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int64 | perplexity
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'The Ask'
The Ask is a novel by Sam | The Ask is a novel by Sam Lipsyte. It was published in 2000 and won the National Book Critics Circle Award.
The Ask is a novel by Sam Lipsyte. It tells the story of a small-time Cleveland hustler, Henry, and his attempts to make something of himself in the 1990s. The novel charts Henry's path from childhood poverty to semi-professional basketball to full-time gambling and finally, to a life of crime. | wiki-intro | 1 | 11.023835 | [
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Foreign company incorporated in US and W9 | If a foreign company is incorporated in the United States, it is treated as a domestic company for tax purposes. This means that it is subject to the same federal and state income tax rules as any other domestic company.A W-9 form, or Request for Taxpayer Identification Number and Certification, is a tax form used by U.S. businesses and individuals to provide their taxpayer identification number (TIN) to another party. It is typically used when a business or individual is making a payment to another party and is required to report the payment to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).If a foreign company is incorporated in the United States and is making payments to U.S. businesses or individuals, it may be required to complete a W-9 form and provide its TIN. This is because the IRS requires all businesses and individuals to report payments made to them, including those made by foreign companies.It is important for a foreign company incorporated in the United States to understand and comply with U.S. tax rules, including the requirement to complete and submit a W-9 form if necessary. Failure to comply with these rules can result in penalties and interest charges. It is recommended that the company seek the guidance of a qualified tax professional to ensure compliance with all applicable tax laws. | hc3-finance | 1 | 5.386865 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Collingswood Boys'
The Collingswood Boys are four boys who | The Collingswood Boys are four boys who were starved by their adoptive parents, Raymond and Vanessa Jackson, while living in Collingswood, New Jersey. The Jacksons were arrested in October 2003 and indicted by a grand jury on 8 counts of aggravated assault and 20 counts of endangerment for failing to provide adequate nutrition, medical and dental care, and a clean environment for the four boys, who ranged in age from 10 to 19 as of May 2004. The case came to public attention after a neighbor found the Jacksons' 19-year-old adoptive son, Bruce, rummaging through their garbage cans for food at three o'clock in the morning on October 10, 2003, and called 911. The Collingswood Police Department responded to the call and found Bruce, who weighed approximately at the time and stood only tall; he was disoriented, shoeless, Covered in bruises, cold, and extremely malnourished, and the police believed him to be about seven years old. They then went to the Jackson home, where they found his adoptive brothers, who also appeared malnourished: Michael, age 9 and ; Terrell, age 10 and ; and Tre'Shawn, age 14 and . | wiki-intro | 0 | 16.825916 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Richard Burt (politician)'
Richard Paull Septimus Burt (23 September 1909 | Richard Paull Septimus Burt (23 September 1909 – 7 November 1993) was an Australian businessman and politician who was a Liberal Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1959 to 1971. Burt was born in Perth to Gladys (née MacMurtrie) and Frederick Julius Augustus Burt. His grandfather was Septimus Burt, who was also a member of parliament and served as Attorney-General of Western Australia. Burt attended Guildford Grammar School, and after leaving school went to the North-West, working variously as a crayfisherman, stationhand, pearler, and tin miner. He opened a machinery and hardware store in Cue in 1935, and in 1939 was elected to the Cue Road Board, of which he eventually became chairman. Burt entered parliament at the 1959 state election, narrowly winning the seat of Murchison from Everard O'Brien of the Labor Party. He transferred to the new seat of Murchison-Eyre at the 1968 election, and retired from parliament at the 1971 election. After leaving politics, Burt held directorships with various mining companies. He died in Perth in November 1993, aged 84, and had married Mary Groom in 1937, with whom he had three sons. | wiki-intro | 0 | 12.538177 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Patricia Matthews'
Patricia (Anne Klein, née Ernst) Brisco Matthews | Patricia (Anne Klein, née Ernst) Brisco Matthews (born October 16, 1951) is an American businesswoman, television personality and author who is the co-founder and CEO of The Pat Brisco Group, a Dallas-based hospitality company.
Born in Detroit, Michigan, Matthews graduated from the University of Michigan with a degree in business administration. In 1978, she and her then-husband, Pat Brisco, founded The Pat Brisco Group. The company operates a chain of restaurants and hotels. Matthews has written three books: "No Excuses: How to Be More Productive in Life" (2006), "Hospitality Matters: A Collection of Stories from the Pat Brisco Group" (2008), and "The Pat Matthews Way: How I Taught My Kids to Work Hard and Have Fun" (2014). | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.693479 | [
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Barbara Fanny Crocker, later Barbara Crocker Whelpton, | Barbara Fanny Crocker, later Barbara Crocker Whelpton, (born Aug. 18, 1875, Rye, N.H.—died Dec. 10, 1967, Carmel, Calif.), American businesswoman who founded the Barbara Crocker Foods Company in 1925 and the Barbara Crocker Bank (now the Crocker Bank) in 1933.
Born into a family of farmers and millers in Rye, New Hampshire, Crocker learned the basics of cooking and baking from her mother. After completing high school at age 16, she moved to Boston to attend business school and then moved to San Francisco to work as a secretary for a bakery. She soon found herself in charge of the bakery’s baking department and decided to start her own company.
Crocker’s first business venture was a baking supply store that she opened with her brother in 1915. The store quickly became successful, and Crocker decided to expand her operation by opening a café next door. The café became so popular that Crocker decided to expand her operation even further and opened a restaurant next door. The restaurant was also successful, leading Crocker to open another restaurant and then another one after that.
In 1925, Crocker founded the Barbara Crocker Foods Company, which became one of the largest food companies in the United States. The company’s main products were kitchen supplies such as baking powder and sugar, but it also produced such popular food products as ice cream and cereal. Crocker was also responsible for introducing many new food products to the | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.367887 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Pidkamin massacre'
The Pidkamin massacre or the Podkamień massacre | The Pidkamin massacre or the Podkamień massacre was a mass killing that took place in the village of Pidkamin, Podkamień County, Lublin Voivodeship, in the early hours of 21 February 1943.
The massacre was perpetrated by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army against the Polish civilian population, comprising men, women and children, who had been taken hostage in order to force the Polish population to flee. The majority of the victims were massacred in their homes.
The massacre is one of the most notorious episodes of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's campaign of terror against the Poles in Poland during World War II. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.183589 | [
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Ceiling Zero is a 1936 American adventure | Ceiling Zero is a 1936 American adventure film directed by John Ford and produced by Will H. Hays.
The film is about a group of airmen stationed in the fictional African country of Zanzibar who are captured by the Germans and held prisoner in a remote location. The men must use their wits to escape and return to their squadron before they are discovered.
Ceiling Zero was released on November 3, 1936, by Paramount Pictures. The film was well received by critics, who praised its visual appeal and the performances of its cast. It was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Director for John Ford.
In 1935, American aviator Captain Dick Powell (Ray Milland) is stationed in the fictional African country of Zanzibar with his squadron of airmen. One night, they are captured by the Germans and held prisoner at a remote location. Powell must use his wit and resourcefulness to escape and return to his squadron before they are discovered.
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'D voter'
D voter, sometimes also referred to as | D voter, sometimes also referred to as Dubious voter or Doubtful voter is a category of voters in Assam who are disenfranchised by the government on the account of their alleged lack of proper citizenship credentials. The D voters are determined by special tribunals under the Foreigners Act, and the person declared as D voter is not given the elector's photo identity card. In 2011, the Gauhati High Court ordered the D voters to be transferred to Foreigners Tribunals set up under Foreigners Tribunal Order 1964 and be kept in detention camps. The Bengali Hindus who migrated from East Pakistan and Bangladesh before and after 1971 and Bengali Muslims in Assam are affected by this categorization. According to Sudip Sarma, the publicity secretary of the Assam unit of the Nikhil Bharat Bangali Udbastu Samanway Samiti, there are 6 lakh Bengali Hindu D voters in the state. History
On 17 July 1997, the Election Commission of India, issued a circular to the Government of Assam directing it to remove non-citizens from the electoral list. Following that, an intensive revision of electoral rolls began in Assam, involving door to door survey in order to enlist only genuine Indian citizens. The persons who could not provide evidence in favour of their Indian nationality were marked with D in the electoral rolls, to indicate the doubtful or disputed status of their Indian nationality. During the survey, the absentee voters too were marked with D. Around 370,000 persons were thus declared as D voters by the Election Commission of India. The persons marked as D voters were barred from contesting the elections and casting their votes. The Election Commission of India further directed the D voters to be put on trial before the Foreigners Tribunals set up under the Foreigner (Tribunal) Order of 1964. Out of an estimated 370,000, only 199,631 cases were referred to the tribunals for verification. During the initial trials 3,686 persons were found to be foreigners, who names were removed from the electoral rolls. | wiki-intro | 0 | 22.842983 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Mike Davis (baseball)'
Michael Dwayne Davis (born June 11, 1959) | Michael Dwayne Davis (born June 11, 1959) is a retired American professional baseball player. A right-handed pitcher, he played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, and Atlanta Braves.
Davis was drafted by the Reds in the sixth round of the 1979 MLB Draft. He made his major league debut with Cincinnati in 1982 and spent most of his career with the Reds, retiring after the 1998 season. He was a member of the Indians during their 1995 World Series championship season.
Davis is also a member of the Braves' organization, having served as their pitching coach from 2006 to 2008. He has also been a broadcaster for Fox Sports Midwest since 2004.
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Nicholas of Flüe'
Nicholas of Flüe (; 1417 – 21 | Nicholas of Flüe (; 1417 – 21 October 1478) was a German Dominican friar and scholar who became one of the most renowned Late Middle Ages humanists. He is best known for his Latin grammar book, "Opera Latina", and for his seminal work, the "Flüe Manuscript", a copy of the Gospel of Luke in Middle High German.
Nicholas was born in Flüe, near Bremen, in 1417 to a patrician family. After studying at the University of Bremen and the University of Paris, he entered the Dominican Order in 1445 and became a teacher at the University of Cologne in 1453. In 1457 he was appointed rector of the Dominican college at Cologne, which he directed until his death. Among his many students were Erasmus of Rotterdam and Johannes Reuchlin.
Nicholas died in Cologne on 21 October 1478. He is buried in the Dominican church there.
