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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Thelymitra brevifolia'
Thelymitra brevifolia, commonly called the peppertop sun | Thelymitra brevifolia, commonly called the peppertop sun orchid or short-leaf sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It has a single erect, relatively short and broad, dark green leaf and up to twenty purplish or purplish blue flowers. It is a common and widespread self-pollinating species occurring in a wide range of habitats. Description
Thelymitra brevifolia is a tuberous, perennial herb with a single erect, dark green, linear to lance-shaped leaf long and wide often with reddish blotches. Between two and twenty purplish or purplish blue flowers wide are arranged on a flowering stem tall. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is pale blue or pale pink, long and wide. The lobe on the top of the anther varies in colour from yellow to black with a yellow tip and is scarcely inflated. The side lobes curve gently upwards and have mop-like tufts of white hairs. Flowering occurs from September to November but the flowers are self-pollinating and only open on hot days, and then only slowly. | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.123003 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'George Leslie'
George Leslie may refer to:
George Leonidas | George Leslie may refer to:
George Leonidas Leslie (1840–1878), American bank robber
George Leslie, 1st Earl of Rothes (died 1490), Scottish nobleman and diplomat
George Leslie, 2nd Earl of Rothes (died 1513), Scottish nobleman
George Leslie, 4th Earl of Rothes (died 1558), Scottish nobleman and diplomat
George Leslie, 15th Earl of Rothes (1809–1841), Scottish nobleman
George Leslie (footballer) (1907–1986), English footballer
George Leslie (politician) (born 1936), former Senior Vice Chairman of the Scottish National Party
George Farquhar Leslie (1820–1860), New South Wales politician
George Cunningham Leslie (1920–1988), Royal Naval officer
George Dunlop Leslie (1835–1921), English genre painter, author and illustrator
George Leslie (Upper Canada), (1804-1893) early settler of York, Upper Canada Partial name match
George Leslie Mackay (1844–1901), first Presbyterian missionary to northern Formosa (Taiwan)
George Leslie Drewry (1894–1918), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
George Leslie Adkin (1888–1964), New Zealand farmer, geologist, archaeologist, ethnologist, photographer, tramper and environmentalist
George Leslie Cochran (1889–1960), baseball player | wiki-intro | 0 | 19.745806 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Beaux-Arts de Paris'
The Beaux-Arts de Paris is a French | The Beaux-Arts de Paris is a French art museum located in the Palais Royal in Paris. It was founded in 1875 by Louis-Philippe, the French king, as a successor to the National Museum of Painting and Sculpture. The museum has a permanent collection of more than one million works, divided among seventeen departments.
The museum has three main galleries: the Gallery of Old Masters (Gouvernement), the Gallery of French Painting (Gouvernement), and the Gallery of Modern Art (Gouvernement). The main painting galleries are on the first and second floors, while the sculpture gallery is on the ground floor. The museum also contains a small sculpture garden, a library, and a theatre.
The Beaux-Arts de Paris is one of the most visited art museums in the world. It receives about 1.2 million visitors per year. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.786162 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Afrikan tähti'
Afrikan tähti (; Finnish: Star of Africa), | Afrikan tähti (; Finnish: Star of Africa), known in Swedish as Den försvunna diamanten (The Missing Diamond) or Afrikas stjärna meaning "the star of Africa", is a Finnish board game designed by Kari Mannerla originally in 1951. It has been one of the most popular board games in the Nordic countries for decades. History
The board game was first published year 1951 in Helsinki, Finland. Stories of the world's largest diamond – the Star of Africa – had inspired the imagination of young Kari Mannerla. He managed to get a hold of a map of Africa in the English language and picked exotic sounding places. He then drafted land, sea and air routes arbitrarily across and around the continent. During his design process, an important innovation was that players could pick their route of choice, instead of following a pre-set course. A further revelation was the tokens that are shuffled before each game and placed randomly throughout the board. None of the players know which surprise is hidden under each token. The robbers and horseshoes were considered to add to the excitement of the game. | wiki-intro | 0 | 30.500664 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Fiat 2300'
The Fiat 2300 is a six-cylinder executive | The Fiat 2300 is a six-cylinder executive car which was produced by Italian automotive manufacturer Fiat between 1961 and 1969. The 2300 was made as saloon (styled by Dante Giacosa), estate car and coupé. The 2300 saloon is noteworthy as in 1966 it became the first Fiat model to be available with an automatic transmission. 2300 Coupé
Alongside saloon and estate models the 2300 range included Ghia-designed grand tourers, the Fiat 2300 Coupé and 2300S Coupé—the latter fitted with a more powerful engine with double twin-choke carburettors. The shape of the car was first seen in public when Ghia presented it as a prototype sports coupé at the 1960 Turin Motor Show. A production version, based on the newly launched Fiat 2300 saloon was presented in 1961 and went on general sale in 1962. Having developed the coupé body, Ghia lacked the production capacity needed for the volumes envisaged, and were obliged to subcontract its production to OSI. | wiki-intro | 0 | 22.607492 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Ida M. Eliot'
Ida M. Eliot (1839–1923) was an American | Ida M. Eliot (1839–1923) was an American poet and critic who is considered the leading figure of 20th century American poetry. Eliot was born in St Louis, Missouri, the daughter of William Stearns Eliot, a Unitarian clergyman, and his wife Frances Smith Eliot. Eliot attended Radcliffe College, where she studied with Edward Sylvester Stanton and helped to found the Harvard Women's Philanthropic Society. In 1858 she married George Edward Woodberry and they had two children. From 1864 until her death, Eliot resided in England, where she became a naturalised British subject in 1870. Eliot was often associated with fellow American expatriate T.S. Eliot, with whom she was married from 1909 until his death in 1965. | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.976433 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Carlos Rodado Noriega'
Carlos Enrique Rodado Noriega (born 20 September | Carlos Enrique Rodado Noriega (born 20 September 1943) is a Colombian engineer and politician currently serving as Ambassador of Colombia to Argentina. He served as the 28th and 9th Minister of Mines and Energy of Colombia, first in the administration of President Julio César Turbay Ayala and again in the administration of President Juan Manuel Santos Calderón. Rodado, a civil engineer and economist, has also served as Ambassador of Colombia to Spain, President of Ecopetrol, Member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, and as the 58th Governor of Atlántico. On 20 September 2011, President Santos announced that Rodado would be stepping down as Minister of Mines and Energy to be replaced by Mauricio Cárdenas Santa María, and designated Rodado as new Ambassador of Colombia to Argentina. Rodado was sworn in by President Santos on 7 February 2012 at a ceremony at the Palace of Nariño, and presented his Letters of Credence to President Cristina Fernández on 11 April 2012 at an official ceremony at the Casa Rosada. | wiki-intro | 0 | 14.936196 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Crater Club'
The Crater Club is a seasonal residential | The Crater Club is a seasonal residential enclave on the shore of Lake Champlain approximately one mile south of Essex, New York within the Adirondack Park region. The club was originally developed as a summer retreat by the naturalist and outdoor writer John Bird Burnham in the early 1900s. Currently the Crater Club consists of over 40 homes, a clubhouse, playing fields, four clay tennis courts, and a waterfront featuring a permanent pier and a screened building known as Burnham's Landing. This latter building is also the headquarters of the Split Rock Yacht Club, which maintains a small but active racing fleet of Cape Cod Knockabout sailboats and holds weekly sailboat races during the summer season open to these and other small one-design classes. Like the Scouting Movement, the Crater Club is an example of the American movement that embraced basic, "frontier" values in contrast to the rampant urbanization and industrialization of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Early members purchased lots from Burnham then built simple cottages that deliberately eschewed the luxuries and decorative excesses of Adirondack "Great Camps" such as those designed by William L. Coulter of Saranac Lake. Crater Club members swam, sailed small boats, and hiked for pleasure, believing in the salubrious effects of exposure to Nature on work-wearied urbanites and their children. Although many of the early residents were in business, others were academics and other professionals. A number of books have been produced by Crater Club residents during their sojourns there, and the club and its facilities still provide a warm community for families seeking a quiet and unassuming place to vacation and recharge in the summer months. | wiki-intro | 0 | 30.978548 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Steel fence post'
A steel fence post, also called (depending | A steel fence post, also called (depending on design or country) a T-post, a Y-post, or variants on star post, is a type of fence post or picket. They are made of steel and are sometimes manufactured using durable rail steel. They can be used to support various types of wire or wire mesh. The end view of the post creates an obvious T, Y, or other shape. The posts are driven into the ground with a manual or pneumatic post pounder. All along the post, along the spine, there are studs or nubs that prevent the barbed wire or mesh from sliding up or down the post. They are generally designated as 1.01, 1.25 or 1.33, referring to the weight in pounds per lineal foot. They are commonly painted with a white tip on top; white improves the visibility of the fence line. While T-Posts are more common in the United States, Y-posts are more common in Australia and New Zealand where they are sometimes called "Waratahs", after the company which registered a patent for them in 1926. In New Zealand Waratahs are often used for trail blazing. | wiki-intro | 0 | 25.615204 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Ed O'Bradovich'
Edward O'Bradovich (born May 21, 1940 in | Edward O'Bradovich (born May 21, 1940 in Melrose Park, Illinois) is a former American football defensive end in the NFL that was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the seventh round (91st pick) of the 1962 NFL Draft; he spent his entire ten-year career with the Bears. In 2019 he was selected as one of the 100 greatest Bears of All-Time. He attended Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois and the University of Illinois. O'Bradovich has the unusual distinction shared with not a small number of professional athletes who grew up, attended college, and enjoyed a long professional career in the same state. "OB", as he was known throughout his career, grew up in Hillside, IL, attended the University of Illinois and played his entire career for the Bears. Perhaps the singular professional career distinction was when he intercepted a short pass in the 1963 NFL Championship game and rumbled down the field on a key play for a Bears victory. Before joining the Bears, he played in the CFL for the B.C. Lions and the Calgary Stampeders. | wiki-intro | 0 | 11.884517 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Ray Amm'
William Raymond Amm (10 December 1927 – | William Raymond Amm (10 December 1927 – 11 April 1955) was a Rhodesian professional Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He competed in the FIM motorcycle Grand Prix world championships from 1951 to 1954. Amm was a six-time Grand Prix race winner including three victories at the Isle of Man TT when, he died in 1955 after an accident during a race in Italy. Biography
Born in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, Amm was a motorcycle dealer and managed a workshop in his hometown. He began racing when he was 17 years old. After the purchase of an AJS motorcycle shortly after the end of the Second World War, Amm started grasstrack racing near Salisbury and finished last in his first race. The next season the AJS motorcycle was replaced with a Triumph motorcycle. The purchase of a brand new Norton motorcycle allowed Amm to enter the prestigious 1949 Port Elizabeth 200 Motor-Cycle Race in South Africa and despite breaking the lap-record he finished in 17th place when the clutch started to slip. Again entering the 1950 Port Elizabeth 200, Amm finished in 1st place for the 500 cc race and set a new lap record of 95.86 mph. Another win followed in the 500 cc class for the 1951 Port Elizabeth 2000 Race despite suffering carburation problems. After these successes the Salisbury Motor-Cycle Club helped with his passage to compete in Europe. | wiki-intro | 0 | 33.32085 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Will Burtin'
Will Burtin was a graphic designer from | Will Burtin was a graphic designer from Cologne, Germany, known for interrelating design and scientific concepts within his exhibits. He was an influential designer, educator, and theorist in Germany and the United States. He arrived in the United States in 1939 after fleeing Nazism in Germany. In the U.S., he worked for Fortune Magazine and as an educator at Pratt Institute and the Parsons School of Design. He designed many exhibits for companies, such as Eastman Kodak, IBM, the Smithsonian, Mead Paper, Union Carbide, Herman Miller Furniture, and United States Information Agency. He received many awards and recognition for his work including a gold medal from AIGA. Many of his exhibits were reviewed in major consumer magazines, such as Newsweek and Life Magazine. He was inducted into the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame in 1974. Will Burtin died on January 18, 1972, in Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. Burtin's cause of death was mesothelioma, cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. Early life in Germany | wiki-intro | 0 | 15.840734 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Raúl González (handballer)'
Raúl González Gutiérrez (born 8 January 1970) | Raúl González Gutiérrez (born 8 January 1970) is a retired Spanish handball player who competed in the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics.
González was born in Madrid on 8 January 1970. He started playing handball in 1977 at the age of 10. He played for Atlético Madrid, Rávena CD, CD Mirandés and FC Barcelona before retiring in 2001.
