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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Steve Bégin'
Joseph Denis Stéphan Bégin ; born June | Joseph Denis Stéphan Bégin ; born June 22, 1954) is a Canadian politician and the current leader of the Quebec Liberal Party. He served as Minister of State for Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien from 2001 to 2003.
Bégin was born in Montreal, Quebec, and was educated at Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf and L'Université de Montréal. He obtained a law degree from McGill Law School in 1977. He worked as a lawyer before entering politics.
Bégin was elected to the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Beauharnois in the 1994 provincial election, defeating incumbent Pierre Paradis by over 9,000 votes. He was re-elected by a larger margin in the 1997 election.
After being appointed Minister of State for Foreign Affairs on September 10, 2001, Bégin became Quebec's first francophone federal cabinet minister. As Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, he was responsible for overseeing international relations and defence policy in Canada's federal government. He resigned from his ministerial post on May 3, 2003, after it was revealed that he had failed to declare a conflict of interest when he lobbied for a company that did business with his former employer, the Department of Foreign Affairs.
Bégin ran as the Liberal candidate in the 2003 federal election, but was defeated by Conservative candidate Peter MacKay.
Bégin was re-elected to Quebec's National Assembly for Beauharnois in | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.462363 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Commiphora caudata'
Commiphora caudata, the hill mango or green | Commiphora caudata, the hill mango or green commiphora, is the most abundant Asian species of Commiphora of flowering plants in the frankincense and myrrh family, Burseraceae. It can be found in Southern India and Sri Lanka, usually growing in the full sun on hilly granite rock outcrops in dry zone areas. It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree which is said to be able to reach height of 10-20m, but usually is less high. The tree has a smooth, succulent green bark, which partly flakes off with age, giving rise to a characteristic patchwork of green and brown patches. Its sap has a strong resinous scent. The tree has medicinal properties. The fruit is a globose fleshy drupe with 2 to 6 valves and 1 seed that is black and has 4 wings. Remnants of branches can form a kind of thorns on the trunk. The flowers have a greenish to cream-yellow pedestal with pink to red petals. Names
English: Hill mango, green commiphora
Irula: Kiliya-maram
Kannada Konda-mavu
Sinhala: Seevaya
Tamil: Kiluvai, pachaikiluvai | wiki-intro | 0 | 32.678535 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Marco Polo Park'
Marco Polo Park (also known as Passport | Marco Polo Park (also known as Passport Park) is a public green space in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, adjacent to the University of Pittsburgh's campus. The park occupies a total area of 2.5 acres and was designed by landscape architects Piet Oudolf and Lawrence Halprin.
The park was named in honor of Marco Polo, who traveled through Asia in the 13th century. The park features gardens, an amphitheater, and a stream that runs through it. The stream is home to a variety of birds and other wildlife. In 2006, the park underwent a renovation that included new lighting, a new amphitheater seating arrangement, new pathways and landscaping, as well as new benches and public art installations. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.369687 | [
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Plants vs Fungi What are some of the key differences between plants and fungi? I've heard that fungi are "closer" to animals than they are to plants but am unsure of what that means. Explain like I' m five. | Plants and fungi are two different types of organisms that are classified in different groups based on their characteristics.\n\nHere are some key differences between plants and fungi:\n\nAppearance: Plants are usually green because they contain chlorophyll, which helps them make food through photosynthesis. Fungi, on the other hand, do not contain chlorophyll and are often white, gray, or brown.\n\nFood source: Plants make their own food through photosynthesis, using energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide. Fungi, on the other hand, cannot make their own food and instead get their energy by breaking down and consuming other organic matter, such as dead plants and animals.\n\nReproduction: Plants reproduce in a variety of ways, such as by producing seeds or spores. Fungi reproduce by producing spores, which are tiny, lightweight cells that can be carried by the wind or other animals.\n\nCell structure: Plants have cells with cell walls, which give them their structure and support. Fungi do not have cell walls and are instead held together by a network of thin, thread-like structures called hyphae.\n\nClassification: Plants and fungi are classified in different groups because they have different characteristics. Plants are classified in the kingdom Plantae, while fungi are classified in the kingdom Fungi.\n\nIn summary, plants are green, make their own food through photosynthesis, reproduce in various ways, have cells with cell walls, and are classified in the kingdom Plantae. Fungi are often white, gray, or brown, get their energy by consuming other organic matter, reproduce by producing spores, do not have cell walls, and are classified in the kingdom Fungi. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 8.319763 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Transferable development rights'
Transferable development rights (TDR) is a method | Transferable development rights (TDR) is a method of transferring development rights in a project from the original developer to another party. The term is most commonly used in the context of real estate development.
The purpose of TDR is to provide a way for the original developer to relinquish control of a project without having to sell the property or give up any ownership rights. This can be useful when the original developer no longer has the financial resources or interest in continuing to develop the property.
TDR can be used in a variety of different projects, including real estate, infrastructure, and software development. Typically, TDR is used when the original developer wants to focus on other projects, or when the property is not selling well.
There are a number of different methods for transferring TDRs. The most common approach is through an agreement between the original developer and the new party. Other methods include giving away ownership of the property directly, or transferring development rights through a subsidiary company.
There are several advantages to using TDRs. First, it can provide a way for the original developer to exit a project without having to give up any ownership rights. This can be helpful when the original developer no longer has the financial resources or interest in continuing to develop the project.
Second, TDR can help ensure that the new party has access to all of the necessary information about the project. This can help ensure that the project is completed as planned, and that any changes made by the new party are properly reflected in the | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.430305 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'The Shard'
The Shard, also referred to as the | The Shard, also referred to as the Shard of Glass, Shard London Bridge and formerly London Bridge Tower, is a 72-storey skyscraper, designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano, in Southwark, London, that forms part of the Shard Quarter development. Standing high, the Shard is the tallest building in the United Kingdom, and the seventh-tallest building in Europe. It is also the second-tallest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom, after the concrete tower of the Emley Moor transmitting station. It replaced Southwark Towers, a 24-storey office block built on the site in 1975. The Shard's construction began in March 2009; it was topped out on 30 March 2012 and inaugurated on 5 July 2012. Practical completion was achieved in November 2012. The tower's privately operated observation deck, The View from The Shard, was opened to the public on 1 February 2013. The glass-clad pyramidal tower has 72 habitable floors, with a viewing gallery and open-air observation deck on the 72nd floor, at a height of . The Shard was developed by Sellar Property Group on behalf of LBQ Ltd and is jointly owned by Sellar Property (5%) and the State of Qatar (95%). The Shard is managed by Real Estate Management (UK) Limited on behalf of the owners. | wiki-intro | 0 | 14.587828 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Fast Workers'
Fast Workers, also known as Rivets, is | Fast Workers, also known as Rivets, is a computer game for the Amiga, Atari ST and Commodore 64. It was developed by Bizarre Creations and published by Virgin Games in 1992. The player controls a worker trying to complete a series of tasks in a factory.
The game is based on the concept of mazes. The player starts at the entrance of the maze and has to traverse it to reach the exits. Along the way, they must avoid obstacles and workers who move around the maze at varying speeds. The faster the worker, the harder it is to avoid them. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.305161 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'LaSalle Parish, Louisiana'
LaSalle Parish (French: Paroisse de La Salle) | LaSalle Parish (French: Paroisse de La Salle) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 14,791. The parish seat is Jena. The parish was created in 1910 from the western section of Catahoula Parish and named for René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle. There is some confusion as to whether the parish is spelled "LaSalle" (no space) or "La Salle." An example of the latter view can be seen in the photo at right of the sign over the entrance to a "La Salle Parish Courthouse." A photo of this sign is also featured on the main webpage of the LaSalle Parish Clerk of Court, but the parish is consistently spelled "LaSalle" (no space) in the website text. The prevailing spelling of the parish is "LaSalle" (no space), consistent with the U.S. Census since 2011, and as demonstrated for example by a Google Trends comparison of the phrase's different spellings. | wiki-intro | 0 | 14.351485 | [
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Why does it always seem like one ball is lower than the other? Why purpose does this serve? I've also noticed it tends to be the left one which is lower. Is there a reason for this? Explain like I' m five. | I'm not 100 % sure but I think it's sort of an evolutionary feature. One is lower so it doesn't knock into the other in various activities like running, swimming, and even just sitting. Basically, if one wasn't lower, your balls would probably hurt a lot. Everyone is right, but there Are multiple reasons: URL_ 0 When your legs clamp together one basically slides on top of the other. If they were the exact same height they would not do so as easily and it would be easier to damage them. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 44.71701 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'BioFields (company)'
BioFields is a Mexican industrial group | BioFields is a Mexican industrial group with more than 50 years of experience in the production and commercialization of agricultural products and agroindustrial technologies.
BioFields' focus is on the development, manufacture and marketing of innovative agricultural technologies, such as precision agriculture, biotechnology, irrigation systems, greenhouse production and post-harvest handling. The company's products are used by farmers in Mexico, the United States and other countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.
BioFields was founded in 1957 by José Luis Gutiérrez-Ruiz and Raúl Pineda-Rangel. The company has operations in Mexico City, Morelia, Puebla, Querétaro, Guanajuato and Toluca. BioFields employs more than 1,000 people. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.897755 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Search analytics'
Search analytics is the use of search | Search analytics is the use of search engine optimization (SEO) and web analytics to measure the effectiveness of an online marketing campaign. A search analytics report can provide detailed information on how often a particular term or phrase is being searched for, what websites are leading the way in terms of traffic, and how much money is being spent on advertising associated with that term.
Search engines are powerful tools that can be used to attract traffic to a website. By monitoring the performance of a website and using search engine optimization techniques, it is possible to increase the number of visitors from search engines. This can then be used to measure the effectiveness of an advertising campaign and determine where additional investment should be made.
Web analytics is a collection of techniques used to measure the performance of websites. By tracking traffic sources, pages visited, ecommerce transactions, and other data points, web analytics can provide valuable insight into how a website is performing. This information can then be used to fine-tune a website's marketing strategy and improve its overall performance. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.234618 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Joe Swail'
Joe Swail (born 29 August 1969) is | Joe Swail (born 29 August 1969) is an Australian comedian and actor who has appeared in a number of television programs and films. He is best known for his work on the Australian television program, "The Chaser's War on Everything" and the mockumentary film, "Chaser".
Swail was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. He attended the University of Technology, Sydney, where he studied graphic design.
Swail began his career as a graphic designer. In 1997, he began appearing as a regular cast member on the Australian television program, "The Chaser's War on Everything". The show ran for three seasons before being canceled in 2000. From 2000 to 2003, Swail starred in the mockumentary film, "Chaser". "Chaser" was released in 2003 to critical acclaim and won several awards.
Since 2003, Swail has appeared in a number of television programs and films. In 2005, he appeared in the comedy series, "Dead air". The following year, he starred in the comedy series, "The Big Bang Theory". In 2009, he appeared in the comedy series, "I'm A Celebrity...Get Me Out Of Here!". In 2010, he starred in the comedy series, "Bogan Hunters". In 2012, he appeared in the comedy series, "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". In 2013, he appeared in the comedy series, "Episodes". In 2014, he starred in the comedy series, "Bad Neighbours 2". In 2015 | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.473262 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Target One'
Target One, also called T1, is an | Target One, also called T1, is an experimental submarine built for the United States Navy during the early 1980s. The submarine was designed to be a quieter and more efficient underwater hunter-killer vessel than the previous submarines in the fleet.
The Target One design was controversial at the time of its development, as it was seen as an expensive and unnecessary addition to the fleet. Despite this, the Target One was ultimately successful, becoming one of the most powerful submarines in American hands.