Nicholas's major work is his "Opera Latina", a Latin grammar book that became widely used throughout the Middle Ages. His other important works include a Latin translation of Martianus Capella's "The Four Books of Virgil", an edition of Augustine of Hippo's "On Christian Doctrine" (1472), and a commentary on the Song of Songs (1475). | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.19611 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Quam singulari'
Quam singulari was a decree released by | Quam singulari was a decree released by Pope Pius X in 1910, concerning the admittance of children to the Eucharist. There was a concern in the church about the practice of operating with different ages for admitting first Communion and first Confession. Some argued that, while reaching the age of reason was enough to receive first Confession, "a full knowledge of matters of faith" was needed to receive the first Communion. This, according to the Quam singulari, was in error. In evidence of this, the decree referred to historical authorities such as the Lateran Council of 1215, the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Antoninus, the practices of the early church and Christ's own sayings on children. It was therefore stressed that this decree did not institute a new doctrine, but simply clarified ancient ones. The adverse opinion it discredited as Jansenist. The main concern of the Vatican was that the first, childlike innocence of the children should be lost, and that they should be allowed to fall into a state of sin before the first Communion was admitted. To avoid this, it was decreed that: | wiki-intro | 0 | 20.247168 | [
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John C. Mallinson (30 January 1932 – | John C. Mallinson (30 January 1932 – 24 December 2015) was a British physicist who made significant contributions to the understanding of magnetism and magnetic recording. He is perhaps best remembered for his theoretical work on structures with one-sided magnetic flux. Their use is exemplified in the Halbach array and in the familiar refrigerator magnet. Personal life
Mallinson was born on 30 January 1932 in Bradford, Yorkshire, UK. He attended University College, Oxford and graduated in 1953 with BA and MA degrees in Natural Philosophy (physics), and an honorary doctorate in 1997. On graduating, he joined the Royal Air Force for a 3-year term, advancing to pilot a Canberra bomber. He remained interested in aviation, and practiced aerobatics over Half Moon Bay, California. He volunteered at the Hiller Air Museum at the San Carlos, California, airport. Mallinson died in December 2015 following a stroke. He had two daughters, Caroline and Elizabeth and several grandchildren. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.335093 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Compsolechia rhombica'
Compsolechia rhombica is a moth of the | Compsolechia rhombica is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1922. It is found in Peru. The wingspan is about 14 mm. The forewings are grey suffused with whitish, beyond a line from before the middle of the costa to three-fourths of the dorsum ochreous brown, two whitish spots obliquely placed in the disc on the division. There is a black dot on the base of the costa and a thick blackish very oblique curved streak from the dorsum near the base to the disc near the middle, with the apex pointed. The costal edge just before the subterminal line is blackish and there is a fine whitish line from three-fifths of the costa to the dorsum before the tornus, acutely angulated in the middle, both halves slightly incurved, the angle cut by a fine blackish line from beyond the middle of the disc to the termen. Immediately beyond this is a rhomboidal blackish spot on the costa extending nearly to the apex and there are also short white pre-terminal markings edging a black subapical line, another above this and two below them. The hindwings are dark fuscous. | wiki-intro | 0 | 35.240208 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Gymnogyps varonai'
Gymnogyps varonai, sometimes called the Cuban condor, | Gymnogyps varonai, sometimes called the Cuban condor, is an extinct species of large New World vulture in the family Cathartidae. G. varonai is related to the living California condor, G. californianus and the extinct G. kofordi, either one of which it may have evolved from. The species is solely known from fossils found in the late Pleistocene to early Holocene tar seep deposits in Cuba. G. varonai may have preyed upon carcasses from large mammals such as ground sloths. History and classification
The species is known from at least six fragmentary fossils housed in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural in Havana, Cuba, and includes a premaxilla, coracoid, the basal end of a right radius. The specimens were collected from the Las Breas de San Felipe tar seep site San Filipe II, which is located west of Martí, Cuba. Based on the geology of the sites, the seeps are suggested to date from the Quaternary, being younger than the weathered serpentinites found under the seeps, and older than the of undisturbed topsoil which covers the deposits. A Pleistocene age has been given to both the mollusk fauna, studied in 1935 and the seed flora, studied in 1940. The fossils were first studied by the Cuban Quaternary paleontologist Oscar Arredondo who described the species and placed it into a new genus Antillovultur as Antillovultur varonai. The erection of the genus was subsequently questioned by other paleontologists, with Storrs L. Olson in 1978 suggesting it should was possibly a member of the genus Gymnogyps. The fossils were fully redescribed in 2003 by William Suárez and Steven Emslie, who concluded that the species belonged to Gymnogyps and synonymized Antillovultur into the genus, resulting in the species being named Gymnogyps varonai. | wiki-intro | 0 | 31.457163 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on '410 BC'
Year 410 BC was a year of |
Year 410 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Porcinellus and Camerinus (or, less frequently, year 558 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 410 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
In 410 BC, the consuls Porcinellus and Camerinus presided over Rome during a time of much political instability. The consuls were tasked with resolving a conflict between two powerful patrician families, the Claudii and the Appii Claudii. The issue was eventually resolved through arbitration by the praetor Aulus Sempronius Gracchus.
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Lawrence A. Fernsworth'
Lawrence A. Fernsworth was an American author, | Lawrence A. Fernsworth was an American author, journalist, and editor.
Fernsworth was born on November 25, 1914, in Boston, Massachusetts. He attended the University of Michigan and the Columbia University School of Journalism. Fernsworth began his career as a reporter for the "New York Herald Tribune" in 1938. He served in the United States Army during World War II, and then became a senior editor at "The Saturday Evening Post".
Fernsworth authored several books, including "The Western World Since 1945" (1951), "A World of Our Own" (1955), "The United States since 1945" (1959), and "The American Century" (1981). He also edited numerous books, including "The American Mercury" (1948-1950), "The Atlantic Monthly" (1960-1967), and "The New Yorker" (1968-1974). Fernsworth died on December 15, 1995, in Paradise Valley, Arizona. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.570565 | [
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is a 1987 Japanese OVA. Plot
Koichiro Kamishiro | is a 1987 Japanese OVA. Plot
Koichiro Kamishiro is an assistant professor at a university who is highly regarded in the field of archaeology and travels around the world to find various antiquities as well as the "Message of God" which relates to the mysterious Hih Tribe. One day while investigating the ruins in the Middle East, he finds a strange cube-shaped stone despite running into several problems. While investigating the mysterious stone, he receives a visit from Miyabi Koto, the daughter of his former teacher. Initially, Kamishiro is not too keen on the idea, but after listening to Miyabi's story, he decides that it is well worth investigating and decides to get involved. However, he was unaware that this would lead to a major revelation involving the "Ten Commandments", a book of divine prophecy. As he along with Isao, Mina, Ginji and Miyabi travel across Japan repeatedly running into the Japanese government, CIA, KGB and even messengers of the Ten Commandments who will stop at no cost to get the Crystal Triangle back, he comes to a realization that the Crystal Triangle may contain the Message of God he was looking for, which is the potential 11th commandment that will prevent the Earth's destruction. | wiki-intro | 0 | 22.712749 | [
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The Skaneateles Turnpike was an east–west turnpike | The Skaneateles Turnpike was an east–west turnpike in central New York in the United States. It began east of the village of Skaneateles and ran east across southern Onondaga and Madison counties to Richfield Springs in northern Otsego County. The road began and ended at the Cherry Valley Turnpike, part of the Great Western Turnpike system, and largely paralleled the Cherry Valley Turnpike between Skaneateles and Richfield Springs. Most of the road is now county-maintained, but a handful of sections are now part of New York state touring routes. Route description
The Skaneateles Turnpike began at the Cherry Valley Turnpike in the hamlet of Clintonville that at that time hada a Tavern and a large barn for the stagecoach horses and was located about east of the village of Skaneateles in western Onondaga County. West of this point, the Cherry Valley Turnpike served Skaneateles and eventually connected to the Seneca Turnpike. The Skaneateles Turnpike headed generally southeastward from Clintonville, running along part of Otisco Lake before leaving the lake shore and taking a more easterly routing toward the village of Tully. From Tully, the road took on a slightly northeasterly alignment for , passing through Fabius, New Woodstock, and Erieville on its way to Eaton. | wiki-intro | 0 | 25.801786 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Sanjib Banerjee'
Sanjib Banerjee (born: 2 November 1961) is | Sanjib Banerjee (born: 2 November 1961) is an Indian economist who is the current Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta. He is also the chairman of the Economic Research Department of the University of Calcutta.
Banerjee is known for his work in applied microeconomics, econometrics, and industrial organization. He has published over 150 papers in peer-reviewed journals, and has been an editor or co-editor of several economics journals. He has also written several books, including Economics: An Introductory Analysis (Oxford University Press, 2009), Applied Econometrics: A Comprehensive Guide (Cambridge University Press, 2009), and Industrial Organization: An Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2014).
Banerjee was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, India on 2 November 1961. He graduated with a B.A. from Presidency College, Kolkata in 1984 and a M.A. from the University of Cambridge in 1987. Banerjee later earned a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 1992, after completing a research thesis on "The Economics of Imperfect Competition".
Banerjee began his career as a lecturer at the University of Calcutta in 1992. He was subsequently promoted to associate professor and then professor at the university before being appointed vice-chancellor of the university in January 2016.
Banerjee has served as a member or chairman of several academic committees, including the National Planning Committee for Higher Education (2008 | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.820681 | [
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Does the IRS reprieve those who have to commute for work? | The IRS does not provide a specific tax break or deduction for individuals who have to commute for work. However, there are certain tax breaks and deductions that may be available to individuals who incur expenses related to their job, including travel expenses.For example, if you are required to travel away from your tax home for work, you may be able to claim a tax deduction for certain expenses, such as the cost of transportation, meals, and lodging. To claim these deductions, you must have incurred the expenses while performing your job duties and the expenses must not have been reimbursed by your employer.It's also important to note that tax laws and eligibility for deductions can change from year to year, so it's always a good idea to review the current tax laws and consult with a tax professional if you have questions about your specific situation. | hc3-finance | 1 | 5.754689 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Sun-hee'
Sun-hee, also spelled Son-hui or Seon-hui, is | Sun-hee, also spelled Son-hui or Seon-hui, is a Korean unisex given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 41 hanja with the reading "sun" and 24 hanja with the reading "hee" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names. People with this name include:
Consort Yeong (1696–1764), also known as Lady Seonhui, consort to Yeongjo of Joseon
Lee Sun-hee (singer) (born 1964), South Korean singer
Yoo Sun-hee (born 1967), South Korean female speed skater
Mun Seon-hui (born 1968), South Korean voice actress
Han Sun-hee (born 1973), South Korean team handball player
Lee Sun-hee (taekwondo) (born 1978), South Korean taekwondo practitioner
Woo Sun-hee (born 1978), South Korean team handball player
Kil Son-hui (born 1985), North Korean football forward
Kwak Ji-min (born Kwak Sun-hee, 1985), South Korean actress
Hwang Sun-hee (born 1986), South Korean actress
Chang Son-hui , North Korean actress who starred in the 1985 film Pulgasari | wiki-intro | 0 | 14.655269 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Donald McBane'
Donald McBane (1664 - April 12, 1732) | Donald McBane (1664 - April 12, 1732) was an Irish jurist who served as the second Chief Justice of the Province of New York.
McBane was born in County Donegal, Ireland, in 1664. He studied law at the University of Edinburgh and was called to the Irish Bar in 1687. He moved to New York City in 1701 and became a member of the New York Bar. In 1709, he was appointed to the Office of Attorney General, a position he held until his retirement in 1720.
In 1712, McBane was appointed as a judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty for the Province of New York. In 1714, he was appointed as Chief Justice of the Province of New York, a position he held until his death in 1732. During his tenure as Chief Justice, McBane presided over several important legal cases, including those involving Governor George Clinton and Loyalist James Duane. McBane was also responsible for drafting the New York Constitution, which was adopted in 1785.
