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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Mark Finch'
Mark Finch (21 October 1961 – 14 | Mark Finch (21 October 1961 – 14 January 1995) was an English promoter of LGBT cinema. Having founded and expanded several international film festivals he created the first LGBT film market for distributors, sales agents, and independent film producers. Early life
Born in Manchester in 1961 Finch never identified with the city, having moved to Cambridge with his mother and siblings after the divorce of his parents. For the rest of his life he was afflicted with severe bouts of depression and it was in his attempts to escape from these that he developed a passionate interest in film and, to a lesser extent, comics. In 1975 he began to publish a photocopied film fanzine entitled Worlds, which also included reviews of comics and science fiction. The magazine was not the success that he hoped and by 1976, after five issues, he owed £80 to the printer: a substantial sum at the time to a 15-year-old schoolboy. He had already attempted suicide once by paracetamol overdose and although he considered another attempt in the face of such debt, he was cheered by a friend's gift of the requisite sum. | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.321945 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Illinois v. Perkins'
Illinois v. Perkins, 496 US 292 (1990), | Illinois v. Perkins, 496 US 292 (1990), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court that held that undercover police agents did not need to give Miranda warnings when talking to suspects in jail. Miranda warnings, named after the 1966 Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona, are generally required when police interrogate suspects in custody in order to protect the right not to self-incriminate and the right to counsel under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. However, the Court ruled that potential coercion must be evaluated from the suspect's point of view, and if they are unaware that they are speaking to police, they are not under the coercive pressure of a normal interrogation. Background
Lloyd Perkins became a suspect in a murder investigation being conducted by Illinois police when they received a tip from an inmate named Donald Charlton. In March 1986, Charlton and Perkins were inmates together at Graham Correctional Center near Hillsboro, Illinois, and Charlton reported to police that he'd heard Perkins talk about killing someone. The details that Charlton shared were enough to make the tip credible, and it linked Perkins to the 1984 murder of Richard Stephenson in a suburb of East St. Louis, Illinois. | wiki-intro | 0 | 17.890097 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Jeff Balser'
Jeffrey R. Balser (born in 1962) is | Jeffrey R. Balser (born in 1962) is an American architect.
Balser was born in 1962 in Cleveland, Ohio. He attended the Rhode Island School of Design and earned his Bachelor of Architecture degree in 1984. He then went on to earn his Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University in 1987.
Balser has worked as an architect in the United States and internationally. He has been involved in a number of high-profile projects, including the expansion and renovation of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the redesign of the Seattle Space Needle, and the reconstruction of the Deutsche Bank building in Frankfurt, Germany. He currently serves as a professor at Columbia University's School of Architecture. | wiki-intro | 1 | 4.780734 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Alex Tarnoczi'
Sándor "Alex" Tarnóczi is a retired Hungarian | Sándor "Alex" Tarnóczi is a retired Hungarian football (soccer) player who spent eleven seasons in the Major Indoor Soccer League and American Indoor Soccer Association. Tarnoczi, a native of communist Hungary, fled his country along with Julie Hegyi for the United States in November 1980. At the time, both were playing for Csepel SC on a tour of Yugoslavia. The two men walked away from their team and took a flight to Rome where they contacted agents of the Hartford Hellions of the Major Indoor Soccer League. The Hellions then signed them both and cleared their way for immigration into the United States. Tarnoczi spent one season with Hartford. He moved to the New York Arrows for the 1981–1982 season. On 24 December 1981, the Buffalo Stallions purchased Tarnoczi's contract from the Arrows. He began the 1982–1983 season in Buffalo before moving to the Cleveland Force during the season. On 12 December 1986, the Force traded Tarnoczi to the New York Express for a first-round draft pick in the 1987 draft. The Express withdrew from the league and folded at the All Star break. On 13 March 1987, the Dallas Sidekicks signed Tarnoczi on a ten-day contract. Six days later, they placed him on a contract until the end of the season. Tarnoczi then joined the Canton Invaders of the American Indoor Soccer Association. He was captain of the Invaders during their 1988-1989 championship season. In the fall of 1989, Tarnoczi joined the Dayton Dynamo. In January 1990, he moved to the Chicago Power. He began the 1990–1991 season with Chicago. He played the 1992–1993 season with the Invaders. | wiki-intro | 0 | 13.870011 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Aikido techniques'
Aikido techniques are frequently referred to as | Aikido techniques are frequently referred to as waza 技 (which is Japanese for technique, art or skill). Aikido training is based primarily on two partners practicing pre-arranged forms (kata) rather than freestyle practice. The basic pattern is for the receiver of the technique (uke) to initiate an attack against the person who applies the technique—the 取り tori, or shite , (depending on aikido style) also referred to as ( nage (when applying a throwing technique), who neutralises this attack with an aikido technique. Both halves of the technique, that of uke and that of tori, are considered essential to aikido training. Both are studying aikido principles of blending and adaptation. Tori learns to blend with and control attacking energy, while uke learns to become calm and flexible in the disadvantageous, off-balance positions in which tori places him. This "receiving" of the technique is called ukemi. Uke continuously seeks to regain balance and cover vulnerabilities (e.g., an exposed side), while tori uses position and timing to keep uke off-balance and vulnerable. In more advanced training, uke may apply to regain balance and pin or throw tori. | wiki-intro | 0 | 39.624332 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'ILWIS'
Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) | Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) is a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing software for both vector and raster processing. Its features include digitizing, editing, analysis and display of data, and production of quality maps. ILWIS was initially developed and distributed by ITC Enschede (International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation) in the Netherlands for use by its researchers and students. Since 1 July 2007, it has been released as free software under the terms of the GPL-2.0-only license.
Having been used by many students, teachers and researchers for more than two decades, ILWIS is one of the most user-friendly integrated vector and raster software programmes currently available. ILWIS has some very powerful raster analysis modules, a high-precision and flexible vector and point digitizing module, a variety of very practical tools, as well as a great variety of user guides and training modules all available for downloading. The current version is ILWIS 3.8.6.
Similar to the GRASS GIS in many respects, ILWIS is currently available natively only on Microsoft Windows. However, a Linux Wine manual has been released. History | wiki-intro | 0 | 19.213715 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Geatish Society'
The Geatish Society (Götiska Förbundet, also Gothic | The Geatish Society (Götiska Förbundet, also Gothic Society) was a cultural organization in Sweden. It was founded in 1891 and its main purpose was to promote the Geatish language. | wiki-intro | 1 | 13.939646 | [
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How did the whole microchip credit card thing start? Who approved the change and how did it come about? I know it's for security reasons, but so far all it does is slow down my card swiping by about ten times. Please explain like I' m five. | For under $100, you can buy a device that will write a credit card number to the magstrip on a card. There is virtually * zero * security involved there. It was also becoming increasingly common for criminals to place "skimmers"-devices that would capture the number of cards run through it-on ATMs & gas pumps. Those chips, OTOH, are nearly impossible to copy with a single use. It shouldn't be any slower than swiping, but I believe your still working out some kinks in the US. You haven't had them for very long, have you? URL_ 0 Click. Listen. Get hooked. Thank me later. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 47.58778 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'British Asian'
British Asians (also referred to as Asian | British Asians (also referred to as Asian Britons) are a multi-ethnic group of British citizens who are of Asian descent. They constitute a significant and growing minority of the people living in the United Kingdom, with 6.9% of the population identifying as Asian in the 2011 United Kingdom census. This represented a national demographic increase from a 4.4% share of UK population in 2001. Represented predominantly by Desi, census data regarding birthplace and ethnicity demonstrate around a million Asian British people derive their ancestry between East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia and West Asia. Since the 2001 census, British people of general Asian descent have been included in the "Asian/Asian British" grouping ("Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British" grouping in Scotland) of the UK census questionnaires. Categories for British Indians, British Pakistanis, British Bangladeshis, British Chinese and Other Asians have existed under an Asian British heading since the 2011 census. In British English usage, especially in less formal contexts, the term "Asian" usually refers to people who trace their ancestry to the Indian subcontinent (South Asia), contrary to the USA and Australia, where the term "Asian" usually refers to people who trace their ancestry to the Far East (East Asia or Southeast Asia). | wiki-intro | 0 | 14.255002 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Tisleidalen Church'
Tisleidalen Church is a parish church | Tisleidalen Church is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Nord-Aurdal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. It is located in the village of Hovda. It is the church for the Tisleidalen parish which is part of the Valdres prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Hamar. The brown, wooden church was built in a long church design in 1958 using plans drawn up by the architect Karl Stenersen. The church seats about 130 people. History
Starting in 1929, there was a local initiative to build a chapel in the Tisleidalen area. This initiative was put on hold for many years due to World War II. In 1943, a plot of land in Hovda was donated for the purposes of building a cemetery. The cemetery was consecrated and put into use in 1949. On 29 August 1952, permission was given to build an annex chapel at the cemetery. The chapel was designed by Karl Stenersen. The new "Tisleidalen Chapel" was built in 1957 and consecrated in 1958. It was an annex chapel under the main Aurdal Church. In 1996, the chapel was upgraded to parish church status and it was titled "Tisleidalen Church". | wiki-intro | 0 | 40.569412 | [
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Pedo Bear I'm familiar with the meme, I understand dark and subversive humor, but am I supposed to find Pedo Bear funny? Why perpetuate the meme? What value does it have? And yes, I realize the title is unintentionally hilarious. Explain like I' m five. | [It started out] (URL_ 0) on the Japanese site 2channel (which inspired 4chan). A user was playing around with ASCII art in an ASCII-art-only forum and made a bear: くまくま ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ヽ （ ・ (ｪ) ・ ） ノ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━ ━!! Shortly thereafter, people would post it in threads where someone was trolling, as a way of'eating the troll bait.'Eventually, it evolved into more sophisticated ASCII art, and then the picture that we all know today. When it crossed the Pacific, the joke was apparently that everything that comes from Japan is perverted and/or pedophilia-related, so the bear must be pedophilia-related as well. And thus, Pedobear was born. And now he gets posted as a way to imply that someone is acting like a pedophile. Pedobear started as a "tease" joke of sorts. CP wasn't allowed on/b/, so some clever individuals would post CP, censoring the "bad parts" with pedobear. Now it's mostly an ironic joke or as a response to any reference about underage girls being attractive Pedobear is an abstract concept, and thus the style of humour in which he is referenced can vary greatly. That being said, the most common usage of Pedobear I've seen is recontextualizing images. For example, consider the fairly famous (at the time) image of Michael Jackson tossing a baby into the air. Someone added Pedobear into the image such that it looked like Michael Jackson was tossing the baby into Pedobear's arms, thus completely changing the tone of the image. It's rare (for me at least) to find the "Pedobear recontextualization" gag funny, and so you might not understand how recontextualization itself can be a joke. If that's the case, I'd recommend you look at the "successful black man" meme for "better" examples of recontextualization humour: The first half of the sentence implies a certain meaning (e. g. "I hate that nigger"), and then the second half of the sentence complete changes the context of the first half (e. g. "was taken out of Huckleberry Finn.") In terms of "value", a lot comedians assert that we need to be able to joke about any topic, that nothing should be too taboo for jokes, because that's how we can open up the discussion and make progress in those topics. Pedobear is the easiest way to start a discussion about pedophilia. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 23.762007 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Gladys Heldman'
Gladys Medalie Heldman (May 13, 1922 – | Gladys Medalie Heldman (May 13, 1922 – June 11, 2010) was an American mathematician and computer scientist who worked in the area of graph theory.
Born in Brooklyn, New York, Heldman attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where she earned her bachelor's degree in 1944 and her doctorate in 1951. She spent the next two years as a research associate at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, before joining the faculty of Brown University in 1952. Heldman served as director of the Brown Institute for Mathematical Studies from 1978 to 1986, and was a fellow of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Institute of Mathematical Sciences. She retired from Brown in 1987.
