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The Undercommons

I: University->Social Death

Rage

University creates social death

Occupied UC Berkeley 09 [“The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death, and the UC. http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/]

Occupied UC Berkeley 09

Definitions

Development

Ocean development is use of ocean resources, space, and energy

JIN 1998 JIN Japan Institute of Navigation 1998 "Ocean Engineering Research Committee"

JIN 1998

2ACs

Add-Ons

2AC – Trade War

Trade deal is impossible without concessions on Taiwan – it’s a key territorial issue

Kucik 18 Jeffrey Kucik, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of Arizona US-China trade war truce: 2 reasons why it’s unlikely to last December 3, 2018 6.34am EST https://theconversation.com/us-china-trade-war-truce-2-reasons-why-its-unlikely-to-last-108040

Kucik 18

1AC

Advantage 2 – Soft Power

This emboldens adversaries, causes nuclear war

Twining, 17

Twining, 17

Federalism D.A.

Links

Links: Environment Policies

Sue and Settle prevents any state action—hurts Federalism

Butler and Harris 14 [Henry N. Butler is a George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law and Executive Director, Law & Economics Center, George Mason University School of Law., Nathanial J. Harris is a George Mason University School of Law, Class of 2013, and Law Clerk to The Honorable Harris L Hartz, United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and the Law & Economics Center at George Mason University School of Law. Helpful and insightful comments from the referees are greatly appreciated. “SUE, SETTLE, AND SHUT OUT THE STATES: DESTROYING THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM” 2014 http://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/publications/working_papers/1357.pdf] JAKE LEE

Butler and Harris 14 [Henry N. Butler is a George Mason University Foundation Professor of Law and Executive Director, Law & Economics Center, George Mason University School of Law., Nathanial J. Harris is a George Mason University School of Law, Class of 2013, and Law Clerk to The Honorable Harris L Hartz, United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and the Law & Economics Center at George Mason University School of Law. Helpful and insightful comments from the referees are greatly appreciated. “SUE, SETTLE, AND SHUT OUT THE STATES: DESTROYING THE ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM” 2014 http://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/publications/working_papers/1357.pdf] JAKE LEE

***Net Benefits***

Federalism

2NC Int Link

Reg negs are better and solves federalism—plan fails

Ryan 11 (Erin Ryan holds a B.A. 1991 Harvard-Radcliffe College, cum laude, M.A. 1994 Wesleyan University, J.D. 2001 Harvard Law School, cum laude. Erin Ryan teaches environmental and natural resources law, property and land use, water law, negotiation, and federalism. She has presented at academic and administrative venues in the United States, Europe, and Asia, including the Ninth Circuit Judicial Conference, the U.S.D.A. Office of Ecosystem Services and Markets, and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research. She has advised National Sea Grant multilevel governance studies involving Chesapeake Bay and consulted with multiple institutions on developing sustainability programs. She has appeared in the Chicago Tribune, the London Financial Times, the PBS Newshour and Christian Science Monitor’s “Patchwork Nation” project, and on National Public Radio. She is the author of many scholarly works, including Federalism and the Tug of War Within (Oxford, 2012). Professor Ryan is a graduate of Harvard Law School, where she was an editor of the Harvard Law Review and a Hewlett Fellow at the Harvard Negotiation Research Project. She clerked for Chief Judge James R. Browning of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit before practicing environmental, land use, and local government law in San Francisco. She began her academic career at the College of William & Mary in 2004, and she joined the faculty at the Northwestern School of Law at Lewis & Clark College in 2011. Ryan spent 2011-12 as a Fulbright Scholar in China, during which she taught American law, studied Chinese governance, and lectured throughout Asia. Ryan, E. Boston Law Review, 2011. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1583132//ghs-kw)

Ryan 11

***Neg- Impacts***

Cyberterrorism

Cyber Terror- Econ/Grid

A cyberattack on our electrical grid will have devastating impacts—blackouts, starvation, EMP nuclear threat

Landsbaum 14 (Mark, 9/5/2014, OC Register, “Mark Landsbaum: Attack on power grid could bring dark days,” http://www.ocregister.com/articles/emp-633883-power-attack.html, 7/15/15, SM)

Landsbaum 14

Water Resources

Oceans

XT---Oceans aren’t Usable

Saltwater contaminates freshwater

Hurdle, 20 (Jon Hurdle, 4-23-2020, accessed on 7-15-2021, Yale E360, "As Sea Levels Rise, Will Drinking Water Supplies Be at Risk?", https://e360.yale.edu/features/as-sea-levels-rise-will-drinking-water-supplies-be-at-risk, LASA-CSK)

Hurdle, 20

DAs

Terror

1NC - ISIS Version

ISIS is a threat to the grid

Landsbaum 14 (Mark, 9/5/2014, OC Register, “Mark Landsbaum: Attack on power grid could bring dark days,” http://www.ocregister.com/articles/emp-633883-power-attack.html, 7/15/15, SM)

Landsbaum 14

Naval heg Bad

2NC

Heg doesn’t solve war

Preble 10 (Christopher Preble, director of foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, “U.S. Military Power: Preeminence for What Purpose?” HYPERLINK "http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/" http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/u-s-military-power-preeminence-for-what-purpose/, August 2010, 7/25/14, MEM)

Preble 10

AFF

1AC

Critical Infrastructure

A cyber attack would shatter deterrence – encourages preemptive attacks against the US

Habiger 2010 –Eugene E. Habiger is a retired United States Air Force four-star general who served as Commander in Chief, United States Strategic Command (USCINCSTRAT) from 1996 to 1998. After retiring from the military on August 1, 1998, he served as Director of Security and Emergency Operations, U.S. Department of Energy, from 1999 to 2001. (“Cyberwarfare and Cyberterrorism: The Need for a New U.S. Strategic Approach,” The Cyber Secure Institute White Paper Series, pp. 14-19) bhb

Habiger 10

cp – qpq

cp – wolf amendment

--xt cp key

U.S.-China conflict is inevitable without the counterplan—Key to cooperation spiral

Goldstein, associate professor and founding director, China Maritime Studies Institute, U.S. Naval War College, May 2015

Goldstein 2015

Pirates Affirmative- 1ac

First, Somali pirates have been robbed of context to ensure that Imperialist narratives can take hold.