McBane is buried at Trinity Church in Manhattan. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.014642 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Abd al-Hamid Shirazi'
Abd al-Hamid ibn Ahmad ibn Abd al-Samad | Abd al-Hamid ibn Ahmad ibn Abd al-Samad Shirazi (Persian: عبدالحميد بن أحمد بن عبدالسماع, also Romanized as ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Samad Shīrāzī; died 668 AH / 1267 AD) was an Iranian mathematician and astronomer.
Shirazi was born in Shiraz, Iran, in the late 12th century. He is considered the founder of algebra and the first to solve cubic equations. He also formulated the theorem on successive fractions, which states that if a fraction is multiplied by a number and the result is a fraction again, the original fraction remains unchanged. Shirazi was also an important astronomer, and one of the first to use trigonometry to calculate astronomical positions. He died in 668 AH/1267 AD. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.05605 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Baldwin of Antioch'
Baldwin of Antioch (died September 17, 1176) | Baldwin of Antioch (died September 17, 1176) was a Crusader and a military leader during the Third Crusade. He was the Constable of Jerusalem from 1163 to 1174.
Born around 1130, Baldwin of Boulogne may have served as a page to King Baldwin V of Jerusalem. In 1163, he was elected Constable of Jerusalem, and held the post until his death in September 17, 1176. Baldwin participated in almost every major campaign the Crusaders undertook in the east - from the Battle of Harar in 1163 to the Siege of Damascus in 1174.
Baldwin was also involved in the defense of Jerusalem against Saladin's forces in 1171 and participated in the successful assault on Jerusalem on July 15, 1187. After Saladin's death, he attempted to negotiate an agreement with Richard I Lionheart, but was assassinated by a group of knights led by Raymond IV of Tripoli on September 17, 1176. He was buried at the Church of Saint George within the walls of Jerusalem. | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.52593 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Ian Lygo'
Ian J. Lygo (born September 1958) is | Ian J. Lygo (born September 1958) is a British civil servant from Hemel Hempstead, who made 75 appearances on the UK game show 100% in late 1998, with the 75th appearance occurring on 14 December of that year. On 30 November 2004 this record was tied by Ken Jennings on Jeopardy!. However, because Jennings lost on his 75th appearance, Lygo became the sole holder of the record for most consecutive wins on a game show. This record has since been broken, with a team from the Spanish version of the game show Boom! holding the current record at 505, although he still holds the record for English-language game shows. Since he won £100 for each game, his total winnings were £7,500. After his 73rd win, Grundy Productions, the producers of 100%, informed Lygo that they had changed the rules. From now on they were limiting the number of wins to only twenty-five, after receiving letters from viewers saying they were fed up of him winning day after day, week after week. "I was given no warning," Lygo told The Daily Mirror. "The producer came up and said, 'We are changing the format.' He said there was a new limit. I had no choice in the matter. I was told I could do two more shows and that was that. I wanted it to be made plain on the show that I was being stopped, but that didn't happen. The announcer (Robin Houston) just said, 'Well done' and 'goodbye.'" According to UKGameShows.com, he believed that retiring after 100 episodes would have been more fitting with the show's theme. Lygo was, however, given a bottle of champagne by Grundy for his achievement. | wiki-intro | 0 | 22.908285 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Wilsonart'
Wilsonart is a global manufacturer and distributor | Wilsonart is a global manufacturer and distributor of High Pressure Laminates and other engineered composite materials, used in furniture, office and retail space, countertops, worktops and other applications. Headquartered in Temple, Texas, Wilsonart was founded by Ralph Wilson Sr. in 1956. The company sells decorative laminates and other engineered surfaces under the Wilsonart brand and international brands Arborite, Polyrey, and Resopal. History
Wilsonart founder Ralph Wilson moved to Texas to retire after suffering a heart attack in the early 1950s. Instead, he was encouraged by American Desk owner Arthur P. Brashear Sr., to open a laminate company next door to American Desk’s school desk factory in Temple, Texas. He did, forming Ralph Wilson Plastics Company (RWP), later Wilsonart International, in 1956. At the time there were 16 competitors in the decorative laminate industry, including Formica, which held 65% of the market. RWP became a publicly held corporation in 1964 with an initial offering of 290,000 shares at $15.
In 1960, Dr. Ralph Wilson Jr. left his dental practice in Los Angeles and moved to Temple to join RWP as Executive Vice President. Upon the death of his father, he became President of RWP, and served on the board of directors of Dart until its merger with Kraft Inc. in 1986. When Premark International was created as a spinoff of Dart and Kraft, he was named group vice-president of the company, and president of the decorative products group. He retired in 1989. | wiki-intro | 0 | 24.041664 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Harry Lazarus'
Harry Lazarus (1839 – January 2, 1865) was | Harry Lazarus (1839 – January 2, 1865) was an American journalist, advocate for civil rights, and abolitionist. He is best known as the author of the short story "The Resurrection of Lazarus" and the novel The Life and Adventures of Harry Lazarus.
Lazarus was born in 1839 in Salem, Massachusetts to Rebecca (née Briggs) and James Lazarus, a shoemaker. He was raised a Presbyterian and educated at the Phillips Exeter Academy. After graduation he studied law but abandoned it to become a journalist. In 1859 he moved to New York City and began working for "The Tribune". In 1862 he became a correspondent for "The Liberator". He wrote articles on civil rights, women's rights, abolitionism, and other topics.
Lazarus died of tuberculosis on January 2, 1865 in New York City. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.057762 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Wolf Blitzer'
Wolf Isaac Blitzer (born March 22, 1948 | Wolf Isaac Blitzer (born March 22, 1948 in Augsburg, Germany) is an American journalist, television news anchor, and author who has been a CNN reporter since 1990, and who currently serves as one of the principal anchors at the network. He is the host of The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer and until 2021, served as the network's lead political anchor. Early life
Blitzer was born in Augsburg, Germany in 1948, during post-World War II Allied occupation the son of Cesia Blitzer (née Zylberfuden), a homemaker, and David Blitzer, a home builder. His parents were Polish Jewish refugees from German-occupied Poland who survived the Auschwitz concentration camp; his grandparents, two uncles, and two aunts on his father's side all died there. Blitzer and his family emigrated to the United States under the provisions of the 1948 Displaced Persons Act. He was raised in Buffalo, New York, and graduated from Kenmore West Senior High School. He received a Bachelor of Arts in history from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1970. While there, he was a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi. In 1972, he received a Master of Arts in International Relations from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. While at Johns Hopkins, he studied abroad at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he learned Hebrew. | wiki-intro | 0 | 9.63015 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Barn House'
Barn House is the site of a | Barn House is the site of a former farmhouse in the village of Stoke Bruerne in Northamptonshire, England. The house is now a museum, open to the public, which displays exhibits on the area's agricultural history.
The Barn House museum is situated in Stoke Bruerne, a small village in Northamptonshire, England. The village is located about two miles south of the market town of Northampton and about four miles north of the city of Leicester.
The Barn House museum is open to the public and displays exhibits on the area's agricultural history. The exhibits include tools, equipment, and memorabilia from the local farming community. The museum's collection also includes a number of items donated by local residents.
The Barn House was built in 1710 as a farmhouse. It was used as a residence by the local farmers until it was closed as a museum in 1984. The building was restored and reopened as a museum in 1988. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.407602 | [
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The North-Link Line is the central | The North-Link Line is the central section of the Eastern Line of the Taiwan Railways Administration. The length of its mainline is 79.2 km, and there is a 7.4 km long branch between Beipu and Hualien Port. History
The high mountains and cliffs in eastern Taiwan, between Yilan and Hualien, is a major barrier to the transportation between northern Taiwan and eastern Taiwan. The highway was narrow and dangerous. Ferry service between Keelung and Hualien was an overnight trip. Thus in 1973 the construction of North-link line started. The line branched from Yilan line at Nan Sheng Hu in Su'ao, traveling through mountains and valleys with 91 tunnels and 16 bridges, and ended at a newly constructed Hualien Station. The line was completed in 1979 and was almost immediately overloaded in passenger and freight services. Despite Taiwan Railways Administration continued upgrading signals, tracks, and rolling stock of the line, the great demand could not be fulfilled. The line was then electrified in 2003 and expanded to two tracks (double track) in January 2005. | wiki-intro | 0 | 29.092726 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Sheekhaal'
The Sheekhaal (var. Sheikhaal , also known | The Sheekhaal (var. Sheikhaal , also known as the Sheikha, or Sheikha Al-Maktoum) is the title of the wife of the President of the United Arab Emirates.
The title is used only by women and is not an official position. The Sheikha generally occupies a ceremonial and social role within the UAE and is not involved in day-to-day government affairs. | wiki-intro | 1 | 11.407912 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Abel (surname)'
Abel is a surname. Notable people with | Abel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Arts
Alan Abel (1924–2018), American prankster and writer
Alfred Abel (1879–1937), German film actor, director, and producer
Bernhard, Arnold, and Florian Abel, two sculptors and a painter in the 16th century
Clamor Heinrich Abel (1634–1696), German baroque composer
Christian Ferdinand Abel (1682–1761), German baroque composer, son of former
Carl Friedrich Abel (1723–1787), German classical composer, son of former
Clementine Abel (1826 - 1905), German writer
David Abel (cinematographer) (1884–1973), American cinematographer
Inga Abel (1946–2000), German actress
Jack Abel (1927–1996), American comic book artist
Jake Abel (born 1987), American actor
Jessica Abel (born 1969), American comics writer
John Abel (1578/9–1675), English master carpenter
Josef Abel (1768–1818), Austrian painter and etcher
Ludwig Abel (1834–1895), German violinist, composer, and conductor
Morten Abel (born 1962), Norwegian singer
Myriam Abel (born 1981), French singer
Robert Abel (1937–2001), American visual effects artist
Robert H. Abel (1941–2017), American author
Sam Abell (born 1945), American photographer
Steve Abel (born 1970), New Zealand singer-songwriter and environmental activist
Walter Abel (1898–1987), American actor
Yves Abel (born 1963), Canadian conductor
Zak Abel (born 1995), English singer/songwriter, musician, and table tennis player | wiki-intro | 0 | 18.054985 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Marjorie Jacobs'
Marjorie Grace Jacobs (26 August 1915 | Marjorie Grace Jacobs (26 August 1915 – 22 January 2007) was an Australian author of children's books.
Jacobs was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, on 26 August 1915. She was educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne, and then at the University of Melbourne, where she studied English.
Jacobs began writing children's books in the 1940s, and her first book, "The Butterfly Family", was published in 1946. She wrote more than 100 books over the next 50 years, many of which were published by Oxford University Press.
Jacobs died in Melbourne on 22 January 2007. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.819899 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'David Gipp'
David Thomas Gipp (born 13 July 1969) | David Thomas Gipp (born 13 July 1969) is a British journalist and broadcaster. He is the current political editor of the BBC News Channel.
Gipp was educated at The King's School, Canterbury and studied history at St John's College, Cambridge. He began his career in journalism at the "Kentish Times" in 1989, before moving to "The Observer" in 1992, where he was political correspondent from 1997 to 2002. He joined the BBC News Channel in 2002 as their political correspondent, before becoming their political editor in 2007.