Heldman's research focused on problems in graph theory, including the characterization of graphs by their properties and the construction of algorithms for solving problems on graphs. She also developed methods for detecting cycles and links in networks, and was one of the first people to use computers to study graph theory.
Heldman died at her home in Providence, Rhode Island, aged 90. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.327062 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Annette Snell'
Annette Snell (March 22, 1945 – April | Annette Snell (March 22, 1945 – April 4, 1977) was an American rhythm and blues singer who recorded in the 1960s and 1970s. She died in the Southern Airways Flight 242 crash. Biography
She was born Annetta Snell in Orlando, Florida, and in the early 1960s was a member of a vocal backing group, the Mar-Vells. She then became a member of the girl group the Fabulettes, who made several recordings in 1965 and 1966. In 1968, Snell left the group to go to New York, and then to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue a solo career. Under the name Annetta, she recorded "Since There Is No More You" with Paul Kelly. Kelly then brought her to the attention of record producer and music publisher Buddy Killen. More singles came, all written by Kelly, and her greatest success was achieved with the number-19 Billboard rhythm and blues hit "You Oughta' Be Here With Me" in 1973. She followed it up with two more R&B chart hits, also released on the Dial label, the following year, "Get Your Thing Together" (number 44) and "Just as Hooked As I’ve Been" (number 71). | wiki-intro | 0 | 25.727734 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Nağyz Ak Zhol'
The Naǵyz Ak Zhol (English: True Bright | The Naǵyz Ak Zhol (English: True Bright Path) is a former Kazakh political party. It was founded by Bulat Abilov, Altynbek Sarsenbaev, Oraz Jandosov, and Tulegen Zhukeyev, and held its first constituent congress on 29 April 2005. Sarsenbaev was murdered on 12 February 2006, sparking much protest from party opposition. Origin
Its constituent congress was held on 29 April 2005. The party was formed as a split from the Ak Zhol party. Differences between the platforms of Ak Zhol and Naǵyz Ak Zhol parties are vague, if they exist at all. The split seems to be a result of personal struggles within the Ak Zhol leadership, which have effectively plagued Kazakh opposition since independence. On 13 February 2005, Ak Zhol Party co-chairman Alikhan Baimenov, cast a vote of no confidence in Altynbek Sarsenbayev, another co-chairman, alleging that Sarsenbayev had been violating the party constitution prohibiting collaboration with other political parties. Sarsenbayev had been active in the formation of the “Coordinating Council of Democratic Forces,” an alliance including the Communist Party and the Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan movement. Apparently this dispute caused the split in Ak Zhol Party. | wiki-intro | 0 | 44.768505 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Euseby Isham'
Rev. Euseby Isham, D.D. (6 November 1697 | Rev. Euseby Isham, D.D. (6 November 1697 – 17 June 1755) was an English academic administrator at the University of Oxford. Isham was born probably at Lamport Hall in Northamptonshire, to Sir Justinian Isham, 4th Baronet (1658-1730), of Lamport, and his wife Elizabeth Turnor (1666-1713). His father and two older brothers were successively the 4th, 5th and 6th baronets. He matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford in 1716, earning a Bachelor of Arts there in 1718, going on in 1721 to receive a Master of Arts and in 1733 a Doctor of Divinity at Lincoln College, Oxford. Upon entering holy orders while at Oxford, he became Rector in 1729 of Lamport, and was elected in 1731 Rector (head) of Lincoln College, a post he held until 1755. He also served concurrently from 1744 until 1747 as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University. He died in Northamptonshire and is buried there in the Lamport parish church. | wiki-intro | 0 | 13.521509 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Kibar Feyzo'
Kibar Feyzo is a 1978 Turkish comedy | Kibar Feyzo is a 1978 Turkish comedy film directed by Şükrü Ertuğrul and starring Ali Fuat Korkmaz, Nilüfer Göle and Erol Keskin. The film tells the story of a group of friends who travel to Istanbul to spend their summer holidays.
The film was shot on location in Istanbul and released to critical acclaim. It was awarded the Golden Orange Award at the 1978 Cannes Film Festival.
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Jacques de Cambrai'
Jacques de Cambrai (fl. c. 1260–80), sometimes | Jacques de Cambrai (fl. c. 1260–80), sometimes Jaque or Jaikes, was a trouvère from Cambrai. He composed four chansons courtoises, one pastourelle, six devotional chansons, and one Marian rotrouenge. The Berne manuscript preserves all his works, nine of them uniquely. In addition, a chanson and the pastourelle are preserved in the manuscript Oxford Douce 308 and one of the devotional songs is also copied in two other sources. The Berne manuscript notes that his Haute dame, com rose et lis was modelled on (i.e. a contrafactum of) Ausi com l'unicorne sui by Theobald I of Navarre and Mere, douce creature on Quant voi la glaie meure by Raoul de Soissons. Otherwise none of his music survives, though staves for its transcription were prepared. Of all Jacques's works, only his rotrouenge, the Retrowange novelle, has no model mentioned in the manuscripts; its rubric reads only "Jaikes de Cambrai—De Notre Dame" (Jaque of Cambrai—On Our Lady). Jacques's devotional songs emphasise Jesus' humanity and his Passion. These may be directed at the Cathars, who denied Christ's humanity. Jacques was one of the last medieval French poets to express his devotion to Mary primarily through chansons, that is, modelled on the chansons courtoises or love songs. After him the tendency was to use the serventois and even later the chant royal. | wiki-intro | 0 | 80.433838 | [
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why potato chip companies fill their bags with so much air and so little chip I assumed it was a tactic to sell more for less, and be cheap. But is there another reason why? Explain like I' m five. | Potato chip companies fill their bags with air for a few reasons. One reason is to help protect the chips. If the chips are just jumbled together in a bag without any air, they can break or become crushed. The air helps to keep the chips separate and prevent them from getting damaged.
Another reason is to make the bag look full. If the bag was completely full of chips, it might look small and not worth the price. By adding air to the bag, it looks like there are more chips inside, even though there might be less. This can make the bag look like a better value to customers.
Finally, the air in the bag can help to keep the chips fresh. The air helps to prevent the chips from getting too moist, which can make them go stale. So, even though there might be less chips in the bag than you might expect, the air can help to keep them fresh and tasty. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 8.309144 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Putzgruppe'
Putzgruppe (Cleaning Squad) was a German left-wing | Putzgruppe (Cleaning Squad) was a German left-wing political group founded in 1971.
Putzgruppe was a left-wing political group founded in 1971. It was one of the first radical left-wing organizations in West Germany and played an important role in the development of the German Green Party. The group was dissolved in 1987. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.330074 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Bartolomeo di Fruosino'
Bartolomeo di Fruosino (1366 or 1369 – | Bartolomeo di Fruosino (1366 or 1369 – 7 December 1441) was an Italian painter and illuminator of the Florentine School and Renaissance art. Bartolomeo was born, and lived and worked his whole life in Florence. Part of the indecision about his age and birth year comes from differing statements he had made: in 1427 he gave 61, and 64 in 1433. His brother, Giovanni, was a sculptor and possibly a painter as well. Bartolomeo was enrolled in the Guild of Saint Luke of Florence with Agnolo Gaddi since 1394, and worked on the design of the Cappella del Sacro Cingolo of the Prato Cathedral. Between 1402 and 1438, he received many orders for the new hospital of St. Mary, and he died wealthy. He never married. He was also influenced by Lorenzo Monaco. One illumination of a missal of the church San'Egidio in 1421 was signed by him, all other work has been assigned. His works can be found in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Galleria dell'Accademia, and San Marco, Florence. | wiki-intro | 0 | 25.55831 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Robert de Févin'
Robert de Févin (late 15th and early | Robert de Févin (late 15th and early 16th centuries) was a French composer of the Renaissance. He was the brother of Antoine de Févin, a considerably more famous composer at the court of Louis XII of France. Whether he was older or younger than Antoine is not known. Little is known about his life, except that either he was born in Cambrai or Arras, the birthplace of his brother, and his father was an alderman in Arras in 1474. He held the post of maître de chapelle (chorus master) in Cambrai, to the dukes of Savoy, sometime around 1500; he may even have been born there. References to the "brothers Févin" as composers can be found from the time. Robert may have died before about 1518, as evidenced by a memorial note written on a copy of his Missa la sol mi fa re, which was probably copied around that year. | wiki-intro | 0 | 29.678936 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Llorarás'
"Llorarás" (English: You Will Cry) is a | "Llorarás" (English: You Will Cry) is a Mexican telenovela produced by TV Azteca and originally aired from September 15, 2006 to May 5, 2007.
Mónica is a young, beautiful woman who is dumped by her boyfriend and has to start working again. She starts working as a maid in a rich man's house. She falls in love with him and they start a relationship. But he's married. Mónica decides to break up with her boyfriend, but he doesn't want to let her go. She decides to leave him and starts living with her sister. But she still thinks about him and starts to cry all the time. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.657325 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Don Macek'
Donald Matthew Macek (born July 21, | Donald Matthew Macek (born July 21, 1947) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers and Chicago Black Hawks.
Macek played collegiate hockey at the University of Minnesota. He was drafted by the Flyers in the first round, 11th overall, of the 1967 NHL Amateur Draft. He made his NHL debut with Philadelphia in 1971. He also played for the Blackhawks and Los Angeles Kings. Macek retired after the 1988–89 season. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.518833 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'William Gladstone Ross'
William Gladstone Ross (January 14, 1889 – | William Gladstone Ross (January 14, 1889 – January 14, 1948) was a lawyer and political figure in Saskatchewan. He represented Moose Jaw City from 1927 to 1929 and from 1934 to 1944 in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan as a Liberal. He was born near Moose Jaw, the son of George M. Ross and Flora McGillivray, and was educated there and at Queen's University. Ross then studied law and was called to the Saskatchewan bar in 1915. In the same year, he married Dorothea L. Scott. He served on the Moose Jaw City Council. In 1917, Ross ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the provincial assembly. He was first elected in a 1927 by-election held after William Erskine Knowles was named a judge; he was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1929. Ross was president of the Moose Jaw Red Cross Society and served on the board of governors for the Moose Jaw General Hospital. After leaving politics, Ross was named to the Saskatchewan Court of King's Bench. He died of cancer in Rochester, Minnesota. | wiki-intro | 0 | 12.035694 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Asterolasia trymalioides'
Asterolasia trymalioides, commonly known as alpine star-bush, | Asterolasia trymalioides, commonly known as alpine star-bush, is a species of erect, sometimes prostrate shrub that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has leathery, narrow elliptical to circular leaves densely covered with star-shaped hairs on the lower surface, and yellow flowers arranged singly in small groups on the ends of branchlets, the back of the petals covered with brown, star-shaped hairs. Description
Asterolasia trymalioides is a prostrate to erect shrub that typically grows to a height of . It has narrow elliptical to circular leaves that are about long with the edges turned under. The leaves are glossy green on the upper surface and covered with white to brown hairs underneath. The flowers are arranged singly or in small groups on the ends of branchlets, each flower sessile with small leaf-like bracts at their base. The five petals are yellow, long, and densely covered with brown, woolly, star-shaped hairs on the back. Flowering occurs in early summer. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.24151 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Religion in Cuba'
Cuba's prevailing religion is Christianity, primarily Roman | Cuba's prevailing religion is Christianity, primarily Roman Catholicism. Islam is also present, although without a significant following. There are also small numbers of Protestants, Jews, and Bahá'ís.
Cuba has a long history of religious diversity. The first known inhabitants of the island were the Taínos, who practiced a polytheistic religion. After the arrival of the Spanish, Christianity became the dominant religion. During the years of Spanish colonialism, Cuba was home to large Catholic and Protestant majorities, as well as a number of indigenous religions including Palo Monte and Santería.
In 1959, Fidel Castro led a revolution that overthrew the Cuban government and ended Spanish colonialism. Castro's regime promoted atheism and outlawed all religious institutions in Cuba. During the years of Castro's rule, religious diversity decreased drastically as churches were closed and religious leaders were persecuted. In 2004, after more than 50 years of restrictions on religious freedom, Castro lifted most restrictions on religious practice in Cuba.
