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1
00:00:02,700 --> 00:00:06,780
ุทูŠุจ ุจู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจู€ management ู„ู€ diabetes

2
00:00:06,780 --> 00:00:13,900
patientsุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ acute managementุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู„ูŠ

3
00:00:13,900 --> 00:00:19,940
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ acute cases ู…ู…ูƒู†

4
00:00:19,940 --> 00:00:25,320
ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ chronic ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู€

5
00:00:25,320 --> 00:00:33,040
acuteุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ conditions ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู†

6
00:00:33,040 --> 00:00:37,220
ูŠุตุงุจ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุตุงุจูŠู† ุจุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠุŒ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู€

7
00:00:37,220 --> 00:00:41,740
ketoacidosisุŒ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ hyperosmolar non-

8
00:00:41,740 --> 00:00:46,540
ketotic comaุŒ ูˆ hypoglycemia

9
00:00:48,230 --> 00:00:52,410
ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุญุงู„ุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุจูŠู„ุนุจ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู…

10
00:00:52,410 --> 00:00:59,250
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ diagnosis ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุจุฑุถู‡

11
00:00:59,250 --> 00:01:04,830
ู„ู‡ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู‡ู… ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉุŒ ูˆู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุนุทุงู‡ุง

12
00:01:04,830 --> 00:01:13,010
ู„ู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ

13
00:01:13,010 --> 00:01:20,220
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุชู…ุŒ ุณูˆุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ diagnosisุŒ ูˆุชุญุฏูŠุฏ

14
00:01:20,220 --> 00:01:27,420
ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌ ุงู„ู„ุงุฒู…ุŒ ูˆู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ู…ุง ูŠุตู„ ุงู„ู€ glucose

15
00:01:27,420 --> 00:01:31,940
concentration ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ range ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ

16
00:01:33,330 --> 00:01:37,670
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ glucose in blood and urineุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช

17
00:01:37,670 --> 00:01:41,050
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุชู… ููŠู‡ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ ketones ุจุฑุถู‡ in blood and

18
00:01:41,050 --> 00:01:45,650
urineุŒ ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุงู„ู€ acid-base statusุŒ ุงู„ู€ pHุŒ ูˆุงู„ู€

19
00:01:45,650 --> 00:01:51,910
bicarbonate levelุŒ ุงู„ู€ lactateุŒ ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู„ู‡ุง

20
00:01:51,910 --> 00:01:54,730
ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุจู€ dehydration

21
00:01:56,660 --> 00:02:00,780
ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจู€ Dialysis ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ู…ุซุงู„

22
00:02:00,780 --> 00:02:07,360
ููŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุจูˆุชุงุณูŠูˆู… ูˆุงู„ุตูˆุฏูŠูˆู…ุŒ ูˆุงู„ููˆุณูุงุชุŒ ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุงู„ู€

23
00:02:07,360 --> 00:02:13,840
osmolalityุŒ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุชุŒ ููŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ ketone bodies

24
00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:18,600
development of ketosis requires changes in both

25
00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:26,520
adipose tissue and the liver. Primary substrate for

26
00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:29,300
ketone body formation are free fatty acids from

27
00:02:29,300 --> 00:02:39,480
adipose stores. ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุงู„ู€ ketone bodies ุจุชู†ุชุฌุŒ ุจุชู…

28
00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:49,460
ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ุง ุทุจุนู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ lipolysisุŒ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ููŠ ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ

29
00:02:49,460 --> 00:02:56,850
ุงู„ู€ insulinุŒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ ketosis ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนุงุฏุฉ ุจุชุธู‡ุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

30
00:02:56,850 --> 00:03:00,010
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุจุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ุงู„ู€ Type 1 diabetes mellitus

31
00:03:00,630 --> 00:03:05,450
ูˆู†ุงุฏุฑู‹ุง ู…ุง ู†ุดูˆู ู†ุงุณ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ุงู„ู€ Type 2 diabetes

32
00:03:05,450 --> 00:03:12,030
mellitus ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ketosisุŒ ู„ูŠุดุŸ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

33
00:03:12,030 --> 00:03:14,410
ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ู€ Type 2 diabetes mellitus ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู…

34
00:03:14,410 --> 00:03:18,350
insulinุŒ ุงู„ู€ insulin ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ insulin ู…ู…ูƒู†

35
00:03:18,350 --> 00:03:23,070
ูŠุนู…ู„ inhibition ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ alpha cellsุŒ ูˆูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู†

36
00:03:23,070 --> 00:03:28,480
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒุงุฌูˆู†ุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุณุงุจู‚ู‹ุงุŒ

37
00:03:28,480 --> 00:03:33,380
ุฃู† ููŠู‡ absolute deficiency of insulinุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ

38
00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:37,980
ุงู„ู€ inhibitory effect ู„ู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ alpha cells

39
00:03:37,980 --> 00:03:41,960
ู…ุด ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ alpha cells ู‡ุชู†ุชุฌ glucagon

40
00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:48,980
ูˆู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ gluconeogenesisุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ

41
00:03:48,980 --> 00:03:55,100
breakdown ู„ู„ุฏู‡ูˆู†ุŒ ูˆุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ ketone

42
00:03:55,100 --> 00:03:56,280
bodies

43
00:03:59,780 --> 00:04:04,780
ุงู„ุฏู‡ูˆู† ุทุจุนู‹ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ุง ุชุฎุฒูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„

44
00:04:04,780 --> 00:04:09,260
ุงู„ู€ triglyceridesุŒ ูˆุทุจุนู‹ุง ุงู„ู€ triglycerides ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู†

45
00:04:09,260 --> 00:04:12,620
ุชูุญู…ู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ VLDLุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Very Low Density

46
00:04:12,620 --> 00:04:19,380
LipoproteinุŒ ูˆูŠุตูŠุฑ ู„ู‡ุง releaseุŒ ู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุนู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰

47
00:04:19,380 --> 00:04:20,940
ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง

48
00:04:24,370 --> 00:04:26,590
ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู€ุŒ In contrast to other tissuesุŒ the

49
00:04:26,590 --> 00:04:30,790
brain cannot use free fatty acids for energy

50
00:04:30,790 --> 00:04:35,630
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŒ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ ketone bodies ุงู„ู„ูŠ

51
00:04:35,630 --> 00:04:39,810
ุจุชุชูƒูˆู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบุŒ When glucose is

52
00:04:39,810 --> 00:04:42,030
unavailableุŒ ketone bodies supply the vast

53
00:04:42,030 --> 00:04:48,450
majority of the brain's energy. ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุตุงุฑ ููŠู‡ ุตูˆู…

54
00:04:48,450 --> 00:04:53,030
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู„ู…ุฏุฉ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃูŠุงู…ุŒ ketone bodies provide 30

55
00:04:53,030 --> 00:04:56,250
percent to 40 percent of the body's energy

56
00:04:56,250 --> 00:04:57,410
requirement

57
00:04:59,780 --> 00:05:04,780
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ ketosisุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ู€ ketone bodies

58
00:05:04,780 --> 00:05:09,820
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ uncontrolled diabetesุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ

59
00:05:09,820 --> 00:05:15,060
ุนู„ูŠู‡ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฃุฎุต ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Type 1ุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง

60
00:05:15,060 --> 00:05:18,260
ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง low insulin concentration

61
00:05:18,260 --> 00:05:24,540
ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ lipolysisุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ

62
00:05:24,540 --> 00:05:27,980
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ plasma free fatty acidsุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู€

63
00:05:27,980 --> 00:05:34,870
ketone bodies. Higher Glucagon to Insulin RatioุŒ ุทุจ

64
00:05:34,870 --> 00:05:37,910
ุนุงู…ู„ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ู†ู‚ูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ุจูŠุฎู„ูŠ

65
00:05:37,910 --> 00:05:39,990
ุงู„ู€ inhibitory effect ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ alpha cellsุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ

66
00:05:39,990 --> 00:05:43,410
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ glucagon concentrations ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู†