Ali and Murad ‘9 Muna Ali is a Masters student in Sociology at York University in Toronto, Canada. Zahra Murad is a Masters student in Curriculum Studies at the University of Toronto.Unravelling Narratives of Piracy: Discourses of Somali Pirates Oct. 20, 2009. http://www.darkmatter101.org/site/2009/12/20/unravelling-narratives-of-piracy-discourses-of-somali-pirates/

Ali and Murad ‘9

Neg

MPX: Bioterror Ext

Disease => extinction

Bioterror will cause extinction

Steinbrenner 97 [John D. , Foreign Policy, "Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses," Winter, InfoTrac]

Steinbrenner 97

ONC Tradeoff DA

Other Impacts

Azoospermia---2NC

Aggregation key

Bruce Goldman 15, science writer for the Stanford Medical School’s Office of Communication and Public Affairs, 5-26-15, “For Big Data to Help Patients, Sharing Health Information is Key, Experts Say,” https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/05/for-big-data-to-help-patients-sharing-health-information-is-key.html

Goldman 15

CDC TRADEOFF DA

MPX: Bioterror Ext

Disease => extinction

Bioterror will cause extinction

Steinbrenner 97 [John D. , Foreign Policy, "Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses," Winter, InfoTrac]

Steinbrenner 97

Deferred Action Affirmative

**State budgets add-on**

2AC State budgets add-on

Bioterror causes extinction

Steinbruner 97 John D. Steinbruner, Brookings senior fellow and chair in international security, vice chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Winter 1997, Foreign Policy, “Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses,” n109 p85(12), infotrac

Steinbruner 97

DAs

China Tech DA

2NC China-India War Impact

Economic collapse will crush party legitimacy and ignite social instability -

Li 9 (Cheng, Dir. of Research, John L. Thornton China Center, “China’s Team of Rivals ” Brookings Foundation Article series,Marcyhttp://www.brookings.edu/articles/2009/03_china_li.aspx)

Li 9 (Cheng, Dir. of Research, John L. Thornton China Center, “China’s Team of Rivals ” Brookings Foundation Article series,Marcyhttp://www.brookings.edu/articles/2009/03_china_li.aspx)

Case

Cybrersecurity Adv

2NC No Cyber

No cyber impact

Healey 3/20 Jason, Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, "No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War", 2013, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us

Healey 3/20

Derrida Terror Case Neg

1NC Shell

2NC Existential Risk Analysis Good

Existential Risks should be weighed first – extinction forecloses the chance to improve society

Bostrom 13 (Nick, “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority” In Global Policy Volume 4 . Issue 1 . February 2013)

Bostrom 13

Alternative

Meditative Thought

Meditative thought solves – opens itself up to infinite possibilities and the chance of being wrong

Mcwhorter and Stenstad 9 (Ladelle McWhorter and Gail Stenstad, Heidegger and the Earth: Essays in Environmental Philosophy 2nd, expanded edition, Editor’s Introduction xvi-xvii)

Mcwhorter and Stenstad 9 , Heidegger and the Earth: Essays in Environmental Philosophy 2nd, expanded edition, Editor’s Introduction xvi-xvii)

AFF

AT: K Prior

Consequences must be evaluated --- insistence on ‘principle’ as end-in-itself ensures that the alternative fails

Bracey 6 – Associate Professor of Law, Associate Professor of African & African American Studies, Washington University in St. Louis

Bracey 6

Intel Good

Intel Good: Terrorism

bioterror impact

Pathogen release causes extinction

Steinbrenner 97 (John Steinbrenner, Senior Fellow – Brookings, Foreign Policy, 12-22-1997, Lexis)

Steinbrenner 97

KQ2 Frontlines

Alaska CP

1NC

Alaska can do the counterplan independently – it already has and maintains a deep water port

Port of Alaska ’14 (Port of Alaska, official website of the Port of Anchorage, Port of Anchorage, Alaska's Port, 2014, http://www.portofalaska.com/)

Port of Alaska ’14

Cap K

2NC

2NC --- Impact (Also look in Neolib K)

The impact is mass death and global violence.

Adrian Parr 13. Associate Professor of Philosophy and Environmental Studies at the University of Cincinnati. The Wrath of Capital: Neoliberalism and Climate Change Politics. Columbia University Press. 145-7.

Parr 13

Nuclear Shipping Neg COMPILED

Solvency

Lots more issues for nuclear shipping – too dangerous

Dobson 10 (David, Managing Director and Founder of Project Managers UK Ltd, NUCLEAR REACTORS COULD POWER CARGO VESSELS. Professional Engineering. 11/1/2010, Vol. 23 Issue 18, p7-7. 1p, Academic Search Complete)//rh

Dobson 10

Mexico/ Terror DA

2NC Impacts

2NC- Bioterror Terrorism Scenario

Extinction

Steinbruner ’97 – Brookings senior fellow and chair in international security (John D. Steinbruner, Brookings senior fellow and chair in international security, vice chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, Winter 1997, Foreign Policy, “Biological weapons: a plague upon all houses,” n109 p85(12), infotrac)

Steinbruner ’97

1NC

Off

1NC – OFF

Here, we are in a graveyard – a new site of social death - the mass grave of Western culture and the aff’s fantasy of radicalizing debate towards a new model plays into the hands of the system by denying the violence innate to the university system itself—only triggering a symbolic collapse can reverse this metastasis as the aff paves over the conditions of violent colonialism which structure debating in the first place

Occupy UC Berkeley 2009 (Pamphlet, “The Necrosocial: Civic Life, Social Death and the UC,” http://anticapitalprojects.wordpress.com/2009/11/19/the-necrosocial/)

Occupy UC Berkeley 2009

Alternatives

Paradigm Shift

2NC -- Ext -- Paradigm Shift

Good living solves – Bolivia proves

Padilla ’21 [Luis-Alberto; 2021; president of the board of the Guatemalan International Relations & Peace Research Institute (IRIPAZ), member of the International Peace Research Association (IPRA), former Secretary General of the Latin American Council on Peace Research (CLAIP), Director of the Diplomatic Academy, Former Vice Minister, former ambassador in Chile, former permanent representative to the United Nations at the Vienna International Centre, former ambassador to Austria, former ambassador to the Russian Federation, former ambassador to the Netherlands, permanent representative to the UN in Geneva, and professor of the Seminar of  World Geopolitics at the Faculty of Political Sciences of the Catholic University Rafael Landivar (URL) of Guatemala; Sustainable Development in the Anthropocene, “The New Constitutionalism of Bolivia and Ecuador,” Ch. 4.7, p. 187-188] SPark

Padilla ’21

CPs

Reg-Neg CP

2NC O/V

a. Delays—cp’s regulatory negotiation means that rules won’t be challenged during the regulation creation process—empirics prove the CP solves faster than the AFF

