Datasets:

Yusuf5

/

OpenCaselistTMP

like 0

Pres Powers DA

Link

Internal Link – Spillover

Spills-over to collapse prez powers

Klukowski 11 (Kenneth, Research Fellow, Liberty University School of Law; Fellow and Senior Legal Analyst, American Civil Rights Union; National-Bestselling Author. George Mason University School of Law, J.D. 2008; University of Notre Dame, B.B.A. 1998, “MAKING EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE WORK: A MULTI-FACTOR TEST IN AN AGE OF CZARS AND CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT” 2011, 59 Clev. St. L. Rev. 31)

Klukowski 11

==Disad Answers==

Deterrence DA

Deterrence DA – 2AC

Economic decline doesn’t cause war:

Drezner 2014 (Daniel, Professor of International Relations (Tufts), Nonresident senior fellow at Brookings, former international economist at the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of International Banking and Securities Markets, “The System Worked: Global Economic Governance during the Great Recession”, B.A. in political economy (Williams College), M.A. in economics and Ph.D. in political science (Stanford), World Politics, 66.1, January)

Drezner 2014

Covid DA

That kills untold millions of people and extinction through mutations

Duzgun 20 Eren Duzgun teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands. Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/

Duzgun 20

Solvency Negative

Extensions: Lack of Data Supports MPAs

Studies supporting MPAs are inadequate and biased:

Shreya Dasgupta, 1/25/2018 (science and environmental writer based in Bangalore, India, “The ups and downs of marine protected areas: Examining the evidence,” https://news.mongabay.com /2018/01/the-ups-and-downs-of-marine-protected-areas-examining-the-evidence/, Retrieved 6/12/2021)

Dasgupta 18

COVID DA

NC – Incentives

That second wave will kill millions of people

Duzgun 5/5/20 Eren Duzgun teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands. Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/

Duzgun 5/5

Arctic Negative 3.0 – UM ‘16

Forum Shopping DA

CITES Impact

Whales are an impact filter – extinction’s inevitable without them

Sielen 2013 (ALAN B., Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, "The Devolution of the Seas," Foreign Affairs, November/December, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140164/alan-b-sielen/the-devolution-of-the-seas)

Sielen 2013 (ALAN B., Senior Fellow for International Environmental Policy at the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, "The Devolution of the Seas," Foreign Affairs, November/December, http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140164/alan-b-sielen/the-devolution-of-the-seas)

Case Turns

Salmon Turn

Salmon Turn- UQ

Salmon are Going extinct now because of Aquacultures

Guitierez 8 (David Guitierez, Writer for Natural News, “Wild Salmon to be Extinct in 10 Years,” Natural News. http://www.naturalnews.com/023491_salmon_wild_fish.html. June 28, 2008)

Guitierez 8 . June 28, 2008)

Negative

Links

Links: Death Penalty

(--) Death penalty advocates that focus on innocence divert attention from sustained attacks on the penal system itself:

Ross Kleinstuber et al, 2016 (assistant professor of Justice Administration and Criminology at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown), “INTO THE ABYSS: THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF DEATH PENALTY ABOLITION,” Retrieved June 6, 2020 from https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1196&context=jlasc

Kleinstuber 16

Negative

Privacy Advantage

AT: Democracy

Democratic peace theory wrong

Mousseau 13 Michael Mousseau, Associate Professor of Poli Sci at University of Central Florida, PhD from Binghamton, International Studies Quarterly, 2013, "The Democratic Peace Unraveled: It’s the Economy", 57, Wiley Library

Mousseau 13

1NC

Platforms

1NC---Turn

A new wave will kill millions and mutations cause extinction

Duzgun 5/5/20 Eren Duzgun teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands. Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/

Duzgun 5/5

Neg

AT: Author Indicts

Ophuls good

Ophuls’ method is awesome and he is cleaning up after the Biological ecologist

Dunlap 82 [Riley E., almost as quald as Ophuls, regents Professor of Sociology Ph.D., University of Oregon, “Review: Ecological Limits: Societal and Sociological Implications,” Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Mar., 1982), pp. 153-160]

Dunlap 82

Aff/Neg – Space Mining

Neg – Case Answers

1NC – AT: Debris Advantage

Rigorous climate simulations prove hydrophilic black carbon would cause atmospheric precipitation – results in a rainout effect that reverses nuclear cooling

Reisner et al. 18 ([Jon Reisner – Climate and atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Gennaro D’Angelo – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Research scientist at the SETI institute, Associate specialist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, NASA Postdoctoral Fellow at the NASA Ames Research Center, UKAFF Fellow at the University of Exeter. Eunmo Koo - Scientist at Applied Terrestrial, Energy, and Atmospheric Modeling (ATEAM) Team, in Computational Earth Science Group (EES-16) in Earth and Environmental Sciences Division and Co-Lead of Parallel Computing Summer Research Internship (PCSRI) program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Staff research associate at UC Berkeley. Wesley Even - Computational scientist in the Computational Physics and Methods Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Matthew Hecht – Atmospheric scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Elizabeth Hunke - Lead developer for the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory responsible for development and incorporation of new parameterizations, model testing and validation, computational performance, documentation, and consultation with external model users on all aspects of sea ice modeling, including interfacing with global climate and earth system models. Darin Comeau – Climate scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Randy Bos - Project leader at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, former Weapons Effects program manager at Tech-Source. James Cooley – Computational scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory specializing in weapons physics, emergency response, and computational physics.) “Climate impact of a regional nuclear weapons exchange:An improved assessment based on detailed source calculations,” March 16, 2018, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JD027331]

Reisner et al. 18

Aff Answers

A2:

Abandonment Turn:

Abandoning politics cedes it to the elites – causes war, slavery, and authoritarianism.

