edist_efixed_point_le' hsc hsf hxs hx).trans_lt (ennreal.mul_lt_top hx $ | |
ennreal.inv_ne_top.2 hf.one_sub_K_ne_zero) | |
/-- If a globally contracting map `f` has two complete forward-invariant sets `s`, `t`, | |
and `x ∈ s` is at a finite distance from `y ∈ t`, then the `efixed_point'` constructed by `x` | |
is the same as the `efixed_point'` constructed by `y`. | |
This lemma takes additional arguments stating that `f` contracts on `s` and `t` because this way | |
it can be used to prove the desired equality with non-trivial proofs of these facts. -/ | |
lemma efixed_point_eq_of_edist_lt_top' (hf : contracting_with K f) | |
{s : set α} (hsc : is_complete s) (hsf : maps_to f s s) | |
(hfs : contracting_with K $ hsf.restrict f s s) {x : α} (hxs : x ∈ s) (hx : edist x (f x) ≠ ∞) | |
{t : set α} (htc : is_complete t) (htf : maps_to f t t) | |
(hft : contracting_with K $ htf.restrict f t t) {y : α} (hyt : y ∈ t) (hy : edist y (f y) ≠ ∞) | |
(hxy : edist x y ≠ ∞) : | |
efixed_point' f hsc hsf hfs x hxs hx = efixed_point' f htc htf hft y hyt hy := | |
begin | |
refine (hf.eq_or_edist_eq_top_of_fixed_points _ _).elim id (λ h', false.elim (ne_of_lt _ h')); | |
try { apply efixed_point_is_fixed_pt' }, | |
change edist_lt_top_setoid.rel _ _, | |
transitivity x, by { symmetry, apply edist_efixed_point_lt_top' }, | |
transitivity y, | |
exact lt_top_iff_ne_top.2 hxy, | |
apply edist_efixed_point_lt_top' | |
end | |
end contracting_with | |
namespace contracting_with | |
variables [metric_space α] {K : ℝ≥0} {f : α → α} (hf : contracting_with K f) | |
include hf | |
lemma one_sub_K_pos (hf : contracting_with K f) : (0:ℝ) < 1 - K := sub_pos.2 hf.1 | |
lemma dist_le_mul (x y : α) : dist (f x) (f y) ≤ K * dist x y := | |
hf.to_lipschitz_with.dist_le_mul x y | |
lemma dist_inequality (x y) : dist x y ≤ (dist x (f x) + dist y (f y)) / (1 - K) := | |
suffices dist x y ≤ dist x (f x) + dist y (f y) + K * dist x y, | |
by rwa [le_div_iff hf.one_sub_K_pos, mul_comm, sub_mul, one_mul, sub_le_iff_le_add], | |
calc dist x y ≤ dist x (f x) + dist y (f y) + dist (f x) (f y) : dist_triangle4_right _ _ _ _ | |
... ≤ dist x (f x) + dist y (f y) + K * dist x y : | |
add_le_add_left (hf.dist_le_mul _ _) _ | |
lemma dist_le_of_fixed_point (x) {y} (hy : is_fixed_pt f y) : | |
dist x y ≤ (dist x (f x)) / (1 - K) := | |
by simpa only [hy.eq, dist_self, add_zero] using hf.dist_inequality x y | |
theorem fixed_point_unique' {x y} (hx : is_fixed_pt f x) (hy : is_fixed_pt f y) : x = y := | |
(hf.eq_or_edist_eq_top_of_fixed_points hx hy).resolve_right (edist_ne_top _ _) | |
/-- Let `f` be a contracting map with constant `K`; let `g` be another map uniformly | |
`C`-close to `f`. If `x` and `y` are their fixed points, then `dist x y ≤ C / (1 - K)`. -/ | |
lemma dist_fixed_point_fixed_point_of_dist_le' (g : α → α) | |
{x y} (hx : is_fixed_pt f x) (hy : is_fixed_pt g y) {C} (hfg : ∀ z, dist (f z) (g z) ≤ C) : | |