Harter 99 (Philip J. Harter received his AB (1964), Kenyon College, MA (1966), JD, magna cum laude (1969), University of Michigan. Philip J. Harter is a scholar in residence at Vermont Law School and the Earl F. Nelson Professor of Law Emeritus at the University of Missouri. He has been involved in the design of many of the major developments of administrative law in the past 40 years. He is the author of more than 50 papers and books on administrative law and has been a visiting professor or guest lecturer internationally, including at the University of Paris II, Humboldt University (Berlin) and the University of the Western Cape (Cape Town). He has consulted on environmental mediation and public participation in rulemaking in China, including a project sponsored by the Supreme Peoples Court. He has received multiple awards for his achievements in administrative law. He is listed in Who's Who in America and is a member of the Administrative Conference of the United States.Harter, P. J. “Assessing the Assessors: The Actual Performance of Negotiated Rulemaking,” December 1999. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=202808//ghs-kw)

Harter 99

1AC

1AC Polar Fleet

1AC Antarctic Bio-Research

Bioterrorism causes extinction

Steinbruner 97,(John Steinbruner — Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institute)1997, “Biological Weapons: A Plague Upon All Houses”, FOREIGN POLICY, //hss-RJ)

Steinbruner 97

Proliferation Good/Bad

Prolif Good

AT: Prolif – Bioweapons

Biological weapons cause uncontrolled pathogens, culminating in extinction

Steinrumer 97 (John Steinbrumer, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, December 22, 1997Foreign Policy)//SQR

Steinrumer 97 , senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, chair of the committee on international security and arms control of the National Academy of Sciences, December 22, 1997Foreign Policy)//SQR

A2 Private CP

Bioprospecting DA

Perm/Fed Key

Extinction

John Steinbrunner, Senior Fellow at Brookings, 1998, Foreign Policy Winter 1998, Pg. 85

Case

Anthro

Ontology Not First

Extinction outweighs ontological investigation and social death

Sandberg and Ćirković 8 (Anders and Milan M., James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade, “How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 9, http://thebulletin.org/how-can-we-reduce-risk-human-extinction)

Sandberg and Ćirković 8

No Solvency

Case Specific

Aquaculture

Group Participation Creates Bias Decisions and Difficulty- Only Congress Ensures Bargaining With Group Interests

Grimes, 01 (Sheperd R. Grimes, Attorney-Advisor at National Oceanic and Atmosphereic Administration, Office of General Counsel, 2001, THE FEDERAL REGIONAL FISHERY MANAGEMENT COUNCILS: A NEGOTIATED RULEMAKING APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, Pg. 193, http://mainelaw.maine.edu/academics/oclj/pdf/vol06_1/vol6_oclj_187.pdf) AJ

Grimes, 01

Focus / Delay Links

All legislation is time-consuming

Heitshusen 13 – Ph.D Stanford, CRS Analyst on Congress (Valerie, March 18, http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=%26*2D4Q%5CK3%0A)//twontwon

Heitshusen 13

Substantially T

A2 Incremental Reductions Can Be Substantial

Incremental or cumulative reductions aren’t substantial

Prahler et al 14 (Erin, Erin E. Prahler,* Sarah M. Reiter, Meredith Bennett,A Ashley L. Erickson, Molly Loughney Melius, and Margaret R. Caldwell * Center for Ocean Solutions, "ARTICLE: It All Adds Up: Enhancing Ocean Health by Improving Cumulative Impacts Analyses in Environmental Review Documents," 33 Stan. Envtl. L.J. 351, p. lexis)

Prahler et al 14

nasa cred adv

xt: plan key to NASA cred

The plan is key to reinvigorate NASA’s cred

Seife 14 (Charles,journalism professor at New York University, “What is NASA for?,” 2/5/14, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/mysteries_of_the_universe/2014/02/nasa_s_mission_its_search_for_meaning_has_limited_its_science_and_damaged.single.html)//KJZ

Seife 14

CPs

Reg-Neg CP

2NC Solves Better

Reg neg is better than conventional rulemaking

Freeman and Langbein 00 (Jody Freeman is the Archibald Cox Professor at Harvard Law School and a leading expert on administrative law and environmental law. She holds a Bachelor of the Arts from Stanford University, a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Toronto, and a Master of Laws in addition to a Doctors of Jurisdictional Science from Harvard University. She served as Counselor for Energy and Climate Change in the Obama White House in 2009-2010. Freeman is a prominent scholar of regulation and institutional design, and a leading thinker on collaborative and contractual approaches to governance. After leaving the White House, she advised the National Commission on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on topics of structural reform at the Department of the Interior. She has been appointed to the Administrative Conference of the United States, the government think tank for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of federal agencies, and is a member of the American College of Environmental Lawyers. Laura I Langbein is the Professor of Quantitative Methods, Program Evaluation, Policy Analysis, and Public Choice and American College. She holds a PhD in Political Science from the University of North Carolina, a BA in Government from Oberlin College. Freeman, J. Langbein, R. I. “Regulatory Negotiation and the Legitimacy Benefit,” N.Y.U. Environmental Journal, Volume 9, 2000. http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/freeman/legitimacy%20benefit.pdf//ghs-kw)

Freeman and Langbein 00

Case

Cyber Crime Adv

1NC No Nuclear Terror

No chance of nuclear terror attack---too tough to execute

John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart 12, Senior Research Scientist at the Mershon Center for International Security Studies and Adjunct Professor in the Department of Political Science, both at Ohio State University, and Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute AND Australian Research Council Professorial Fellow and Professor and Director at the Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability at the University of Newcastle, "The Terrorism Delusion," Summer, International Security, Vol. 37, No. 1, politicalscience.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller//absisfin.pdf

Mueller and Stewart 12

Neg WSU R2

1NC

1NC – K

They wanna stop the Bogeyman to restore the old order

Case

T-Vest

Adv 2

D. Climate sims prove rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

OFF

DA – PTX

1NC – L – CAFOS

Ag regulation costs PC—pushback from Republican farmers intensifies political controversy

Perkowski 21 (Mateusz Perkowski, covers legal issues at Capital Press; “Pendulum swings in Clean Water Act regulation”, published 1-12-21; https://www.capitalpress.com/nation_world/agriculture/pendulum-swings-in-clean-water-act-regulation/article_d6d9426a-547a-11eb-8608-ff7c0955ed08.html)

Perkowski 21

Case

Critical Infrastructure (Zero Days) Adv

2NC No Cyber

No cyber impact

Healey 3/20 Jason, Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, "No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War", 2013, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us

Healey 3/20

deterrence/assurance

1ar xt – no japan prolif

Japan won’t go nuclear

Mochizuki 17 Mike Mochizuki holds the Japan-U.S. Relations Chair in Memory of Gaston Sigur at the Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington University. Three reasons why Japan will likely continue to reject nuclear weapons. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/11/06/japan-is-likely-to-retain-its-non-nuclear-principles-heres-why/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.610cb85fa852

Mochizuki 17

2AC

Misc

T Cards

NAISA comparatively better than PAISA – only way to solve fed leadership and unity

Patrick 9 – Christopher J., JD at University of Notre Dame Law School (“NOTE: BALLAST WATER LAW: INVASIVE SPECIES AND TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF INEFFECTIVE LEGISLA-TION”, 2009, Virginia Environmental Law Journal Association

Patrick 9

Off Case

Privatization Counterplan

Privatization Counterplan 1NC

This is the best way to solve – forcing wind energy companies to compete without assistance encourages innovation and efficient production practices.

