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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effect of myopic excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy on the electrophysiologic function of the retina and optic nerve .
### Output Text: | Effect of myopic excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy on the electrophysiologic function of the retina and optic nerve . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: PURPOSE : To assess by electrophysiologic testing the effect of photorefractive keratectomy ( PRK ) on the retina and optic nerve .
### Output Text: | PURPOSE : To assess by electrophysiologic testing the effect of photorefractive keratectomy ( PRK ) on the retina and optic nerve . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: SETTING : Eye Clinic , S .
### Output Text: | SETTING : Eye Clinic , S . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Salvatore Hospital , L ' Aquila University , Italy .
### Output Text: | Salvatore Hospital , L ' Aquila University , Italy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Standard pattern electroretinograms ( P - ERGs ) and standard pattern visual evoked potentials ( P - VEPs ) were done in 25 eyes of 25 patients who had myopic PRK for an attempted correction between 5 . 00 and 15 . 00 diopters ( D ) ( mean 8 . 00 D ) .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Standard pattern electroretinograms ( P - ERGs ) and standard pattern visual evoked potentials ( P - VEPs ) were done in 25 eyes of 25 patients who had myopic PRK for an attempted correction between 5 . 00 and 15 . 00 diopters ( D ) ( mean 8 . 00 D ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Testing was done preoperatively and 3 , 6 , 12 , and 18 months postoperatively .
### Output Text: | Testing was done preoperatively and 3 , 6 , 12 , and 18 months postoperatively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The contralateral eyes served as controls .
### Output Text: | The contralateral eyes served as controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: During the follow - up , 3 patients ( 12 % ) developed steroid - induced elevated intraocular pressure ( IOP ) that resolved after corticosteroid therapy was discontinued .
### Output Text: | During the follow - up , 3 patients ( 12 % ) developed <span class="chemical">steroid</span> - induced elevated intraocular pressure ( IOP ) that resolved after <span class="chemical">corticosteroid</span> therapy was discontinued . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : No statistically significant differences were seen between treated and control eyes nor between treated eyes preoperatively and postoperatively .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : No statistically significant differences were seen between treated and control eyes nor between treated eyes preoperatively and postoperatively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Myopic excimer laser PRK did not seem to affect the posterior segment .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : Myopic excimer laser PRK did not seem to affect the posterior segment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The transient steroid - induced IOP rise did not seem to cause functional impairment .
### Output Text: | The transient <span class="chemical">steroid</span> - induced IOP rise did not seem to cause functional impairment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neutrophil superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in patients with acute liver failure .
### Output Text: | Neutrophil <span class="chemical">superoxide</span> and <span class="chemical">hydrogen peroxide</span> production in patients with acute liver failure . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Defects in superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production may be implicated in the high incidence of bacterial infections in patients with acute liver failure ( ALF ) .
### Output Text: | Defects in <span class="chemical">superoxide</span> and <span class="chemical">hydrogen peroxide</span> production may be implicated in the high incidence of bacterial infections in patients with acute liver failure ( ALF ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the present study , oxygen radical production in patients with ALF due to paracetamol overdose was compared with that of healthy volunteers .
### Output Text: | In the present study , <span class="chemical">oxygen</span> radical production in patients with ALF due to <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> overdose was compared with that of healthy volunteers . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neutrophils from 14 ALF patients were stimulated via the complement receptors using zymosan opsonized with ALF or control serum .
### Output Text: | Neutrophils from 14 ALF patients were stimulated via the complement receptors using zymosan opsonized with ALF or control serum . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production by ALF neutrophils stimulated with zymosan opsonized with ALF serum was significantly reduced compared with the control subjects ( P < 0 . 01 ) .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Superoxide</span> and <span class="chemical">hydrogen peroxide</span> production by ALF neutrophils stimulated with zymosan opsonized with ALF serum was significantly reduced compared with the control subjects ( P < 0 . 01 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This defect persisted when zymosan opsonized by control serum was used ( P < 0 . 05 ) .
