PL9fwy3NUQKwZ52Wxrug71SHLnFjqhlVJc/EJlqlJkLb9c_raw.srt

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Good morning everybody. Good. Nice to see you

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today. How is poetry like with you? Good?

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Are you ready with your reports, responses?

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Not yet? You are rewriting them again or what? But

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I told you from the very beginning, you have to

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make them ready all the time. Now imagine I

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collect all of them now, what would you do? And I

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started marking them.

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So those who are ready, bring them here. Those who

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are not ready, I don't know, it's up to you. But I

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need them today, yes. Your response? Huh? No, I'm

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not taking them next time, you know?

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Okay. You have to submit them today, but before,

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like, here, you submit them here. Okay? Your

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reports and your responses.

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All the reports, I said.

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I told you, like, the reports and the response

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should be every day with you. Okay, go ahead.

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Okay. As a teacher, I have two coffee mugs. The

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other one, I'll bring home. I'll bring the plate.

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Okay.

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No,

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you just give all of them. Okay, good.

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Okay, so let's start. I'm going to like to pick

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out here.

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So she didn't write anything.

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This is yours? Okay, come and read it.

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The Daffodils. William Wordworth, the sensitive

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and romantic poet. At the beginning, he was very

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sad and had a deep pain of loneliness there.

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However, something changed him from the sorrow to

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the pleasure completely. It is the daffodils which

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fluttering and dancing in the breeze. The poet is

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an emotional man who feels the daffodils which are

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ordinary to anyone. Because of the romanticism era

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which had those poets who have the eye, the

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emotional eye and the musical eye. Is it a report

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or response? Yes, no, it's a report about the last

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pictures. Yeah, but I don't see any reporting, you

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know, it is like, it sounds like a response. Is

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that a report or response? Report. But it's not

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like, it doesn't have a report in a way. Okay,

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thank you. Yes. Yes, you.

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I appreciate like some people think that it is

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very frightening to stand here. And I understand

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her fear, you know, it's not easy. Yesterday when

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I was writing my daily report, Write in my daily

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report I imagined myself in front of the camera

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and I found that it's very frightening situation I

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decided that I wanted to read my report in the

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next lecture to break this frightening and I

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really will do that That's why she decided you

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know Now when I stand up in front of the camera

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it's more bitter of my imagination Anyway last

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lecture I was absent because I was very ill but I

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watched it on my computer Last lecture was a nice

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one. At the first, Dr. Akram asked about our

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report and chose some students randomly. Then he

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explained what was explained in the previous

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lecture by some students. There was an atmosphere

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of activity and participation. The time of lecture

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passed very quickly and the doctor asked us if we

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have any questions about this poem. Then he left

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the class. Okay. Yes. Yes.

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Saturday's class was a memorable day for me, since

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Dr. Akram started his lecture choosing randomly

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students to report. And this was my turn to do.

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Really, I don't remember anything except myself

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reporting. After the class finished... Did I

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choose you last time? Many students asked me the

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same question that Dr. Akram asked, why I was

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shivering. The truth that I had to change some

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words in the middle of my report. Therefore, in

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the middle, I reported orally. I was afraid not to

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find the appropriate words. I learned from that

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situation that I have to do what I have to do

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without any change. Why didn't you submit it

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quickly? Because I... Where is that?

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Okay, do not submit any now, you know, that's it.

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Good. So today we're going like to see, huh? No,

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realize them at home, you know. Okay, today we're

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going to see the Victorian poetry. When we're

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talking about Victorian age or Victorian poetry,

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like, why do we call it Victorian?

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Yeah, Queen Victoria, like,

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took over. Queen Victoria took over in 1837.

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And she died 1901. So she ruled England for a very

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long time. Now, the Victorian Age was a different

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age. It witnessed many revolutions. It witnessed

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like the scientific revolution, the industrial

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revolution, Like many revolutions in that age, and

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even religious revolution, it was characterized by

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a great deal of skepticism and uncertainty.