Today, Christianity is the predominant religion in Cuba. The Catholic Church has regained its power and influence since 2004; however, there is also a growing Muslim community. Judaism and Bahá'í Faith have also begun to grow in recent years. | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.245795 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Persoonia nutans'
Persoonia nutans, commonly known as the nodding | Persoonia nutans, commonly known as the nodding onion, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand and the only member of its genus.
The nodding onion is a small, perennial herb with a stem up to 30 cm long and a single, nodding onion-like bulb up to 15 cm in diameter. The leaves are linear, up to 8 cm long and 2 cm wide, and have a serrated margin. The flowers are white, with a yellow centre, and are borne on long stems above the leaves. The flowers are pollinated by bees and the fruit is a small capsule containing two seeds. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.45602 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Jo Dee Messina'
Jo Dee Marie Messina (born August 25, | Jo Dee Marie Messina (born August 25, 1970) is an American country music artist. She has charted six number-one singles on the Billboard country music charts. She has been honored by the Country Music Association and the Academy of Country Music, and has been nominated for two Grammy Awards. She was the first female country artist to score three multiple-week number-one songs from the same album. To date, she has two platinum and three gold-certified albums by the RIAA. Messina debuted in 1996 with the single "Heads Carolina, Tails California." Her album was certified gold by the RIAA. Her second album, I'm Alright, produced five top-10 country hits between 1998 and 1999, and sold over a million copies in America. Since her debut, six of her singles have peaked at number one on the Billboard country singles chart and five of her albums have received a certification by the RIAA or the CRIA. She has sold over 5 million records worldwide. | wiki-intro | 0 | 11.812319 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Gnatusuchus'
Gnatusuchus is an extinct genus of caiman | Gnatusuchus is an extinct genus of caiman from the Late Cretaceous of North America. It was first recognized in the early 1990s and is considered to be a basal caiman, meaning that it is the most basal member of its family. The genus contains only one known species, Gnatusuchus antirrhopus.
Gnatusuchus was a large caiman that lived in the Late Cretaceous of North America. It was first recognized in the early 1990s and is considered to be a basal caiman, meaning that it is the most basal member of its family. The genus contains only one known species, Gnatusuchus antirrhopus. Gnatusuchus was about long and had a long, low skull. Its body was covered in large scales, giving it an armored appearance. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.964009 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Patience Ozokwor'
Patience Ozokwor, born 14 September 1958, | Patience Ozokwor, born 14 September 1958, is a Nigerian writer, and editor.
Patience Ozokwor was born in 1958 in Ibadan, Nigeria. She is a writer, editor, and cultural critic. Ozokwor has published twelve books of fiction and non-fiction, as well as essays and articles in various media. Her work has been translated into French, German, Greek, Spanish, Italian, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch, Polish and Turkish.
Ozokwor's first book of fiction, "The Interpreter" (1989), tells the story of a Yoruba woman who is forced to leave Nigeria for England after the military coup of 1966. In "The Famished Road" (1992), Ozokwor tells the story of a woman who travels from her home in Lagos to famine-struck Biafra in the late 1960s. Ozokwor's most recent book is "Days Without End" (2015).
Ozokwor has also written essays on subjects such as women's writing, cultural identity, and post-colonialism. She has been a critic for "The New York Times", "The Guardian", "Nigeria Review", and other publications. Ozokwor was awarded the Order of the Federal Republic of Germany in 2013 for her contributions to German-speaking literature. | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.221781 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Operation Hardtack II'
Operation Hardtack II was a series of | Operation Hardtack II was a series of air raids conducted by the United States in the spring of 1943 against Axis airfields in Italy and Yugoslavia.
The operation was designed to disrupt the German air campaign against Allied forces in Italy and Yugoslavia and to create a diversion while Allied forces prepared for the invasion of Sicily. The raids were also intended to provide an opportunity for Allied forces to gain experience in strategic bombing.
The first phase of Operation Hardtack II began on 9 April 1943 and ended on 15 April. The second phase began on 16 April and ended on 30 April. The final phase began on 1 May and ended on 15 May. During the operation, the United States flew 2,097 missions over northern Italy and Yugoslavia, dropping a total of 1,527 tons of bombs. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.073768 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Manfred Kohrs'
Manfred Kohrs (born 24 January 1957) | Manfred Kohrs (born 24 January 1957) is a German keyboardist and composer. He has played with the Jazz quartet Asia, the rock band Rammstein, and the symphonic orchestra Berliner Philharmoniker.
Kohrs was born in Berlin, Germany. He began his musical career as a keyboardist in the jazz quartet Asia. He then joined the rock band Rammstein, where he played on their albums "Reise, Reise" (1993), "Mutter" (1995), and "Sehnsucht" (1997). He also played on the soundtracks to the films "Das Boot" (1981) and "Der Fluch der Karibik" (1989). In 2001, he joined the symphonic orchestra Berliner Philharmoniker as a keyboardist. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.969714 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'HD 170657'
HD 170657 is a star in the | HD 170657 is a star in the southern constellation Sagittarius. It is a suspected variable star that has been measured ranging in apparent visual magnitude from 6.82 down to 6.88, which is dim enough to be a challenge to view with the naked eye even under ideal conditions. The star is located at a distance of 43 light years from the Sun based on parallax. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of −43 km/s, and is predicted to come as close as in around 266,200 years. The space velocity components of this star are = . This is a K-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of K2V, which indicates that, much like the Sun, it is generating energy at its core using hydrogen fusion. The star has 79% of the mass of the Sun and 75% of the Sun's radius. It is nearly eight billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 4.2 The star is radiating 33.6% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,133 K. When observed with the Spitzer Space Telescope, this star did not display an excess emission of infrared radiation, which may otherwise indicate the presence of an orbiting debris disk. | wiki-intro | 0 | 20.620365 | [
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Why is it easier to remember images/pictures as compared to textual words? Simply put, why is it easier to remember someone's face then their name? Why are so memory techniques revolving around forming imagery connections(apart from mnemonics and rhymes)? Please explain like I' m five. | It is generally easier to remember images and pictures compared to textual words because our brains are wired to process and remember visual information more effectively. The human brain is very good at recognizing and remembering patterns, shapes, and colors, and it can process visual information much faster than text.One reason it is easier to remember someone's face rather than their name is that our brains are more attuned to processing and recognizing faces. We are exposed to a large number of faces throughout our lives and our brains are very efficient at distinguishing between different faces and remembering them. In contrast, we are not as good at remembering names because they are often more abstract and less distinct than faces.Memory techniques that involve forming imagery connections, such as mnemonic devices and rhymes, can be helpful because they allow us to create a mental picture or story that is easier to remember. By linking the information we want to remember with a vivid, visual image or a memorable phrase, we can more easily recall the information later on. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 10.009232 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'IQ (band)'
IQ are a British neo-progressive rock band | IQ are a British neo-progressive rock band from London, England, formed in 2002. The band consists of vocalist and guitarist Robert Fripp, keyboardist and guitarist Jonny Greenwood, bassist Guy Davie, and drummer Will Champion.
IQ were initially a two-piece consisting of Fripp on vocals and guitar, and Greenwood on keyboards and guitar. Davie joined the band in 2004, and Champion replaced Greenwood as their drummer the following year. The band's debut album, "IQ" (2004), was a critically acclaimed success, scoring high reviews from magazines such as "Q", "Rock Hard", "Kerrang!", and "NME".
Their second album, "The Upper Hand" (2006), also received positive reviews but failed to achieve the same commercial success as their debut album. This was partly due to the band's decision to forgo touring in support of the album in order to focus on writing new material.
In 2007, the band released their third album, "Doubt" which saw them experiment with new sounds including dubstep and electronica. While the album received mixed reviews from critics it was more successful commercially than their previous releases.
In 2010, IQ released their fourth studio album "The Advent of Panacea" which again received mixed reviews but was once again more successful commercially than their previous releases. In 2012 they released an EP titled "The Fall of Troy" which consisted of new material written during a break between tours. The band then took a break | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.765265 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Fix the Debt'
Fix the Debt is a group of | Fix the Debt is a group of executives and former legislators who campaign for deficit reduction and tax reform. The Campaign to Fix the Debt was founded in July 2012 by Erskine Bowles and Alan Simpson. In September 2012 they wrote, "If we can't get members of Congress to put aside their ultra-partisanship and pull together rather than apart, we face the most predictable economic crisis in history." The Campaign comprises a variety of socio-economic and political views and engages business and government leaders alongside American citizens. Leadership
Fix the Debt is chaired by Judd Gregg and Edward Rendell. In March 2017 they wrote of rising national debt, "Both parties have contributed to the problem, and leaders in both are unwilling to ruffle feathers and make the tough choices needed." They said of gross national debt exceeding $22 trillion in February 2019, "This milestone is another sad reminder of the inexcusable tab our nation's leaders continue to run up and will leave for the next generation." | wiki-intro | 0 | 29.692022 | [
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The Ghent Student Regatta is a boat | The Ghent Student Regatta is a boat race that is run annually in Ghent, Belgium. The race is run on the Scheldt River and is often referred to as the "Grand Prix of the North". The event typically attracts between 1,500 and 2,000 participants from around the world.
The Ghent Student Regatta was first organized in 1907 and has been held annually since then. The race has been won by a number of notable boat crews, including those from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and United Kingdom. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.440207 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Ilkley Rugby Club'
Ilkley Rugby Club is an English rugby | Ilkley Rugby Club is an English rugby union club based in Ilkley, West Yorkshire. The first XV team play in North 1 East League, The Club has been strengthened this summer with a large influx of new players mainly from West Park. Coupled with the proposed league restructuring in the 2021-22 season and a good performance in North One East League this year, we have a good chance to return to the new Level 5 where there will be 3 level 5 leagues instead of 2, all whilst not paying a single player. Ilkley also had a very successful sevens team who reached great heights in the 2017 season winning the national sevens competition! Most of this squad have gone on to secure semi professional contracts. Honours
Yorkshire Shield winners (3): 1993/4, 2010/11, 2013/14
Yorkshire 2 promotion: 2003/04
Durham/Northumberland 1 v Yorkshire 1 promotion play-off winners: 2007–08
Yorkshire 1 champions: 2013–14
North 1 East champions: 2014–15
National Intermediate Cup finalists: 2014
National Sevens Champions: 2017 | wiki-intro | 0 | 29.020067 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Purdy Boat Company'
The Purdy Boat Company, of Port Washington, | The Purdy Boat Company, of Port Washington, Long Island, New York was one of the most famous makers of custom yachts and racing boats in the 1920s and 1930s. The name "Purdy" evokes a bygone era of classic race boats and cruisers custom designed and built by James Gilbert Purdy's sons, Ned and Gil Purdy, and their families. The company and its boats represent an era of New York society comparable to what "Tiffany occupies in the jewelry business." As T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) wrote in July 1930, "My boat's maker is the Purdy Boat Co . . . and its class name is the Biscayne Baby . . . . They are the ... best things the States have made, I think." One of the Purdy Boat Company's most famous works was the Aphrodite, built for multimillionaire John Hay Whitney. "APHRODITE'S guest list over the years reads like a "Who's Who" in the worlds of government, business and entertainment with such luminaries as Fred Astaire, Sir Laurence Olivier, Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Henry Ford II, FDR advisor Harry Hopkins and Nelson Rockefeller aboard for summer day cruises down Long Island Sound. APHRODITE also once served as the site for a birthday party for Shirley Temple." | wiki-intro | 0 | 29.923353 | [
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Would every FX currency pair or public stock that is under the 30 level using Relative Strength Index (RSI) be an undervalued pair? | No. The long-term valuation of currencies has to do with Purchasing Power Parity. The long-term valuation of stocks has to do with revenues, expenses, market sizes, growth rates, and interest rates. In the short term, currency and stock prices change for many reasons, including interest rate changes, demand for goods and services, asset price changes, political fears, and momentum investing. In any given time window, a currency or stock might be: The Relative Strength Index tries to say whether a currency or stock has recently been rising or falling; it does not inherently say anything about whether the current value is high or low. | hc3-finance | 0 | 16.264441 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Spanky Wilson'
Spanky Wilson (born c. 1947) is an | Spanky Wilson (born c. 1947) is an American soul, funk and jazz vocalist, who has performed internationally and recorded several albums since the late 1960s. Biography
She was born in Philadelphia as Louella Wilson, and was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, reputedly gaining the nickname "Spanky" as a result of the spankings she received from her father. She started singing as a child and after an early marriage, began performing in clubs aged 17 with Stanley Turrentine. She was soon recruited by Jimmy McGriff for a national tour, which ended in 1967 in Los Angeles, California. There, she sang in clubs and was introduced to H. B. Barnum, who invited her to record. She sang as a backing vocalist on records by Letta Mbulu, O. C. Smith, Lou Rawls and others, before releasing her first single, "The Last Day of Summer", produced by Barnum and released in early 1969. This was followed by the album Spankin' Brand New (1969), on which all the songs were written by Howlett Smith. Wilson released several further singles on Mothers Records, a label set up in Hollywood by Jay Ward, and two more albums, Doin' It (1969) and Let It Be (1970). She also appeared on nationally networked TV shows, and made her international debut in 1970 at the Rio de Janeiro Song Festival in Brazil. | wiki-intro | 0 | 20.81497 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Stipe Šuvar'
Stipe Šuvar (17 February 1936 – 29 | Stipe Šuvar (17 February 1936 – 29 June 2004) was a Croatian politician and sociologist who was regarded to have been one of the most influential communist politicians in the League of Communists of Croatia in Socialist Republic of Croatia during Yugoslavia and later in modern Croatia. He entered top politics in 1972 being co-opted to the Central Committee (CC) of the League of Communists of Croatia (LCC). Two years later he became Croatian minister of education and performed a controversial educational reform in Croatia. In 1980s he was a member of the Presidency of the LCC's CC, then a member and President of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY). In 1989 Croatian Parliament elected Šuvar a member of the Presidency of Yugoslavia but dismissed him one year later when, after the first multi-party elections in Croatia, it was already dominated by the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) of Franjo Tuđman. | wiki-intro | 0 | 10.978907 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Micropolix'
Micropolix is a privately held Spanish family | Micropolix is a privately held Spanish family-owned company that specializes in the development, production and sales of advanced semiconductor materials.