### Output Text: | This defect persisted when zymosan opsonized by control serum was used ( P < 0 . 05 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in neutrophils stimulated with formyl - methionyl - leucyl - phenylalanine ( fMLP ) from a further 18 ALF patients was unaffected compared with control neutrophils .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Superoxide</span> and <span class="chemical">hydrogen peroxide</span> production in neutrophils stimulated with <span class="chemical">formyl - methionyl - leucyl - phenylalanine</span> ( <span class="chemical">fMLP</span> ) from a further 18 ALF patients was unaffected compared with control neutrophils . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Serum C3 complement levels were significantly reduced in ALF patients compared with control subjects ( P < 0 . 0005 ) .
### Output Text: | Serum C3 complement levels were significantly reduced in ALF patients compared with control subjects ( P < 0 . 0005 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results demonstrate a neutrophil defect in ALF due to paracetamol overdose , that is complement dependent but independent of serum complement , possibly connected to the complement receptor .
### Output Text: | These results demonstrate a neutrophil defect in ALF due to <span class="chemical">paracetamol</span> overdose , that is complement dependent but independent of serum complement , possibly connected to the complement receptor . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Cholesteryl hemisuccinate treatment protects rodents from the toxic effects of acetaminophen , adriamycin , carbon tetrachloride , chloroform and galactosamine .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Cholesteryl hemisuccinate</span> treatment protects rodents from the toxic effects of <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> , <span class="chemical">adriamycin</span> , <span class="chemical">carbon tetrachloride</span> , <span class="chemical">chloroform</span> and <span class="chemical">galactosamine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition to its use as a stabilizer / rigidifier of membranes , cholesteryl hemisuccinate , tris salt ( CS ) administration has also been shown to protect rats from the hepatotoxic effects of carbon tetrachloride ( CCl4 ) .
### Output Text: | In addition to its use as a stabilizer / rigidifier of membranes , <span class="chemical">cholesteryl hemisuccinate</span> , <span class="chemical">tris salt</span> ( <span class="chemical">CS</span> ) administration has also been shown to protect rats from the hepatotoxic effects of <span class="chemical">carbon tetrachloride</span> ( <span class="chemical">CCl4</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To further our understanding of the mechanism of CS cytoprotection , we examined in rats and mice the protective abilities of CS and the non - hydrolyzable ether form of CS , gamma - cholesteryloxybutyric acid , tris salt ( CSE ) against acetaminophen - , adriamycin - , carbon tetrachloride - , chloroform - and galactosamine - induced toxicity .
### Output Text: | To further our understanding of the mechanism of <span class="chemical">CS</span> cytoprotection , we examined in rats and mice the protective abilities of <span class="chemical">CS</span> and the non - hydrolyzable ether form of <span class="chemical">CS</span> , <span class="chemical">gamma - cholesteryloxybutyric acid</span> , <span class="chemical">tris salt</span> ( <span class="chemical">CSE</span> ) against <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> - , <span class="chemical">adriamycin</span> - , <span class="chemical">carbon tetrachloride</span> - , <span class="chemical">chloroform</span> - and <span class="chemical">galactosamine</span> - induced toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The results of these studies demonstrated that CS - mediated protection is not selective for a particular species , organ system or toxic chemical .
### Output Text: | The results of these studies demonstrated that <span class="chemical">CS</span> - mediated protection is not selective for a particular species , organ system or toxic chemical . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A 24 - h pretreatment of both rats and mice with a single dose of CS ( 100mg / kg , i . p . ) , resulted in significant protection against the hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 , CHCl3 , acetaminophen and galactosamine and against the lethal ( and presumably cardiotoxic ) effect of adriamycin administration .
### Output Text: | A 24 - h pretreatment of both rats and mice with a single dose of <span class="chemical">CS</span> ( 100mg / kg , i . p . ) , resulted in significant protection against the hepatotoxic effects of <span class="chemical">CCl4</span> , <span class="chemical">CHCl3</span> , <span class="chemical">acetaminophen</span> and <span class="chemical">galactosamine</span> and against the lethal ( and presumably cardiotoxic ) effect of <span class="chemical">adriamycin</span> administration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Maximal CS - mediated protection was observed in experimental animals pretreated 24 h prior to the toxic insult .