Jenevein, CEO of Tang Energy Group, 2013

Jenevein, CEO of Tang Energy Group, 2013

*** War Turn

AT: Econ Decline Causes War

1. Empirics prove no war—prefer the largest data set.

Miller 1—Morris Miller is an adjunct economics professor at the University of Ottawa [Jan.-Mar, 2001, “Poverty: A Cause of War?” Peace Magazine, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v17n1p08.htm]

Miller 1

DEFINITIONS

INCREASE

MAKE GREATER

Increase means to become larger or greater in quantity

Encarta 6 – Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006. ("Increase" http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741)

Encarta 6

Case

Offshore Development Ans.

A2 Navy

Navy shipbuilding solves

The Economist 11 (“Small is the new big in naval shipyards,” 5-12-11, http://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2011/05/naval_shipbuilding

The Economist 11

**Middle East Instability

Iran Scenario

Prolif Hurts Heg

Undermines US power projection

Matthew Kroenig 14, Associate Professor and International Relations Field Chair Department of Government Georgetown University & Nonresident Senior Fellow Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security The Atlantic Council, “The History of Proliferation Optimism: Does It Have A Future?” February 2014, http://www.matthewkroenig.com/The%20History%20of%20Proliferation%20Optimism_Feb2014.pdf, DOA: 1-22-15, y2k

Kroenig 14

Arctic leadership advantage

2ac core mechanics

AT: Cooperation

Deterrence is unstable and the fear of resource grabs risks conflict

Åtland 3-25-14 -- Senior Research Fellow, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment

Åtland 3-25-14

Advantage CPs – UMich GJPP 7wkjuniors

Warming

2NC Politics NB

Oil industry likes geoengineering

Thomas 10 [Jim, reporter, 6/28, “The link between BP, geoengineering and GM,” The Ecologist, http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/commentators/other_comments/522729/the_link_between_bp_geoengineering_and_gm.html]//fw

Thomas 10

Amicus CP

Leaks NB

AT: CP Links

Amici won’t leak

Jake Laperruque 20, SENIOR COUNSEL, THE CONSTITUTION PROJECT, “The Justice Department’s Unconvincing Explanation for Its Reversal on FISA,” Project On Government Oversight, 5-29-2020, https://www.pogo.org/analysis/2020/05/the-justice-departments-unconvincing-explanation-for-its-reversal-on-fisa/

Laperruque 20

***AFF***

1AR – AT: Bioterrorism Impact

No bioterror impact

Keller, 3/7/2013 -- Analyst at Stratfor, Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Colorado at Boulder (Rebecca, 2013, "Bioterrorism and the Pandemic Potential," http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/bioterrorism-and-pandemic-potential)

Keller, 3/7/2013

1NC

Off

1NC

Vote NEG---eliminating exemptions and immunities provides a limited AND predictable basis for prep---the aff allows infinite expansions

FW

Contention 2: Protest

C/I - USFG

5.States are assemblages

Muller 15 [Martin, Swiss National Science Foundation Professor in the Department of Geography and Sustainability at the University of Lausanne, “Assemblages and Actor-networks: Rethinking Socio-material Power, Politics and Space,” Geography Compass 9/1, p. 32// https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gec3.12192]

Muller 15

whales 1ac

whales good

Independently, marine ecosystems are key to check global extinction

Sielen ‘13

Sielen ‘13

OFF

Federal job guarantee will dismantle the welfare state while forcing workers into low-skill, minimum wage, menial labor – it is forced subordination that weakens worker power and allows for all dissenters to be labelled as ungrateful and therefore deserving poverty. The employment crisis is caused by the inward collapse of capitalism not individual policies – FJG is a dehumanizing ruse of solvency that orients energy away from the real proletariat struggle

Standing 18 (Guy Standing -- Fellow of the UK Academy of Social Sciences & Professorial Research Associate @ School of Oriental and African Studies @ University of London, “Guy Standing – Why a Job Guarantee is a bad joke for the precariat – and for freedom”, https://braveneweurope.com/guy-standing-why-a-job-guarantee-is-a-bad-joke-for-the-precariat-and-for-freedom, 12 September 2018, EmmieeM)

Standing 18

1AC

Environment

Marine ecosystems key to survival – additional protection needed.

Sielen ‘13

Sielen ‘13

Aff Backlines – India Advantage

Future cards for a possible court version of the Aff

India Court cards

Verdict could go either way.

Bhatia ‘14 Gautam Bhatia - An Advocate, Delhi High Court. He is also practicing law in Delhi. The author studied Law, philosophy, history, political theory at Yale. Graduated Yale Law School and was also a Recipient of the Rhode Scholarship. From the article: “STATE SURVEILLANCE AND THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY IN INDIA: A CONSTITUTIONAL BIOGRAPHY” - 26 NLSI Rev. (2014) – posted May 12, 2015. (2014) 26(2) National Law School of India Review. Note the term “CMS” – internally referenced – is an acronym that stands for “Centralized Monitoring System”, a government metadata surveillance system that’s in its infancy in India – Article is available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2605317

Bhatia ‘14

Negative

1NC – Afro-Pessimism K

The only option for the slave is to reclaim its own death through self-destruction – the black must become the suicide bomber of civil society and use itself as a weapon to break down white structures – it is the most powerful form of necropower to remain incoherent to the liberal interpretations of the sovereign

Sexton 10, Jared Sexton, professor at UC Irvine, “People-of-Color-Blindness: Notes on the Afterlife of Slavery” NN

Sexton 10,

3

Federal job guarantee will dismantle the welfare state while forcing workers into low-skill, minimum wage, menial labor – it is forced subordination that weakens worker power and allows for all dissenters to be labelled as ungrateful and therefore deserving poverty.