67
00:05:43,410 --> 00:05:46,850
ุงู„ู€ glucagonุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ higher glucagon to insulin

68
00:05:46,850 --> 00:05:50,290
ratioุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ enhances the fatty acid

69
00:05:50,290 --> 00:05:56,470
oxidation in the liver. ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช

70
00:05:56,470 --> 00:05:58,890
ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ counterregulatory hormonesุŒ ุฃูˆ

71
00:05:58,890 --> 00:06:02,190
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ hyperglycemic hormonesุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง

72
00:06:02,190 --> 00:06:07,470
ุจุชุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ concentration ู„ู€ glucoseุŒ

73
00:06:07,470 --> 00:06:12,970
ูˆู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุณุงุนุฏ ููŠู‡ุŒ ุฃูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุชุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

74
00:06:12,970 --> 00:06:19,690
stimulation ู„ู€ lipolysis ุจุฑุถู‡ุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู€

75
00:06:19,690 --> 00:06:22,370
ketone bodiesุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ ketogenesis

76
00:06:25,020 --> 00:06:27,820
ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ ketone bodiesุŒ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ููŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ acetoacetate

77
00:06:28,970 --> 00:06:31,610
ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุชุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู† spontaneous

78
00:06:31,610 --> 00:06:37,450
decarboxylationุŒ ูˆุจุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃุณูŠุชูˆู†ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ุง

79
00:06:37,450 --> 00:06:41,450
ุชุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ ฮฒ-hydroxybutyrateุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐูˆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

80
00:06:41,450 --> 00:06:49,250
ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ketone bodies ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…

81
00:06:49,250 --> 00:06:55,550
ูˆุงู„ุฃุณูŠุชูˆู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุทู„ุน ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ูุณุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€

82
00:06:55,550 --> 00:06:59,560
exhalationุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ figure ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ูˆุฅู† ุงู„ู€

83
00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:03,640
acetoacetate ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ ุจูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ acetoneุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู†

84
00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:07,440
ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ decarboxylationุŒ ูˆุฅู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก

85
00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:13,040
ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุจูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ฮฒ-hydroxybutyrate

86
00:07:15,670 --> 00:07:19,510
ุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู€ ketone bodiesุŒ ู‡ุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุฑุชูุงุน

87
00:07:19,510 --> 00:07:22,110
ุงู„ู€ concentration ู„ู€ ketone bodies ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…

88
00:07:22,110 --> 00:07:28,830
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู†ุง ูƒูŠุชูˆู†ูŠู…ูŠุงุŒ ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน ู‡ุฐุง

89
00:07:28,830 --> 00:07:32,010
ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ู‡ูŠุชุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู€ excretion ู„ู€ ketone

90
00:07:32,010 --> 00:07:36,270
bodies ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urineุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู†ุง ูƒูŠุชูˆู†ูˆุฑูŠุง

91
00:07:38,100 --> 00:07:41,320
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ ketone bodiesุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅูŠู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู†

92
00:07:41,320 --> 00:07:48,540
ุชุชูƒูˆู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ู€

93
00:07:48,540 --> 00:07:51,800
carbohydratesุŒ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ starvationุŒ ุฃูˆ

94
00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:56,820
frequent vomitingุŒ ุฃูˆ decreased use of

95
00:07:56,820 --> 00:07:57,820
carbohydrates

96
00:08:00,160 --> 00:08:04,520
ุฒูŠ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ diabetes mellitusุŒ ุฃูˆ ููŠ

97
00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:10,180
ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ glycogen storage disease type oneุŒ

98
00:08:10,180 --> 00:08:17,880
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ von Gierke's disease. ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู€

99
00:08:17,880 --> 00:08:21,440
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ diet ุงู„ู€ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ

100
00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:27,980
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ ketoุŒ ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฑุถู‡ ุจูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ ketone

101
00:08:27,980 --> 00:08:30,980
bodiesุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ popular high-fat, low-

102
00:08:30,980 --> 00:08:33,480
carbohydrate dietุŒ ุจูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง low

103
00:08:33,480 --> 00:08:38,060
carbohydrateุŒ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุฑุถู‡ ketogenicุŒ ูˆุจูŠุคุฏูŠ

104
00:08:38,060 --> 00:08:42,360
ุฅู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ ketone bodies ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…

105
00:08:45,300 --> 00:08:50,640
ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู€ ketoacidosis ุจู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠู‡ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€

106
00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:53,220
diabetes mellitusุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุต ุนู†ุฏ

107
00:08:53,220 --> 00:08:56,780
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Type 1 diabetes mellitusุŒ ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุนู†ุฏ

108
00:08:56,780 --> 00:09:01,780
ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ูˆุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒุญูˆู„

109
00:09:01,780 --> 00:09:07,740
ุจูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุณุจุจ ุญุฏูˆุซ

110
00:09:07,740 --> 00:09:13,580
ุงู„ู€ ketoacidosis ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ูˆุง ูƒุญูˆู„ุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡

111
00:09:13,580 --> 00:09:18,570
ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ impairment ู„ู€ conversion of

112
00:09:18,570 --> 00:09:22,950
lactate to pyruvateุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ hypothesisุŒ

113
00:09:22,950 --> 00:09:29,470
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุจูŠุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู€ ketone bodies

114
00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:36,760
ุญุณุจ ุชูˆุตูŠุงุช ุงู„ู€ American Diabetes AssociationุŒ ุฃู†ู‡

115
00:09:36,760 --> 00:09:43,220
ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ diabetes

116
00:09:43,220 --> 00:09:44,900
ูˆุฎุงุตุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ู€ Type 1 diabetes

117
00:09:44,900 --> 00:09:48,820
mellitusุŒ pregnancy with a pre-existing diabetesุŒ

118
00:09:48,820 --> 00:09:52,740
ูˆุงู„ู†ุณุงุก ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… gestational diabetes mellitusุŒ

119
00:09:52,740 --> 00:09:57,500
ู„ุงุจุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู„ู€ ketone bodies ููŠ ุงู„ู€

120
00:09:57,500 --> 00:10:01,570
urine. ุงู„ุดุจุงุจ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… Type 1 diabetes mellitusุŒ

121
00:10:01,570 --> 00:10:04,290
ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆุง ุจูุญูˆุตุงุช ู„ู„ูƒูŠุชูˆู†ุงุชุŒ ููŠ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑุถุŒ

122
00:10:04,290 --> 00:10:08,130
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุงุญู†ุง ุนุงุฑููŠู†ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ acute illnessุŒ

123
00:10:08,130 --> 00:10:17,610
ุจูŠุฒูŠุฏ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุชุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุฑูุนุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

124
00:10:17,610 --> 00:10:22,590
ู‡ูŠ ุชุนุชุจุฑ hyperglycemic hormonesุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ

125
00:10:22,590 --> 00:10:27,130
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุงู„ู€ ketone bodies. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€

126
00:10:27,130 --> 00:10:30,400
patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitusุŒ ู„ุงุฒู… ุจุฑุถู‡

127
00:10:30,400 --> 00:10:33,840
ูŠุชู… ูุญุตู‡ู… ู„ู„ู€ ketones ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ acute illnessุŒ ุฃูˆ

128
00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:37,260
stressุŒ ุฃูˆ with a consistent increase in blood

129
00:10:37,260 --> 00:10:39,740
glucoseุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุฒุงุฏ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู€ glucose ุนู† 300

130
00:10:39,740 --> 00:10:45,160
milligram per deciliterุŒ ูˆุจุฑุถู‡ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญู…ู„ุŒ

131
00:10:46,190 --> 00:10:51,850
ุฃูˆ when symptoms of ketoacidosis are presentุŒ ูˆู…ู†

132
00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:54,670
ุงู„ู€ symptoms ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ ketoacidosisุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ููŠู‡

133
00:10:54,670 --> 00:10:59,010
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง frequent urinationุŒ extreme thirstุŒ ุทุจุนู‹ุง high

134
00:10:59,010 --> 00:11:04,470
blood sugarุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ

135
00:11:04,470 --> 00:11:11,940
ุงู„ู€ ketones ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urine. ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู€ ketones ุณูˆุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ู€

136
00:11:11,940 --> 00:11:15,680
urine ุฃูˆ bloodุŒ widely performed in patients with

137
00:11:15,680 --> 00:11:21,300
diabetesุŒ ุณูˆุงุก ู„ู„ู€ diagnosis ูˆุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู„ู„ู€ monitoring

138
00:11:21,300 --> 00:11:27,400
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ of diabetic ketoacidosis

139
00:11:30,120 --> 00:11:32,440
ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ management

140
00:11:32,440 --> 00:11:39,520
ู„ู„ุญุงู„ุงุช chronicุŒ ูˆุทุจุนู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ

141
00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:47,700
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชู…ุชุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ุฑุจุทุช ุจูŠู† ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…

142
00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:51,520
ูˆ ุงู„ู€ development of long-term complications of

143
00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:58,060
diabetesุŒ ูˆุนุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ู„ุงุฒู… ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู…ุฑุถู‰

144
00:11:58,060 --> 00:12:05,220
ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠ ุจุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑุŒ ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธุฉ ุนู„ู‰ levels ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ glucose

145
00:12:05,220 --> 00:12:10,640
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชูƒูˆู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ู‚ุฑูŠุจุฉุŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู€

146
00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:13,640
reference rangeุŒ ุฃูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุดูˆูŠุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ุด

147
00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:18,990
ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ glucoseุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡

148
00:12:18,990 --> 00:12:24,090
ุงู„ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ู€ glucose ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจุงู„ู€ complications

149
00:12:24,090 --> 00:12:30,780
ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุตูŠุฑ ู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠ. ู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุทุจุนู‹ุง

150
00:12:30,780 --> 00:12:36,400
ุจูŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ management ู„ู€ patientsุŒ ููŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

151
00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:39,820
ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ุตูŠุฑุŒ ูˆุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุจุนูŠุฏุŒ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุฅู† ุงู„ู€

152
00:12:39,820 --> 00:12:45,040
short-termุŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู€ glucoseุŒ ูˆููŠ

153
00:12:45,040 --> 00:12:49,840
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ long-term monitoringุŒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู€

154
00:12:49,840 --> 00:12:51,880
glycated proteins

155
00:12:53,870 --> 00:12:58,850
ุงู„ู€ detection and monitoring of complicationsุŒ ุทุจุนู‹ุง

156
00:12:58,850 --> 00:13:04,350
ุจุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงุญู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ู€ complications ุงู„ู„ูŠ

157
00:13:04,350 --> 00:13:09,610
ู…ุชุนู„ู‚ุฉ ุจู€ kidney diseaseุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ู€ nephropathyุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง

158
00:13:09,610 --> 00:13:12,950
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุจูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ kidney function testsุŒ ุฒูŠ

159
00:13:12,950 --> 00:13:19,030
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ creatinineุŒ ูˆุจุฑุถู‡ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ testing

160
00:13:19,030 --> 00:13:21,010
urine for albuminuria

161
00:13:23,400 --> 00:13:30,480
ุจุฑุถู‡ ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฎุถุน ู„ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌุงุชุŒ ุฒูŠ

162
00:13:30,480 --> 00:13:34,200
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ islet cellุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ pancreas

163
00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:39,640
transplantationุŒ ููŠู‡ ุฅู† ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุจุชุชู… ู„ู€ ู‡ุฐุง

164
00:13:39,640 --> 00:13:45,040
ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ C-peptideุŒ ูˆุงู„ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู†ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุชุฃูƒุฏ

165
00:13:45,040 --> 00:13:52,500
ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุชู… ุฒุฑุงุนุชู‡ุงุŒ ุชุนู…ู„ ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„

166
00:13:53,150 --> 00:13:57,950
ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจ ู…ู†ู‡ุง

167
00:13:57,950 --> 00:14:04,610
ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุชู… ู„ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑูŠุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฒูŠ ู…ุง

168
00:14:04,610 --> 00:14:12,030
ุฐูƒุฑู†ุงุŒ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ glucoseุŒ ุงู„ู€ fasting ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ randomุŒ ุทุจุนู‹ุง

169
00:14:12,030 --> 00:14:15,030
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ blood ุฃูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urineุŒ ููŠู‡ ุงู„ู€ glycated

170
00:14:15,030 --> 00:14:20,150
proteinsุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ proteins ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงุฑุชุจุทุช ู…ุนู‡ุง ุงู„ู€

171
00:14:20,150 --> 00:14:23,570
glucoseุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1cุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุทุจุนู‹ุง ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ

172
00:14:23,570 --> 00:14:29,890
ุดู‡ุฑุฉุŒ ููŠู‡ fructosamineุŒ ูˆููŠู‡ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง glycated serum

173
00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:31,070
albumin

174
00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:39,260
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง 1,5-anhydroglucitolุŒ ุฃูˆ 1,5-

175
00:14:39,260 --> 00:14:43,640
AG. ููŠู‡ ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู€ urinary proteinsุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

176
00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:48,840
ุงู„ุจูˆู„ุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ู„ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุถุน ุงู„ู€

177
00:14:48,840 --> 00:14:55,340
kidney. ุงู„ุจูˆู„ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฏุงุฑุฌ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุงุณู…ุŒ ุฃูˆ

178
00:14:55,340 --> 00:15:00,320
ู…ุนุฑูˆู ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจู€ microalbuminuriaุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุขู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูŠูุถู„

179
00:15:00,320 --> 00:15:03,720
ุฃู† ูŠุชู… ุชุณู…ูŠุชู‡ ุจุงู„ู€ proteinuriaุŒ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‡ู†ุดูˆู

180
00:15:03,720 --> 00:15:09,180
proteinuriaุŒ ุงู„ู€ proteins ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urineุŒ ูˆ evaluation

181
00:15:09,180 --> 00:15:15,620
of complications. ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู€ creatinine

182
00:15:15,620 --> 00:15:19,780
ู„ู€ kidney functionุŒ ูˆุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู„ูŠุณุชุฑูˆู„ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู€ tri-

183
00:15:19,780 --> 00:15:26,100
glyceridesุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุนุดุงู† ู†ุดูˆู ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ risk

184
00:15

223
00:18:26,010 --> 00:18:30,650
Hemoglobin A1B ูˆ Hemoglobin A1C ุชู…ุงู…ุŸ ูู‡ุฐูˆู„ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ

224
00:18:30,650 --> 00:18:35,570
ูŠูุทู„ู‚ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… Hemoglobin A1 ู…ู† ู‡ุฐูˆู„ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„

225
00:18:35,570 --> 00:18:39,790
major fraction ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Hemoglobin A1C ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ุซู„

226
00:18:39,790 --> 00:18:42,010
80%

227
00:18:44,730 --> 00:18:48,250
ุทุจุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู€

228
00:18:48,250 --> 00:18:52,370
Hemoglobin ู…ุซู„ุงู‹ A1A ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† Hemoglobin A

229
00:18:52,370 --> 00:18:58,830
ู…ุฑุชุจุท ู…ุน Fructose Hemoglobin A1A2 ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ

230
00:18:58,830 --> 00:19:03,870
Hemoglobin A ู…ุฑุชุจุท ู…ุน Glucose 6-Phosphate ุชู…ุงู…ุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ

231
00:19:03,870 --> 00:19:08,030
ููŠ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€

232
00:19:08,030 --> 00:19:14,500
Hemoglobin A1C ูˆ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูู‚ุงุณ ุงู„ู€

233
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:19,580
FormationุŒ ูˆุทุจุนุงู‹ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุงู„ู€ Formation of

234
00:19:19,580 --> 00:19:23,560
Glycated Hemoglobin is essentially irreversible

235
00:19:23,560 --> 00:19:29,500
ูˆ ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† reversibleุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุงู‹

236
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:33,480
ู„ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Glycated Hemoglobin is