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Why? Why do you think, you know, what was

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happening in the Victorian Age? As we saw in the

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Romantic period,

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I mean, the Industrial Revolution started to

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change the nature of life. So this continued. This

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case continued in the Victorian Age. Yes? In the

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Victorian Age, just like you said, it continued,

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but it was even more complicated. It was worse?

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Yeah, it was more like deep in the society. So it

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created a lot of problems. It became even worse

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and there were a lot of things to deal with. So

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the poets or the literary writers, they felt like

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they need to tackle these problems. They need to

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bring them to light and to find something. Okay,

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what are these problems? You know, thank you for

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mentioning problems, yes?

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and the government treated the country as if it

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was their own property. And they didn't allow the

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new generation and young generation, especially

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the educated people, to make their way through the

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government. They made like. So they monopolized.

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They made a lot of educational institutions, but

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they didn't use the educated people in the

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government. So they created a problem for

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themselves. So there was class division, you know.

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You know, there was hierarchy and social

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hierarchy. We're talking about high class, the

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aristocratic. We are talking about an emerging

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class, which is called, you know, the middle

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class, the Philistines or the Philistines, you

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know, those materialistic people and the other,

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the lay people, you know, the other people. Okay,

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so you're talking about the ills, the problems,

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the abuses. Do you have anything like in mind

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about the abuses? You know, who was abused? Women

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were abused. Children were abused in factories.

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What else? But what was like the radical or the

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element which changed, you know, the whole life of

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the people? Religion, what happened to religion?

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Yeah, the church was corrupted and we saw that

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corruption in the Victorian Age.

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What do you mean secularism? Like people became

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very secular? Okay, what made them become very

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secular? After Darwin, okay, Darwin, who was

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Darwin? Now, if you remember, like the 18th

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century was, I mean, all the changes came from

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physics and mathematics, but now the changes in

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life came from biology. Darwin, who came up with

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his theory, which is the evolution of species, the

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development of species. And in this theory, he

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speculated that the origin of man was a descending

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monkey. So this changed. This was a fatal blow to

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a creed which presupposed that God was a man. If

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you are saying that God was a man, here you see

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the result. Man, man's image, this image which was

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maintained by the Elizabethan, man was seen by the

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Elizabethan as a paragon of animals. Man was the

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best, the most balanced. Now man is Like only an

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animal, it is, you know, like a descendant,

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developed species. A developed species. So this

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made people feel like what? They are uncertain

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about what will happen to them. About what will

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happen to them. And there were many theories like

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man, there is no... You know, this means like

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there is no life thereafter. You know, there is no

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doomsday. So all of this created a kind of

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uncertainty. And people were like very suspicious.

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If you don't have religion, because religion is

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like a walking stick. So if you don't have

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religion, you mean you lose balance in life. And

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this state of uncertainty was caught by the poets,

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the Victorian poets. Tennyson was a main Victorian

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poet. In his poem Immemoriam, it's a famous poem,

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he said, I'm an infant crying in the night, crying

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for the light. See what I mean? The light was

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religion. So people's lives were governed by

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materialistic forces. Everything. People were

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exploited. There was a great deal of exploitation.

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So that was the case. Poets like Tennyson wrote

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poetry of entrapment, poetry of being imprisoned.

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So they were highly philosophical. They were

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looking for a solution. Matthew Arnold thought

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that culture was a solution because there was no

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religion. So he tried

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to call people, to call poets, to write poetry of

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culture, to write poetry of aesthetics. And he

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thought that poetry was the religion of the

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future. This is what he thought. So as an

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introduction, today we're going to see two poems

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as an introduction to Victorian poetry, a poem

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which you are familiar with called The Eagle, it's

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here, and Dover Beach. So I'm giving these as

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introduction because we are studying in this

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course, Hardy, the oxen. You see? This is like the

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Victorian. So this is today, these two poems are

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like introduction to the age. Who can read this

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poem?

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Yes?

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Yes?