### Output Text: | Maximal <span class="chemical">CS</span> - mediated protection was observed in experimental animals pretreated 24 h prior to the toxic insult . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These data suggest that CS intervenes in a critical cellular event that is an important common pathway to toxic cell death .
### Output Text: | These data suggest that <span class="chemical">CS</span> intervenes in a critical cellular event that is an important common pathway to toxic cell death . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The mechanism of CS protection does not appear to be dependent on the inhibition of chemical bioactivation to a toxic reactive intermediate ( in light of the protection observed against galactosamine hepatotoxicity ) .
### Output Text: | The mechanism of <span class="chemical">CS</span> protection does not appear to be dependent on the inhibition of chemical bioactivation to a toxic reactive intermediate ( in light of the protection observed against <span class="chemical">galactosamine</span> hepatotoxicity ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , based on the data presented , we can not exclude the possibility that CS administration inhibits chemical bioactivation .
### Output Text: | However , based on the data presented , we can not exclude the possibility that <span class="chemical">CS</span> administration inhibits chemical bioactivation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Our findings do suggest that CS - mediated protection is dependent on the action of the intact anionic CS molecule ( non - hydrolyzable CSE was as protective as CS ) , whose mechanism has yet to be defined .
### Output Text: | Our findings do suggest that <span class="chemical">CS</span> - mediated protection is dependent on the action of the intact anionic <span class="chemical">CS</span> molecule ( non - hydrolyzable <span class="chemical">CSE</span> was as protective as <span class="chemical">CS</span> ) , whose mechanism has yet to be defined . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A murine model of adenomyosis : the effects of hyperprolactinemia induced by fluoxetine hydrochloride , a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor , on adenomyosis induction in Wistar albino rats .
### Output Text: | A murine model of adenomyosis : the effects of hyperprolactinemia induced by <span class="chemical">fluoxetine hydrochloride</span> , a selective <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> reuptake inhibitor , on adenomyosis induction in Wistar albino rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to investigate whether fluoxetine given to castrated and noncastrated rats caused hyperprolactinemia and its effects with respect to adenomyosis .
### Output Text: | OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was to investigate whether <span class="chemical">fluoxetine</span> given to castrated and noncastrated rats caused hyperprolactinemia and its effects with respect to adenomyosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: DESIGN : Fluoxetine , a serotonin reuptake inhibitor , was given to Wistar Albino rats for 98 days to produce hyperprolactinemia .
### Output Text: | DESIGN : <span class="chemical">Fluoxetine</span> , a <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> reuptake inhibitor , was given to Wistar Albino rats for 98 days to produce hyperprolactinemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The drug was given to two groups consisting of castrated and noncastrated rats and compared to two groups of castrated and noncastrated controls .
### Output Text: | The drug was given to two groups consisting of castrated and noncastrated rats and compared to two groups of castrated and noncastrated controls . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Prolactin levels were measured and the uteri of the rats were removed for histopathological analysis at the end of 98 days .
### Output Text: | Prolactin levels were measured and the uteri of the rats were removed for histopathological analysis at the end of 98 days . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: SETTING : Marmara University School of Medicine , Department of Histology and Embryology , Zeynep Kamil Women and Children ' s Hospital .
### Output Text: | SETTING : Marmara University School of Medicine , Department of Histology and Embryology , Zeynep Kamil Women and Children ' s Hospital . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Serum prolactin levels , uterine histopathology .
### Output Text: | MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES : Serum prolactin levels , uterine histopathology . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : The prolactin levels of castrated and noncastrated groups treated with fluoxetine were statistically significantly higher when compared to their respective control groups .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : The prolactin levels of castrated and noncastrated groups treated with <span class="chemical">fluoxetine</span> were statistically significantly higher when compared to their respective control groups . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Histological studies revealed 11 cases of adenomyosis , all within the noncastrated group receiving fluoxetine .
### Output Text: | Histological studies revealed 11 cases of adenomyosis , all within the noncastrated group receiving <span class="chemical">fluoxetine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : It was suggested that high serum prolactin levels cause degeneration of myometrial cells in the presence of ovarian steroids that results in a myometrial invasion by endometrial stroma .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : It was suggested that high serum prolactin levels cause degeneration of myometrial cells in the presence of ovarian <span class="chemical">steroids</span> that results in a myometrial invasion by endometrial stroma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This invasion eventually progresses to adenomyosis .