Boggs 2k (Carol, PF Political Science @ University of Southern California, The End of Politics, pg. 250-251)

Boggs 2k

Espionage DA

Neg

Link

The military steals tech to modernize

Philipp, 16 — Joshua Philipp, award-winning investigative journalist at Epoch Times where he covers national security relating to China. He is an expert on hybrid warfare, including China’s roles and approaches in espionage, organized crime, and unconventional warfare.6-17-2016 ("EXCLUSIVE: How Hacking and Espionage Fuel China's Growth," Epoch Times, 6-17-2016, Available Online at http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1737917-investigative-report-china-theft-incorporated/, Accessed 7-27-2016- MEW)

Philipp, 16

Fishing

NATO Good

Management solves economic impact

Coastal development and fishing leads to overfishing and other stresses –management solves

Harte Institute 2004 (Harte Institiute, Resource data base for Gulf of Mexico Research, 2004, “Overfishing and Bycatch”, http://www.gulfbase.org/issue/view.php?iid=oab)

Harte Institute 2004

1NR

Case

Can’t solve dead zones --- warming drives them and it’s a global issue

Gokkon 18 – Jakarta, Indonesia, based journalist with interest in humanitarian issues, particularly environment and public health

Gokkon 18

Extensions

Environment Adv

Deadzones destroys biodiversity

Dead zones create losses in biodiversity

Carlisle 2k “ The Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone and Red Tides” http://www.tulane.edu/~bfleury/envirobio/enviroweb/DeadZone.htm

Carlisle 2k

Arctic Oil/Gas Neg

Reg Neg

Politics Net-Benefit

reg neg bipart

Liebman 96

Liebman 96

Death Penalty 1ac

Advantage 2: International Human Rights

Terrorism leads to nuclear war:

Peter Hayes, 1/18/2018 (Professor at the Centre for International Security Studies at the University of Sydney), NON-STATE TERRORISM AND INADVERTENT NUCLEAR WAR, Jan. 18, 2018. Retrieved May 8, 2018 from https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/non-state-terrorism-and-inadvertent-nuclear-war/, rwg

Hayes, 18

***2020 Elections DA***

Elections Disad 1NC

Biden is ahead in the swing states now but needs to maintain a solid lead over Trump to win in the electoral college

Skelley 6/12 (Geoffrey Skelley, elections analyst at FiveThirtyEight. “The Latest Swing State Polls Look Good For Biden”, FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-latest-swing-state-polls-look-good-for-biden/, 6/12/2020)

Skelley 6/12

***Russia

**Consult CP**

Consult: Russia Says Yes

Your Russia will fight evidence is old – Russia has shifted to a cooperative strategy in the Arctic

Gorenburg ’11 (Senior Analyst at CNA, a non-profit think tank, where he conducts research on Russian security and military issues) Dmitry, Russian Analytical Digest, No. 96, May p. 12

Gorenburg ’11

Send 1ac DCCRU emory

1ac-policy v1

1ac-solvency

A ruling on the plan is key - Sporhase on the books creates uncertainty surrounding water resources which tubes action on the climate

Barton, 19 (LEIGH S. BARTON, Georgetown Law, J.D. 2019; Wellesley College, B.A. 2014., 2019, accessed on 1-2-2022, Law.georgetown, "Making Waves in Response to Sporhase: AnAnalysis of the Sporhase Doctrine, How StatesHave Responded, and What Might and ShouldHappen Next ", https://www.law.georgetown.edu/environmental-law-review/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2019/12/Making-Waves-in-Response-to-Sporhase-An-Analysis-of-the-Sporhase-Doctrine-How-States-Have-Responded-and-What-Might-and-Should-Happen-Next.pdf) //gene

Barton, 19

Case

Detterence link turn

Censorship alt-cause

Non-enforceable agreements with China incentives Chinese Hacking- Deterrence is better

Steinberg 9/27/15 [Joseph, CEO of SecureMySocial,”10 Issues With the China-US Cybersecurity Agreement,” Inc, http://www.inc.com/joseph-steinberg/why-the-china-us-cybersecurity-agreement-will-fail.html]

Steinberg 9/27/15

1AC

The role of the ballot is vote for the team that best performatively and methodically destroys the fantasy of able-bodiness through the debate round. Articulation of a visionary future indicates a willingness to participate by the debater and the judge’s ballot is an instance of collective cooperation. The Man-God encompasses the ideal of human existence, constructing a frame of excellence, flawlessness and elitism. Only the aff leads us to reinvigorate the subject of the imperfect body by destroying the illusion of the Man-God that haunts us and renders disabled individuals to societal exclusion.

Kristeva 10 [Julia Kristeva, trans. Jeannie Herman. Julia Kristeva is a French psychoanalyst and government consultant on disability Liberty, equality, fraternity, and... Vulnerability. WSQ: Women's Studies Quarterly, Volume 38, Numbers 1 & 2, Spring/Summer 2010 pp. 251-268. // KMS]

Kristeva 10 ]

Alt

Patriarchy

Feminist material analysis is not reductionist or unspecific to unique or intersectional experiences, but rather is key to understanding complexities within the system

Jackson 1 (Stevi, Professor of Women’s Studies and Director of the Centre of Women’s Studies at the University of York, “Why a Materialist Feminism is (Still) Possible—And Necessary” Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 24, No. 3/4, 2001. http://www.feministes-radicales.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Stevi-Jackson-Why-a-Materialist-Feminism-is-still-possible-Copie.pdf)//meb

Jackson 1

Neg

Climate Impact

2NC---IL---Climate

US action spills globally to prevent laundry list of catastrophic impacts

Lisa Friedman & Brad Plumer 7/28, Friedman is a New York Times reporter on the climate desk, previously worked for Climatewire where she led a team of 12 reporters focused on climate, before Climatewire, former Washington bureau chief for The Oakland Tribune and later The Los Angeles Daily News, Plumer is a climate reporter specializing in policy and technology efforts to cut carbon dioxide emissions, 7/28/2022, “Surprise Deal Would Be Most Ambitious Climate Action Undertaken by U.S.”, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/28/climate/climate-change-deal-manchin.html - Haoyou

Friedman & Plumer 7/28

Method

Identity support alone leaves students unprepared to situate their personal experiences within an institutional framework. This shuts down discussions of solutions and disempowers students’ agency. Political education involving the identification of specific problems and concrete policy solutions is the best way to support youth activism. This evidence beats the case and proves that the alt is best.

Lewis-Charp et al. 6 — Heather Lewis-Charp, Senior Associate and Social Scientist at Social Policy Research Associates, holds an M.A. in Education Research from the University of California-Santa Cruz, et al., with Hanh Cao Yu, Vice President and Senior Social Scientist at Social Policy Research Associates, holds a Ph.D. in Education Administration and Policy Analysis from Stanford University, and Sengsouvanh Soukamneuth, Social Scientist at Social Policy Research Associates, holds an M.A. in Education Policy from the University of California-Los Angeles, 2006 (“Civic Activist Approaches for Engaging Youth in Social Justice,” Beyond Resistance! Youth Activism and Community Change: New Democratic Possibilities for Practice and Policy for America’s Youth, Edited by Shawn Ginwright, Pedro Noguera, and Julio Cammarota, Published by Routledge, ISBN 0415952506, p. 26-29)

Lewis-Charp et al. 6

***Russia

**Consult CP**

Artic War: Nuclear

Escalating tensions in the Arctic go nuclear

Cohen 10, Ariel. "From Russian Competition to Natural Resources Access: Recasting U.S. Arctic Policy." Heritage Foundation, 15 June 2010. Web. 26 June 2012. <http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2010/pdf/bg2421.pdf>.