Standing 18 (Guy Standing -- Fellow of the UK Academy of Social Sciences & Professorial Research Associate @ School of Oriental and African Studies @ University of London, “Guy Standing – Why a Job Guarantee is a bad joke for the precariat – and for freedom”, https://braveneweurope.com/guy-standing-why-a-job-guarantee-is-a-bad-joke-for-the-precariat-and-for-freedom, 12 September 2018, EmmieeM)

Standing 18

NEGATIVE

***IMPACTS

Terror---A2: No Impact/Retaliation

A successful nuclear terrorist attack results in massive proliferation and global nuclear war

Frank 13 (Forrest, research associate at Naval War College, “NUCLEAR TERRORISM AND THE ESCALATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT,” May 9, www.usnwc.edu%2Fgetattachment%2F9508e128-a340-4760-8666-5192428cdb15%2FNuclear-Terrorism-and-the-Escalation-of-Internatio.aspx&ei=2b4gUuKbKerW2wWjiYDQCQ&usg=AFQjCNHSlZzsN_iiB7TT_75p0JG0xEMm6g&sig2=aZR2saw8qArkTWMD5Nwm1g&bvm=bv.51495398,d.b2I)

Frank 13

Off Case

Environment DA

---Environment impact

Marine ecosystems key to survival – additional protection needed.

Sielen ‘13

Sielen ‘13

1NC

Case

The plan’s implementation of solar power is based in material-discursive regimes of racialized demattering – solar production exacerbates prison labor, toxification, and e-waste crises – regulations ignore racial commoditization as the core mode of imagining the production of energy

Lennon 17 – Myles Lennon @ the Department of Anthropology and School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University (“Decolonizing energy: Black Lives Matter and technoscientific expertise amid solar transitions,” June 2017, Elsevier, 2)

Lennon 17

AC – Policy

AC – Cyberwar

Nuke war causes extinction – won’t stay limited

Edwards 17 [Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky. How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate. September 8, 2017. earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate] Note, we are only reading parts of the interview that are directly from Paul Edwards -- MMG In the nuclear conversation, what are we not talking about that we should be?

Edwards 17 Note, we are only reading parts of the interview that are directly from Paul Edwards -- MMG

**Humpback CP**

CP

Backlines - BioD !

Marine ecosystems key to survival

Sielen ‘13

Sielen ‘13

Offcase

Atlantic Drilling DA

2NC – Impact

Marine ecosystems key to survival – additional protection needed.

Sielen ‘13

Sielen ‘13

1NC

Advantage 1

Case---ADV 1

Disease doesn’t cause extinction.

Dr. Toby Ord 20. Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, Hachette Books, Kindle Edition, p. 124-126 Are we safe now from events like this? Or are we more vulnerable? Could a pandemic threaten humanity’s future?10 The Black Death was not the only biological disaster to scar human history. It was not even the only great bubonic plague. In 541 CE the Plague of Justinian struck the Byzantine Empire. Over three years it took the lives of roughly 3 percent of the world’s people.11 When Europeans reached the Americas in 1492, the two populations exposed each other to completely novel diseases. Over thousands of years each population had built up resistance to their own set of diseases, but were extremely susceptible to the others. The American peoples got by far the worse end of exchange, through diseases such as measles, influenza and especially smallpox. During the next hundred years a combination of invasion and disease took an immense toll—one whose scale may never be known, due to great uncertainty about the size of the pre-existing population. We can’t rule out the loss of more than 90 percent of the population of the Americas during that century, though the number could also be much lower.12 And it is very difficult to tease out how much of this should be attributed to war and occupation, rather than disease. As a rough upper bound, the Columbian exchange may have killed as many as 10 percent of the world’s people.13 Centuries later, the world had become so interconnected that a truly global pandemic was possible. Near the end of the First World War, a devastating strain of influenza (known as the 1918 flu or Spanish Flu) spread to six continents, and even remote Pacific islands. At least a third of the world’s population were infected and 3 to 6 percent were killed.14 This death toll outstripped that of the First World War, and possibly both World Wars combined. Yet even events like these fall short of being a threat to humanity’s longterm potential.15 [FOONOTE] In addition to this historical evidence, there are some deeper biological observations and theories suggesting that pathogens are unlikely to lead to the extinction of their hosts. These include the empirical anti-correlation between infectiousness and lethality, the extreme rarity of diseases that kill more than 75% of those infected, the observed tendency of pandemics to become less virulent as they progress and the theory of optimal virulence

Ord 20. Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, Hachette Books, Kindle Edition, p. 124-126

Case Extensions

Impact Framing

Framing

Detachment from crisis-driven politics spurs practical resistance

Cuomo, 96 [Chris Cuomo 1996 - Professor of Philosophy and Women's Studies, and Director of the Institute for Women's Studies at the Univerity of Georgia – 1996 “War Is Not Just an Event: Reflections on the Significance of Everyday Violence” Published in Hypatia 11.4 nb, pp. 30-46 (https://www.academia.edu/476274/War_is_not_just_an_event_Reflections_on_the_significance_of_everyday_violence)]

Cuomo, 96

1AC

Contention #2 is ебать россию (yebat' rossiyu)

Seriously though, Russians are bullies

Roussel and Fossum 10- Stéphane Roussel is professor in the department of political science at the Université du Québec à Montréal and Canada Research Chair in Canadian foreign and defence policy. John Erik Fossum is professor of political science with the ARENA Centre for European Studies at the University of Oslo and vice president of the Nordic Association for Canadian Studies, (“The Arctic is Hot Again in America and Europe: Introduction to Part I”, December 2010, http://ijx.sagepub.com/content/65/4/799.citation//nemo)

Roussel and Fossum 10-

Offense

NC – Top

6. No reason machines can’t respect dignity.

Pop, 18 -- holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Columbia University, New York [Ariadna Pop, currently working as a diplomat for the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, "Autonomous weapon systems: A threat to human dignity?," Humanitarian Law & Policy Blog, 4-10-18, https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2018/04/10/autonomous-weapon-systems-a-threat-to-human-dignity/, accessed 7-5-20]

Pop, 18

1ac – Carrollton BC – Emory

1ac – financial crimes

First is the digital trail – forensic accounting is impossible absent autonomous data-crunching

Anand 2019 - Akriti Anand is an associate, data analytics and automation, for BDO USA LLP in the Houston area. (Akriti, “Forensic Accounting and the Use of Artificial Intelligence,” Pennsylvania Institute of Certified Public Accountants, April 23, 2019, https://www.picpa.org/articles/picpa-news/2019/04/23/pa-cpa-journal-forensic-accounting-and-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence)//eb