### Output Text: | This invasion eventually progresses to adenomyosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Postinfarction ventricular septal defect associated with long - term steroid therapy .
### Output Text: | Postinfarction ventricular septal defect associated with long - term <span class="chemical">steroid</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Two cases of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture in patients on long - term steroid therapy are presented and the favourable outcome in both cases described .
### Output Text: | Two cases of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture in patients on long - term <span class="chemical">steroid</span> therapy are presented and the favourable outcome in both cases described . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A possible association between steroid therapy and subsequent postinfarction septal rupture is discussed .
### Output Text: | A possible association between <span class="chemical">steroid</span> therapy and subsequent postinfarction septal rupture is discussed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neuroactive steroids protect against pilocarpine - and kainic acid - induced limbic seizures and status epilepticus in mice .
### Output Text: | Neuroactive <span class="chemical">steroids</span> protect against <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> - and <span class="chemical">kainic acid</span> - induced limbic seizures and status epilepticus in mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Several structurally related metabolites of progesterone ( 3 alpha - hydroxy pregnane - 20 - ones ) and deoxycorticosterone ( 3 alpha - hydroxy pregnane - 21 - diol - 20 - ones ) and their 3 beta - epimers were evaluated for protective activity against pilocarpine - , kainic acid - and N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) - induced seizures in mice .
### Output Text: | Several structurally related metabolites of <span class="chemical">progesterone</span> ( <span class="chemical">3 alpha - hydroxy pregnane - 20 - ones</span> ) and <span class="chemical">deoxycorticosterone</span> ( <span class="chemical">3 alpha - hydroxy pregnane - 21 - diol - 20 - ones</span> ) and their 3 beta - epimers were evaluated for protective activity against <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> - , <span class="chemical">kainic acid</span> - and <span class="chemical">N - methyl - D - aspartate</span> ( <span class="chemical">NMDA</span> ) - induced seizures in mice . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Steroids with the 3 - hydroxy group in the alpha - position and 5 - H in the alpha - or beta - configurations were highly effective in protecting against pilocarpine ( 416 mg / kg , s . c . ) - induced limbic motor seizures and status epilepticus ( ED50 values , 7 . 0 - 18 . 7 mg / kg , i . p . ) .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Steroids</span> with the 3 - hydroxy group in the alpha - position and 5 - H in the alpha - or beta - configurations were highly effective in protecting against <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> ( 416 mg / kg , s . c . ) - induced limbic motor seizures and status epilepticus ( ED50 values , 7 . 0 - 18 . 7 mg / kg , i . p . ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The corresponding epimers with the 3 - hydroxy group in the beta - position were also effective but less potent ( ED50 values , 33 . 8 - 63 . 5 , i . p . ) .
### Output Text: | The corresponding epimers with the 3 - hydroxy group in the beta - position were also effective but less potent ( ED50 values , 33 . 8 - 63 . 5 , i . p . ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although the neuroactive steroids were considerably less potent than the benzodiazepine clonazepam in protecting against pilocarpine seizures , steroids with the 5 alpha , 3 alpha - configuration had comparable or higher protective index values ( TD50 for motor impairment divided by ED50 for seizure protection ) than clonazepam , indicating that some neuroactive steroids may have lower relative toxicity .
### Output Text: | Although the neuroactive <span class="chemical">steroids</span> were considerably less potent than the <span class="chemical">benzodiazepine</span> <span class="chemical">clonazepam</span> in protecting against <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> seizures , <span class="chemical">steroids</span> with the 5 alpha , 3 alpha - configuration had comparable or higher protective index values ( TD50 for motor impairment divided by ED50 for seizure protection ) than <span class="chemical">clonazepam</span> , indicating that some neuroactive <span class="chemical">steroids</span> may have lower relative toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Steroids with the 5 alpha , 3 alpha - or 5 beta , 3 alpha - configurations also produced a dose - dependent delay in the onset of limbic seizures induced by kainic acid ( 32 mg / kg , s . c . ) , but did not completely protect against the seizures .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Steroids</span> with the 5 alpha , 3 alpha - or 5 beta , 3 alpha - configurations also produced a dose - dependent delay in the onset of limbic seizures induced by <span class="chemical">kainic acid</span> ( 32 mg / kg , s . c . ) , but did not completely protect against the seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , when a second dose of the steroid was administered 1 hr after the first dose , complete protection from the kainic acid - induced limbic seizures and status epilepticus was obtained .