The Target One is unique in a number of ways. For one, it is the first submarine to use a titanium hull and frame, which makes it both lighter and stronger than traditional submarines. Additionally, the Target One features a number of innovative features that make it an effective hunter-killer vessel. These include a stealth system that reduces the submarine's signature, as well as a powerful torpedo armament that allows it to take down even large ships. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.670717 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Maurice Williams (politician)'
Maurice Clifford Williams (26 June 1926 – | Maurice Clifford Williams (26 June 1926 – 3 July 2004) was an Australian politician who was a Liberal Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1962 to 1973, representing the seat of Bunbury. Williams was born in Perth, but educated primarily in country Western Australia, attending Eastern Goldfields High School. He went on to study metal moulding at Perth Technical College, and eventually started a foundry in Bunbury. Williams entered parliament at the 1962 Bunbury by-election, which had been caused by the death of the sitting Liberal member, George Roberts. He was appointed deputy chairman of committees after the 1968 state election, and served until he resigned from parliament in February 1973. Williams attempted to re-enter parliament at the 1977 state election, contesting the seat of Collie, but was easily defeated by the sitting Labor member, Tom Jones. After leaving politics, he retired to a property at Burekup. He remained involved in community affairs, however, helping to organise the celebrations for Bunbury's proclamation as a city in 1979, and later serving as the executive officer of Bunbury's visitor centre. Williams died in Fremantle in July 2004, aged 78. He had married Betty Dick in 1952, with whom he had three sons. | wiki-intro | 0 | 17.742722 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Cinderella's Stepsister'
Cinderella's Stepsister is a 2010 South | Cinderella's Stepsister is a 2010 South Korean television series starring Moon Geun-young, Chun Jung-myung, Seo Woo, and Ok Taecyeon. Applying a modern twist to the classic fairy tale, the story follows the contentious relationship between two stepsisters as their lives and loves intertwine. Written by Kim Gyu-wan, and directed by Kim Young-jo and Kim Won-seok, it aired on KBS2 from March 31 to June 3, 2010 on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 20 episodes. Synopsis
Ever since she was young, Eun-jo (Moon Geun-young) has learned to trust no one and live strong on her own. Used to being dragged from one broken home to another by her manipulative, money-grabbing mother (Lee Mi-sook), Eun-jo doesn't know what to make of her mother's latest catch Dae-sung (Kim Kap-soo), the solemn head of a traditional rice wine brewery. Both Dae-sung and his daughter, bubbly spoiled princess Hyo-sun (Seo Woo), warmly welcome wary young Eun-jo into their sprawling home, and treat her with a kindness that she simply can't stomach. Instead, she forms a bond with brewery staff Ki-hoon (Chun Jung-myung), the first person to see past her tough act, and it is his betrayal that will hurt the most. However, Dae-sung's genuine kindness to her eventually melts Eun-jo's defenses, and she learns to trust and love her stepfather. Naive Hyo-sun, meanwhile, stubbornly seeks affection at every turn, only to slowly realize she's losing Ki-hoon and everything else in her life to her cold stepsister. Eight years later, Jung-woo (Ok Taecyeon) reappears in Eun-jo's life, a boy she used to treat as her little brother who is now a young man determined to win her heart. Reluctant sisters Eun-jo and Hyo-sun both experience angst and rivalry, as their polar-opposite personalities and love-hate relationship bring them through many ups and downs from adolescence to adulthood. | wiki-intro | 0 | 21.268942 | [
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Why do most mammals that live in very hot climates have thick fur coats and does it ever cause them to become overheated? I understand that they need protection from the elements, but how can they stand it and not overheat? Please explain like I' m five. | Look at the kind of hair in the coats. It's millions of individual spikes, very fine where air passes between the hair easily. This causes the hair to act like the fins of a radiator and dissipate heat. Mammals in cold climates have more fat as well as having thicker and coarser hair. It mattes together and stops air from moving as freely meaning that it retains heat and acts like a blanket. Care to name what animals you are thinking of? I'm a taxidermist. I've dealt with a fair amount of animals from Africa and they have always had very thin hides and very short hair. Otherwise, like you said, they would over heat. Most animals'coats change throughout the year as the weather changes. As weather warms up they grow shorter hair and the hide itself can become thinner. As it cools off they grow longer thicker hair, the hide can thicken up and they store more body fat. The fur can act as insulation against the heat, keeping it from penetrating to the body, similar to how a cooler can keep a hot thing hot as well as a cool thing cool. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 22.360291 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Why Women Kill'
Why Women Kill is an American dark | Why Women Kill is an American dark comedy-drama web television series that premiered on March 3, 2018, on Netflix. The series was created by Mike Flanagan and is produced by Flanagan and Dave Erickson.
The series follows the lives of four women as they deal with the aftermath of their crimes.
Flanagan wrote the series based on his own experiences as a woman. He said that "the idea for "Why Women Kill" came from my own personal experience of being a woman in the world. I have watched my sisters and friends navigate the challenges and contradictions of being female in a society that constantly tells them to be strong, to be aggressive, to be successful, but also to be cautious and delicate. I wanted to tell their stories through characters who are both flawed and fascinating."
The series has been met with positive reviews from critics, who praised its writing and characterization. It has also been praised for its depiction of female mental illness. | wiki-intro | 1 | 11.16028 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Michael Morgan (conductor)'
Michael DeVard Morgan (September 17, 1957 – | Michael DeVard Morgan (September 17, 1957 – October 15, 2007) was an American conductor.
Morgan was born in Rochester, New York. He began his musical training at the age of seven, studying piano and violin. He later studied conducting at the University of Michigan with a scholarship from the Fulbright Program. He continued his studies with Pierre Boulez at the Paris Conservatoire, earning his diploma in 1979.
Morgan made his conducting debut at the age of twenty-four with the Orchestre National de France, and he went on to conduct the London Symphony Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmoniker, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and the Munich Philharmonic among others. He also served as music director of both the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Tampa Bay Symphony Orchestra.
Morgan died of pancreatic cancer in 2007 at the age of fifty-six. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.138923 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'The Crows'
The Crows were an American R&B singing | The Crows were an American R&B singing group who were active from the early 1960s until the late 1970s. The group's origin story is that its five members, brothers Odell and Marvin Gaye, Larry Graham and Harvey Fuqua, and Steve Cropper, were all music students at the University of Memphis when they formed the group in 1963.
The Crows achieved their biggest success in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with hits such as "Walk on By", "My Guy", "The Weight" and "People Get Ready". After the release of their final album in 1977, the group disbanded. However, they reunited in the early 1990s and have since released two new albums. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.667185 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Saoirse Noonan'
Saoirse Noonan ( ; born 13 July | Saoirse Noonan ( ; born 13 July 1999) is an Irish dual code footballer from Cork. In association football she plays for Durham of the English FA Women's Championship and represents the Republic of Ireland women's national football team at senior level, having also represented Ireland at youth level. From 2018 until 2020 she also played ladies' Gaelic football at senior level for the Cork county ladies' football team, competing in the Ladies' National Football League and All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship. As a soccer player Noonan is a forward or playmaking midfielder. She played for her home town club Cork City from joining them at 16 years old until moving to Shelbourne in 2021. In 2017 she was named Women's National League (WNL) Young Player of the Year and helped Cork City win their first major trophy, defeating UCD Waves 1–0 in the FAI Women's Cup final at the Aviva Stadium. Although her appearances were sometimes restricted by her Gaelic football commitments, she became Cork City's all-time record goal scorer. Noonan is a former Republic of Ireland youth national team captain and was named under-17 International Player of the Year in 2016. She won her first senior cap in August 2016 and was recalled to the senior squad in November 2020. | wiki-intro | 0 | 20.489529 | [
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What are some good books for learning stocks, bonds, derivatives e. t. c for beginner with a math background? | Here are a few books that may be helpful for learning about stocks, bonds, and derivatives as a beginner with a math background:"Security Analysis" by Benjamin Graham and David L. Dodd: This classic book is considered a must-read for anyone interested in investing and is particularly suitable for those with a math background. It provides a detailed analysis of the principles of value investing and explains how to assess the intrinsic value of a company's stock."The Intelligent Investor" by Benjamin Graham: This book is another classic that is widely regarded as one of the best books on investing. It provides practical guidance for individual investors and covers a wide range of topics, including stocks, bonds, and derivatives."Options, Futures, and Other Derivatives" by John C. Hull: This book is a comprehensive guide to the principles of derivatives and their use in risk management. It is suitable for those with a math background and provides detailed explanations of the mathematical concepts underlying various derivative instruments."Bonds: The Unbeaten Path to Secure Investment Growth" by Hildy Richelson and Stan Richelson: This book is a comprehensive guide to investing in bonds and is suitable for both beginners and more experienced investors. It covers a wide range of topics, including the different types of bonds, how to evaluate their creditworthiness, and how to create a bond portfolio."Stocks for the Long Run" by Jeremy Siegel: This book provides an in-depth analysis of the stock market and is suitable for those with a math background. It covers a wide range of topics, including the historical performance of stocks, the factors that drive stock prices, and how to create a long-term investment strategy. | hc3-finance | 1 | 9.537159 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Alan Pierson'
Alan Emanuel Pierson (born May 12, 1974, | Alan Emanuel Pierson (born May 12, 1974, in Rochester Hills, Michigan) is an American voice actor, ADR director and scriptwriter who has worked in the anime, video game and television industries.
Pierson was born on May 12, 1974 in Rochester Hills, Michigan. He began his voice acting career in 1997, when he worked as a voice actor for the video game company Konami. From there, he went on to work as a voice actor for various anime productions, most notably for the 1st and 2nd seasons of the popular anime series Naruto. He also worked as ADR director for the 3rd and 4th seasons of the series.
Since then, Pierson has gone on to work in other television productions. He has directed the English dubs of the anime series Death Note and Attack on Titan. He also wrote and directed the English dub of Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.432909 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'SC2VN'
SC2VN (short for Starcraft II Visual Novel) | SC2VN (short for Starcraft II Visual Novel) is a free indie visual novel developed by Team Eleven Eleven and released for Windows on September 22, 2015. Set in South Korea during the early days of the competitive StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty scene, it follows Mach, an aspiring professional gamer. The game has been praised for its realistic depiction of esports, including its emotional toll and the possibility of failure. It was followed by a prequel, Don't Forget Our Esports Dream. Plot
The game's main character is Mach, an aspiring professional gamer who fails to qualify for VSL, a fictional version of the premier StarCraft II league in South Korea. However, he meets a friendly Korean Terran player named Accel who offers to mentor him, recognizing his talent. Mach is quickly drawn into the highest echelons of the StarCraft II scene, helping to create a new team in order to defeat a legendary Brood War player. | wiki-intro | 0 | 19.184986 | [
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The Old Charleston Jail is a site | The Old Charleston Jail is a site of historical and architectural significance in Charleston, South Carolina. Operational between 1802 and 1939, it held many notable figures, among them Denmark Vesey, Union officers during the Civil War, high-seas pirates, and Lavinia Fisher. While it has become a popular tourist destination in recent years, it remains one of the most notable historic sites in Charleston that has not been the target of a comprehensive preservation and/or renovation effort. It is also commonly referred to as the Old City Jail by the people of Charleston, South Carolina. History
The Old Charleston Jail was originally located on a four-acre parcel set aside for public use in 1680, at the time of Charleston's earliest settlement. Operating as the Charleston County Jail from 1802 until 1939, it housed Charleston's most infamous criminals, and Federal prisoners of war during the Civil War. When the Jail was constructed in 1802 it consisted of four stories, topped with a two-story octagonal tower. Charleston architects Barbot & Seyle were responsible for 1855 alterations to the building, including a rear octagonal wing, expansions to the main building and the Romanesque Revival details. This octagonal wing replaced a fireproof wing with individual cells, designed by Robert Mills in 1822, five years earlier than his notable Fireproof Building. The 1886 earthquake badly damaged the tower and top story of the main building, and these were subsequently removed. | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.044731 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'USS Saranac (1899)'
The third USS Saranac was the Old | The third USS Saranac was the Old Command Ship of the US Navy's Asiatic Fleet. She was named for the Saranac River in the Adirondacks, her home port.
Saranac was built at Newport News, Virginia, in 1899, and commissioned on 9 January 1900, Commander G.H.W. Hill in command. She sailed from Hampton Roads on 28 February for duty with the Asiatic Fleet and arrived at Hong Kong on 18 April. For the next six years she operated along the China coast and in the East Indies. In 1907 she took part in the Coronation Review of King Edward VII at Spithead.
In 1909 Saranac was re-classified as a gunboat and redesignated PG-11. In 1910 she began a three-year tour of duty in the Gulf of Mexico, patrolling against piracy and enforcing American claims to water rights. On 1 January 1912 she was re-designated AG-8 and returned to the East Indies Station. In 1917 she was placed in reserve at Philadelphia.
Reactivated during World War I as a training ship, Saranac served along the Atlantic coast until decommissioned on 2 July 1920 and placed in reserve at Norfolk, Virginia. Recommissioned during World War II on 16 December 1941, she served in the Pacific Ocean until decommissioned on 1 October 1945 and placed in reserve at Charleston, South Carolina.
Reactivated again on 10 November 1951 as a training ship for | wiki-intro | 1 | 13.237799 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Jining–Tongliao railway'
Jitong railway is a railway | Jitong railway is a railway in Inner Mongolia, China opened in 1995. Its start point is at Jining and ends at Tongliao. The Jitong railway is a joint venture between China Railway and the government of Inner Mongolia.
Since Inner Mongolia was one of the poorer provinces of China in the early 1990s, the line was built with an eye towards reducing startup costs, with the intention of upgrading at a future date as funds became available. The tracks were built to a high engineering standard, featuring heavy rail, concrete crossties, and extensive use of tunnels and viaducts to reduce grades. In contrast, lower-cost anachronistic technologies were intentionally selected for cases where it was possible to upgrade incrementally: semaphore signaling, manned crossing gates, and steam engines. World's last mainline steam train service
Due to low labor costs and plentiful coal, China was one of the last countries to retire steam locomotives on mainline services. As dieselization and electrification progressed in the early 1990s, China Railways found itself with a large stock of surplus steam locomotives, some built as recently as the late 1980s. The government of Inner Mongolia was thus able to acquire steam engines at a low cost for use on the Jitong railway. The line's proximity to coal mines also allowed fuel to be procured locally, resulting in reduced operating costs. | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.996689 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Pearse Óg GAC'
Pearse Óg Gaelic Athletic Club is | Pearse Óg Gaelic Athletic Club is a Gaelic Athletic Association club in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. 'Na Piarsaigh Óga', which translates as 'the Young Pearses', takes its name from the Irish revolutionaries Pádraic and Willie Pearse. The club's crest includes a sword in flames, a symbol associated with Pádraic Pearse since his editorship of the nationalist newspaper An Claidheamh Soluis, surrounded by the green and gold club colours and a skyline of Armagh city. History
The club was formed in 1950 as a result of the popular street leagues that were running at the time. The founder members met in Dougan's Loft, Navan Street, Armagh. They included Charlie McQuade, Felix McStravick, Sam Johnson, Gene McStravick, Eugene McKenna, Gerry Cush and the legendary Ulster footballer Big Jim McCullagh, who became the Pearse Ógs' inaugural chairman. The club's name was suggested by Seamy Trainor. Their home ground for many years was the Athletic Grounds at Drumarg in the west of the city. | wiki-intro | 0 | 37.146103 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Burrator Reservoir'
Burrator Reservoir is a reservoir on the | Burrator Reservoir is a reservoir on the outskirts of Cape Town in South Africa. It was formed by the construction of the Burrator Dam in 1925. The reservoir has a capacity of 1,268 million cubic metres and provides water for the Cape Town area.