237
00:19:33,480 --> 00:19:37,560
essentially irreversibleุŒ  ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ุตุงุฑ ููŠู†ุง ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุจูŠู†

238
00:19:37,560 --> 00:19:41,920
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู€ HemoglobinุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู„ู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡

239
00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:47,920
ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ effect ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰. The concentration

240
00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:51,500
in the blood depends on both the lifespan of the

241
00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:54,880
red blood cellsุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู†ุณุจุฉ

242
00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:59,380
ู„ุฌู„ูŠูƒูŠุช ุงู„ู€ HemoglobinุŒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุงู„ุฏู…

243
00:19:59,380 --> 00:20:06,040
ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ูˆ ุงู„ู€ Blood Glucose Concentration ููŠ

244
00:20:06,040 --> 00:20:12,480
ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู‡ุงุชุงู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุทุชุงู† ุงู„ู„ุชุงู† ูŠูุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุง ู†ุณุจุฉ ุงู„ู€

245
00:20:12,480 --> 00:20:19,200
Glycated Hemoglobin ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ

246
00:20:19,200 --> 00:20:22,820
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ Glucose

247
00:20:25,970 --> 00:20:32,330
ุทุจุนุงู‹ ูŠุฑุชุจุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ N-terminal amino group ู„ู€

248
00:20:32,330 --> 00:20:41,250
ุงู„ู€ beta-chainุŒ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃู†  ุงู„ู€ dimine ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู†

249
00:20:41,250 --> 00:20:48,210
Schiff baseุŒ ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู€ aldamine ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰

250
00:20:48,210 --> 00:20:54,130
ketoamine ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1CุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ

251
00:20:54,130 --> 00:20:59,590
ุนู†ุฏู†ุง rearrangement ู„ู„ู€ aldamine ูˆ ูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ ketoamine

252
00:20:59,590 --> 00:21:04,050
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1C. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A ู…ุน

253
00:21:04,050 --> 00:21:10,470
ุงู„ู€ glucose ูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ pre-hemoglobin A1CุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ

254
00:21:10,470 --> 00:21:17,110
ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ reversible ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ ูุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ

255
00:21:17,110 --> 00:21:20,390
ู‡ุฐู‡ reversible ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ pre-hemoglobin A1C

256
00:21:20,390 --> 00:21:25,490
ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู‡ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง rearrangement ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุจ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹

257
00:21:25,490 --> 00:21:30,790
ูˆ ูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ hemoglobin A1CุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ irreversible

258
00:21:30,790 --> 00:21:34,990
ูƒู…ุง ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑู‰ุŒ ุงู„ุณู‡ู… ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ุท

259
00:21:37,890 --> 00:21:41,030
ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ูˆ ุจูŠู†

260
00:21:41,030 --> 00:21:45,330
ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู†ุŒ plasma glucose in the preceding one

261
00:21:45,330 --> 00:21:48,590
month determines fifty percent of the hemoglobin

262
00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:53,290
A1C. ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ูˆ ุฌุฆู†ุง ูˆู‚ู„ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุฃุดู‡ุฑุŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุจุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ

263
00:21:53,290 --> 00:21:58,110
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉุŒ ุจุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ

264
00:21:58,110 --> 00:22:02,650
ุชุฒูŠุฏุŒ ูˆ ุจุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซ ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ูŠ ุฃูƒุซูŽุฑ ู†ุณุจุฉ

265
00:22:02,650 --> 00:22:05,350
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ plasma glucose in the preceding one month

266
00:22:06,490 --> 00:22:11,890
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุดูŽูƒู‘ูู„ 50% ู…ู† ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† A1C ุงู„ุขู†.

267
00:22:11,890 --> 00:22:17,150
ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุจู„ู‡ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฎู…ุณุฉ

268
00:22:17,150 --> 00:22:22,810
ูˆ ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุจู„ู‡ ุฃูˆ

269
00:22:22,810 --> 00:22:26,170
ุงู„ุดู‡ุฑุงู† ุงู„ู„ุฐุงู† ู‚ุจู„ู‡ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุนุดุฑูˆู† ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ

270
00:22:26,170 --> 00:22:31,850
ุงู„ู€ ุจุงู‚ูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ู€ interpretation ู„ู€ Glycated

271
00:22:31,850 --> 00:22:33,910
ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† depends on red blood cells ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง

272
00:22:33,910 --> 00:22:39,790
ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ Beta-Chain ููŠ

273
00:22:39,790 --> 00:22:41,710
ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Red Blood Cells

274
00:22:41,710 --> 00:22:46,230
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ุณูŠุคุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ู€ Red Blood Cells

275
00:22:46,230 --> 00:22:50,930
ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุณูŠุคุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ Glycated Hemoglobin. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช

276
00:22:50,930 --> 00:22:55,690
ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถุฉ ู…ุตุงุจุฉ ุจู…ุฑุถ ุงู†ุญู„ุงู„ ุฏู… ุฃูˆ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ุน ุชู‚ุตูŠุฑ ุญูŠุงุฉ

277
00:22:55,690 --> 00:23:01,190
ุงู„ู€ Red Blood CellsุŒ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ู‚ูŠู… Glycated

278
00:23:01,190 --> 00:23:05,870
Hemoglobin ุฃูŠุถุงู‹. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุตุงุฑ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†

279
00:23:05,870 --> 00:23:10,010
significant blood lossุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ individuals with

280
00:23:10,010 --> 00:23:14,390
recent significant blood lossุŒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุนุทูŠู†ูŠ

281
00:23:14,390 --> 00:23:19,250
ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู‚ููŠูŽู… falsely low valuesุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุฃุชูŠ ูˆ ู†ูุญุต ูˆ

282
00:23:19,250 --> 00:23:23,510
ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1c ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู†ุฎูุถุŒ ู„ูƒู†

283
00:23:23,510 --> 00:23:27,550
ู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠูƒูˆู† falsely low ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ูู‚ุท ู„ุง ูƒู…ูŠุฉ

284
00:23:27,550 --> 00:23:31,370
ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู…

285
00:23:33,110 --> 00:23:37,230
ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ุงู„ู€ high fraction of younger

286
00:23:37,230 --> 00:23:43,690
erythrocytes ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ุง ุงุฑุชุจุงุท ู„ู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ

287
00:23:43,690 --> 00:23:50,050
ุจูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุฌูŠุฏุฉุŒ  high Glycated

288
00:23:50,050 --> 00:23:53,470
ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู†ุŒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠู†ุง

289
00:23:53,470 --> 00:23:57,570
ุงุฑุชูุงุน ู„ู€ Glycated ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ููŠ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู€ iron

290
00:23:57,570 --> 00:24:00,930
deficiency anemiaุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ Iron deficiency

291
00:24:00,930 --> 00:24:03,770
anemiaุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃู† ุฅุฐุง  ุงุฑุชูุน ุงู„ู€

292
00:24:03,770 --> 00:24:08,130
concentrationุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ mechanism ูˆ ูƒูŠู ูŠุตูŠุฑ

293
00:24:08,130 --> 00:24:11,050
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ is unknown

294
00:24:13,780 --> 00:24:17,100
ุทุจุนุงู‹ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ Hemoglobin A1C ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€

295
00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:21,060
Glycated Protein ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู…ุŒ ู…ู†  ุงู„ูุญูˆุตุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุฌุฑู‰

296
00:24:21,060 --> 00:24:27,420
ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฏูˆุฑูŠุฉุŒ ูˆูุนู„ูŠุงู‹ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ

297
00:24:27,420 --> 00:24:32,920
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ู…ุนู†ูŠุฉ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑุถุŒ ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ

298
00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:38,480
ุชูุนุชุจุฑ ู…ุคุซุฑุฉุŒ ุชูˆุตูŠ ุจูุญุต ุงู„ู€ Hemoglobin

299
00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:42,060
A1C ุจุดูƒู„ ุฑูˆุชูŠู†ูŠ

300
00:24:43,260 --> 00:24:46,320
to document degree of glycemic control and to

301
00:24:46,320 --> 00:24:50,620
assess response to treatmentุŒ ู„ูƒูŠ ู†ุฑู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู€

