README.md

---
license: cc-by-4.0
language:
- en
pretty_name: 'AMMeBa: Annotated Misinformation, Media-Based'
tags:
- journalism
---
# Dataset Card for AMMeBa: Annotated Misinformation, Media-Based

## Dataset Details

> The prevalence and harms of online misinformation is a perennial concern for internet platforms, institutions and society at large. Over time, information shared online has become more media-heavy and misinformation has readily adapted to these new modalities. The rise of generative AI-based tools, which provide widely-accessible methods for synthesizing realistic audio, images, video and human-like text, have amplified these concerns. Despite intense interest on the part of the public and significant press coverage, quantitative information on the prevalence and modality of media-based misinformation remains scarce. Here, we present the results of a two-year study using human raters to annotate online media-based misinformation, mostly focusing on images, based on claims assessed in a large sample of publicly-accessible fact checks with the ClaimReview markup. We present an image typology, designed to capture aspects of the image and manipulation relevant to the image's role in the misinformation claim. We visualize the distribution of these types over time. We show the the rise of generative AI-based content in misinformation claims, and that it's commonality is a relatively recent phenomenon, occurring significantly after heavy press coverage. We also show "simple" methods dominated historically, particularly context manipulations, and continued to hold a majority as of the end of data collection in November 2023. The dataset, Annotated Misinformation, Media-Based (AMMeBa), is publicly-available, and we hope that these data will serve as both a means of evaluating mitigation methods in a realistic setting and as a first-of-its-kind census of the types and modalities of online misinformation.

### Dataset Description

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- **Curated by:** [More Information Needed]
- **Funded by [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
- **Shared by [optional]:** [More Information Needed]
- **Language(s) (NLP):** [More Information Needed]
- **License:** [More Information Needed]

### Dataset Sources [optional]

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- **Repository:** https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/googleai/in-the-wild-misinformation-media/
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.11697

## Uses

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### Direct Use

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[More Information Needed]

### Out-of-Scope Use

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## Dataset Structure

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## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

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### Source Data

<!-- This section describes the source data (e.g. news text and headlines, social media posts, translated sentences, ...). -->

#### Data Collection and Processing

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#### Who are the source data producers?

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### Annotations [optional]

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#### Annotation process

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#### Who are the annotators?

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#### Personal and Sensitive Information

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## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

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### Recommendations

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Users should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the dataset. More information needed for further recommendations.

## Citation


**BibTeX:**

```bibtex
@misc{dufour2024ammeba,
      title={AMMeBa: A Large-Scale Survey and Dataset of Media-Based Misinformation In-The-Wild}, 
      author={Nicholas Dufour and Arkanath Pathak and Pouya Samangouei and Nikki Hariri and Shashi Deshetti and Andrew Dudfield and Christopher Guess and Pablo Hernández Escayola and Bobby Tran and Mevan Babakar and Christoph Bregler},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2405.11697},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CY}
}
```