Cohen 10, Ariel. "From Russian Competition to Natural Resources Access: Recasting U.S. Arctic Policy." Heritage Foundation, 15 June 2010. Web. 26 June 2012. <http://thf_media.s3.amazonaws.com/2010/pdf/bg2421.pdf>.

T

T Protection

2AC – AT: Primary Purpose

Primary purpose is arbitrary and immeasurable.

PDC, '20 (Public Disclosure Commission; The Washington State Public Disclosure Commission is an agency of the Washington state government that regulates candidates, campaigns and lobbyists; "’Primary Purpose Test; (Definition of Political Committee) Guidelines"; Public Disclosure Commission; https://www.pdc.wa.gov/learn/index-of-interpretations-by-subject/primary-purpose-test-guidelines; 3-15-2020, Accessed 7-23-2021)//ILake-NoC

PDC, '20

Settler Colonialism K – UTNIF 2021

Impact

Genocide – !

Coloniality naturalizes a non-ethics of death and generalizes the condition of damnation – ongoing genocide, enslavement, ecological destruction and unending war is produced by and reproduces colonial epistemologies.

Maldonado-Torres 8 [Nelson, “Against War : Views from the Underside of Modernity”¶ Durham, NC, USA: Duke University Press, 2008. p 215-217¶ http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utexas/Doc?id=10217191&ppg=52]

Maldonado-Torres 8

Impact Debate – War

War Impact

Yes Diversionary War

Economic decline triggers diversionary wars

Howell ‘13

Howell ‘13

Impact Debate – War

War Impact

Yes Diversionary War

Historically true

Howell ‘13

Howell ‘13

OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) Bad

OTEC kills ecosystems / fish

OTEC is toxic to fish

Boehlert & Gill, ‘10 George W. Boehlert, Ph.D. in Marine Biology, former Director of the Hatfield Marine Center and Andrew B. Gill, Ph.D., Senior Lecturer in Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Science and Technology Department, School of Applied Sciences at Cranfield University, 2010, “Environmental and Ecological Effects Of Ocean Renewable Energy Development, A Current Synthesis,” Oceanography, Volume 23, Number 2,

Boehlert & Gill, ‘10

Arctic Oil/Gas Aff

2AC’s- Counterplans

SEP

EPA won’t approve the proposed SEPs

Bonorris 7 Steven, Editor, The Public Law Research Institute University of California, Hastings College of the Law, http://www.ecy.wa.gov/services/enforce/settlements/ABAHastingsSEPreport.pdf

Bonorris 7

NEG

Deterrence Turns

Link Wall---AT: Resiliency Turn

Resiliency takes too long

Jim Miller et al 18, president of Adaptive Strategies, member of the Defense Science Board at the Atlantic Council, previously co-chaired the Task Force of Cyber Deterrence, being interviewed by James A. Lewis, Director and Senior Fellow, Strategic Technologies Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 3/19/18, "Responding to Russia: Deterring Russian Cyber and Grey Zone Activities", CSIS, https://www.csis.org/analysis/responding-russia-deterring-russian-cyber-and-grey-zone-activities

Miller et al 18

1NC v MBA RK

1NC

Off 2

“Protection” and “Preservation” are distinct in policy --- protection seeks to minimize immediate risk while preservation does so while developing sustainability

Paschali et el 19 [Elena - Department of Engineering and sustainable environment, master of research with major in environmental science and sustainability / Abiola Soipe - Cranfield University, Department of Offshore, Process and Energy Engineering / Luke McGrath - National University of Ireland, Department of Economics, PhD in Economics, / Sylvester Peter Antai - University of Calabar, Dept of Microbiology, PhD in Environmental Microbial Biochemistry/Physiology and Biotechnology / Michael J Lynch - University of South Florida, Dept of Criminiology, PhD in Criminal Justice, Professor and Director of Graduate Program, University of South Florida / Bayan Hussien - University of Anbar, College of Applied sciences and environmental sciences / Khalid - Elkalay - Environment professor, / Ronald Kiplangat Ngetich - University of Nairobi, Department of Chemistry Master of science. “Is there a difference between protecting the environment and preserving the environment? Which would be considered as strong sustainability paradigm?”, ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_there_a_difference_between_protecting_the_environment_and_preserving_the_environment_Which_would_be_considered_as_strong_sustainability_paradigm#:~:text=Well%2C , Sepahdari] Is there a difference between protecting the environment and preserving the environment? Which would be considered as strong sustainability paradigm? These two terms almost seem identical, but if for eg. I preserve something, I keep it at the same state that it was. Although if I protect something it is probably either because that state is at risk or I don't want it to be at risk- (it's threatened). The word to protect has been used in the environment subject from scientists, governments and the market. For example, the oil companies must preserve and protect the environment where they explore and exploit, although we often see them just protecting after they have disturbed the ecosystem. Some times protecting can't bring the habitat to it's original state. That is why in my opinion, preserving should be the main focus. Can you distinguish practises that preserve or protect the environment? eg. Policies and legislation? Should there be a framework to assess whether practices protect or preserve? My fellow RG Colleagues, please join in this discussion, I would love to know if someone has been digging deeper into this. Best regards, Elena

Paschali et el 19

***Aff Answers

DoE Doesn’t Link

DOE doesn’t link to politics.

-DOE’s recent climate change strategies went unnoticed

Heidegger K – CNDI 2014

Answers-to-Answers

AT: Policymaking

Only the alt prevents serial policy failure – ontological investigation is key to problematize failed approaches to political problems.