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He clasps the crag with crocked hands, close to

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the sun in lonely lands. Ringed with the azure

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word, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath him

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crawls. He watches from his mountain walls, and

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like a thunderbolt, he falls. What is he talking

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about? The eagle. Okay, what is the attitude of

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the poet, you know? Of the poet, sorry. Yes, he is

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speaking about the eagle and how he is free and

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can do whatever he wants to do. So what is the

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attitude of the poet? Maybe he is envious. Yeah,

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he is envious of the eagle. Why? Because he feels

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that he is imprisoned and cannot do anything like

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the eagle. So the eagle has the freedom So how did

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you reach that interpretation? He can

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see the wrinkles beneath him closed. So he can see

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it's from when he's flying.

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So yes. Do you think is it a positive or a

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negative image of the eagle here? Positive. How do

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you know it is positive? It is negative, yes? Like

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Hughes, she says it's negative. What do you mean

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by negative? Because he said close

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to the sun in lonely hands. You see how the eagle

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can be so close and raised so high in the sky, but

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at the end he will fall. Yeah. He falls. He falls.

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I think here he talks about the human eagle. Aha,

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the human eagle. Yes. So man can rise and then

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abruptly fall.

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Okay, I think here, like here, the way he's

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presenting the eagle is very majestic. You know,

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his attitude is one of envy. Yes, you're right.

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One of admiration. He's personifying the eagle. He

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clasps. What does it mean, clasp? Look at the, you

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know, the letters here. He clasps the crag. Look

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at the alliteration. So all the alliteration has

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to do with power. Power, you know, the powerful

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clutch. He clasped the crag with crooked hands.

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Crooked hands like this. Crooked hands. close to

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the sun in lonely lands, and then he goes up

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there, close to the, you know, up, up, ring with

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the azure world, like the highest, you know, in

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the highest atmosphere. The sea beneath him, you

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know, is crawling. The sea beneath him is like a

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child which is crawling, is weak, very feeble. So

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look here, the power of the eagle is stressed.

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Now, he watches from his mountain walls, and he

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watches, and like a thunderbolt, he falls. So why

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is he envious of the eagle?

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Yes? Because he lacks what the eagle has, freedom,

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the ability to catch and do things. And all of

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this, yes, he lacks the freedom. So this is a

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metaphoric expression of man's ability in the

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Victorian Age to leave this sense of entrapment,

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sense of imprisonment. They were psychologically

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imprisoned. As you said, the intellectuals were

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not given the chance. The intellectuals felt that

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they were imprisoned by the emergent philosophies,

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the emergent values, the church, the corruption,

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the evil forces. Because when we are talking about

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materialism, we are talking about the evil forces

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that clash at night. you know, monopoly,

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exploitation. Okay? So this is just... In this

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short poem, Tennyson was trying to show that, you

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know, the Victorian mind was crippled. You know,

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you are not like the eagle. The eagle has the

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freedom to go up, to come down, but you are

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entrapped. You are psychologically entrapped. And

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this shows how, you know, the people were

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suffering. Matthew Arnold, in his poem, Dover

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Beach, was looking for an answer. You know,

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Matthew Arnold was looking for an answer. He

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wanted

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like people to change. So at the end of the poem,

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he was crying. What was he crying? Matthew Arnold.

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No, no. Have you ever read Dover Beach? Do you

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know Dover Beach? Have you ever read Dover Beach?

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Now, he cried, ah, love, let us be true to one

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another for the world. I mean, in his poem, he

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depicts, you know, clearly, an image of what was

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the Victorian Age like. It was an age of richness

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and misery. It was an age of many theories, but a

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great deal of skepticism,

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doubt.

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So this is here, as you see in this poem.

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He represents the Victorian Age. This is the past.

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was okay. The past of the Victorian Age was okay.

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I mean, the early Victorian Age was okay, but the

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late Victorian Age was full of suffering, agony.

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Here, the word he portrays is a deceptive word. A

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word which was rich from the outside, but, you

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know, impoverished from the inside.a world which

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was beautiful, rich, like buildings, factories,

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roads, the railway,

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a lot of commercial transactions. So England

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became the richest country in the world. Even

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England became the empire because they became the

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largest empire. It was at the expense of the

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people themselves. The sea is calm tonight. The

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tide is full.

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Everything was beautiful. It's very romantic. The

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sea is calm tonight. The tide is full. The moon

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lights fair upon the straits on the French coast.