### Output Text: | However , when a second dose of the <span class="chemical">steroid</span> was administered 1 hr after the first dose , complete protection from the <span class="chemical">kainic acid</span> - induced limbic seizures and status epilepticus was obtained . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The steroids also caused a dose - dependent delay in NMDA ( 257 mg / kg , s . c . ) - induced lethality , but did not completely protect against NMDA seizures or lethality .
### Output Text: | The <span class="chemical">steroids</span> also caused a dose - dependent delay in <span class="chemical">NMDA</span> ( 257 mg / kg , s . c . ) - induced lethality , but did not completely protect against <span class="chemical">NMDA</span> seizures or lethality . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We conclude that neuroactive steroids are highly effective in protecting against pilocarpine - and kainic acid - induced seizures and status epilepticus in mice , and may be of utility in the treatment of some forms of status epilepticus in humans .
### Output Text: | We conclude that neuroactive <span class="chemical">steroids</span> are highly effective in protecting against <span class="chemical">pilocarpine</span> - and <span class="chemical">kainic acid</span> - induced seizures and status epilepticus in mice , and may be of utility in the treatment of some forms of status epilepticus in humans . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Hepatic and extrahepatic angiotensinogen gene expression in rats with acute nephrotic syndrome .
### Output Text: | Hepatic and extrahepatic angiotensinogen gene expression in rats with acute nephrotic syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Plasma concentration and urine excretion of the renin - angiotensin system proteins are altered in rats with nephrotic syndrome ( NS ) .
### Output Text: | Plasma concentration and urine excretion of the renin - <span class="chemical">angiotensin</span> system proteins are altered in rats with nephrotic syndrome ( NS ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In this work the messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA ) levels of angiotensinogen ( Ao ) were analyzed with the slot - blot hybridization technique in liver and other extrahepatic tissues : kidney , heart , brain , and adrenal gland from control , nephrotic , and pair - fed ( PF ) rats .
### Output Text: | In this work the messenger ribonucleic acid ( mRNA ) levels of angiotensinogen ( Ao ) were analyzed with the slot - blot hybridization technique in liver and other extrahepatic tissues : kidney , heart , brain , and adrenal gland from control , nephrotic , and pair - fed ( PF ) rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: NS was induced by a single injection of puromycin amino - nucleoside ( PAN ) .
### Output Text: | NS was induced by a single injection of <span class="chemical">puromycin amino - nucleoside</span> ( <span class="chemical">PAN</span> ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Although a great urinary excretion and half - normal plasma levels of Ao were observed on day 6 after PAN injection , when NS was clearly established , hepatic Ao mRNA levels did not change .
### Output Text: | Although a great urinary excretion and half - normal plasma levels of Ao were observed on day 6 after <span class="chemical">PAN</span> injection , when NS was clearly established , hepatic Ao mRNA levels did not change . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Furthermore , the Ao mRNA levels did not change in any of the extrahepatic tissues studied on day 6 , nor did its hepatic levels at days 1 , 3 , 5 , or 7 after PAN injection .
### Output Text: | Furthermore , the Ao mRNA levels did not change in any of the extrahepatic tissues studied on day 6 , nor did its hepatic levels at days 1 , 3 , 5 , or 7 after <span class="chemical">PAN</span> injection . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These data suggest that the hepatic and extrahepatic Ao mRNA levels are unaltered during the development of the acute NS induced by PAN .
### Output Text: | These data suggest that the hepatic and extrahepatic Ao mRNA levels are unaltered during the development of the acute NS induced by <span class="chemical">PAN</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome with risperidone .
### Output Text: | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome with <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is thought to be a result of dopamine D2 receptor blockade in the striatum of the basal ganglia .
