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**Advantages**

-- China

Solvency – LOST Key

LOST key to calm tensions in the South China Sea according to Obama

Stearns, VoiceofAmericaNews.com, 2014 (6/2/14, Scott Stearns, White House correspondent, Obama Pushes Law of the Sea to Help Settle S. China Sea Claims, http://www.voanews.com/content/obama-pushing-un-law-of-the-sea-to-help-settle-south-china-sea-claims/1928052.html KA)

Stearns, VoiceofAmericaNews.com, 2014 KA)

AFF

US/EU Rels Impacts

Russia Module

Europe is questioning US commitment to the alliance- reinvigorating relations are key to solve Russian aggression

Coffey ’14 (By Luke Coffey —Luke Coffey is Margaret Thatcher Fellow in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation., March 2014,

Coffey ’14 (By Luke Coffey —Luke Coffey is Margaret Thatcher Fellow in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation., March 2014,

Midterms Neg

GOP Win – Blocks Trade Promotion Authority

TPA Good

Trade promotion allows the US to remain economically strong and globally competitive

Office of the United States Trade Representative, NO DATE (Office of the United States Trade Representative, Executive Office Of The President, no date, Office of the United States Trade Representative, “Benefits of Trade”, http://www.ustr.gov/about-us/benefits-trade, accessed 7/13/14 NM)

Office of the United States Trade Representative, NO DATE

Aquaculture

1NC

Eutro Turn

Eutrophication and resulting algal blooms turns the case—results in toxic food, increased disease transmission, and decreased production

Emerson, Ph.D in Oceanography from Dalhousie University, 99 [Craig, 12-99, CSA, “Aquaculture Impacts on the Environment,” http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/aquacult/overview.php, 6-25-14, IC]

Emerson, Ph.D in Oceanography from Dalhousie University, 99

Militarization Adv Exts

China Militarizing Now

China has resources to militarize space now – test launches and tech development

Hamill, 16 (Report for Mirror, “China launches super-powerful rocket as part of plan to dominate space,” Mirror, April 27, 2016, http://www.mirror.co.uk/science/china-launches-super-powerful-rocket-7842778) Chikko

Hamill, 16

Court Capital DA

Impacts

Impacts--Court Clog Impact Extensions

(--) Business confidence key to staving off a recession:

JOHN BRAITHWAITE, 2004 (The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, March; Lexis)

BRAITHWAITE 04

Additional K cards from the SDI sophs

More Capitalism/Neo-Liberalism

Cap Sustainable/Root Cause

Capitalism is not root cause of war

Aberdeen 03 (Richard Aberdeen, Nashville, Tennessee based author, songwriter and advocate for the sick and poor, “The Way: A Theory of Root Cause and Solution”, 2003 http://freedomtracks.com/uncommonsense/theway.html, 7/26/15, Sachet)

Aberdeen 03

Advantages – cards for all versions

Space capabilities

Impact – Russia

Risk of cyber escalation with Russia is massive and goes nuclear – prioritize this impact because cognitive bias underestimates it, and deterrence can’t solve it.

Beebe 19 [George, VP and Director of Studies at the Center for the National Interest, a nonpartisan think tank, former head of Russia analysis at the CIA, “We’re More at Risk of Nuclear War With Russia Than We Think,” October 7, Politico, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/10/07/were-more-at-risk-of-nuclear-war-with-russia-than-we-think-229436, accessed 07/04/22, GDI-JCR]

Beebe 19

SENATE ELECTIONS DA

IMPACT – DEMOCRACY

! – terrorism

Terrorism causes nuclear war---newest studies.

Hayes ’18 [Peter; January 18th; Non-State Terrorism and Inadvertent Nuclear War; https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/non-state-terrorism-and-inadvertent-nuclear-war/; accessed 11/16/18//MSCOTT]

Hayes ’18

Race K Toolbox

***Race K Answers***

AT: Race – Debates/Implementation Key

Debates about the implementation and consequences of policies are critical to fighting racism.

Bracey, Washington University law professor and African and African American studies professor, 2006

Bracey, Washington University law professor and African and African American studies professor, 2006

DA -- Federalism

2NC Internal-Link

2NC -- IL -- Climate Change

Federalism solves extinction-level warming---it’s the biggest impact.

Sen 17. (Basav Sen directs the Climate Justice Project at the Institute for Policy Studies. Trump's War on the Climate. March 13, 2017. https://www.usnews.com/opinion/op-ed/articles/2017-03-13/cities-and-states-can-fight-back-against-trumps-war-on-the-climate)

Sen 17

*NDI 6WA – CCP Collapse Good*

China Democracy Impact

China Disease

Diseases causes extinction

DUJS 09, (Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, “Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate”, http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate)

DUJS 09

Aff – OCOs 3 – BFHR

1AC/Core A5 Advantages

PMC’s Adv---1AC

China-led global order causes nuclear war

Hass 17, senior fellow and the Michael H. Armacost Chair in the Foreign Policy program at Brookings, where he holds a joint appointment to the John L. Thornton China Center and the Center for East Asia Policy Studies. (Ryan, 12-29-2017, "The case for continued American leadership in Asia", Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/the-case-for-continued-american-leadership-in-asia/)

Hass 17

Aff

Impacts

No Indo-Sino conflict

No China-India war

Carlson ’13 (Allen Carlson is an Associate Professor in Cornell University’s Government Department. He was granted his PhD from Yale University’s Political Science Department. His undergraduate degree is from Colby College. In 2005 his Unifying China, Integrating with the World: Securing Chinese Sovereignty in the Reform Era was published by Stanford University Press. He has also written articles that appeared in the Journal of Contemporary China, Pacific Affairs, Asia Policy, and Nations and Nationalism. In addition, he has published monographs for the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations and the East-West Center Washington. Carlson was a Fulbright-Hays scholar at Peking University during the 2004-2005 academic year. In 2005 he was chosen to participate in the National Committee’s Public Intellectuals Program, and he currently serves as an adviser to Cornell’s China Asia Pacific Studies program and its East Asia Program. Carlson is currently working on a project exploring the issue of nontraditional security in China’s emerging relationship with the rest of the international system. His most recent publications are the co-edited Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods and Field Strategies (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and New Frontiers in China’s Foreign Relations (Lexington, 2011). China Keeps the Peace at Sea China Keeps the Peace at Sea Why the Dragon Doesn't Want War Allen Carlson February 21, 2013

