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1AC

1AC

Imperialism sustains anti-Asian ideology through projecting racist fears and anxiety. It also exports anti-black and anti-Indigenous ideology globally. But continuing to restrict our response, in academic spaces like debate, to specific practices of governmentality guarantee its infinite replication.

JALAN 9 [9/21/09, Journal for Asian Liberation, “On the origins of anti-Asian racism and how we have fought back”, http://jalanjournal.org/2008/09/asians-against-white-supremacy/]

JALAN 9 [9/21/09, Journal for Asian Liberation, “On the origins of anti-Asian racism and how we have fought back”, http://jalanjournal.org/2008/09/asians-against-white-supremacy/]

AI Good

1NC

1NC - Off

AI solves warming

Vincent 19 [(James- Senior Reporter for the Verge)” Here’s how AI can help fight climate change according to the field’s top thinkers-From monitoring deforestation to designing low-carbon materials”, 2019] SS

Vincent 19

AI Good

1NC

1NC - Off

AI solves warming

Vincent 19 [(James- Senior Reporter for the Verge)” Here’s how AI can help fight climate change according to the field’s top thinkers-From monitoring deforestation to designing low-carbon materials”, 2019] SS

Vincent 19

2

Vote negative to endorse an unwavering pessimism and radical failure – we reject the political and notions of futurism in exchange for an affirmation of disability’s abjection as something beautiful. This debate is of my method versus theirs, the alternative coopts the entirety of the affirmative, but the nexus questions of this debate should be “is my theory of power preferable”, and “do they link to my criticism."

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

AI Good

1NC

1NC - Off

AI solves warming

Vincent 19 [(James- Senior Reporter for the Verge)” Here’s how AI can help fight climate change according to the field’s top thinkers-From monitoring deforestation to designing low-carbon materials”, 2019] SS

Vincent 19

AI Good

1NC

1NC – Off

AI solves warming

This is by Vincent 19 [(James- Senior Reporter for the Verge)” Here’s how AI can help fight climate change according to the field’s top thinkers-From monitoring deforestation to designing low-carbon materials”, 2019] SS The AI renaissance of recent years has led many to ask how this technology can help with one of the greatest threats facing humanity: climate change. A new research paper authored by some of the field’s best-known thinkers aims to answer this question, giving a number of examples of how machine learning could help prevent human destruction.

This is by Vincent 19

1AC

The impact is racial triangulation – Asian Americans are weaponized against other minorities in order to reentrench their oppression. Similarly, Asian oppression is masked by status quo politics which instills psychological violence. US imperialism influences our epistemology both at home and abroad – the myths that surround the Asian body are facets of how identities are weaponized against each other. Expansion of the military only reifies structures of US imperialism. Our ontology is structured as perpetual foreigners who seek to destroy America from within, yet perfect examples of the American Dream – a minority that has risen from the ashes of savagery. This ontological positioning of the Asian body justifies endless violence against us and other bodies. Thus the role of the ballot is to find the best liberation strategy for the oppressed.

JALAN 14. "On the Origins of Anti-Asian Racism and How We Have Fought Back." Black Orchid Collective. Journal of Asian Liberation, 12 Dec. 2014. Web. 05 Mar. 2017 Brackets for grammar

JALAN 14

3

The only ethical alternative is to affirm crippessimism – only a refusal of the world can disrupt the current notion of optimism to validate the fragmented subject. If we win their starting point is ableist they cannot weigh the consequences of it. Thus, the role of the ballot is to vote for the debater who best disrupts notions of progress within civil society.

Selck 16 Selck, Michael L. "Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't." (Jan 2016) //ACCS JM

Selck 16

1AC

The impact is racial triangulation – Asian Americans are weaponized against other minorities in order to reentrench their oppression. Similarly, Asian oppression is masked by status quo politics which instills psychological violence. US imperialism influences our epistemology both at home and abroad – the myths that surround the Asian body are facets of how identities are weaponized against each other. Expansion of the military only reifies structures of US imperialism. Our ontology is structured as perpetual foreigners who seek to destroy America from within, yet perfect examples of the American Dream – a minority that has risen from the ashes of savagery. This ontological positioning of the Asian body justifies endless violence against us and other bodies. Thus the role of the ballot is to find the best liberation strategy for the oppressed.