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The light gleams on his gun, the cliffs of

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England. So I think this reminds us of Wordsworth.

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It's an image of harmony where everything is

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glowing. And like, in fact, in this poem, he was

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with his wife in a hotel near Dover Beach. And

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suddenly he tells her, come, come. Come. Sweet is

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the night air. Sweet is the night air. But

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suddenly he heard a voice. Only from the line of

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spray where the sea meets the moon, blanched land.

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Listen, you hear the grating roar. What is the

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grating roar? Of the pebbles. You know, because

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00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:36,480
the waves are throwing the pebbles, the stones.

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And what does this make? Grating roar. You know?

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And this contradicts with what? Contradicts with

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the serenity, the tranquility of the sea is gone.

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So metaphorically, he wanted to show how the

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Victorian Age was from the outside lovely,

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beautiful, but from the inside, It was terrible,

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you know? So the Great Engrower is a

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metaphor of the withdrawal of religion, the

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withdrawal of the moral values, and the advent of

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selfishness, hypocrisy, abuses, you know? So he

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did that in a very good way.

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And this begins and ceases. It is monotonous. It

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begins and ceases. You know, it is persistent. It

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is not just one time. It is persistent. It keeps

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revisiting. Begins and ceases and then begins

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again with tremulous cadence. It is not

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systematic. So when something is not systematic,

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it is not unexpected. It is abrupt. And then it

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brings the eternal note of sadness. This makes me

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sad. It reminds me. So the sound of the waves

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throwing the pebbles reminds him of what? It made

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him sad. Why? What did this sound remind him of?

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It reminded him of the problems of the Victorian

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Age. It made him sad. Because sometimes when you

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see something lovely, okay? Okay. You forget your

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trouble, like what happened to Wordsworth, and my

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heart dances with the devils. But here, when he

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heard this roaring sound, he remembered the

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problems, the corruption, the problems of his age,

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and he started complaining. He became very sad.

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And he started to generalize that by saying,

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Sophocles, long ago, heard it. This eternal

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sadness, this note, this sadness is there. As if

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he wants to say, this sadness, the corruption, the

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abuses have been there since the dawn of history.

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See? And Sophocles, do you know anything about

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Sophocles? Sophocles. He was a Greek, playwright,

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philosopher. What did he write? Oedipus? Antigone?

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Have you heard of Antigone? I'll be telling you

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later because I think here we have an illusion of

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Antigone who was a lady who was engaged to her

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cousin, but her cousin, I mean, Phyllis, I think,

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wanted to protest against his uncle, the king, I

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mean, the father of Antigone. So he, the king

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sentenced him to death and ordered that his body

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should not be buried. So Antigone was in a moral

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conflict whether to obey her father, you see the

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orders of her uncle, father, you know, it is

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uncle, sorry, not father, or to bury her, you

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00:28:41,980 --> 00:28:47,140
know, the body of her brother. And finally, she

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decided to bury. She was herself, you know,

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executed. She was the fiancé of you know, the

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king's son. So the king was in a moral conflict

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also. You know what's been a moral conflict? It's

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a conflict between two rights, whether to respect,

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you know, the law of his country or to respect his

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own feelings and passion. But finally, so it is a

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00:29:14,110 --> 00:29:20,350
story of death, sadness. This is the allusion in

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this poem.

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And he said, we also find, we here in England, we

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find this note of human misery. The sea of faith,

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and here, this is very essential, the sea of

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00:29:35,420 --> 00:29:40,160
faith. The sea of faith. What does he mean by the

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sea of faith? Because here, we're talking about a

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00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:49,260
metaphoric sea. The sea of faith should what?

371
00:29:49,320 --> 00:29:53,340
Should have fish? Fish and chips? What is the sea

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00:29:53,340 --> 00:29:58,160
of faith? What do you think? If we assume that we

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have a sea of faith, what would it be like? The

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00:30:02,740 --> 00:30:08,660
sea of faith religion? Morality? Values? So let's

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00:30:08,660 --> 00:30:12,460
say if we have the sea of faith as full, so it

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00:30:12,460 --> 00:30:18,580
means we have love? Respect, piety, passion,

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00:30:19,340 --> 00:30:24,260
compassion. Okay, we have all this. Now when the

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00:30:24,260 --> 00:30:27,120
sea of faith is full, it means people, we have a

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00:30:27,120 --> 00:30:30,000
good society. But when the sea of faith is

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00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:33,600
retreating, it's a problem. So how was the sea of

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00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:37,360
faith in England during the late Victorian period?