East Asia Program. Carlson is currently working on a project exploring the issue of nontraditional security in China’s emerging relationship with the rest of the international system. His most recent publications are the co-edited Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods and Field Strategies (Cambridge University Press, 2010) and New Frontiers in China’s Foreign Relations (Lexington, 2011). China Keeps the Peace at Sea China Keeps the Peace at Sea Why the Dragon Doesn't Want War Allen Carlson February 21, 2013

1nc

1nc – wildfires

Disease can’t cause extinction.

Dr. Toby Ord 20, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, Hachette Books, Kindle Edition, p. 124-126

Ord 20

Base DA Aff

Link Answers

No Link – Trump Not Blamed

Trump will turn the blame on the courts—no diversionary war

Danner, University of California at Berkeley Chancellor’s Professor of English & Journalism, 17 [Mark, 03/23/2017, The New York Review, “What He Could Do,” http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/03/23/what-trump-could-do/, accessed 07/10/2018, AMS]

Danner, University of California at Berkeley Chancellor’s Professor of English & Journalism, 17

Militarism Aff

Militarism

Impact – Structural Violence

The base prioritizes security over human lives

Harris, fellow of the Clements Center for History, Strategy, and Statecraft, 11

Harris, fellow of the Clements Center for History, Strategy, and Statecraft, 11

Neg

Gas Diplomacy

Japan

New Japanese-Russian deal meets Japanese demand faster and cheaper than the plan—Japan doesn’t need US LNG

Stapczynsk, EPOCH Times Correspondent, June 2, 2014 [Stephen, EPOCH Times, “Proposed Japan-Russia Natural Gas Pipeline Would Be Good News for Tokyo and Moscow, But Bad News for Washington,” http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/blog/proposed-japan-russia-natural-gas-pipeline-would-be-good-news-for-tokyo-and-moscow-but-bad-news-for-washington/, accessed June 30, 2014, EK]

Stapczynsk, EPOCH Times Correspondent, June 2, 2014

Agamben—MM(MMMMMMMMM)R Lab

Impacts

2NC Uniqueness

Violence is increasing, and the aff is part and parcel with that system. The impact is biopolitical cleansing on a global scale.

Gulli 13. (Bruno, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence) Heublein

Gulli 13.

Impacts

Frontlines to External Impacts

2NC - AT: Cap Good - Innovation

Capitalism actively prevents development of new tech

Smith, 20, Tony Smith, Tony Smith is a professor of philosophy at Iowa State University and the author of Technology and Capital in the Age of Lean Production, 8/30/2022, “How Capitalism Stifles Innovation”, https://tribunemag.co.uk/2020/08/how-capitalism-stifles-innovation - FT

Smith, 20

Logistics K – Neg

Red innovation updates

Smith 20

Capitalism is unsustainable – its try or die for Red Innovation

Smith 20 (Tony Smith is a professor of philosophy at Iowa State University and the author of Technology and Capital in the Age of Lean Production. “How Capitalism Stifles Innovation”, https://tribunemag.co.uk/2020/08/how-capitalism-stifles-innovation)AA

Smith 20

1NC – U-Visas

The sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system spills over to a larger global biopolitical war – Any attempt at a reform only mores the language of the current system and justifies the continuation of governmentality – The ballot should side with an insurrectionary movement against those forms of biopolitical violence

Gulli 13 – Bruno Gulli is a professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York (“For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, 2013, pg. 1)

Gulli 13 , 2013, pg. 1)

1nc Shells

SP1 – Asylum Seekers 1NC

The impact is the perpetual expansion of the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system engendering a global biopolitical war which setences entire populations and geographies to death.

Gulli 13 (Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science @ Kingsborough College, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg1 – pg5)

Gulli 13

A2: Tradeoff DA

Link Level

No NASA Cuts

Budget cuts won’t affect NASA’s programs.

Bodzash, 2011 (Dennis Bodzash; astronomer/astrophotographer, serves as a member of the Board of Directors and as newsletter editor for Northeast Ohio's Black River Astronomical Society, writes columns as Cleveland Photography and Astronomy Examiner; “Last-ditch effort to avoid government shutdown involves NASA cuts”; http://www.examiner.com/article/last-ditch-effort-to-avoid-government-shutdown-involves-nasa-cuts; Date Accessed: 7/13/14)

Bodzash, 2011 , serves as a member of the Board of Directors and as newsletter editor for Northeast Ohio's Black River Astronomical Society, writes columns as Cleveland Photography and Astronomy Examiner; “Last-ditch effort to avoid government shutdown involves NASA cuts”; http://www.examiner.com/article/last-ditch-effort-to-avoid-government-shutdown-involves-nasa-cuts; Date Accessed: 7/13/14)

Aff

No Link – Subs

Turkey likes subs

Daily Sabah, 4/23/22, Pro-government Turkish daily published in turkey, “Turkey to complete domestically made submarine in 6 months,” https://www.dailysabah.com/business/defense/turkey-to-complete-domestically-made-submarine-in-6-months, BradAs

Daily Sabah 22

Solvency

General/Top Level

Solvency --- A2: Assumes Conflict Resolution

Wrong

Graham, ‘9 --- Sarah Ellen Graham and John Robert Kelley Center for International Studies/Annenberg Center for Public Diplomacy, University of Southern California, “US Engagement in East Asia: A Case for Track Two Diplomacy”, Orbis, Vol. 53, No. 1, Winter 2009, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1465772