dist x y ≤ C / (1 - K) := | |
calc dist x y = dist y x : dist_comm x y | |
... ≤ (dist y (f y)) / (1 - K) : hf.dist_le_of_fixed_point y hx | |
... = (dist (f y) (g y)) / (1 - K) : by rw [hy.eq, dist_comm] | |
... ≤ C / (1 - K) : (div_le_div_right hf.one_sub_K_pos).2 (hfg y) | |
noncomputable theory | |
variables [nonempty α] [complete_space α] | |
variable (f) | |
/-- The unique fixed point of a contracting map in a nonempty complete metric space. -/ | |
def fixed_point : α := | |
efixed_point f hf _ (edist_ne_top (classical.choice ‹nonempty α›) _) | |
variable {f} | |
/-- The point provided by `contracting_with.fixed_point` is actually a fixed point. -/ | |
lemma fixed_point_is_fixed_pt : is_fixed_pt f (fixed_point f hf) := | |
hf.efixed_point_is_fixed_pt _ | |
lemma fixed_point_unique {x} (hx : is_fixed_pt f x) : x = fixed_point f hf := | |
hf.fixed_point_unique' hx hf.fixed_point_is_fixed_pt | |
lemma dist_fixed_point_le (x) : dist x (fixed_point f hf) ≤ (dist x (f x)) / (1 - K) := | |
hf.dist_le_of_fixed_point x hf.fixed_point_is_fixed_pt | |
/-- Aposteriori estimates on the convergence of iterates to the fixed point. -/ | |
lemma aposteriori_dist_iterate_fixed_point_le (x n) : | |
dist (f^[n] x) (fixed_point f hf) ≤ (dist (f^[n] x) (f^[n+1] x)) / (1 - K) := | |
by { rw [iterate_succ'], apply hf.dist_fixed_point_le } | |
lemma apriori_dist_iterate_fixed_point_le (x n) : | |
dist (f^[n] x) (fixed_point f hf) ≤ (dist x (f x)) * K^n / (1 - K) := | |
le_trans (hf.aposteriori_dist_iterate_fixed_point_le x n) $ | |
(div_le_div_right hf.one_sub_K_pos).2 $ | |
hf.to_lipschitz_with.dist_iterate_succ_le_geometric x n | |
lemma tendsto_iterate_fixed_point (x) : | |
tendsto (λn, f^[n] x) at_top (𝓝 $ fixed_point f hf) := | |
begin | |
convert tendsto_iterate_efixed_point hf (edist_ne_top x _), | |
refine (fixed_point_unique _ _).symm, | |
apply efixed_point_is_fixed_pt | |
end | |
lemma fixed_point_lipschitz_in_map {g : α → α} (hg : contracting_with K g) | |
{C} (hfg : ∀ z, dist (f z) (g z) ≤ C) : | |
dist (fixed_point f hf) (fixed_point g hg) ≤ C / (1 - K) := | |
hf.dist_fixed_point_fixed_point_of_dist_le' g hf.fixed_point_is_fixed_pt | |
hg.fixed_point_is_fixed_pt hfg | |
omit hf | |
/-- If a map `f` has a contracting iterate `f^[n]`, then the fixed point of `f^[n]` is also a fixed | |
point of `f`. -/ | |
lemma is_fixed_pt_fixed_point_iterate {n : ℕ} (hf : contracting_with K (f^[n])) : | |
is_fixed_pt f (hf.fixed_point (f^[n])) := | |
begin | |
set x := hf.fixed_point (f^[n]), | |
have hx : (f^[n] x) = x := hf.fixed_point_is_fixed_pt, | |
have := hf.to_lipschitz_with.dist_le_mul x (f x), | |
rw [← iterate_succ_apply, iterate_succ_apply', hx] at this, | |
contrapose! this, | |
have := dist_pos.2 (ne.symm this), | |
simpa only [nnreal.coe_one, one_mul, nnreal.val_eq_coe] using (mul_lt_mul_right this).mpr hf.left | |
end | |
end contracting_with | |