Dillon & Reed 2K [Michael, Professor of Politics at Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations at Kings College, “Global Governance, Liberal Peace, Complex Emergency,” in Alternatives 25:1]

Dillon & Reed 2K 25:1]

K – Capitalism

A2: World Getting Better

Cap – 1NC

Capitalism causes extinction and mass violence

Robinson 14 (William I., Prof. of Sociology, Global and International Studies, and Latin American Studies, @ UC-Santa Barbara, “Global Capitalism: Crisis of Humanity and the Specter of 21st Century Fascism” The World Financial Review)

Robinson 14

Aff stuff

2AC No War

No China-India war

Carlson ’13 (Allen Carlson is an Associate Professor in Cornell University’s Government Department. He was granted his PhD from Yale University’s Political Science Department. His undergraduate degree is from Colby College. In 2005 his Unifying China, Integrating with the World: Securing Chinese Sovereignty in the Reform Era was published by Stanford University Press. He has also written articles that appeared in the Journal of Contemporary China, Pacific Affairs, Asia Policy, and Nations and Nationalism. In addition, he has published monographs for the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations and the East-West Center Washington. Carlson was a Fulbright-Hays scholar at Peking University during the 2004-2005 academic year. In 2005 he was chosen to participate in the National Committee’s Public Intellectuals Program, and he currently serves as an adviser to Cornell’s China Asia Pacific Studies program and its East Asia Program. Carlson is currently working on a project exploring the issue of nontraditional security in China’s emerging relationship with the rest of the international system. His most recent publications are the co-edited Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods and Field Strategies (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and New Frontiers in China’s Foreign Relations (Lexington, 2011). China Keeps the Peace at Sea China Keeps the Peace at Sea Why the Dragon Doesn't Want War Allen Carlson February 21, 2013

Carlson ’13 East Asia Program. Carlson is currently working on a project exploring the issue of nontraditional security in China’s emerging relationship with the rest of the international system. His most recent publications are the co-edited Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods and Field Strategies (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and New Frontiers in China’s Foreign Relations (Lexington, 2011). China Keeps the Peace at Sea China Keeps the Peace at Sea Why the Dragon Doesn't Want War Allen Carlson February 21, 2013

ISS Aff

1ac

1ac miscalc adv

Causes nuclear war, collapses all vital systems crucial to human civilization

Lamrani 16 [Omar, geopolitical and security analyst for Stratfor, National Interest, “What the U.S. Military Fears Most: A Massive Space War,” May 18, 2016, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/what-the-us-military-fears-most-massive-space-war-16248]

Lamrani 16

Negative

Development

“Not Regulations” 1nc

2. “Increase” means to become larger or greater in quantity

Encarta 6 – Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006. ("Increase" http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741)

Encarta 6

Neg Disadvantages

Border Security DA

2NC Border Security DA – Cartel Impacts

Bioweapons cause extinction

Millett 17 [Piers Millet, PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow @ Oxford, “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity”, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5576214/]

Millett 17

Pan Neg

Framework Supplements

Theory Bad

The theory doesn’t take a realistic stance - it’s impossible to measure insecurity

Mearsheimer and Walt, 13 (John J. Mearsheimer University of Chicago, USA, Political Science Department, Stephen M.Walt Harvard University, USA, “Leaving theory behind: Why simplistic hypothesis testing is bad for International Relations”, European Journal of International Relations, 2013, http://political-science.uchicago.edu/faculty-articles/Mearsheimer%20and%20Walt---Leaving%20Theory%20Behind.pdf)

Mearsheimer and Walt, 13

2AC

2AC---EU CP (GBS)

US-EU leadership key to assuage energy insecurity issues.

Lawson et al. 9—a former General and former deputy commander in chief, Headquarters United States European Command, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany (“A shared Vision for Energy and Climate Change; Establishing a Common Transatlantic Agenda,” May 28th-29th, http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/65/AtlanticCouncil-USEUEnergy-Rev4.pdf)

Lawson et al. 9—

On-Case

Solvency

AT – Ocean Not Key

Offshore wind turbines are comparatively better than inland turbines

BirdLife International, the world's largest nature conservation partnership, 9 (Birdlife international, 2009, Birdlife international, “Offshore wind farms are impacting seabirds and migrating passerines”, http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowb/casestudy/289, accessed 6-27-14, CLF)

BirdLife International, the world's largest nature conservation partnership, 9

**Solvency

2NC Tax Incentives—State Incentives Now

State action is modeled

Bastasch 13

Bastasch 13

MS Algae Biofuels

CP

Do it on land

Algae can be grown on land. It is more efficient by using land that had no previous use and doesn’t lead to the DA

Wang 2014 (Lillian, May 8th, “ALGAE BIOFUEL PRODUCTION: AN UNTAPPED RESOURCE WITH HUGE POTENTIAL,” http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~res/2014/05/14581/ BH)

Wang 2014

Drones Affirmative – CNDI 2019

Politics Answers

Link Answers

Congress is bipartisan against arms sales to Saudi Arabia

Edmonson 6/20 [Catie, expert reporter on Congress, 6/20/19, “Senate Votes to Block Trump’s Arms Sales to Gulf Nations in Bipartisan Rebuke,” https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/20/us/politics/saudi-arms-sales.html]

Edmonson 6/20

OFF

CP – G20

2NC – S – AI interop

Structure of G20’s CCGAI

Jelinek et al. 20 (Thorsten Jelinek, Senior Fellow and Europe Director at the Taihe Institute, Wendell Wallach, Technology and Ethics Research Group Chair at Yale University, Danil Kerimi, Head of the Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution China, “Policy brief: The creation of a G20 coordinating committee for the governance of Artificial Intelligence, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43681-020-00019-y, October 6, 2020);DOA: 7/24/22//KC

Jelinek et al. 20

Warming Bad

Uniqueness Debate

A2: Warming Inevitable

Warming can be stopped – only policy changes can solve.

Matthews and Caldeira 08 – H. Damon Matthews(Department of Geography, Planning and Environment, Concordia University) and Ken Caldeira (Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington) (“Stabilizing climate requires near-zero emissions”, AGU Journal, Feb 27, 2008, Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007GL032388/full, Accessed On: 7/16/2014, IJ)

Matthews and Caldeira 08 – On: 7/16/2014, IJ)

Shells

Regulations Bad DA 1nc Shell

Link – regulations and protections for the environment divert resources from growth and impose economic costs that limit economy – climate proves

Dercon, 2014

Dercon, 2014

1AC

1AC

ADV---GOVERNANCE---1AC

Must be centralized

Johnson 70 [Ralph W. Johnson, Professor, University of Washington School of Law, University of Washington School of Law Digital Commons, "Federal Organization for Control of Weather Modification", 1970, https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1456&context=faculty-articles //imp]

Johnson 70

1AC – CBA V4

1AC – CBA

The plan solves – CBA is impermissible under Section 1326(b) of the Clean Water Act.