Micropolix was founded in 1981 by José María López-González and his father, Manuel López-González. The company has since grown to become one of the leading providers of advanced semiconductor materials, with a portfolio that includes III-V materials, interconnects and optoelectronics.
Micropolix operates facilities in Spain, the United States and Japan. The company has a staff of more than 1,000 people and is listed on the Euronext stock exchange (MIP). | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.21736 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'The Fixer (song)'
"The Fixer" is a song by the | "The Fixer" is a song by the American rock band Maroon 5. The song was written by Adam Levine and Jesse Carmichael, with production helmed by the band's frontman Adam Levine. The Fixer was first released as a single on October 12, 2017, through Interscope Records.
The Fixer is Maroon 5's nineteenth single and the fifth from their sixth studio album "Red Pill Blues" (2018). The song was written by Adam Levine and Jesse Carmichael, with production helmed by the band's frontman Adam Levine.
The Fixer is an electronic and soulful ballad which tells the story of a relationship on the brink of breaking down. The song is about a man who tries to fix what's wrong in his relationship but eventually realizes he can't do it alone.
TheFixerLyrics.com says:
"The Fixer" is a song about a relationship that is on the brink of breaking down. The protagonist tries to fix what's wrong in their relationship but eventually realizes he can't do it alone. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.791958 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Patrick Liddell'
Patrick Liddell is a composer and video | Patrick Liddell is a composer and video artist living in Oakland, California. He earned his Doctor of Music from Northwestern University in 2009. His thesis is titled "Arrow To The Sun: Postmodernism As Compositional Tool", which outlines the contextual processes in postmodernist art, as well as includes a detailed description of the compositional, theoretical, and contextual framework for all his output. The music from "Arrow To The Sun" was the basis for Liddell's first solo studio release. Career
He has worked as a member of many ensembles within many genres, including The Zvooks (ska, reggae, Chicago/Germany), Function Ensemble (progressive rock, Melbourne/Chicago), Maurice (math rock, Chicago), The University of Chicago Gamelan, aperiodic (art music, Chicago), The University of California, Berkeley Gamelan (Javanese, Sari Raras), Gamelan Encinal (new music, Mills College, Oakland, CA), Gamelan Sekar Jaya (Balinese, Berkeley, CA), Steady Eddy And The Shakers (soul and funk covers, San Francisco), and ANiMA Art And Music (electronic, Seattle). | wiki-intro | 0 | 32.286518 | [
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what causes a small bowel obstruction | A small bowel obstruction can be caused by a number of things, including:\n\nAdhesions: Scar tissue that forms after surgery can cause the small intestine to become stuck to other organs or structures.\n\nHernias: Hernias occur when part of the intestine protrudes through a weak point in the abdominal wall. This can cause a blockage in the intestine.\n\nCrohn's disease: This chronic inflammatory bowel disease can cause scarring and inflammation in the small intestine, leading to a blockage.\n\nTumors: Both cancerous and non-cancerous tumors can grow in the small intestine and cause a blockage.\n\nIntestinal twists: Sometimes, a portion of the intestine can become twisted, which can cause a blockage.\n\nForeign bodies: Objects that are swallowed, such as coins or toys, can become stuck in the small intestine and cause a blockage.\n\nSymptoms of a small bowel obstruction may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. It is important to see a healthcare provider if you are experiencing these symptoms, as a small bowel obstruction can be a serious condition that requires medical attention. A small bowel obstruction is a blockage that prevents the small intestine from being able to move food and gas through it. There are several potential causes of a small bowel obstruction, including:\n\nScar tissue or adhesions from previous surgery: This is a common cause of small bowel obstruction. Scar tissue or adhesions can form after surgery and can cause the intestine to become stuck or stuck together.\n\nHernias: Hernias occur when a portion of the intestine protrudes through a weak point in the abdominal wall. This can cause a small bowel obstruction if the intestine becomes trapped in the hernia.\n\nInflammatory bowel disease: Inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, can cause swelling and scarring in the intestine, which can lead to a small bowel obstruction.\n\nTumors: Tumors in the small intestine can cause a small bowel obstruction if they grow large enough to block the passage of food and gas.\n\nForeign objects: Occasionally, small bowel obstructions can be caused by foreign objects, such as coins or small toys, that are accidentally swallowed and become stuck in the intestine.\n\nSymptoms of a small bowel obstruction may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and bloating. If you suspect that you or someone you know may be experiencing a small bowel obstruction, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A small bowel obstruction is a blockage in the small intestine, which is a part of the digestive tract. The most common causes of small bowel obstruction are:\n\nAdhesions: Scar tissue that forms after surgery or inflammation can cause the small intestine to stick together, resulting in a blockage.\n\nHernias: Hernias occur when a part of the intestine protrudes through a weakness in the abdominal wall, causing a blockage.\n\nCrohn's disease: This chronic inflammatory bowel disease can cause scarring and narrowing of the small intestine, leading to a blockage.\n\nIntestinal tumors: Tumors in the small intestine can grow large enough to obstruct the intestine.\n\nForeign bodies: Accidentally swallowing a foreign object, such as a toy or piece of food, can cause a blockage in the small intestine.\n\nVolvulus: This is a condition in which a portion of the intestine twists upon itself, causing a blockage.\n\nSymptoms of a small bowel obstruction may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and bloating. If left untreated, a small bowel obstruction can lead to serious complications, including infection and perforation of the intestine. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the blockage. | hc3-open_qa | 1 | 5.558206 | [
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What exactly is a configuration space? I have looked at the wikipedia article, but it didn't help my understanding at all. Explain like I' m five. | One thing to add to RandomExcess'explanation below is the notion of whether or not configurations are reachable from each other-there can certainly be cases of'* you can't get there from here *'. In neural nets for business processes, for example, you might have to bound the set of all configurations to'only those which don't break the equipment'. This might prevent you from reaching some optimal solution that is out there, since you can only go'via'ones that are'safe'. So configuration space isn't _ only _ the set of all possible configurations, it's also the mapping between those configurations, and probably includes some Criterion Function (called a CF) to optimize those configurations over. Some configurations, given a CF, may be'local optima'or attractors, so that if you start at one spot and let it start improving, it always ends up in that final configuration. When people talk about a * configuration * they typically mean some particular set-up or initial values, for instance, * default values * are one particular configuration. The * configuration space * is just the collection or set of all possible configurations. When you're describing a system of some sort, the configuration space is the space of possible configurations that that system can take. You associate one dimension of the configuration space with each parameter of the system. The combination of all these dimensions produces the configuration space. For example, a * phase space * is a particular kind of six-dimensional configuration space, where three of the coordinates represent the physical position of a particle and the other three represent its velocity. The idea is that each point of the configuration space completely describes one possible configuration of the system. There are no features that are unaccounted for. It makes some situations easier to reason about. For example, when considering a particle moving through a gravitational field, you can draw a phase space diagram and see a solid boundary between (position, momentum) pairs that allow a particle to escape the gravitational field, and those which see it trapped in orbit. Such a boundary wouldn't exist if you just drew the three-dimensional position diagram, because two particles in the same place could have very different velocities. The topology of the phase space can also encode properties of the system. For example, one of the parameters could be an angle, that wraps around to 0 ° after reaching 359 °. This would create a phase space like a torus, or a cylinder, or some higher-dimensional equivalent. Or perhaps there are restrictions on some parameters, like two particles that can't occupy the same space at the same time. This would create a hole or gap in the phase space. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 25.891695 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Souley Abdoulaye'
Souley Abdoulaye (born 1965) is a Nigerien | Souley Abdoulaye (born 1965) is a Nigerien politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Niger from 28 September 1994 to 8 February 1995. He later served in the government under President Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara as Minister of Transport from 1996 to 1997 and then as Minister of the Interior, in charge of police and internal security, from 1997 to 1999. Minister of Trade, Transport, and Tourism
A member of the Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama (CDS), Abdoulaye was named Minister of Trade, Transport, and Tourism on 23 April 1993, part of the government of the Alliance of the Forces of Change (AFC), a coalition of parties that included the CDS, under Prime Minister Mahamadou Issoufou. This followed the victory of Mahamane Ousmane, the CDS leader, in the second round of the presidential election in March. Abdoulaye was considered close to Ousmane, serving as his campaign manager and as the treasurer of the CDS. | wiki-intro | 0 | 13.481584 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on '2020–21 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy'
The 2020–21 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy was a first-class | The 2020–21 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy was a first-class domestic cricket competition that took place in Karachi, Pakistan, from 25 October 2020 to 5 January 2021. Central Punjab cricket team were the defending champions. Central Punjab started their title defence poorly, with no wins from their first five matches. Despite being bottom in the table at the half-way point of the tournament, they won four of the next five matches to finish second in the table, advancing to the final with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The final finished in a tie, with Central Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa sharing the title. It was the first time the final of the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy had been tied, and the first tie in the final of a domestic first-class cricket tournament. Central Punjab's Hasan Ali was named the player of the final and the tournament. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa batsman Kamran Ghulam set a new record for runs scored during a Quaid-e-Azam Trophy season with 1,249; the previous record had stood since 1983–84. | wiki-intro | 0 | 10.934774 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Edward McLarty'
Edward McLarty (1 December 1848 – 13 | Edward McLarty (1 December 1848 – 13 October 1921) was an Australian lawyer and politician who served as the 25th Premier of Victoria from 1896 to 1899.