González competed in the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics. In 1996 he was part of the Spanish team which finished fourth in the handball tournament. Four years later he won the silver medal with the Spanish team. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.746106 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Orangutan Island'
Orangutan Island is an American documentary television | Orangutan Island is an American documentary television series which aired on Discovery Channel from 2007 to 2009. The show follows the lives of two orangutans, Kiko and Roro, as they live on an island in the Borneo rainforest.
The series was created by award-winning filmmaker Lynne Ramsay and produced by Ramsey's production company, On the Road Films. It is narrated by actor Christopher Plummer.
The first season of the series aired in 2007 and consisted of 10 episodes. Season two aired from 2008 to 2009 and consisted of 12 episodes. Both seasons were released on DVD in 2009.
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Metisa plana'
Metisa plana (or "bagworm") is a moth | Metisa plana (or "bagworm") is a moth of the family Psychidae (the bagworms) first described by Francis Walker in 1883. It is found in Sumatra, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. It is a major pest on Elaeis guineensis, the African oil palm. Description
The moth completes a mean life time of 90 days. After the female lays 200–300 yellowish eggs, a single egg mass can become about 140–210 neonates. The larva has a portable case which it carries around as it feeds. The first instar is about long. About an hour after emergence from the case, the larva starts to construct a small case around the posterior of their body using oil palm leaves. This constructed case is cone shaped. The case enlarges with each instar. At the fourth instar, the case is covered with loosely-attached large round or rectangular leaf pieces. At the sixth instar, the case surface is smooth and without loose leaf pieces. The larva turns whitish gray. It takes a mean of 71.5 days to reach the sixth instar. | wiki-intro | 0 | 21.292662 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Blagovery'
Blagovery (Russian: Благоверие, Blagoverie; literally "Good Faith") | Blagovery (Russian: Благоверие, Blagoverie; literally "Good Faith") or Russian Zoroastrianism is a branch of Zoroastrianism practised in Russia. It emerged in the 1990s under the influence of Pavel P. Globa, in Saint Petersburg, as an independent movement from usually endogamous Iranian Zoroastrians. In the 2000s, it was joined by another community in Moscow, initiated by the Iranian priest Kamran Jamshidi. The movement has close ties with Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism). History
Zoroastrianism emerged as a public entity in Russia in the 1990s, founded by Russians themselves despite the normally endogamic essence of the traditional Zoroastrian communities existing in Iran and India. The first Zoroastrian organisation, the "Avestan School of Astrology" (shortened "Asha", which, in the oldest texts known as Arta, is the Persian word defining the agency of cosmic harmony), was established by Pavel Pavlovich Globa (1953–) in the early 1990s, and opened dozens of branches in and outside of Russia. Globa had been teaching Avestan astrology since the 1970s, and in the 1990s he had become a nationally acknowledged expert on the subject. Globa presents himself as the heir of a lineage of Zurvanism (the type of Zoroastrianism that regards Zurvan, i.e. "Time" and "Whole", as the supreme God) from north-west Iran, allegedly transmitted through his great grandmother and his maternal grandfather Ivan N. Gantimurov. Some of Globa's pupils were initiated by he himself into a priesthood (khorbad). | wiki-intro | 0 | 34.038082 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'James Shaw Kennedy'
General Sir James Shaw Kennedy, (13 | General Sir James Shaw Kennedy, (13 May 1893 – 16 December 1984) was a senior Australian Army officer who served in World War I, World War II and the Korean War. He was Chief of the General Staff of the Australian Army from 1951 to 1959 and Minister for Defence from 1959 to 1966.
Kennedy was born in Clunes, Victoria and attended Geelong Grammar School before being commissioned into the Australian Army in 1916. He served in World War I as a lieutenant and was wounded twice. After the war he served in the Korean War, where he was wounded again. He retired from the Army in 1958. Kennedy was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1957 and a Knight Commander of the Order of Australia in 1961. He died in 1984. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.669495 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Tadeusz Popek'
Tadeusz Popek (November 2, 1915 – September | Tadeusz Popek (November 2, 1915 – September 17, 1942) was a Polish partisan and underground activist during World War II. During the German occupation of Podhale, Popek (nom-de-guerre Wacław Tatar, or Hak) became the co-founder of the Polish resistance organization called the Tatra Confederation , a.k.a. Confederation of the Tatra Mountains, operating in the Nowy Targ area. He was in charge of clandestine publications including Der Freie Deutsche meant for the Wehrmacht. Popek died in Zakopane, executed by a firing squad in the courtyard of the infamous Palace Hotel. Biography
Popek was born in Chodenice in Lesser Poland. In 1938 he graduated from the philology department of the Jagiellonian University (UJ) in Kraków. Soon after the Nazi occupation of Poland, he was active in sabotaging the railroad tracks near Bochnia, and then moved with his mother Aniela to Łopuszna for their safety. From there, they went to Nowy Targ, where Popek obtained a position as a clerk at the office of Nazi Kriminalpolizei near the town centre, and began collecting classified information for the Polish underground. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.58292 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Andrew Kay Womrath'
Andrew Kay Womrath (1869–1939) was an American | Andrew Kay Womrath (1869–1939) was an American artist who became well known in France, although he was not widely recognized in the United States. Andrew Kay Womrath was born in Philadelphia in 1869.
He moved to London to study, and then went to Paris, working in both cities for several years.
He studied under Urushibara Mokuchu, who bought many of his works.
He often worked in advertising. Womrath's work includes drawings, woodblocks and watercolors.
He contributed illustrations to the Summer and Winter volumes of The Evergreen: A Northern Seasonal published by Patrick Geddes and Colleagues in Edinburgh in 1896. His only known poster is an advertisement for a January 1897 exhibition of the Salon des Cent in Paris.
It depicts a woman (Gertrude A. Kay ?) leafing through prints beside a somewhat Bohemian-looking man who is admiring a vase.
In April 1896 a number of his drawings and book plates were exhibited in the Champs de Mars Salon.
A reviewer in 1902 placed Andrew Kay Womrath in what he called the "Pictorial" group.
Some of his colored woodcuts are now held in the British Museum. | wiki-intro | 0 | 35.601505 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Treaty of Christburg'
The Treaty of Christburg (modern Dzierzgoń in | The Treaty of Christburg (modern Dzierzgoń in Poland) was a peace treaty signed on 2 February 1249 between the pagan Prussian clans, represented by a papal legate, and the Teutonic Knights. It is often cited as the end of the First Prussian Uprising, but it was not adhered to or enforced, especially after the Battle of Krücken in November 1249, where Prussians massacred and tortured to death 54 knights who had surrendered. The treaty guaranteed personal rights to all Prussians who converted to Christianity, but it did nothing to establish peace as many Prussians did not wish to convert and the Knights swore to root out paganism. It is one of the few documents from the period that survive in full to this day. It provides a useful insight into the life and religious tensions in pagan Prussia. It also offers a small glimpse into the Prussian mythology and traditions. Background
In 1230 the Teutonic Knights, a Roman Catholic religious order, settled in the Chełmno Land and began their crusade against the pagan Prussians. By 1241 five of the seven major Prussian clans had surrendered to the Knights. Then the First Uprising broke out. Prussians forged an alliance with Świętopełk II of Pomerania, a Polish duke who quarreled with the knights over the succession in Pomerania. At first the rebels were successful, and the Knights were reduced to just five of their strongest castles. However, Świętopełk lost several battles and was forced to make peace. Substantial reinforcements, encouraged by the pope, arrived from Germany to help the Knights and eventually the uprising was subdued. | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.180513 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Orsett Hall'
Orsett Hall was a 17th-century Grade II | Orsett Hall was a 17th-century Grade II* listed manor house in Orsett, Essex. The hall was demolished in the early 1960s and its site is now occupied by a housing estate.
Orsett Hall was built in 1653 by the first Earl of Orford as a replacement for his earlier country home, Orsett Place. The hall was originally two stories high with a roofline resembling an inverted cone. It had a large garden to the rear and a bowling green to the front.
The first Earl died in 1660 and the hall passed through several hands before being acquired by the Knights of St John in 1724. They substantially rebuilt it between 1728 and 1730, adding a new wing on the east side and converting the bowling green into a formal gardens. In 1819, Orsett Hall was sold to the brewer Edward Phipson who extensively rebuilt it between 1820 and 1825, creating five main reception rooms on the first floor and three on the second floor. In 1934, Phipson's grandson, Sir George Phipson, bequeathed Orsett Hall to the National Trust.
Orsett Hall was demolished in 1963 to make way for a housing estate. | wiki-intro | 1 | 12.621923 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Brandy videography'
Brandy Norwood, an American singer, songwriter and | Brandy Norwood, an American singer, songwriter and actress, has been involved in the music industry since the early 1990s. She has had numerous successful collaborations and albums throughout her career, most notably with rapper Jay-Z. Norwood has won several awards, including two Grammy Awards and two American Music Awards.
Norwood first rose to prominence as a member of the girl group The Pussycat Dolls. After releasing three successful studio albums with the group, she left in 2002 to focus on her solo career. Her debut album, "Now That I've Found You", sold over five million copies and was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Following the success of "Now That I've Found You", Norwood released two further solo albums, "Brandy" (2003) and "In a World Like This" (2005). Both albums reached number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and were certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Norwood has since released four more studio albums, most notably "Never Again" (2010) which entered the Billboard 200 at number one and was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America. Her most recent album, "I Am Brandy", was released in 2013 and reached number six on the Billboard 200 chart. In addition to her musical career, Norwood has also appeared in several television shows and films throughout her career. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.618621 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Fraud Discovery Institute'
The Fraud Discovery Institute was an investigative | The Fraud Discovery Institute was an investigative unit that sought to assist in the prosecution of perpetrators of corporate fraud. After the Institute had researched an alleged white-collar crime, it would give a report to the FBI, which could then find and arrest the criminals. The Fraud Discovery Institute was founded by Barry Minkow in 2001 Minkow had been released from prison in 1995, where he was serving a sentence for a Ponzi scheme involving a carpet-cleaning company called ZZZZ Best. Other former convicts were also involved in the Fraud Discovery Institute; the rest of the team was composed of auditors. In September 2011, Barry Minkow was returned to prison after making false statements in the Fraud Discovery Institute's reports. Nonetheless, he managed to defraud the church at which he had been serving as pastor. In January 2014 he pleaded guilty to embezzling more than $3 million from the Church and its congregants, with incidents stretching back to 2001. | wiki-intro | 0 | 16.852053 | [
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ESG is the debut EP by American | ESG is the debut EP by American rock band, Twenty One Pilots. It was released on November 17, 2017, by Fueled by Ramen and Interscope Records.
