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Clinical NLP Lab 23

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : The epileptic pregnant patient ' s autoimmune disease ( probably drug - induced lupus ) could damage the blood - brain barrier , therefore the therapeutic dose ( > or = 1 mg ) of folic acid triggered a cluster of seizures . ### Output Text:

CONCLUSIONS : The epileptic pregnant patient ' s autoimmune disease ( probably drug - induced lupus ) could damage the blood - brain barrier , therefore the therapeutic dose ( > or = 1 mg ) of <span class="chemical">folic acid</span> triggered a cluster of seizures .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Physiological dose ( < 1 mg ) of folic acid both in healthy and 60 epileptic women , all without any autoimmune disease , did not increase the risk for epileptic seizures . ### Output Text:

Physiological dose ( < 1 mg ) of <span class="chemical">folic acid</span> both in healthy and 60 epileptic women , all without any autoimmune disease , did not increase the risk for epileptic seizures .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Stroke and cocaine or amphetamine use . ### Output Text:

Stroke and <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> or <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> use .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The association of cocaine and amphetamine use with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke is based almost solely on data from case series . ### Output Text:

The association of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> and <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> use with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke is based almost solely on data from case series .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The limited number of epidemiologic studies of stroke and use of cocaine and / or amphetamine have been done in settings that serve mostly the poor and / or minorities . ### Output Text:

The limited number of epidemiologic studies of stroke and use of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> and / or <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> have been done in settings that serve mostly the poor and / or minorities .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: This case - control study was conducted in the defined population comprising members of Kaiser Permanente of Northern and Southern California . ### Output Text:

This case - control study was conducted in the defined population comprising members of Kaiser Permanente of Northern and Southern California .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: We attempted to identify all incident strokes in women ages 15 - 44 years during a 3 - year period using hospital admission and discharge records , emergency department logs , and payment requests for out - of - plan hospitalizations . ### Output Text:

We attempted to identify all incident strokes in women ages 15 - 44 years during a 3 - year period using hospital admission and discharge records , emergency department logs , and payment requests for out - of - plan hospitalizations .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: We selected controls , matched on age and facility of usual care , at random from healthy members of the health plan . ### Output Text:

We selected controls , matched on age and facility of usual care , at random from healthy members of the health plan .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: We obtained information in face - to - face interviews . ### Output Text:

We obtained information in face - to - face interviews .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: There were 347 confirmed stroke cases and 1 , 021 controls . ### Output Text:

There were 347 confirmed stroke cases and 1 , 021 controls .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The univariate matched odds ratio for stroke in women who admitted to using cocaine and / or amphetamine was 8 . 5 ( 95 % confidence interval = 3 . 6 - 20 . 0 ) . ### Output Text:

The univariate matched odds ratio for stroke in women who admitted to using <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> and / or <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> was 8 . 5 ( 95 % confidence interval = 3 . 6 - 20 . 0 ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: After further adjustment for potential confounders , the odds ratio in women who reported using cocaine and / or amphetamine was 7 . 0 ( 95 % confidence interval = 2 . 8 - 17 . 9 ) . ### Output Text:

After further adjustment for potential confounders , the odds ratio in women who reported using <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> and / or <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> was 7 . 0 ( 95 % confidence interval = 2 . 8 - 17 . 9 ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The use of cocaine and / or amphetamine is a strong risk factor for stroke in this socioeconomically heterogeneous , insured urban population . ### Output Text:

The use of <span class="chemical">cocaine</span> and / or <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> is a strong risk factor for stroke in this socioeconomically heterogeneous , insured urban population .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Acute renal failure subsequent to the administration of rifampicin . ### Output Text:

Acute renal failure subsequent to the administration of <span class="chemical">rifampicin</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: A follow - up study of cases reported earlier . ### Output Text:

A follow - up study of cases reported earlier .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: A clinical presentation is made of a 2 - 3 year follow - up of six cases of acute renal failure that have been reported earlier . ### Output Text:

A clinical presentation is made of a 2 - 3 year follow - up of six cases of acute renal failure that have been reported earlier .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The patients had developed transient renal failure after the intermittent administration of rifampicin . ### Output Text:

The patients had developed transient renal failure after the intermittent administration of <span class="chemical">rifampicin</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The stage of olig - anuria lasted for 1 - 3 weeks , and five of the patients were treated by hemodialysis . ### Output Text:

The stage of olig - anuria lasted for 1 - 3 weeks , and five of the patients were treated by hemodialysis .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Two of the patients died due to unrelated causes during the follow - up period . ### Output Text:

Two of the patients died due to unrelated causes during the follow - up period .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The four patients re - examined were clinically cured . ### Output Text:

The four patients re - examined were clinically cured .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Pathologic findings by light microscopy and immunofluorescence at biopsy were scarce . ### Output Text:

Pathologic findings by light microscopy and immunofluorescence at biopsy were scarce .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Nothing abnormal was seen by electron microscopy in two of the cases studied . ### Output Text:

Nothing abnormal was seen by electron microscopy in two of the cases studied .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Renal function was normal . ### Output Text:

Renal function was normal .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In three cases the excretion at 131I - hippuran renography was slightly slowed . ### Output Text:

In three cases the excretion at 131I - hippuran renography was slightly slowed .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Although in the acute stage the renal lesions histologically appeared toxic , evidence suggestive of an immunological mechanism cannot be excluded . ### Output Text:

Although in the acute stage the renal lesions histologically appeared toxic , evidence suggestive of an immunological mechanism cannot be excluded .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Chronic effects of a novel synthetic anthracycline derivative ( SM - 5887 ) on normal heart and doxorubicin - induced cardiomyopathy in beagle dogs . ### Output Text:

Chronic effects of a novel synthetic <span class="chemical">anthracycline</span> derivative ( <span class="chemical">SM - 5887</span> ) on normal heart and <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> - induced cardiomyopathy in beagle dogs .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: This study was designed to investigate the chronic cardiotoxic potential of SM - 5887 and a possible deteriorating effect of SM - 5887 on low - grade cardiotoxicity pre - induced by doxorubicin in beagle dogs . ### Output Text:

This study was designed to investigate the chronic cardiotoxic potential of <span class="chemical">SM - 5887</span> and a possible deteriorating effect of <span class="chemical">SM - 5887</span> on low - grade cardiotoxicity pre - induced by <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> in beagle dogs .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In the chronic treatment , beagle dogs of each sex were given intravenously once every 3 weeks , either a sublethal dose of doxorubicin ( 1 . 5 mg / kg ) or SM - 5887 ( 2 . 5 mg / kg ) . ### Output Text:

In the chronic treatment , beagle dogs of each sex were given intravenously once every 3 weeks , either a sublethal dose of <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ( 1 . 5 mg / kg ) or <span class="chemical">SM - 5887</span> ( 2 . 5 mg / kg ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The experiment was terminated 3 weeks after the ninth dosing . ### Output Text:

The experiment was terminated 3 weeks after the ninth dosing .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Animals which received over six courses of doxorubicin demonstrated the electrocardiogram ( ECG ) changes , decrease of blood pressure and high - grade histopathological cardiomyopathy , while animals which were terminally sacrificed after the SM - 5887 administration did not show any changes in ECG , blood pressure and histopathological examinations . ### Output Text:

Animals which received over six courses of <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> demonstrated the electrocardiogram ( ECG ) changes , decrease of blood pressure and high - grade histopathological cardiomyopathy , while animals which were terminally sacrificed after the <span class="chemical">SM - 5887</span> administration did not show any changes in ECG , blood pressure and histopathological examinations .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: To examine a possibly deteriorating cardiotoxic effect of SM - 5887 , low - grade cardiomyopathy was induced in dogs by four courses of doxorubicin ( 1 . 5 mg / kg ) . ### Output Text:

To examine a possibly deteriorating cardiotoxic effect of <span class="chemical">SM - 5887</span> , low - grade cardiomyopathy was induced in dogs by four courses of <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ( 1 . 5 mg / kg ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Nine weeks after pre - treatment , dogs were given four courses of either doxorubicin ( 1 . 5 mg / kg ) or SM - 5887 ( 2 . 5 mg / kg ) once every 3 weeks . ### Output Text:

Nine weeks after pre - treatment , dogs were given four courses of either <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> ( 1 . 5 mg / kg ) or <span class="chemical">SM - 5887</span> ( 2 . 5 mg / kg ) once every 3 weeks .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The low - grade cardiotoxic changes were enhanced by the additional doxorubicin treatment . ### Output Text:

The low - grade cardiotoxic changes were enhanced by the additional <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> treatment .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: On the contrary , the SM - 5887 treatment did not progress the grade of cardiomyopathy . ### Output Text:

On the contrary , the <span class="chemical">SM - 5887</span> treatment did not progress the grade of cardiomyopathy .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In conclusion , SM - 5887 does not have any potential of chronic cardiotoxicity and deteriorating effect on doxorubicin - induced cardiotoxicity in dogs . ### Output Text:

In conclusion , <span class="chemical">SM - 5887</span> does not have any potential of chronic cardiotoxicity and deteriorating effect on <span class="chemical">doxorubicin</span> - induced cardiotoxicity in dogs .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Risk for valvular heart disease among users of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine who underwent echocardiography before use of medication . ### Output Text:

Risk for valvular heart disease among users of <span class="chemical">fenfluramine</span> and <span class="chemical">dexfenfluramine</span> who underwent echocardiography before use of medication .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Because uncontrolled echocardiographic surveys suggested that up to 30 % to 38 % of users of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine had valvular disease , these drugs were withdrawn from the market . ### Output Text:

BACKGROUND : Because uncontrolled echocardiographic surveys suggested that up to 30 % to 38 % of users of <span class="chemical">fenfluramine</span> and <span class="chemical">dexfenfluramine</span> had valvular disease , these drugs were withdrawn from the market .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To determine the risk for new or worsening valvular abnormalities among users of fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine who underwent echocardiography before they began to take these medications . ### Output Text:

OBJECTIVE : To determine the risk for new or worsening valvular abnormalities among users of <span class="chemical">fenfluramine</span> or <span class="chemical">dexfenfluramine</span> who underwent echocardiography before they began to take these medications .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: DESIGN : Cohort study . ### Output Text:

DESIGN : Cohort study .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: SETTING : Academic primary care practices . ### Output Text:

SETTING : Academic primary care practices .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: PATIENTS : 46 patients who used fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine for 14 days or more and had echocardiograms obtained before therapy . ### Output Text:

PATIENTS : 46 patients who used <span class="chemical">fenfluramine</span> or <span class="chemical">dexfenfluramine</span> for 14 days or more and had echocardiograms obtained before therapy .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: MEASUREMENTS : Follow - up echocardiography . ### Output Text:

MEASUREMENTS : Follow - up echocardiography .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The primary outcome was new or worsening valvulopathy , defined as progression of either aortic or mitral regurgitation by at least one degree of severity and disease that met U . S . ### Output Text:

The primary outcome was new or worsening valvulopathy , defined as progression of either aortic or mitral regurgitation by at least one degree of severity and disease that met U . S .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Food and Drug Administration criteria ( at least mild aortic regurgitation or moderate mitral regurgitation ) . ### Output Text:

Food and Drug Administration criteria ( at least mild aortic regurgitation or moderate mitral regurgitation ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: RESULTS : Two patients ( 4 . 3 % [ 95 % CI , 0 . 6 % to 14 . 8 % ] ) receiving fenfluramine - phentermine developed valvular heart disease . ### Output Text:

RESULTS : Two patients ( 4 . 3 % [ 95 % CI , 0 . 6 % to 14 . 8 % ] ) receiving <span class="chemical">fenfluramine</span> - <span class="chemical">phentermine</span> developed valvular heart disease .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: One had baseline bicuspid aortic valve and mild aortic regurgitation that progressed to moderate regurgitation . ### Output Text:

One had baseline bicuspid aortic valve and mild aortic regurgitation that progressed to moderate regurgitation .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The second patient developed new moderate aortic insufficiency . ### Output Text:

The second patient developed new moderate aortic insufficiency .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: CONCLUSION : Users of diet medications are at risk for valvular heart disease . ### Output Text:

CONCLUSION : Users of diet medications are at risk for valvular heart disease .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: However , the incidence may be lower than that reported previously . ### Output Text:

However , the incidence may be lower than that reported previously .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Therapeutic drug monitoring of tobramycin : once - daily versus twice - daily dosage schedules . ### Output Text:

Therapeutic drug monitoring of <span class="chemical">tobramycin</span> : once - daily versus twice - daily dosage schedules .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effect of dosage regimen ( once - daily vs . twice - daily ) of tobramicyn on steady - state serum concentrations and toxicity . ### Output Text:

OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effect of dosage regimen ( once - daily vs . twice - daily ) of <span class="chemical">tobramicyn</span> on steady - state serum concentrations and toxicity .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: MATERIALS AND METHODS : Patients undergoing treatment with i . v . tobramycin ( 4 mg / kg / day ) were randomised to two groups . ### Output Text:

MATERIALS AND METHODS : Patients undergoing treatment with i . v . <span class="chemical">tobramycin</span> ( 4 mg / kg / day ) were randomised to two groups .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Group OD ( n = 22 ) received a once - daily dose of tobramycin and group TD ( n = 21 ) received the same dose divided into two doses daily . ### Output Text:

Group OD ( n = 22 ) received a once - daily dose of <span class="chemical">tobramycin</span> and group TD ( n = 21 ) received the same dose divided into two doses daily .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Tobramycin serum concentrations ( peak and trough ) were measured by enzyme multiplied immunoassay . ### Output Text:

<span class="chemical">Tobramycin</span> serum concentrations ( peak and trough ) were measured by enzyme multiplied immunoassay .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The renal and auditory functions of the patients were monitored before , during and immediately after treatment . ### Output Text:

The renal and auditory functions of the patients were monitored before , during and immediately after treatment .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: RESULTS : The two groups were comparable with respect to sex , age , body weight and renal function . ### Output Text:

RESULTS : The two groups were comparable with respect to sex , age , body weight and renal function .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: No statistically significant differences were found in mean daily dose , duration of treatment , or cumulative dose . ### Output Text:

No statistically significant differences were found in mean daily dose , duration of treatment , or cumulative dose .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Trough concentrations were < 2 g / ml in the two groups ( 100 % ) . ### Output Text:

Trough concentrations were < 2 g / ml in the two groups ( 100 % ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Peak concentrations were > 6 microg / ml in 100 % of the OD group and in 67 % of the TD group ( P < 0 . 01 ) . ### Output Text:

Peak concentrations were > 6 microg / ml in 100 % of the OD group and in 67 % of the TD group ( P < 0 . 01 ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Mean peak concentrations were markedly different : 11 . 00 + / - 2 . 89 microg / ml in OD vs . 6 . 53 + / - 1 . 45 microg / ml in TD ( P < 0 . 01 ) . ### Output Text:

Mean peak concentrations were markedly different : 11 . 00 + / - 2 . 89 microg / ml in OD vs . 6 . 53 + / - 1 . 45 microg / ml in TD ( P < 0 . 01 ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The pharmacokinetics parameters were : Ke , ( 0 . 15 + / - 0 . 03 / h in OD vs . 0 . 24 + / - 0 . 06 / h in TD ) , t1 / 2 , ( 4 . 95 + / - 1 . 41 h in OD vs . 3 . 07 + / - 0 . 71 h in TD ) , Vd ( 0 . 35 + / - 0 . 11 l / kg in OD vs . 0 . 33 + / - 0 . 09 l / kg in TD ) , Cl ( 0 . 86 + / - 0 . 29 ml / min / kg in OD vs . 1 . 28 + / - 0 . 33 ml / min / kg in TD ) . ### Output Text:

The pharmacokinetics parameters were : Ke , ( 0 . 15 + / - 0 . 03 / h in OD vs . 0 . 24 + / - 0 . 06 / h in TD ) , t1 / 2 , ( 4 . 95 + / - 1 . 41 h in OD vs . 3 . 07 + / - 0 . 71 h in TD ) , Vd ( 0 . 35 + / - 0 . 11 l / kg in OD vs . 0 . 33 + / - 0 . 09 l / kg in TD ) , Cl ( 0 . 86 + / - 0 . 29 ml / min / kg in OD vs . 1 . 28 + / - 0 . 33 ml / min / kg in TD ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Increased serum creatinine was observed in 73 % of patients in OD versus 57 % of patients in TD , without evidence of nephrotoxicity . ### Output Text:

Increased serum <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> was observed in 73 % of patients in OD versus 57 % of patients in TD , without evidence of nephrotoxicity .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In TD group , three patients developed decreased auditory function , of which one presented with an auditory loss of - 30 dB , whereas in the OD group only one patient presented decreased auditory function . ### Output Text:

In TD group , three patients developed decreased auditory function , of which one presented with an auditory loss of - 30 dB , whereas in the OD group only one patient presented decreased auditory function .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: CONCLUSION : This small study suggests that a once - daily dosing regimen of tobramycin is at least as effective as and is no more and possibly less toxic than the twice - daily regimen . ### Output Text:

CONCLUSION : This small study suggests that a once - daily dosing regimen of <span class="chemical">tobramycin</span> is at least as effective as and is no more and possibly less toxic than the twice - daily regimen .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Using a single - dose therapy , peak concentration determination is not necessary , only trough samples should be monitored to ensure levels below 2 microg / ml . ### Output Text:

Using a single - dose therapy , peak concentration determination is not necessary , only trough samples should be monitored to ensure levels below 2 microg / ml .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Enhanced bradycardia induced by beta - adrenoceptor antagonists in rats pretreated with isoniazid . ### Output Text:

Enhanced bradycardia induced by beta - adrenoceptor antagonists in rats pretreated with <span class="chemical">isoniazid</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: High doses of isoniazid increase hypotension induced by vasodilators and change the accompanying reflex tachycardia to bradycardia , an interaction attributed to decreased synthesis of brain gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) . ### Output Text:

High doses of <span class="chemical">isoniazid</span> increase hypotension induced by vasodilators and change the accompanying reflex tachycardia to bradycardia , an interaction attributed to decreased synthesis of brain <span class="chemical">gamma - aminobutyric acid</span> ( <span class="chemical">GABA</span> ) .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In the present study , the possible enhancement by isoniazid of bradycardia induced by beta - adrenoceptor antagonists was determined in rats anaesthetised with chloralose - urethane . ### Output Text:

In the present study , the possible enhancement by <span class="chemical">isoniazid</span> of bradycardia induced by beta - adrenoceptor antagonists was determined in rats anaesthetised with <span class="chemical">chloralose</span> - <span class="chemical">urethane</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Isoniazid significantly increased bradycardia after propranolol , pindolol , labetalol and atenolol , as well as after clonidine , but not after hexamethonium or carbachol . ### Output Text:

<span class="chemical">Isoniazid</span> significantly increased bradycardia after <span class="chemical">propranolol</span> , <span class="chemical">pindolol</span> , <span class="chemical">labetalol</span> and <span class="chemical">atenolol</span> , as well as after <span class="chemical">clonidine</span> , but not after <span class="chemical">hexamethonium</span> or <span class="chemical">carbachol</span> .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Enhancement was not observed in rats pretreated with methylatropine or previously vagotomised . ### Output Text:

Enhancement was not observed in rats pretreated with <span class="chemical">methylatropine</span> or previously vagotomised .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: These results are compatible with interference by isoniazid with GABAergic inhibition of cardiac parasympathetic tone . ### Output Text:

These results are compatible with interference by <span class="chemical">isoniazid</span> with GABAergic inhibition of cardiac parasympathetic tone .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Such interference could be exerted centrally , possibly at the nucleus ambiguus , or peripherally at the sinus node . ### Output Text:

Such interference could be exerted centrally , possibly at the nucleus ambiguus , or peripherally at the sinus node .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Structural and functional impairment of mitochondria in adriamycin - induced cardiomyopathy in mice : suppression of cytochrome c oxidase II gene expression . ### Output Text:

Structural and functional impairment of mitochondria in <span class="chemical">adriamycin</span> - induced cardiomyopathy in mice : suppression of cytochrome c oxidase II gene expression .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: The use of adriamycin ( ADR ) in cancer chemotherapy has been limited due to its cumulative cardiovascular toxicity . ### Output Text:

The use of <span class="chemical">adriamycin</span> ( <span class="chemical">ADR</span> ) in cancer chemotherapy has been limited due to its cumulative cardiovascular toxicity .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Earlier observations that ADR interacts with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase ( COX ) and suppresses its enzyme activity led us to investigate ADR ' s action on the cardiovascular functions and heart mitochondrial morphology in Balb - c mice i . p . treated with ADR for several weeks . ### Output Text:

Earlier observations that <span class="chemical">ADR</span> interacts with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase ( COX ) and suppresses its enzyme activity led us to investigate <span class="chemical">ADR</span> ' s action on the cardiovascular functions and heart mitochondrial morphology in Balb - c mice i . p . treated with <span class="chemical">ADR</span> for several weeks .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: At various times during treatment , the animals were assessed for cardiovascular functions by electrocardiography and for heart tissue damage by electron microscopy . ### Output Text:

At various times during treatment , the animals were assessed for cardiovascular functions by electrocardiography and for heart tissue damage by electron microscopy .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: In parallel , total RNA was extracted from samples of dissected heart and analyzed by Northern blot hybridization to determine the steady - state level of three RNA transcripts encoded by the COXII , COXIII , and COXIV genes . ### Output Text:

In parallel , total RNA was extracted from samples of dissected heart and analyzed by Northern blot hybridization to determine the steady - state level of three RNA transcripts encoded by the COXII , COXIII , and COXIV genes .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Similarly , samples obtained from the liver of the same animals were analyzed for comparative studies . ### Output Text:

Similarly , samples obtained from the liver of the same animals were analyzed for comparative studies .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Our results indicated that 1 ) treatment of mice with ADR caused cardiovascular arrhythmias characterized by bradycardia , extension of ventricular depolarization time ( tQRS ) , and failure of QRS at high concentrations ( 10 - 14 mg / kg body weight cumulative dose ) ; 2 ) the heart mitochondria underwent swelling , fusion , dissolution , and / or disruption of mitochondrial cristae after several weeks of treatment . ### Output Text:

Our results indicated that 1 ) treatment of mice with <span class="chemical">ADR</span> caused cardiovascular arrhythmias characterized by bradycardia , extension of ventricular depolarization time ( tQRS ) , and failure of QRS at high concentrations ( 10 - 14 mg / kg body weight cumulative dose ) ; 2 ) the heart mitochondria underwent swelling , fusion , dissolution , and / or disruption of mitochondrial cristae after several weeks of treatment .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Such abnormalities were not observed in the mitochondria of liver tissue ; and 3 ) among the three genes of COX enzyme examined , only COXII gene expression was suppressed by ADR treatment , mainly after 8 weeks in both heart and liver . ### Output Text:

Such abnormalities were not observed in the mitochondria of liver tissue ; and 3 ) among the three genes of COX enzyme examined , only COXII gene expression was suppressed by <span class="chemical">ADR</span> treatment , mainly after 8 weeks in both heart and liver .

In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities. ### Entity Markup Guides: Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical. ### Input Text: Knowing that heart mitochondria represent almost 40 % of heart muscle by weight , we conclude that the deteriorating effects of ADR on cardiovascular function involve mitochondrial structural and functional impairment . ### Output Text:

Knowing that heart mitochondria represent almost 40 % of heart muscle by weight , we conclude that the deteriorating effects of <span class="chemical">ADR</span> on cardiovascular function involve mitochondrial structural and functional impairment .