Gipp has twice been awarded the Paul Foot award for excellence in journalism: in 2002 for his reporting on the Iraq War, and in 2007 for his coverage of the 2007 UK general election. In February 2010, he was made an honorary fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.692216 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Eugène Lepoittevin'
Eugène Lepoittevin (1806-1870) was a French artist | Eugène Lepoittevin (1806-1870) was a French artist and writer, who was a leading figure in the Romantic movement. He is best known for his paintings of rural landscapes, and for his book, The Gleaners of Provence.
Eugène Lepoittevin was born in 1806 in the village of Saint-André-de-Cueilhac, in the department of Aveyron. He was educated at the Lycée Condorcet in Paris, and began his artistic career as a painter of rural landscapes. He became a leading figure in the Romantic movement, and is best known for his paintings of rural landscapes and his book, The Gleaners of Provence. He died in 1870. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.844974 | [
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Wei Ho is an American mathematician specializing | Wei Ho is an American mathematician specializing in the theory of Lie groups and their applications.
Wei Ho was born in the United States in 1964. After graduating from high school, he studied mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he obtained his AB in 1986 and his PhD in 1992. After completing his doctorate, he worked as a research associate at the University of California, Santa Cruz, before joining the faculty of Yale University in 1995. He is now a full professor at Yale.
Wei Ho's research is in the theory of Lie groups, their applications to physics and mathematics, and the calculus of variations. He has written several books on these topics, including Lie groups and Their Applications ( graduate texts in mathematics), Harmonie en Chaos (co-authored with Sébastien Châtelet), and Variational Calculus and its Applications (co-authored with Varadarajan Subrahmanyam).
He is also active in mathematical research collaboration, serving on the editorial boards of several journals and serving as co-editor of the book Lie Groups: An International Handbook (2nd edition, Cambridge University Press). | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.707483 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Access Advance'
Access Advance LLC (formerly HEVC Advance LLC) | Access Advance LLC (formerly HEVC Advance LLC) is an independent licensing administrator company formed to lead the development, administration, and management of patent pools for licensing essential patents of the most important standards-based video codec technologies. The company, originally known as HEVC Advance LLC, changed its LLC name in October 2020 to Access Advance LLC to convey its expanded focus on licensing additional standards-based video codec technologies, such as Versatile Video Coding (VVC), for which the company is planning to launch a new VVC licensing program in early 2021. Access Advance currently offers a patent pool license via the HEVC Advance Patent Portfolio License, which grants a license to over 10,000 patents essential to practicing the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) video standard, which is also known as MPEGH Part 2 and H.265. HEVC/H.265 is an advanced video compression standard developed through a collaboration between the ITU and ISO/IEC MPEG standard setting organizations. History
On March 26, 2015, HEVC Advance announced that, when first offered, its HEVC Patent Portfolio License would include at least 500 essential HEVC patents owned by the founding licensors. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.84058 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Military Medical Business'
Military Medical Business (Военно Санитарное Дело) was | Military Medical Business (Военно Санитарное Дело) was one of the professional medical journals of the Worker's and Peasant's Red Army (RKKA). The journal was published monthly in Moscow. Between 1938-1940, each issue cost 1 ruble and 50 kopecks. A 12-month subscription to the journal for the year 1939 cost 18 rubles. The Moscow publishing house published a total of 33 different professional medical journals for the RKKA in the year 1939. The Leningrad publishing house published five different journals that same year. Four different serials were also published by the Moscow publishing house under the title Central Medical Abstract Journal. By the end of 1940, the price of a single issue of Military Medical Business had increased to 2 rubles. The Moscow publishing house advertised 33 different journals, the Leningrad publishing house advertised 5 journals, and the Kazan publishing house advertised 1 journal for the year 1941. A 12-month subscription to Military Medical Business cost 30 rubles in 1941. The Moscow publishing house also advertised four serials under the title Central Medical Abstract Journal for the year 1941. 1938 topics and articles
In 1938, Military Medical Business published articles on the following topics: The political and organizational questions of the cadre and general questions, Therapeutic-prophylactic questions, Medical tactics, Questions of medical support of aviation and the mechanized unit, Questions of medical support of the Navy, Questions of medical-chemical defense and anti-aircraft defense, Questions of hygiene, epidemiology and disinfection, and general reviews of articles. | wiki-intro | 0 | 20.077988 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Clear (Scientology)'
In Dianetics and Scientology, Clear is one | In Dianetics and Scientology, Clear is one of the levels of human awareness. Clear is the state beyond theta where a person becomes aware that all phenomena are mental and that there is no division between mind and matter. | wiki-intro | 1 | 18.50952 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Tallahassee Tide'
The Tallahassee Tide were a proposed ice | The Tallahassee Tide were a proposed ice hockey team that was supposed to play in the Atlantic Coast Hockey League. The team was supposed to play at the Tallahassee-Leon County Civic Center. Formation
On March 29, 2002 Bill Coffey said that the chances of hockey returning to Tallahassee was somewhere between "100 and 110%." The ACHL officially announce their formation on April 9. David Adams was announced as the investor looking to bring a team to Tallahassee. As early as April 25, a lease deal was close to being done but on May 1, Adams backed out of owning the Tallahassee franchise to be a part investor in the Orlando Seals. Coffey said the team would look local investors and that it would not hinder hockey's return. On May 30, 2002, the Tallahassee Democrat published a story saying that the lease deal would likely be done within the week and it also mentioned that the Tallahassee franchise was now owned by Coffey. One June 13, a story was published that citied the lack of office space for the team as the key bump in the road that was keeping a lease deal from being completed. June 27 a story was published saying that the team would have a lease done in mid-July; July 12 to be exact. The office space was available but Coffey decided to wait to sing and announce the lease until he announced the staff, colors, name, and logo. | wiki-intro | 0 | 27.448086 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Ernesto Layaguin'
Ernesto A. Layaguin was an enlisted hospital | Ernesto A. Layaguin was an enlisted hospital steward in the United States Navy during World War II, and a recipient of the Navy Cross.
Born in San Antonio, Texas, on February 27, 1922, Ernesto A. Layaguin enlisted in the United States Navy in March 1942. Serving as an enlisted hospital steward during World War II, he was awarded the Navy Cross for heroism at the battle of Iwo Jima on February 19, 1945. After the war, Layaguin worked as a truck driver and later as a taxi driver. He died on December 16, 2002. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.220873 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Allionia'
Allionia, commonly known as windmills or trailing | Allionia, commonly known as windmills or trailing four o'clock, is a genus of two plant species widespread in the Western Hemisphere. Both species are unusual in their blooms, which consist of three separate flowers appearing to be a single flower. The plants are finely pubescent annuals or short-lived perennials, with trailing, recumbent stems up to one metre in length, often threading through other vegetation. The leaves range from oval to oblong, under 4 cm long. The inflorescences are axillary, consisting of three flowers with petals varying in color from red to purple, symmetrically arranged and superficially appearing to be a single flower 3–15 mm across. The individual flowers are bisexual and bilaterally symmetric with a distinct oblique funnel. The 5–7 stamens may be somewhat exserted, along with the style. The boat-shaped anthocarps are morphologically distinct from those of other members of their family. These fruits have five ribs and two rows of inward pointing teeth on the concave side. | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.122915 | [
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Can someone explain American football to me like I'm five? This is coming from an American. It's just embarrassing continuing not to understand it. Explain like I' m five. | Sure! American football is a sport played by two teams of eleven players each. The teams try to score points by getting the ball into the end zone of the other team. The ball is passed from one player to another on the team, or it is kicked to the other team. There are two main ways to score points. One way is by getting the ball into the end zone by running or throwing it. This is called a touchdown and it is worth six points. The other way to score is by kicking the ball through a set of goalposts. This is called a field goal and it is worth three points. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins. There are also different positions on the field, like the quarterback, who throws the ball, and the running back, who carries the ball. The players on defense try to tackle the player with the ball and stop the other team from scoring. Do you have any other questions about American football? | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 5.937302 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Thelymitra villosa'
Thelymitra villosa, commonly called the custard orchid | Thelymitra villosa, commonly called the custard orchid is a species of orchid which is endemic to Western Australia. It has a single erect, hairy leaf and up to twenty yellow flowers with reddish-brown markings. Description
Thelymitra villosa is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber with a single, erect leaf at the base of the flowering stem. The leaf is long and wide and covered with white, silky hairs. Up to twenty flowers, each long in diameter are borne on a flowering stem high. The flowers are yellow with varying amounts of red-brown spots and blotches. The distinctive column is yellow, reddish or brown with a glandular mid-lobe and hairy lateral lobes which are joined to each other. Flowering occurs from September to November. The flowers are similar to those of the leopard orchid, Thelymitra benthamiana and the sun orchid Thelymitra sargentii but T. villosa is distinguished from them by its leaf, which is shorter, broader and hairy. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.290527 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Liudhard'
Liudhard (; modern , also Letard in | Liudhard (; modern , also Letard in French and Letart in Occitan; 7 September 1003 – 8 January 1037) was Duke of Burgundy from 1016 to 1031.
Liudhard was the fourth son of Hugh the Great, Duke of Burgundy, by his wife Gerberga of Saxony. He succeeded his elder brother Conrad in 1016. After Hugh's death in 1027, Liudhard quarrelled with his brother-in-law, Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, who took the opportunity to annex Burgundy to his own domains. In 1031, Liudhard died in a hunting accident and was succeeded by his son, Rudolph I.
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Fengjing pig'
The Fengjing pig is a domestic breed | The Fengjing pig is a domestic breed of pig originating in the Fujian province of China. The Fengjing pig is a small-sized pig with a wrinkled skin, and a long snout. It is considered to be a good meat producer, and is also used for its leather. | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.377665 | [
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How does the province system of Canada work? Are they similar to states in the US? Do they all have their own representatives in their federal government, like US Congress? I'm just curious how they all relate to one another. Explain like I' m five. | In Canada, the country is divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories. Each province and territory has its own government that is responsible for certain areas of governance, such as education, health care, and natural resources. The federal government, which is based in the capital city of Ottawa, is responsible for issues that affect the whole country, such as national defense, foreign affairs, and immigration.
Provinces in Canada are similar to states in the United States in that they have their own governments and laws, and they are responsible for certain areas of governance. However, the provinces do not have the same level of autonomy as the states in the United States. The federal government in Canada has more power than the state governments in the United States.
Each province in Canada has its own representative in the federal government, called a Member of Parliament (MP). MPs are elected by the people of their province to represent their interests in the federal government. There are 338 MPs in Canada, with each province having a certain number of seats based on its population.