382
00:30:38,580 --> 00:30:42,260
How was it? It was like there was no sea of faith.

383
00:30:42,580 --> 00:30:46,500
It was retreating. It was evaporating. And this is

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00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:50,880
what happened here. The sea of faith was once two

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00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:56,080
at the full round earth shore, lay like the folds

386
00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:59,840
of bright girded fern. It was full. At the

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00:30:59,840 --> 00:31:02,980
beginning of the Victorian Age, the sea of faith

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00:31:02,980 --> 00:31:08,290
was full. But now, this is the problem. Now, I

389
00:31:08,290 --> 00:31:13,030
hear its melancholy, long-withdrawing roar,

390
00:31:14,970 --> 00:31:20,730
retreating to the breath. It is retreating, like

391
00:31:20,730 --> 00:31:28,290
evaporating of the night down the vast, you know,

392
00:31:28,410 --> 00:31:33,450
edges. It is evaporating and naked shingles of the

393
00:31:33,450 --> 00:31:37,700
world and it leaves us like Uncovered,

394
00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:38,380
unprotected.

395
00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,040
Then this is what he's calling, how can we

396
00:31:45,040 --> 00:31:50,960
overcome this problem or dilemma? He's calling a

397
00:31:50,960 --> 00:31:55,860
love. A love, people, friends, you know, let us be

398
00:31:55,860 --> 00:32:01,490
true. to one another. Let us be true. For the

399
00:32:01,490 --> 00:32:04,570
world, this is the Victorian Age. This is how the

400
00:32:04,570 --> 00:32:08,470
Victorian Age was. For the world, which seems to

401
00:32:08,470 --> 00:32:13,830
lie before us like a land with dreams. That was

402
00:32:13,830 --> 00:32:17,650
the, exactly, that was, you know, a perfect

403
00:32:17,650 --> 00:32:21,210
expression of the Victorian Age. It was like the

404
00:32:21,210 --> 00:32:23,610
land of dreams. What is like the land of dreams?

405
00:32:26,260 --> 00:32:32,480
So what distinguishes the land of dream? It's

406
00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:37,380
beautiful? It's beautiful. It's attractive, but it

407
00:32:37,380 --> 00:32:44,220
is unreal. It is deceptive. It is illusive. That

408
00:32:44,220 --> 00:32:47,680
was the Victorian Age. He was referring to the

409
00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:53,820
beauty, to the richness of the age, but It was,

410
00:32:55,120 --> 00:32:58,840
you know, from the inside, it was hollow. People

411
00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:01,880
didn't have the faith. It was hollow.

412
00:33:05,080 --> 00:33:08,160
And Allah let us be true to one another for the

413
00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:11,620
world which seems to lie before us like a land of

414
00:33:11,620 --> 00:33:15,620
dreams, so various, so beautiful, so new. It was

415
00:33:15,620 --> 00:33:19,900
rich. Buildings, institutions, factories, plants.

416
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:24,440
It was rich. And if you go to England now, so it

417
00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:27,640
is still Victorian. Because the Victorian, you

418
00:33:27,640 --> 00:33:31,200
know, most of the roads and the buildings were

419
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:35,140
Victorian. So the Victorian Age was like the age

420
00:33:35,140 --> 00:33:38,970
of the empire itself. So various, so beautiful, so

421
00:33:38,970 --> 00:33:43,970
new. Has really no joy. So here he is diagnosing.

422
00:33:44,230 --> 00:33:49,730
It has no joy, nor love, nor light. As if he is

423
00:33:49,730 --> 00:33:54,130
trying to tell us, no social cooperation, no

424
00:33:54,130 --> 00:33:57,670
social conjugation, no love, no light, no

425
00:33:57,670 --> 00:33:58,070
religion.