HLR 09 – student-run organization whose primary purpose is to publish a journal of legal scholarship. (Harvard Law Review; Published: November 1, 2009; “Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper, Inc.”; Accessed: July 13, 2021; https://harvardlawreview.org/2009/11/review-of-administrative-action-ae-clean-water-act-ae-judicial-review-of-cost-benefit-analysis-entergy-corp-v-riverkeeper-inc/)//CYang

HLR 09

Afro-Pessimism

Links

Necropolitics

Necropolitics are informed and enabled by the historical conditions of the African diaspora

Sexton, 10 (Jared, University of California Irvine program on African American Studies. “People of Color Notes on the Afterlife of Slavery” 2010, Social Text 103, Vol. 28, no. 2)

Sexton, 10

***LNG EXPORTS AFF – MNDI 2014 – LAYTON / TOPP LAB

** SOLVENCY

Solvency – Demand for US LNG increasing

LNG demand worldwide is growing and the US is poised to fill the new demand

Pakistan Observor 6/3 (Widley read and trusted online paper of Pakistan. Headed by Zahid Malik, seen as an authority on interpreting the media and has written several well respected books, Global LNG Demand to Grow Robustly, The Pakistan Observer, June 3, 2014, accessed 6/24/14 [http://pakobserver.net/detailnews.asp?id=243300])HW

Pakistan Observor 6/3

Methane Hydrates Neg

Off Case

Biowaste Methane Counterplan

Bio methane solves warming by reducing emissions

Dahunsi and Oranusi 2013 -Ph. D. in microbiology and Professor of Microbiology, Covenant University [Dahunsi, S. O., & Oranusi, U. S. Co-digestion of food waste and human excreta for biogas production. British Biotechnology Journal, 3(4) Proquest Accessed on June 25, 2014//LJ

Dahunsi and Oranusi 2013 -Ph. D. in microbiology and Professor of Microbiology, Covenant University

Methane Hydrates Neg

On Case

--Ext – Landslides

Methane bursts can cause tsunamis

Sassoon, 2010 – editor of inside climate news [David, Did Deepwater methane hydrates cause the BP Gulf explosion?, the Guardian, May 20, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/20/deepwater-methane-hydrates-bp-gulf, June 25, 2014] KF

Sassoon, 2010 – editor of inside climate news

BR Lab LOST Neg

CEA CP

A2: Yoo Article 1 Powers

Yoo’s argument assumes an overly narrow interpretation of the commerce clause

Hathaway 2008 [Oona Hathaway Associate Professor of Law, Yale Law School May, 2008 Yale Law Journal 117 Yale L.J. 1236 “Treaties' End: The Past, Present, and Future of International Lawmaking in the United States” lexis]

Hathaway 2008

AT: International Lawsuits

Jobs

Generic Economy & Jobs

International lawsuits about resource extraction violations are much more likely—plan solves by providing legal certainty

Bellinger 12 [John, partner in the the international and national security law practices at Arnold & Porter LLP and an Adjunct Senior Fellow in International and National Security Law at the Council on Foreign Relations, UNCLOS: Clearly In The U.S. National Security, Economic, And Environmental Interests, ProQuest, 7/1/12, 7/18/14]

Bellinger 12

UN CP

Ilaw Net Benefit

NB---High Threshold Good/Ambiguity Good

Lowering thresholds is destabilizing, collapses deterrence, and rises tensions.

Lewis 10[James Andrew Lewis - Senior Vice President and Director, Strategic Technologies Program. “Thresholds for Cyberwar” https://www.csis.org/analysis/thresholds-cyberwar October 1, 2010] SShah

Lewis 10 October 1, 2010] SShah

Geoengineering Negative (KQ)

Links

NeoLib

Geoengineering makes environmental destruction beyond warming inevitable

Crist 7

Crist 7

1ACs

1AC – Structural (Militarism)

1ac – Militarism Adv

It’s a modern-day genocide.

Simangan 17 [Dahlia Simangan, Center for Policy Research, United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan, “Is the Philippine “War on Drugs” an Act of Genocide?” Taylor & Francis 7-17-2017 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2017.1379939] //AT

Simangan 17

Stimulus DA

Stimulus

2NC/1NR – Delay Link

Even if the plan doesn’t completely prevent passage, it still initiates legislative delay

Heitshusen 13 – Analyst on Congress and the Legislative Process (Valerie, 3/18/13, ‘The Legislative Process on the Senate Floor: An Introduction”, http://www.senate.gov/CRSReports/crs-publish.cfm?pid=%26*2D4Q%5CK3%0A)

Heitshusen 13

Impact Debate – Growth Bad/Economic Decline doesn’t cause war

Impact Debate

Growth – resource scarcity module

Resource scarcity causes instability - wars cause nuclear war and extinction

Woolridge 9

Woolridge 9

1NC v Fox Chapel

Case

Adv 1

Expert consensus puts the risk at only 2 percent

Vikas Shukla 15, business writer for ValueWalk, citing a survey by Jay Ulfelder, PhD in Poli Sci from Stanford, former Research Director of the Political Instability Task Force, “Russia vs. U.S. Nuclear War Is Highly Unlikely,” July 8 2015, http://www.valuewalk.com/2015/07/russia-vs-u-s-nuclear-war-unlikely/

Shukla 15

***1nc by

CASE

set col

1. Framing settler colonialism through a totalizing lens makes indigenous liberation impossible by setting the terms of victory as all-or-nothing—pessimism reifies settler dominance

Busbridge, Lecturer in Sociology and Researcher, 18 (Rachel, Researcher at La Trobe University and an Alexander von Humboldt Postdoctoral Fellow at the Institut fur Islamwissenschaft, Freie Universitat Berlin; January 1, 2018; “Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization,” Theory, Culture & Society Vol 35, Issue 1, pp, 101-103, JWM)

Busbridge, Lecturer in Sociology and Researcher, 18

1NC

Ocean Instrumentalization

Instrumentalization of the ocean undergirds modernity, racism, slavery, ecological collapse and ongoing systems of colonial brutality

Jacques 12

1AC

Framework

By extension, states have the duty to promote civic virtue.

Smith 12 [George H. Smith; formerly Senior Research Fellow for the Institute for Humane Studies, a lecturer on American History for Cato Summer Seminars, and Executive Editor of Knowledge Products; 2-28-2012; “The Roots of State Education Part 3: Aristotle and Civic Virtue”; Libertarianism.org; https://www.libertarianism.org/publications/essays/excursions/roots-state-education-part-3-aristotle-civic-virtue] AG bracketed for gender

Smith 12

Methane Hydrates Aff

Methane Bursts Adv

AT: Methane Risks Exaggerated

Catastrophic Arctic methane release is real- Arctic specialists confirm

Ahmed ’13 - executive director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development [Dr Nafeez, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/earth-insight/2013/aug/05/7-facts-need-to-know-arctic-methane-time-bomb, Seven facts you need to know about the Arctic methane timebomb, 8/5/13, accessed 6/27/14, The Guardian, KC]

Ahmed ’13 - executive director of the Institute for Policy Research & Development

1NC

DA

1NC – Spillover DA

Biodiversity loss causes human extinction.