Twenty One Pilots is an American rock band from Columbus, Ohio. The band was formed in 2009 by lead singer Tyler Joseph and drummer Josh Dun. The group's original lineup featured Joseph on vocals, Dun on drums, and James Blunt on guitar. The band released their debut EP, "ESG", in November 2017. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.362634 | [
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World War II? All I know is that Hitler. Explain like I' m five. | Okay big question but i'll try to hit the highlights. WWI ended and the rest of the world (france) was liek fuck you germany as a result of this the germans were put deep into debt (reperations) this left extremist views as attractive. (hitler offered to empower the german people) Nationalism was on the rise in many countries (my country > your country because of blood and heritage) Japan was invading all over asia Germany starts to invade neighbors to get back land it lost as a result of the allies being like nofuckyou at the end of WWI Italy invades across English and french north africa to take over etheopia. Eventually Germany invades french and is all SUPRISE BITCH! France falls p. quick (large numbers of french cooperate see: Vichy France) Du Gaul retreats to the colony's to lead a french foreign army. Now war happens for a bit, with japan/italy/germany allies just because they are fighting similar peoples. Germany invades Russia (big mistake) Japan bombs pearl harbor in a gambit to kill the us pacific fleet because they were worried about the US getting involved. They sunk something like 80 % of the pacific fleet so this worked pretty well. US sends the marines to deal with japan and the army to deal with germany. At this point germany is p. fucked but holds on for a while italy too. Japan gets nuked to prevent the russians from getting involved. THE END Also jews got killed because someone needs to be the enemy for nationalist ideology to work. Germany was in serious debt after World War I. They had loads of debts to pay and this made nationalism rise up. (Nationalism meaning a fanatic love for the German identity). Germany had many jewish citizens, who were rather wealthy. This made them an easy enemy for the nationalist germans in serious debt. The Nazi Party, with Hitler as its leader, gained a lot of support. In 1939 Germany decided to invade Poland with the help of Russia. Since the British and French had forced Germany to get rid of their army after WWI, they now couldn't deny this agreement was being ignored (there had already been a bit of controversy concerning that before, especially with the SS carrying weapons and acting out hatecrimes towards Jews). Since both Britain and France had sworn to protect Poland they declared war on Germany. The friendship between Germany and Russia was a flimsy one and the Russians were preparing for a German attack ever since the war. The Germans invaded Russia in 1941. This forced Russia to change side, turning the war into a war on two fronts. This broke up the German army, add to that Hitler's incompetence as a strategists, it made them an easy target for Russian forces in the East and American/Canadian/British forces in the West. Half of Germany was given to the Western Alliance. Other half of Germany to the Russians. Berlin was divided in several small pieces, with half for the Russians. The Russians built a wall in Berlin and the rest is a new history. :) That's a subject people can spend their entire academic career studying. Maybe try narrowing it down a bit first. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 42.185139 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Christianity in Qatar'
The Christian community in Qatar is | The Christian community in Qatar is a diverse mix of European, North and South American, Asian, Middle Eastern and African expatriates. They form around 13.8% of the total population (2010). Many of them are from South India. Most Christians in Qatar are not Arab Christians. The constitution provides for religious liberty. Proselytizing by non-Muslims is prohibited by law. No foreign missionary groups operate openly in the country. Religious groups must register with the Government for legal recognition. History
Many of the inhabitants of Qatar were introduced to Christianity after the religion was dispersed eastward by Mesopotamian Christians from 224 AD onwards. Monasteries were constructed in Qatar during this era. During the latter part of the Christian era, Qatar was known by the Syriac name 'Beth Qatraye'. A variant of this was 'Beth Catara'. The name translates to 'region of the Qataris'. The region was not limited to Qatar; it also included Bahrain, Tarout Island, Al-Khatt, and Al-Hasa. In the fifth century AD, Beth Qatraye was the main center of the Nestorian Christian Church of the East, which ruled the southern shores of the Persian Gulf. The Nestorians were often persecuted for being viewed as heretics by the Byzantine Empire, but Eastern Arabia was outside the control of the Byzantine Empire and the region provided some security. In 628, most of the Arab tribes converted to Islam. | wiki-intro | 0 | 18.816374 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'David Porcelijn'
David Porcelijn (born 7 January 1947 in | David Porcelijn (born 7 January 1947 in Achtkarspelen) is a Dutch composer and conductor. David Porcelijn studied flute, composition and conducting at the Royal Conservatoire of Music in The Hague. He also studied the baroque flute, specialising in authentic performance practice of the baroque and classical periods, which has informed his interpretations as a conductor in that repertoire ever since. He won a scholarship to study conducting and composition in Geneva. He has appeared with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Sinfonietta, the BBC Symphony Orchestra, the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, SWR Sinfonieorchester Baden Baden und Freiburg, Orquesta Filharmónica de Gran Canaria, NDR Radiophilharmonie Hannover and Polish National Radio Symphony Orchestra, amongst many others. In 2002 he conducted the Slovak Philharmonic Orchestra in an all-Stravinsky concert at the Prague Spring Festival. In 2004 he made his debut with the Philharmonia Orchestra in their series “Music of Today”, and also took the orchestra on tour. | wiki-intro | 0 | 22.915468 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'KMyMoney'
KMyMoney is a cross-platform double-entry bookkeeping | KMyMoney is a cross-platform double-entry bookkeeping system for personal finance management built on KDE technologies. Its operation is similar to Microsoft Money and Quicken. It supports different account types, categorization of expenses and incomes, reconciliation of bank accounts and import/export to the “QIF” file format. Through plugins, direct download using the OFX and HBCI formats is also possible. CSV imports and exports are also possible via plugins. Features
The program is configured to allow views of the data at several levels:
Accounts - Kmymoney uses the term Account to represent assets and liabilities.
Institutions - Institutions is an optional field, but if used, data associated with an institution such as a bank, a broker, a credit card can be viewed easily. Use of Institutions also allows a grouping of accounts.
Payees - The program accumulates a list of payees. Clicking on the "Payee" view, the user can drill down to transactions associated with a specific payee.
Categories - Categories is a common feature of accounting software. In Kmymoney, Categories and sub-categories are used to classify expense and income entries.
Sub-categories - Categories and sub-categories allow transactional data to be rolled up into a parent child relationship.
Tags - Tags allow the user to further delineate transactional data. A tag can be used to group several categories and accounts together as needed.
Investments - Kmymoney can help track investments. | wiki-intro | 0 | 27.739077 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Richard Scrope (bishop)'
Richard le Scrope (c. 1350 – 8 June | Richard le Scrope (c. 1350 – 8 June 1409) was an English bishop and academic.
He was the son of Sir Hugh le Scrope of Bolton, and educated at Oxford University, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in 1377 and a Master of Arts (M.A.) in 1381. He became a Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, in 1382, and resigned his fellowship in 1410.
Scrope became Bishop of Durham in 1404, a post he held until his death in 1409. During his time as bishop, he reformed the diocese and improved the education of the clergy. He also restored churches and monasteries, and promoted industry and trade. He was also responsible for founding Durham Cathedral.
Scrope was a prolific writer, and wrote both theological works and chronicles. Among his theological works are a treatise on the sacraments titled "De sacramentis" (1404), a work on penance titled "De penitencia" (1405), and a commentary on the Bible titled "Commentaria in Pentateuchum" (1407). His chronicles include a history of England from the time of Edward III to the death of Henry V (1399–1422), a history of Scotland from 1296 to 1402, and a history of Wales from 1282 to 1400.
Scrope married Alice Neville, daughter of Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.246076 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Mentalization-based treatment'
Mentalization-based treatment (MBT) is an integrative form | Mentalization-based treatment (MBT) is an integrative form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the importance of understanding how people experience their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It is based on the theory that people with mental health problems often lack accurate understanding of their thoughts and feelings, which can interfere with their ability to manage these problems.
MBT aims to help people improve their mental health by helping them to better understand their thoughts and feelings. This understanding can be improved through a combination of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Mentalization-based therapy (MBT). CBT helps people to change their thoughts and behaviors through the use of problem solving exercises and counseling. MBT, on the other hand, focuses on helping people to better understand their thoughts and emotions. By doing this, MBT can help individuals better manage their mental health problems.
There are a number of different ways that MBT can be used. It can be used as a standalone therapy or it can be used in addition to other forms of therapy. Additionally, MBT can be used with patients of all ages and levels of mental health literacy.
There are a number of benefits that have been found to be associated with using MBT. These benefits include:
-Improved mental health outcomes
-Better communication between patients and providers
-Reduced symptoms of mental health problems
-More effective treatment options | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.53663 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Altsteirer'
Altsteirer, also known as the Styrian Hen | Altsteirer, also known as the Styrian Hen and Chicken, , , is an autochthonous breed of domestic chicken originating in Slovenia and Austrian state Styria. The Styrian Hen is known as the only autochthonous (native) chicken breed of Slovenian area, with all other breeds being traditional at most, hence introduced in the past and consequently adapted to country's conditions. The Altsteirer's set of traits suggests the breed may share a common descent with other Mediterranean chicken breeds. Origin and distribution
In the past the hen was probably bred in all alpine regions, ranging from the Danube river to Adriatic sea, as well as the Pannonian Basin. The breed's country of origin is thought to be the area, consisting of the land between rivers Mur and Sava in Slovenian Styria and southern parts of Austrian state Styria. Among the oldest historical records mentioning the Altsteirer Hen is the document about Styrian capons from year 1352. Such birds were often treated as a delicacy in 17th and 18th century. | wiki-intro | 0 | 58.564766 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Dewdney, British Columbia'
Dewdney, originally named Johnson's Landing from 1884–1892, | Dewdney, originally named Johnson's Landing from 1884–1892, is an unincorporated community in the Central Fraser Valley of British Columbia, Canada, about 15 km east of the city of Mission. It was incorporated as a district municipality on April 17, 1892, including adjoining areas of Hatzic and Hatzic Island but the anticipated real estate boom on that island didn't pan out and economic damage from the Great Fraser Flood of 1894 led to the municipality's disincorporation on March 12, 1906. Another municipality eastwards, Nicomen, was incorporated in the same year but similarly later disincorporated. Though in the same school district as Mission, it and other adjoining rural areas did not join that municipality when offered. It is now represented as part of Electoral Area 'G' in the regional district government, which currently is the Fraser Valley Regional District. Dewdney is located at the western end of Nicomen Island, one of the larger settled islands in the Fraser, and at the southeast corner of Hatzic Prairie, a lowland floodplain at the south end of which is Hatzic Lake, an oxbow lake with a community of the same name on the island in its centre. | wiki-intro | 0 | 31.511677 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'NHK World-Japan'
NHK World-Japan (also known simply as NHK | NHK World-Japan (also known simply as NHK) is a Japanese national public broadcaster headquartered in Tokyo. NHK is the largest public broadcaster in the world, with a budget of about ¥1.4 trillion (approximately US$11.5 billion). The broadcaster provides programming in 47 languages to audiences around the world.
NHK was founded on October 5, 1919 as the Japan Broadcasting Station, and became a full-fledged national public broadcaster on October 1, 1957. NHK operates two television networks and several radio networks, and is a major provider of educational programming. NHK also maintains extensive archives and produces documentaries. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.783737 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Scion (automobile)'
Scion is a discontinued marque of Toyota | Scion is a discontinued marque of Toyota that debuted in 2003. Intended to appeal to younger customers, the Scion brand emphasized inexpensive, stylish, and distinctive sport compact vehicles, and used a simplified "pure price" sales concept that eschewed traditional trim levels and dealer haggling; each vehicle was offered in a single trim with a non-negotiable base price, while a range of dealer-installed options was offered to buyers for personalizing their vehicles. The Scion name, meaning the descendant of a family or heir, refers both to the brand's cars and their owners. In an effort to target the generation Y demographic, Scion primarily relied on guerrilla and viral marketing techniques. The brand first soft launched in the United States at selected Toyota dealers in the state of California in June 2003, before expanding nationwide by February 2004. Sales peaked in 2006 with 173,034 units sold. In 2010, Scion expanded into Canada. However, Toyota's initial propositions of short product cycles and aggressive pricing based on low dealer margins became increasingly unsustainable as sales fell after the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Toyota abolished the Scion brand at the start of the 2017 model year in August 2016; the vehicles were either rebranded as Toyotas or discontinued. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.366783 | [
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Where do short-term traders look for the earliest stock related news? | There are a few sources that short-term traders might look to for early stock-related news:Financial news websites: Many financial news websites, such as Bloomberg, Reuters, and CNBC, provide real-time news and updates on the stock market. These websites often have alerts that can be set up to notify traders of breaking news.Social media: Some traders use social media platforms like Twitter to stay up-to-date on the latest stock market news and trends. Many financial analysts, journalists, and industry experts share their insights and analysis on social media, which can be a valuable source of information for traders.Stock market data providers: There are also a number of data providers that offer real-time stock market news and updates. These providers often have mobile apps that allow traders to stay up-to-date on the go.News aggregator websites: There are also websites that aggregate news from various sources and provide a single location for traders to stay informed. These websites often have algorithms that prioritize the most relevant and important news for traders.It's important to note that not all information sources are created equal, and it's important for traders to evaluate the credibility and reliability of the sources they use. | hc3-finance | 1 | 8.060508 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Steiner House'
Steiner House is a building in Vienna, | Steiner House is a building in Vienna, Austria, that was built by the architect Otto Wagner between 1898 and 1902. The building is considered a landmark of Viennese architecture and is one of the most significant examples of the Art Nouveau style.
The Steiner House was commissioned by the banker and art collector Rudolf Steiner, who wanted a home that would reflect his spiritual beliefs and aesthetic sensibilities. The building features a number of unusual features, including a curved roofline and elaborate stained glass windows. The Steiner House has been designated a historical monument by the Austrian government. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.330914 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Gaius Clodius Nummus'
Gaius Clodius Nummus was a Roman senator, | Gaius Clodius Nummus was a Roman senator, politician, and general during the late Republic and early Empire. A member of the patrician gens Clodia, Nummus was an advocate of the plebeian cause and a fierce opponent of the Senate. He is most notable for his role in the prosecution of Cicero.
Nummus was born in Rome c. 155 BC, to a family of modest means. After studying law at the University of Rome, he became an advocate. He married Porcia Catonis, the daughter of Cato the Younger, in about 141 BC. Nummus soon came into conflict with the Senate over his advocacy of plebeian rights. In 106 BC he was accused by Gaius Scribonius Curio of extortion and corruption; Curio's accusations were later proven false, but Nummus fled for his life to Macedonia, where he joined Pompey's army. In 80 BC he was pardoned by Caesar and returned to Rome.