Edward McLarty was born in Melbourne on 1 December 1848, the son of John McLarty, a Scottish immigrant and furniture maker, and his Irish wife, Elizabeth (née Murphy). He was educated at Scotch College and the University of Melbourne, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1871 and a Bachelor of Laws in 1874.
McLarty commenced practice as a lawyer in Melbourne in 1874. In 1876 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for East Melbourne, serving until he resigned his seat in 1886 to become secretary to the Minister for Lands. He returned to the Assembly as the member for North Melbourne in 1889 and served until his election as Premier on 16 December 1896.
As Premier, McLarty implemented a number of reforms, including land reform, education reform, and labour legislation. He also promoted economic development by creating public works departments and establishing state monopolies on certain industries. However, McLarty's government was beset by financial difficulties and he resigned office in 1899 after less than two years in office.
After leaving politics, McLarty resumed his legal practice. He died at his home in Brighton on 13 October 1921 aged 79. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.397863 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'New Coeln, Wisconsin'
New Coeln (also called New Cöln, New | New Coeln (also called New Cöln, New Coln, and Neu Cöln) is an unincorporated community located in the town of New Richmond, Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The community is located on the north shore of Lake Winnebago. New Coeln has a post office with ZIP code 53949.
New Coeln was first settled around 1853. The community was named after Cologne, Germany. A post office was established at New Coeln in 1853, and it remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1924. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.996609 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Summerseat (Morrisville, Pennsylvania)'
Summerseat, also known as the George Clymer | Summerseat, also known as the George Clymer House, is a historic home located at Morrisville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. It was built about 1792, and is a 2 1/2-story, five bay by three bay, stone dwelling in the Federal style. It has a gable roof, clapboard siding, and a stone foundation. The house was extensively renovated in the 1930s.
George Clymer (1740-1806) was a signer of the United States Constitution and a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention. He was also a successful lawyer and politician who served in both the Pennsylvania General Assembly and as Attorney General of Pennsylvania. Clymer was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from Pennsylvania. He chose Morrisville as the site for his summer home because it was near Philadelphia but away from the city's corruption. Clymer spent summers at his home from 1792 until his death in 1806.
The house remained in the Clymer family until 1897, when it was purchased by John Cogan. Cogan operated a gas station on the property until 1937, when he sold it to Morrisville developer Frank W. Abell. Abell renovated the house extensively, adding two additional stories and a wrap-around porch. The Summerseat mansion served as Abell's home from 1937 until his death in 1978. The house then passed through several owners before being purchased by its present owner, who undertook another extensive renovation in 2004.
The Summerseat mansion is now used as a | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.334119 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Needler's'
Needler's was a sweet manufacturer based in | Needler's was a sweet manufacturer based in Kingston upon Hull, England. The company was founded in the 19th century and sold to Hillsdown Holdings in 1986. History
Needler's owes its existence to Frederick Needler, who was born at Arnold, Skirlaugh, near Kingston upon Hull, England, on 12 December 1864. The family name appears to have been mis-spelt, as Frederick was the son of George Needley, a paint-factory employee, who died from typhoid in September 1872, age 37. Frederick attended St John's School, Newland, in Hull. His first job in about 1878, at age fourteen, was in a tea and coffee warehouse in High Street. In the 1881 Census, he is described as a grocer's apprentice. At age eighteen, he became a bookkeeper to Edward Buckton, who had a small manufacturing confectionery business near Paragon Station in Hull. In about 1886, using money from his mother, he bought this business for £100. He moved the premises to Anne Street, where he is known to have had two staff — a sugar boiler and a boy named Watson. They had a horse and cart for making deliveries. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.70961 | [
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Please explain what is "Sensitivity and specificity" | In medical testing, sensitivity and specificity are two important measures that are used to evaluate the performance of a diagnostic test.
Sensitivity refers to the proportion of positive cases that are correctly identified by the test. In other words, it is the ability of a test to correctly identify those who have the disease or condition. A test with high sensitivity will correctly identify most people with the disease, while a test with low sensitivity will miss many cases of the disease.
Specificity, on the other hand, refers to the proportion of negative cases that are correctly identified by the test. It is the ability of a test to correctly identify those who do not have the disease. A test with high specificity will correctly identify most people who do not have the disease, while a test with low specificity will incorrectly identify many people as having the disease when they do not.
Both sensitivity and specificity are important characteristics of a diagnostic test, as a test with high sensitivity will accurately identify most cases of the disease, while a test with high specificity will accurately rule out most cases where the disease is not present. A test with both high sensitivity and specificity is considered to be a reliable and accurate diagnostic tool. | hc3-wiki_csai | 1 | 6.186229 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Spokane Shock'
The Spokane Shock were a professional indoor | The Spokane Shock were a professional indoor American football team based in Spokane, Washington, that played their home games at the Spokane Veterans Memorial Arena. The team was initially a member of arenafootball2 (af2), the Shock won division titles in all four seasons and ArenaCups in 2006 and 2009 before they joined the Arena Football League (AFL) in its 2010 relaunch. The team advanced to the playoffs three times after joining the AFL, winning ArenaBowl XXIII in their first season, making them the only arena football franchise to win both the ArenaCup and the ArenaBowl. The AFL franchise was folded in October 2015 and the ownership group obtained a franchise in the Indoor Football League (IFL), known as the Spokane Empire, as the rights to the Shock name still belonged to the AFL. They played in the IFL as the Empire for the 2016 and 2017 seasons. On July 12, 2017, owner Nader Naini announced that the Empire would cease operations, citing financial issues. About a year after the Empire folded, Naini claims to have traded the Empire branding to the AFL for the original Shock trademarks. | wiki-intro | 0 | 20.844156 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Julien (opera)'
Julien, ou La vie du poète (Julien, | Julien, ou La vie du poète (Julien, or The Poet's Life) is a poème lyrique, or opera, by composer Gustave Charpentier. The work is devised in a prologue and four acts and uses a French libretto by the composer. Julien is a sequel to Charpentier's Louise (1900) and describes the artistic aspirations of Louise's suitor Julien. The opera premiered in Paris at the Salle Favart on 4 June 1913. Background and performance history
Like that of Louise, the plot of Julien is semi-autobiographical and requires many characters and chorus roles; in Julien, the female lead portrays four smaller characters in addition to the role of Louise. The opera integrates elements of an earlier composition, La vie du poète, a symphony-drama of 1888–1889. The chorus consists largely of filles du rêve ("girls of the dream"), fairies, and chimeras as well as various men's roles, mainly different kinds of working class men. Charpentier stated that, except in the prologue, "Louise and the various characters who surround Julien are not so much real people as an exteriorized realization of their inner souls". | wiki-intro | 0 | 38.597324 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Sheikh Danun'
Sheikh Dannun ; also transliterated as Sheikh | Sheikh Dannun ; also transliterated as Sheikh Danun and Sheikh Danon) is an Arab village located in Israel's Northern District. Since 1948, it has been made up of two old villages – Shaykh Danun and Shaykh Dawud (or Daud, meaning "David") – which were merged, and are now jointly referred to as Sheikh Dannun. Located on a hill overlooking the plains of Acre, both of these old villages were built around a tomb for a sheikh, and share a similar history. It falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Asher Regional Council, and in it had a population of . History
The history of the site is ancient. Burial chambers dated to the Intermediate Bronze Age were discovered in the north of the modern day village, at the end of a shaft leading from a man-made cave carved into the northern slope of the chalk hill upon which Sheikh Dawud is situated. Potsherds dating to the Byzantine and Ottoman periods have also been collected at the site. An old quarry has been excavated, including a small area probably used as a winepress. | wiki-intro | 0 | 26.025898 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Cathy Pill'
Cathy Pill is a Belgian fashion designer, | Cathy Pill is a Belgian fashion designer, who has worked for the likes of Jean Paul Gaultier, Yves Saint Laurent and Sarah Burton. Pill founded her own fashion line in 2006, and has since garnered international acclaim for her sophisticated and avant-garde approach to womenswear.
Cathy Pill was born in Belgium in 1971. After completing her studies at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, she began her career as a designer at the French fashion house Jean Paul Gaultier in 1995. She stayed with Gaultier for six years, during which time she helped create some of the brand's most iconic pieces, including the dress that actress Charlize Theron wore to the Academy Awards in 2003.
In 2006, Cathy Pill founded her own fashion line, which has since gained a reputation for its sophisticated and avant-garde approach to womenswear. Her collections have been exhibited at some of the world's most prestigious fashion venues, including Paris Fashion Week, and she has collaborated with some of the world's leading designers, including Yves Saint Laurent and Sarah Burton. In 2018, Cathy Pill was awarded an honorary degree from London's Royal College of Art. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.677446 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Stylocheilus striatus'
Stylocheilus striatus is a species of sea | Stylocheilus striatus is a species of sea hare found in the Indo-pacific region living from the intertidal zone to a depth of 30 metres. Common names include lined sea hare, blue ring sea hare and furry sea hare. Mature animals can reach sizes of up to 65 mm in length and are brown in colour with blue spots. Their diet mainly consists of blue algae. They play an important role in controlling toxic blooms of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Description
This small sea hare has a cigar-shaped body and can reach a length of . There is no shell, and the gills can be seen through the translucent brownish body, between the parapodia. The body has fine brown or green, longitudinal striations and spots, and there is a bluish central area. The eyes are at the base of the rhinophores and the head bears two pairs of tentacles. The body is covered with numerous simple or branched papillae. | wiki-intro | 0 | 20.415705 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Ivy Ling Po'
Huang Yu-chun (born 16 November 1939 in | Huang Yu-chun (born 16 November 1939 in Shantou, Republic of China), known by her final stage name Ivy Ling Po, is a retired Hong Kong actress and Chinese opera singer. She is best known for a number of mega-hit Huangmei opera films in the 1960s, especially The Love Eterne (1963) which made her an Asian superstar overnight. She played an important role in the entertainment industry for preserving the Huangmei opera art form. She has used many names in her past. When she was a young child, she was sold to a family in Xiamen (Amoy), where she took on the name Jun Haitang and worked as a domestic maid. After reaching preadolescence, her foster mother forced her to enter the Hong Kong movie industry to exploit her. She first acted in Amoy Hokkien films under the stage name Xiaojuan , later in Cantonese films under the stage name Shen Yan , before finally entering the Shaw Brothers Studio to act in Mandarin films as (Ivy) Ling Po and rising to superstardom. | wiki-intro | 0 | 21.877407 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Babayev'
Babayev or Babaev is a Russian, | Babayev or Babaev is a Russian, Ukrainian, Uzbek and Azerbaijani masculine surname that comes from Turkic languages; its feminine form is Babayeva or Babaeva. The word babay (бабай) means "grandfather" or "old man" in Tatar and Bashkir. Alternatively, it comes from Arabic word "bab" which means "door". There used to be a name "Babullah" which meant "door of God" or "door of heaven". It was very popular between Turkic nations before USSR. Grandchildren of Babs got "Babayev" (means of Bab or Bab's in Russian) surname. At the first stages it used to be "Babov", but later it became "Babayev" with the effect of Russian phonetics. The surname may refer to: Alaviyya Babayeva (1921–2014), Azerbaijani prose-writer, translator of contemporary Russian literature, and publicist
Aleksandr Babayev (1923–1985), flying ace
Arif Babayev, Azerbaijani film director
Artour "Arteezy" Babaev (1996–present), Uzbek-Canadian professional Dota 2 player
Chingiz Babayev (1964–1995) Azerbaijani officer
Eli Babayev, Israeli football player
Etibar Babayev (born 1950) Azerbaijani journalist,
Farid Babayev (died 2007), Russian politician
Firuddin Babayev (1929—1987), Azerbaijani scientist
Heydar Babayev (born 1957), Azerbaijani politician
Mirza Babayev (1913–2003), Azerbaijani movie actor and singer
Nazim Babayev (born 1997), Azerbaijani track and field athlete
Oleh Babayev (1965–2014), Ukrainian politician
Rafig Babayev (1937–1994), Azerbaijani jazz composer and pianist
Sabina Babayeva (born 1979), Azerbaijani singer
Sukhan Babayev (1910–1995), First Secretary of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan in 1951–1958
Vladlen Babayev (born 1996), Russian football player
Volodymyr Babayev (born 1952), Ukrainian scholar and politician | wiki-intro | 0 | 17.103529 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Leon Haywood'
Otha Leon Haywood (February 11, 1942 – | Otha Leon Haywood (February 11, 1942 – February 5, 1988) was an American soul and funk singer, songwriter and record producer. He was the lead singer of the funk and soul band the Chi-Lites.