Joe McCarthy 18. Staff Writer at Global Citizen, cites the U.N., with Erica Sánchez, 11/8/18. “Humans Could Face Extinction if We Don't Protect Biodiversity: UN.” https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/biodiversity-loss-human-extinction/

McCarthy 18

Case Neg – Backdoors – CT

Advantage 4 - Cyberterror

1NC – Cyberterror Frontline

No cyber impact

Jason HEALEY, Director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, 13 [“No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War,” March 20, 2013, www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us]

HEALEY 13

**Red Atlantic**

Red Atlantic Repatriation 1NC

The Aff is the politics of recognition. Instead we need to rethink liberation outside of the context of the white supremacist colonial state

Smith 10 [Andrea Smith, associate professor in the Department of Media and Cultural Studies at the University of California, Riverside, “Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism, White Supremacy,” http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=488, 7/28/14, AR]

Smith 10

Case Neg – Backdoors – CT

Advantage 5 - Internet Freedom

1NC – IF Frontline

US allies destroy i-freedom signal

Hanson 10/25/12, Nonresident Fellow, Foreign Policy, Brookings http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/10/25-ediplomacy-hanson-internet-freedom

Hanson 12, Nonresident Fellow, Foreign Policy, Brookings http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/10/25-ediplomacy-hanson-internet-freedom

1AR

1AR---A2: Israel Turn

If the last card is true, the impact is wrong.

2NC Beres 13 {Louis Rene, professor of Political Science (Purdue), M.A. and Ph.D. (Princeton), Lecturer at National Security College/the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies/The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, “The Future of Israel's Nuclear Deterrence,” US News and World Report, 11/11, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/11/11/iran-israel-and-the-nuclear-threat-in-the-middle-east}

2NC Beres 13

*** OTHER OFF-CASE POSITIONS

** CARBON TAX CP

2NC Renewables Solve Warming

Renewable energy is a feasible way to solve warming – but we have to transition to renewables as quickly as possible

Greenpeace 7 [Greenpeace USA, a foundation dedicated to stopping global climate change in the U.S.A., “Energy (R)evolution – A Blueprint for Global Warming”, 01/24/07, Accessed 06/30/14, < http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/2008/7/energy-r-evolution-a-bluepr.pdf>.] dbp.

Greenpeace 7

1AC

Contention 2 is Recognition

It is important to recognize the implications of our everyday actions- ignorance is a prerequisite to mass violence and invisible genocides- only our roll of the ballot prevents inevitable violence

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, Professors of Anthropology at Berkeley and UPeen, 2004 (Nancy and Philippe, Introduction: Making Sense of Violence, in Violence in War and Peace, pg. 19-22)

Scheper-Hughes and Bourgois, Professors of Anthropology at Berkeley and UPeen, 2004

CHINA SAYS NO

ECONOMIC ENGAGEMENT - GENERAL

Too much of China’s economic future rests on the US – are not willing to take the risk

Andrew J. Nathan and Andrew Scobell, Professor of Political Science at Columbia University, Senior Political Scientist at the RAND Corporation, “How China Sees America – The Sum of Beijing’s Fears”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 5 (SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2012), pp. 32-47, Published by Council on Foreign Relations, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41720859

Nathan and Scobell 2012

1AC Inherency

Congress is lagging on extending federal tax credits for wind now.

Richard A. Kessler Friday, May 23 2014 Updated: Friday, May 23 2014 US Senate recesses without PTC vote http://www.rechargenews.com/wind/article1363234.ece

Kessler 2014

MSDI Aquaculture Affirmative

Overfishing Adv Extension – Aquaculture solves overfishing

Increased aquaculture production can create alternatives to free-range ocean fish

Nature Magazine “Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies” June 29, 2000 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v405/n6790/full/4051017a0.html

Nature Magazine 2000

Uniqueness

Dems Win

Dems Win

Congress’s low approval ratings pose a major hurdle for Republicans

Harry Enten, senior political analyst, June 18, 2014, “Congress’s Low Approval Rating Is Hurting Republicans” http://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/congresss-low-approval-rating-is-hurting-republicans/

Enten, June 18, 2014

2AC Core

Econ

K2 solve econ

Its way cheaper than other methods

Ferrario et al 14—Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali BiGeA, Ravenna 48123, Italy. 2Que´bec-Oce´an, Universite´ Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 0A6. 3The Nature Conservancy, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA. 4US Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA. 5Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 93950, USA. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.W.B.[Filippo Ferrario1,2, Michael W. Beck3, Curt D. Storlazzi4, Fiorenza Micheli5, Christine C. Shepard3 & Laura Airoldi1,5 “The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation”, Received 3 Aug 2013 | Accepted 3 Apr 2014 | Published 13 May 2014]RMT

Ferrario et al 14

Extra

Iran Politics Link

WMD

Border enforcement is supported universally. The plan would pit Obama against everyone.

Johnson 2007(Dean and Mabie-Apallas, Professor of Public Interest Law and Chicana/o Studies, “Opening the Floodgates”, New York University Publication)

Johnson 2007

1nc vs Alpharetta NT

3

Terror plank solves

Irma 1AC Arguello & Emiliano J. Buis 18, Arguello is founder and chair of the NPSGlobal Foundation, and head of the secretariat of the Latin American and Caribbean Leadership Network; Buis is researcher c professor at the NPSGlobal Foundation, “The Global Impacts of a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: What Would Happen? What Should We Do?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 74, no. 2, Routledge, 03/04/2018, pp. 114–119

1AC Arguello 18 ” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 74, no. 2, Routledge, 03/04/2018, pp. 114–119

1NC

Off

1NC

The structure of capitalism is unsustainable and ensures extinction through environmental destruction and structural violence

Duzgun 20

Duzgun 20

***Warming Advantage***

NG Key to Renewables

NG key to successful renewable shift, four reasons- (1) Baseload, (2) Cost competitiveness, (3) Scalability, (4) Flexibility

Huber 2011 (Jacob Huber, energy analyst at the Energy Delta Institute, June 2011, “A Role for Natural Gas in the Pragmatic Transition to a Sustainable Energy System,” Energy Delta Institute, EDI Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, online)

Huber 2011

case

framing

“Moral imperative” shouldn’t mean ignoring disads. Approaches can only be ethical when they consider external consequences

Chandler ‘14 (David Chandler is Professor of International Relations at the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Westminster – “Beyond good and evil: Ethics in a world of complexity” – International Politics, Vol. 51, No. 4 (2014), pp.441-457 Available at: http://www.davidchandler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/International-Politics-Evil-PUBLISHED-2.pdf)

Chandler ‘14

Israel Set Col Aff

Framework

Probability First

Probability first – the logic of security creates infinite deferral and implodes in on itself.