In 67 BC Nummus was elected tribune of the plebs; this office gave him a seat in the Senate. He opposed the efforts of Pompey and Crassus to achieve political power through military means, and in 63 BC he sided with Cicero against them. Nummus was instrumental in Cicero's prosecution for corruption; after Cicero's acquittal in 61 BC, Caesar made him proconsul of Syria.
Nummus served as governor of Syria from 59 to 57 BC; | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.812504 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Mood Rings (band)'
Mood Rings (alternatively, Moodrings) are an alternative | Mood Rings (alternatively, Moodrings) are an alternative rock band based in Atlanta. Debuting in 2011 with the EP Sweater Weather Forever, they have since been recognised nationally for their sound, which has been called "engaging" by The Guardian, "lush and ethereal" by BrooklynVegan, "dreamy post-punk" by Stereogum, and "lush, neon hued" by Spin Magazine. Their second single, "Pathos y Lagrimas" was featured in Converse's "Ready, Set: Get Lost" music series. Converse recorded and released a music video for the song on YouTube in October 2012. They released a limited edition silk-screened 7" of "Pathos y Lagrimas" and "333" for Record Store Day 2013, and performed an instore at Atlanta's Criminal Records. Their first album, VPI Harmony, was released on Mexican Summer on 25 June 2013. Heather Phares of Allmusic praised the album, saying "Held together by its oddly luxurious feel, VPI Harmony blends its many sounds and moods into a remarkable debut." When playing in Loring Park in Minneapolis, MN the band was rumored to play naked, when in fact they wore socks. William Fussell relocated to London, England, in 2015 and set up a solo-project titled, Promise Keeper. He released his debut EP on May 19, 2017. | wiki-intro | 0 | 27.859545 | [
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Why is 9. 9 repeating equal to 1? Or in other words (numbers), why is 0. 33333 + 0. 33333 + 0. 33333 = 1 and not 0. 99999? Assume they are all infinitely repeating 3s and 9s. Explain like I' m five. | You probably mean 0. 99999 and not 9. 9999. There are many different proofs. The simplest one: If x = 0. 999... then 10x = 9. 9999... So 10x-x = 9. 999...-0. 9999... = 9 Ergo, 9x = 9, which means x= 1. Also, 0. 333... equals 1/3, so 0. 333... + 0. 333... + 0. 333... = 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 = 1. My favourite proof: imagine they're not equal. Then there must be numbers in between them (the average, for instance). Let's say one of those numbers is X and its digits are A. BCDEFG... We'll list it in between. * * 0. 9999999... * * A. BCDEFGH... * * 1. 0000000... * * Now if A were 1 or higher, X would be at least as big as 1, so A can only be 0. Let's update: * * 0. 9999999... * * * * 0* *. BCDEFGH... * * 1. 0000000... * * B has to be 0 to 9, and if it's anything less than 9, X will be less than 0. 9999... So B must be 9: * * 0. 9999999... * * * * 0. 9* * CDEFGH... * * 1. 0000000... * * But the argument for B now applies to * every * digit, one by one! Thus X = 0. 99999..., contradicting the claim that it lies strictly between 0. 99999... and 1. Thus our premise ( "imagine they're not equal") is false; we must have 0. 99999... = 1. I am not a mathematician but I will present my theory anyway. Let's look at what we know. . 3 repeating+. 3 repeating+. 3 repeating= 0. 9 repeating, 0. 3 repeating = 1/3, 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3= 1, 1 is not equal to 0. 9repeating, So one of the assumptions can not be true. My theory is that a repeating number is a failed attempt to express a concept in decimal form that can not be expressed in a decimal form and that 1/3 does not equal 0. 3 repeating because repeating numbers do not exist. Opinions welcome. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 22.199747 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Augusta Braxton Baker'
Augusta Braxton Baker (April 1, 1911 – | Augusta Braxton Baker (April 1, 1911 – October 21, 1986) was an American gospel and blues singer, songwriter, and pianist.
Braxton Baker was born in 1911 in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. She was the oldest of four children of Rufus and Lula Braxton. Her father was a gospel singer and her mother played the piano. Braxton Baker learned to play the piano from her mother.
Braxton Baker started her professional career in the 1930s as a gospel singer. In the 1940s she started to sing blues music. She recorded her first album in 1949. She had a number-one hit with her song "I Believe in You" in 1957. Braxton Baker died on October 21, 1986 in St. Louis, Missouri. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.637777 | [
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Ursula von Rydingsvard (née Karoliszyn; born 1942) | Ursula von Rydingsvard (née Karoliszyn; born 1942) is a sculptor who lives and works in Brooklyn, New York. She is best known for creating large-scale works influenced by nature, primarily using cedar and other forms of timber. Early life and education
Von Rydingsvard was born in Deensen, Germany in 1942 to a Polish mother and Ukrainian father. As a young child, the artist and her six siblings experienced the German occupation of Poland and the trauma of World War II, followed by five years in eight different German refugee camps for displaced Poles. In 1959, through the U.S. Marshall Plan and with the assistance of Catholic agencies, her family of peasant farmers boarded a ship to the United States where they eventually settled in Plainville, Connecticut. She received a BA and MA from University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida in 1965 and an MFA from Columbia University in New York City in 1975. In the late 1970s, she was part of NYC's Cultural Council Foundation Artists' Project, which was funded under the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA). | wiki-intro | 0 | 12.964178 | [
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"Calling Elvis" is a song written by | "Calling Elvis" is a song written by Mark Knopfler and performed by Dire Straits. It first appeared on the final studio album by the band, On Every Street (1991). It was released as the first single from that album, peaking at number 21 in the United Kingdom, and reaching the Top 10 in numerous other countries. It was included on the 2005 compilation The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations. A live version of the song also appears on the 1993 live album On the Night. Content
The song is about an Elvis fan who believes Elvis Presley is still alive, making references to many of his songs, including "Heartbreak Hotel", "Love Me Tender", "Love Me (Treat Me Like a Fool)", "Don't Be Cruel" and "Return to Sender", as well as the expression "Elvis has left the building". Mark Knopfler has been quoted as saying the idea came to him one day when he left his phone off the hook and his brother-in-law tried repeatedly to get hold of him. Upon finally doing so, the brother-in-law remarked Mark was harder to get hold of than Elvis. | wiki-intro | 0 | 13.984679 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Justin Bates'
Justin Jonathon Bates (born 9 April 1976) | Justin Jonathon Bates (born 9 April 1976) is an English actor and musician. He played the role of Mickey in the popular BBC soap opera EastEnders from 2000 to 2003. He has since appeared in a number of UK and US TV dramas, including Midsomer Murders, Prime Suspect 6, and The Mentalist.
Bates was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England, to a Scottish mother and English father. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, graduating in 1999.
Bates made his professional acting debut in 2000 as Mickey in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. He left the show in 2003 after four years, to focus on other projects. Bates has since appeared in a number of UK and US TV dramas, including Midsomer Murders, Prime Suspect 6, and The Mentalist. In 2010, he starred as Detective Inspector Tom Barnaby in the British mystery series Barnaby. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.707797 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Brian Frasure'
Brian Frasure is a Paralympian athlete from | Brian Frasure is a Paralympian athlete from Canada who has competed in the T36 100 metres, 200 metres, 4x100 metres relay, 4x400 metres relay and the 800 metres. He was born with a congenital arm deficiency, which has caused him to use a wheelchair since he was five years old. Despite this obstacle, Frasure has demonstrated exceptional athleticism and has won several medals at international competitions.
Brian Frasure was born in Toronto, Canada in 1984 with a congenital arm deficiency. He was born without a right forearm and had to use a wheelchair from the time he was five years old. Despite his disability, Frasure has demonstrated an exceptional level of athleticism and has won several medals at international competitions. He first became known as an athlete when he won the bronze medal in the T36 100 metres at the 2004 Paralympics. He went on to win the silver medal in the 200 metres at the 2004 Paralympics and the gold medal in the 4x100 metres relay at the 2008 Paralympics. In 2007, he competed in the 400 metre race at the IPC Athletics World Championships and came second behind Usain Bolt. He also competed in the 800 metre race at the IPC Athletics World Championships that same year and finished third behind Michael Johnson and Asafa Powell. At the 2012 Paralympics, Frasure competed in three events: the 100 metre race, the 200 metre race and the 400 metre race. He came fourth in each of these events and won his first ever Paralympic medal | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.5758 | [
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Why do our fingernails grow faster than our toenails? I have always wonder about this since I was little. So why do they? EDIT: Thanks for answering my question, it really helped! : D Explain like I' m five. | Your fingernails and toenails are made of a protein called keratin. They both grow from an area called the matrix, which is located beneath the cuticle at the base of the nail. The matrix produces new cells, which push the older cells forward and cause the nail to grow. The speed at which your nails grow depends on a few different factors, including your age, your diet, and your overall health.
One reason why your fingernails might grow faster than your toenails is because the matrix for your fingernails is located deeper in your finger than the matrix for your toenails is located in your toes. This means that the matrix for your fingernails has more access to nutrients and blood flow, which can help them grow faster.
Another reason is that your toes are usually enclosed in shoes, which can make it harder for the nails to get the oxygen and nutrients they need to grow. On the other hand, your fingers are exposed to the air more, which can help them grow faster.
Overall, there isn't a single reason why your fingernails might grow faster than your toenails. It's a combination of different factors that can affect the rate at which your nails grow. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 6.183012 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Hypothetical astronomical object'
Various unknown astronomical objects have been hypothesized | Various unknown astronomical objects have been hypothesized throughout recorded history. For example, in the 5th century BCE, the philosopher Philolaus defined a hypothetical astronomical object which he called the "Central Fire", around which he proposed other celestial bodies (including the Sun) moved. Types of hypothetical astronomical objects
Hypothetical astronomical objects have been speculated to exist both inside and outside of the Solar System, and speculation has included different kinds of stars, planets, and other astronomical objects.
For hypothetical astronomical objects in the Solar System, see: List of hypothetical Solar System objects
For hypothetical stars, see Hypothetical star
For hypothetical brown dwarfs, see: List of brown dwarfs
For hypothetical black holes, see: Hypothetical black hole
For extrasolar moons, all of which are currently hypothetical, see: Extrasolar moon
For stars, planets or moons whose existence is not accepted by science see: Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience and Stars proposed in religion
For hypothetical planets in fiction see: Fictional planets of the Solar System | wiki-intro | 0 | 17.703428 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'USRC Naugatuck'
USRC Naugatuck was a twin-screw ironclad experimental | USRC Naugatuck was a twin-screw ironclad experimental vessel that served in the Union Navy during the American Civil War.
The USRC Naugatuck was built in 1864 at the Delaware River Iron Works in Chester, Pennsylvania. She was commissioned on 7 February 1865 as part of the Union blockade of Confederate waterways. She operated in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of South Carolina until she was decommissioned on 27 November 1865.
The Naugatuck was transferred to the Department of the Interior on 12 December 1865 and served as a training ship for United States Naval Academy midshipmen until she was sold for scrapping in 1871. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.438491 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Relay For Life'
Relay For Life is a community-based fundraising | Relay For Life is a community-based fundraising event for the American Cancer Society and many other Cancer related institutions, societies and associations. Each year, more than 5,000 Relay For Life events take place in over twenty countries. Events are held in local communities, university campuses and in virtual campaigns. As the American Cancer Society's most successful fundraiser and the organization's signature event, the mission of Relay For Life is to raise funds to improve cancer survival, decrease the incidence of cancer, and improve the quality of life for cancer patients and their caretakers. A Relay For Life event is organized under a volunteer Relay Committee and implemented by volunteers. It is often organized as a multi-day public gathering, spanning all day and night in a large outdoor space, and many people bring tents and camp out around the walking tracks. Currently, almost 4 million people take part in Relay events in over 5,000 communities in the United States. | wiki-intro | 0 | 12.183665 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Grenzlandring'
The Grenzlandring (German for "border-region ring"), sometimes | The Grenzlandring (German for "border-region ring"), sometimes written Grenzland-Ring, is a former high-speed oval race track in the Lower Rhine area of Germany, around the town of Wegberg, located close to Mönchengladbach and the Dutch town of Roermond. The Grenzlandring, to many foreigners also known as Wegbergring or Wegberg-Ring, is told to be "discovered" nearly undamaged after World War II when during one dark night in 1947, Dr. Carl Marcus, town mayor of nearby Rheydt, drove along a more or less straight looking country road. When he passed a bicycle rider more than once, he suddenly realized that this road must be a full circle. In fact, a long and wide egg-shaped concrete ring road had been built before World War II around Wegberg and the neighboring village of Beeck and completed in 1938 or 1939, at total cost of about 3.3 million Reichsmark. As it was intended for military purposes, the construction had not made been public nor was the road shown on maps. This story today is considered part of a marketing strategy since parts of the ring had been used by US and British military immediately after the war and had in no way been unknown. | wiki-intro | 0 | 37.220856 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Archer Thompson Gurney'
Archer Thompson Gurney (1820–1887) was a Church | Archer Thompson Gurney (1820–1887) was a Church of England priest and theologian.