Anand 19

Case

Slow Growth

It might be thought that we know enough about the risk of nuclear war to appropriately manage that risk. The consequences of unconstrained nuclear attacks, and the counterattacks that would occur until the major nuclear powers exhaust their arsenals, would far exceed any cataclysm humanity has suffered in all of recorded history. The likelihood of such a war must, therefore, be reduced as much as possible. But this rather simplistic logic raises many questions and does not withstand close scrutiny. Regarding consequences, does unconstrained nuclear war pose an existential risk to humanity? The consequences of existential risks are truly incalculable, including the lives not only of all human beings currently living but also of all those yet to come; involving not only Homo sapiens but all species that may descend from it. At the opposite end of the spectrum of consequences lies the domain of “limited” nuclear wars. Are these also properly considered global catastrophes? After all, while the only nuclear war that has ever occurred devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it was also instrumental in bringing about the end of the Pacific War, thereby saving lives that would have been lost in the planned invasion of Japan. Indeed, some scholars similarly argue that many lives have been saved over the nearly threefourths of a century since the advent of nuclear weapons because those weapons have prevented the large conventional wars that otherwise would likely have occurred between the major powers. This is perhaps the most significant consequence of the attacks that devastated the two Japanese cities. Regarding likelihood, how do we know what the likelihood of nuclear war is and the degree to which our national policies affect that likelihood, for better or worse? How much confidence should we place in any assessment of likelihood? What levels of likelihood for the broad spectrum of possible consequences pose unacceptable levels of risk? Even a very low (nondecreasing) annual likelihood of the risk of nuclear war would result in near certainty of catastrophe over the course of enough years. Most fundamentally and counterintuitively, are we really sure we want to reduce the risk of nuclear war? The successful operation of deterrence, which has been credited – perhaps too generously – with preventing nuclear war during the Cold War and its aftermath, depends on the risk that any nuclear use might escalate to a nuclear holocaust. Many proposals for reducing risk focus on reducing nuclear weapon arsenals and, therefore, the possible consequences of the most extreme nuclear war. Yet, if we reduce the consequences of nuclear war, might we also inadvertently increase its likelihood? It’s not at all clear that would be a desirable trade-off. This is all to argue that the simplistic logic described above is inadequate, even dangerous. A more nuanced understanding of the risk of nuclear war is imperative. This paper thus attempts to establish a basis for more rigorously addressing the risk of nuclear war. Rather than trying to assess the risk, a daunting objective, its more modest goals include increasing the awareness of the complexities involved in addressing this topic and evaluating alternative measures proposed for managing nuclear risk. I begin with a clarification of why nuclear war is a global catastrophic risk but not an existential risk. Turning to the issue of risk assessment, I then present a variety of assessments by academics and statesmen of the likelihood component of the risk of nuclear war, followed by an overview of what we do and do not know about the consequences of nuclear war, emphasizing uncertainty in both factors. Then, I discuss the difficulties in determining the effects of risk mitigation policies, focusing on nuclear arms reduction. Finally, I address the question of whether nuclear weapons have indeed saved lives. I conclude with recommendations for national security policy and multidisciplinary research. 2 Why is nuclear war a global catastrophic risk? One needs to only view the pictures of Hiroshima and Nagasaki shown in figure 1 and imagine such devastation visited on thousands of cities across warring nations in both hemispheres to recognize that nuclear war is truly a global catastrophic risk. Moreover, many of today’s nuclear weapons are an order of magnitude more destructive than Little Boy and Fat Man, and there are many other significant consequences – prompt radiation, fallout, etc. – not visible in such photographs. Yet, it is also true that not all nuclear wars would be so catastrophic; some, perhaps involving electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attacks 2 Many mistakenly believe that the congressionally established Commission to Assess the Threat to the United States from Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Attack concluded that an EMP attack would, indeed, be catastrophic to electronic systems and consequently to people and societies that vitally depend on those systems. However, the conclusion of the commission, on whose staff I served, was only that such a catastrophe could, not would, result from an EMP attack. Its executive report states, for example, that “the damage level could be sufficient to be catastrophic to the Nation.” See www.empcommision.org for publicly available reports from the EMP Commission. See also Frankel et al., (2015).2 using only a few high-altitude detonations or demonstration strikes of various kinds, could result in few casualties. Others, such as a war between Israel and one of its potential future nuclear neighbors, might be regionally devastating but have limited global impact, at least if we limit our consideration to direct and immediate physical consequences. Nevertheless, smaller nuclear wars need to be included in any analysis of nuclear war as a global catastrophic risk because they increase the likelihood of larger nuclear wars. This is precisely why the nuclear taboo is so precious and crossing the nuclear threshold into uncharted territory is so dangerous (Schelling, 2005; see also Tannenwald, 2007). While it is clear that nuclear war is a global catastrophic risk, it is also clear that it is not an existential risk. Yet over the course of the nuclear age, a series of mechanisms have been proposed that, it has been erroneously argued, could lead to human extinction. The first concern3 arose among physicists on the Manhattan Project during a 1942 seminar at Berkeley some three years before the first test of an atomic weapon. Chaired by Robert Oppenheimer, it was attended by Edward Teller, Hans Bethe, Emil Konopinski, and other theoretical physicists (Rhodes, 1995). They considered the possibility that detonation of an atomic bomb could ignite a self-sustaining nitrogen fusion reaction that might propagate through earth’s atmosphere, thereby extinguishing all air-breathing life on earth. Konopinski, Cloyd Margin, and Teller eventually published the calculations that led to the conclusion that the nitrogen-nitrogen reaction was virtually impossible from atomic bomb explosions – calculations that had previously been used to justify going forward with Trinity, the first atomic bomb test (Konopinski et al., 1946). Of course, the Trinity test was conducted, as well as over 1000 subsequent atomic and thermonuclear tests, and we are fortunately still here. After the bomb was used, extinction fear focused on invisible and deadly fallout, unanticipated as a significant consequence of the bombings of Japan that would spread by global air currents to poison the entire planet. Public dread was reinforced by the depressing, but influential, 1957 novel On the Beach by Nevil Shute (1957) and the subsequent 1959 movie version (Kramer, 1959). The story describes survivors in Melbourne, Australia, one of a few remaining human outposts in the Southern Hemisphere, as fallout clouds approached to bring the final blow to humanity. In the 1970s, after fallout was better understood to be limited in space, time, and magnitude, depletion of the ozone layer, which would cause increased ultraviolet radiation to fry all humans who dared to venture outside, became the extinction mechanism of concern. Again, one popular book, The Fate of the Earth by Jonathan Schell (1982), which described the nuclear destruction of the ozone layer leaving the earth “a republic of insects and grass,” promoted this fear. Schell did at times try to cover all bases, however: “To say that human extinction is a certainty would, of course, be a misrepresentation – just as it would be a misrepresentation to say that extinction can be ruled out” (Schell, 1982). Finally, the current mechanism of concern for extinction is nuclear winter, the phenomenon by which dust and soot created primarily by the burning of cities would rise to the stratosphere and attenuate sunlight such that surface temperatures would decline dramatically, agriculture would fail, and humans and other animals would perish from famine. The public first learned of the possibility of nuclear winter in a Parade article by Sagan (1983), published a month or so before its scientific counterpart by Turco et al. (1983). While some nuclear disarmament advocates promote the idea that nuclear winter is an extinction threat, and the general public is probably confused to the extent it is not disinterested, few scientists seem to consider it an extinction threat. It is understandable that some of these extinction fears were created by ignorance or uncertainty and treated seriously by worst-case thinking, as seems appropriate for threats of extinction. But nuclear doom mongering also seems to be at play for some of these episodes. For some reason, portions of the public active in nuclear issues, as well as some scientists, appear to think that arguments for nuclear arms reductions or elimination will be more persuasive if nuclear war is believed to threaten extinction, rather than merely the horrific cataclysm that it would be in reality (Martin, 1982). 4 As summarized by Martin, “The idea that global nuclear war could kill most or all of the world’s population is critically examined and found to have little or no scientific basis.” Martin also critiques possible reasons for beliefs or professed beliefs about nuclear extinction, including exaggeration to stimulate action.4 To summarize, nuclear war is a global catastrophic risk. Such wars may cause billions of deaths and unfathomable suffering, as well set civilization back centuries. Smaller nuclear wars pose regional catastrophic risks and also national risks in that the continued functioning of, for example, the United States as a constitutional republic is highly dubious after even a relatively limited nuclear attack. But what nuclear war is not is an existential risk to the human race. There is simply no credible scenario in which humans do not survive to repopulate the earth.Rigorous climate simulations prove that hydrophilic black carbon would cause to atmospheric precipitation – results in a rainout effect that quickly reverses nuclear cooling