Graham, ‘9 ---

AFF UPDATES – AT: FRAMEWORK

USFG C/I

Muller

The United States federal government is a contestable assemblage of geographic, ethnic, moral, and technological protocols

Muller 15 [Martin, Swiss National Science Foundation Professor in the Department of Geography and Sustainability at the University of Lausanne, “Assemblages and Actor-networks: Rethinking Socio-material Power, Politics and Space,” Geography Compass 9/1, p. 32// https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/gec3.12192]

Muller 15

case

fism/commerce clause offense

2nc terror impact

Terror causes nuclear war—motive is there, means are key

Hayes, 18—Co-founder and Executive Director of Nautilus Institute for Security and Sustainability, Honorary Professor, Center for International Security Studies, Sydney University (Peter, “NON-STATE TERRORISM AND INADVERTENT NUCLEAR WAR,” https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/non-state-terrorism-and-inadvertent-nuclear-war/, dml) [The expansion of “CBRN” into “chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear” appears in brackets in the original; however, “nuclear command, control and communications” has been shortened to “NC3” for readability; the phrase appears as “NC3” throughout the rest of the article after the card ends—my correction is denoted by brackets]

Hayes, 18

Terrorism Disadvantage

Links

Links- Surveillance solves terror

Surveillance is the best counter-terror strategy

Lewis ’14 [James Andrew Lewis is a senior fellow and director of the Strategic Technologies Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C., where he writes on technology, security, and the international economy, “Underestimating Risk in the Surveillance Debate,” http://csis.org/files/publication/141209_Lewis_UnderestimatingRisk_Web.pdf]

Lewis ’14

Competitiveness Advantage

Impact Defense

AT: Heg

Heg doesn’t solve war

Fettweis 10 Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College. (Christopher J. Fettweis, “Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” Survival, Volume 52, Issue 2 April 2010 , pages 59 – 82//informaworld)

Fettweis 10

Aff Answers

Link Answers

LT – Algae Blooms

Algae blooms hurt industry – wreck tourism and aquaculture.

Kevin Degood, 10-27-2020, [Kevin DeGood is the director of Infrastructure Policy at American Progress. His work focuses on how highway, transit, aviation, and maritime policy affect America’s global competitiveness, access to opportunity for diverse communities, and environmental sustainability. "A Call to Action on Combating Nonpoint Source and Stormwater Pollution", Center for American Progress https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2020/10/27/492149/call-action-combating-nonpoint-source-stormwater-pollution/ //DMcD]

Degood 20

***Internals***

Wisconsin

--at: right/wrong track numbers

Right/wrong track numbers are bad

Cohn 7-29 --- Nate Cohn, reporter for The Upshot, 7-29-2016 ("Donald Trump vs. Hillary Clinton? Keep an Eye on Obama’s Approval Rating,” New York Times, Accessed Online at http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/30/upshot/how-unhappy-are-americans-and-what-does-it-mean-for-the-election.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fupshot&action=click&contentCollection=upshot®ion=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=3&pgtype=sectionfront, Accessed on 7-29-2016, ES)

Cohn 7-29

1AC

Framework

1AC – Adv

The Advantage is Democracy.

Internal Links

Impact Take-outs

Internal Links: Economic Growth Causes Military Modernization

Chinese economic growth fuels its military modernization.

Anthony H. Cordesman, 2013 Ashley Hess, Nicholas S. Yarosh, (Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at CSIS) Chinese Military Modernization and Force Development: A Western Perspective, 2013. Retrieved via google books, May 15, 2016.

Cordesman, 2013

da/k – offense vs k affs – bfhpr

afropessimism k

misc.

The affirmative's centralization of settler colonial violence is a ruse of analogy which invisibilizes the fungible position of blackness that subtends the colonial encounter – theirs is a narrative of redress and reclamation which posits a neutrality of possession and is thus complicit in the gratuitous violence of racial slavery – voting negative embraces a political ontology of pessimism which raises the stakes of debate to forge conceptual tools for revolution

Sexton 16 (Jared Sexton, Professor, African American Studies School of Humanities and Professor, Film & Media Studies School of Humanities at UCI, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley, Ethnic Studies. “Afro-Pessimism: The Unclear Word.” Rhizomes Issue 29. Footnotes 5-8 & 11 in brackets. http://www.rhizomes.net/issue29/sexton.html) gz - recut-azi

Sexton 16

Topicality – Hoya Spartan Scholars – 2014

*** NON-MILITARY

Non-Military – Assets – 1NC

Explodes limits---anything can have a potential military purpose

Wuerzner 8 – Carolin Wuerzner, Former Editorial Assistant for the International Review of the Red Cross, Now Working with UNHCR, “Mission Impossible? Bringing Charges for the Crime of Attacking Civilians or Civilian Objects Before International Criminal Tribunals”, December, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc-872-wuerzner.pdf

Court Capital DA

Impacts

Impacts--Court Clog Impact Extensions

Business confidence key to staving off a recession:

JOHN BRAITHWAITE, 2004 (The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, March; Lexis)

BRAITHWAITE 04

Internal Links

IL’s: Political Capital Key

(--) Other issues will trade-off with Obama’s ability to persuade Democrats on Iran.

Zach Beauchamp, (B.A.s in Philosophy and Political Science from Brown University) Nov. 6, 2014. Retrieved Apr. 29, 2015 from http://www.vox.com/2014/11/6/7164283/iran-nuclear-deal-congress

Beauchamp 14

Impacts – Program Good

Mechanics

A2: NSA Bad - Civil Liberties

If the government was to attack liberties, they definitely wouldn’t use this program

Joshua Rovner, John Goodwin Tower Distinguished Professor of International Politics and National Security, Associate Professor of Political Science, SMU, 1/2/14, Reckless Reforms, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/01/02/reckless_reforms_nsa

Rovner 14

1NC – Cal – Round 2

Case

Adv 1

Covid proves that global food markets are resilient, shortages are caused by local inefficiencies.