The reservoir is a popular location for swimming, fishing, and bird watching. The reservoir is also used for power generation, supplying water to Cape Town's municipal grid. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.35675 | [
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Does inbreeding lead to a higher likelihood of mutations? If so, why? If not, why do people think so? Johnny Knoxville article got me thinking, is there any truth to this? Why or why not? Explain like I' m five. | Not sure what Johnny Knoxville's article states, but there has been scientific studies conducted upon human subjects and there is a significant increase in the manifestation of congenital defects as a result of inbreeding. It's because all of our genomes have some harmful genes in them, but we don't feel the effects because there's a more dominant gene overriding the harmful one (remember, we get two sets of genes-one from mom and one from dad). Inbreeding increases the risks of harmful genes being expressed because the offspring is more likely to receive copies of the harmful genes from both parents (because said parents share a number of the same genes with each other). Thus there's no'healthy'dominant gene to act as a safeguard. I remember a scientist once commenting that without our double-set of genes, there'd be enough harmful mutations in our own DNA to kill us several times over. A good way to think about it, is that we have billions of genes. Not all combinations of genes are good (as evidenced by genetic disorders). In fact, it is assumed that everyone has a few harmful recessive genes. You don't suffer from them because you only have one copy. IF you had two copies of the specific genes, you'd likely die. The thing is, which particular messed up gene you have tends to run in families. So inbreeding tends to lead to an off spring with two of the harmful gene that you carry. A rough example of this is Tay Sachs in Ashkenazi Jews. Ashkenazi Jews are very genetically similar, so when two Ashkenazi born Jews get together, genetically they are about as close as 4th cousins (there was a study on this a while back). So they're not inbreeding, but they are genetically close enough that you get the same sort of effect, where the harmful gene is Tay Sachs. No, as far as we can tell, there is nothing about inbreeding which increases the likelihood of mutations, but due to the way that genes actually activate, inbreeding tends to result in children with a less diverse set of genes which can result in strange appearance and higher likelihood of rare inherited diseases. People recognize that severe inbreeding results in people who start appearing and behaving a bit differently from society and they often end up resulting in more sickly children after several generations. The taboos and customs regarding inbreeding tend to be rather strong across cultures. The idea that this is the result of mutations is due to the public having a poor understanding of how genes and mutations work and how this relates to different mating choices. People know something's up and they know it has to do with having kids with people you are closely related to and ignorance fills in the gaps. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 19.417419 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Menumorut'
Menumorut or Menumorout was the ruler | Menumorut or Menumorout was the ruler of Upper Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period.
Menumorut was the son of Shery and the grandson of Ipi. He succeeded his father in c.1800 BC and seems to have ruled fairly independently at first. However, towards the end of his reign, he allied himself with the rulers of Lower Egypt and Canaan, and entered into a series of wars with his neighbours. He was defeated in his campaigns by Mentuhotep II of the Middle Kingdom, who took control of Upper Egypt. Menumorut's tomb was discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1881 and has been excavated by the University of Pennsylvania since 1924. | wiki-intro | 1 | 13.283182 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Slobodan Bitević'
Slobodan Bitević (born 17 August 1988 in | Slobodan Bitević (born 17 August 1988 in Alibunar, Serbia) is a Serbian karate athlete competing in kumite +84 kg division. Achievements
2017
Karate1 Series A - Salzburg – 7–9 September, Salzburg, AUT – kumite +84 kg
European Karate Championships – 4-7 May, Kocaeli, TUR – kumite +84 kg
2016
Karate1 Premier League - Hamburg – 23–25 September, Hamburg, GER – kumite +84 kg
Karate1 Premier League - Salzburg – 15–17 April, Salzburg, AUT – kumite +84 kg
Karate Balkan Seniors Championship – 27-28 February, Istanbul, TUR – kumite +84 kg
2015
European Karate Championships – 19–22 March, Istanbul, TUR – kumite +84
Karate Balkan Seniors Championship – 21-22 February, Čačak, SRB – kumite +84 kg
2014
Karate1 Premier League – Grand Final – 11-13 October, Salzburg, AUT – kumite +84 kg
European Karate Championships – 1-4 May, Tampere, FIN – kumite +84 kg
2013
Karate1 Premier League – Grand Final – 30 November, Salzburg, AUT – kumite +84 kg
2012
European Karate Championships – 10–13 May, Adeje, ESP – kumite –84 kg
Karate Balkan Seniors Championship – 16-18 March, Herceg Novi, MON – kumite –84 kg
2011
European Karate Championships – 6–9 May, Zürich, SUI – kumite –84 kg
2010
World Karate Championships – 27–31 October, Belgrade, SRB – kumite team
World Karate Championships – 27–31 October, Belgrade, SRB – kumite –84 kg
Karate Balkan Seniors Championship – 24-26 September, Loutraki, GRE – kumite –84 kg
2008
European Karate Championships – 5–8 February, Tallinn, EST – kumite –80 kg | wiki-intro | 0 | 10.764014 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Shijimizuka site'
The is an archaeological site containing | The is an archaeological site containing the remains of a large complex of buildings, dating from the late Kofun period (3rd century to 5th century) in the city of Shijimizuka, in the Nagano prefecture of Japan.
The site was first discovered in 1891, and since then has been the subject of numerous archaeological excavations. The most recent work was carried out in 2009 and 2010. The remains of the complex cover an area of over twenty hectares, and include a number of impressive buildings, including a large hall or "honden" estimated to have been over fifty metres long.
The site is significant not only for its historical value, but also for its importance as an archaeological site which has not yet been fully explored. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.176667 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Chanva'
The Chanva is a river in | The Chanva is a river in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a left tributary of the Una.
The Chanva originates in the Ilijaš Mountains, near the village of Ilijaš, and flows through the towns of Ilijaš, Srbac, Ključ, and Bosanski Brod before entering the Una River near Bosanski Brod. The Chanva is a relatively short river, measuring only 85 kilometres in length. | wiki-intro | 1 | 19.655661 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Marianne Ihlen'
Marianne Christine Stang Ihlen (; 18 May | Marianne Christine Stang Ihlen (; 18 May 1935 – 28 July 2016) was a Norwegian woman who was the first wife of author Axel Jensen and later the muse and girlfriend of Leonard Cohen for several years in the 1960s. She was the subject of Cohen's 1967 song "So Long, Marianne". Early life
Ihlen was born on 18 May 1935 in Larkollen, Norway, the elder of the two children of Ingeborg Louise (nee Kloed, 29 April 1909 – 5 September 2003) and Nils Ihlen (27 October 1906 – 16 November 1959). Known as “Mosse”, her mother was the daughter of opera singer Wilhelm Cappelle Kloed and had had a privileged childhood, including having been sent to Paris to learn French. Ihlen was raised in Oslo where her father was a lawyer. During the Second World War Ihlen's father contracted tuberculosis which required a long period of treatment at the Mesnali sanatorium near Lillehammer. Her younger brother Nils when he was two suffered from tuberculosis for more than a year during which while her mother nursed her son and husband Ihlen spent time with her maternal grandmother in Larkollen. | wiki-intro | 0 | 31.897108 | [
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how did humans survive without clothing while we lost our fur? In a more explained fashion; how did humans not die from exposure before we learned to wear clothing? Please explain like I' m five. | Our ancestors evolved in the savannah, where hairlessness had benefits of better heat exhaustion and less attack vectors for parasites. The increased intelligence allowed them to utilize animal furs and expand into colder areas without selection pressure and evolution having to work towards thicker fur again. Humans evolved in Africa, where [clothing is not necessary] (URL_ 0). It's hypothesized that humans didn't spread into colder climates until after clothing was invented. Before humans invented clothing they did not live in regions that got cold. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 39.861015 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Ardglass'
Ardglass is a coastal fishing village, | Ardglass is a coastal fishing village, townland (of 321 acres) and civil parish in County Down, Northern Ireland, in the historic barony of Lecale Lower. It is still a relatively important fishing harbour. It is situated on the B1 Ardglass to Downpatrick road, about 6 miles (11 kilometres) to the south east of Downpatrick, in the Lecale peninsula on the Irish Sea. It had a population of 1,668 in the 2001 Census, and is located within the Newry, Mourne and Down area. The village is a commuter centre for workers in Downpatrick and Belfast, a seaside resort and a local service centre providing housing and a variety of shops and services largely concentrated in Castle Place, Quay Street, Kildare Street and Bath Street. A Conservation area was designated in Ardglass in 1996, focused on its early 19th century street pattern. The village has eight archaeological sites within the area and another two nearby. There are a number of listed properties located on Castle Place, Kildare Street and The Crescent. St Nicholas's Church, King's Castle, Ardglass Castle, Isabella Tower, the disused railway station, the North Pier and the inner Dock are also listed. | wiki-intro | 0 | 28.469786 | [
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How do dividends of the underlying security in a security futures contract affect the security futures price? | The price of a future with an underlying that pays dividends is As you can see, since the value of dividends is subtracted from the value of the underlying equity, the future' s price is lowered if dividends rise. Compounding that effect with the dividend effect on equity prices, reducing their prices, the future should suffer more. | hc3-finance | 0 | 25.529736 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'SM U-1 (Austria-Hungary)'
SM U-1 or U-I was the lead | SM U-1 or U-I was the lead ship of the Austro-Hungarian Navy's SM class of submarines. She was laid down on 15 September 1908 at the Austro-Hungarian Naval Shipyard in Pola, and completed on 6 November 1909.
On 10 October 1912, she was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy as SM U-1. She served with the navy until she was decommissioned on 24 September 1918. After the war, she was sold to Italy and renamed SM U-23. She served in the Italian Navy until she was sunk by a Allied bombing raid on 12 February 1944 off Ancona. | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.112378 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Wayne Wade'
Wayne Wade (born 19 March 1959) is | Wayne Wade (born 19 March 1959) is a retired Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Wade, a midfielder, was recognised as one of the finest players to have played in the VFL. He was a three-time premiership player with Melbourne and was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2001. Wade also represented Victoria at interstate football, winning the 1981 and 1982 State of Origin games. He played 165 games for Melbourne and kicked 608 goals. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.992173 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Pripstein's Camp Mishmar'
Pripstein's Camp Mishmar was a private | Pripstein's Camp Mishmar was a private summer camp in the mountains of Westchester County, New York, United States, which operated from 1938 until it closed in 1978.
The camp was founded by Dr. Alexander Pripstein, a pediatrician and expert on childhood diseases who had emigrated from Russia and opened a clinic in the Bronx. He wanted to create a place where children could enjoy outdoor activities in the fresh mountain air. The camp initially offered only summer activities such as hiking, swimming, and sailing, but it soon expanded its program to include year-round programming such as skiing, ice skating, and canoeing.
Pripstein's Camp Mishmar was a popular destination for children from all over New York City and beyond. In its heyday, it hosted more than 2,000 campers aged 7 to 17, many of whom continued to stay in touch with one another after graduating from high school. Many of the campers went on to successful careers in fields such as medicine, law, business, and the arts.
The camp's popularity was due in part to its unique setting – perched atop a steep mountain slope overlooking the Catskill Mountains – as well as its rigorous but fun-filled program. Over the years, the camp has undergone several renovations and expansions to keep up with changing trends in child care. However, with the increasing popularity of summer camps outside of New York City and the increasing cost of operating a campground in the Catskills, Pripstein's Camp Mishmar closed | wiki-intro | 1 | 11.741457 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Escalator etiquette'
Escalator etiquette is the etiquette of using | Escalator etiquette is the etiquette of using escalators. Escalator etiquette includes the proper way to ascend and descend the escalator, how to get on and off the escalator, and how to navigate around the escalator.
Escalator etiquette is important for a number of reasons. First, escalator etiquette can prevent escalator accidents. By following the proper escalator etiquette, people can avoid stepping on other people's feet and trampling on belongings. Escalator etiquette can also help to keep the escalators clean and free from debris.
Second, escalator etiquette can make the ride more enjoyable for everyone involved. By following the proper escalator etiquette, people can avoid rushing and being noisy. Additionally, by following the proper escalator etiquette, people can get more out of their trip by avoiding annoying others.
Finally, by following the proper escalator etiquette, people can build good relationships with other riders. By being polite and respectful, people can build positive relationships with other riders. These positive relationships can lead to future interactions that are more enjoyable for everyone involved. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.868874 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Fabrizio de Miranda'
Fabrizio de Miranda (30 October 1926 – | Fabrizio de Miranda (30 October 1926 – 21 January 2015) was an Italian bridges and structural engineer and university professor. Career
He graduated with a degree in civil engineering in 1950 from the University of Naples. Beginning in 1955 he introduced in Italy steel-concrete composite structures, mainly in the field of bridges. He planned the first motorway viaducts with steel structure (Coretta, Macinaie, Poggio Palina) on the Autostrada del Sole in Italy (1959).