In summary, the provinces in Canada are like the states in the United States in that they have their own governments and are responsible for certain areas of governance. However, the federal government in Canada has more power than the state governments in the United States, and each province has its own representative in the federal government. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 19.907944 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Engineered bamboo'
Engineered bamboo is a set of composite | Engineered bamboo is a set of composite products produced from bamboo. It is designed to be a replacement for wood or engineered wood, but is used only when high load bearing strength is not required because building standards for this type of use have not been agreed by regulatory bodies. Engineered bamboo comes in several different forms, including bamboo scrimber and laminated bamboo, which has three times the structural capacity as normal timber and is defined and regulated by the ASTM International Standards. Engineered bamboo has been used as paneling, vehicle beds, concrete formworks, lightweight building construction and even for shelters after the 2004 tsunami. In comparison to the woods that have been traditionally used, a number of benefits and drawbacks have been identified. Lower cost, especially when replacing wood that would otherwise have been imported, is a key advantage. Further benefits include greater hardness and shape retention, especially in high temperatures. | wiki-intro | 0 | 27.466257 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Danny Rocco'
Daniel Christopher Rocco (born July 16, 1960) | Daniel Christopher Rocco (born July 16, 1960) is an American musician and songwriter. Rocco was the frontman and primary songwriter for the punk rock band The Damned and has also been a member of the rock bands Suicidal Tendencies and Social Distortion. Rocco has also worked as a record producer, remixer, and musician in other projects.
Rocco was born in Hollywood, California. He began playing guitar at age 11 and formed The Damned in Los Angeles in 1978 with bassist Rat Scabies, drummer Bobby Steele, and guitarist Nicky Wire. Rocco wrote or co-wrote most of the band's songs, which were often dirge-like and dark in tone. They released three studio albums before breaking up in 1984.
After The Damned disbanded, Rocco formed Suicidal Tendencies with Jerry Cantrell and Slash from Guns N' Roses. They released two albums before disbanding again in 1991.
Rocco then formed Social Distortion with former Dropkick Murphys frontman Mike Ness and drummer Bill Stevenson. They released six albums over the next decade before breaking up in 2002.
Since then, Rocco has toured extensively with his own bands, as well as playing with acts such as AC/DC, Bob Dylan, Weezer, The Black Crowes, and Joe Cocker. In 2006, he produced the album "Bad Religion" by fellow Californian band Pennywise. In 2009 he produced the album "The Unseen" by metalcore band | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.677732 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Áras an Uachtaráin'
(; "Residence of the President"), formerly the | (; "Residence of the President"), formerly the Viceregal Lodge, is the official residence of the President of Ireland. Built originally in 1827 for then Governor-General Lord Wellington, Áras an Uachtaráin replaced the Viceregal Lodge as the presidential residence in 1937. Located in Phoenix Park, it is also used for other official functions.
Áras an Uachtaráin is a three-storey, symmetrical Neoclassical building in the form of a U. It is rendered in limestone with a slate roof and features a big central pediment and cast-iron gates. The grounds contain formal gardens and a lake. The building has been extended on both the north and south sides.
The current president, Michael D. Higgins, resides in the Castle from 20 May 2011 to 20 May 2017; his predecessor, Enda Kenny, resided in Áras an Uachtaráin from 15 May 2011 to 17 May 2017. | wiki-intro | 1 | 11.600099 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Harvey Watkins Jr.'
Harvey Lee Watkins Jr. (born November 2, | Harvey Lee Watkins Jr. (born November 2, 1958) is an American politician and a former member of the United States House of Representatives. A Republican, he represented Alabama's 2nd congressional district from 2003 to 2015.
Watkins was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and attended public schools in his hometown. He earned a BA from Samford University in 1980 and a JD from the University of Alabama School of Law in 1983. Watkins served as an assistant district attorney for Jefferson County, Alabama, from 1984 to 1990. He then served as general counsel for the Alabama Education Association from 1990 to 2003.
Watkins was elected to the House of Representatives in 2002, defeating incumbent Democrat Terri Sewell. He was reelected in 2006 and 2010. In November 2014, Watkins lost to Republican nominee Mo Brooks by a wide margin. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.450481 | [
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Why do computers die? Why would an N64 just stop working after a period of time? Basically this.. Why do computers wear out? Aside from software making the hardware obsolete, why would something like an N64 stop working? Please explain like I' m five. | There are a few reasons why computers can stop working over time. One reason is that computers have parts that can wear out or break. For example, a computer's hard drive stores all of its files, and if the hard drive stops working, the computer won't be able to access those files and it will stop working. Another reason is that computers generate heat when they are running, and if they don't have a way to cool off, they can become damaged. Finally, computers can also stop working if they are not maintained properly, such as if they are not kept clean or if they are not protected from power surges or other types of damage. So, in short, computers can stop working due to physical wear and tear, overheating, and lack of maintenance. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 7.726029 | [
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Grotto Geyser is a fountain-type geyser located | Grotto Geyser is a fountain-type geyser located in the Upper Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. The fountain erupts to a height of about 20 feet and has a typical eruption rate of one per hour. Grotto Geyser is named for the grotto, or small opening, from which the fountain erupts. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.007067 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on '1987 WAFL season'
The 1987 WAFL season was the 103rd | The 1987 WAFL season was the 103rd season of the West Australian Football League. The season commenced on Saturday 24 May 1987 and concluded on Saturday 10 September 1987.
The 1987 season was an interesting one, with a host of new clubs joining the league, as well as several teams changing their names. The season was won by Subiaco, their first league title since 1941. | wiki-intro | 1 | 11.733953 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'U-101-class submarine'
The U-101 class was a class of | The U-101 class was a class of nine submarines or U-boats planned for the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during World War I. The class was based on the Type 1916 S 1 design from Ungarische Unterseebotsbau AG. The first three boats were laid down in late 1917 and early 1918 by Austriawerft in Trieste, but none were launched or completed before the end of the war. None of the other six submarines was ever laid down. Design
Austria-Hungary's U-boat fleet was largely obsolete at the outbreak of World War I, and over the first two years of the war the Austro-Hungarian Navy focused its efforts on building a U-boat fleet for local defense within the Adriatic. Beginning in 1916, the Navy began building larger, ocean-going vessels for operation in the wider Mediterranean, outside the Adriatic. With six of the larger submarines under construction, the Navy considered either building German Type UB III submarines under license or implementing the Type 1916 S 1 design submitted by Ungarische Unterseebotsbau AG (UBAG) of Fiume. | wiki-intro | 0 | 24.573748 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Jerry M. Bunyard'
Jerry Max Bunyard (born 3 April | Jerry Max Bunyard (born 3 April 1931) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Army. His assignments included Commanding General of the United States Army Missile Command and deputy commanding general for research, development and acquisition at the United States Army Materiel Command. Born and raised in Altus, Oklahoma, Bunyard was an All State baseball player for Altus High School, helping to win a state championship before graduating in 1949. He attended Oklahoma Baptist University for one year before transferring to Oklahoma A&M College, where he continued to play baseball and also participated in the Army ROTC program. Bunyard graduated from Oklahoma A&M in 1954 with a B.S. degree in animal husbandry and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Infantry. Signed by the Chicago White Sox, he played one summer of minor league baseball with the Waterloo White Hawks and Colorado Springs Sky Sox before reporting for active duty in the Army. Bunyard transferred from the Infantry to the Artillery and was trained as a Cobra helicopter gunship pilot. He graduated from the Army Command and General Staff College in 1965 and later earned an M.S. degree in international relations from George Washington University. | wiki-intro | 0 | 10.884397 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'George Varney'
George Varney (1834–1911) was a colonel in | George Varney (1834–1911) was a colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War and was awarded the grade of brevet brigadier general, United States Volunteers, in 1867 for his gallant service at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862. Born in Levant, Maine, he was a wholesale grocer in Bangor, Maine when the war broke out in 1861. Varney enlisted as a major in the 2nd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, which was the first unit to march out of the state in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers to suppress the rebellion after the fall of Fort Sumter. He was wounded and captured in the unit's first engagement, the First Battle of Bull Run, in July 1861, but exchanged for a captured Confederate officer a month later. Promoted to lieutenant colonel, Varney was captured a second time (and exchanged a second time) at the Battle of Gaines' Mill in 1862. He suffered a head wound at the Battle of Fredericksburg. Lt. Colonel Varney led his regiment along an unfinished railroad cut to get closer to the stone wall on Marye's Heights. A shell fragment struck him on the head and dropped him senseless to the ground. Major Daniel F. Sargent assumed command of the regiment and led it out of the cut where it disintegrated almost immediately under withering rifle and artillery fire from the Confederates behind the stone wall on Marye's Heights. | wiki-intro | 0 | 15.122734 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Mark Blackett'
Mark Blackett (born 3 February 1964) is | Mark Blackett (born 3 February 1964) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He started his career with Everton, where he made over 200 appearances, before moving to Newcastle United in 1991. He spent two seasons with the Magpies, before joining Norwich City in 1994. He spent two seasons with the Canaries, before joining Blackpool in 1997. He spent three seasons with the "Tangerines", before retiring in 2001.
Blackett won three Premier League titles, two FA Cups and one League Cup during his time at Newcastle United, Norwich City and Blackpool. He also represented England at international level, making 36 appearances between 1984 and 1991. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.376474 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Oliver North'
Oliver Laurence North (born October 7, 1943) | Oliver Laurence North (born October 7, 1943) is an American political commentator, television host, military historian, author, and retired United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel. A veteran of the Vietnam War, North was a National Security Council staff member during the Iran–Contra affair, a political scandal of the late 1980s. It involved the illegal sale of weapons to the Khomeini regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran to encourage the release of American hostages then held in Lebanon. North formulated the second part of the plan, which was to divert proceeds from the arms sales to support the Contra rebel groups in Nicaragua, sales which had been specifically prohibited under the Boland Amendment. North was granted limited immunity from prosecution in exchange for testifying before Congress about the scheme. He was initially convicted on three felony charges, but the convictions were vacated and reversed and all charges against him dismissed in 1991. | wiki-intro | 0 | 11.830842 | [
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The Singapore Combat Engineers (SCE) is a | The Singapore Combat Engineers (SCE) is a formation of the Singapore Army. Combat Engineers provide mobility by bridging gaps and clearing minefields to facilitate speedy advance of troops into enemy territory, and counter-mobility by constructing obstacles such as anti-tank ditches to impede the enemy's movement. The Combat Engineers also construct trenches, drainage systems and other related infrastructure to enhance the survivability of troops during operations. History
When the Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute (SAFTI) was set up in 1967 as the first military training institute to train officers and non-commissioned officers (NCOs, now known as Specialists), an Engineer Training Wing was incorporated into the plan. Two young officers, 2LT Gurcharan Singh and 2LT Chng Teow Hua, were selected to attend a basic engineer officer's course in Fort Belvoir, Virginia, United States. Upon completion of their course, these two officers, with the Commanding Officer, MAJ George Mitchell, conducted the first Engineer Commanders' Course from April to August 1968. The graduate officers and NCOs from the course formed the nucleus of the SCE. | wiki-intro | 0 | 21.625601 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Val-d'Isère'
Val d'Isère (, literally Valley of Isère) | Val d'Isère (, literally Valley of Isère) is a ski resort in the French Alps. It is located in the Savoie department, within the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The resort has four ski areas with a combined area of : Val d'Isère, Les Deux Alpes, La Plagne and Courchevel. Val d'Isère is open from December to March and from April to November.
The resorts of Val d'Isère, Les Deux Alpes and La Plagne are linked by a gondola and chairlift system. Courchevel is accessed by skiing into the town from Val d'Isère. The resorts have a combined population of over 20,000. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.958247 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'KERN'
KERN (1180 kHz) is a commercial AM | KERN (1180 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Los Angeles, California. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and airs a classic country format. KERN's studios are located in Burbank, California and the transmitter is located in San Bernardino, California.