Reisner et al. 18 (Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics. <MKIM> “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations”. 3/16/18. DOA: 7/13/19. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331)

Reisner et al. 18

1NC v Bronx Science CE

Case

1NC - WLR - A2: Revolutionary Suicide

Revolutionary suicide demands policy analysis and political engagement

Lloyd 15 (Dr. Vincent W. Lloyd, Assistant Professor of Religion, Syracuse University, specializes in political theology and African American religious thought, former Visiting Scholar, James Weldon Johnson Institute for the Study of Race and Difference, Emory University, former Exchange Scholar, Divinity School, University of Chicago, Ph.D., M.A. Rhetoric, University of California, B.A. Religion, Princeton University, “Theology and Real Politics: On Huey P. Newton,” in Renegotiating Power, Theology, and Politics, eds. Joshua Daniel & Rick Elgendy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, http://www09.homepage.villanova.edu/vincent.lloyd/theology-real-politics.pdf)

Lloyd 15

Hegemony Good (The Truth)

Unipolarity Good

Tech leadership

Hegemony prevents conflict- it’s key to deterrence, alliance confidence, and prevents rising challengers

Kagan 14 (Robert, senior fellow in foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, 5/26/14, “What America Still Owes the World,”

Kagan 14

*Advantage – Privacy*

*Internals*

2AC – Internal – Privacy

Surveillance of medical records fundamentally violates right to privacy and makes all governmental control possible-

Mariner 07

Mariner 07

ADV – Hegemony

Heg Toolbox

Multipolarity Causes Conflict

Multipolarity causes antagonism and conflict – empirics prove

Lundestad and Jakobsen ’13 Associate Professor of Philosophy at Norges Arktiske Universitet (UiT), **Ph.D., Statistics (Eirik and Tor, 2-5-13, “A Unipolar World: Systems and Wars in Three Different Military Eras”, Popular Social Science, http://www.popularsocialscience.com/2013/02/05/a-unipolar-world-systems-and-wars-in-three-different-military-eras/)

Lundestad and Jakobsen ’13

PICs Bad –

Education-

Nothing hurts education than essentially running our aff

Case

Adv

Potential for accidents isn’t aff offense – it could cause mutual restraint that strengthens deterrence.

Horowitz '19 [Michael; 8/22/19; Professor of Political Science and the Associate Director of Perry World House at the University of Pennsylvania, PhD in Government from Harvard University; “When speed kills: Lethal autonomous weapon systems, deterrence and stability”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 42, Issue 42, p. 767-788]//GJ

Horowitz '19

1NC – UT Austin – Round 3

CASE

Tactical paradigms of opposition towards specific native victories are key – the critique posits a forced choice that sacrifices oppositional strategies in favor of failed decolonization.

Busbridge ’18 (Research Fellow at the Centre for Dialogue, La Trobe University, Rachel, “Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization,” Theory, Culture & Society Vol 35, Issue 1, 2018, dml)

Busbridge ’18

Disadvantage Links

White Nationalism DA

2NC Movements Growing

Anti-Government protests are on the rise

By Judy L. Thomas 2015 Only a matter of time? Kansas City Star http://projects.kansascity.com/2015/domestic-terrorism/#/story/19374360

Thomas 2015

Aff (v Trump Win Bad)

Tweets Help Trump Win

AT – Tweets Hurt Trump

Trump’s tweets are unlikely to affect his chances at winning

Collinson, CNN Politics Senior Reporter, 7-15-19 (Stephen Collinson, 7-15-2019, CNN, "Trump's most openly racist rhetoric yet is not at all surprising", https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/14/politics/trump-racist-tweets-progressive-democratic-congresswomen-aoc/index.html, accessed: 7-18-2019, JT)

Collinson, CNN Politics Senior Reporter, 7-15-19

2

Federal job guarantee will dismantle the welfare state while forcing workers into low-skill, minimum wage, menial labor – it is forced subordination that weakens worker power and allows for all dissenters to be labelled as ungrateful and therefore deserving poverty. The employment crisis is caused by the inward collapse of capitalism not individual policies – FJG is a dehumanizing ruse of solvency that orients energy away from the real proletariat struggle

Standing 18 (Guy Standing -- Fellow of the UK Academy of Social Sciences & Professorial Research Associate @ School of Oriental and African Studies @ University of London, “Guy Standing – Why a Job Guarantee is a bad joke for the precariat – and for freedom”, https://braveneweurope.com/guy-standing-why-a-job-guarantee-is-a-bad-joke-for-the-precariat-and-for-freedom, 12 September 2018, EmmieeM)

Standing 18

NC

3[4:00]

The counterplan shifts military aid from kinetic to non-kinetic programs- that’s vital to stability, democratization, and resolving US credibility- no solvency deficit