Haywood was born in Fort Worth, Texas, to Otha and Martha Haywood. Otha was a gospel singer and pianist who played in gospel groups such as the Soul Stirrers and the Gospel Starlighters. Haywood was also a pianist and singer in his own right. The family moved to Detroit when Haywood was two years old.
Haywood began his musical career as a member of the Motown vocal group the Miracles, who recorded from 1961 to 1968. He left the Miracles in 1967 to form his own group, the Chi-Lites. The Chi-Lites released their first album in 1969 and had hits with "The Tracks of My Tears", "Oh Girl", "I Can't Stand It" and "Are You Going to Let Me Go?". Haywood wrote or co-wrote most of the Chi-Lites' songs.
In 1984, Haywood released his solo album, entitled "Leon Haywood". The album featured duets with Diana Ross, Patti LaBelle and Whitney Houston. Haywood died of an AIDS-related illness in 1988 at the age of 45. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.43469 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Hartagyugh'
Hartagyugh (, also romanized as Hart’agyugh and | Hartagyugh (, also romanized as Hart’agyugh and Artagyukh; formerly, Kaltakhchi) is a town in the Lori Province of Armenia.
The village was founded in 1820 by Western Armenian immigrants. The ancestors of the inhabitants came from Basen, Mush, Erzurum, Alashkert, Van and Kars.
The settlement has existed since the 4th millennium BC.
The village was formerly known as Ghaltakhci in the Alexandrapol province of Yerevan and later in the Leninakan province. The St. Hovhannes chapel is located in the village. It is the sanctuary of Hartagyugh, located on a hill near the village, on one of the inaccessible heights of the Pambak Range. The original, old look of the chapel was not preserved. The powerful St. Hovhannes chapel was blown up three times and burned down during the communist regime and was restored three times by the efforts of the villagers. Hundreds of khachkars have been erected around the chapel in recent years by pilgrims. Most likely the chapel was there before settling here of Western Armenians. As Ghevond Alishan / St Lazar Island / the sanctuary is one of the seven prominent places of pilgrimage in Eastern Armenia. | wiki-intro | 0 | 50.299419 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Bumping (chemistry)'
Bumping is a phenomenon in chemistry where | Bumping is a phenomenon in chemistry where homogenous liquids boiled in a test tube or other container will superheat and, upon nucleation, rapid boiling will expel the liquid from the container. In extreme cases, the container may be broken. Cause
Bumping occurs when a liquid is heated or has its pressure reduced very rapidly, typically in smooth, clean glassware. The hardest part of bubble formation is the formation of the small bubble; once a bubble has formed, it can grow quickly. Because the liquid is typically above its boiling point, when the liquid finally starts to boil, a large vapor bubble is formed that pushes the liquid out of the test tube, typically at high speed. This rapid expulsion of boiling liquid poses a serious hazard to others and oneself in the lab. Furthermore, if a liquid is boiled and cooled back down, the chance of bumping increases on each subsequent boil, because each heating cycle progressively de-gasses the liquid, reducing the number of remaining nucleation sites. | wiki-intro | 0 | 24.336452 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Samur (river)'
The Samur is a river in | The Samur is a river in Russia's Dagestan Republic, also partially flowing through
Azerbaijan and forming part of the Azerbaijan–Russia border. Overview
The Samur river originates in glaciers and mountain springs of the Greater Caucasus mountains. It rises in the northeastern part of Guton Mount at an elevation of . Descending from the mountains for , the river receives its tributary the Khalakhur River flowing down from an elevation of . The length of the river is , its basin . The elevated and midsections of the river from through the territory of Russia, lower sections flow through Azerbaijan making up the Russian-Azerbaijani border. After joining its other tributary Usuxçay River, the width of the river grows.
Once the river is in the open Caspian basin, it splits some of its parts into Tahirçay and Uğar rivers on Azerbaijani territory. The river mainly feeds on rain and underground waters with its volume broken up as follows: 42% from rain, 32% from underground waters, 22% from snow, 4% from glaciers. The river supplies irrigation water to the Samur-Absheron channel, which follows south to Jeyranbatan reservoir. | wiki-intro | 0 | 64.007935 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Nina (Nina album)'
Nina is the self-titled third studio album | Nina is the self-titled third studio album by American singer and songwriter Nina Simone. It was released on Philips Records in 1957.
Nina, which was produced by the singer and arranged by Nelson Riddle, is a soulful, introspective album that saw Simone tackling a range of personal themes, from love to loss. The album reached number three on the "Billboard" Jazz Albums chart and earned Simone a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.
In 2004, "Nina" was ranked number 358 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. In 2013, it was awarded a Heritage Award by the National Endowment for the Arts.
Nina Simone (b. 1933) is an American singer, songwriter and actress who has had a considerable impact on classical music and popular music. Born in North Carolina, Simone began her career as a gospel singer in the early 1950s before moving on to secular music. In 1957 she released her self-titled third album, which included her signature hit single "I Loves You, Porgy". The following year she won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the song. Simone's subsequent recordings were mainly jazz-influenced and she retired from public performance in 1976. She died in 1993. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.01362 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'The Ice Break'
The Ice Break is an English-language opera | The Ice Break is an English-language opera with a libretto by John Gay and a music by George Frideric Handel. It was first performed at the King's Theatre, Haymarket, London on 27 January 1733 and was a great success.
The story is set in the Arctic during the early 18th century. A shipwrecked group of sailors are stranded on an ice floe and must find a way to return home. Although they are faced with many dangers, the sailors are helped by a fairy named Oriana. | wiki-intro | 1 | 10.704463 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Foster Hirsch'
Foster Hirsch is the author of sixteen | Foster Hirsch is the author of sixteen books, including the novel The Catcher in the Rye and the short story collection The Stories of David Copperfield. He has been awarded a Pulitzer Prize, a National Book Award, and a MacArthur Fellowship.
Foster Hirsch was born in New York City in 1933. He graduated from Duke University in 1955 and from Yale University in 1959. He was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University from 1959 to 1961.
Hirsch has written sixteen books, including the novel The Catcher in the Rye and the short story collection The Stories of David Copperfield. His work has been translated into more than thirty languages. He has been awarded a Pulitzer Prize, a National Book Award, and a MacArthur Fellowship. | wiki-intro | 1 | 4.997058 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Yturri–Edmunds Historic Site'
The Yturri–Edmunds Historic Site is an historic | The Yturri–Edmunds Historic Site is an historic site in San Antonio, Texas. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bexar County, Texas . The homestead and mill were designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1966. History
In the early 19th century during the era of Mexico's General Colonization Law, Manuel Yturri de Castillo was given a land grant on property once owned by Mission Concepcion. He was thought to have been born in Spain, but immigrated to Mexico. There he was employed by Spanish merchants who transferred him to San Antonio. In 1821, he married Maria Josefa Rodriguez, whose family were among the first Canary Islanders to arrive in the area in 1731. Upon his death, his property passed to his heirs. His granddaughter Ernestine Edmunds bequeathed the property in the historic site to the San Antonio Conservation Society (SACS), which took possession of it in 1961. | wiki-intro | 0 | 21.175879 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Joseph Foster (silversmith)'
Joseph Foster (September 10, 1759 - December | Joseph Foster (September 10, 1759 - December 12, 1827) was an American silversmith who is best known for his work in silver plate. He was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, and died in Boston. Foster became a successful silversmith in the early 19th century, and his work is characterized by its graceful curves and finely detailed ornamentation.
Joseph Foster was born on September 10, 1759, in Westborough, Massachusetts. He was the son of a silversmith named Ebenezer Foster. After graduating from college, Foster began working as a silversmith with his father. In 1801, he opened his own shop in Boston.
Foster's work is characterized by its graceful curves and finely detailed ornamentation. His pieces are often used for Tiffany & Co.'s silverware line. He died on December 12, 1827, in Boston. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.097464 | [
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Compaq SLT was a line of laptop | Compaq SLT was a line of laptop computers produced by Compaq from 2002 to 2006. The models in the line were the S series, the L series, and the XL series.
The Compaq SLT line was aimed at business users and was based on the Intel Core 2 Duo processors. All models featured a 15 inch screen, a DVD-RW drive, and a digitizer touch screen. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.795853 | [
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What' s a Letter of Credit? Are funds held in my bank for the amount in question? | A letter of credit is a financial instrument that is issued by a bank or other financial institution on behalf of a borrower. It is a promise to pay a specified sum of money to a recipient (typically a seller or supplier) under certain conditions. The letter of credit serves as a guarantee to the recipient that the borrower will pay for goods or services as agreed upon in the underlying contract.In a letter of credit transaction, the borrower (also known as the applicant or the issuing bank's customer) applies to the issuing bank for a letter of credit to be issued in favor of the recipient (also known as the beneficiary). The issuing bank then evaluates the creditworthiness of the borrower and, if satisfied, issues the letter of credit to the recipient.The recipient can then present the letter of credit to a bank (called the advising bank or the confirming bank) as proof of the borrower's commitment to pay. The advising bank verifies the authenticity of the letter of credit and, if satisfied, provides the recipient with a guarantee of payment.Funds are not held in the borrower's bank account for the amount in question. Instead, the issuing bank pays the recipient directly when the recipient presents the required documents and meets the terms and conditions specified in the letter of credit. The issuing bank may require the borrower to deposit funds or collateral as security for the letter of credit. | hc3-finance | 1 | 7.887084 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Valdepeñas (DO)'
Valdepeñas is a Spanish Denominación de Origen | Valdepeñas is a Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) for wines located in the province of Ciudad Real in the south of Castile-La Mancha (Spain). It is almost completely surrounded by another DOP (La Mancha) but is an independent DOP due to its long history of producing a distinct style of wine known aloque or clarete which is made by mixing white and red grapes. 2016´s harvest is formed by 55.9 million kilos of red grapes and 43.2 million kilos of white grapes. Valdepeñas is a natural crossroads between the south of Spain, the Mediterranean regions to the east, Extremadura to the west and central plains to the north. To the south of the DOP is the Sierra Morena range a natural frontier with Andalusia, and to the east and west there are mountains reaching a height of 1000 m. The most prized vineyards are in Los Llanos in the west and in Las Aberturas in the north. The total area planted to vines is 22,332.11 ha (2016). | wiki-intro | 0 | 22.786621 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Busaca'
Busaca (8 March 1974 – after 1983) | Busaca (8 March 1974 – after 1983) was a French-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. Racing only as a three-year-old she won five of her eight races and was rated one of the best British fillies of her generation over middle and long distances. After winning three minor races in spring she finished second in the Ribblesdale Stakes and then recorded her first major win when taking the Lancashire Oaks at Haydock Park in July. In the following month she moved up to the highest class to win the Yorkshire Oaks over a field which included The Oaks winner Dunfermline. She was retired from racing after finishing fourth in the Prix Vermeille but had no success as a broodmare. Background
Busaca was a bay mare with no white markings bred in France by the County Kildare-based Dollanstown Stud. She was sired by Busted who won the Eclipse Stakes and King George VI & Queen Elizabeth Stakes in 1967, a year in which he was voted British Horse of the Year. As a breeding stallion he sired many major winners including Bustino, Mtoto and Erins Isle. Busaca's dam Saraca was a top-class French racemare who won the Prix Vermeille and finished second in the Prix de Diane in 1969. She was a descendant of the influential broodmare Lost Soul, the ancestor of many leading turf performers including Hethersett, Doyoun and Neasham Belle. | wiki-intro | 0 | 59.121807 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'King Pleasure'
King Pleasure (March 24, 1922 – March | King Pleasure (March 24, 1922 – March 21, 1982) was an American jazz vocalist and an early master of vocalese, where a singer sings words to a well-known instrumental solo. Biography
Born as Clarence Beeks in Oakdale, Tennessee, United States, he moved to New York City in the mid-1940s working as a bartender and became a fan of bebop music. King Pleasure first gained attention by singing the Eddie Jefferson vocalese classic "Moody's Mood For Love", based on a 1949 James Moody saxophone solo to "I'm In The Mood For Love". Pleasure's 1952 recording, his first after signing a contract with the Prestige label, is considered a jazz classic; the female vocalist featured is Blossom Dearie. He and Betty Carter also recorded a famous vocalese version of "Red Top", a jazz classic penned by Kansas Citian Ben Kynard and recorded by Gene Ammons and others. Other notable recordings include a presciently elegiac version of "Parker's Mood", the year before Charlie Parker died in 1955, and Pleasure's take on Ammons's "Hittin' The Jug", retitled as "Swan Blues" in 1962. | wiki-intro | 0 | 31.080872 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'David Crawley (footballer)'
David Crawley (born 20 June 1977 in | David Crawley (born 20 June 1977 in Dundalk, Ireland) is an Irish retired football player who played for Dundalk and Shelbourne during a 12-year-long League of Ireland career. Crawley was played a left back. Career
Born in Dundalk, County Louth, Crawley began his senior career on the books at Manchester City for a short spell before returning to his hometown club Dundalk in 1997. He won the First Division with Dundalk in 2001 and he captained the Louth club to their FAI Cup success over Bohemians in 2002. He was also a member of Shelbourne's highly successful 2003, 2004 and 2006 League of Ireland Premier Division title winning sides. However, he only appeared 4 times in the league during the latter of those successes. Crawley was out of contract at the end of the 2006 season and as a result in 2007 he rejoined his hometown club who were now in the First Division and were aiming to return to Ireland's top flight. It was not until the following season in 2008 that Crawley played an integral role in Dundalk's First Division title winning squad after pipping Shelbourne in a dramatic final night of that season. Despite this success, Crawley was released by Dundalk at the end of the 2008 season. Ironically, Crawley rejoined Shelbourne in January 2009 with the aim of winning his second successive First Division title. He made 30 league and cup appearances scoring one goal in his second spell at Shelbourne as he finished a First Division runner-up with Shels as they once again just missed out on promotion to the Premier Division. | wiki-intro | 0 | 12.295321 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Kapila Hingorani'
Pushpa Kapila Hingorani was an Indian lawyer | Pushpa Kapila Hingorani was an Indian lawyer, jurist and diplomat.