302
00:24:50,620 --> 00:24:53,080
ุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ูˆ ูŠูŽุจูŠู‘ู† ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช

303
00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:59,160
ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถุŒ ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู„ู„ุนู„ุงุฌ

304
00:25:01,150 --> 00:25:04,390
ุงู„ู€ Absolute risk of retinopathy and nephropathy

305
00:25:04,390 --> 00:25:07,710
were directly proportional to the mean hemoglobin

306
00:25:07,710 --> 00:25:11,270
A1C concentration.  ุนูู„ู…ู‹ุง ุฌุงุก ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin

307
00:25:11,270 --> 00:25:17,770
A1CุŒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ู€ risk ู„ู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ู„ู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงู„ู€

308
00:25:17,770 --> 00:25:21,550
complications ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ ูˆ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ูˆุฌุฏ ุฃู†

309
00:25:21,550 --> 00:25:25,150
each one percent reduction in hemoglobin A1CุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ

310
00:25:25,150 --> 00:25:31,910
ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ูƒุงู† 8%  ุงู†ุฎูุงุถุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุตุญูˆุจุงู‹ ุจู€

311
00:25:31,910 --> 00:25:39,290
reduction of 37% for microvascular diseaseุŒ ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹

312
00:25:39,290 --> 00:25:44,170
ูƒุงู† ููŠู†ุง 21% for death related to diabetesุŒ ูƒุงู† ููŠ

313
00:25:44,170 --> 00:25:48,810
ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ุŒ reduction ุจู†ุณุจุฉ 21%ุŒ ูˆ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูƒุงู†

314
00:25:48,810 --> 00:25:53,860
ููŠ reduction ุจู†ุณุจุฉ 14% ู„ู„ู€ myocardial infarction

315
00:25:53,860 --> 00:26:00,020
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ 1% ู„ู‡ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ููŠ ุชู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู€ complications

316
00:26:00,020 --> 00:26:09,040
ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.  ููŠ ุทุฑู‚ ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู„ูุญุต ู„ู€ Glycated

317
00:26:09,040 --> 00:26:11,900
ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู†ุŒ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1CุŒ more than

318
00:26:11,900 --> 00:26:18,110
150 different methods have been described. ุงู„ู€ ADA

319
00:26:18,110 --> 00:26:21,750
ุชูุฑุฌู‘ูุญ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ูู‚ุท ุงู„ู€ Hemoglobin A1c

320
00:26:21,750 --> 00:26:28,530
ุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจ ุชุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ NGSPุŒ  ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ู„ู†ุง ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู€

321
00:26:28,530 --> 00:26:33,350
ุฃุณุงู„ูŠุจ ู…ููˆูŽุญู‘ูŽุฏุฉ ู…ุน  certified methodุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ

322
00:26:33,350 --> 00:26:40,030
ุฃู† ู†ุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ุณูˆุงุก ู„ู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต ุฃูˆ ู„ู„ุนู„ุงุฌ

323
00:26:40,030 --> 00:26:41,710
ุงู„ุทุจูŠ

324
00:26:43,870 --> 00:26:50,550
ูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ ู„ู„ู€ NGSP ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ

325
00:26:50,550 --> 00:26:58,090
ุงู„ุทุฑู‚ ุงู„ู…ุนุชู…ุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ู‡ู…ุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ

326
00:26:58,090 --> 00:27:01,470
ู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1C reported as a percentage

327
00:27:01,470 --> 00:27:05,690
ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูุณุชูŽุฎุฏูŽู… ุนู†ุฏู†ุง of total hemoglobin

328
00:27:07,250 --> 00:27:11,630
ู‡ุฐุง ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ NGSP SystemุŒ ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹

329
00:27:11,630 --> 00:27:15,050
ูˆุญุฏุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ุŒ ุจู†ุงุกู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€

330
00:27:15,050 --> 00:27:17,330
International Federation of Clinical Chemistry

331
00:27:17,330 --> 00:27:23,990
ูˆ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูˆุญุฏุงุช ู‡ูŠ ู…ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆู„ ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ุŒ ู…ู„ูŠ ู…ูˆู„

332
00:27:23,990 --> 00:27:30,010
Hemoglobin ู„ูƒู„ ู…ูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin

333
00:27:30,010 --> 00:27:35,310
Multinational

334
00:27:35,310 --> 00:27:36,650
Prospective Study

335
00:27:39,860 --> 00:27:44,500
ูˆ ุฃุธู‡ุฑุช ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจูŠู† ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุบู„ูˆุจูŠู† A1C ูˆ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ

336
00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:49,920
ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุบู„ูˆุจูŠู† A1C ูˆ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุบู„ูˆุจูŠู† A1C ูˆ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ

337
00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:58,040
ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุบู„ูˆุจูŠู† A1C ูˆ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ

338
00:27:58,040 --> 00:28:06,320
ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุบู„ูˆุจูŠู† A1C ูˆ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุบู„ูˆุจูŠู† A1CุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ

339
00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:09,060
ู…ุงุฒุงู„ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง correlationุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„

340
00:28:09,060 --> 00:28:13,760
ุงู„ู€ percentage ู„ู„ู€ hemoglobin A1C ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ุญุฏุฏ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ

341
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:19,100
ุฃูˆ ู†ุนู…ู„ estimation ู„ู€ average glucose ุนู†ุฏ ู‡ุฐุง

342
00:28:19,100 --> 00:28:25,300
ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถุŒ ูˆ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจูˆุถุน ุงู„ู€

343
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:30,060
regression equation ุงู„ุชูŠ

344
00:28:30,060 --> 00:28:35,610
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ formula ุนู†ุฏู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ู€ Estimated Average Glucose

345
00:28:35,610 --> 00:28:41,630
ุจุงู„ู…ูŠู„ูŠ ุบุฑุงู… ุจุงู„ุฏูŠุณูŠู„ุชุฑ ุชุณุงูˆูŠ 28.7 ุถุฑุจ Hemoglobin

346
00:28:41,630 --> 00:28:47,070
A1C ู†ุงู‚ุต 46.7

347
00:28:48,910 --> 00:28:53,990
ูุญุต ุขุฎุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ  ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูุณุชุฎุฏู… ู„ู„ู€ intermediate termุŒ

348
00:28:53,990 --> 00:28:57,770
ุฑุฃูŠู†ุง ุฃู† glucose ู„ู„ู€ short term ูˆ ุฃู†

349
00:28:57,770 --> 00:29:01,490
ุงู„ุฌู„ูŠูƒูŠุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠู…ูˆุฌู„ูˆุจูŠู† ู„ู„ู€ long termุŒ ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง

350
00:29:01,490 --> 00:29:08,230
ุงู„ู€ 1,5-anhydroglucitol ู„ู„ู€ intermediate

351
00:29:08,230 --> 00:29:18,950
termุŒ ูˆ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ูุญุตู†ุง ู„ู„ู€ 1,5-AGุŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนูƒุณ ู„ู†ุง ูƒู…

352
00:29:18,950 --> 00:29:23,730
ูƒุงู†ุช glucose concentration ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ 14

353
00:29:23,730 --> 00:29:33,370
ูŠูˆู… ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ูŠู†.  ุงู„ู€ 15AG ู‡ูˆ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† Deoxy Form of

354
00:29:33,370 --> 00:29:36,770
GlucoseุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุถุญ ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠูุดุชู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ

355
00:29:36,770 --> 00:29:42,490
ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ ุจู†ุฒุน ุงู„ู€ OH groupุŒ  ูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ 1,5

356
00:29:42,490 --> 00:29:44,410
-anhydroglucitol

357
00:29:46,610 --> 00:29:52,490
ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุงู„ู€ 1,5-anhydroglucitolุŸ originates

358
00:29:52,490 --> 00:29:57,750
predominantly from the dietุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุฉ

359
00:29:57,750 --> 00:30:03,170
ุงู„ุฃูƒุจุฑุŒ ุงู„ุฃุนุธู…ุŒ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ dietุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 99.9%