### Output Text: | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is thought to be a result of <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> D2 receptor blockade in the striatum of the basal ganglia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Risperidone , a benzisoxazole derivative antipsychotic , has high serotonin 5 - HT2 receptor blockade and dose - related D2 receptor blockade .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Risperidone</span> , a <span class="chemical">benzisoxazole</span> derivative antipsychotic , has high <span class="chemical">serotonin</span> 5 - HT2 receptor blockade and dose - related D2 receptor blockade . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The high ratio is believed to impart the low frequency of extrapyramidal symptoms with risperidone at low dosages .
### Output Text: | The high ratio is believed to impart the low frequency of extrapyramidal symptoms with <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> at low dosages . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: With this low frequency of extrapyramidal symptoms , it was thought the frequency of neuroleptic malignant syndrome might also be lowered .
### Output Text: | With this low frequency of extrapyramidal symptoms , it was thought the frequency of neuroleptic malignant syndrome might also be lowered . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A 73 - year - old woman developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome after monotherapy with risperidone .
### Output Text: | A 73 - year - old woman developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome after monotherapy with <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The syndrome reversed after discontinuing risperidone and starting treatment with dantrolene and bromocriptine .
### Output Text: | The syndrome reversed after discontinuing <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> and starting treatment with <span class="chemical">dantrolene</span> and <span class="chemical">bromocriptine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It appears that the protection from extrapyramidal side effects observed with risperidone does not ensure protection from neuroleptic malignant syndrome .
### Output Text: | It appears that the protection from extrapyramidal side effects observed with <span class="chemical">risperidone</span> does not ensure protection from neuroleptic malignant syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The attenuating effect of carteolol hydrochloride , a beta - adrenoceptor antagonist , on neuroleptic - induced catalepsy in rats .
### Output Text: | The attenuating effect of <span class="chemical">carteolol hydrochloride</span> , a beta - adrenoceptor antagonist , on neuroleptic - induced catalepsy in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It is known that beta - adrenoceptor antagonists are effective in the treatment of akathisia , one of the extrapyramidal side effects that occur during neuroleptic treatment .
### Output Text: | It is known that beta - adrenoceptor antagonists are effective in the treatment of akathisia , one of the extrapyramidal side effects that occur during neuroleptic treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Neuroleptic - induced catalepsy , a model of neuroleptic - induced extrapyramidal side effects , was considered suitable as a model for predicting neuroleptic - induced akathisia in humans , although neuroleptic - induced catalepsy was not considered a specific test for neuroleptic - induced akathisia .
### Output Text: | Neuroleptic - induced catalepsy , a model of neuroleptic - induced extrapyramidal side effects , was considered suitable as a model for predicting neuroleptic - induced akathisia in humans , although neuroleptic - induced catalepsy was not considered a specific test for neuroleptic - induced akathisia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Therefore , the effects of carteolol , a beta - adrenoceptor antagonist , on haloperidol - induced catalepsy in rats were behaviorally studied and compared with those of propranolol and biperiden , a muscarinic receptor antagonist .
### Output Text: | Therefore , the effects of <span class="chemical">carteolol</span> , a beta - adrenoceptor antagonist , on <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> - induced catalepsy in rats were behaviorally studied and compared with those of <span class="chemical">propranolol</span> and <span class="chemical">biperiden</span> , a muscarinic receptor antagonist . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Carteolol , as well as propranolol and biperiden , inhibited the haloperidol - induced catalepsy .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Carteolol</span> , as well as <span class="chemical">propranolol</span> and <span class="chemical">biperiden</span> , inhibited the <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> - induced catalepsy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The inhibitory effect of carteolol was almost comparable to that of propranolol , but was weaker than that of biperiden .