JALAN 14. "On the Origins of Anti-Asian Racism and How We Have Fought Back." Black Orchid Collective. Journal of Asian Liberation, 12 Dec. 2014. Web. 05 Mar. 2017 Brackets for grammar

JALAN 14

1AC

We have already served. The building of the railroads, weaponization of our identity, and burning of our ghettos are empirical examples of our service. America was built on the backs of the colonized. Asking whether or not national service should be compulsory is asking the wrong question. The questions you should ask yourself is this: what can this country do to serve us?

JALAN 14. "On the Origins of Anti-Asian Racism and How We Have Fought Back." Black Orchid Collective. Journal of Asian Liberation, 12 Dec. 2014. Web. 05 Mar. 2017

JALAN 14

Block

Kritik

2 -- Repetition Compulsion -- the addendum of “extinction outweighs” to “black lives are affected too” is the Slave State’s advertisement that pornotropes black flesh a fungible tool for its existential project -- that ritual reputation is inseparable from the episteme of slavery and ensures complacency -- turns case.

Warren ’18 [Calvin; 2018; Associate African American Studies at Emory University; Ontological Terror; Blackness, Nihilism, and Emancipation, “THE INVENTION OF THE NEGRO AND THE NECESSITY OF BLACK BEING,” p. 45-48]

Warren ’18

1AC – Disability

Shell

Vote affirmative as an endorsement of dysfluency and the failure of disability to be productive – this 1AC is a performative affective intervention by diverting from what is expected in a space that is meant to purposefully exclude disability in the name of productivity – this 1AC serves as a reminder of the failed ASL movement that the PRL instantly stopped in the name of productivity and efficiency. Only a refusal of this world addresses ableism as the basis of communication—we defend the 1AC’s affective pessimism as an example of a die-in within topic discussions, a refusal to breathe life into the resolution. Pessimistic die-ins break from institutional participation as a starting point for politics in favor of disrupting the circulation of discourses predicated upon optimism and disabled death. This hijacks communicative spheres by purposefully forefronting discussions of disabled killability.

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

1AC

The impact is racial triangulation – Asian Americans are weaponized against other minorities in order to reentrench their oppression. Similarly, Asian oppression is masked by status quo politics which instills psychological violence. US imperialism influences our epistemology both at home and abroad – the myths that surround the Asian body are facets of how identities are weaponized against each other. Expansion of the military only reifies structures of US imperialism. Our ontology is structured as perpetual foreigners who seek to destroy America from within, yet perfect examples of the American Dream – a minority that has risen from the ashes of savagery. This ontological positioning of the Asian body justifies endless violence against us and other bodies. Thus the role of the ballot is to find the best liberation strategy for the oppressed.

JALAN 14. "On the Origins of Anti-Asian Racism and How We Have Fought Back." Black Orchid Collective. Journal of Asian Liberation, 12 Dec. 2014. Web. 05 Mar. 2017 Brackets for grammar

JALAN 14

1ar

Prolif DA

The plan solves

Ping-Kuei Chen 17, istant professor at the Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, “A Farewell to Arms? US Security Relations with Taiwan and the Prospects for Stability in the Taiwan Strait,” October, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.15?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents)

Chen 17

1AC – Disability

Shell

Vote affirmative as an endorsement of dysfluency and the failure of disability to be productive – this 1AC is a performative affective intervention by diverting from what is expected in a space that is meant to purposefully exclude disability in the name of productivity – this 1AC serves as a reminder of the failed ASL movement that the PRL instantly stopped in the name of productivity and efficiency. Only a refusal of this world addresses ableism as the basis of communication—we defend the 1AC’s affective pessimism as an example of a die-in within topic discussions, a refusal to breathe life into the resolution. Pessimistic die-ins break from institutional participation as a starting point for politics in favor of disrupting the circulation of discourses predicated upon optimism and disabled death. This hijacks communicative spheres by purposefully forefronting discussions of disabled killability.