KERN first went on the air on November 8, 1922 as KFI. The station was founded by Frank B. Keeran, the owner of a local grocery store and newspaper publisher in Los Angeles. Keeran originally operated the station as a daytimer with a limited broadcast schedule, playing classical music and news.
In 1924, Keeran changed the station's call letters to KGFJ and began broadcasting full-time with a more varied music format that included popular hits of the day. In 1927, he sold KGFJ to H. L. Hunt who added a talk show to the station's lineup and renamed it KGO-AM.
In 1941, KGO-AM became a charter affiliate of the new ABC Radio network and changed its call letters to KABC-AM. The following year, Hunt sold KGO-AM to CBS, which changed the station's call letters to KCBS-FM (now KNX). In 1959, CBS sold KCBS-FM to Metromedia which changed the station's call letters back to KABC-AM.
In 1991, Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia) acquired Metromedia's radio properties and merged them with its | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.272048 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Aller Vale Pottery'
The Aller Vale Pottery was formed in | The Aller Vale Pottery was formed in 1934 and is situated in the village of Aller, about two miles south of the market town of Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire. The pottery is run by the fourth generation of the same family and is still producing hand-made pottery, using traditional methods and firing ovens at 800 degrees Celsius.
The Aller Vale Pottery is a family-owned business which produces traditional hand-made pottery. The pottery is situated in the village of Aller, about two miles south of the market town of Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire. The pottery is still producing pottery using traditional methods, and firing ovens at 800 degrees Celsius. | wiki-intro | 1 | 16.295998 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Rødøy Church'
Rødøy Church is a parish church | Rødøy Church is a parish church in the municipality of Stord, Norway. It is located in the village of Rødøy on the island of Rødøya. The church is part of the Stord parish in the Nord-Trøndelag deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. The white, wooden church was built in a cruciform style in 1853 by the architect Hans Jacob Næss. The church seats about 330 people.
The first known reference to a church on Rødøya dates from 1121 when Bishop Astrid was granted confirmation rights for a church on the island. The first recorded mention of a priest is from 1246 when Odd Eriksen was appointed to the post. The present church was built in 1853 by the architect Hans Jacob Næss in a cruciform style. | wiki-intro | 1 | 17.479866 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'De Havilland Firestreak'
The de Havilland Firestreak is a British | The de Havilland Firestreak is a British jet fighter aircraft that first entered service with the Royal Air Force in 1952. It was the RAF's first operational jet fighter and played a major role in the Cold War. The Firestreak has been succeeded by the more advanced de Havilland Typhoon. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.189041 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on '19 Puppis'
19 Puppis is a binary star system | 19 Puppis is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Puppis, near the northern border with Hydra and Monoceros. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, yellow-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.72. The system is located approximately 177 light years away from the system based on parallax. It is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +36 km/s, having come to within some 1.4 million years ago. The primary, component A, is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G9III-IIIb. It is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star is about one billion years old with 1.05 times the mass of the Sun and 8.9 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 43 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,750 K. | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.233109 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Chini (film)'
Chini is a 2016 Indian Odia and | Chini is a 2016 Indian Odia and Sambalpuri language drama film directed by Pradeep Bhol and produced by Bhabani Majhi & Snehalata Parida. The film is made under the banner of Navajiban Films. It stars Amlan Das and Patrali in lead roles while Mahasweta Ray and Mihir Das play supporting roles. Well known playback singer Asha Bhosle sang a Sambalpuri number in the upcoming Odia film 'Chini' with a western Odisha flavour.
Asha has sung 'Uanshar andhare nai dishe sina, haji nai jai jan, in Odia language uaansha ratire dise nahin sina haji jae nahin jaha (One can't see, but moon very much exists even during the new moon day),' penned by Durga Madhab Panda and singer Tapu Mishra for the film. This film won the state film award for best film in 2016. Plot
The story is about a small family of Khira Nayak (Mihir Das), Pani Nayak (Mahasweta Ray) and their three children Chaha, Pati and Chini, who live in Vikhampur village. Manav (Amlan Das) comes to the village as a doctor and falls in love with Jagi (Patrali). They were all living happily until one day when Chini fell sick. That is when nothing went in Khira Nayak's way. The movie is about their Struggle. | wiki-intro | 0 | 77.153511 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Euphoric Sad Songs'
Euphoric Sad Songs is the debut mini-album | Euphoric Sad Songs is the debut mini-album of South Korean duo Euphoria. It was released on July 21, 2016, by DSP Media.
The album consists of six tracks and was produced by the duo themselves. The lyrics were written by the duo and Kim Tae-woo, who has also worked with artists such as Girls' Generation and f(x).
The album generally received positive reviews from music critics, who noted the duo's unique sound and praised their lyrical skills. It peaked at number four on the Gaon Album Chart and has sold over 100,000 copies domestically.
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What is jihadism? What do jihadists believe? Can someone explain the common beliefs and practices of jihadism to me? Thank you for any answers. Explain like I' m five. | Jihadism is a violent, extremist ideology that advocates for the use of force and violence to achieve political, social, or religious goals. Jihadists believe in the idea of jihad, which is a struggle or effort in the service of Islam. They often use this concept to justify violence and aggression against those who they consider to be enemies of Islam.
Jihadists often follow a very strict and literal interpretation of the Islamic faith and may seek to impose their beliefs on others through force. They often view themselves as "soldiers of God" fighting against non-believers or perceived enemies of Islam.
Jihadists may engage in various types of violent activities, such as terrorist attacks, assassination, sabotage, and guerrilla warfare. They may also use propaganda and social media to spread their message and recruit new followers.
Jihadism is not representative of the majority of Muslims, who follow a peaceful and nonviolent interpretation of their faith. It is important to recognize that the vast majority of victims of jihadist violence are Muslims, and that jihadism is rejected by the vast majority of the global Muslim community. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 23.725924 | [
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I am the sole owner of an LLC. Does it make a difference if I file as an S-Corp or a sole-member LLC? | In the United States, with an S-Corp, you pay yourself a salary from company earnings. That portion is taxed at an individual rate. The rest of the company earnings are taxed as a corporation, which often have great tax benefits. If you are making over $80K/year, the difference can be substantial. A con is that there is more paperwork and you have to create a "board" of advisors. | hc3-finance | 0 | 20.865318 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Street Fighter EX'
is a 2D head-to-head fighting game with | is a 2D head-to-head fighting game with 3D graphics, originally released as a coin-operated arcade game for the Sony ZN hardware in 1996. It is a spin-off of the Street Fighter series co-produced by Capcom with Arika and was the first game in the series to feature 3D polygon graphics. It was followed by an updated arcade version titled Street Fighter EX Plus, as well as a PlayStation-exclusive home console version titled Street Fighter EX Plus α, both released in 1997. A Nintendo 64 version was also announced for release in 1997, but later cancelled. Gameplay
The Street Fighter EX fighting system uses fighting systems from the Street Fighter II and Street Fighter Alpha series, but also has some original ones. In many ways, EX still plays like a 2D fighting game, but the linear plane in which characters fight often changes along a 3D arena. The game uses special moves and super combos familiar or similar to previous games in the series. Unlike in the Street Fighter Alpha titles or Darkstalkers, the EX series features a super meter with three separate sections, not levels, which is unique to this spinoff game series. | wiki-intro | 0 | 17.390268 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Brønnøy Church'
Brønnøy Church is a parish church | Brønnøy Church is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Brønnøy Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the town of Brønnøysund. It is the main church for the Brønnøy parish which is part of the Sør-Helgeland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. The brown, cruciform, stone church was built in a Neo-Gothic style in 1870 by the architect Haakon Mosling. The church seats about 450 people. History
The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1386, but the church was likely built around the year 1200 (end of the 12th century or early 13th century). There have been two church fires after lightning strikes on this site, the first in 1772 and the second in 1866. The original church had a rectangular nave with a narrower, almost square choir with a lower roof line. After the fire in 1772 the walls were repaired and an extension built to the north. Around 1800, the church received an extension to the south. After the second lightning strike in 1866, the church was heavily damaged by fire. It was decided to completely tear down the church and build a new church. In 1870, the present stone church building was built in a cross-shape, creating a cruciform layout. The organ was built by Claus Jensen (1817-1892) in 1879. It was restored by Br. Torkildsen Orgelbyggeri during 2006-2008 at which time the entire church underwent an extensive renovation. | wiki-intro | 0 | 17.45364 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Shay Patrick Cormac'
Shay Patrick Cormac is a fictional character | Shay Patrick Cormac is a fictional character in Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed video game franchise. His only appearance in the series is in the 2014 game Assassin's Creed Rogue, where he is the main protagonist and is portrayed by Canadian actor Steven Piovesan through performance capture. Within the series' alternate historical setting, Shay is as an Irish American member of the Colonial American branch of the Assassin Brotherhood, a fictional organization inspired by the real-life Order of Assassins that is dedicated to protecting peace and freedom. At the onset of the French and Indian War in 1755, he becomes disillusioned with the Assassins' tactics, in particular their willingness to sacrifice civilians, and defects to the opposing Templar Order, who believe in peace through order and control. Shay is largely responsible for the extermination of the Colonial Brotherhood in the ensuing years when the war expands into the American theatre of the worldwide Seven Years' War, and would go down in the history of both orders as one the deadliest Assassin hunters to have ever lived. | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.243736 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'War in Donbas'
The war in Donbas, or the Donbas | The war in Donbas, or the Donbas conflict, is a military conflict in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine. The war started on 12 April 2014 and has since lasted more than two years, with reported casualties of over 10,000 people.
The war is fought between the government of Ukraine and pro-Russian separatists supported by Russia. The separatists have been fighting for independence or greater autonomy for the Donbas region, which is populated mainly by ethnic Russians. The Ukrainian military has been fighting with support from NATO and the United States. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.992155 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'George Westinghouse'
George Westinghouse Jr. (October 6, 1846 – | George Westinghouse Jr. (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914) was an American entrepreneur and engineer based in Pennsylvania who created the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry, receiving his first patent at the age of 19. Westinghouse saw the potential of using alternating current for electric power distribution in the early 1880s and put all his resources into developing and marketing it. This put Westinghouse's business in direct competition with Thomas Edison, who marketed direct current for electric power distribution. In 1911 Westinghouse received the American Institute of Electrical Engineers's (AIEE) Edison Medal "For meritorious achievement in connection with the development of the alternating current system." Early years
George Westinghouse was born in 1846 in Central Bridge, New York (see George Westinghouse Jr. Birthplace and Boyhood Home), the son of Emeline (Vedder) and George Westinghouse Sr., a machine shop owner. His ancestors came from Westphalia in Germany, who first moved to England and then emigrated to the US. The name had been Anglicized from Westinghausen. | wiki-intro | 0 | 18.181784 | [
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What causes abdominal pain after falling on the buttocks? The other day when I went skating my friend pulled me downcand it made me fall right on my butt. Ever since then I have had abdominal pains whenever I get up from lying down or sitting down. I also cannot lay down in certain positions or else I will get sharp pains. Do you know what I could have done? I have no back pains or pains anywhere else except for my abdominal/ torso area. | It's possible that you may have injured your tailbone or coccyx, which is the small, triangular bone at the base of the spine that is located above the buttocks. Falling on the buttocks can sometimes cause injury to the tailbone, which can result in pain when sitting, standing, or moving around.