426
00:34:01,250 --> 00:34:04,510
No certitude. It's an age of skepticism because of

427
00:34:04,510 --> 00:34:07,390
these theories. The theories of Darwin, the

428
00:34:07,390 --> 00:34:11,090
theories of Huxley, the theories of Tyndale. Like

429
00:34:11,090 --> 00:34:14,690
all those who are scientists who said even if one

430
00:34:14,690 --> 00:34:18,310
man dies, the body will disintegrate and that's

431
00:34:18,310 --> 00:34:19,010
it. This is the end.

432
00:34:22,900 --> 00:34:26,940
No certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain. And we

433
00:34:26,940 --> 00:34:31,340
are here, as on a darkened plain, swept. We are

434
00:34:31,340 --> 00:34:35,640
victims. We are swept with the confused alarm of

435
00:34:35,640 --> 00:34:40,860
struggle and flight. It's a metonymy of the forces

436
00:34:40,860 --> 00:34:45,060
of evil, the forces of exploitation, the forces of

437
00:34:45,060 --> 00:34:49,420
monopoly. where ignorant armies clash at night,

438
00:34:49,580 --> 00:34:52,720
where they're planning against us. So that was the

439
00:34:52,720 --> 00:34:57,740
Victorian Age. It was an age of corruption,

440
00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:03,160
hypocrisy, skepticism, an age of, you know, lack

441
00:35:03,160 --> 00:35:09,860
of certitude. But it was rich. Okay. Now,

442
00:35:10,640 --> 00:35:15,150
Tennyson, as we said, As we said in the poem,

443
00:35:15,250 --> 00:35:19,310
Eagle, he was like, all those intellectual people

444
00:35:19,310 --> 00:35:23,790
were, they had this feeling of entrapment. So they

445
00:35:23,790 --> 00:35:26,530
wrote poetry to capture the spirit of the age.

446
00:35:27,650 --> 00:35:31,030
Now, I hope that today's lecture is only an

447
00:35:31,030 --> 00:35:34,310
introduction to Hardy because Hardy was a

448
00:35:34,310 --> 00:35:36,690
Victorian poet,

449
00:35:37,810 --> 00:35:42,240
you know, who wrote who started his career by

450
00:35:42,240 --> 00:35:46,000
writing novels, but he ended his career by writing

451
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:49,820
poetry because he thought poetry gives the

452
00:35:49,820 --> 00:35:52,420
messages quickly. So next time, we're going to

453
00:35:52,420 --> 00:35:55,920
study Hardy, The Oxen. But this time, we're going

454
00:35:55,920 --> 00:36:01,300
to conduct stylistic analysis. Okay? If you look

455
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:06,760
at Hardy, there is stylistic analysis. Okay? It

456
00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:10,600
will be your presentation. Good. So thank you very

457
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:14,620
much. Do you have any question? Okay, get ready

458
00:36:14,620 --> 00:36:18,880
for the quiz. So I'm giving the quiz at any time

459
00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:25,900
starting from, you know, the quiz I told you, I'm

460
00:36:25,900 --> 00:36:28,820
going to give you a line or two from the tiger and

461
00:36:28,820 --> 00:36:31,320
you have to, you know, make a sketch into them.

462
00:36:33,960 --> 00:36:40,510
You know, I told you. Okay, so I'm telling you I

463
00:36:40,510 --> 00:36:45,250
might give you any line, you know, to scan it to

464
00:36:45,250 --> 00:36:52,430
make, you know, the scansion of the line. You have

465
00:36:52,430 --> 00:36:55,650
to study. I know I didn't tell you anything. You

466
00:36:55,650 --> 00:36:57,750
have to research. You have to learn yourself,

467
00:36:58,330 --> 00:37:01,870
okay, about the meter. And then here I'll give you

468
00:37:01,870 --> 00:37:06,450
five minutes, two lines, you know, just to show

469
00:37:06,450 --> 00:37:10,930
the meter, and that's it. Okay, yes. Thank you

470
00:37:10,930 --> 00:37:12,170
very much and take care.