In 1959, he became managing director of the largest Italian steelwork company, "Costruzioni Metalliche Finsider S.p.A." in Milan, which was under his management until 1967. From 1965 until 1996, he was professor of "Tecnica delle costruzioni" (structural engineering) at Politecnico di Milano. He successfully participated in numerous National and International Design Competitions of bridges including the first prize ex aequo to the International Competition for the Messina Bridge as member of the Lambertini Group (1969). He was among the Founders and then President (in 1970–1973) of the Italian College of the Steel Structures Technicians (CTA). In 1968, he founded a Consulting Engineering Firm specializing in the design of Bridges and Structures. During more than fifty years of professional activity, he designed hundreds of structures and bridges. Notable projects include the elevated highways in Genoa (1963–1965), in Fiorenza-Milan (1961) and in San Lorenzo-Rome (1969–1976), the viaducts and the Indiano Bridge across the Arno river near Florence (1972–1978), all in Italy; the Zarate-Brazo Largo Bridges in Argentina (1969–1976), and the Rande Bridge in Spain (1973–1977). He died in Milan on 21 January 2015. | wiki-intro | 0 | 29.343756 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'STS-134'
STS-134 (ISS assembly flight ULF6) was the | STS-134 (ISS assembly flight ULF6) was the penultimate mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program and the 25th and last spaceflight of . This flight delivered the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and an ExPRESS Logistics Carrier to the International Space Station. Mark Kelly served as the mission commander. STS-134 was expected to be the final space shuttle mission if STS-135 did not receive funding from Congress. However, in February 2011, NASA stated that STS-135 would fly "regardless" of the funding situation. STS-135, flown by Atlantis, took advantage of the processing for STS-335, the Launch on Need mission that would have been necessary if the STS-134 crew became stranded in orbit. Changes in the design of the main payload, AMS-02, as well as delays to STS-133, led to delays in the mission. The first launch attempt on 29 April 2011 was scrubbed at 12:20 pm by launch managers due to problems with two heaters on one of the orbiter's auxiliary power units (APU). Endeavour launched successfully at 08:56:28 EDT (12:56:28 UTC) on 16 May 2011, and landed for the final time on 1 June 2011. | wiki-intro | 0 | 13.964059 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Marie Wilson (journalist)'
Marie Wilson is a journalist and | Marie Wilson is a journalist and public administrator who served as one of three commissioners of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC). Born in Petrolia, Ontario, Wilson holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in French language and literature and a Master of Arts degree in journalism, both from the University of Western Ontario. She spent over 35 years working in journalism for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, including as regional director for CBC North and as adviser to the South African Broadcasting Corporation. In 2015, she served as a professor of practice at McGill University. Prior to her appointment to the TRC, she was employed by the Workers' Safety and Compensation Commission of the Northwest Territories as vice president for operations. The sole non-Indigenous TRC commissioner, she worked for over six years documenting the history and lasting impacts of the Canadian Indian residential school system. Wilson has received multiple awards and recognition for her work. She was appointed to the Order of Canada and the Order of the Northwest Territories in 2017. In addition, she is the recipient of the Meritorious Service Cross, a Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, the CBC North Award for Lifetime Achievement, a Northerner of the Year Award, the Calgary Peace Prize, and honorary doctorates from St. Thomas University, the Atlantic School of Theology, and the University of Manitoba. | wiki-intro | 0 | 10.130614 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Gerald Parker'
Gerald Parker (born 1955) is an American | Gerald Parker (born 1955) is an American serial killer who raped and murdered five women in Orange County, California. A sixth victim, who was pregnant at the time of the attack, survived, but her child was delivered stillborn. The crimes took place in 1978 and 1979, but Parker was not identified as the killer until 1996. Parker confessed to the murders, and was sentenced to death on January 21, 1999. Following his conviction, another man, Kevin Lee Green, who had been charged with one of the six murders and had served 16 years in prison, was exonerated and released. Early life
Parker was born in 1955, into a poor family with 11 brothers and sisters. In 1963, his mother passed away, and his grandmother had to take care of him. After the death of his mother, Parker and his family moved into segregated housing in Arizona. In the mid-1960s, Parker and his brothers moved to a neighborhood mainly populated by African-Americans with little to no education, and was a frequent target of bullies. Due to trouble at school, he began to huff household and industrial chemicals, eventually becoming addicted. | wiki-intro | 0 | 13.205371 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Wepwawet'
In late Egyptian mythology, Wepwawet (hieroglyphic wp-w3w.t; | In late Egyptian mythology, Wepwawet (hieroglyphic wp-w3w.t; Ancient Egyptian: "He of the Two Eyes") was a god of war and protector of the pharaohs. He was usually depicted as a falcon-headed man with a human torso and the head of a baboon.
Wepwawet was one of the oldest of the Egyptian gods, predating the Old and Middle Kingdom periods. In his role as war god, he was associated with lightning and thunder, and was believed to have the power to call down rain and storm. He is also associated with protection, healing and the dead, and was often depicted as carrying a mace or a shield. Wepwawet is sometimes considered to be a form of Osiris, although there is no evidence that he ever directly represented Osiris.
Wepwawet was not a popular god among the people, who regarded him with suspicion and fear. He was considered too dangerous for commoners to worship directly, and his cult was limited to members of the royal family. Nevertheless, Wepwawet remained an important part of Egyptian mythology throughout the centuries, and he has appeared in many works of ancient Egyptian literature. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.705129 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'FreeCreditScore.com'
FreeCreditScore.com, FreeCreditReport.com and Credit.com are websites owned | FreeCreditScore.com, FreeCreditReport.com and Credit.com are websites owned by Experian, one of the three major credit reporting agencies in the United States.
FreeCreditScore.com provides users with access to their credit score and credit report. Users can also view their credit utilization, available credit, and recent credit activity.
FreeCreditReport.com provides users with a freecreditreport.com membership which allows them to access their full credit report from each of the three major credit reporting agencies (Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion).
Credit.com provides users with information on obtaining and maintaining good credit. Topics include credit scores, how to improve your credit score, best practices for borrowing, and more. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.554443 | [
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The 2011–12 season of the Bayernliga, the | The 2011–12 season of the Bayernliga, the third tier of the German football league system, was the 57th season of the league.
The season began on 7 September 2011 and ended on 12 May 2012. 1860 Munich were the defending champions, but were relegated to the Regionalliga Bayern after finishing in 18th place.
Eight teams joined the league, which increased from 16 to 18 clubs with the inclusion of SC Paderborn 07 and TSV 1860 Munich. FC Ingolstadt 04 and Kickers Offenbach were relegated from the 2. Bundesliga after finishing in the bottom two places of their division.
In the league, SV Wehen Wiesbaden finished as champions, while runners-up TSV 1860 Munich were promoted to the Bundesliga for the first time.
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Beth Ditto'
Mary Beth Patterson (born February 19, 1981), | Mary Beth Patterson (born February 19, 1981), better known by her stage name Beth Ditto, is an American musician, singer, songwriter and actress. She is the lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the rock band the Gossip.
Ditto was born in Los Angeles, California to singer-songwriter/guitarist Roger Patterson and fashion designer/businesswoman Leslie Ditto. She has a younger sister, musician Lizzy Ditto. Her father died when she was young, and her mother struggled to raise her and her sister alone.
Ditto began playing guitar at the age of 10, influenced by her mother's collection of albums by artists such as The Beatles and The Rolling Stones. In high school, she formed a punk rock band with friends that played around Southern California.
Ditto attended college at University of California, Santa Barbara before dropping out to pursue a music career. In early 2006, she met drummer Daisy Berkowitz at a party in Los Angeles and they formed the Gossip, later recruiting bassist Caroline Smith. The band signed to Domino Records in early 2007 and released their debut album in June 2008.
The Gossip's second album "Ladies First" was released in October 2009 and charted in several countries including the United States, where it reached number 14 on the Billboard 200 chart. The album spawned two singles; "Attitude" and "Boys". In February 2010, Ditto released a solo EP entitled "No Order".
In 2011 | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.039913 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Job (professional wrestling)'
In professional wrestling slang, a job is | In professional wrestling slang, a job is a losing performance in a wrestling match. It is derived from the euphemism "doing one's job", which was employed to protect information related to kayfabe from being revealed. The term can be used a number of ways. When a wrestler is booked to lose a match it is described as "a job". The act itself is described with the verb jobbing, while the act of booking (rather than being booked) to job is called jobbing out. To lose a match fairly (meaning without any kayfabe rules being broken) is to job cleanly. Wrestlers who routinely (or exclusively) lose matches are known as jobbers. A regular jobber skilled at enhancing the matches he loses, as opposed to a mediocre local rookie or part-timer, is called a carpenter. In the post-kayfabe era the term has taken on a negative connotation, leading to the use of the neutral term enhancement talent. Definition
A job which is presented as being the result of an extremely close, entertaining match, or underhanded tactics on the part of an opponent, will not necessarily tarnish a wrestler's reputation, especially if the situation is presented as one where the wrestler "deserved" to win but was cheated. At other times a high-profile loss, particularly one which makes the wrestler in question look weak, foolish, or otherwise damages their reputation, might signify certain behind-the-scenes events that have real-life implications on a wrestler. Such a job may mark the end of a push, a departure from the company, or a loss of faith in the wrestler as a marketable commodity. As a result, it may also mark a downward slide in a wrestler's career. This is especially the case when the wrestler is beaten very easily, or squashed. | wiki-intro | 0 | 21.060415 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Foolish Age'
Foolish Age is a Tanzanian drama film | Foolish Age is a Tanzanian drama film released in 2013. It was produced by Elizabeth Michael. The film explores adverse and destructive influences faced by teenagers. Synopsis
The film tells the story of Loveness (Elizabeth Michael) a young girl who has been raised by her rich father after the death of her mother years ago who died from HIV/AIDS. Loveness and her father are also living with HIV/AIDS. Loveness is studying abroad but she later forces her father to let her study in her home country, Tanzania. She finds a new school and makes new friends, but her best friend (Diana Kimaro) is not a good girl. They engage themselves in love affairs at a young age with different men. They stop attending school in favor of club life and changing men. Loveness leaves her father's well-appointed house without saying goodbye to her father and goes to live a ghetto life. Her father searches everywhere for her but cannot find her and gives up. Loveness continues with that kind of life but later faces life struggles, sexual abuse, and issues with her friends. | wiki-intro | 0 | 20.803905 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Blue Grassy Knoll'
Blue Grassy Knoll are a 5 piece | Blue Grassy Knoll are a 5 piece alternative rock band from Lexington, Kentucky. Formed in 2006, the band has released two full-length albums, "Afterglow" (2008) and "The Weight of Tomorrow" (2011), as well as several EPs and singles.
The band's sound is a mix of alternative rock, post-hardcore, and indie folk with a heavy emphasis on acoustic instruments such as guitars, banjos, and mandolins.
Formed in 2006 in Lexington, Kentucky by vocalist/guitarist Jesse Barnett and drummer Tyler Gibbons, Blue Grassy Knoll quickly emerged as one of the state's most promising up-and-coming bands. Their first release, the 7"EP "Afterglow", was well-received by both fans and critics alike, earning praise for its emotive acoustic guitar work and powerful vocals.
In 2008, Blue Grassy Knoll released their full-length debut album "The Weight of Tomorrow". Recorded at Barn Studios in Lexington with producer Will Yip (The Paper Kites, The Get Up Kids), the album was praised for its intricate acoustic guitar work and emotionally charged lyrics.
In 2010, the band released their second EP, "The Outcast"; later that year they toured extensively throughout the eastern United States with acts like MS MR and The Paper Kites.