Oliver Kessler andChristopher Daase4-1-2008 – Kessler has a PhD in International Relations and is a professor of sociology at The University of Bielefeld. Daase is a professor at the department of political science at the University of Munich. ["From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics", Accessible Online at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/030437540803300206?journalCode=alta] @ AG

Kessler and Daase 08

Backfiles/2nc

Coral Reefs

Sea Level

Climate change, fishing, and pollution are all threats to reefs. Reduced emissions, regulations, and water management are required to solve. The Aff does none of these.

NOAA 11, (“Addressing Key Threats”, NOAA-Coral Reef Conservation Program, May 13, 2011, http://coralreef.noaa.gov/conservation/keythreats/ GV)

NOAA 11

Framing

Answers

A2: Perm

An Ethics of Care is fundamentally opposed to their ethical framework. They understand individuals as automatons-- robotic, rational, and emotionless. We instead reorient to an understanding of the individual as part of a network of dependencies and providers, forever tied to others. That’s the opposite of the aff

(Moosa ’16, Christina, Doctorate in Philosophy from Penn State, CARE AND RESPONSIBILITY IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT, PhD Dissertation, https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/11603, JM)

Moosa ’16 , JM)

COMMUNITY K

Communities are rooted in the idea of conditional hospitality – the idea that only those who belong are welcome. This is xenophobic and must be rejected. Frame this debate in terms of who solves for this oppression. Only the alternative results in an openness that can solve for these pressing issues that make some forms of lives better than others.

Bahler 10, (“Derridean Hospitality in an Age of Political Xenophobia”, Brock - Duquesne University, Philosophy, Graduate Student, Spring 2010, file:///C:/Users/Gabe/Downloads/Derridean_Hospitality_Bahler-libre.pdf GV)

Bahler 10 GV)

***2AC Shelf***

2AC Environment DA

Offshore drilling safe and decreases pollution

Thornley 2009 (Drew Thornley, independent public-policy analyst, adjunct and part-time university lecturer at UT-Austin and Concordia, and licensed attorney, April 2009, “Myth 8: Offshore oil drilling has often caused significant environmental damage, Manhattan Institute, http://www.manhattan-institute.org/energymyths/myth8.htm)

Thornley 2009

All Aff Cards

Economy/Innovation

Cybersecurity - Economy

Weak cybersecurity crushes the economy.

Peha, 2013 Jon M. Peha is a professor at Carnegie Mellon, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering and the Dept. of Engineering & Public Policy, Served as Chief Technologist of the Federal Communications Commission, Assistant Director of the White House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy. "The dangerous policy of weakening security to facilitate surveillance." Available at SSRN 2350929 (2013).

Peha, 2013 Jon M. Peha is a professor at Carnegie Mellon, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering and the Dept. of Engineering & Public Policy, Served as Chief Technologist of the Federal Communications Commission, Assistant Director of the White House’s Office of Science and Technology Policy. "The dangerous policy of weakening security to facilitate surveillance." Available at SSRN 2350929 (2013).

NEG

K

2NC Cyber K Prior

The alternative is critical examination of the 1AC’s “cybertheats” – framing key to policy outcomes

Lawson 13 [Sean Lawson; 2/26/2013; Associate Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Utah; “Beyond Cyber-Doom: Assessing the Limits of Hypothetical Scenarios in the Framing of Cyber-Threats,” Journal of Information Technology & Politics, Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 87-88] |Trip|

Lawson 13

Nanotech Case Neg

2NC Cleanup

Solvency

Investment in protecting biodiversity now

IUCN 13 (IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, “France and IUCN Enhance Their Efforts To Protect Global Diversity”, icun.org, http://www.iucn.org/?uNewsID=13119, 6/13/13, 7/23/14, MEM)