360
00:30:06,060 --> 00:30:13,620
ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุงู„ู€ 1,5-anhydroglucitol ูŠุฎุถุน ู„ู€ filtrationุŒ ูˆ

361
00:30:13,620 --> 00:30:17,120
ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุนูˆุฏ ุทุจุนุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู€  ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ุŒ ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุนูˆุฏ

362
00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:24,420
ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ reabsorption ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู€ SGLT4ุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ Sodium

363
00:30:24,420 --> 00:30:27,040
Dependent Glucose Transporter

364
00:30:29,450 --> 00:30:36,210
ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฌุฑูŠุชุŒ  ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ุช

365
00:30:36,210 --> 00:30:42,500
ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ ุงู„ู„ุนุงุจุŒ ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู€ 1,5 AG

366
00:30:42,500 --> 00:30:48,300
ูˆ ูˆุฌุฏูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูุญุต ุงู„ู€ 1,5 AG ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุนุงุจ

367
00:30:48,300 --> 00:30:56,120
ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุนูƒุณ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€ 1,5 AG ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…

368
00:30:56,120 --> 00:31:01,040
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูุญุต ุงู„ู€ 1,5 AG ููŠ ุงู„ู„ุนุงุจ

369
00:31:02,070 --> 00:31:07,630
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ู„ู„ู€ intermediate ูƒู…ุง

370
00:31:07,630 --> 00:31:11,650
ู‚ู„ู†ุง term of monitoringุŒ ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰

371
00:31:11,650 --> 00:31:14,630
more research

372
00:31:18,410 --> 00:31:22,230
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰

373
00:31:22,230 --> 00:31:24,850
ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ

374
00:31:24,850 --> 00:31:31,970
ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ

375
00:31:31,970 --> 00:31:38,970
ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰

376
00:31:38,970 --> 00:31:39,490
ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ

377
00:31:39,490 --> 00:31:43,810
ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ

378
00:31:43,810 --> 00:31:50,610
ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆุงุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุชุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ู…ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุคุฏูŠ

379
00:31:50,610 --> 00:31:59,450
ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู€ 1,5 AG ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†

380
00:31:59,450 --> 00:32:06,490
ุตุงุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆ ุชุฌุงูˆุฒ ุงู„ู€

381
00:32:06,490 --> 00:32:13,150
ุญุงุฌุฒ 180ุŒ  ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุณูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ู€

382
00:32:13,150 --> 00:32:18,010
reabsorption ู„ู„ู€ 1,5 AGุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุณูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู†ุฎูุงุถ ุงู„ู€ 1

383
00:32:18,010 --> 00:32:25,430
,5-AG ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู…. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ low 1,5-AG indicates

384
00:32:25,430 --> 00:32:30,910
hyperglycemia. ุฅุฐุง ุงู†ุฎูุถ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู€ 1,5-AG ููŠ

385
00:32:30,910 --> 00:32:34,830
ุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต ู„ุฏูŠู‡

386
00:32:34,830 --> 00:32:39,730
hyperglycemia correlated particularly with

387
00:32:39,730 --> 00:32:44,090
postprandial blood glucose concentration

388
00:32:46,800 --> 00:32:53,920
ููŠู‡ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุชู…ู‘ ุนู…ู„ู‡ ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุงู„ู€ 1,5 AGุŒ Automated

389
00:32:53,920 --> 00:33:00,120
Calorimetric AssayุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌู‡ุงุฒ approved ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ FDA

390
00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:07,200
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู€ GlycomarkุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ู€

391
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:12,380
concentration ู„ู„ู€ 1,5 AGุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู†ุญุฏุฏ

392
00:33:12,380 --> 00:33:17,280
ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุดุฎุตุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุงุŒ ููŠ

393
00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:24,460
ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฑุจุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ ูŠูˆู…ุงู‹ ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ูŠู†. ูˆู…ู†

394
00:33:24,460 --> 00:33:32,290
ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‚ูˆุฑู†ุช ู…ุน ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1CุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ

395
00:33:32,290 --> 00:33:38,630
ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู€ 1,5 AG ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠููƒุดู ุนู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช

396
00:33:38,630 --> 00:33:48,990
ุงู„ุชูŠ ูุนู„ูŠุงู‹ ููŠู‡ุง ุงุฑุชูุงุน ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰

397
00:33:48,990 --> 00:33:53,770
ุงู„ุฌู„ูˆูƒูˆุฒุŒ SpikesุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง

398
00:33:53,770 --> 00:33:59,950
postprandial Spikes ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ Hyperglycemia

399
00:34:01,330 --> 00:34:04,510
ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง patient

400
00:34:04,510 --> 00:34:12,550
fifty year old femaleุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1c ูุญุตูˆู‡

401
00:34:12,550 --> 00:34:20,630
ูˆุฌุฏูˆ 7.4 ุจุงู„ู…ุฆุฉุŒ ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูุญุตูˆุง ุงู„ู€

402
00:34:20,630 --> 00:34:24,

445
00:38:28,420 --> 00:38:33,420
ุซู„ุงุซู…ุงุฆุฉ milligram ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณุงุนุฉ

446
00:38:33,420 --> 00:38:40,100
ููŠ ุงู„ู€ type oneุŒ ุงู„ู€ type two diabetes mellitus ุจุฑุถู‡

447
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:44,160
microalbuminuria occurred in 38 percent of

448
00:38:44,160 --> 00:38:49,350
participants in a cohort study. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€ type one ูˆ

449
00:38:49,350 --> 00:38:53,730
ุงู„ู€ type two ุทุจุนุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ complications ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุตูŠุฑ

450
00:38:53,730 --> 00:38:59,170
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ microalbuminuriaุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชุชุทูˆุฑ

451
00:38:59,170 --> 00:39:02,090
ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุจุฑุถู‡ macroalbuminuria

452
00:39:04,610 --> 00:39:08,370
ุงู„ุชุญู‚ู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ diabetic nephropathy ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุฌุงุฑุจ

453
00:39:08,370 --> 00:39:10,650
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุฃู„ุจูˆู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ.

454
00:39:10,650 --> 00:39:13,110

455
00:39:13,110 --> 00:39:15,890

456
00:39:15,890 --> 00:39:19,850

457
00:39:19,850 --> 00:39:20,590

458
00:39:20,590 --> 00:39:20,630

459
00:39:20,630 --> 00:39:21,610

460
00:39:21,610 --> 00:39:25,070
ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุฃู„ุจูˆู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉุŒ ูŠุชู… ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ุŒ ูˆุจู†ุดูˆู ุฅุฐุง

461
00:39:25,070 --> 00:39:31,070
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจุฏุฃุช ุงู„ู€... ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ nephropathy ุฃูˆ

462
00:39:31,070 --> 00:39:35,730
ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุฎู„ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰. Persistent

463
00:39:35,730 --> 00:39:38,930
proteinuria detectable by routine screening

464
00:39:43,120 --> 00:39:46,260
ุงู„ู€ persistent ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ proteinuria ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

465
00:39:46,260 --> 00:39:49,640
ุณู…ู‘ูŠู†ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ macroproteinuria detectable by routine

466
00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:54,020
screening test. ุงู„ุฃู„ุจูˆู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ excretion rate

467
00:39:54,020 --> 00:39:57,360
ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 200 ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุฌุฑุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ

468
00:39:57,360 --> 00:40:03,900
ู…ู† 300 ู…ู„ูŠุฌุฑุงู… ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณุงุนุฉ ุทุจุนุง

469
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:06,660
ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง persistent proteinuriaุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

470
00:40:06,660 --> 00:40:12,620
macroalbuminuriaุŒ ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠูˆุญูŠ ุฃู†ู‡

471
00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:15,820
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง overt diabetic nephropathy

472
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:20,720
ุทุจุนุง ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€... ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ long term

473
00:40:20,720 --> 00:40:24,300
complications associated with long-standing

474
00:40:24,300 --> 00:40:29,220
disease. Once diabetic nephropathy occurs, renal