Born in 1820, Thompson Gurney was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a BA in 1846 and an MA in 1850. He was ordained in 1851 and began his career with a curacy at Holy Trinity, Southwark. He was then appointed the incumbent of St. Clement Danes, a parish in the City of London. In 1862, he was appointed a canon of Westminster Abbey and a professor of divinity at Cambridge University. In 1870, he became Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, a position he held until his death in 1887.
Thompson Gurney was a prolific writer and published over sixty books and articles. He is most noted for his work on theology and systematic theology, which focused on the doctrines of God and Christ. He is also notable for his contributions to apologetics and Christian ethics. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.375659 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Matt Strahm'
Matthew Scott Strahm (born November 12, 1991) | Matthew Scott Strahm (born November 12, 1991) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the Milwaukee Brewers and Kansas City Royals.
Strahm attended Woodrow Wilson High School in Phoenix, Arizona. He was drafted by the Brewers in the first round of the 2010 MLB Draft. He made his MLB debut with Milwaukee in 2014. Strahm was traded to Kansas City in July 2018. | wiki-intro | 1 | 4.146037 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Athenaeum of Ohio'
The Athenaeum of Ohio – Mount St. | The Athenaeum of Ohio – Mount St. Mary's Seminary of the West, originally St. Francis Xavier Seminary is a Roman Catholic seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is the third-oldest Catholic seminary in the United States. It was established by Bishop Edward D. Fenwick, the first Bishop of Cincinnati, in 1829 along with The Athenaeum (later Xavier University and St. Xavier High School), which opened in 1831 in downtown Cincinnati. History
After the school's founding in 1829, on October 2, 1851 a new seminary building was dedicated by Archbishop John Baptist Purcell in Price Hill, Cincinnati and the seminary was renamed Mount St. Mary's of the West to avoid confusion with The Athenaeum, which had become St. Xavier College in 1840. The new name was selected in honor of Mount St. Mary’s of the East in Emmitsburg, Maryland, where Archbishop Purcell had been rector. In 1879, the seminary closed for eight years due to financial difficulty. When it reopened, the Archbishop decided to create a separate preparatory school, St. Gregory’s Seminary, which was opened in Mount Washington in 1890. | wiki-intro | 0 | 21.402184 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Robert May House'
The Robert May House is located at | The Robert May House is located at 11104 Owl Creek Lane, Anchorage, Kentucky. It is a three-and-one-half story house with stucco and half-timbering. The multi-gabled roof is pierced with dormers. The structure is of fireproof construction with concrete and hollow tile used. The interior woodwork is of mahogany. A stone bridge gate forms the entrance to the property. A stone and half-timber springhouse is on the property, as well. The residence was built circa 1910 by Henry Frank, a prominent architect and builder. Henry Frank (1873-1932) settled in Middletown, Kentucky about 1890 and served as an apprentice to the building contractor William Benjamin Wood. After Wood's death in 1906, Frank formed his own company and constructed numerous public buildings in Jefferson County, Kentucky, as well as several private residences. Frank constructed the Robert May House for Robert May and his family. Robert May was an engineer that constructed railroads in Cuba and South America. May was also a member of the Anchorage Town Board. | wiki-intro | 0 | 19.809153 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Zinc oxide eugenol'
Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) is a material | Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) is a material with potential applications as a photocatalyst, antioxidant, and UV absorber. | wiki-intro | 1 | 19.602045 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Bangladesh–Russia relations'
Bangladesh–Russia relations refers to foreign relations | Bangladesh–Russia relations refers to foreign relations between the Russian Federation and Bangladesh. The two countries established diplomatic relations on October 10, 1992. Russia has an embassy in Dhaka while Bangladesh has an embassy in Moscow. The two countries have strong economic ties, with bilateral trade reaching US$2.5 billion in 2016.
Bangladesh is one of the few Muslim-majority countries that have strong bilateral ties with Russia. This is in part due to the close historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between the two countries. Russia has been a major arms supplier to Bangladesh throughout its history, and the two countries have co-operated in various areas such as energy and defense. The Russian Federation also provides significant developmental assistance to Bangladesh.
The relationship between the two countries has been strained by a number of issues, including the Rohingya refugee crisis and the 2014 Pokhran-II nuclear test conducted by India. However, there has been a marked improvement in relations since President Vladimir Putin visited Dhaka in December 2016 and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited Moscow in March 2017.
The relationship between Bangladesh and Russia is important for both countries, as it provides a platform for co-operation in areas such as trade and defense. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.385089 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Fighting Jacks'
Fighting Jacks are a melodic rock band | Fighting Jacks are a melodic rock band from the United Kingdom. The band was formed in 1989 in London, and released their first album, entitled "Fighting Jacks", in 1991. The album was produced by Dave Stewart of The Eurythmics and featured the singles "I Just Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)" and "When You're Ready." The band has since released six more albums, including the latest, "The Road Goes On Forever", in 2016.
Fighting Jacks are one of the most successful British melodic rock bands of all time. Formed in 1989, the band released their debut album, "Fighting Jacks", in 1991. The album was produced by Dave Stewart of The Eurythmics and featured the singles "I Just Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)" and "When You're Ready." Since then, Fighting Jacks have released six more albums, including their most recent release, "The Road Goes On Forever," in 2016. Throughout their career, Fighting Jacks have achieved widespread success both in the UK and internationally. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.584813 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Henry Starnes'
Henry Starnes (October 13, 1815 – March | Henry Starnes (October 13, 1815 – March 5, 1881) was an American businessman and politician.
Born in New York City, Starnes was the son of a merchant. He worked in his father's store before starting his own business in 1836. Starnes served as mayor of Rochester, New York from 1861 to 1862. He also served in the New York State Assembly from 1864 to 1865 and from 1868 to 1870. Starnes was a Republican and served as Secretary of War under President Ulysses S. Grant from 1869 to 1870. He died in Rochester, New York. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.996314 | [
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how music leaks ahead of its release date. Edit: Referring mainly to entire albums, not record-label intentionally released songs. Explain like I' m five. | in terms of retail leaks. manufacturing and logistics takes time and causes large amounts of pre-release albums to pass through the hands of countless individuals and organizations.. just at the retail level CDs can arrive a week (or more) prior to the release date. all it takes is one rogue employee to grab one from the back and make a copy. Musicians and record companies leak it to generate publicity. [Here is a picture that I believe will be very helpful to you.] (URL_ 0) edit: So wait, I get downvoted for giving a detailed picture response? edit #2: oops, didn't know it wasn't showing up, that's embarassing. Re-hosted to imgur | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 42.317032 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Mota, Ethiopia'
Mota is a town in northwest Ethiopia. | Mota is a town in northwest Ethiopia. It is located in the Misraq Gojjam Zone of the Amhara Region on the secondary road that links Dejen with Bahir Dar overlooking the Abay River. The town has a latitude and longitude of with an elevation of 2,487 meters above sea level. One local landmark is Sebara Deldiy or "the Broken Bridge", a stone footbridge built by foreign stoneworkers during the reign of Emperor Fasilides. C.T. Beke was told that the central arch of this bridge was removed at the orders of Ras Fasil as a defensive measure. Despite the damage, Beke reports that it was still used by native merchants, who "by means of ropes stretched across the open space, they manage to pass with their merchandise from the one side to the other, without entering, the stream." Another landmark is the church of Weyzazirt Kidhane Mihret, which was constructed by Woizero Seble Wengel, the daughter of Emperor Fasilides. She and her husband are buried there. | wiki-intro | 0 | 52.481434 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Justice Party (India)'
The Justice Party, officially the South Indian | The Justice Party, officially the South Indian National Alliance, is a regional political party in India. The party was founded on 1 November 2002 by actor-turned-politician Jayalalithaa Jayaram, who until then had been an inactive member of the Indian National Congress.
The Justice Party is a regional political party in India, with representation in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. The party was founded on 1 November 2002 by actor-turned-politician Jayalalithaa Jayaram, who until then had been an inactive member of the Indian National Congress. The party's ideology is based on social justice and its platform includes measures such as universal healthcare, education and jobs for the poor. In the 2014 general election, the Justice Party won three seats in the Tamil Nadu state parliament. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.327585 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on '1847 Grand National'
The 1847 Grand National Steeplechase was the | The 1847 Grand National Steeplechase was the ninth official annual running of a Handicap Steeple-chase horse race which took place at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool on 3 March 1847 and attracted a then record field of twenty-six runners. It was won by Mathew, ridden by Denny Wynne in the colours of County Cork landowner, John Courtenay. This was the first time the race was officially named The Grand National Steeplechase, having previously been run under the title, Grand Liverpool Steeplechase. The Course
Contemporary newspaper reporters stated that the race was run over the same course as the previous year, describing the start as being a ploughed field with light fencing, narrow ditching and low cops and banks over four fields before bending to the left to jump a brook with short timber. The course then turned left towards the Canal over fences described as being of a practicable character before a leap over a sharp left turn before taking a decent water and timber jump. This took the runners over very heavy land to a ditch with a bank on the take off side. the next field led the runners into the lane at Anchor Bridge and then onto the course, the far end of which was known as the training ground with a stiff hurdle placed alongside the distance chair, topped with gorse six foot high. Opposite the stand was an artificial water jump fifteen feet wide and three feet deep. the runners then took a very awkward bank and ditch before crossing the lane at Melling Road before setting off on a second circuit. the finish of the race was beside the distance judge's chair meaning the fences to be taken was reduced from thirty-one the previous year to twenty-nine this year. | wiki-intro | 0 | 42.77457 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Kanki famine'
The , also spelled as Kangi famine, | The , also spelled as Kangi famine, was a famine that affected the Kangra Valley of northern India in the early 1920s. It is estimated that up to one million people died as a result of the famine.
The Kangra Valley is located in the Himalayan region of India and is renowned for its scenic beauty. However, the area was also hit by drought in 1921 and 1922, which made the famine even worse. The Kangra Valley was also populated by a large number of Sikhs, who were initially resistant to receiving assistance from the government. This led to a great deal of suffering and death among the Sikhs, who made up a majority of the population in the area. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.516186 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Jude Law'
David Jude Heyworth Law (born 29 December | David Jude Heyworth Law (born 29 December 1972) is an English actor. He has received several accolades throughout his career, including a British Academy Film Award, as well as nominations for two Academy Awards, two Tony Awards, and four Golden Globe Awards. In 2007, he received an Honorary César and was named a knight of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government. Born and raised in London, Law started acting in theatre. After finding small roles in feature films, Law gained recognition for his role in Anthony Minghella's The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999), for which he won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and was nominated for an Academy Award. He found further critical and commercial success in Enemy at the Gates (2001), Steven Spielberg's A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) and Sam Mendes' Road to Perdition (2002). He continued to gain praise for starring in the war film Cold Mountain (2003), the drama Closer (2004), and the romantic comedy The Holiday (2006), gaining Academy Award and BAFTA nominations for the first. | wiki-intro | 0 | 9.496707 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Stephanie Novacek'
Stephanie Novacek (b. Iowa City, Iowa, 31 | Stephanie Novacek (b. Iowa City, Iowa, 31 October 1964) is an American operatic soprano.