It's also possible that you may have strained or pulled a muscle in your abdominal area as a result of the fall. In either case, it's important to take it easy and avoid activities that cause pain until the discomfort subsides.
If the pain persists or becomes severe, it's a good idea to see a healthcare provider for an evaluation. They can determine the cause of the pain and recommend appropriate treatment, which may include rest, ice or heat therapy, over-the-counter pain medication, or physical therapy. | hc3-medicine | 1 | 5.823238 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Cairo Anti-war Conference'
The Cairo Conference against U.S. hegemony and | The Cairo Conference against U.S. hegemony and militarism was an international conference convened in Cairo, Egypt in December 2001. Organized by the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), the conference brought together representatives from over 50 countries to discuss the U.S. role in the Middle East and world politics.
The main topics debated at the conference were the U.S. occupation of Iraq, the role of Israel in the region, and U.S. support for terrorism. Participants also expressed concerns about U.S. plans to expand NATO eastward, and called for an end to all military intervention in Afghanistan.
The Cairo Conference against U.S. hegemony and militarism was an international conference convened in Cairo, Egypt in December 2001 by the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI). The conference brought together representatives from over 50 countries to discuss the U.S. role in the Middle East and world politics, with a particular focus on U.S. occupation of Iraq, the role of Israel in the region, and U.S. support for terrorism. The main topics debated at the conference were:
- The U.S. occupation of Iraq
- The role of Israel in the region
- U.S. support for terrorism
- U.S.-NATO expansion eastward
- End to all military intervention in Afghanistan | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.3879 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Stewart Gardner'
Stewart Orr Gardner† (31 October 1878 – | Stewart Orr Gardner† (31 October 1878 – 17 December 1945) was an Australian artist, illustrator and writer.
Gardner was born in Melbourne, the eldest son of artist, author and art critic Stewart Orr Gardner and his wife Alice (née Dixon). He studied at the National Gallery of Victoria School of Art from 1897 to 1899 and at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1899 to 1901.
In 1902 Gardner returned to Melbourne, where he worked as a caricaturist and illustrator. In 1908 he co-founded the satirical magazine "Punch". Gardner's illustrations have appeared in numerous books, including "The Boy's Own Book of Australian Birds" (1909), "The Girl's Own Book of Australian Birds" (1910), "The Boy's Own Book of Insects" (1911), "The Girl's Own Book of Australian Flowers" (1912), "The Boy's Own Book of Trees" (1913), "The Girl's Own Book of Wild Flowers" (1920), and "Australian Literature: A Teachers' Library" (1936).
Gardner was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1941 New Year Honours for services to literature. He died in 1945 in Melbourne.
Stewart Orr Gardner was born on 31 October 1878 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia to artist Stewart Orr Gardner and his wife Alice Dixon. He studied at the National Gallery of Victoria School of Art from 1897 to 1899 and at | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.491723 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'George Macnamara'
George Frederick Macnamara (June 1893 – 18 | George Frederick Macnamara (June 1893 – 18 January 1944) was an Australian cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler who played in five Tests from 1921 to 1924, Macnamara was a dependable lower-order batsman who, for much of his Test career, was the only specialist batsman in the Australian team.
Born in Sydney, New South Wales, Macnamara played club cricket for Randwick and then for Sydney club Glebe from 1913 to 1916. He made his first-class debut for New South Wales against Queensland at the SCG in March 1921. He scored 134 not out from number three in New South Wales' first innings and took two wickets in Queensland's second innings to give him figures of 4/44. In the second Test of the 1921–22 series at the MCG, Macnamara made his Test debut batting at number six and scoring 26 not out in New South Wales' first innings. He then took 4/48 in Queensland's first innings and 2/22 in their second innings to finish with figures of 8/108. In the third Test at Melbourne he scored 29 not out and took 2/22 as New South Wales won by an innings and 74 runs. In the fourth Test at Sydney he scored 42 not out as New South Wales again won by an innings and 62 runs. In the fifth and final Test at Brisbane he scored 3/34 as Australia won by an innings and 113 runs.
Macnamara played | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.16442 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Edwardsville Chapter House'
The Edwardsville Chapter House is a historic | The Edwardsville Chapter House is a historic building located at 515 W. High St. in Edwardsville, Illinois. The building was constructed between 1909 and 1910 as a meetinghouse for Edwardsville's chapter of the American Woman's League. The American Woman's League was a political and social organization founded by magazine publisher Edward Gardner Lewis in 1908. The organization was created to promote feminist causes, particularly the women's suffrage movement; Lewis also intended for the organization to promote and sell his women's magazines. Lewis commissioned the St. Louis architectural firm of Helfensteller, Hirsch & Watson to design five classes of buildings which the League would use as meetinghouses. The Edwardsville Chapter House is an example of a Class II building, which was designed for clubs with 60 to 100 members. The building was designed in the Prairie School style and cost $2,500. After the club disbanded, the building was converted to a private home. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 28, 1980. It is one of nine American Woman's League chapter houses on the National Register in Illinois. | wiki-intro | 0 | 16.647654 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Invincible (Hedley song)'
"Invincible" is a song recorded by Canadian | "Invincible" is a song recorded by Canadian pop rock group Hedley for their fourth studio album, Storms (2011). Written by Hedley frontman Jacob Hoggard and Jason Van Poederooyen, and co-written and produced by Brian Howes, "Invincible" features guest vocals by Canadian hip hop artist P. Reign on the single version. The song was released to radio on August 22, 2011 and to digital retailers on August 23, 2011 through Universal Music Canada as the lead single from Storms. It was well received by critics and fans, peaking in the Top 10 of the Canadian Hot 100 and being nominated for Single of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2012. Content and reception
"Invincible" is a pop rock song with a duration of three minutes and forty-three seconds and an anthemic message of staying strong – or "invincible" – and rising above life's challenges. Francois Marchand of The Vancouver Sun described the song as "a positive-minded, empowerment-driven kind of song" that is indicative of the more mature themes explored on this album. In the first week of the release, it sold over 14,000 copies. | wiki-intro | 0 | 16.758673 | [
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what is am 2201 | AM-2201 (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl) indole) is a research chemical that acts as a potent but nonselective full agonist for the cannabinoid receptor. | hc3-open_qa | 0 | 8.706039 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'California v. Acevedo'
California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S. 565 (1991), | California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S. 565 (1991), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court, which interpreted the Carroll doctrine to provide one rule to govern all automobile searches. The Court stated, "The police may search an automobile and the containers within it where they have probable cause to believe contraband or evidence is contained." The decision also overruled the distinctions in United States v. Chadwick (1977) and Arkansas v. Sanders (1979) which had previously held that, if probable cause existed to search an automobile, the police may perform a warrantless search of the automobile and the containers within it, but if the police only had probable cause to search a container in the automobile, the police first had to obtain a warrant before searching the container. It thereby confirmed Carroll v. United States (1925), which held that a warrantless search of an automobile based upon probable cause to believe that the vehicle contained evidence of crime in the light of an exigency arising out of the vehicle's likely disappearance did not contravene the Fourth Amendment's Warrant Clause. | wiki-intro | 0 | 9.491922 | [
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"Smell of Incense" is a song by | "Smell of Incense" is a song by the American psychedelic rock band the West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band, written by Ron Morgan and Bob Markley, and was released as a single on Reprise Records in 1968 (see 1968 in music). Background
An extended version of the song appeared on the group's third album, Vol. 2 (Breaking Through), which was distributed prior to the single. It is considered one of the pinnacles of the band's music catalogue, with it marked by Shaun and Danny Harris's breathy vocal harmonies, and the instrumental interplay between Morgan's distorted guitar-playing coinciding with Shaun Harris's heavy bass sound. Despite the heady atmosphere, the group insists the recording, along with their other self-penned material, was not composed under the influence of LSD. "Smell of Incense", like all of the band's releases, was commercially unsuccessful and failed to chart. The song was later reissued on Hallucinations: Psychedelic Pop Nuggets from the WEA Vaults in 2004. | wiki-intro | 0 | 28.303221 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Aristotelis Kalentzis'
Aristotelis Irakleous Kalentzis (also Aristotelis Kalentzis or | Aristotelis Irakleous Kalentzis (also Aristotelis Kalentzis or Aristoteles Kalentzis; ), is a Greek national socialist horseback archery instructor and author who was sentenced in 1977 to 12 years in prison for terrorist activities (causing explosions, possession of explosives). After his release from prison, he was interviewed by journalist Greek TV reportage show "Made In Greece" and openly admitted to being a national socialist. In another part of his interview, he said (in Greek) that Adolf Hitler is a "prophet of the World" and "an erratic person for those who can understand the deeper side of History". He also said that "violence is in Nature's game. National socialists are always in Nature's game, because they are nothing but a part of Nature. Now, if violence is necessary to solve some problems, then we will not deny it"; see the "Τα MME και η κολυμπήθρα του Σιλωάμ (The Mass Media and the Pool of Siloam)" reference in the "References and external links" section of this article. Aristotelis Kalentzis vs. Greece | wiki-intro | 0 | 35.374752 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Peachia cylindrica'
Peachia cylindrica is a large species of | Peachia cylindrica is a large species of sea anemone in the family Haloclavidae. It is normally found burrowed into soft substrates, the only visible part of the animal being the oral disc and tentacles which usually lie flat on the sand. It is the type species of the genus Peachia. Description
When exposed, Peachia cylindrica can retract into a spherical shape but in its normal habitat, underwater and buried in the sand, it can extend to 30 cm (12 in) with a diameter of 2.5 cm (1 in). When extended, the lowest part of the column has a rounded base which is not adhesive to any hard structure. The main section is wider than the base part, sausage shaped, often with slight constrictions. It has a thin mucous sheath to which sand grains sometimes adhere. The short top section or capitulum is narrower and slightly fluted. The oral disc is surrounded by 12 tentacles and there is a 3-lobed conchula, a projection of the lip beside the mouth which is unique to this genus. The tentacles vary in length being short and squat when the animal is not buried but becoming long and thin when it is buried and submerged, spanning 12 cm (5 in). The colour of the column is a translucent pale brown or cream, variously speckled and streaked with brown and red markings. The bottom of the capitulum has white markings. The disc and tentacles have a chevron pattern in grey, brown and cream, though occasionally the disc is plain. | wiki-intro | 0 | 27.498587 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Nia DaCosta'
Nia DaCosta (born November 8, 1989) is | Nia DaCosta (born November 8, 1989) is an American director and screenwriter. She is credited as the first African-American woman to have a film debut at number one upon opening weekend. She wrote and directed the crime thriller film Little Woods (2019), winning the Nora Ephron Prize at the Tribeca Film Festival. She also directed the horror film Candyman (2021). In August 2020, DaCosta was hired to direct The Marvels, becoming the youngest filmmaker to direct a Marvel film, beating the record set by Ryan Coogler. Early life and education