Born on 1 November 1931 in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, Kapila Hingorani studied at the University of Allahabad and the University of London. He became a lawyer in 1954 and joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1957. He served as India's Ambassador to Kuwait from 1978 to 1981, Ambassador to the United States of America from 1981 to 1984, and Ambassador to China from 1984 to 1988. He was chairman of the Broadcasting Board of Governors from 1985 to 1988. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1988. | wiki-intro | 1 | 5.489035 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Keele station'
Keele is a subway station on Line | Keele is a subway station on Line 2 Bloor–Danforth of the Toronto subway in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is located just north of Bloor Street West on the east side of Keele Street. The station opened in 1966, and was the western terminus of the line until 1968. Wi-Fi service is available at this station. History
When the Bloor–Danforth line was opened in 1966 from Keele to Woodbine station, the Bloor streetcar line was dramatically shortened. It now traveled east from Jane Loop only as far as Keele Station; at the eastern end of the line, a separate Danforth streetcar was established, from Woodbine station to Luttrell Loop.
On 11 May 1968, the Bloor and Danforth streetcars were both eliminated when the subway extensions west to and east to were opened. During this initial two-year period the trolleybuses and streetcars serving the station used separate loops (both within the fare-paid area), one near each of the station's entrances, so that passengers transferring between streetcars and trolleybuses had to walk along the subway platform. While the main (Keele Street) entrance and trolleybus loop had escalators up to the platform, the east (parking lot and Indian Grove) entrance and streetcar loop were provided with a moving ramp leading up to what is now the eastbound subway platform. After streetcar service to the station ended in 1968, the streetcar loop property was redeveloped and the moving ramp was sealed off. The former trolleybus loop is still used, by buses. | wiki-intro | 0 | 23.614685 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Siena College (Tennessee)'
Siena College was a private, Catholic college | Siena College was a private, Catholic college located in Memphis, Tennessee. It was established by Dominican nuns in 1922 as St. Agnes College, the first Catholic women's college in the Diocese of Nashville and in the Memphis metro area. Initially, the campus housed a Kindergarten through twelfth grade girls school and the college. It was the first college in Memphis to offer adult evening courses. In 1939, the Saint Agnes Academy moved to a new campus (where it remains), and the name of St. Agnes College was changed to Siena College. The college eventually was moved to its own new campus on Poplar Avenue in 1953 where it was known for excellence in education until it closed in 1972. Despite not officially merging with another Catholic college in Memphis, Christian Brothers University, CBU did change from being an all-male college to a coeducational institution in 1972. Many Siena students became the first female students at CBU. | wiki-intro | 0 | 13.163398 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Hervé Bléjean'
Hervé Bléjean is a military officer of | Hervé Bléjean is a military officer of the French Army and former Chief of Staff of the French Armed Forces.
Hervé Bléjean is a military officer of the French Army and former Chief of Staff of the French Armed Forces. He served in several senior positions including Commander-in-Chief, France's Military Region III, and was appointed Deputy Chief of Defence on 1 July 2016.
Bléjean was born in 1952 in Orléans, France. He joined the French Army in 1971 and served as a lieutenant in the 9th Infantry Regiment. He attended the Ecole Polytechnique and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1974. He served in various staff positions before being appointed Chief of Operations at Divisional Headquarters in Alsace in 1998. He was appointed Commander of the 3rd Military Region, headquartered in Strasbourg, in 2004 and remained in that position until 2007.
He served as Deputy Chief of Defence from 1 July 2016 to 31 December 2017. | wiki-intro | 1 | 7.941315 | [
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Please explain what is "Active contour model" | Active contour model, also known as snakes, is a computer vision technique used to detect and segment an object of interest in an image or video. It is a flexible curve that can be deformed to fit the contours of an object by minimizing an energy functional. The curve is initialized around the object, and then it is iteratively modified to minimize the energy functional, which typically consists of an internal energy term that encourages the curve to have a smooth and regular shape, and an external energy term that drives the curve towards the desired object.
The energy functional can be designed to incorporate prior knowledge about the shape and appearance of the object, and can be optimized using optimization techniques such as gradient descent or the Newton-Raphson method. The active contour model can be used to segment a wide range of objects, including objects with complex shapes and those with significant variations in their appearance.
In summary, active contour model is a powerful tool for image segmentation that can be used to extract objects of interest from images or videos, and is widely used in many applications, including object tracking, medical image analysis, and object recognition. | hc3-wiki_csai | 1 | 11.00709 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Russian Revolution'
The Russian Revolution was a period of | The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution that took place in the former Russian Empire which began during the First World War. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successive revolutions and a bloody civil war. The Russian Revolution can also be seen as the precursor for the other European revolutions that occurred during or in the aftermath of WWI, such as the German Revolution of 1918. The Russian Revolution was inaugurated with the February Revolution in 1917. This first revolt focused in and around the then-capital Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg). After major military losses during the war, the Russian Army had begun to mutiny. Army leaders and government officials were convinced that if Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the domestic unrest would subside. Nicholas agreed and stepped down, ushering in a new government led by the Russian Duma (parliament) which became the Russian Provisional Government. This government was dominated by the interests of prominent capitalists, as well as the Russian nobility and aristocracy. | wiki-intro | 0 | 15.13542 | [
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What happened to AOL, man? They used to be such a huge company, they dominated the internet scene, and then like that... gone? Please explain like I' m five. | AOL, or America Online, was a popular internet service provider and media company in the 90s and early 2000s. At its peak, it had millions of subscribers and was a household name. However, as the internet evolved, AOL struggled to adapt to new technologies and changing market conditions. It faced intense competition from other internet service providers and companies that offered online services, such as Google and Netflix. Eventually, AOL's popularity declined and it was no longer the dominant player it once was. However, AOL is still around today, although it is a much smaller company than it used to be. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 1 | 6.277043 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Wilhelmsen House'
Wilhemsen House, also known as the Elders | Wilhemsen House, also known as the Elders' House, is a historic home located at Augusta, Hanover County, Virginia. It was built about 1802, and is a two-story, Federal style brick dwelling with a hipped roof and three interior end chimneys. It has a gable front porch and is in good condition.
The house was built by Peter Wilhelmsen, one of the original Norwegian settlers in Augusta. Wilhelmsen served as the first postmaster for Augusta and also served as the town's first justice of the peace. The house remained in the Wilhelmsen family until 1957. It now serves as a museum operated by the Augusta Heritage Association. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.462886 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Victor Oreskovich'
Victor J. Oreskovich (born August 15, 1986) | Victor J. Oreskovich (born August 15, 1986) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball (MLB).
Oreskovich attended Clemson University, where he played college baseball for the Clemson Tigers. He was drafted by the Diamondbacks in the seventh round of the 2007 MLB draft.
Oreskovich spent most of his first three years in the Diamondbacks organization playing for the Rookie-level AZL Diamondbacks, where he compiled a 13-8 record with a 2.24 ERA in 23 starts. In 2010, he made his professional debut with the Class A Visalia Rawhide, where he posted a 6-5 record and 3.81 ERA in 18 starts. He was promoted to the Class AA Tucson Padres in 2011 and went 11-5 with a 2.89 ERA in 22 starts. He was named to the midseason Arizona League All-Star team and was named to the Pacific Coast League All-Star team.
In 2012, Oreskovich made his MLB debut with the Diamondbacks and went 5-6 with a 4.98 ERA in 17 starts. He was released by the Diamondbacks on July 26, 2013 and signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics. He was released by Oakland on April 24, 2014 and signed with the Baltimore Orioles.
On July 31, 2014, Oreskovich signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. He was promoted to the major leagues on September 1 and made his debut that day | wiki-intro | 1 | 4.322942 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Thelymitra gregaria'
Thelymitra gregaria, commonly called the clumping sun | Thelymitra gregaria, commonly called the clumping sun orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to Victoria. It has a single fleshy, channelled leaf and up to six strongly scented, dark blue to purple flowers and often grows in clumps. Description
Thelymitra gregaria is a tuberous, perennial herb with a fleshy, channelled, dark green to yellowish, linear to lance-shaped leaf long and wide with a purplish base. Up to six dark violet blue to purple flowers wide are borne on a flowering stem tall. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is pink, blue or purplish, long and about wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is yellow with a dark brown or blackish band and a shallow notch. The side lobes are curved with mop-like tufts of white hairs. The flowers are strongly scented and open widely in warm to hot weather. Flowering occurs from September to November. | wiki-intro | 0 | 17.945581 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Anil Kapoor'
Anil Kapoor (born 24 December 1956) is | Anil Kapoor (born 24 December 1956) is an Indian actor and producer who has appeared in over 150 films in Hindi, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam. Kapoor has received several awards, including three National Film Awards, six Filmfare Awards South, two Filmfare Awards East, and one Bollywood Filmfare Award. He was honoured with the Padma Shri in 1999, and the Padma Bhushan in 2016. Kapoor is the founder of production company Anil Kapoor Film Company (AKFC) and the chairman of the Motion Picture Association of India (MPAA).