Sova 21 [Chase is a Senior Associate at CSIS in the Global Food Security Program with a PhD from Oxford specializing in environmental change; 3/15/21; “Covid-19 and Global Food Security: One Year Later”; CSIS; https://www.csis.org/analysis/covid-19-and-global-food-security-one-year-later]

Sova 21

Terrorism Disadvantage Updates

AFF

AFF – No Impact

No existential threat- Risk greatly exaggerated

Mueller and Stewart, 15. John Mueller and Mark Stewart- John Mueller is a professor of political science at Ohio State University and author of Overblown: How Politicians and the Terrorism Industry Inflate National Security Threats, and Why We Believe Them, and Atomic Obsession. Mark Stewart is an engineer and risk analyst at the University of Newcastle in Australia. He is the co-author of Terror, Security, and Money: Balancing the Risks, Benefits, and Costs of Homeland Security and of the forthcoming Chasing Ghosts: The Costly Quest to Counter Terrorists in the United States., Terrorism poses no existential threat to America. We must stop pretending otherwise. Thursday 24th February 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/24/terrorism-poses-no-existential-threat-to-america)

Mueller and Stewart, 15

Case Responses

1NC Frontline

( ) The 1AC is insufficient to create real change—they are too particular to extend to other cases

Winter 89 (Steven L. Winter is an Associate Professor, University of Miami School of Law. B.A. 1974, Yeshiva College; J.D.1977, Columbia University, “LEGAL STORYTELLING: THE COGNITIVE DIMENSION OF THE AGONBETWEEN LEGAL POWER AND NARRATIVE MEANING” 87 Mich. L. Rev. 2225., August,1989, KK)

Winter 89

Aff

2AC – Funding Fails

More spending fails---the military sucks

De Rugy 3/10 (Veronique de Rugy, senior research fellow at George Mason University, 3-10-2022, “More Defense Spending Does Not Equal More Safety”, Reason, accessed 6-28-2022, https://reason.com/2022/03/10/more-defense-spending-does-not-equal-more-safety/ )//kp

De Rugy 3/10

Affirmative

Link

Link Defense – Credit Rating

No downgrade and no impact even if it happens

-General global trend to downgrade

Chinese Growth Good

Impact Take-outs

Chinese Economic Growth Good: Disease

Diseases cause extinction—new viruses are constantly emerging:

Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, 2009 ( Human Extinction: The Uncertainty of Our Fate http://dujs.dartmouth.edu/spring-2009/human-extinction-the-uncertainty-of-our-fate#.U95moKNeJHQ, Accessed 8/3/2014, rwg)

Dartmouth Undergraduate Journal of Science, 2009

Aff

Uniqueness

!D – Econ

No competitiveness impact---US economic leadership and strength is locked in, and China economic rise doesn’t cause a catastrophic power transition

Stephen G. Brooks and Wohlforth 16, Associate Professor of Government in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College, William Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government in the Dartmouth College Department of Government, June 2016, “The once and future superpower: why China won't overtake the United States,” https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-04-13/once-and-future-superpower After two and a half decades, is the United States' run as the world's sole superpower coming to an end? Many say yes, seeing a rising China ready to catch up to or even surpass the United States in the near future. By many measures, after all, China's economy is on track to become the world's biggest, and even if its growth slows, it will still outpace that of the United States for many years. Its coffers overflowing, Beijing has used its new wealth to attract friends, deter enemies, modernize its military, and aggressively assert sovereignty claims in its periphery. For many, therefore, the question is not whether China will become a superpower but just how soon. But this is wishful, or fearful, thinking. Economic growth no longer translates as directly into military power as it did in the past, which means that it is now harder than ever for rising powers to rise and established ones to fall. And China--the only country with the raw potential to become a true global peer of the United States--also faces a more daunting challenge than previous rising states because of how far it lags behind technologically. Even though the United States' economic dominance has eroded from its peak, the country's military superiority is not going anywhere, nor is the globe-spanning alliance structure that constitutes the core of the existing liberal international order (unless Washington unwisely decides to throw it away). Rather than expecting a power transition in international politics, everyone should start getting used to a world in which the United States remains the sole superpower for decades to come. Lasting preeminence will help the United States ward off the greatest traditional international danger, war between the world's major powers. And it will give Washington options for dealing with nonstate threats such as terrorism and transnational challenges such as climate change. But it will also impose burdens of leadership and force choices among competing priorities, particularly as finances grow more straitened. With great power comes great responsibility, as the saying goes, and playing its leading role successfully will require Washington to display a maturity that U.S. foreign policy has all too often lacked.

Brooks and Wohlforth 16

AFF Answers

AT: Impact

AT: Reps Shape Reality

Reps don’t shape reality—focusing on them obscures material and political analysis

Tuathail 1996 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

Tuathail 1996

Solvency Answers

THAAD Good

S Attacks/War

THAAD is the best chance of intercepting North Korean attacks

Bruce Klingner, 9-1-2015, "THE IMPORTANCE OF THAAD MISSILE DEFENSE.: EBSCOhost," No Publication, http://web.a.ebscohost.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=40f0c29c-3dcb-49ce-aa2b-a4fc5cf254c8%40sessionmgr4002&vid=1&hid=4112(Bruce Klingner specializes in Korean and Japanese affairs as the senior research fellow for Northeast Asia at The Heritage Foundation's Asian Studies Center.)

Klingner, 15

Disad Links

Xi Credibility Links

(--) Xi opposes pressuring North Korea because stability in North Korea bolsters his economic reform agenda:

Stephanie T. Kleine-Ahlbrandt, 2014 (USIP’s director of Asia-Pacific programs), U.S.-China Cooperation on North Korea: What are the Options? June 9, 2014. Retrieved Apr. 24, 2016 from http://www.usip.org/olivebranch/us-china-cooperation-north-korea-what-are-the-options

Ahlbrandt, 2014

Soft power Backlines

SLOC’s Module – Backlines

A-to “Can’t Solve unless solve Somalia”

( ) Their assumption that “Somalia is key” is outdated.