In 2011, Blue Grassy Knoll released their third album "The Weight of Tomorrow", which was once again | wiki-intro | 1 | 11.478268 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Melchior Anderegg'
Melchior Anderegg (28 March 1828 – 8 | Melchior Anderegg (28 March 1828 – 8 December 1914), from Zaun, Meiringen, was a Swiss mountain guide and the first ascensionist of many prominent mountains in the western Alps during the golden and silver ages of alpinism. His clients were mostly British, the most famous of whom was Leslie Stephen, the writer, critic and mountaineer; Anderegg also climbed extensively with members of the Walker family, including Horace Walker and Lucy Walker, and with Florence Crauford Grove. His cousin Jakob Anderegg was also a well-known guide. Alpine guide
First ascents by Melchior Anderegg
Wildstrubel, 3,243 m (Bernese Alps), 11 September 1858
Rimpfischhorn, 4,199 m (Pennine Alps), 9 September 1859
Alphubel, 4,206 m (Pennine Alps), 9 August 1860
Blüemlisalphorn, 3,664 m (Bernese Alps), 27 August 1860
Monte Disgrazia, 3,678 m (Bregaglia Range), 23 August 1862
Dent d'Hérens, 4,171 m (Pennine Alps), 12 August 1863
Parrotspitze, 4,432 m (Pennine Alps), 16 August 1863
Balmhorn, 3,698 m (Bernese Alps), 21 July 1864
Zinalrothorn, 4,221 m (Pennine Alps), 22 August 1864
Grandes Jorasses, 4,208 m (Mont Blanc Massif), 30 June 1868 | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.626366 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Taymuraz Mamsurov'
Taymuraz Dzambekovich Mamsurov (, ; b. April 13, | Taymuraz Dzambekovich Mamsurov (, ; b. April 13, 1954 in Beslan) is the former head of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Russia. He succeeded Alexander Dzasokhov, who voluntarily quit his post on May 31, 2005. Biography
A graduate of the North Caucasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Mamsurov has also obtained a degree in history from the Academy of Social Sciences at the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). He made his career in the Komsomol, "Communist Union of Youth", in the 1970s and advanced through the ranks of the CPSU in the 1980s. He was elected a deputy chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania in 1994 and was then put in charge of the administration of the republic's Pravoberezhny district in 1995. He chaired the North Ossetian government from February 1998 to October 2000 and the republic's parliament from October 19, 2000 until June 7, 2005, when he was approved, at the initiative of the then-President of Russia Vladimir Putin, as the Head of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Mamsurov has been allied with Putin and holds a position in the United Russia party's Supreme Council as well as in the Presidium of Russia's State Council. | wiki-intro | 0 | 12.561715 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Trinity Carol Roll'
The Trinity Carol Roll is a 15th-century | The Trinity Carol Roll is a 15th-century illuminated manuscript with religious motifs. It is the oldest extant surviving roll of a carol and is one of the most important early works of German illuminators.
The Trinity Carol Roll is a 15th-century illuminated manuscript with religious motifs. It is the oldest extant surviving roll of a carol and is one of the most important early works of German illuminators. The text and images are probably based on an earlier illuminated manuscript, the Trinitatis Carolus, which is now lost. The Trinity Carol Roll was created in Konstanz in southern Germany, probably in the 1440s or 1450s. It is one of the earliest known examples of German secular illumination, and features lively and intricate image decoration in the style of Burgundy painting.
The roll was acquired by the British Museum in 1872, and has since been exhibited in several venues around the world, including the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Rijksmuseum. It remains one of the museum's most popular objects, and has been described as "the Pearl Necklace of art". | wiki-intro | 1 | 13.382322 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Sandie Pendleton'
Alexander Swift "Sandie" Pendleton (September 28, 1840 | Alexander Swift "Sandie" Pendleton (September 28, 1840 – September 23, 1864) was an officer on the staff of Confederate Generals Thomas J. Jackson, Richard S. Ewell and Jubal A. Early during the American Civil War. Early life and career
Sandie Pendleton was born in Alexandria, D.C. which is now Alexandria, Virginia, the only son of Episcopal priest and future Confederate General William N. Pendleton and his wife Anzolette Elizabeth Page. His father was the first principal of Episcopal High School in Alexandria, but left in 1844 to establish a private school for boys near Baltimore, Maryland as well as serve as rector of two nearby parishes. Between 1847 and 1853, the Pendleton family lived in Frederick, Maryland while Rev. Pendleton served at All Saints Church (Frederick, Maryland). Sandie studied at a private school for boys, since his parents thought that as the only boy in a household of girls and delicate in health, he needed association with other boys to develop manly qualities, although Sandie also experienced bullying there because of those same issues. | wiki-intro | 0 | 24.739367 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Sajjad Zaheer'
Syed Sajjad Zaheer (5 November 1899 | Syed Sajjad Zaheer (5 November 1899 – 13 September 1973) was an Urdu writer, Marxist ideologue and radical revolutionary who worked in both India and Pakistan. In the pre-independence era, he was a member of the Communist Party of India and the Progressive Writers' Movement. Upon independence and partition, he moved to the newly created Pakistan and became a founding member of the Communist Party of Pakistan. Early life and education
Zaheer was born in Lucknow in 1905 and was the fourth son of Syed Wazir Hasan, a judge at the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad. He got his BA degree from the University of Lucknow in 1924. He then left for New College, Oxford for further studies. In his final year at Oxford he contracted tuberculosis and was sent to a sanatorium in Switzerland. On returning to England, he was influenced by the communist leader Shapurji Saklatvala and joined the Oxford Majlis. He attended the second Congress of the League against Imperialism held in Frankfurt, where he met influential leaders like Viren Chattopadhyay, Saumyendranath Tagore, N. M. Jaisoorya and Raja Pahendra Pratap. He also started the newspaper Bharat in 1930 in England. He graduated from Oxford University with a degree in BA in 1931. After finishing his studies at Oxford he travelled through Germany, Italy, Denmark and Austria on his journey back to India in 1932. | wiki-intro | 0 | 18.013018 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'The Smurfs 2'
The Smurfs 2 is a 2013 American | The Smurfs 2 is a 2013 American 3D computer-animated comedy film and the sequel to The Smurfs (2011). It is the 20th animated feature film produced by Sony Pictures Animation and is a sequel to the 2011 hit The Smurfs.
The Smurfs 2 was announced on February 26, 2013, and was released on July 31, 2013. It is directed by Raja Gosnell and written by Ehren Kruger. The film stars Neil Patrick Harris, Demi Lovato, Jayma Mays, Katy Perry, Patrick Warburton and John Ritter. The film grossed $387 million worldwide against a $130 million budget. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.32966 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Conus moluccensis'
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Conus moluccensis
| image = | {{Speciesbox
| taxon = Conus moluccensis
| image = Conus moluccensis 1.jpg
| image2 = Conus moluccensis 2.jpg
| image_caption = Apertural and abapertural views of shell of Conus moluccensis'' Kuester, H.C., 1838
| authority = Küster, 1838
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms =
Conus (Phasmoconus) moluccensis Küster, 1838 · accepted, alternate representation
Conus grondini Larue, 1995 (unavailable name: proposed conditionally)
Conus merleti Mayissian, 1974
Conus moluccensis f. merleti Mayissian, 1974 (unavailable name: infrasubspecific rank)
Conus moluccensis moluccensis Küster, 1838
Conus stainforthii Reeve, 1843
Fulgiconus moluccensis (Küster, 1838)
Fulgiconus moluccensis f. merleti (Mayissian, 1974) (unavailable name: infrasubspecific rank)
Phasmoconus merleti (Mayissian, 1974)
Phasmoconus moluccensis (Küster, 1838)
| display_parents = 3
}}Conus moluccensis, common name the Molucca cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all. | wiki-intro | 0 | 33.883423 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Zeferino Peña Cuéllar'
Zeferino Peña Cuéllar, also known as Don | Zeferino Peña Cuéllar, also known as Don Zefe, is a Mexican suspected drug lord and high-ranking member of the Gulf Cartel, a criminal group based in Tamaulipas, Mexico. He was part of the cartel during the 1990s, and was a trusted enforcer of former kingpins Gilberto García Mena and Osiel Cárdenas Guillén. From 1999 to 2001, he served as the municipal police chief of Miguel Alemán. Peña Cuéllar reportedly relied on corrupt Mexican military officials to run drug trafficking activities in Tamaulipas. This group of military officers would later become the foundation for the creation of Los Zetas, the Gulf Cartel's former paramilitary group originally made up of ex-soldiers. In the cartel, he headed organized crime operations in the municipalities of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Camargo, Miguel Alemán, Mier, and Guerrero. After García Mena was arrested in April 2001, several within the cartel blamed Peña Cuéllar for informing Mexican authorities of his whereabouts. This triggered an attempt on his life in October 2001 at one of his estates in Nuevo León. Though Peña Cuéllar was not there when the attack occurred, the incident raised his profile in law enforcement circles. Authorities effectively moved against many of his assets in subsequent investigations. Few details of his criminal activities are known; Peña Cuéllar remained active for a few years after the attack, but when several of his accomplices were arrested and/or killed, he disappeared from public view. Investigators suspect he may have retired from the Gulf Cartel, fleeing Mexico and hiding in Brazil, Canada, or Cuba with the fortune he made during his tenure. | wiki-intro | 0 | 16.434389 | [
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Am I eligible for a student maintenance loan? | Looking at https://www. gov. uk/student-finance/who-qualifies, it says: You can only apply if: As you meet all three requirements I think you are counted as a English student in every respect. I would advise applying as soon as possible though to verify this. EDIT: also, getting a British passport anyway might not hurt; it makes sense as you' ve spent almost all your life here, and it would insulate you against any issues that might arise if Britain ends up leaving the EU. | hc3-finance | 0 | 21.448973 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Doubleday Hill Monument'
The Doubleday Hill Monument is an American | The Doubleday Hill Monument is an American Civil War monument located in Williamsport, Maryland, in what is now River View Cemetery. Erected in 1897, the monument commemorates the crossing of the Potomac River and occupation of the hill by Major General Abner Doubleday. The monument, also known Doubleday Hill, overlooks the Potomac River into West Virginia. The monument also credits Doubleday with creating the game of baseball in 1835, an unlikely claim which Doubleday himself never made. A popular legend circulating at the time of the monument's erection claimed that Doubleday invented baseball in 1839, although Doubleday was attending West Point that year.
Doubleday Hill was a deviation from the more popular form of late 19th and early 20th century monuments: the statue of a standing, uniformed soldier. Between the years of 1863 through 1919, monuments often depicted a soldier “standing holding the barrel of a rifle that rests upright on the ground in front of him." This more common form was particularly prevalent from 1880 to 1920. | wiki-intro | 0 | 16.700569 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Anón'
Anón (Barrio Anón) is one of the | Anón (Barrio Anón) is one of the nineteen barrios of the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is located in the southeast part of the municipality, east of Barrio San Antonio and west of Barrio San Sebastián. Its population in 2010 was 7,680.
Anón is a small, rural barrio that is located in the southeast part of the municipality. It is bordered by Barrios San Antonio and San Sebastián to the north, east and south, respectively. The barrio is mostly rural with a few small businesses located along its main road. The main economic activity in Anón is agriculture, with many farmers growing coffee, vegetables and tobacco. There is also a small industrial park located in the barrio that houses a number of small businesses.
The main attraction in Anón is La Loma de Piedra (The Stone Hill), which is located in the center of the barrio. The hill has a number of natural attractions, including a waterfall and a cave. There are also a number of trails that lead up to the hilltop. La Loma de Piedra is a popular tourist destination for residents of San Juan and visitors from around Puerto Rico. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.435379 | [
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car displacement and engine Why can't you get a v12 which is like 2 litres big or a 3 cylinder which is a 8litre engine? Which is more important for power: a bigger displacement or number of cylinders? Please explain like I' m five. | Deciding engine displacement vs. number of cylinders is a game of balancing competing demands. Let's say we have an engine with one cylinder. We want to make it more powerful. Well, we know that it's the fuel and air burning that makes the piston go down, and more of that will make it happen faster and with more force. So we make the cylinder bigger, to fit more fuel and air in. Now I have a larger displacement, and my engine goes faster. However, by making the cylinder bigger, I've also made the piston bigger. It's now heavier than it was before, which means it takes more work to push it back up before the next combustion. And my larger displacement means that the fuel-air explosion inside is now bigger, so I have to build the whole rest of the engine stronger too, which makes it heavier and more expensive. At first this is fine, but as I keep making it bigger, it eventually gets to the point where I'm wasting so much energy pushing around the parts of the engine that I start losing usable power coming out. I have an engine that can really turn hard (lots of torque) but can't do it very fast (low maximum RPM). This is great for a tractor which needs to move heavy stuff, but not very fast. But let's say we want to go faster. To overcome the "heavy piston" problem, we instead build the engine with two cylinders. Each cylinder is half the displacement of our single big one. Since we don't fire them at the same time, we only get about half as much "oomph" on the piston at a time (less torque). But because each piston is lighter and smaller, it's easier to push them up and down quickly, so the whole thing goes faster (higher max RPM). You can also build a lighter engine for the same displacement. This is great if you want to go fast, but not if you want to pull a whole bunch of stuff. There are other considerations, of course: smaller engines with lower displacement use less fuel, and therefore also pollute less. You can make an engine that is both faster and has more torque, by increasing both number of cylinders and overall displacement, but you will eventually run out of space in the vehicle. The more cylinders, the more complicated the engine is mechanically, so the more likely it will break, and the harder it is to fix. While I'm not an expert on power vs. displacement/cylinders, I can speak to pieces of this puzzle. They do actually make a 3. 0 liter V12 engine which is in F1 race cars, so they do exist. And you have large displacement engine with 2 cylinders as well, check out a car call the'Morgan.'You have to consider a few things when looking at these kinds of engines (again, I'm sure more knowledgable people will add to this list such as power/weight ratios and whatnot): * Does it fit in an engine bay? * Will it run smoothly? * What's the durability/longevity going to look like? * How many moving parts are there going to be? First off, a huge V-twin or 3 cylinder engine would probably make lots of power, but they are harder to fit in an engine bay, and will vibrate more and require a massive rotating mass or flywheel to keep the the thing running. The implications of this setup would be a decent amount of torque, but the acceleration would be hindered simply from trying to rotate that flywheel as well. By the same token a small displacement V12 would run very smoothly and have a neat sound, but you'd have a hard time fitting into a small engine bay. The other issue with a V12 is the shear number of moving internal parts. This would possible cause some reliability issues and cost a ton to repair. All in all, it's a balance of what can be manufactured cheaply, balance ride comfort (smooth running) and reliability. That's why you find 2. 0 liter engines as a 4 cylinder, 3. 0 liter engines as a 6 cylinder, and 4. 0 liter engines as an 8 cylinder. You're balancing all of these things. Odd combinations DO exist. Some freight trucks have huge displacement 4 and 6 cylinder engines. Audi makes/made a 3-point-something liter 8 cyli. engine. Your last question is hardest to answer. It depends on the application. The complexity, reliability, and resistance (more moving parts) are factors in same displacement, differing cylinder count engines. eg. high reving, low displacement motorcycle engines (sports bikes) don't move a lot of weight and 4 cyl. are quite common. To further complicate things, engine designs also involve valvetrain, compression, fuel type, and "stroke" factors. If you're curious, compare the engine configurations available for any type of vehicle/machine and see what trends are common in different applications. Maybe you'll come up with a more specific question. Ultimately, displacement is king for power, all other things being equal. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 21.218941 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Kuzman Josifovski Pitu'
Kuzman Josifovski Pitu (Macedonian: Кузман Јосифовски – | Kuzman Josifovski Pitu (Macedonian: Кузман Јосифовски – Питу; 23 June 1915 – 25 February 1944) was a Macedonian communist partisan and one of the organizers of the Peoples's Liberation Struggle in Macedonia who was declared a People's Hero of Yugoslavia. Biography
He was born in 1915 in Prilep and studied Faculty of Law in Belgrade from 1935. In 1938, he was elected for a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. In 1939, he went back to Prilep, where he became a member of the Local committee of the CPY and in September was elected a member of the Provincial committee of the CPY for Macedonia. After Yugoslavia was occupied by the Axis forces in 1941, Kuzman was sent by CPY in Western Macedonia, which was occupied by Albanian and Italian forces. There he attended a number of local conferences and meetings dedicated to the organisation of the antifascist struggle in that area. In early 1943, Kuzman became a member of the Main headquarters of the People's liberation army and Partisan units of Macedonia. | wiki-intro | 0 | 19.462385 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Givskud Zoo'
Givskud Zoo is a zoo and safari | Givskud Zoo is a zoo and safari park located in the town of Givskud, Denmark. The zoo was founded in 1935 and has a total area of .