### Output Text: | The inhibitory effect of <span class="chemical">carteolol</span> was almost comparable to that of <span class="chemical">propranolol</span> , but was weaker than that of <span class="chemical">biperiden</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Carteolol did not evoke postsynaptic dopamine receptor - stimulating behavioral signs such as stereotypy and hyperlocomotion in rats .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Carteolol</span> did not evoke postsynaptic <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> receptor - stimulating behavioral signs such as stereotypy and hyperlocomotion in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Carteolol did not antagonize the inhibitory effects of haloperidol on apomorphine - induced stereotypy and locomotor activity in rats .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Carteolol</span> did not antagonize the inhibitory effects of <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> on <span class="chemical">apomorphine</span> - induced stereotypy and locomotor activity in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In addition , carteolol did not evoke 5 - HT1A receptor - stimulating behavioral signs such as flat body posture and forepaw treading and did not inhibit 5 - hydroxytryptophan - induced head twitch in rats .
### Output Text: | In addition , <span class="chemical">carteolol</span> did not evoke 5 - HT1A receptor - stimulating behavioral signs such as flat body posture and forepaw treading and did not inhibit <span class="chemical">5 - hydroxytryptophan</span> - induced head twitch in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Finally , carteolol did not inhibit physostigmine - induced lethality in rats .
### Output Text: | Finally , <span class="chemical">carteolol</span> did not inhibit <span class="chemical">physostigmine</span> - induced lethality in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: These results strongly suggest that carteolol improves haloperidol - induced catalepsy via its beta - adrenoceptor antagonistic activity and is expected to be effective in the treatment of akathisia without attenuating neuroleptic - induced antipsychotic effects due to its postsynaptic dopamine receptor antagonistic activity .
### Output Text: | These results strongly suggest that <span class="chemical">carteolol</span> improves <span class="chemical">haloperidol</span> - induced catalepsy via its beta - adrenoceptor antagonistic activity and is expected to be effective in the treatment of akathisia without attenuating neuroleptic - induced antipsychotic effects due to its postsynaptic <span class="chemical">dopamine</span> receptor antagonistic activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary associated with antecedent tamoxifen use .
### Output Text: | Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary associated with antecedent <span class="chemical">tamoxifen</span> use . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Increased attention has been focused recently on the estrogenic effects of tamoxifen .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Increased attention has been focused recently on the estrogenic effects of <span class="chemical">tamoxifen</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Review of the literature reveals an association between tamoxifen use and gynecologic tumors .
### Output Text: | Review of the literature reveals an association between <span class="chemical">tamoxifen</span> use and gynecologic tumors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CASE : A 52 - year - old postmenopausal woman was treated with tamoxifen for stage II estrogen receptor - positive breast carcinoma .
### Output Text: | CASE : A 52 - year - old postmenopausal woman was treated with <span class="chemical">tamoxifen</span> for stage II <span class="chemical">estrogen</span> receptor - positive breast carcinoma . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Her aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase levels increase markedly after 6 months of tamoxifen use .
### Output Text: | Her <span class="chemical">aspartate</span> transaminase and <span class="chemical">alanine</span> transaminase levels increase markedly after 6 months of <span class="chemical">tamoxifen</span> use . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: After an additional 17 months of elevated serum transaminases , the patient was found to have a stage Ic granulosa cell tumor of the ovary .
### Output Text: | After an additional 17 months of elevated serum transaminases , the patient was found to have a stage Ic granulosa cell tumor of the ovary . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Patients with tamoxifen - induced liver dysfunction may be at increased risk for granulosa cell tumors because of alterations in tamoxifen metabolism .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSION : Patients with <span class="chemical">tamoxifen</span> - induced liver dysfunction may be at increased risk for granulosa cell tumors because of alterations in <span class="chemical">tamoxifen</span> metabolism . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Lifetime treatment of mice with azidothymidine ( AZT ) produces myelodysplasia .
### Output Text: | Lifetime treatment of mice with <span class="chemical">azidothymidine</span> ( <span class="chemical">AZT</span> ) produces myelodysplasia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: AZT has induced a macrocytic anemia in AIDS patients on long term AZT therapy .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">AZT</span> has induced a macrocytic anemia in AIDS patients on long term <span class="chemical">AZT</span> therapy . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It is generally assumed that DNA elongation is stopped by the insertion of AZT into the chain in place of thymidine thus preventing the phosphate hydroxyl linkages and therefore suppresses hemopoietic progenitor cell proliferation in an early stage of differentiation .