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

1AC---Taiwan---Solorio BR

Solvency

The plan solves---reducing arms sales deters Taiwan from moving towards independence and encourages strategy shift to accommodation---decreases the risk of war.

Chen 17 (Ping-Kuei, assistant professor at the Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, PhD from the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, *Scott L. Kastner, Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, San Diego, and **William L. Reed, Associate Professor of Department of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, “A Farewell to Arms? US Security Relations with Taiwan and the Prospects for Stability in the Taiwan Strait,” October, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.15?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents)

Chen 17

2AC vs Greenhill WS — HD R1

Taiwan Prolif

2ac – Top

**Reducing arms sales forces Taiwan into political negotiations with the mainland

Chen 17 (Ping-Kuei, assistant professor at the Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, PhD from the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, *Scott L. Kastner, Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, San Diego, and **William L. Reed, Associate Professor of Department of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, “A Farewell to Arms? US Security Relations with Taiwan and the Prospects for Stability in the Taiwan Strait,” October, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.15?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents)

Chen 17

1AC

1AC---Taiwan---Solorio RR

Solvency

The plan solves---reducing arms sales deters Taiwan from moving towards independence and encourages strategy shift to accommodation---decreases the risk of war.

Chen 17 (Ping-Kuei, assistant professor at the Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, PhD from the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, *Scott L. Kastner, Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, San Diego, and **William L. Reed, Associate Professor of Department of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, “A Farewell to Arms? US Security Relations with Taiwan and the Prospects for Stability in the Taiwan Strait,” October, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.15?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents)

Chen 17

1AC vs North Mecklenburg PM

1AC

Trips

Vote affirmative as an endorsement of dysfluency and the failure of disability to be productive – this 1AC is a performative affective intervention by diverting from what is expected in a space that is meant to purposefully exclude disability in the name of productivity – this 1AC serves as a reminder of the failed ASL movement that the PRL instantly stopped in the name of productivity and efficiency. Only a refusal of this world addresses ableism as the basis of communication—we defend the 1AC’s affective pessimism as an example of a die-in within topic discussions, a refusal to breathe life into the resolution. Pessimistic die-ins break from institutional participation as a starting point for politics in favor of disrupting the circulation of discourses predicated upon optimism and disabled death. This hijacks communicative spheres by purposefully forefronting discussions of disabled killability.

Selck 16 [Selck, Michael L. "Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't." (Jan 2016) // WHSRS and Lex VM]

Selck 16

Ursa Major 1AC

Taiwan War

Independence

Solvency: Reducing arms sales deters Taiwan’s moves towards independence and encourages strategy shift to accommodation, decreasing the risk of war

Chen 17 (Ping-Kuei, assistant professor at the Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, PhD from the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, *Scott L. Kastner, Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, San Diego, and **William L. Reed, Associate Professor of Department of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, “A Farewell to Arms? US Security Relations with Taiwan and the Prospects for Stability in the Taiwan Strait,” October, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.15?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents)

Chen 17

1ac

Taiwan War Advantage

The plan solves – reducing arms sales deters Taiwan moves towards independence and encourages strategy shift to accommodation, decreasing the risk of war

Chen 17 (Ping-Kuei, assistant professor at the Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, PhD from the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, *Scott L. Kastner, Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, San Diego, and **William L. Reed, Associate Professor of Department of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, “A Farewell to Arms? US Security Relations with Taiwan and the Prospects for Stability in the Taiwan Strait,” October, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.15?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents)

Chen 17

1AC R2 GBX– Dowling HW

China ADV

Reductions in arms sales force negotiations between Taiwan and China and remove Chinese incentives to use military force

Chen et al. 17 [Ping-Kuei, assistant professor at the Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, Scott L. Kastner, University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Government and Politics, William L. Reed, University of Maryland, Department of Government and Politics, “A Farewell to Arms? US Security Relations with Taiwan and the Prospects for Stability in the Taiwan Strait, accessible online at https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.15#metadata_info_tab_contents, published 2017] // BBM

Chen et al. 17

1AC

1AC---Taiwan---Solorio RR

Solvency

The plan solves---reducing arms sales deters Taiwan from moving towards independence and encourages strategy shift to accommodation---decreases the risk of war.