Minto ‘13 Rob Minto is a writer / editor on the Financial Time's emerging markets desk in London. “Piracy shifts from Somalia to Nigeria” – Beyond Brics, a blog sponsored by The Financial Times – June 18th – http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/06/18/piracy-shifts-from-somalia-to-nigeria/

Minto ‘13

NEG

Link

Link – Immigration

All plenary power is bad – Congress can just shift the definition of “violent” crime or “crime” in order to incriminate more immigrants – abolishment is the only answer

Delgado & *Stefancic 07 – Delgado teaches civil rights and critical race theory at University of Alabama School of Law. He has written and co-authored numerous articles and books; *Research Professor of Law at Seattle University, is the author of leading articles and books on Critical Race Theory, Latino/a scholarship, and social change [Richard & Jean, May 1 2007, “Critical Race Theory and Criminal Justice”, Humanity & Society, 31(2–3), pp. 133–145. doi: 10.1177/016059760703100201., DOA: 6/18/20, Lowell-JS]

Delgado & Stefancic 07 – Delgado teaches civil rights and critical race theory at University of Alabama School of Law. He has written and co-authored numerous articles and books; *Research Professor of Law at Seattle University, is the author of leading articles and books on Critical Race Theory, Latino/a scholarship, and social change [Richard & Jean, May 1 2007, “Critical Race Theory and Criminal Justice”, Humanity & Society, 31(2–3), pp. 133–145. doi: 10.1177/016059760703100201., DOA: 6/18/20, Lowell-JS]

***Offcase starts here

Topicality

T – Plan violates “non-military”

Second – Explodes limits – anything can have a potential military purpose. Limits are key to fairness and depth of discussion.

Wuerzner ‘8 Carolin Wuerzner, Former Editorial Assistant for the International Review of the Red Cross, Now Working with UNHCR, “Mission Impossible? Bringing Charges for the Crime of Attacking Civilians or Civilian Objects Before International Criminal Tribunals”, December, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc-872-wuerzner.pdf

Wuerzner ‘8

AT: Case O/W

Ext

Their choice of rhetorical tools short-circuits their claims to solvency

Vidali ’10 [Amy, Dept of English U of Colorado-Denver, “Seeing What We Know: Disability and Theories of Metaphor,” Journal of Literary & Cultural Disability Studies, v4, #1, pp33-54]

, v4, #1, pp33-54]

Drones

NEG

2NC – No Warrants Key 2 Solve Intel DA

Warrant-free use and technological advances are core components of law enforcement

***note: this is a re-underlining of Reid evidence from the 1NC Crime Turn – don’t read it twice!

CAFOs Negative

Administrative State Advantage

1NC — Administrative State Bad

A large administrative state is worse for all of their impacts.

Sandefur and Riches ND — Timothy, adjunct scholar at the Cato Institute, principal attorney at the Pacific Legal Foundation, J.D. from Chapman University School of Law, Jon Riches, Director of National Litigation & General Counsel at the Goldwater Institute, J.D. from the University of Arizona, No Date (“Confronting the Administrative State: State-Based Solutions to Inject Accountability into an Unaccountable System,” Goldwater Institute, Available Online at https://goldwaterinstitute.org/administrative-state-blueprint/, Accessed on 07-30-2021)

Sandefur and Riches ND

Aff

Judicial Discretion

!—Democracy—Terror

Terrorism causes nuclear war---newest studies.

Hayes ’18 [Peter; January 18th; Non-State Terrorism and Inadvertent Nuclear War; https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/non-state-terrorism-and-inadvertent-nuclear-war/; accessed 11/16/18//MSCOTT]

Hayes ’18

Case

AFF

Addon---China Mil Mod---2AC

Deployment causes nuclear counterbalancing and modernization by China---that ends deterrence

Bhadrakumar, 7-8 – M.K. Bhadrakumar, career diplomat in the Indian Foreign Service for over 29 years, 7-8-2016, “US missile shield in South Korea shakes up strategic balance”, Asia Times, http://atimes.com/2016/07/us-missile-shield-in-south-korea-shakes-up-strategic-balance/

Bhadrakumar, 7-8

Kritik Answers

Orientalism K Answers

(--) Reps don’t shape reality—focusing on them obscures material and political analysis

Tuathail 1996 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

Tuathail 1996

1AC

1AC---Innovation

Advantage 1 is Innovation:

T For Competition / Theory / Misc.

Resolved

Resolved = Neither Certain Nor Immediate

“Resolved” doesn’t require certainty

Webster’s 9 – Merriam Webster 2009

Webster’s 9

***NEG***

--LINKS

Link – Curtail Surveillance (Surveillance Can be Good)

Surveillance should be reclaimed for the common good – our goal should not be the reduction of surveillance, but rather a reclamation of surveillance tools for the benefit of all by destroying capitalism.

Fuchs, 2011

Fuchs, 2011

2AC

Off

Setcol K

13 – Framing settler colonialism through a totalizing lens of ontology makes indigenous liberation impossible by setting the terms of victory as all-or-nothing—pessimism actively reifies settler dominance

Busbridge, 18—Research Fellow at the Centre for Dialogue, La Trobe University (Rachel, “Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization,” Theory, Culture & Society Vol 35, Issue 1, 2018, dml)

Busbridge, 18—Research Fellow at the Centre for Dialogue, La Trobe University (Rachel, “Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial ‘Turn’: From Interpretation to Decolonization,” Theory, Culture & Society Vol 35, Issue 1, 2018, dml)

North Korean Proliferation Advantage Answers

China Won’t Get on Board With Harsh Sanctions Extensions

(--) China won’t pressure North Korea to denuclearize:

Stephanie T. Kleine-Ahlbrandt, 2014 (USIP’s director of Asia-Pacific programs), U.S.-China Cooperation on North Korea: What are the Options? June 9, 2014. Retrieved Apr. 24, 2016 from http://www.usip.org/olivebranch/us-china-cooperation-north-korea-what-are-the-options