475
00:40:29,220 --> 00:40:33,260
function deteriorates rapidly and renal

476
00:40:33,260 --> 00:40:38,220
insufficiency evolves. ูˆุทุจุนุง ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุจู€

477
00:40:38,220 --> 00:40:42,040
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ end-stage renal disease ูˆ renal failure

478
00:40:42,920 --> 00:40:46,360
Treatment at this stage can retard the rate of

479
00:40:46,360 --> 00:40:50,240
progression without stopping or reversing the

480
00:40:50,240 --> 00:40:56,320
renal damage. ุนุดุงู†

481
00:40:56,320 --> 00:41:05,020
ู‡ูŠูƒ ุทุจุนุงุŒ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู†ูƒุดู ุนู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ู€

482
00:41:05,020 --> 00:41:08,000
... ุงู„ู€... ุงู„ู€ albuminuriaุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ูŠุนู†ูŠ

483
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:12,460
ุชุณู…ู‰ ุณุงุจู‚ุง microalbuminuriaุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู†

484
00:41:12,460 --> 00:41:18,520
ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠู‡ ูุฑุตุฉ ู„ู„ุชุฏุฎู„ ูˆู…ู†ุน ุญุฏูˆุซ ุงู„ู€... ุงู„ู€ renal

485
00:41:18,520 --> 00:41:19,640
failure

486
00:41:22,040 --> 00:41:24,860
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ preceding this stageุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€

487
00:41:24,860 --> 00:41:28,200
macroalbuminuriaุŒ ููŠู‡ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ of increased

488
00:41:28,200 --> 00:41:32,720
albumin excretion rate not detected by routine

489
00:41:32,720 --> 00:41:36,720
dipstick methods. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุงุฏูŠุฉ

490
00:41:36,720 --> 00:41:40,560
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจู†ูุญุต ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู€ proteinุŒ ูˆุงู„ู€ dipstick ู…ุด ู…ู…ูƒู†

491
00:41:40,560 --> 00:41:45,140
ุฃู† ู†ู‚ุฏุฑ ู†ุนู…ู„ detection ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู†

492
00:41:45,530 --> 00:41:48,430
ุงู„ุฃู„ุจูˆู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูŠุชุฑุงูˆุญ ุจูŠู† ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฆุชูŠู† microgram

493
00:41:48,430 --> 00:41:52,270
ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุฃูˆ ุซู„ุงุซูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซู…ุงุฆุฉ milligram ู„ูƒู„

494
00:41:52,270 --> 00:41:57,090
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฑุจุน ูˆุนุดุฑูŠู† ุณุงุนุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

495
00:41:57,090 --> 00:42:02,610
ู‚ู„ู†ุง microalbuminuriaุŒ ุฃูˆ albuminuria. Current

496
00:42:02,610 --> 00:42:04,490
nomenclature has eliminated the term

497
00:42:04,490 --> 00:42:09,750
microalbuminuria. ุฅู† macroalbuminuria ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ุขู† ู„ุฃู†ู‡

498
00:42:09,750 --> 00:42:14,610
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุชูู‡ู… ุฎุทุฃ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ microalbuminuria ุชู…ุงู…ุง

499
00:42:14,610 --> 00:42:17,330
ุฃู†ู‡ ุจู†ุญูƒูŠ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู† albumin ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ

500
00:42:17,330 --> 00:42:22,790
microุŒ ุฃูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ ูˆุงุณุชุจุฏู„ูˆู‡ ุจุงู„ู€ albuminuriaุŒ ู„ูƒู†

501
00:42:22,790 --> 00:42:26,110
ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุขู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู†ุงุณ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุจุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ micro

502
00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:29,010
albuminuria ูˆุงู„ู€ macroalbuminuria

503
00:42:31,210 --> 00:42:33,510
ุชู…ุงู…. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ macroalbuminuria

504
00:42:33,510 --> 00:42:37,850
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูƒูˆู† misleadingุŒ ุขู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุง ุจูŠุชูู‡ู…

505
00:42:37,850 --> 00:42:42,310
ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญ ุจุดูƒู„ ุตุญูŠุญ. implies a small version of the

506
00:42:42,310 --> 00:42:45,970
albumin molecule rather than an excretion rate of

507
00:42:45,970 --> 00:42:49,590
albumin greater than normal but less than detectable

508
00:42:49,590 --> 00:42:53,570
by routine methods. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู†ูู‡ู… ุฅู† micro ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡

509
00:42:53,570 --> 00:42:57,910
ุฅู† ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฒูŠ ู†ุณุฎุฉุŒ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุฃุตุบุฑุŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู†

510
00:42:57,910 --> 00:43:03,180
ุงู„ู€ albumin ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ. ูˆุจุชุงุนุŒ ุนู„ุดุงู† ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ micro

511
00:43:03,180 --> 00:43:07,240
albuminuriaุŒ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู„ุง ูŠูุญุจู‘ุฐ ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุŒ ู„ูƒู†

512
00:43:07,240 --> 00:43:12,180
ุฅุญู†ุง ุงู„ุฏุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู„ูŠ... ุงู„ู„ูŠ ูุนู„ูŠุง ุจูŠุณุชุฎุฏู… ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู€ micro

513
00:43:12,180 --> 00:43:18,020
albuminuria ุทุจุนุง

514
00:43:18,020 --> 00:43:27,180
ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ู‡ูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุฑูˆุฑ ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ albumin ุนุจุฑ

515
00:43:28,810 --> 00:43:32,310
ุงู„ู€ glomerulusุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† tuft of capillaries

516
00:43:32,310 --> 00:43:35,830
ุฒูŠ ู…ุง ุฃู†ุชู… ุนุงุฑููŠู†ุŒ ูˆุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู€

517
00:43:35,830 --> 00:43:44,710
wall filtration ู„ู„ู€ bloodุŒ ูˆููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุทุจุนุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ

518
00:43:44,710 --> 00:43:51,610
ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู€ proteins ุงู„ู„ูŠ molecular weight ุฃู‚ู„

519
00:43:51,610 --> 00:43:51,890
ู…ู†

520
00:43:54,810 --> 00:44:01,290
ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุณุชูŠู† ูƒูŠู„ูˆุฏุงู„ุชูˆู†ุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ู€... ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู†

521
00:44:01,290 --> 00:44:05,430
ุณุชูŠู† ูƒูŠู„ูˆุฏุงู„ุชูˆู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุง ุจูŠุณู„ู‘ุญู‡ูˆุด filtrationุŒ ุจูุถู„ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ

522
00:44:05,430 --> 00:44:09,050
ุจุงู„ุฏู…ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุณู„ูƒ filtrationุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุจูŠุตูŠุฑ

523
00:44:09,050 --> 00:44:15,290
ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€... ุงู„ู€ pores ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€

524
00:44:15,290 --> 00:44:21,790
capillariesุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุจูŠุณู…ุญ ุจู…ุฑูˆุฑ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

525
00:44:21,790 --> 00:44:26,290
proteins ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ molecular weight ุจุชุงุนุชู‡ุง ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู†

526
00:44:26,290 --> 00:44:31,310
ุณุชูŠู† ูƒูŠู„ูˆุฏุงู„ุชูˆู†ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ albuminุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ

527
00:44:31,310 --> 00:44:37,710
ุจู†ู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุตูŠุฑ ููŠ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง concentration ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡

528
00:44:37,710 --> 00:44:44,590
ุงู„ู€ proteins ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urine. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ู…ุชุงุจุนุชู†ุง ู„ูƒู…ูŠุงุช

529
00:44:44,590 --> 00:44:49,610
ุงู„ุฃู„ุจูˆู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุณู„ูƒ excretion ููŠ ุงู„ู€ urine ุจุชุนุทูŠ

530
00:44:49,610 --> 00:44:55,070
indication ุนู† ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู€ microvessels ููŠ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰

531
00:44:55,070 --> 00:45:00,130
ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ุงู„ู€ risk ู„ู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ diabetic

532
00:45:00,130 --> 00:45:04,310
nephropathyุŒ ุฃูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุง ุจุงู„ู€ end-stage renal