The zoo's animals are mainly Scandinavian, with a few African and Asian animals. The zoo has a small children's zoo and a large animal park. The zoo is open from May to October, with the rest of the year being closed. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.116488 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'William P. Welsh'
William Peter Welsh (1889–1984) was a muralist, | William Peter Welsh (1889–1984) was a muralist, sculptor, and artist who was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Welsh is best known for his murals, which are found throughout the United States and in many other countries. Welsh was a founding member of the National Alliance of Artists and the National Academy of Design. He died in 1984. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.230879 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Pavel Schilling'
Baron Pavel Lvovitch Schilling (1786–1837), also known | Baron Pavel Lvovitch Schilling (1786–1837), also known as Paul Schilling, was a Russian military officer and diplomat of Baltic German origin. The majority of his career was spent working for the imperial Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a language officer at the Russian embassy in Munich. As a military officer, he took part in the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon. In his later career, he was transferred to the Asian department of the ministry and undertook a tour of Mongolia to collect ancient manuscripts. Schilling is best known for his pioneering work in electrical telegraphy, which he undertook at his own initiative. While in Munich, he worked with Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring who was developing an electrochemical telegraph. Schilling developed the first electromagnetic telegraph that was of practical use. Schilling's design was a needle telegraph using magnetised needles suspended by a thread over a current-carrying coil. His design also greatly reduced the number of wires compared to Sömmerring's system by the use of binary coding. Tsar Nicholas I planned to install Schilling's telegraph on a link to Kronstadt, but cancelled the project after Schilling died. | wiki-intro | 0 | 24.796354 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Clinton-Massie High School'
Clinton-Massie High School is a public high | Clinton-Massie High School is a public high school located in Clinton, Kentucky, United States. It is one of the nine high schools in the Clinton County School District. In 2015, Clinton-Massie was ranked as the 38th best high school in the United States by "U.S. News and World Report".
Clinton-Massie High School was established in 1902 and has a total enrollment of 1,902 students. The school is accredited by the Kentucky Association of Independent Schools and has a student-teacher ratio of 16:1. The school offers a variety of Advanced Placement courses and a dual enrollment program with several colleges and universities. Clinton-Massie's athletic teams are known as the Eagles and their colors are blue and white. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.503357 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Grothendieck topology'
In category theory, a branch of mathematics, | In category theory, a branch of mathematics, a Grothendieck topology is a topological space X whose boundary consists of a family of points x1, x2, …, xn such that every point in X is connected to at least one point in the family. The boundary of X is called a Grothendieck topology if it satisfies the following two conditions:
1) Every point in the family is connected to a point in X by a path.
2) There are no loops in the path. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.772238 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Pjetër Zarishi'
Pjetër Zarishi or Dom Pjeter Xarishi (1806 | Pjetër Zarishi or Dom Pjeter Xarishi (1806–1872) was a 19th-century Albanian cleric, writer and historian.
Born in 1806 in the village of Zarishi near Gjirokastër, Pjetër Zarishi was ordained a priest in 1834. He served as the Bishop of Gjirokastër from 1838 until his death in 1872. He is best known for his historical work, particularly his monumental work "History of the Albanian People" (1859–1868). | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.972144 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'USS Howorth (DD-592)'
USS Howorth (DD-592) was a built | USS Howorth (DD-592) was a built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the second US Navy ship to be named for Rear Admiral John Howorth, who served in the American Revolution and the War of 1812.
Howorth was launched on 21 October 1943 by Bethlehem Steel Co., San Francisco, California; sponsored by Mrs. C. J. Howorth; and commissioned on 2 February 1944, Commander J. W. Moore in command.
Following shakedown off the California coast, Howorth departed Pearl Harbor on 20 May 1944 for her first war patrol in the Marshalls. She screened vessels bombarding Kwajalein and Eniwetok during the first week of June and then continued her vigil off the Marshall Islands until 10 July when she joined a carrier strike against Saipan. She returned to Majuro on 17 July and commenced repairs which were completed on 20 August.
Howorth sailed from Majuro three days later to join a fast carrier force which had been hurled against Okinawa Gunto. The carrier force commenced air strikes against Okinawa on 1 September and Howorth herself joined in with her guns blazing during the initial onslaught of 17 September. For four days she pounded enemy positions ashore before retiring to replenish fuel tanks.
She rejoined the attack on 19 October and continued pounding Okinawa until 3 November when she retired to Guam to prepare for her next major operation-the invasion of Leyte Gulf. On 7 December 1944 Howorth sailed from Ulithi with Task Group 58 | wiki-intro | 1 | 19.558292 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Mainbernheim'
Mainbernheim is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany,4 | Mainbernheim is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany,4 kilometers to the south of Kitzingen (Landkreis, district of Kitzingen) in the direction of Nürnberg. It was first recorded in the chronicles of 889, during the reign of King Arnulf, the church being recognized by the influential bishopric of nearby Würzburg. The town was the site of a tariff house of the dukes of Ansbach and in thrall until 1397 to the duchy in the south, during the reign of King Wenceslaus. Mainbernheim was granted full rights as a city, although taxation privileges for Ansbach were extended until 1795. Today, Mainbernheim has a population of approximately 2200, the town having grown significantly due to new developments outside the city walls. The gummi-bear factory, Bären Schmidt, is the major industry there. Some extant points of interest include the 400-year-old farmhouses along Herrnstraße, which transverses the city from gate to gate and hosts several historic hotels and restaurants. Also along the main street are the Rathaus (city hall, 1548) and the adjacent Lutheran parish church, built on the foundations of an earlier cathedral (1498) after the Protestant Reformation (1750–1778). Just outside the main gate is the cemetery and arcade, dating from 1546 and containing fine examples of funerary flourishes. Off the main street, there is a recessed portal, which served as a hiding place for the Jews during the purges of World War II. The appearance of the inner city is little changed since Renaissance times. | wiki-intro | 0 | 28.156033 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Northrepps'
Northrepps is a village and a civil | Northrepps is a village and a civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated about south of the town of Filey and about west of the A1 road. The population of Northrepps, including the civil parish of Northrepps and the village of Byron, was estimated at around 1,500 in 2001.
The name Northrepps is Anglo Saxon in origin and means "Northern Farm". The village is mentioned in the Domesday Book as "Nordrephes" and was part of the lands held by Robert de Ferrers. By the early 13th century, there were two manors - Northrepps and Byron - within the parish. In 1881, a railway station was opened on the Huddersfield Line which served the village until its closure in 1969. The station was later reopened as a heritage centre.
Northrepps is located on the edge of a valley which runs north-south through the parish. To the east, the valley opens out onto marshland which extends towards Filey Bay. To the west, the valley narrows and becomes part of a larger valley which forms part of the River Ullswater. The main settlement in Northrepps is located on top of a small hill which overlooks both valleys. The other settlements in Northrepps are located around the edges of the valley.
The main economic activity in Northrepps is agriculture. There are two farms in the parish - East Park Farm and West Park | wiki-intro | 1 | 13.575408 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Russian Party'
The Russian Party , presenting itself as | The Russian Party , presenting itself as the Napist Party ("Dell Party", ), one of the Early Greek parties, was an informal grouping of Greek political leaders that formed during the brief period of the First Hellenic Republic (1828-1831) and lasted through the reign of King Otto. The parties of that era were named after one of the three Great Powers who had together settled the Greek War of Independence in the Treaty of Constantinople (1832). The three rival powers, the Russian Empire, the United Kingdom and July Monarchy France came together in order to check the power of the other two nations. The Russian Party had considerable power, enjoying privileged access to the Orthodox Church, the state machinery, military leaders, and Peloponnesian political families; but it was also popular with a significant section of the common people who wanted a strong centralized government to crush the power of the Greek shipping magnates and the rest of the business class, which followed the English Party. | wiki-intro | 0 | 34.146191 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Belgrade, Maine'
Belgrade is a town in Kennebec County, | Belgrade is a town in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,250 at the 2020 census. Belgrade's population, however, approximately doubles during the summer months as part-year residents return to seasonal camps located on the shores of Great Pond, Long Pond and Messalonskee Lake. Belgrade includes the villages of North Belgrade, Belgrade Depot and Belgrade Lakes (or The Village). Belgrade is included in the Augusta, Maine micropolitan New England City and Town Area. History
The land was originally owned by the Plymouth Company, from which inhabitants obtained their titles. Called Washington Plantation, it was first settled in 1774 by Philip Snow from New Hampshire. On February 3, 1796, it was incorporated as Belgrade, named after Belgrade, Serbia. The surface of the town is uneven, much of it covered by water in the form of a connected chain of lakes. The largest lake is Great Pond, which dominates the town. Agriculture became the chief occupation of the inhabitants, with potatoes the principal crop. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.936411 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Ole Olsen'
Ole Olsen may refer to:
Ole Andres | Ole Olsen may refer to:
Ole Andresen Olsen (born 1962), Norwegian politician
Ole Olsen (1904–1987), Norwegian Lutheran priest and theologian
Ole Olsen (footballer, born 1967)
Ole Olsen (singer) (born 1966), Danish singer | wiki-intro | 1 | 23.176214 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Jack Clancy'
Jack David Clancy (born June 18, 1944) | Jack David Clancy (born June 18, 1944) is an American author of historical fiction set in the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Napoleonic Wars. Clancy is known for his detailed research and attention to historical detail.
Clancy was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. After studying at Worcester Academy and then earning a B.A. from Amherst College in 1966, he served as an infantry officer in the U.S. Army from 1966 to 1970. He then worked as a journalist for "The Wall Street Journal" before becoming a full-time author in 1984. His bestsellers include the Tom Clancy novels The Hunt for Red October (1990), Patriot Games (1992), Clear and Present Danger (1994), The Sum of All Fears (2002), and The Division (2016).
In 2017, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Donald Trump. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.91077 | [
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Why do employers reject applicants on the basis that they are overqualified? I mean wouldn't that be a good thing? Explain like I' m five. | The hope when hiring someone is that you will find a dedicated worker of an appropriate skill level, who will then get the opportunity to be promoted as their skills improve over time-ideally staying with the company long term allowing them to have a better understanding of the companies practises and systems, and removing the need to be hiring as many staff (which takes time, money and effort). To hire someone overqualified, means they are likely accepting a job below the grade they actually want but have not yet been able to find, so are much more likely to view this job as a short term stand-in and leave to a preferable job as soon as they can. If you have a decent engineering degree, you probably won't want to last out your time as a manual laborer in a lumber yard if you could use that job to keep you adjust for the moment until something better appears, while if you have no certification beyond high school, that job in a lumber yard is a better sounding prospect as it gives you the chance to increase your sales and management skills over time and incremental promotions. Because an overqualified person is more likely to leave. It costs money to find, hire and train an employee. Someone who is overqualified for a position is likely to be looking for a higher paying job that better suits their qualifications. Why invest money and time into someone who is likely to leave. I remember reading a response to a similar question, it read (loosely translated): “ An employer may reject someone if they ’ re overqualified because it would mean they would n’ t be able to take advantage of said person before they took notice. ” A person who overqualifies might not stand for mistreatment or being underpaid, so an employer may feel its best to find someone who will. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 28.833054 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Marcin Schroeder'
Marcin Schroeder (born January 10, 1953 in | Marcin Schroeder (born January 10, 1953 in Krakow) is a Polish historian and politician. Schroeder is a member of the liberal-conservative Civic Platform (PO) political party. He has been the Minister of National Education in the cabinets of Lech Kaczyński and Donald Tusk since 2007.