Chen 17 (Ping-Kuei, assistant professor at the Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, PhD from the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, *Scott L. Kastner, Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies in the Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland, College Park, Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California, San Diego, and **William L. Reed, Associate Professor of Department of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, “A Farewell to Arms? US Security Relations with Taiwan and the Prospects for Stability in the Taiwan Strait,” October, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1w76wpm.15?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents)

Chen 17

AC

Vote affirmative as an endorsement of dysfluency and the failure of disability to be productive – this 1AC is a performative affective intervention by diverting from what is expected in a space that is meant to purposefully exclude disability in the name of productivity – this 1AC serves as a reminder of the failed ASL movement that the PRL instantly stopped in the name of productivity and efficiency. Only a refusal of this world addresses ableism as the basis of communication—we defend the 1AC’s affective pessimism as an example of a die-in within topic discussions, a refusal to breathe life into the resolution. Pessimistic die-ins break from institutional participation as a starting point for politics in favor of disrupting the circulation of discourses predicated upon optimism and disabled death. This hijacks communicative spheres by purposefully forefronting discussions of disabled killability.

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

1

Vote negative to endorse an unwavering pessimism and radical failure – we reject the political and notions of futurism in exchange for an affirmation of disability’s abjection as something beautiful.

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

1AC – Disability

Shell

Vote affirmative as an endorsement of dysfluency and the failure of disability to be productive – this 1AC is a performative affective intervention by diverting from what is expected in a space that is meant to purposefully exclude disability in the name of productivity – this 1AC serves as a reminder of the failed ASL movement that the PRL instantly stopped in the name of productivity and efficiency. Only a refusal of this world addresses ableism as the basis of communication—we defend the 1AC’s affective pessimism as an example of a die-in within topic discussions, a refusal to breathe life into the resolution. Pessimistic die-ins break from institutional participation as a starting point for politics in favor of disrupting the circulation of discourses predicated upon optimism and disabled death. This hijacks communicative spheres by purposefully forefronting discussions of disabled killability.

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

1AC – Disability

Shell

Vote affirmative as an endorsement of dysfluency and the failure of disability to be productive – this 1AC is a performative affective intervention by diverting from what is expected in a space that is meant to purposefully exclude disability in the name of productivity – this 1AC serves as a reminder of the failed ASL movement that the PRL instantly stopped in the name of productivity and efficiency. Only a refusal of this world addresses ableism as the basis of communication—we defend the 1AC’s affective pessimism as an example of a die-in within topic discussions, a refusal to breathe life into the resolution. Pessimistic die-ins break from institutional participation as a starting point for politics in favor of disrupting the circulation of discourses predicated upon optimism and disabled death. This hijacks communicative spheres by purposefully forefronting discussions of disabled killability.

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

1AC

Vote affirmative as an endorsement of dysfluency and the failure of disability to be productive – this 1AC is a performative affective intervention by diverting from what is expected in a space that is meant to purposefully exclude disability in the name of productivity – this 1AC serves as a reminder of the failed ASL movement that the PRL instantly stopped in the name of productivity and efficiency. Only a refusal of this world addresses ableism as the basis of communication—we defend the 1AC’s affective pessimism as an example of a die-in within topic discussions, a refusal to breathe life into the resolution. Pessimistic die-ins break from institutional participation as a starting point for politics in favor of disrupting the circulation of discourses predicated upon optimism and disabled death. This hijacks communicative spheres by purposefully forefronting discussions of disabled killability.