533
00:45:04,310 --> 00:45:08,250
disease. ูŠุจู‚ู‰ persistent albumin excretion rate

534
00:45:08,250 --> 00:45:12,410
greater than 20 microgram per minute represents a

535
00:45:12,410 --> 00:45:16,330
twenty-fold greater risk for the development of

536
00:45:16,330 --> 00:45:22,260
clinically overt renal disease. ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุฅู† ุงู„ู€

537
00:45:22,260 --> 00:45:25,920
excretion ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุนุดุฑูŠู† microgram ุจุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰

538
00:45:25,920 --> 00:45:31,780
ู…ุนู†ุงุชู‡ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ู‡ุฐุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุงู„ู€ risk ุนุดุฑูŠู† ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ

539
00:45:31,780 --> 00:45:36,880
ู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ kidney diseaseุŒ ูˆุจุงู„ู€ patients ููŠ

540
00:45:36,880 --> 00:45:44,460
ุงู„ู€ type 1 ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ type 2ุŒูˆุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุฃูƒุฏุช

541
00:45:44,460 --> 00:45:48,240
ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุงู…ุŒ ูˆุฃูƒุฏุช ุฅู† ุงู„ู€ increased urinary albumin

542
00:45:48,240 --> 00:45:50,840
excretion in patients with diabetes mellitus

543
00:45:50,840 --> 00:45:54,060
precedes and is highly predictive of diabetic

544
00:45:54,060 --> 00:45:56,800
nephropathy, end-stage renal disease,

545
00:45:57,400 --> 00:46:02,280
cardiovascular mortalityุŒ ูˆุงู„ู€ total mortality

546
00:46:02,280 --> 00:46:03,580
ุจุดูƒู„ ุนุงู…

547
00:46:06,170 --> 00:46:13,290
ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูุนู„ูŠุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุชู… ุงู„ูƒุดู

548
00:46:13,290 --> 00:46:22,650
ุนู† ุงู„ู€ albuminuriaุŒ ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุนู„ุงุฌูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠู‚ู„ู„

549
00:46:22,650 --> 00:46:26,730
ู…ู† ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุดุฎุต ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ุง ุจู€ kidney disease

550
00:46:26,730 --> 00:46:33,750
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฏุฑุงุณุชูŠู†ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง DCCT ูˆ UKPDS

551
00:46:33,750 --> 00:46:37,910
ู‡ุงุฏูˆู„ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุชูŠู† ุฃุธู‡ุฑูˆุง ุฅู†ู‡ intensive diabetes

552
00:46:37,910 --> 00:46:41,470
therapy can significantly reduce the risk of

553
00:46:41,470 --> 00:46:45,230
development of increased albumin excretion rate

554
00:46:45,230 --> 00:46:48,290
and overt nephropathy in individuals with diabetes

555
00:46:48,290 --> 00:46:58,730
ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฏุฎู„ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูุนู„ูŠุง ูŠู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู„ู€

556
00:46:58,730 --> 00:47:03,910
nephropathyุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฅุตุงุจุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ renal diseaseุŒ ุนุดุงู†

557
00:47:03,910 --> 00:47:09,810
ู‡ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู…ุชุงุจุนุฉ ู„ู…ุณุชูˆูŠุงุช ุงู„ู€ albumin ุจุงู„ู€ urine ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ

558
00:47:12,210 --> 00:47:17,870
ุจุฑุถู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ excretion ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ albumin

559
00:47:17,870 --> 00:47:24,850
ุจุงู„ู€ urine ุจุฑุถู‡ ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉ ุจุงู„ู€ cardiovascular diseases

560
00:47:24,850 --> 00:47:28,770
ุจุฑุถู‡ุŒ ูˆุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ albumin excretion rate

561
00:47:28,770 --> 00:47:32,950
identifies a group of non-diabetic subjects at

562
00:47:32,950 --> 00:47:39,830
increased risk for coronary artery disease. ูˆูƒู…ุงู†

563
00:47:39,830 --> 00:47:44,050
ุญุชู‰ ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุด ู…ุตุงุจูŠู†

564
00:47:44,050 --> 00:47:52,570
ุจุงู„ู€ diabetesุŒ ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูุญุต ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฎุทุฑ

565
00:47:52,570 --> 00:47:57,110
ุฅุตุงุจุชู‡ู… ุจุงู„ู€ coronary artery disease ู…ู† ุงู„ู€

566
00:47:57,110 --> 00:47:59,930
interventions. ุงู„ู€ control of blood glucose

567
00:47:59,930 --> 00:48:05,250
concentration ูˆ blood pressureุŒ particularly with

568
00:48:05,250 --> 00:48:09,860
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorsุŒ ุนุดุงู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ

569
00:48:09,860 --> 00:48:15,660
ู‡ูŠ ู…ู† ู…ุฎูุถุฉุŒ ุทุจุนุง ุฃุฏูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฎูุถุฉ ู„ู€ ุงู„ุถุบุท. Slow the

570
00:48:15,660 --> 00:48:22,580
rate of decline in renal function. ูˆู‡ู†ุง

571
00:48:22,580 --> 00:48:25,920
ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุชูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุญูƒูŠู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ู…ุŒ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

572
00:48:25,920 --> 00:48:31,720
ุงู„ู€ DCCT ูˆุงู„ู€ UKPDSุŒ ูˆููŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃูŠุถุงุŒ Kumamoto

573
00:48:33,340 --> 00:48:36,500
ุงู„ุชุฎููŠุถ ููŠ ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1C ูŠุนู†ูŠ ู‡ูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ

574
00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:40,840
ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุŒ ู…ู† ูฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ูง.ูขุŒ ู‚ู„ู„ ุงู„ู€ incidence of

575
00:48:40,840 --> 00:48:44,180
complications ู„ู„ู€ retinopathy ุจู†ุณุจุฉ ูฆูฃูชุŒ ู†ูุฑูˆุจุงุซูŠ

576
00:48:44,180 --> 00:48:48,740
ุจู†ุณุจุฉ ูฅูคูชุŒ ู†ูŠูˆุฑูˆุจุงุซูŠ ุจู†ุณุจุฉ ูฆู ูชุŒ ูˆุงู„ู€ cardiovascular

577
00:48:48,740 --> 00:48:54,380
disease ุจู†ุณุจุฉ ูคูกูช. ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‚ู„ู„ูˆุง ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin

578
00:48:54,380 --> 00:48:58,520
A1C ู…ู† ูฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ูง ุจุฑุถู‡ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ complications

579
00:48:58,520 --> 00:49:04,700
ุจุงู„ู€ retinopathy ูˆุงู„ู€ nephropathyุŒ ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ุญุณู‘ู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ

580
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:11,940
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจุŒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู€ neurons. ูˆุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ

581
00:49:11,940 --> 00:49:16,820
ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ู‚ู„ู„ูˆุง ุงู„ู€ hemoglobin A1C ู…ู† ุซู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุณุจุนุฉ

582
00:49:16,820 --> 00:49:21,940
ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุจุฑุถู‡ ู‚ู„ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู€ incidence ู„ู€ ุงู„ู€ complications

583
00:49:21,940 --> 00:49:25,680
ุฒูŠ ุงู„ู€ retinopathy ูˆุงู„ู€ nephropathy ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ู€

584
00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:28,440
cardiovascular disease

585
00:49:31,150 --> 00:49:34,870
ู‡ูŠูƒ ุจู†ูƒูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู‡ูŠ ู…ุญุงุถุฑุฉ ุงู„ู€ diabetes

586
00:49:34,870 --> 00:49:39,710
mellitus ุงู„ุฌุฒุฆูŠู†ุŒ ูˆุจูŠุถู„ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู€ case studies ุงู„ู„ูŠ

587
00:49:39,710 --> 00:49:46,350
ู‡ู†ุดูˆู ุฅู† ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ู„ู‚ุงุก ุงู„ูˆุฌุงู‡ูŠุŒ ูˆูŠุนุทูŠูƒู… ุฃู„ู

588
00:49:46,350 --> 00:49:46,910
ุนุงููŠุฉ