Stephanie Novacek was born in Iowa City, Iowa, on 31 October 1964. She began singing at an early age and studied voice at the University of Iowa with Barbara Hannigan and John McCormack. Novacek made her operatic debut in 1987 as Donna Anna in Don Giovanni at the University of Iowa Opera House. She subsequently created roles in Don Giovanni (1987), La traviata (1991), Tosca (1992), Die Zauberflöte (1993), and Carmen (1994). Novacek made her Metropolitan Opera debut in 1995 as Zerlina in La traviata, and has since appeared there as Violetta, Cio-Cio-San, Aida, Tosca, Donna Anna, Elisabetta di Brunswick, and Zerlina. Her other New York City Opera appearances have been as Adele in Die Fledermaus (1998), Musetta in La bohème (1999), Marguerite in Faust (2000), and Pamina in The Magic Flute (2002). She has also appeared at the San Francisco Opera as Mimì in La bohème (1998), Leonora in Il trovatore (2000), and both Azucena and Malinda in Carmen (2002). Novacek has also appeared at the Royal Opera House Covent Garden as Tosca (1995), Violetta | wiki-intro | 1 | 11.807017 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on '2020–2021 Nepalese protests'
The 2020–2021 Nepalese protests was a national | The 2020–2021 Nepalese protests was a national uprising and massive protest movement which had been cracked down on since December 2 in Nepal, after a decision by prime minister K. P. Sharma Oli to discuss and take away the government and dissolve parliament. The mass protests led by tens of thousands of protesters have been taking place in Kathmandu and two other major towns. Growing anti-government discontent has been silenced but police brutality has been stepping up during strikes as well, fearing another massacre like the Tiakpur massacre. On 29 December, after 6 protests, thousands took to the streets demanding the resignation of K. P. Sharma Oli and the restoration of the National monarchy.Nepalese civilians protested peacefully throughout Nepal, not just Kathmandu. On 8–10 January 2021, a two-day strike was held nationwide in protest at the government. A mass rally was held on 20–21 January 2021, when thousands took to the streets to protest the dissolution of parliament. Clashes took place between police and protesters. See also
2006 Nepalese revolution
1990 Nepalese revolution | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.985254 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Gemma Reeves'
Gemma "Gem" Reeves is a fictional character | Gemma "Gem" Reeves is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera, Brookside, played by Lesley Dunlop from 1985 to 2000.
Gemma is the daughter of Roy (Bill Ward) and Diane (Lynne Perrie). Diane is a prostitute and Roy is a criminal. Gemma has two half-brothers, Russ (Michael Le Vell) and Garry (Ian Lavender), from her father's first marriage. Gemma also has a half-sister, Tracy (Kim Medcalf), from her mother's first marriage.
Gemma is born into a rough life - her father is a criminal and her mother is a prostitute. Gemma starts working as a prostitute at the age of 10 to help her family. She falls in love with Gary (Ian Lavender) but he leaves town to start a new life.
Gemma then starts dating Johnny (Richard Llewellyn) but they break up after he finds out she's still working as a prostitute. Gemma then starts dating Des (Michael Le Vell) but they break up after Des finds out she's still working as a prostitute.
Gemma then starts dating Darren (Nigel Harman) but they break up after Darren finds out she's still working as a prostitute. Gemma then starts dating Terry (Perry Fenwick). Terry leaves town for work one day and Gemma finds out that he was also sleeping with Diane. Furious, Gemma writes him | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.858392 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Lee Yun-yeol'
Lee Yun-yeol , better known as NaDa, | Lee Yun-yeol , better known as NaDa, is a South Korean entrepreneur, video game designer and former professional gamer who competitively played StarCraft: Brood War and StarCraft II. He is known for being one of the most accomplished Brood War players of all time with a total of six major title victories, including three KPGA tours in a row in 2002 and subsequently winning three OnGameNet StarLeagues over the following years, earning him the nickname, "Genius Terran". He achieved the highest KeSPA score of any player before it was re-scaled, and holds the record for longest stay in KeSPA's top 30 at 87 months, beginning in March 2002 and ending in May 2009. He has played for several top-ranking teams, including Pantech EX, Toona S.G., KT_MagicNs, Ideal Space and WeMade FOX. After his transition to StarCraft II in 2010, he joined the Korean team of Old Generations. In February 2012, he joined the American multi-gaming team, compLexity gaming. On 19 June 2012, compLexity Gaming announced that Lee would be retiring from professional gaming, ending a career spanning over a decade. | wiki-intro | 0 | 18.197466 | [
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How do Mountains affect the weather? I live along the western side of the Appalachian Mountains. Our weather seems to be so unpredictable. When reading forecasts, especially with winter weather, very rarely are the forecasts accurate. Just curious. Explain like I' m five. | Mountains can have a big impact on the weather because they affect the way that air moves. When air hits a mountain, it has to go up and over the mountain. This can cause the air to cool down and create clouds, which can lead to rain or snow.\n\nIn the winter, the cold air on the mountain can cause the air at the base of the mountain to be colder too. This can lead to cold and snowy weather in the area around the mountain.\n\nOn the other hand, the mountains can also block the movement of weather systems, so that the weather on one side of the mountain can be very different from the weather on the other side.\n\nOverall, the mountains can make the weather more unpredictable because they can cause big changes in the way that air moves and the temperature. That's why it can be hard to make accurate weather forecasts for areas near mountains. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 8.537639 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Martha D Lewis'
Martha D Lewis (aka Martha Lewis and | Martha D Lewis (aka Martha Lewis and Martha Demetri Lewis) (born 1967 in London) is a British Born Cypriot Performing and Recording artist regularly performing in the Contemporary Jazz and World Music scene in the UK and Europe. She is also a Presenter, Broadcaster, Composer, Multi-Instrumentalist and Educator.
Lewis' work combines Mediterranean and other world musical influences with Jazz and electronica.
Lewis is Patron of the Leukaemia Cancer Society UK for which she has produced and performed many fundraisers, ongoing. Lewis' musical work is included in the British Library. In 2018, Lewis gained a Master's degree in Songwriting. Early years to Present Day
Martha was born and raised in London to Greek Cypriot immigrant parents. At 7 years old she studied guitar and voice and formed a semi-pro covers band at the age of 14 years.
She went on to study Music at Middlesex University, where she also studied "Opera singing" for 3 years. | wiki-intro | 0 | 25.731791 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Keith Rabois'
Keith Rabois (born March 17, 1969) is | Keith Rabois (born March 17, 1969) is an American business executive and venture capitalist. He was a senior vice president at PayPal, where he helped the company grow from an underground start-up to one of the world's leading digital payment providers. Rabois also served as a vice president at Google, where he helped lead the company's expansion into China.
Rabois was born in Miami, Florida. He grew up in Coral Springs, Florida and attended Coral Springs High School. Rabois then studied at Bucknell University, graduating with a degree in economics in 1991. Rabois then moved to California and worked as a consultant at McKinsey & Company.
In 1995, Rabois co-founded PayPal with Peter Thiel. The company was an underground start-up when Rabois joined it, and he helped the company grow rapidly into one of the world's leading digital payment providers. In 2006, Rabois left PayPal to join Google as its vice president of business development for Asia Pacific. He led Google's expansion into China, where the company had previously been unable to compete due to its restrictions on Internet freedom.
Rabois left Google in 2008 to join venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz as a partner. At Andreessen Horowitz, he has invested in companies such as Airbnb, Pinterest, and Uber. Rabois is also a board member of Square, which is an electronic payment company that has been criticized for its high fees and slow customer service.
Rabois has been married to his wife, Kristen Nov | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.590689 | [
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How do scientists know what the galaxy looks like from the outside? 🌀 Asking for a friend. Explain like I' m five. | Scientists use telescopes to study the galaxy and other objects in space. A telescope is a special instrument that uses lenses or mirrors to gather light from distant objects and make them appear closer and larger. By looking through a telescope, scientists can see what the galaxy looks like from the outside.\n\nThere are different types of telescopes, including optical telescopes that use lenses to focus light and radio telescopes that use antennas to detect radio waves emitted by objects in space. Scientists also use other tools and techniques, such as satellite imagery and computer simulations, to learn more about the galaxy and other objects in the universe.\n\nSo, to answer your question, scientists use telescopes and other tools to study the galaxy and other objects in space, and this helps them understand what the galaxy looks like from the outside. Does that make sense? | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 9.429372 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Kunzea clavata'
Kunzea clavata, commonly known as the Torbay | Kunzea clavata, commonly known as the Torbay spearwood, is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to a small area on the south coast of Western Australia. It is a shrub or tree, typically with many branches and grows to a height of . It blooms between September and October producing yellow flowers. Description
Kunzea clavata is a shrub or tree with several main stems and many branches and which grows to a height of . The leaves are linear, lance-shaped or shaped like a baseball bat, long and less than wide with a petiole less than long. The flowers are arranged in dense heads of 22 to 34 mainly on the ends of the longer branches. The flowers are surrounded by more or less glabrous bracts long and wide and shorter pairs of bracteoles. The floral cup is about long and the five sepals are triangular, glabrous and about long. The five petals are long and pale yellow and there 30-35 stamens. Flowering occurs in September and October and is followed by fruit which are urn-shaped capsules. | wiki-intro | 0 | 24.723097 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Positive psychotherapy'
Positive psychotherapy (PPT after Peseschkian, since 1977)TM | Positive psychotherapy (PPT after Peseschkian, since 1977)TM is a psychotherapeutic method developed by psychiatrist Nossrat Peseschkian and co-workers in Germany beginning in 1968. It can be described as a humanistic psychodynamic psychotherapy, which is based on a positive conception of human nature. The focus of positive psychotherapy is to enhance the positive emotion and engagement of patients rather than targeting the depressive symptoms PPT is an integrative method which includes humanistic, systemic, psychodynamic and CBT-elements. Today there are centers and trainings in some twenty countries worldwide. It should not be confused with positive psychology. Beginnings
The founder of positive psychotherapy, Nossrat Peseschkian (1933–2010), was an Iranian-born German certified psychiatrist, neurologist and psychotherapist. He was inspired in the late 1960s and early 1970s by different sources, persons and developments:
The spirit of that time, which brought into existence humanistic psychology and its further developments.
Personal encounters with prominent psychotherapists and psychiatrists, such as Viktor Frankl, Jacob L. Moreno, Heinrich Meng and others.
By the humanistic teachings and virtues of the Baháʼí Faith.
By looking for an integrative method, especially because of problems between psychoanalysts and behaviour therapists at that time
Based on transcultural observations in over 20 cultures, and searching for an integrative method which is cultur-sensitive | wiki-intro | 0 | 50.522503 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Vasant Kunj'
Vasant Kunj is a posh neighbourhood located | Vasant Kunj is a posh neighbourhood located in south east Delhi, India. It is one of the most affluent neighbourhoods in the city and is home to many corporate and diplomatic residences. It also has a number of schools, hospitals and recreational facilities.
Vasant Kunj was originally a village which was merged with the city of Delhi in 1961. It was named after the Indian independence activist Vasantrao Deshmukh. The neighbourhood has a population of around 180,000 people.
Vasant Kunj is well connected by road and rail. The neighbourhood is served by the Vasant Kunj Railway Station on the line of the Delhi Metro. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.629402 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Toshiko's Piano'
Toshiko's Piano (released as Amazing Toshiko Akiyoshi | Toshiko's Piano (released as Amazing Toshiko Akiyoshi: The Complete Recordings in the U.S.) is a two-disc compilation of recordings by jazz pianist Toshiko Akiyoshi. It was released on the Blue Note label in 1994.
The set features performances by Akiyoshi of pieces by Duke Ellington, Oscar Peterson, and others. It was certified Gold by the RIAA.
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars and states "this two-disc set is essential listening for lovers of jazz piano".
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on '27 Aquilae'
27 Aquilae (abbreviated 27 Aql) is a | 27 Aquilae (abbreviated 27 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 27 Aquilae is its Flamsteed designation though it also bears the Bayer designation d Aquilae. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.49, which is faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, this star is at a distance of from Earth, give or take a 20 light-year margin of error. At this distance, the brightness of the star is diminished from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust. The spectrum of 27 Aquilae fits a stellar classification of B9 III, with the luminosity class of III typically indicating this is an evolved giant star. As it lies within the field of view of the CoRoT satellite, close observation have been made of its luminosity. The star shows a multiperiodic variability with at least six pulsation frequencies discovered. It has a high rate of rotation with a projected rotational velocity of 55 km/s. The outer atmosphere is radiating energy into space at an effective temperature of around 11,500 K, giving it the blue-white hue of a B-type star. | wiki-intro | 0 | 19.606695 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Oscar Ericson'
Carl Oscar Ericson Ericson of | Carl Oscar Ericson Ericson of Oberga (December 20, 1866 - September 3, 1943) was a Swedish politician.
He was the son of county councillor Gustav Ericson (1831-1909). He emigrated in the mid-1880s for 6 years to Chicago, but returned to manage the family leasehold Oberga, which he bought in 1914 together with the adjoining Göberga and became the owner of the two largest properties of the parish. In his youth he joined the liberal party, but switched to the new Centre Party and was elected as its representative to the Parliament of Sweden (lower chamber) in 1917 and to the upper chamber from 1922 to 1937. He was in particular a member of the Ways and Means Committee and later State auditor. Ericson locally presided over numerous public activities.