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

2

Vote negative to endorse an unwavering pessimism and radical failure – we reject the political and notions of futurism in exchange for an affirmation of disability’s abjection as something beautiful.

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

nr v ss

1

Vote negative to affirm NO future and unyielding pessimism – only a refusal of this world disrupts systems of optimism – a negative ballot refuses to breathe life into the world.

Selck 16 Selck, Michael L. "Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't." ( Jan 2016).

Selck 16

1AC vs Bellarmine AK

1AC

R5

Vote affirmative as an endorsement of dysfluency and the failure of disability to be productive – this 1AC is a performative affective intervention by diverting from what is expected in a space that is meant to purposefully exclude disability in the name of productivity – this 1AC serves as a reminder of the failed ASL movement that the PRL instantly stopped in the name of productivity and efficiency. Only a refusal of this world addresses ableism as the basis of communication—we defend the 1AC’s affective pessimism as an example of a die-in within topic discussions, a refusal to breathe life into the resolution. Pessimistic die-ins break from institutional participation as a starting point for politics in favor of disrupting the circulation of discourses predicated upon optimism and disabled death. This hijacks communicative spheres by purposefully forefronting discussions of disabled killability.

Selck 16 [Selck, Michael L. "Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't." (Jan 2016) // WHSRS and Lex VM]

Selck 16

Speech 1NC vs Heritage NT 10-3 12AM

3

The alternative is unwavering pessimism – only a refusal of the world can disrupt the current notion of optimism – voting neg is a refusal of progress.

Selck[Michael L Selck(B.S., Southern Illinois University – Carbondale). “Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn’t.” Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Jan 2016. Accessed 3/16/20. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1845&context=gs_rp //Recut Houston Memorial DX]

Selck

1

Vote negative to endorse an unwavering pessimism and radical failure – we reject the political and notions of futurism in exchange for an affirmation of disability’s abjection as something beautiful.

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

Selck 16 Michael (2016): Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, SJCP//JG

The alternative is to affirm unwavering pessimism – only a refusal of the world can disrupt the current notion of optimism – voting negative is a refusal to breathe life into the world. Selck 16

Selck, Michael L. "Crip Pessimism: The Language of Dis/ability and the Culture that Isn't." ( Jan 2016).

1NC

The nexus question for the ballot is to choose between competing sociometric methods to either conceal or reveal antiblackness.

Kim, ’18 [Claire Jean Kim, Political Science and Asian American Studies, University of California, Irvine; “ARE ASIANS THE NEW BLACKS?: Affirmative Action, Anti-Blackness, and the ‘Sociometry’ of Race”; Du Bois Review, 15:2 (2018); 2018 Hutchins Center for African and African American Research; https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/du-bois-review-social-science-research-on-race/article/are-asians-the-new-blacks/F61BE671C9BBC00E00B4C48FDCBE7D9B]{Accessed 10/15/2020}

Kim, ’18 10/15/2020}

3

AI and automation makes jobs obsolete – job guarantee impossible, ubi best way to transition to socialism

Davies 17 [Stephen. "Basic Income, Labour, and the Idea of Post‐Capitalism." Economic Affairs 37.3 (2017): 442-458.

NATO Bad---BFHR 22---Wave 1

Russia War

AT: Deterrence/NATO Readiness Solves---2NC

Inadvertent escalation can’t be deterred.

Forrest E. Morgan et. al 2008 [Forrest E. Morgan has been a lecturer at the Carnegie Mellon University Institute for Politics and Strategy since 2017, Karl P. Mueller is a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation, Evan S. Medeiros is a senior advisor to the China program at the U.S. Institute of Peace, Kevin L. Pollpeter is an author for the RAND Corporation, and Roger Cliff is Research Professor of Indo-Pacific Affairs at the US Army War College's Strategic Studies Institute, Chapter 2 of Dangerous Thresholds: Managing Escalation in the 21st Century, RAND Corporation, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg614af.9//ZW][

Forrest E. Morgan et. al 2008