Ahlbrandt, 2014 (USIP’s director of Asia-Pacific programs), U.S.-China Cooperation on North Korea: What are the Options? June 9, 2014. Retrieved Apr. 24, 2016 from http://www.usip.org/olivebranch/us-china-cooperation-north-korea-what-are-the-options

***Capitalism Kritik***

Links 2NC

Exploitation

The systematic slaughter of animals and commodification of them maintains the ontology of capitalist domination- this is mutually exclusive with a liberated society

ALH, ND - Animal Liberation Hamburg is a leading organizing of the animal liberation movement. The organization is committed to the liberation of humanity and animals from exploitation (“Humans, Animals and Nature in the Crisis: On the need for an anti-capitalist critique of animal exploitation”, http://www.tierbefreiung-hamburg.org/texte/humans-animals-and-nature-in-the-crisis-on-the-need-for-an-anti-capitalist-critique-of-animal-exploitation)//jk

ALH, ND -

Case Answers

A2: Water Adv --- Fish Exts

A2: Retrenchment = Prolif Impact

No prolif

Knopf 17 Jeffrey W. Knopf, professor at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey, where he serves as chair of the M.A. program in Non-proliferation and Terrorism Studies, senior research associate with the Institute’s James Martin Center for Non-proliferation Studies, (2017): Security assurances and proliferation risks in the Trump administration, Contemporary Security Policy, DOI: 10.1080/13523260.2016.1271688 accessed 8/18/18 tog, p.5-6, *NCC 2018 Wave 1*

Knopf 17

Helpful Aff Threads vs. De-Dev

Transition Bad — Option Value Good

Preserving humanity’s option value is the best way to prevent existential catastrophe. De-dev reverses the sustainability error — collapse is bad because it forecloses other possibilities.

Bostrom 13 — Nick Bostrom, Professor in the Faculty of Philosophy & Oxford Martin School, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and Director of the Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology at the University of Oxford, recipient of the 2009 Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the London School of Economics, 2013 (“Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority,” Global Policy, Volume 4, Issue 1, February, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Wiley Online Library, p. 24-26)

Bostrom 13

1AC — Solvency

Changing representational practices hinders understanding of policy by overlooking questions of agency and material structures

Tuathail, 96 (Gearoid, Department of Georgraphy at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Political Geography, 15(6-7), p. 664, science direct)

Tuathail, 96

Neg

Cyber Links

2NC---AT: Cyberwar turns Securitization

Expectations, not reality drive narratives of “cyber doom”.

Gomez and Whyte 21 Senior Researcher with the Center for Security Studies (CSS) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland, and a doctoral candidate at the University of Hildesheim, Germany. Christopher Whyte, PhD, is as Assistant Professor in the program on Homeland Security & Emergency Preparedness at Virginia Commonwealth University’s L. Douglas Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs. Miguel Alberto Gomez and Christopher Whyte, “Breaking the Myth of Cyber Doom: Securitization and Normalization of Novel Threats”, 2021, International Studies Quarterly (2021) 0, 1–14

Gomez and Whyte 21

Intel Good

Intel Good: Counterprolif

K2 counterprolif

Key to accurate monitoring and preventive measures – all types of WMD prolif (and bioweapons)

Schreier 09 – (2009, Fred, Consultant, Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, former colonel and general staff member, Swiss Ministry of Defense, Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy, Fletcher School, Tufts, “Fighting the Pre-eminent Threats with Intelligence-led Operations,” Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Occasional Paper – №16)

Schreier 09

Leadership Add-On Answers

Link Turn---NoKo Prolif

(--) Leadership doesn’t solve war: Empirically proven

Christopher J. Fettweis (Professor of national security affairs @ U.S. Naval War College) 2010 “Threat and Anxiety in US Foreign Policy,” Survival, Volume 52, Issue 2 April 2010 , pages 59 – 82

Fettweis 2010

NEG

IMPACT EXENSIONS

I/L – Warming

IL – Healthcare – Trump second term destroys health security amidst the pandemic by nullifying the ACA

Waldman, 20 (Paul Waldman, Political Columnist - Washington Post, BA Political Science, PhD in Communication - UPenn)

Waldman, 20

AFF Answers

Alt Answers

AT: Opacity

Opacity is an inherently priveleged projects that reasserts a power relaitonship between the opaque and power which is inaccessible to all subjects

Bettivia no date (Rhiannon, doctoral student in Social Informatics @ University of Illinois. “Seeing the unseen: The politics and privileges of invisibility and opacity in the digital archive” https://www.inter-disciplinary.net/critical-issues/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/bettiviadgpaper.pdf)

Bettivia no date )

Affirmative – Hybrid Statutes

Case

2AC – AT: BIA Expertise

The BIA lacks expertise in deportation cases.

Sharpless 17 – Rebecca Sharpless, Clinical Professor at University of Miami School of Law ("Zone of Nondeference: Chevron and Deportation for a Crime,” 9 Drexel L. Review 323, available online at https://drexel.edu/law/lawreview/issues/Archives/v9-2/sharpless/, accessed 6-25-2020) LR

Sharpless 17

Environmental Apocalyptic Rhetoric K

Links

Biodiversity Link

Their biod impact authors are alarmist, recent studies prove

Adler 13(Jonathan H. Adler, Johan Verheij Memorial Professor of Law and Director, Center for Business Law & Regulation, Case Western Reserve University School of Law, “Exaggerating Species Extinction – The Sequel”, the volokh, January 26, 2013, http://www.volokh.com/2013/01/26/exaggerating-species-extinction-the-sequel/)

Adler 13

Framework Stuff

Framework: Epistemology

Phenomenology is key to broadening our consciousness to include a better understanding of our experience of being placed in nature

Marietta 03, late ethics professor at Florida Atlantic Univ (Don E., “Back to Earth with Reflection and Ecology,” Eco-Phenomenology, edited by Charles Brown and Ted Toadvine 2003, pgs. 122)//ED

Marietta 03

Cyber-Security Add-on Answers

Link Turn---NoKo Prolif

Risk is systemically over-estimated and has been for decades

Healey, 2013 Atlantic Council Cyber Statecraft Initiative director, 2013 (Jason, “No, Cyberwarfare Isn't as Dangerous as Nuclear War”, 3-20, http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/world-report/2013/03/20/cyber-attacks-not-yet-an-existential-threat-to-the-us, ldg)

Healey, 2013 Atlantic Council Cyber Statecraft Initiative director, 2013

Anthropocentrism

K AFF

AT: Humans Key to Solve Environmental Impacts

Concepts of non-human dependence on humans ignores many conflicts and justifies status quo human-centrism that cause environmental impacts.