He married Emilia Johansdotter in 1899 and had a son Ragnar and a daughter Viola. References
Szalay, C. L., "Sons and Daughters of Taleryd (Söner och Döttrar från Taleryd)", (1985) Stockholm. | wiki-intro | 0 | 35.598961 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Drury Lane'
Drury Lane is a street on the | Drury Lane is a street on the north side of London, England, which runs from Aldwych to Covent Garden. The London theatre district of Drury Lane stretches from the Strand to Shaftesbury Avenue.
The name Drury Lane is derived from the manor of Drury, in the parish of St Martin-in-the-Fields. The street was built up in the 18th century on the site of a garden belonging to Westminster Abbey, and became known as Theatre Row. The first public theatre opened on the site in 1732 and was called the Theatre Royal. In 1737, a new theatre was built on the site and it was renamed the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. In 1792, a fire destroyed most of the building, but it was rebuilt by John Nash and renamed the Royal Opera House. The theatre closed in 1869 and was later used as a cinema. It has been used for stage performances since 1900.
In November 1794, during the French Revolutionary Wars, Drury Lane hosted a performance of William Tell that turned into a riot when a group of political radicals called The Luddites disrupted the show by throwing stones and broken glass at the actors and audience. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.599416 | [
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What is the Net Worth of a person and how is it calculated? How is Net Worth useful? How can one find or calculate his/her net worth? Explain like I' m five. | At the most basic level it is-add up all assets (money, stocks, bonds, property owned, etc) and subtract from that all debts owed (loans, liens, contracts, etc)-what you have then is the persons net worth. It may be positive or it may be negative. It is used to determine if you can afford a loan-in that case regular income is also a factor. It can also be used by a parent to determine if you are a good mate for their child. It can be used if you are going to try to buy into a business-the owners can determine if you have enough money to make it worth their while to let you buy in. Your gross worth is the combined worth of everything you have in your possession. So you would add up the value of your literal money, the worth of your home, your car, computer, TV, jewelry, etc. Your net worth is that value minus everything you owe. It's useful because it tells you how you're doing financially. Income doesn't tell you this, because you can earn a lot of money but end up in the poor house if you spend it all. Money in the bank and other assets don't do this because you can still have debts that exceed their value, which case you're still poor. So people use net worth to determine how they are doing financially, and whether things are getting better or worse. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 13.272058 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Hellenic Cricket Federation'
The Hellenic Cricket Federation (Greek: Ελληνική Ομοσπονδία | The Hellenic Cricket Federation (Greek: Ελληνική Ομοσπονδία Κρίκετ) is the governing body of cricket in Greece. The current president is Joseph Nikitas. Greece was accepted into the European Cricket Council (ECC) in 1995. The federation's headquarters are on the island of Corfu where Greek cricket is mainly played. In 2017, became an associate member. History
Cricket has been played in Corfu since 1823 but remains a minor sport in Greece, with almost no media coverage around the country. Cricket was brought to Greece by the British who occupied the Ionian Islands for 50 years, leaving in 1864. Most of the players and coaches are Corfu Greeks, but there are also some Pakistanis and Afghanis playing, one max per club eleven in competitions. There are also some Australian Greeks from Melbourne who play. Greece came runners-up in the 2005 European Affiliates Championships that took place August of that year. However the Greek team was relegated to the fourth division in the European Championships, and banned from playing for a year, due to an alleged irregularity as one of the Melbourne Greeks had left behind his Greek passport (the decision was contested by the Hellenic Cricket Federation).
In early September 2012 the European Division 2 T20 Championships were held in Corfu. Hellas was captained by former Hampshire wicketkeeper Nic Pothas. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.840706 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Candida (song)'
"Candida" was the first single released by | "Candida" was the first single released by the English rock band Radiohead. The song was written by the band's frontman Thom Yorke and was released on their debut album, Pablo Honey (1993).
The song is a slow, acoustic ballad with lyrics about a relationship that is breaking down. The song has been described as moody and atmospheric.
"Candida" was commercially successful, reaching number five on the UK Singles Chart and number twenty-one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The song has been praised by critics for its melody and lyrics. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.988987 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Popinjays'
The Popinjays are a British indie pop | The Popinjays are a British indie pop band, formed in London in 2006. The band consists of vocalist/guitarist/songwriter Lewis Capaldi, drummer Harry McVeigh, and bassist Joe Taylor.
The Popinjays first came to prominence in 2006 when they released their self-titled debut album. The album received critical acclaim and was nominated for the 2007 Mercury Prize. In 2009, the band released their second album, "The Trouble With Normal". The album peaked at number nine on the UK Albums Chart and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The Popinjays' third album, "Holy Fire", was released in 2012 and charted at number one on the UK Albums Chart. The album was also certified platinum by the BPI. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.55432 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Thomas Dunning'
Thomas Joseph Dunning (12 January 1799 – | Thomas Joseph Dunning (12 January 1799 – 23 December 1873) was an English bookbinder and trade unionist. Biography
He was born on 12 January 1799 in Southwark, the son of Joseph Hill Dunning, a waterworks turncock, and Ann Barber Dunning. He was apprenticed to a bookbinder in 1813. In 1820, he joined the Journeymen Bookbinders of London and was elected to its chairing committee in the late 1830s. In the strike of 1839 he favoured a view, in contrast to the majority, that a deal should be struck with the employers. He resigned from the committee but was part of negotiations of the final settlement. In 1840, he took part in reorganization of the existing in London bookbinders' trade union groups which resulted in defection of the London Consolidated Society of Journeymen Bookbinders from the national union. Dunning stayed at the helm of the London Consolidated Society until 1871 when he resigned for health reasons. He continued to edit the Bookbinder's Trade Circular that he founded until his death in 1873. | wiki-intro | 0 | 16.227283 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Albrecht Dürer'
Albrecht Dürer (; ; ; 21 May | Albrecht Dürer (; ; ; 21 May 1471 – 28 May 1528) was a German Renaissance painter, printmaker, and sculptor.
Dürer's work is noted for its realism and skill in rendering skin and muscle texture. He is considered one of the most important figures in the development of Western art.
Dürer was born in Nuremberg, the son of a goldsmith. He began his apprenticeship with his father at the age of 14, and two years later moved to Vienna to become a master goldsmith. In 1493 he moved to Cologne, where he was accepted as a master by the leading painter of the day, Albrecht Böcklin. Two years later he moved to Basel, Switzerland, to work under Peter Schöpfer and Michael Sittow.
In 1502 Dürer moved to Italy, where he remained for five years. He first worked in Venice before settling in Rome, where he became close friends with artists such as Raphael and Michelangelo. In 1508 he married a wealthy widow, Gina di Bartolozzi; they had four children. He returned to Nuremberg in 1512, where he opened his own workshop.
Dürer died in 1528 at the age of 58 from an unknown illness. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.219098 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Blue Stream'
Blue Stream is a major trans-Black Sea | Blue Stream is a major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline that carries natural gas from Russia into Turkey. The pipeline has been constructed by the Blue Stream Pipeline B.V., the Netherlands based joint venture of Russian Gazprom and Italian Eni. The Blue Stream Pipeline B.V. is an owner of the subsea section of pipeline, including Beregovaya compressor station, while Gazprom owns and operates the Russian land section of the pipeline and the Turkish land section is owned and operated by the Turkish energy company BOTAŞ. According to Gazprom the pipeline was built with the intent of diversifying Russian gas delivery routes to Turkey and avoiding third countries. History
Preparations of the pipeline project started in 1997. On 15 December 1997, Russia and Turkey signed an intergovernmental agreement on construction of the subsea pipeline. At the same time, Gazprom and BOTAŞ signed a 25-year gas sale contract. In February 1999, Gazprom and Eni signed the Memorandum of Understanding to implement the Blue Stream project. Blue Stream Pipeline B.V., a joint venture of Gazprom and Eni was registered in the Netherlands on 16 November 1999. On 23 November 1999, contracts on designing, equipment supply and the offshore section construction were signed with Saipem, Bouygues Offshore S.A., Katran K companies and the consortium of Mitsui, Sumitomo and Itochu. | wiki-intro | 0 | 18.444414 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Pope Paul VI'
Pope Paul VI (; ; born Giovanni | Pope Paul VI (; ; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, ; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council, which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Holy See's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered to be the closest and most influential advisors of Pope Pius XII. In 1954, Pius named Montini Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini later became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops' Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors. Upon his election to the papacy, Montini took the name Paul VI. | wiki-intro | 0 | 11.052315 | [
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Why do Asian people have slanted eyes? I understand it has to do something with an "Epicanthic fold" but I just don't understand it. Explain like I' m five. | There isn't necessarily an environmental reason, it could just be a mutation which persisted in the population. Small-scale adaptation to regional environments and a genetic mutation amplified by an isolated population could both be factors. These eyes were adapted for sedentary agriculture. Big eyes are for hunter-gathers who need big eyes to see potential prey from a distance and hunt them down. Chinese settled down on agriculture sedentary lifestyle, so perhaps squinty eyes are good for planting rice, IDK. This is just my personal opinion. Source: Chinese. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 39.8606 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Savely Feinberg'
Savely Moiseevich Feinberg (; 24 December 1910 | Savely Moiseevich Feinberg (; 24 December 1910 – 16 September 1992) was a Russian-born Israeli medical doctor who is best known for his work in pediatric cardiology.
Feinberg was born in 1910 in the city of Taganrog, Russia. He studied medicine at the University of Tartu in Estonia and then completed his residency at the Tel Aviv Medical Center. In 1957, he immigrated to Israel and established the Children's Cardiology Unit at Sheba Medical Center. Feinberg was a founding member of the Israeli Cardiology Society and served as its president from 1972 to 1974. He also served as president of the World Federation of Cardiovascular Societies from 1971 to 1973. Feinberg was awarded the Israel Prize in 1978. He died in 1992. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.606518 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Salamasina'
Queen Salamasina (floruit in the 1500s) was | Queen Salamasina (floruit in the 1500s) was an Italian queen consort of the House of Medici.
The daughter of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and Eleonora d'Aragona, she was married to Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1569. Salamasina was a patron of the arts and played an important role in the development of Tuscan Renaissance painting and sculpture. She is particularly noted for her portrait medallion of her husband, which is currently in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.342002 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Dave Kocourek'
David Allen Kocourek (August 20, 1937 – | David Allen Kocourek (August 20, 1937 – February 8, 2010) was an American professional ice hockey player.
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Kocourek played five seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Boston Bruins and Philadelphia Flyers. He also played for the Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Red Wings. He won the Stanley Cup with the Flyers in 1974. Kocourek was a member of the United States national ice hockey team that competed at the 1976 Winter Olympics. | wiki-intro | 1 | 4.176774 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Chris Jay'
Chris Jay is a musician, songwriter, screenwriter, | Chris Jay is a musician, songwriter, screenwriter, and film producer. He is a Grammy Award-winning singer, songwriter, and musician who has sold over 25 million records worldwide. He has scored numerous successful films, including "Ethan Hawke's Dead Poets Society", "The Rookie", "The Omen", "Wedding Crashers", "I Love You Phillip Morris", and "The Help".
Chris Jay was born in Long Island, New York. He was raised in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and attended high school at Nova High School.
After high school, Jay began his musical career as a member of the pop rock band Journey. The band released four albums before they disbanded in 1987.
Jay then began a solo career. His first album, Chris Jay, was released in 1990 and produced the hit single "Kiss You All Over". The album sold over two million copies worldwide.
In 1995, Jay won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for his song "I'll Be There" from the movie "The Help". The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became one of the best-selling singles of all time.
Jay has since released nine more albums and has sold over 25 million records worldwide. His most recent album, Life in Progress, was released in 2013.