Schroeder was born in Krakow, Poland. He completed his studies at the Jagiellonian University in 1973, earning a M.A. in history. Schroeder then worked as a history teacher for two years before completing his doctoral studies at the University of Warsaw in 1983. His thesis was titled "The Development of Polish Historiography in the Second Half of the 18th Century". Schroeder has been a professor at the Jagiellonian University since 1988.
In 2001 Schroeder was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. In 2007 he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit for Services to the Republic of Poland. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.93079 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Type 271 radar'
The Type 271 was a surface search | The Type 271 was a surface search radar used by NATO countries during the late 1950s and 1960s. It had a maximum range of about 280 kilometers (174 miles) and could detect targets at a range of about 120 kilometers (75 miles). | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.315036 | [
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Twitch Plays Pokemon What's the deal here? Seems to be super popular right now... Explain like I' m five. | Twitch Plays Pokemon is a live stream event that was held on the website Twitch, where people could participate in a game of Pokemon by entering commands into the chat. The stream displayed a live video of the game being played, and the commands entered by viewers were used to control the character in the game.
The idea behind Twitch Plays Pokemon was to see if a large group of people could work together to play a game by entering commands into the chat. It was really popular, and lots of people watched the stream and participated in the game. The stream was live for a long time, and people played all sorts of different Pokemon games.
In the end, the group of people who participated in Twitch Plays Pokemon were able to beat the game, which was really exciting for everyone who was watching and participating. It was a really fun and unique event, and it's still remembered by a lot of people as one of the most interesting things that happened on Twitch. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 19.169441 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Constructible number'
In geometry and algebra, a real number | In geometry and algebra, a real number is constructible if and only if, given a line segment of unit length, a line segment of length can be constructed with compass and straightedge in a finite number of steps. Equivalently, is constructible if and only if there is a closed-form expression for using only integers and the operations for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square roots. The geometric definition of constructible numbers motivates a corresponding definition of constructible points, which can again be described either geometrically or algebraically. A point is constructible if it can be produced as one of the points of a compass and straight edge construction (an endpoint of a line segment or crossing point of two lines or circles), starting from a given unit length segment. Alternatively and equivalently, taking the two endpoints of the given segment to be the points (0, 0) and (1, 0) of a Cartesian coordinate system, a point is constructible if and only if its Cartesian coordinates are both constructible numbers. Constructible numbers and points have also been called ruler and compass numbers and ruler and compass points, to distinguish them from numbers and points that may be constructed using other processes. | wiki-intro | 0 | 15.838905 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Tiny Troopers'
Tiny Troopers is a top-down squad-based multidirectional | Tiny Troopers is a top-down squad-based multidirectional shooter video game developed by Vector Unit and published by Focus Home Interactive. It was released on Microsoft Windows in December 2009 and on PlayStation Portable in January 2010. A sequel, Tiny Troopers 2, was released in March 2011.
The game is set during the height of the Vietnam War and follows the exploits of a small unit of American soldiers as they fight their way through the hostile Vietnamese jungle. The player controls the movement and actions of each individual soldier in the squad, making strategic decisions about when and where to fire their weapons.
Tiny Troopers features a number of unique features that set it apart from other squad-based shooters, including a focus on co-operative play where players are required to work together to survive, and a total of six playable characters with different abilities that can be used to advantage. The game has been well received by critics, who praised its quirky humour, challenging gameplay, and inventive level design. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.519411 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Lamp of Learning'
The Lamp of Learning is part of | The Lamp of Learning is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site of the University of Bologna. It is a bronze sculpture by the Italian artist Donatello, dating from 1436-1438.
The Lamp of Learning is a bronze sculpture by the Italian artist Donatello, dating from 1436-1438. The sculpture is located in the University of Bologna, Italy. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage site of the University of Bologna.
The sculpture is a representation of a lamp, with a three-headed flame at the top. The lamp is meant to represent learning and knowledge, and the three heads represent wisdom, understanding, and knowledge. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.591646 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Vida Parayum Munpe'
Vida Parayum Munpe is a 1981 Malayalam | Vida Parayum Munpe is a 1981 Malayalam language film written by John Paul, directed by Mohan, and produced by Innocent. Prem Nazir plays the lead role in the critically acclaimed and commercially successful film. His performance also won great appreciation. Nazir was conferred the Special Jury Award at the 1981 Kerala State Film Awards for his performance. Nedumudi Venu does the other major role. This movie is the direct adaption of the Hrishikesh Mukherjee-directed Hindi title Anand. Though there are claims that this movie is a direct adaption of the Hindi movie Anand, it is much different. Plot
Xavier, a stenographer in a company tries the patience of the workaholic manager with his irregular hours of work. The manager warns him, but he doesn't make any effort to improve. Once, he asks for leave to take his wife to the hospital. The manager later finds him at the beach playing with children and dismisses him from the job. Later the manager finds from his family doctor that Xavier is a cancer patient. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.609673 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Milt Schmidt'
Milton Conrad Schmidt (March 5, 1918 – | Milton Conrad Schmidt (March 5, 1918 – January 4, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre, coach and general manager, mostly for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL), where he was a member of the Kraut Line. He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961. In 2017 Schmidt was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Early years
Schmidt's early years were spent in Kitchener, where he attended King Edward Public School. In high school, he briefly attended Kitchener-Waterloo Collegiate and Vocational School, but dropped out at age 14 in order to work to support his family (his father had become too ill to work regularly), and took a job at a shoe factory. He made 18 cents per hour ($ per hour in dollars) while working there and claimed that he knew the value of the dollar. He continued playing junior hockey with the Kitchener Empires and Kitchener Greenshirts. Schmidt was a childhood friend of fellow Hall of Famers Woody Dumart and Bobby Bauer. At the age of 20, while playing for the Boston Bruins' AHL farm team, the Providence Reds, Schmidt was invited to try out for the St. Louis Cardinals pro baseball team, but knew himself well enough from his youth baseball experience that while he could hit the ball out of the park, he would strike out many more times than hitting home runs. | wiki-intro | 0 | 12.634544 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Aaron Pilsan'
Aaron Pilsan (born 1995, in Dornbirn, Austria) | Aaron Pilsan (born 1995, in Dornbirn, Austria) is an Austrian pianist. Pilsan started to learn the piano at the age of five. As a teenager he studied under Karl-Heinz Kämmerling, and subsequently became a pupil of Lars Vogt. His inclusion in the Rising Star programme of the European Concert Hall Organisation saw him receive a number of recital engagements while still in his teens. In 2014, at the age of 19, Naïve Records released his debut recording, featuring works by Beethoven and Schubert. Gramophone's reviewer Bryce Morrison praised Pilsan for using "his remarkable agility to a purely musical end" in Schubert's Wandererfantasie. Aaron Pilsan has been supported by the Swiss foundation "Orpheum" since 2015 and he became a scholar of the "Mozart Gesellschaft Dortmund" in the same year. In August 2017, he was awarded the "Förderpreis Deutschlandfunk". In early 2018, Deutsche Grammophon released "HOME", a musical tribute to Aaron Pilsan's hometown in Vorarlberg, Austria together with long-time duo partner, cellist and friend Kian Soltani. The Album features the works of Schubert, Schumann and Reza Vali. | wiki-intro | 0 | 31.937365 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Tabula Affinitatum'
The Tabula Affinitatum is a table of | The Tabula Affinitatum is a table of the correspondences between the planets in astrology and various other esoteric disciplines.
The table was created by Johannes Kepler in 1627 and is based on the work of Ptolemy. It is often used in conjunction with other astrological tables, such as the natal chart.
The table is divided into three sections: the first lists the astrological signs, the second lists the planets by name and position, and the third lists their correspondences. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.127454 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Vrishabhanu'
Vrishabhanu (; IAST: ) also spelled as | Vrishabhanu (; IAST: ) also spelled as Brushabhanu is a distinguished Yadava chieftain. He was the father of goddess Radha (Avatar of Lakshmi). According to Padma Purana, he was a king of cowherd people's of Barsana and owner of 10 lakhs cows, who was King Suchandra in previous life and received a boon from Brahma to be father of Lakshmi's avatar in Dvapara Yuga. Previous birth
In previous birth, Vrishbhanu was named as Suchandra who was married to Kalavati, grand daughter of Daksha Prajapati. After enjoying conjugal relations with Kalavati for a long time, Suchandra was fed up with the family life and went to the Ashram of sage Agastya. When Kalavati started crying because of being abandoned by her husband, Brahma embodied and granted a boon to her that she would reborn with her husband in next life and both of them would be blessed with goddess Lakshmi (Radha) as their daughter. | wiki-intro | 0 | 25.987696 | [
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How do speakers virtually produce any sound? From my understanding speakers are made up of some vibrating cone of a fixed shape. It just seems to me that such a thing could only produce one sound like a drum. Explain like I' m five. | It's the * way in which it vibrates * that counts. Different sounds are made from different pitches and amplitudes. Pitch is determined by how fast the speaker vibrates, and amplitude is determined by how "hard" it vibrates. When your computer pumps music to your speakers, it is really pumping a voltage waveform. This waveform represents the sound of the music (it's what the music looks like on the computer, with the wavy lines). The waveform represents different sounds with changes in frequency (pitch) and amplitude (loudness). Now, inside the speaker is the cone, a solenoid (solenoids turn into magnets when current runs through them) and a permanent magnet. When a voltage is applied to the solenoid, it becomes a magnet, the solenoid and permanent magnet move each other, and the cone (attached to the solenoid) moves. In fact, if you wanted, the computer could send a signal to the speaker that would make it move the cone once, then hold this position. Whatever voltage waveform is pumped to the speaker, the speaker will move accordingly. So, for example, if the voltage waveform is a perfect sine wave, the speaker cone will move like a sign wave. Incidentally, this movement will cause the air surrounding the cone to move in a sine wave and produce a single pitch. In the whole process, the music waveform is converted to a voltage waveform, which electromagnetically moves the cone in the same waveform, reproducing the sound. So, by changing the frequency of the voltage waveform, you change how fast the speaker vibrates and change the pitch (i. e the sound) made by the speaker. Your * [eardrum] (URL_ 0) * is a thin membrane that translates the sound emanating from * any * source into the audible sensations you hear. A microphone is very similar: a delicate membrane that vibrates in response to the sound waves in the air, producing an electrical signal that can be recorded. A speaker does that in reverse: producing the frequencies that have been recorded. As an experiment, try the record + paper cup project: URL_ 1 Suprisingly enough; * * * magnets * * * URL_ 0 The tone is dependent on the speed of the vibrations, slow = low fast = high. From there its a matter of how loud the speaker is. The further apart the oscillations are (the space between the top movement and the bottom movement of the speaker part) the louder the noise will be. Much like you vocal chords, the faster/(in this case; more air = greater oscillations) the difference in pitch and volume will be. Also the shape of your throat will make a differece too, much like the difference in speakers: URL_ 1 | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 35.713943 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Sheryl Oring'
Sheryl Oring (born circa 1966) is an | Sheryl Oring (born circa 1966) is an American actress and comedian, known for her work on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live, as well as for her roles in films such as Caddyshack and National Lampoon's Vacation.
Oring was born in 1966 in San Jose, California. She is of Armenian descent. Oring began her career as a stand-up comedian in the early 1990s. She was a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1995 to 1998. In 2002, she starred in the cult hit comedy film Caddyshack alongside Chevy Chase and Bill Murray. That same year, she appeared in the Vacation movie series. In 2006, Oring starred in the comedy film The First Wives Club, which co-starred Goldie Hawn and Bette Midler. Oring currently stars on the Adult Swim show NTSF:SD:SUV::. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.385535 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Mel Gibson filmography'
Mel Gibson is an American actor, director, | Mel Gibson is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter. He first gained notice for his role as Martin "Marty" McFly in the 1989 science fiction film Back to the Future. He later became famous for roles in the Mad Max series, Braveheart, The Passion of the Christ, and The Omen.
Gibson has been married four times, most notably to actress Renée Zellweger from 1992 to 2001. They have two children: a daughter, Rowan Olivia Gibson (born 1995), and a son, Maddox Ross Gibson (born 2002). In May 2006, Gibson was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol in Malibu. He was sentenced to three months' probation and community service. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.234508 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on '25th Mountain Battery'
The 25th Mountain Battery was an artillery | The 25th Mountain Battery was an artillery battery that served in the United States Army during World War II.
The 25th Mountain Battery was activated on 1 July 1942 at Fort Lewis, Washington. It was part of the 25th Mountain Division. The battery saw combat in the Aleutian Islands Campaign and in the New Guinea Campaign. The battery was deactivated on 15 December 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.
The battery was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions in the Aleutian Islands Campaign.
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Persoonia asperula'
Persoonia asperula, commonly known as mountain geebung, | Persoonia asperula, commonly known as mountain geebung, is a small shrub or small tree that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia.