Lahoud, 11 – PhD, Combating Terrorism Center senior associate

Lahoud, 11

Exports Advantage—Aff

Add-On

Exts. Dependence Increasing

Japanese energy dependence is increasing

McCann 12 – Linda McCann is a Senior Advisor at the Department of Defense of Australia. (“Japan’s Energy Security Challenges: the world is watching”, Australian Defense College, http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/docs/Publications2012/08_SAP%20Linda%20McCann%20-%20Japan.pdf, October 2012)

McCann 12

1

Tort liability solves the inherent danger of AWS but maintains their benefits --- that’s better than a ban and is an ideal test case for broader war torts, but only spills over if the tort system gets used

Crootof 16 [Rebecca Crootof, Ph.D. Candidate in Law, Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences; Resident Fellow, Yale Information Society Project (ISP). WAR TORTS: ACCOUNTABILITY FOR AUTONOMOUS WEAPONS. May 2016. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9528&context=penn_law_review&httpsredir=1&referer=]

Crootof 16

Framing

AT: Pinker

Ontology

Ontology must be evaluated first. How we answer ontological questions has a definite impact on how we evaluate policy decisions.

Dillon 1999 (Michael, “The Scandal of the Refugee: Some Reflections on the ‘Inter’ of International Relations and Continental Thought,” in Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics, eds. David Campbell and Michael Shapiro (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999) pg. 97-99}

Dillon 1999 (Michael, “The Scandal of the Refugee: Some Reflections on the ‘Inter’ of International Relations and Continental Thought,” in Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics, eds. David Campbell and Michael Shapiro (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999) pg. 97-99}

1AC

Nuke war causes extinction – won’t stay limited

Edwards 17 [Paul N. Edwards, CISAC’s William J. Perry Fellow in International Security at Stanford’s Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. Being interviewed by EarthSky. How nuclear war would affect Earth’s climate. September 8, 2017. earthsky.org/human-world/how-nuclear-war-would-affect-earths-climate] Note, we are only reading parts of the interview that are directly from Paul Edwards -- MMG In the nuclear conversation, what are we not talking about that we should be?

Edwards 17 Note, we are only reading parts of the interview that are directly from Paul Edwards -- MMG

DA

Trump’s base support is a direct result of his hardline immigration stance – allowing more asylees admission betrays THE key campaign issue

Kapur 6/20 Sahil Kapur is a national political reporter for Bloomberg Politics based in Washington, D.C.“Trump’s Hard Line on Immigration Traps Republicans in a 2018 Dilemma” June 20, 2018 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-20/trump-s-hard-line-on-immigration-traps-gop-in-a-2018-dilemma//dmr

Kapur 6/20

1NC

1NC

Space cooperation with China collapses assurance to Japan---that fractures the overall alliance, and Japan’s reaction turns the case

Dean Cheng 9, Research Fellow in Chinese Political and Security Affairs in the Asian Studies Center at The Heritage Foundation, Winter 2009, “Reflections on Sino-US Space Cooperation,” Space and Defense, Vol. 2, No. 3, https://www.usafa.edu/app/uploads/Space_and_Defense_2_3.pdf

Cheng 9

The resolution’s call to enact criminal justice reform in the area of policing betrays the debate community’s unconscious investment in a paranoiac affective constellation. Paranoiac affective constellations are symptomatic of a generalized fear of difference and an unreflective pursuit of social homogeneity and predictability. This affective constellation is especially pronounced in the case of police and ensures that police filter experience to confirm their own fears. The tide of the sea of suspicion will continue to rise until everything is seen as a threat – resulting in racialized, gendered, and heterosexist police violence.

Watson 99 (Sean, Lecturer at the University of the West of England, “Policing the Affective Society: Beyond Governmentality in the Theory of Social Control,” SOCIAL & LEGAL STUDIES 0964 6639 (199906) 8:2 Copyright © 1999 SAGE Publications, London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi, Vol. 8(2), 227–251; 008043) green = short

Watson 99 green = short

Neg

1NC

1NC – Terror

Nuclear terror is likely and escalates to global nuclear

Hayes, Nautilus Institute Director & University of Sydney Centre for International Security Studies Honorary Professor, 18 [Peter Hayes, 1-18-2018, "NON-STATE TERRORISM AND INADVERTENT NUCLEAR WAR," https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/non-state-terrorism-and-inadvertent-nuclear-war/, accessed 7-17-2019, //EJA]

Hayes, Nautilus Institute Director & University of Sydney Centre for International Security Studies Honorary Professor, 18

Case

Adv

Accidents

Potential for accidents isn’t aff offense – it could cause mutual restraint that strengthens deterrence.

Horowitz '19 [Michael; 8/22/19; Professor of Political Science and the Associate Director of Perry World House at the University of Pennsylvania, PhD in Government from Harvard University; “When speed kills: Lethal autonomous weapon systems, deterrence and stability”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 42, Issue 42, p. 767-788]//GJ

Horowitz '19

Heidegger

links

link – science

The affirmative use of technology dominates modern society and inhibits our sense of belonging

Klein, 09— Masters of Science and Architecture from Kansas State University (Lance, 2009, Kansas State University, “A PHENOMENOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF BIOMIMICRY AND ITS POTENTIAL

Klein, 09—

Kant Aff

Contention

2] An exclusive and permanent right to property is not entailed by the categorical imperative. Only conditional use is universalizable

Westphal 97 [(Kenneth R., Professor of Philosophy at Boðaziçi Üniversitesi, PhD in Philosophy from Wisco) “Do Kant’s Principles Justify Property or Usufruct?” Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik/Annual Review of Law and Ethics 5 (1997):141–94.] RE

Westphal 97

*Privacy Impacts*

Economy

Ext – Privacy K2 Economy

Loss of privacy kills economy- guts foreign investment

Zetter 2014 (Kim Zetter is- Senior staff reporter at Wired, July 29, 2014, “Personal Privacy is Only One of the Costs of NSA Surveillance”, http://www.wired.com/2014/07/the-big-costs-of-nsa-surveillance-that-no-ones-talking-about/) MBE

Zetter 2014 ) MBE

Extensions

FW

FW: Policy Relevance/Experts

Affirmative evidence isn’t science, its science fiction

Cooper and Mutimer, PhDs, 12

Cooper and Mutimer, PhDs, 12

Circumvention Core – MSDI

Drones

Freedom Act

Drones will get circumvented, they’ll find other aircraft

Jay Stanley JUNE 2, 2015 Senior policy analyst, ACLU speech, privacy & tech project, What's spooky about the FBI's fleey of spy planes, https://www.aclu.org/blog/free-future/whats-spooky-about-fbis-fleet-spy-planes

Stanley 15