### Output Text: | It is generally assumed that DNA elongation is stopped by the insertion of <span class="chemical">AZT</span> into the chain in place of <span class="chemical">thymidine</span> thus preventing the <span class="chemical">phosphate</span> hydroxyl linkages and therefore suppresses hemopoietic progenitor cell proliferation in an early stage of differentiation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CBA / Ca male mice started on AZT 0 . 75 mg / ml H2O at 84 days of age and kept on it for 687 days when dosage reduced to 0 . 5 mg / ml H2O for a group , another group removed from AZT to see recovery , and third group remained on 0 . 75 mg .
### Output Text: | CBA / Ca male mice started on <span class="chemical">AZT</span> 0 . 75 mg / ml H2O at 84 days of age and kept on it for 687 days when dosage reduced to 0 . 5 mg / ml H2O for a group , another group removed from <span class="chemical">AZT</span> to see recovery , and third group remained on 0 . 75 mg . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: At 687 days mice that had been on 0 . 75 mg had average platelet counts of 2 . 5 x 10 ( 6 ) .
### Output Text: | At 687 days mice that had been on 0 . 75 mg had average platelet counts of 2 . 5 x 10 ( 6 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Histological examination on 9 of 10 mice with such thrombocytopenia showed changes compatible with myelodysplastic syndrome ( MDS ) .
### Output Text: | Histological examination on 9 of 10 mice with such thrombocytopenia showed changes compatible with myelodysplastic syndrome ( MDS ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A variety of histological patterns was observed .
### Output Text: | A variety of histological patterns was observed . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: There were two cases of hypocellular myelodysplasia , two cases of hypersegmented myelodysplastic granulocytosis , two cases of hypercellular marrow with abnormal megakaryocytes with bizarre nuclei , one case of megakaryocytic myelosis associated with a hyperplastic marrow , dysmyelopoiesis and a hypocellular marrow and two cases of myelodysplasia with dyserythropoiesis , hemosiderosis and a hypocellular marrow .
### Output Text: | There were two cases of hypocellular myelodysplasia , two cases of hypersegmented myelodysplastic granulocytosis , two cases of hypercellular marrow with abnormal megakaryocytes with bizarre nuclei , one case of megakaryocytic myelosis associated with a hyperplastic marrow , dysmyelopoiesis and a hypocellular marrow and two cases of myelodysplasia with dyserythropoiesis , hemosiderosis and a hypocellular marrow . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Above mentioned AZT incorporation may have induced an ineffective hemopoiesis in the primitive hemopoietic progenitor cells , which is known to be seen commonly in the myelodysplastic syndrome .
### Output Text: | Above mentioned <span class="chemical">AZT</span> incorporation may have induced an ineffective hemopoiesis in the primitive hemopoietic progenitor cells , which is known to be seen commonly in the myelodysplastic syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Biphasic response of the SA node of the dog heart in vivo to selective administration of ketamine .
### Output Text: | Biphasic response of the SA node of the dog heart in vivo to selective administration of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Effect of ketamine on the SA node of the dog heart was studied in vivo using a selective perfusion technique of the SA node artery .
### Output Text: | Effect of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> on the SA node of the dog heart was studied in vivo using a selective perfusion technique of the SA node artery . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Injections of ketamine in doses from 100 microgram to 3 mg into the artery produced a depression of the SA nodal activity by a direct action .
### Output Text: | Injections of <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> in doses from 100 microgram to 3 mg into the artery produced a depression of the SA nodal activity by a direct action . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This depression was followed by the sudden appearance of a stimulatory phase .
### Output Text: | This depression was followed by the sudden appearance of a stimulatory phase . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Bilateral vagotomy and sympathectomy or prior administration of a ganglion blocker failed to inhibit the occurrence of the ketamine - induced tachycardia , while it was completely abolished in the reserpinized dogs or by a prior injection of a beta - blocking agent into the SA node artery .
### Output Text: | Bilateral vagotomy and sympathectomy or prior administration of a ganglion blocker failed to inhibit the occurrence of the <span class="chemical">ketamine</span> - induced tachycardia , while it was completely abolished in the reserpinized dogs or by a prior injection of a beta - blocking agent into the SA node artery . |