Mountain geebung grows to a height of about 2 metres, with smooth, slightly furrowed bark. The leaves are arranged alternately, and are 4 to 8 cm long and 2 to 3 cm wide. The flowers are white, bell-shaped, and have five petals. The fruit is a dry capsule about 1 cm long.
Mountain geebung is found in the Margaret River and George Rivers districts of Western Australia, where it grows in sandy soils over rocky outcrops. The species is threatened by habitat loss. | wiki-intro | 1 | 11.238323 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Reginald Wickham'
Reginald William Wickham (4 March 1871 – | Reginald William Wickham (4 March 1871 – 10 March 1942) was an English cricketer. Wickham was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who played for Gloucestershire.
Reginald Wickham was born in Gloucester on 4 March 1871. He made his first-class debut for Gloucestershire against Yorkshire in 1890. Wickham played for the county for the next six seasons, making a total of 54 appearances. His final first-class appearance came against Somerset in 1906. Wickham died in 1942 at the age of 71. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.669723 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Igor Mitoraj'
Igor Mitoraj (26 March 1944 – 6 | Igor Mitoraj (26 March 1944 – 6 January 2002) was a Croatian poet, essayist and translator.
Igor Mitoraj was born in Zagreb, Croatia, on 26 March 1944. He studied at the University of Zagreb's Faculty of Philosophy and later at the University of Heidelberg's Faculty of Law. Mitoraj worked as a lawyer for a number of years before beginning to write poetry in the early 1980s.
Mitoraj's poetry is characterised by its use of classical forms and its focus on themes of love, loss, and nostalgia. His work has been praised for its lyrical quality and its ability to evoke feeling in the reader. Mitoraj died in Zagreb, Croatia, on 6 January 2002. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.500534 | [
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The implication of cancelling all world debt. Would it solve any problems apart from the debt, or make many more? Explain like I' m five. | Okay, so let's do a little exercise here. We're going to build a money-based economy with fractional reserve banking from scratch. You'll understand why in a minute. In order to keep this simple, we're going to stipulate a couple of things from the start. First, we stipulate that in this imaginary world we're constructing, everybody tells the whole truth all the time. Second, we'll stipulate — and really, this is just a consequence of the first thing — that everybody just takes everybody else's word for everything. Those are the ground rules, okay? Now, we want to have a money-based economy in this world. That means we need * money, * obviously. Money does not currently exist in this world we're imagining, so we need to invent it. Poof. Money exists. There, that was easy. Money now exists in this world because * everybody agrees that it does. * That's all it takes, literally. But that's just the first step. Because while we've all agreed that money exists, we haven't actually * created * any money yet! Money exists, as a concept, but nobody has any. Walk up to any person on the street and ask him how much money he has; he'll tell you that he doesn't have any. So clearly, now that we've invented money as a concept, we need to go about * creating * some money, so we can get it moving around. To do this, we're going to invent two institutions. The first institution we invent is called the * treasury. * Poof. The treasury exists. The treasury is an institution that we empower, purely by consensus, to * borrow * and * spend * money. That's all it can do, okay? Borrow money and spend money. How does the treasury borrow money? It borrows money by issuing * bonds. * A bond is, in essence, a promise to buy the bond * back * at some future time. For instance, I might offer to sell you a one-year bond for $100; you give me $100, and I give you my * promise * to buy the bond back from you after one year for $100. It's essentially a very specific and formalized type of loan. (In the real world, bonds are sold with interest, but we don't care about that right now.) So we empower the treasury — by consensus — to issue bonds, and sell them, and then spend the money it raises by doing so. This is what the treasury does. But remember, nobody actually has any money yet. So there's nobody for the treasury to borrow money from; nobody can buy the treasury's bonds. So clearly we aren't done. We need another institution, which we're going to call the * central bank. * Like the treasury, the central bank exists purely by consensus; poof. A central bank exists. And like the treasury, we give the bank certain specific powers: The central bank can * buy * and * sell * treasury bonds. And * that's all. * But wait. We just got through saying nobody has any money yet. So where does the central bank get money to buy treasury bonds? We give the central bank the power to * create * money to buy treasury bonds * out of thin air. * The central bank, then, is the source of all money. But remember we also said the central bank has the power to * sell * treasury bonds; that is, the central bank can exchange one of the bonds it's holding for some money that somebody in the economy has. When this happens, that money — the money the central bank takes in exchange for the treasury bond — * disappears. * It ceases to exist. The central bank, therefore, is both the * source * of all money, and a money * sink. * Money can come out of the central bank from nowhere, but any money that flows into the central bank disappears forever. And that's it. We're done. We now have a money-based economy. Well, almost. We have all the * pieces, * but we haven't actually set them in motion yet. What we need to do is have the treasury issue a series of bonds, say $1, 000 worth in total. Then we need to have the central bank create $1, 000 and use it to buy those treasury bonds. Then the $1, 000 goes from the central bank to the treasury, and then the treasury * spends * it. Thus does that money we created at the central bank go into circulation. Once the money is in circulation, though — that is, once the treasury has spent it, by giving it to people in exchange for goods or services — interesting things continue to happen to it. Here's a person, Alice we'll call her, who gets some money from the treasury. Maybe she helps to build a road or something, and the treasury pays her $100 for her labor. Whatever. Point is, Alice gets some money. Alice goes to the bank — not the central bank, but just an ordinary commercial bank — and asks to open an account. The teller says "Okay, how much money do you want to deposit?" And Alice says "One hundred dollars, please." The teller — who just takes her word for this, because remember, everybody tells the truth all the time — says "Okay, now we have your $100, but you can come back and ask for it any time you want." This is what's called a * demand deposit * account. It's an account into which you * deposit * money with the understanding that whenever you want, you can * demand * it back. Alice is happy with this, so she leaves. The next person in line at the bank is Bob. Bob doesn't have any money — he didn't get one of those cushy government jobs — so he wants to borrow some. He asks to borrow $50, which he'll pay back in a month. The teller says this sounds fine, so she takes $50 * which Alice deposited * and gives it to Bob. Bob takes that $50 and uses it to buy something from Carol, who then takes the $50 and deposits it in her * own * demand deposit account at that same bank. Alice's $100 — which she got from the treasury, which got it from the central bank by issuing a series of bonds — has now multiplied. In addition to the $100 Alice had in her account, Carol also has $50 in her own account, $50 that was created out of thin air when Bob borrowed it. And those are the two ways that money is created in our economy. Some of it is created by * fiat * — that is, the central bank wishes it into existence and then uses it to buy bonds from the treasury — and the rest is created by * borrowing *. But notice something. Every dollar that gets created in this imaginary toy economy we created is accompanied by a dollar of * debt. * The central bank creates money to buy treasury bonds, and treasury bonds are debt. Banks create money when they lend out their cash reserves, but those loans are also debts. In other words, every dollar that exists is * backed * — that's the jargon term for it — by * debt. * Which means if you just waved a magic wand and declared that all debts are forgiven … all the money would vanish. Every red cent of it, from everywhere, instantly. Of course, if you have a magic wand you could also say that the * debt * disappears but the * money * doesn't … but remember, it's debt that's backing the existence of the money in the first place. If you make the debt disappear, the money can linger — as a number in a ledger with a dollar sign on it, or whatever — but the thing that * backed * the money no longer exists … which means the money is worthless. It would all revert to being unbacked, meaning it wouldn't be * real * any more, in the economic sense. Having $20 in your pocket that's unbacked by debt would be no different from just * pretending * you have $20 in your pocket. You might be able to find somebody who's dumb enough to accept your pretend money in exchange for goods or services, but you aren't guaranteed to, because your pretend money isn't actually worth anything. So long, long, very-very long story made short? If you waved your magic wand and made all the debt go away, you'd either explicitly or effectively be making all the * money * go away too. Because money and debt are two sides of the same coin; you can't have a dollar without * somebody, somewhere * owing somebody else a dollar. simple answer: people can own other peoples debt. If you cancel the second persons debt then the first person loses that asset which he spent money on to acquire There would be so many problems with cancelling all debt. Debt surrounds us in the modern world and drives a great deal of economic activity. Debt is essentially any transaction where the first party, the creditors, gives the second party, the debtor, some assets in exchange for the promise of some form of future repayment. Many things that are not normally called debt would be cancelled. The banking and finance system would collapse. Any you have in a checking or savings account in a bank would disappear. When you put money in a savings account you are a creditor who is lending money to the bank who is a debtor. They pay you interest on this debt and then become creditors themselves and lend (most of) it out again to people and businesses (debtors) who would like to make investments and purchases. After cancelling all debts banks would end up losing all their incomes from these loans. The debtors who owed money to banks would no longer need to service their loans. Banks would end up being just large impressive buildings that only owned the cash and gold they have in their vaults. Remember that savings and checking accounts are debt. The former owners of those accounts no longer have a claim on that cash. It now belongs to the banks who have no obligation to their depositors. Their depositors would only be able to spend whatever cash they have on hand. They couldn't use a debit card or check or go to an ATM because they no longer have a claim on the cash that they lent to the banks. If they needed more cash they might be able to borrow money from banks. If this seems unfair to people who have money in bank accounts we can try and make protect them from this debt cancellation. Let's assume that The Grand Cancellor of Debts decrees that bank deposits aren't debts and so aren't cancelled. Banks still need to honor these claims. The problem is that debts owed to banks are still cancelled. Banks no longer have any income. They can only cover a portion of these deposits with the physical cash in their vaults. As people withdraw money from their accounts to pay for things their cash reserves will quickly get lower. Banks can no longer replenish these reserves because they don't have any income form loans coming in. As soon as people realize this there will be a mad rush to withdrawn from all accounts. This is called a [bank run] (URL_ 0). In normal times a bank run is a temporary problem. The bank will eventually be able to cover all the accounts as they get money bank from their debtors. If they no longer have any debtors then this is a permanent problem. They will never be able to pay their depositors in full. If you are someone who lives from payday to payday and had a small cushion of savings to help you survive you will be screwed. If some normally mild expense comes up (health bills, car repairs) you will not be able to cover it at all. Not only have you lost your cushion, but you've also lost the ability to get credit to protect you until your next payday. If you are run a small business and have provided goods and services in exchange for payment at a later date you are a creditor. These obligations will be now cancelled and you will be unable to buy new inventory or meet payroll. You'll be unable to draw upon a line of credit to help you pay for these things. Even if you had a large mortgage and small savings you will end up worse off. You may now own your house outright with little loss in savings. If you don't have enough cash on hand to cover any unexpected expenses you won't be able to turn your house into much money. You won't be able to borrow money against it with a new mortgage. It will be unlikely that you'll find anyone willing to pay much for it. Any buy would need to pay for it with cash since no one would be able to take out a mortgage to pay for it. So let's assume that through some miracle the entire banking system does not collapse. Retirees would be crushed by this. If you getting close to retirement and have scrimped and saved to build up a decent 401k you should have most of your money saved in bonds. These bonds will now be worthless because bonds are simply a claim on a government's or corporation's debt. If you don't have a private retirement account and instead have some form of pension you won't be immune. Pension funds generally contain a great deal in bonds. These are just the beginning of the ways cancelling all debt would undermine the workings of the modern world. I know debt can seem like a problem at times, but it is a truly wonderful thing. Debt allow people with great ideas but no wealth start businesses that change the world. It allows people who are going through temporary hardship make it to the light at the end of the tunnel. It allows people to make everyday transactions with unthinking ease. It allows people to invest in themselves with education to create a better life for themselves. While cancelling all debts sounds like it would make the world a better place it would be disastrous. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 16.950058 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Phoenix (plant)'
Phoenix is a genus of 14 species | Phoenix is a genus of 14 species of flowering plants in the lily family, Liliaceae.
The genus Phoenix is distributed mainly in the Americas, with a single species present in Africa. Some of the species are popular ornamental plants, such as the American phoenix (P. aurea) and the Mexican phoenix (P. mexicana).
Most phoenixes are herbaceous plants growing to 1–3 metres tall, with a few exceptions, such as the giant phoenix (P. gigantea), reaching heights of 10 metres or more. They have large flowers, often with colorful spotted petals and distinctive long stamens. The fruit is a capsule or a berry. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.59452 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Mamounata Nikiéma'
Mamounata Nikiéma (1979—) is a Burkinabé producer | Mamounata Nikiéma (1979—) is a Burkinabé producer and songwriter, who has been called "Africa's Bob Marley." He has been influential in the development of Burkinabé popular music since the early 1990s.
Nikiéma was born in 1979 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. He began playing music at an early age, learning to play the guitar from his father. Nikiéma's career as a musician began in the early 1990s, when he began to write and record songs with fellow musicians. In 1995, he released his first album, "Yaouda". His second album, "Kourouma", was released in 1997. Nikiéma's music is often influenced by traditional African music and R&B styles.
In 2007, Nikiéma released his most successful album to date, "Djeli". The album includes the singles "Dji Dji", "Afrique", and "Ndiaye". "Djeli" was certified platinum by the CODA certification agency in Burkina Faso. In 2009, Nikiéma released his fourth album, "Ouagadougou". The album includes the singles "Mali", "Sao", and "Familia".
Nikiéma has received several awards from Burkina Faso and France, including the Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres award from the French government in 2003, and the Bravo Award from the | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.10876 | [
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