Kapoor was born in Bombay, Maharashtra to Raj Kapoor and Sharmila Tagore. His father was a film actor, director, producer and the founder of the Raj Kapoor Studios. Kapoor's maternal grandfather, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was the father of Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi. His maternal uncle was filmmaker Satyajit Ray. Kapoor has two sisters: Rekha and Roshni.
Kapoor started his career as an actor in 1976 with a minor role in the film "Hindi Mehbooba". He gained prominence with roles in films such as "Deewar" (1975), "Aan" (1977), "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (1995), "Khuda Ke Liye" (2001) and "Sanju" (2018). In 2003, he produced and starred in the romantic | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.417019 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Lionel Job'
Lionel G. Job (born January 23, 1942) | Lionel G. Job (born January 23, 1942) is an American economist, who is currently a professor of economics at Stanford University. He is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and a member of the American Economic Association, the European Economic Association, and the Institute of Mathematical Economics.
Job obtained his B.A. from Brown University in 1964, and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1967 and 1972, respectively. He was a faculty member at Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1972 to 1986, when he moved to Stanford University.
Job's research has been in general equilibrium theory and macroeconomics, with a focus on labor markets, taxation, and financial markets. He has written three books: The Theory of Job Search (1977), Unemployment and Inflation (1983), and The Role of Monetary Policy (2002). He also edited two collections of essays: Essays in Honor of Baruch Spinoza (1985) and Essays on the State of Economics (1998). | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.660663 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Chris Mazdzer'
Christopher Mazdzer (; born June 26, 1988) | Christopher Mazdzer (; born June 26, 1988) is an American luger. He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, finishing 13th on both occasions. At the 2018 Winter Olympics Mazdzer won the silver medal in the Men's Single Luge, becoming the first U.S. men's singles luge medalist and the first and only non-European to win a medal in that event. Career
On December 4, 2015, Mazdzer won the 2015–16 Luge World Cup Men's singles event at Lake Placid in the first-ever one-two finish for the United States in a men's singles luge World Cup event, with the 2014–15 winner and track record holder, Tucker West, coming in second. Until his 2015 win, Mazdzer's best finish at the FIL World Luge Championships was sixth in the singles at Whistler, British Columbia, in 2013. His best World Cup season finish was 13th in 2012–13. In December 2014, he won the men's singles event in the luge sprint in the second ever to be held and to be competed in event at the World Cup level in the discipline. Mazdzer was therein victorious at the FIL "Sprint" World Cup event at the Calgary track. | wiki-intro | 0 | 28.216797 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Economy of Vietnam'
The economy of Vietnam is a mixed | The economy of Vietnam is a mixed socialist-oriented market economy, which is the 37th-largest in the world as measured by nominal gross domestic product (GDP) and 23rd-largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2020. Vietnam is a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the World Trade Organization. Since the mid-1980s, through the Đổi Mới reform period, Vietnam has made a shift from a highly centralized command economy to a mixed economy. This economy uses both directive and indicative planning through five-year plans, with support from an open market-based economy. Over that period, the economy has experienced rapid growth. In the 21st century, Vietnam is in a period of being integrated into the global economy. Almost all Vietnamese enterprises are small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Vietnam has become a leading agricultural exporter and served as an attractive destination for foreign investment in Southeast Asia. In the current period, Vietnam's economy relies largely on foreign direct investment to attract the capital from overseas to support its continual economic rigor. Foreign investment on the luxury hotels sector and resorts will rise to support high-end tourist industry. | wiki-intro | 0 | 14.167305 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on '1998 World Series'
The 1998 World Series was the championship | The 1998 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball (MLB) between the Houston Astros and the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Dodgers, appearing in their first World Series since 1988, had won 105 games during the regular season, while the Astros had finished second with 101. The series was played to a decisive seven-game victory by the Dodgers, with Houston losing four games to one.
Houston's loss prevented them from matching the record of most championships won by a franchise (Boston Red Sox, 18). This record would be surpassed by the Chicago Cubs in 2016.
The series was marked by dramatic comebacks, as both teams went down 3–1 in games. In Game 6 of the Series, Dodgers pitcher Fernando Valenzuela came off the bench to help lead Los Angeles to a come-from-behind 5–4 victory over Houston. It was Valenzuela's last game in an MLB uniform; he retired after the Series to become a pitching coach in Japan. | wiki-intro | 1 | 9.893106 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Dumka (musical genre)'
Dumka (, dúmka, plural думки, dúmky) is | Dumka (, dúmka, plural думки, dúmky) is a folk music genre originating in the rural areas of the former Soviet republics, Caucasus, and Central Asia. Dumka is characterised by its simple harmonic structure, repetitive lyrics, and acoustic instrumentation.
Dumka is believed to have originated in the rural areas of the former Soviet republics, Caucasus, and Central Asia. It is characterised by its simple harmonic structure, repetitive lyrics, and acoustic instrumentation. Dumka is often performed solo or with a small ensemble of musicians. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.953486 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Adelina Kondrátieva'
Adelina Kondrátieva (née Abramson; 1917 – 14 | Adelina Kondrátieva (née Abramson; 1917 – 14 December 2012) was an Argentine-born Russian translator and Brigadista who participated in the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side. For her subsequent dedication to that historical period, she was elected president of the (AGE), and in 2009 she was granted a Spanish passport. Biography
Adelina Veniaminovna Abramson was born in Buenos Aires in 1917, the daughter of Benjamin Abramson. Her family had gone into exile there in 1910, fleeing the Russian Tsarist regime, and her father worked there as a commercial delegate. After General José Félix Uriburu's coup in September 1932, Abramson was "arrested, tortured, and expelled." Adelina, along with her father, mother, and older sister Paulina, moved to Montevideo, and from there they managed to return to the Soviet Union. The "Trotskyist" label that Abramson was saddled with limited his reintegration into the new Soviet structure – Adelina had to apply three times to join the Union of Communist Youth – to the point that in January 1937, Adelina and her father left the USSR clandestinely. After a rocambolesque trip, they arrived in Spain, where Paulina was already waiting for them. | wiki-intro | 0 | 28.143717 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'English Spot'
The English Spot is a breed of | The English Spot is a breed of domestic rabbit that was developed in England in the 19th century through selective breeding. Averaging 5 to 8 pounds in weight, the English Spot is a medium-sized breed that is most noted by the distinctive colored markings on its body, including the butterfly nose marking, eye circles, cheek spots, herringbone, colored ears, and a chain of spots. The English Spot's fur type is flyback. The breed comes in seven different varieties, including black, blue, chocolate, lilac, tortoise, gray, and gold . English Spots have a full arch body, with long front legs that carry them off the table. English Spots are most known for their curious and fun loving nature. History
The English Spot is believed to be one of the oldest breeds of fancy rabbit. The exact origin of the English Spot is not known, but is thought to have come from the English Butterfly. It is thought to be a relative of the Checkered Giant due to their shared physical features, such as cheek spots, butterflies, eye circles, colored ears, and a herringbone. The Checkered Giant is a larger breed, weighing on average 10-14 pounds. | wiki-intro | 0 | 19.459297 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Lineto'
Lineto is a Swiss type foundry founded | Lineto is a Swiss type foundry founded in 1892. It is best known for its typefaces, such as Garamond, Bodoni, and Didone. | wiki-intro | 1 | 23.945343 | [
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What happens when you reach the last atom in nuclear decay? I'm doing Nuclear Decay in Chemistry right now and I know that nuclear things can not completely decay, so what happens when you reach the last atom. Explain like I' m five. | They can completely decay. However, you can't determine a specific point in time in which it will occur, only a probability. Edit: To more completely answer your question, the final atom has a 50 % chance to decay over the course of a half-life of the particular substance. If it doesn't decay, then it has a 50 % chance to do so over the next half-life, and so on, until ultimately it decays. > so what happens when you reach the last atom? Then the original isotope is completely gone. Note that this does not mean the material is gone, because the nuclei decay into something else. "Decay" here just means the protons and neutrons that form the original nucleus are now one other isotope (beta decay) or two other isotopes (alpha decay). For example if you have Po212 (polonium; you better do not actually have this) and it all decays, then you end up with a lot of non-radicative, stable Pb208 (lead). As the decay of Po212 is an alpha decay, you are lacking all the Helium (alpha particles). So if you had 10. 000 Po212 nuclei, you now have 10. 000 Pb208 nuclei and somewhere in the room some 10. 000 He-4 nuclei (helium that'll catch some electrons and become just normal helium atoms and as such simply float away). > that nuclear things can not completely decay They can and do. It is just a matter of probability. But Po212 has a half life of 0. 3 microseconds, so waiting an hour means you waited a million half lifes, waiting a day or a month let's you be reasonably sure the Po is completely gone (meaning it is all lead now). A single radioactive atom will eventually decay. However it is impossible to predict when it will happen; it doesn't become more or less likely over time. When you aggregate a lot of probabilistic phenomena (like decaying atoms) they can be represented as a probability distribution curve. A common example is a normal distribution (AKA a bell curve) but because of the way nuclear decay works its probability distribution is an exponential distribution. However, a probability distribution can't really tell you how a single event will occur. | hc3-reddit_eli5 | 0 | 26.167496 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Legananny Dolmen'
Legananny Dolmen is a megalithic dolmen or | Legananny Dolmen is a megalithic dolmen or cromlech nine miles southeast of Banbridge and three miles north of Castlewellan, both in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is on the slopes of Slieve Croob near the village of Leitrim, in Drumgooland parish, nestled between the farmer's stone wall and a back road. It is a State Care Historic Monument sited in the townland of Legananny, in Banbridge District, at grid ref: J2887 4339. This tripod dolmen has a capstone over 3m long and 1.8m from the ground. It dates to the Neolithic period, making the monument approximately 5,000 years old. Such portal tombs were funerary sites for the disposal of the dead in Neolithic society. The heavy stones would have been dragged some distance before being set in place. The three supporting stones are unusually long and there are slight traces of a cairn which must have been far more extensive. Some urns were found underneath. | wiki-intro | 0 | 45.502625 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Jefferson Davis'
Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808December 6, | Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. As a member of the Democratic Party, he represented Mississippi in the United States Senate and the House of Representatives before the American Civil War. He previously served as the United States Secretary of War from 1853 to 1857 under President Franklin Pierce. Davis was born in Fairview, Kentucky, to a moderately prosperous farmer, the youngest of ten children. He grew up in Wilkinson County, Mississippi, and also lived in Louisiana. His eldest brother Joseph Emory Davis secured the younger Davis's appointment to the United States Military Academy. After graduating, Jefferson Davis served six years as a lieutenant in the United States Army. He fought in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), as the colonel of a volunteer regiment. Before the American Civil War, he operated a large cotton plantation in Mississippi, which his brother Joseph gave him, and owned as many as 113 enslaved people. Although Davis argued against secession in 1858, he believed states had an unquestionable right to leave the Union. | wiki-intro | 0 | 10.587411 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Archiminolia oleata'
Archiminolia oleata, common name the shining top | Archiminolia oleata, common name the shining top shell, is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.
The shining top shell is a small, thin-shelled marine gastropod mollusk found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It has a smooth, shiny surface and grows to a size of 2-3 cm.
The Shining Top Shell is a predatory snail that feeds on small invertebrates such as sea urchins and sponges. It lives in shallow waters and feeds on algae and invertebrates that grow on the rocks. | wiki-intro | 1 | 8.875452 | [
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200 word wikipedia style introduction on 'Court Square'
Court Square in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, | Court Square in Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, is the center of city government. The square is bounded by Main Street on the north, Division Street on the south, River Street on the east, and High Street on the west.
The square has been the site of many important events in Springfield's history. The first meeting of the Massachusetts General Court was held there in 1636. The court met there until 1784, when it moved to the State House. The square was also the site of a battle in the American Revolution, during which British troops attacked a rebel force led by Paul Revere.
Today, the square is used for a variety of events, including festivals and public demonstrations. It is also a popular spot for shoppers, who can find many stores and restaurants there. | wiki-intro | 1 | 6.851309 | [
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