Plumwood 2 (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 125-126 Accessed: 7/13/16 LGF

Plumwood 2 (Val, Australian Research Council Fellow at the University of Sydney. She is an environmental activist, bush-walker, and a pioneer of environmental philosophy.) (Environmental Culture: The ecological crisis of reason) pg. 125-126 Accessed: 7/13/16 LGF

Neg

FW

T Version

Asian Americans can engage immigration law with China using genealogical narrative as justification.

Chang 93 (Robert S., Professor of Law and Executive Director of the Fred T. Korematsu Center for Law and Equality Seattle University School of Law, “Toward an Asian American Legal Scholarship: Critical Race Theory, Post-structuralism, and Narrative Space”, Seattle University School of Law Digital Commons 1993, http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1411&context=faculty, accessed 7/8/16) rz

Chang 93

BLACK QUIET KRITIK (QUASHIE)

1NC SHELLS

LONG VERSION 1NC FRONTLINE

THE ALTERNATIVE IS TO TRANSCEND THE BALLOT THRU A PERFORMANCE OF QUIET

Moments of blackness are wrapped in the package of expressiveness that is always PUBLIC and centered on the purpose of RESISTANCE. A sublime balance between the intentional political gesture and a sense of INWARDNESS is often barely acknowledged. BEAUTY can be defined beyond the war against oppression and signify a moment of deep spirituality, vulnerability, revealing a humanity that gets at the inner dimensions of PUBLIC BRAVERY. BLACK QUIET is a balanced performance of PUBLIC INTIMACY that reinterprets what is meant by BLACK CULTURAL expression. BLACK QUIET is the expressiveness of the interior that moves beyond and transcends the BALLOT providing a more accessible avenue of LIBERATORY PRAXIS. QUASHIE asst. Prof of Afro-American studies @ Smith College 2k9

. BEAUTY can be defined beyond the war against oppression and signify a moment of deep spirituality, vulnerability, revealing a humanity that gets at the inner dimensions of PUBLIC BRAVERY. BLACK QUIET is a balanced performance of PUBLIC INTIMACY that reinterprets what is meant by BLACK CULTURAL expression. BLACK QUIET is the expressiveness of the interior that moves beyond and transcends the BALLOT providing a more accessible avenue of LIBERATORY PRAXIS.

1nc – dowling r1

7

Uniquely capable of scaling up on their own to solve with greater efficiency and lower costs

Sharma and Shukla 20 (Babita Sharma, Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, India; and Pratyoosh Shukla, Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, India, and School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, India; “Futuristic avenues of metabolic engineering techniques in bioremediation,” Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 2020, DOI: 10.1002/bab.2080)

Sharma and Shukla 20

1NC

4

Great power war

Sandaram 19 [Jomo Kwame Sundaram, a former economics professor, was United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, and received the Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought, and Vladimir Popov is a Research Director at the Dialogue of Civilizations Research Institute in Berlin, “Economic Crisis Can Trigger World War,” Feb 12, 2019, http://www.ipsnews.net/2019/02/economic-crisis-can-trigger-world-war/]

Sandaram 19

solvency

USFG key

ext diversionary theory

Federal funding key

Morel, 06 [Near Term Energy Potential Realization of Domestic Methane Hydrate Deposits: The Need for Funding and Industry Participation Liz Morel 2006 WISE Intern The University of Kansas August 3, 2006, Sponsored by The American Institute of Chemical Engineers, http://www.wise-intern.org/journal/2006/Morel-AIChE.pdf]

Morel, 06

Growth Bad

Links

Trade—Generic

Trade is bad for the environment—transportation and lower regulatory standards

Paul 15(Joel Richard Paul, Professor University of California, Hastings Law School; “The Cost of Free Trade”; fall 2015; University of California, Hastings College of the Law UC Hastings Scholarship Repository; Pages 13-14; http://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2214&context=faculty_scholarship )

Paul 15

General

Bipartisanship Low

The fed is partisan – Gun control and racial issues prove

Sink 6/22/15 [Justin, writes about the White House for Bloomberg in Washington, DC, The News Tribune, “Obama: Bitter partisan debate is making everyone cynical”, http://www.thenewstribune.com/2015/06/22/3851918/obama-bitter-partisan-debate-is.html]

Sink 6/22

Neg

Not a Threat

US-China War

No US-China war- recent Chinese aggression in the SCS underscores its military weakness, not its strength- five warrants.

Thompson 14 (Loren, “Five Reasons Why China Won’t be a Threat to America’s Global Power,” june 6, 2014, Forbes Washington, http://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2014/06/06/five-reasons-china-wont-be-a-big-threat-to-americas-global-power/#51f2e71b1b5c. Loren Thompson writes about national security for Forbes, with particular attention to its business and economic ramifications // EMS).

Thompson 14 (Loren, “Five Reasons Why China Won’t be a Threat to America’s Global Power,” june 6, 2014, Forbes Washington, . Loren Thompson writes about national security for Forbes, with particular attention to its business and economic ramifications // EMS).