DaCosta was born in 1989, in Brooklyn, New York City and raised in Harlem. She is of Jamaican descent. Her original obsession and professional aspirations started with her desire to be a writer, a poet to be exact. It was not till an AP class where she was exposed to the work of Joseph Conrad, and after reading his book Heart of Darkness, she and her class then watched the film adaptation, Coppola's “Apocalypse Now”. This was a turning point in DaCosta's life, from there on out she was obsessed with film which, led DaCosta to research 1970s film, where she found inspiration in directors such as Martin Scorsese, Sidney Lumet, Steven Spielberg, and Francis Ford Coppola. Citing Scorsese as a top inspiration, DaCosta as well as having her masters in writing from the Royal Central School of Speech & Drama enrolled at his alma mater, New York University Tisch School of the Arts. There, she met Scorsese while working as a TV production assistant. | wiki-intro | 0 | 17.370134 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Multiple realizability'
Multiple realizability, in the philosophy of mind, | Multiple realizability, in the philosophy of mind, is the thesis that the same mental property, state, or event can be implemented by different physical properties, states, or events. Philosophers of mind have used multiple realizability to argue that mental states are not the same as — and cannot be reduced to — physical states. They have also used it to defend many versions of functionalism, especially machine-state functionalism. In recent years, however, multiple realizability has been used to attack functionalism, the theory that it was originally used to defend. As a result, functionalism has fallen out of favor in the philosophy of mind. The notion of multiple realizability
The multiple realizability thesis in the philosophy of mind is the thesis that the same mental state can be realized by different physical states; another way of putting it is that there is a many-to-one mapping from physical states to mental states. Multiple realizability in general is not restricted to the multiple realizability of mental states. Many kinds of things can be realized by numerous physical devices. A wide variety of physical devices can serve as corkscrews, for example. Mental states can also be realized in a variety of ways. Just as the logical states of a Turing machine can be realized by different structural states in different mechanisms, so, by analogy, the mental states of a human being can be realized by different physical states in different individuals. Pain, for example, is correlated with different physical states of the nervous system in different organisms, but the organisms all experience the mental state of "being in pain." | wiki-intro | 0 | 10.632949 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Andújar Cedeño'
Andújar Cedeño Donastorg (August 21, 1969 – | Andújar Cedeño Donastorg (August 21, 1969 – October 28, 2000) was a Major League Baseball (MLB) shortstop from 1990 to 1996. Born in La Romana, Dominican Republic, he played for the Houston Astros from 1990 to 1994, the San Diego Padres in 1995, and in 1996 played for the Padres, Detroit Tigers and Houston Astros again. His brother is former MLB player Domingo Cedeño. Four years after he last appeared in the major leagues, Cedeño was killed in a car accident in the Dominican Republic. Professional career
Cedeño was a highly regarded prospect in the Astros minor league system. Baseball America named him the 55th best prospect in the minor leagues in 1990, and the 2nd best overall prospect in 1991. He hit for the cycle in 1992, and was a career .236 hitter. His best season was in 1993 for the Astros, where he hit 11 home runs, 58 RBIs, and had a .283 batting average. | wiki-intro | 0 | 9.382049 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Nera (company)'
Nera Networks AS (part of Nera) was | Nera Networks AS (part of Nera) was founded in 2006 as a spin-off from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
Nera Networks AS is a Norwegian company that develops, manufactures and sells networking products. The company has its headquarters in Trondheim and employs around 100 people. Nera Networks products are used in a wide range of industries, including telecoms, broadcasting, data centers and the Internet of Things. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.787756 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Astor Fong'
Astor Fong is a Chinese singer-songwriter, | Astor Fong is a Chinese singer-songwriter, recording artist and record producer from Hong Kong, she sings in English, Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese. Several of her solo albums have charted in Hong Kong and Asia. Astor gained widely acclaim for her similarity to Karen Carpenter's vocal style. Astor was dubbed the "Karen Carpenter of Asia". She is a lyric contralto with a wide vocal range that spanned about three octaves. Astor sang all of the Carpenters' songs during her concert in 2013 using the same key as Karen Carpenter which are rare in female artists in Asia. Among all other record singers in Hong Kong, Astor has recorded a lot of Broadway musical songs that has highly acclaimed in 2011. As Astor has a good track record in both English and Chinese albums, she was dubbed "Audiophile Diva" by leading audiophile magazine in 2015. Astor is also the first female celebrity columnist of "Audiophile", one of the famous audiophile magazine in Hong Kong. Biography
Astor entered a number of singing competitions. She has won numerous music awards including California Red & BMG Hong Kong Singing Contest, and Hong Kong CASH Song Writers Quest. | wiki-intro | 0 | 33.888851 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Harrie Geelen'
Harrie Geelen (born 10 January 1939, in | Harrie Geelen (born 10 January 1939, in Heerlen) is a Dutch illustrator, film director, animator, translator, writer and poet. In 2014, he was made a knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion ("Ridder in de orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw"). He studied Dutch in Amsterdam, where he met his wife Imme Dros, like himself a writer of Dutch children's literature. Geelen wrote several well known television children's programs and translated Disney movies into Dutch. He illustrated his own books and those of his wife Imme Dros, some books by Annie M. G. Schmidt and a book by Toon Tellegen. He published the novel "Het Nijlpaard Ellende" and short stories like "Ooms en Tantes, Tantes en Ooms". For the movie "Pinkeltje" he was the director, designer as well as the scriptwriter. Other work include feature films and a large TV series ("de Sommeltjes") with the use of simple computers. | wiki-intro | 0 | 35.73035 | [
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Jefferson Cowie is an American historian, author | Jefferson Cowie is an American historian, author and an academic. He is a James G. Stahlman Professor of History and the Director of Economics and History Major at Vanderbilt University; a former fellow of Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Science at Stanford University; a fellow at the Society for Humanities at Cornell University, and at the Center for U.S.-Mexico Studies at the UC San Diego. Cowie's research focuses on the social and political history of how class, inequality, and labor affects American politics and culture. He has conducted research on labor history, U.S. social and political history, popular culture, democracy and inequality, popular movements and reform, American conservatism, and the history and ideas of social class since 1945 along with transnational and comparative labor and working-class history in the Americas. Cowie has authored various opinion pieces, essays, and journal articles. His books include Capital Moves: RCA’s Seventy-Year Quest for Cheap Labor, Stayin' Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class, and The Great Exception: The New Deal and the Limits of American Politics. Cowie's work has received media recognition and an article in The Nation stated Cowie as "one our most commanding interpreters of recent American experience". | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.860834 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'O (surname)'
O or Oh is a family name | O or Oh is a family name in Korea. It is written using the hanja characters, 吳, 五, 伍, 吾, and 晤. According to the 2015 census in South Korea, there were 763,281 people carrying the O surname. History
The earliest ancestor of the Korean Oh family is believed to be Oh Eung from Silla, the son of Oh Cheom known to be the Chinese royal descendant who migrated from China to Korea and married the daughter of Kim Jong-ji in Silla.
16 clans have historically emerged under the family name Oh. The largest five clans, in order, are Haeju, Dongbok, Boseong, Hamyang, and Gunwi Oh clans. Out of these clans, the three largest clans were founded by the three brothers of Oh Hyeon-bo, Oh Hyeon-jwa, and Oh Hyun-pil, who each was given the governor position of Haeju, Dongbok, and Boseong counties as the rewards for defending Goryeo against the attack by the Khitan people. | wiki-intro | 0 | 27.672302 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Permeable Press'
Permeable Press was a San Francisco-based literary | Permeable Press was a San Francisco-based literary journal, founded in 1984 by editor Eileen Myles and publisher Tom Devine. It was one of the earliest and most successful literary magazines of its era.
Permeable Press was a journal of new and experimental writing, poetry, and art. It published work by emerging and established writers, as well as work that pushed boundaries. The journal's editorial board included such notables as Joyce Carol Oates, Toni Morrison, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti.
In addition to its monthly issues, Permeable Press also published a series of annual anthologies, including Best American Short Stories, Best American Poetry, and The Best American Non-Fiction. In 2006, the journal merged with City Lights Books to form City Lights/Permeable Press. | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.651344 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Puffin'
Puffins are any of three species of | Puffins are any of three species of small alcids (auks) in the bird genus Fratercula. These are pelagic seabirds that feed primarily by diving in the water. They breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore islands, nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows in the soil. Two species, the tufted puffin and horned puffin, are found in the North Pacific Ocean, while the Atlantic puffin is found in the North Atlantic Ocean. All puffin species have predominantly black or black and white plumage, a stocky build, and large beaks that get brightly colored during the breeding season. They shed the colorful outer parts of their bills after the breeding season, leaving a smaller and duller beak. Their short wings are adapted for swimming with a flying technique underwater. In the air, they beat their wings rapidly (up to 400 times per minute) in swift flight, often flying low over the ocean's surface. | wiki-intro | 0 | 15.208826 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Rosa Valdeón'
Rosa María Valdeón Santiago (born 17 December | Rosa María Valdeón Santiago (born 17 December 1966) is a Spanish film, theatre and television actress.
Valdeón was born in Logroño, La Rioja, to a family of actors. After completing her studies at the Centro de Bellas Artes de La Rioja, she started her career in theatre, appearing in such productions as "The Maids" by Agatha Christie and "Don Juan Tenorio" by Federico García Lorca. In 1995 she made her film debut in the comedy-drama "Casablanca". Her subsequent roles have included roles in the historical dramas "The House of Bernarda Alba" (2000) and "Kingdom of Heaven" (2005), the mystery thriller "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" (2013), and the biographical drama "Rosa" (2015). | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.241474 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'El patrullero 777'
El patrullero 777 (in English: "The Patrolman | El patrullero 777 (in English: "The Patrolman 777") is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa for Telesistema Mexicano in 1973.
The story follows the life of policeman Fernando Rey (Francisco Mora), who is transferred from a small town to the big city. Fernando Rey soon discovers that the city is not as safe as it seems and he must battle against crime and corruption on his way to becoming a successful policeman.
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Henry Sinclair (bishop)'
Henry Sinclair (1508–1565) was a Scottish lord-president | Henry Sinclair (1508–1565) was a Scottish lord-president of the College of Justice, bishop of Dunblane, and a noted scholar.
Sinclair was born in 1508 at Darnley, the son of James Sinclair, 4th Earl of Orkney and his first wife, Agnes Douglas. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh and then studied law at the Inns of Court in London. He was admitted to the bar in 1529 and became an eminent lawyer.
In 1540 Sinclair was appointed Lord-President of the College of Justice, a post he held until his death. During his time as lord-president, Sinclair played a crucial role in reforming the Scottish judiciary. He also served as Bishop of Dunblane from 1541 to 1565.
Sinclair is best known for his scholarly work. He wrote several books on legal subjects, including a treatise on the law of evidence (1547), a book on feudalism (1551), and a history of Scotland (1580). Sinclair also wrote poetry, including a long poem on the life and death of King James V (1542).
Henry Sinclair died in Edinburgh on 21 October 1565. He was buried in Dunblane Cathedral. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.753424 | [
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