Chris Jay is also a screenwriter and film producer. He has written or produced over 20 films, including "Ethan Hawke's Dead Poets | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.308301 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Katelyn Pippy'
Katelyn Pippy (born April 12, 1993) is | Katelyn Pippy (born April 12, 1993) is an American actress, producer, and production manager, best known for her role as Emmalin Holden on the Lifetime television drama Army Wives. Career
The role of Emmalin Holden on Army Wives, was played by Caroline Pires in season one but filled by Pippy prior to season two, after producers determined an actress with more robust training would be needed for the emotional arc of the character following the death of Emmalin's older sister, Amanda (played by Kim Allen), in a bar bombing. In seasons three and four, Pippy was a member of the cast member, contracted to appear in a minimum of ten episodes per thirteen-episodes produced. Pippy balanced the February-to-August shooting schedule in Charleston, South Carolina, with her high school education by keeping up with class work online and managed to keep playing ice hockey at an elite level by flying wherever her team was scheduled to play on weekends. After enrolling at Cornell University in 2011, she reduced her episode commitment in order to focus on her studies, continuing in role as a guest star for the remaining three seasons. Emmalin, like Pippy, also played ice hockey at college. | wiki-intro | 0 | 36.755692 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Külüs'
Külüs (also, Kulus and Kyulyus) is a | Külüs (also, Kulus and Kyulyus) is a village and municipality in the Shahbuz District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located in the near of the Shahbuz-Kecili highway, 13 km in the south-east from the district center, on the slope of the Zangezur ridge. Its population is busy with gardening and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, club, library and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 1,179. Etymology
The meaning of the name of the Kulus is related with the Kol one of the arms of the Sakas and Uz one of the arms of the Kipchaks-Pechenegs-Oghuz which had great migration to the Caucasus in the I Millennium BC. In the 1st-5th centuries the Albanians, in the Middle Ages the Seleykə one of the arms of the Turkic-Kengerli tribe were settled down in this ancient Turkish land and were mixed with the local Turks. Some researchers assumed that the name was created with the word of kuhul (cave). | wiki-intro | 0 | 43.511539 | [
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Dark Matter What is it? What's it use? How does it work? Explain like I' m five. | Physicists studying the movement and structure of galaxies, and the universe in general, have seen evidence of large amounts of unseen mass interacting with galactic structures, and the unseen mass is called "dark matter". What exactly dark matter is still speculation. Whatever it is it seems to only affect gravity and not interact with electromagnetic radiation (light) or carry a charge. Dark matter is something that should be there according to what we know about gravity, but we can't otherwise detect its presence yet, so we have no other way of analyzing what it is. In 1933, a professor named Fritz Zwicky was doing some astronomy on a cluster of galaxies called the Coma cluster. First, he estimated the mass of the cluster based on how many galaxies were actually in it, and how bright they were. Then, he looked at the movement of the outer-most galaxies in the cluster, and based on calculations of gravity, he came to the conclusion that those outer-most galaxies were behaving as if the cluster was * 400 times as massive * as he had estimated at first. So, he hypothesized that there must be a huge amount of "dark matter" in that cluster that he couldn't see, but that was having gravitational effects on the galaxies in the cluster. Over the past century, the hypothesis of dark matter has stood up to a lot of verification. It seems that no matter where astronomers look or what methods or equations they try to use, the gravitational behaviors of distant galaxies and galactic clusters just don't make sense unless there are huge amounts of undetectable matter basically everywhere. Modern science has determined that dark matter accounts for approximately 83 % of the total matter in the observable universe, whereas "regular" matter (matter made from atoms) is only 17 % *. But what actually * is * it? First, there is agreement on the * qualities * of dark matter; most of all, it does not interact with the electromagnetic force, but it does interact with the force of gravity. This basically means you can't see or touch it, but it can still have some effect on regular matter. As to what exact particles make up dark matter, there is no consensus, but there are three main types of dark matter that scientists are considering. They are Hot Dark Matter, Warm Dark Matter, and Cold Dark Matter. Hot Dark Matter is made up of particles that move at 95 % the speed of light, or faster. There is already a good candidate for a Hot Dark Matter particle; the neutrino. This is the same particle that has been making headlines lately for possibly exceeding the speed of light. Neutrinos do not interact with the electromagnetic force; they pass through most matter and can not be seen. Warm Dark Matter is very similar to Hot Dark Matter except a bit slower: 10%-95 % of the speed of light. There is a theoretical particle to account for Warm Dark Matter called the [sterile neutrino] (URL_ 1), but sterile neutrinos have not been detected on Earth and are not predicted by or necessary for many other theories of physics. Hot and Warm Dark Matter are both problematic. First of all, neutrinos are extremely light, almost massless. For them to make up 80+ % of the matter of the universe, there would have to be far more of them than we are able to detect on Earth (even considering how difficult they are to detect in the first place). Also, they move too fast to cause many of the observed effects of dark matter. Most scientists believe that while Hot and Warm Dark Matter particles may exist, they are not enough to account for dark matter entirely. This is where Cold Dark Matter comes in. Cold Dark Matter moves at less than 10 % the speed of light, which allows it to have the pronounced gravitational effects that dark matter seeks to explain. There seems to be two main theories of what Cold Dark Matter is actually made of. One theory is that it consists of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, or WIMPs. WIMPs would basically be very similar to neutrinos-subatomic, pervasive, able to pass through regular matter-but much slower and heavier. A separate theory of physics called supersymmetry * predicts * the existence of some particles (called neutralinos) that could qualify as WIMPs, and [there is some current research on detecting WIMPs that seems like it's going somewhere] (URL_ 0), but the results are still inconclusive and sometimes contradictory. The other main theory explaining Cold Dark Matter is massive compact halo objects, or MACHOs (it seems particle physicists can be rather silly sometimes). MACHOs would basically be large physical objects floating around the universe that simply don't emit enough light to be observed by telescopes. Some proposed MACHOs are black holes and certain kinds of very dim stars (red and white dwarfs). Unfortunately, MACHOs don't look promising in terms of explaining dark matter. Although it is possible for undetectable red dwarfs, white dwarfs, or black holes to exist, it has been pretty conclusively shown that they can not be anywhere near common enough to comprise 80 % of the mass of the universe. So, much like Hot and Warm Dark Matter, even if MACHOs do exist, they are not enough to fully explain the dark matter phenomenon. * * TL; DR-Scientists know dark matter must exist because that is the only way to explain the gravitational movements of many galaxies and galactic clusters, and it is most likely made up of (relatively) slow-moving, (relatively) massive elementary particles called WIMPs that pervade everything in the universe but are very difficult to detect because they do not interact with the electromagnetic force. * * ---- * Footnote: Although dark matter is theorized to make up 83 % of the matter in the universe, and atomic matter the other 17 %, the two combined only account for 26 % of the total * mass * of the universe. The other 74 % is * * dark energy * *, which is kind of like dark matter, except even weirder. Unfortunately, scientists do not understand dark energy very well, and neither do I. Einstein's equation * E = mc^ 2 * states that energy and matter are interchangeable, which means that a sufficient amount of energy can have a gravitational effect just like matter would. So, it is theorized that there is enough undetectable energy throughout the universe to account for 74 % of its total mass. Some think that this energy is simply the energy of nothingness, or the energy associated with space existing in the first place. It is predicted because of the concept of cosmic acceleration, which is the theory that everything in the universe is accelerating away from everything else in the universe simply because * space itself * just spreads out over time. (This theory is the basis of work for the three scientists who received the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics). I can't tell you much more about dark energy than that, even after reviewing Wikipedia. It's a bit beyond my comprehension. Sorry! There was a kid in my high school who called himself Dark Matter. Last I heard of him he wrote a book about dolphins that didn't get very far, shot a seagull with a BB gun and got expelled. I know nothing about actual Dark Matter. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 15.68646 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'David Wolfenberger'
David Wolfenberger (born April 19, 1969, in | David Wolfenberger (born April 19, 1969, in San Francisco, California) is an American artist and writer. He has exhibited extensively in the United States, Europe, and Asia, and his work has been included in museum exhibitions worldwide.
Wolfenberger was born in San Francisco, California, and raised in Marin County. He earned his BFA from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1991, and his MFA from the University of California at Berkeley in 1995.
Wolfenberger's art is composed of installations, paintings, drawings, photographs, and video works that investigate the relationship between artifice and reality, memory and history, life and death. His work often features appropriated or repurposed materials – such as vintage clothing or antique furniture – that are reconfigured to create new works of art.
Wolfenberger has exhibited his work at venues including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City; the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington D.C.; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington D.C.; the Centre Pompidou in Paris; the Mori Art Museum in Tokyo; and the Victoria & Albert Museum in London. In 2019, his installation "The Revenant" was featured in the Venice Biennale. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.081803 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Psilocybe semilanceata'
Psilocybe semilanceata, commonly known as the liberty | Psilocybe semilanceata, commonly known as the liberty cap, is a species of mushroom in the family Agaricaceae. It is found in North America, where it grows in woodlands and meadows. It is considered an endangered species, as its distribution has decreased due to recreational use.
The liberty cap is a small, brown mushroom with a diameter of up to 10 cm. Its cap is convex, sometimes becoming flattened in the center, and typically has a smooth surface. The gills are adnate or slightly decurrent, and the stem is narrow and cylindrical. The spore print is pale brown.
The liberty cap is distinguished from other species of Psilocybe by its smooth cap surface, which is not covered with warts or ridges. It also has gills that are connected by a narrow band, rather than being spread evenly along the stem. The mushroom typically grows in clusters on the ground or among grasses, and its smell and taste are mild.
Liberty caps are found primarily in North America, where they grow in woodlands and meadows. The fungus was once widespread across much of the continent, but its distribution has decreased due to recreational use. Liberty caps are considered an endangered species, as their population has decreased by at least 90% since 1970. | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.087706 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Northeast Caucasian languages'
The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East | The Northeast Caucasian languages, also called East Caucasian or Nakh-Daghestanian languages, is a family of languages spoken in the Russian republics of Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia and in Northern Azerbaijan as well as in diaspora populations in Western Europe and the Middle East. They are occasionally called Caspian, as opposed to Pontic for the Northwest Caucasian languages. Name of the family
Several names have been in use for this family. The most common term, Northeast Caucasian, contrasts the three established families of the Caucasian languages: Northeast Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian (Abkhaz–Adyghean) and South Caucasian (Kartvelian). This may be shortened to East Caucasian. The term Nakh(o)-Dagestanian can be taken to reflect a primary division of the family into Nakh and Dagestanian branches, a view which is no longer widely accepted, or Dagestanian can subsume the entire family. The rare term North Caspian (as in bordering the Caspian Sea) is only used in opposition to the use of North Pontic (as in bordering the Black Sea) for the Northwest Caucasian languages. | wiki-intro | 0 | 22.522017 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Gary Siuzdak'
Gary Siuzdak is an American chemist best | Gary Siuzdak is an American chemist best known for his work on the development of novel synthetic methods for the preparation of chiral molecules.
Gary Siuzdak was born in suburban Detroit, Michigan, in 1951. He received his B.S. from the University of Michigan in 1973 and his M.S. from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1976. He subsequently completed his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1981, under the direction of J. Michael Ryan.
After completing his doctoral work, Siuzdak began working at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology in Irvine, California, as a postdoctoral fellow with J. Michael Ryan and James Rabinowitz. In 1983 he was appointed an assistant professor at the University of California, Davis, where he remains currently as a full professor emeritus.
Siuzdak's research focuses on the development of novel synthetic methods for the preparation of chiral molecules. This work has led to the development of several new classes of drugs and chiral materials, which have found widespread applications in industries such as pharmaceuticals and materials science. He has also published numerous articles on this subject in leading journals, including Nature and Science.
Siuzdak is a Fellow of both the American Chemical Society and the American Physical Society. In 2009 he was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Barack Obama "for pioneering work in developing new synthetic methods for making chiral molecules and for developing new pharmaceuticals based on | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.224289 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Kasenkina Case'
The Kasenkina Case
– the 1948 Cold | The Kasenkina Case
– the 1948 Cold War spy case in the Soviet Union
On June 27, 1948, the Soviet Union announced that a woman named Elena Kasenkina had been arrested for spying for the United States. The press reported that she was a member of the American Communist Party and had been supplying information to American agents in the Soviet Union. Kasenkina was quickly tried and sentenced to death.
The Kasenkina Case was one of the most high-profile espionage cases of the Cold War. It raised questions about the extent to which spies could be trusted and the risks involved in working with agents from across the ideological divide. It also demonstrated the lengths to which the Soviet authorities would go to suppress dissent and spy activity. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.758356 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'The Lyin' Mouse'
The Lyin' Mouse is a 1937 Warner | The Lyin' Mouse is a 1937 Warner Bros. cartoon directed by Robert McKimson and produced by Leon Schlesinger.
The Lyin' Mouse is a 1937 Warner Bros. cartoon directed by Robert McKimson and produced by Leon Schlesinger. It is a Bugs Bunny cartoon, featuring the character's first appearance in color. The Lyin' Mouse is a scheming mouse who tries to get the cheese from cheese thief Elmer Fudd. | wiki-intro | 1 | 12.825495 | [
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