2AC v Dougherty Valley PR

2ac- BBB da

Won’t pass – manchin and progressives hate it

Emily Cochrane, 1-20-2022, a correspondent based in Washington. "With Broad Safety Net Bill Stalled, Democrats Weigh What to Salvage," No Publication, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/20/us/politics/manchin-democrats.html //Kiefer

Cochrane, 1-20

Neg—Shale/Fracking Solves

Author-Related Arguments

AT: Plumer

Plumer is a gullible journalist who should have been fired in 2011

Blumer 11 --decades-long career in accounting, finance, training and development, Tom Blumer has written for several national online publications primarily on business, economics, politics and media bias. (Tom, “WaPo Punked by Berkeley Warmist Posing as Skeptic”October 23rd 2011, http://newsbusters.org/blogs/tom-blumer/2011/10/23/wapo-punked-berkeley-warmist-posing-skeptic)//CS

Blumer 11

Gender K

LINKS

FOUCAULT

The 1AC’s approach towards a unidirectional model of power precludes women’s identity to be incorporated – it reinforces masculinity and obscures oppression.

Mcnay 13 (Lois, Professor of Theory of Politics and Fellow @ Somerville College, BA MA @ Somerville, MA @ Oxford, PhD @ Chamb, “Foucault and Feminism: Power, Gender and the Self”, Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=bmrAmHQn7zcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=foucault+and+feminism:+power,+gender+and+the+self&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAGoVChMIxPn95I_-xgIVRtWACh2e_wW9#v=onepage&q=foucault%20and%20feminism%3A%20power%2C%20gender%20and%20the%20self&f=false, Pgs. 11-12)

Mcnay 13

***MISCELLANEOUS***

FBI

Link – Backdoor

Backdoor access is key to FBI intel and investigation

Sparapani 5-15 (Tim, led the ACLU’s privacy efforts and built and directed Facebook’s policy and government relations team, currently a writer for Forbes http://www.forbes.com/sites/timsparapani/2015/05/21/encryption-but-with-backdoors-the-fbi-has-business-running-in-circles/)

Sparapani 5-15

Case

Sovlency

EXT – No Oil – Takes out Prices Advantage

offshore drilling doesn’t solve prices or independence-not enough oil, world market, imports down now

Weiss ’11 (Daniel J. Weiss, a Senior Fellow and Director of Climate Strategy at the Center for American Progress, 1-11-11, “Big Oil Sings the Same Old Song,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/news/2011/01/11/8924/big-oil-sings-the-same-old-song/)

Weiss ’11

NEG

Impact – COVID

Impact – 2nd Wave

A second wave will kill millions and mutations could cause extinction

Duzgun 5/5/20 Eren Duzgun teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands. Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/

Duzgun 5/5

Links – Camp Affs

Welfare Surveillance – Unpopular

Reforming welfare would cause Republican backlash

Potts ’14 [Monica, a writer based in Washington, D.C., and a fellow with the New America Foundation Asset Building Program, "To GOP Congress, as Usual, It’s Welfare on the Chopping Block," Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/25/to-gop-congress-as-usual-it-s-welfare-on-the-chopping-block.html]

Potts ’14 [Monica, a writer based in Washington, D.C., and a fellow with the New America Foundation Asset Building Program, "To GOP Congress, as Usual, It’s Welfare on the Chopping Block," Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/12/25/to-gop-congress-as-usual-it-s-welfare-on-the-chopping-block.html]

Tsunami Warning Negative

Framing Advantage Answers

They Say: “Mutually Assured Destruction Checks”

Miscalc means M.A.D. fails

Shermer, 6/1/14 - an American science writer, historian of science, founder of The Skeptics Society, and Editor in Chief of its magazine Skeptic, which is largely devoted to investigating pseudoscientific and supernatural claims. (Michael, Scientific American, “Will Mutual Assured Destruction Continue to Deter Nuclear War?” http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/will-mutual-assured-destruction-continue-to-deter-nuclear-war/)//JK

Shermer, 6/1/14

Sousveillance

Alternative—Counter Surveillance

[1NC Evidence] Counter surveillance is subversive because it constitutes a counter-cultural movement intended to challenge economic and political power.

Fitzpatrick 2010 [Tony, Univ. of Nottingham UK, “Critical Theory , Information Society and Surveillance Technologies”, Information, Communication and Society 5:3]

Fitzpatrick 2010

Offcase

AT T Ocean Dev

C/I Utilization

We meet – “Ocean development” is utilization of ocean space—includes naval architecture

JIN 98 – Japan Institute of Navigation, “Ocean Engineering Research Committee”, http://members.j-navigation.org/e-committee/Ocean.htm

JIN 98

Impacts

COVID-19

Root Cause of Everything

Only capitalism makes COVID-19 cause extinction

Duzgun 20 (Eren Duzgun teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands. 4-5-2020, "Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction," Socialist Project, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/)//jtb

Duzgun 20

Aff Answers

Surveillance Industrial Complex

No Root Cause

Cap not root cause

Aberdeen 3 – activist and founder, Aberdeen Foundation (Richard, The Way, http://richardaberdeen.com/uncommonsense/theway.html)

Aberdeen 3

EO 12333 NEG

Advantage 1 – Cybersecurity

1NC

Backdoors good, if we don’t do it other countries will

Wittes 6/12 [Benjamin, Senior Fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution and member of the Hoover Institution's Task Force on National Security and Law. “Thoughts on Encryption and Going Dark: Part I,” Lawfare: Hard National Security Choices. http://www.lawfareblog.com/thoughts-encryption-and-going-dark-part-ii-debate-merits#]

Wittes 6/12 ]

COVID DA

NC – COVID

That kills untold millions of people

Duzgun 20 Eren Duzgun teaches Historical Sociology and International Relations at Leiden University, Netherlands. Capitalism, Coronavirus and the Road to Extinction, https://socialistproject.ca/2020/04/capitalism-coronavirus-and-road-to-extinction/

Duzgun 20

Reverse Spending

1AC – Middle East War

Add-On – Econ & Env Module

Budget proposal will undercut Land & Water Conservation Fund needs

Cameron Witten, Government Relations Associate for the Wilderness Society, 7-8-2014, :House Appropriations Bill a Mixed Bag for Conservation Programs”, The Wilderness Society,

Witten 7-8