IUCN 13

Nanotech Case Neg

2NC Solvency

Solvency

ROBOTS WILL KILL US ALL???JOY 04 (BILL JOY- is an American computer scientist. Joy co-founded Sun Microsystems in 1982 along with Vinod Khosla, Scott McNealy and Andreas von Bechtolsheim, and served as chief scientist at the company until 2003. “Why the future doesn't need us. Our most powerful 21st-century technologies - robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech - are threatening to make humans an endangered species.” [http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy_pr.html] 2004- M.V.) ¶ Biological species almost never survive encounters with superior competitors. Ten million years ago, South and North America were separated by a sunken Panama isthmus. South America, like Australia today, was populated by marsupial mammals, including pouched equivalents of rats, deers, and tigers. When the isthmus connecting North and South America rose, it took only a few thousand years for the northern placental species, with slightly more effective metabolisms and reproductive and nervous systems, to displace and eliminate almost all the southern marsupials.¶ ¶ In a completely free marketplace, superior robots would surely affect humans as North American placentals affected South American marsupials (and as humans have affected countless species). Robotic industries would compete vigorously among themselves for matter, energy, and space, incidentally driving their price beyond human reach. Unable to afford the necessities of life, biological humans would be squeezed out of existence. There is probably some breathing room, because we do not live in a completely free marketplace. Government coerces nonmarket behavior, especially by collecting taxes. Judiciously applied, governmental coercion could support human populations in high style on the fruits of robot labor, perhaps for a long while. A textbook dystopia - and Moravec is just getting wound up. He goes on to discuss how our main job in the 21st century will be "ensuring continued cooperation from the robot industries" by passing laws decreeing that they be "nice,"3 and to describe how seriously dangerous a human can be "once transformed into an unbounded super intelligent robot." Moravec's view is that the robots will eventually succeed us - that humans clearly face extinction. I decided it was time to talk to my friend Danny Hillis. Danny became famous as the cofounder of Thinking Machines Corporation, which built a very powerful parallel supercomputer. Despite my current job title of Chief Scientist at Sun Microsystems, I am more a computer architect than a scientist, and I respect Danny's knowledge of the information and physical sciences more than that of any other single person I know. Danny is also a highly regarded futurist who thinks long-term - four years ago he started the Long Now Foundation, which is building a clock designed to last 10,000 years, in an attempt to draw attention to the pitifully short attention span of our society. (See "Test of Time,"Wired 8.03, page 78.) So I flew to Los Angeles for the express purpose of having dinner with Danny and his wife, Pati. I went through my now-familiar routine, trotting out the ideas and passages that I found so disturbing. Danny's answer - directed specifically at Kurzweil's scenario of humans merging with robots - came swiftly, and quite surprised me. He said, simply, that the changes would come gradually, and that we would get used to them. But I guess I wasn't totally surprised. I had seen a quote from Danny in Kurzweil's book in which he said, "I'm as fond of my body as anyone, but if I can be 200 with a body of silicon, I'll take it." It seemed that he was at peace with this process and its attendant risks, while I was not. While talking and thinking about Kurzweil, Kaczynski, and Moravec, I suddenly remembered a novel I had read almost 20 years ago -The White Plague, by Frank Herbert - in which a molecular biologist is driven insane by the senseless murder of his family. To seek revenge he constructs and disseminates a new and highly contagious plague that kills widely but selectively. (We're lucky Kaczynski was a mathematician, not a molecular biologist.) I was also reminded of the Borg ofStar Trek, a hive of partly biological, partly robotic creatures with a strong destructive streak. Borg-like disasters are a staple of science fiction, so why hadn't I been more concerned about such robotic dystopias earlier? Why weren't other people more concerned about these nightmarish scenarios? Part of the answer certainly lies in our attitude toward the new - in our bias toward instant familiarity and unquestioning acceptance. Accustomed to living with almost routine scientific breakthroughs, we have yet to come to terms with the fact that the most compelling 21st-century technologies - robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology - pose a different threat than the technologies that have come before. Specifically, robots, engineered organisms, and nanobots share a dangerous amplifying factor: They can self-replicate. A bomb is blown up only once - but one bot can become many, and quickly get out of control. Much of my work over the past 25 years has been on computer networking, where the sending and receiving of messages creates the opportunity for out-of-control replication. But while replication in a computer or a computer network can be a nuisance, at worst it disables a machine or takes down a network or network service. Uncontrolled self-replication in these newer technologies runs a much greater risk: a risk of substantial damage in the physical wEach of these technologies also offers untold promise: The vision of near immortality that Kurzweil sees in his robot dreams drives us forward; genetic engineering may soon provide treatments, if not outright cures, for most diseases; and nanotechnology and nanomedicine can address yet more ills. Together they could significantly extend our average life span and improve the quality of our lives. Yet, with each of these technologies, a sequence of small, individually sensible advances leads to an accumulation of great power and, concomitantly, great danger. What was different in the 20th century? Certainly, the technologies underlying the weapons of mass destruction (WMD) - nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) - were powerful, and the weapons an enormous threat. But building nuclear weapons required, at least for a time, access to both rare - indeed, effectively unavailable - raw materials and highly protected information; biological and chemical weapons programs also tended to require large-scale activities. The 21st-century technologies - genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR) - are so powerful that they can spawn whole new classes of accidents and abuses. Most dangerously, for the first time, these accidents and abuses are widely within the reach of individuals or small groups. They will not require large facilities or rare raw materials. Knowledge alone will enable the use of them. Thus we have the possibility not just of weapons of mass destruction but of knowledge-enabled mass destruction (KMD), this destructiveness hugely amplified by the power of self-replication. I think it is no exaggeration to say we are on the cusp of the further perfection of extreme evil, an evil whose possibility spreads well beyond that which weapons of mass destruction bequeathed to the nation-states, on to a surprising and terrible empowerment of extreme individuals.¶

Biological species almost never survive encounters with superior competitor In a completely free marketplace, superior robots would surely affect humans Robotic industries would compete vigorously among themselves for matter, energy, and space, incidentally driving their price beyond human reach. Unable to afford the necessities of life, biological humans would be squeezed out of existence. our main job in the 21st century will be "ensuring continued cooperation from the robot industries" by passing laws decreeing that they be "nice and to describe how seriously dangerous a human can be "once transformed into an unbounded super intelligent robot." the robots will eventually succeed us - that humans clearly face extinction Accustomed to living with almost routine scientific breakthroughs, we have yet to come to terms with the fact that the most compelling 21st-century technologies - robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology - pose a different threat than the technologies that have come before. Specifically, robots, engineered organisms, and nanobots share a dangerous amplifying factor: They can self-replicate. A bomb is blown up only once - but one bot can become many, and quickly get out of control. controlled self-replication in these newer technologies runs a much greater risk: a risk of substantial damage in the physical with each of these technologies, a sequence of small, individually sensible advances leads to an accumulation of great power and, concomitantly, great danger. the technologies underlying the weapons of mass destruction ) - were powerful, and the weapons an enormous threat. The 21st-century technologies - genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics ) - are so powerful that they can spawn whole new classes of accidents and abuses. Knowledge alone will enable the use of them. Thus we have the possibility not just of weapons of mass destruction but of knowledge-enabled mass destruction this destructiveness hugely amplified by the power of self-replication. I think it is no exaggeration to say we are on the cusp of the further perfection of extreme evil, an evil whose possibility spreads well beyond that which weapons of mass destruction bequeathed to the nation-states, on to a surprising and terrible empowerment of extreme individuals.¶

Agriculture DA

Uniqueness

UQ -- Ag High -- Exports High

Agriculture exports are on an upward trend for 2021 – current exports are record-breaking

Ramirez-Santos 7/1 (Hernando Ramirez-Santos, “U.S. AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS TO REACH A NEW RECORD IN 2021”, 7/1/21, abasto, pg online @https://abasto.com/en/news/u-s-agricultural-exports-to-reach-a-new-record-in-2021/)

Ramirez-Santos 7/1

1nc

6

Unhinged AI unloads nuclear escalation and infinite suffering.

Toby Ord 20, senior research fellow in philosophy at Oxford University and world-renowned risk-assessment expert who’s advised WHO, the World Bank, the WEF, and the US National Intelligence Council, 3/3/2020, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, pp. 194-196, cc, edited for ableist language

Ord 20

MSP neg

1NC

Solvency

Many Obstacles to developing MSP

Collier 13 (Briana W. Collier studied environmental law and policy at Vermont Law School and now works as an Environmental Protection Specialist with the National Park Service, “Orchestrating Our Oceans: Effectively Implementing Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning in the U.S.”, http://nsglc.olemiss.edu/sglpj/vol6no1/5-Collier.pdf, 2013, 7/22/14, MEM)

Collier 13

Fred’s Stuff

Solvency

Global Stability Advantage

A hydrogen based economy fails to transition away from fossil fuels – guts solvency

Morris 3 (Morris, David. "A Hydrogen Economy Is a Bad Idea." Www.alternet.org. N.p., 23 Feb. 2003. Web. 31 July 2014. David Morris directs The Public Good Initiative at the Institute for Local Self-Reliance. David Morris is also a writer for alternet.com Eric).

Morris 3 (Morris, David. "A Hydrogen Economy Is a Bad Idea." Www.alternet.org. N.p., 23 Feb. 2003. Web. 31 July 2014. David Morris directs The Public Good Initiative at the Institute for Local Self-Reliance. David Morris is also a writer for alternet.com Eric).