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51536 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Tanzaniya | 'Yancin Addini a Tanzaniya | 'Yancin addini a Tanzaniya na nufin irin yadda mutane a Tanzaniya ke samun damar gudanar da akidarsu cikin 'yanci, la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da halayen al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini.
Gwamnatin Tanzaniya da gwamnatin Zanzibar mai cin gashin kanta duk sun amince da 'yancin addini a matsayin ka'ida kuma suna ƙoƙarin kare shi. Gwamnatin Zanzibar ta nada jami'an addinin Musulunci a Zanzibar. Babban tsarin doka a Tanzaniya da Zanzibar ba addini ba ne, amma Musulmai suna da zaɓi na amfani da kotunan addini don shari'o'in da suka shafi iyali. Laifukan daidaikun mutane na tashin hankali na addini sun faru a kan duka Kiristoci da Musulmai. Manufofi da akidun Ujamaa da gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta farko ta amince da su bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga Birtaniya a shekarun 1960 sun jaddada hadin kan kasa kan rarrabuwar kawuna na addini ko kabilanci, kuma hakan na nuni da irin kakkausan kalamai na nuna kyama a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tanzaniya, wanda har yanzu yana nan aiki kamar na shekarar 2019. Yayin da aka watsar da Ujamaa a matsayin aikin jiha a cikin 1985, kuma rikicin addini ya ɗan tashi tun daga lokacin, majiyoyin ilimi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun yaba wa Ujamaa don ba da gudummawa ga yanayin 'yancin addini da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa a Tanzaniya.
Alkaluma Wani bincike na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta kusan kashi 61 na al’ummar kasar Kirista ne, kashi 35 cikin 100 Musulmi, da kuma kashi 4 cikin dari na sauran kungiyoyin addini. Wani rahoto daban na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta fiye da rabin yawan jama'a suna aiwatar da abubuwan addinan gargajiya na Afirka a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Babu wani binciken gida da ya shafi alaƙar addini. A babban yankin, al'ummomin musulmi da yawa sun taru a yankunan bakin teku, tare da wasu tsiraru musulmi da ke cikin kasa a cikin birane. Ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun haɗa da Roman Katolika, Furotesta (ciki har da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na Pentikostal), Masu Adventists na kwana bakwai, Cocin Yesu Kristi na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe, da Shaidun Jehovah. Wasu rukunoni sun haɗa da mabiya addinin Buddha, Hindu, Sikhs, ís, animists, da kuma waɗanda ba sa son addini. Mazauna Zanzibar miliyan 1.3 Musulmai ne kashi 99 bisa 100, a cewar wani kiyasi na gwamnatin Amurka, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na Sunni ne, a cewar rahoton Pew Forum na shekarar 2012. Ragowar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Shi'a da dama, galibi 'yan asalin Asiya.
Tarihi
Fage Tanzaniya tana kunshe da yankuna biyu, yankin babban kasa a nahiyar Afirka da kuma tsibiran Zanzibar, wadanda suka hade a shekarun 1960. An fara keɓe yankin babban yankin Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na rabuwar Afirka a taron Berlin a shekarar 1884. Akasin haka, tarihin Zanzibar a matsayin yanki na musamman ya koma karni na 13, lokacin da yake gida ga jihohin Swahili. Ba a san takamaiman kwanakin shigar Musulunci zuwa Gabashin Afirka ba, amma shaidar farko da aka rubuta na kasancewar musulmi ta kasance a shekara ta 830 AZ, kuma an kafa wasu manyan biranen Islama a Zanzibar da bakin gabar teku a karni na 11. Waɗannan jahohin birni sun kai kololuwarsu a ƙarni na 14 da 15, bayan haka sai suka tabarbare sakamakon rikici da Portugal a ƙarni na 16 zuwa 17. Ikon Portuguese na Zanzibar ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da Daular Omani ta kore su, wanda a ƙarshe zai ƙaura babban birninta zuwa Zanzibar. A farkon karni na 19, Zanzibar ta zama babban kulli a cinikin bayi, wanda ba zai kare ba sai farkon karni na 20. Kiristanci ya isa Tanganyika a cikin karni na 19 a cikin nau'i na ayyukan turawa daban-daban, kuma a lokaci guda masu wa'azin Sufaye za su yada addinin Islama fiye da yankunan bakin teku. Duka ayyukan Kirista da Musulmi a Tanzaniya suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar daidaitawa tare da tsofaffin al'adun addinan Afirka. A lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai, Kiristoci da Musulmai duka sun taka rawar gani a cikin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Tanganyika. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, duk da haka, jawabai sun canza, kuma a wasu lokuta an gabatar da al'ummomin Kirista da Musulmai a matsayin masu adawa da siyasa.
Farkon 'yancin kai da juyin juya halin Zanzibar (1961-1964) A shekara ta 1961, mulkin Birtaniyya ya ƙare a Tanganyika, tare da Julius Nyerere ya zama shugabanta na farko a shekarar 1962, yayin da Zanzibar ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai kariyar Burtaniya wanda masarautar Larabawa ke mulka. A shekarar 1964, an hambarar da Sarkin Zanzibar a juyin juya halin Zanzibar. Juyin juya halin ya kasance tare da matsanancin tashin hankali da 'yan juyin juya hali na Afirka suka yi kan Larabawa da Asiya ta Kudu, wadanda akasarinsu musulmi ne ko kuma mabiya addinin Hindu kuma aka alakanta su da rukunin masu mulki na masarautar Zanzibar. An fafata ne da abin da ya gada daga wannan biki, yayin da wasu sassa na al'ummar Zanzibar ke kallon mummunan tashin hankalin da ya shafi kabilanci a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga zalunci da aka sha a karkashin masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, wadda ta yi cinikin bayi a Afirka. Dakarun da suka tayar da tarzoma sun kasance karkashin jagorancin John Okello, Kirista wanda ya yi imanin cewa aikin sa ne ya 'yantar da Zanzibar daga "Larabawa Musulmi", duk da cewa al'ummar Afirka a Zanzibar da jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi (ASP) na juyin juya hali. galibinsu musulmi kuma. Ayyukan Okello da akidar kiristoci masu tsatsauran ra'ayi sun raba wasu a cikin ASP, kuma ba da jimawa ba aka ware shi, aka cire shi daga mukaminsa kuma daga karshe aka kore shi.
Haɗin kai da Ujamaa (1964-1985) Bayan juyin juya hali, Zanzibar ta hade da Tanganyika ta kafa Tanzaniya, tare da Nyerere a matsayin shugaban kasa. Manyan masu mulki a babban yankin, wadanda ke da bambancin addini, sun gwammace mulkin boko, yayin da Zanzibar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta da kuma aiwatar da kasa mai zaman kanta. Yayin da Musulunci ba addinin kasa ba ne a hukumance, an ba shi matsayi na musamman da gata. A shekara ta 1967, Tanzaniya ta ƙara komawa hagu a siyasance, kuma ta fara haɓaka Ujamaa, akidar gurguzu wacce ta jaddada 'yanci, daidaito da haɗin kai a matsayin ka'idodinta na tsakiya. Kasar ta kuma amince da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya kunshi sassa masu kakkausar murya na adawa da wariya, gami da nuna banbancin addini. Human Rights Watch ta yi la'akari da Ujamaa a matsayin ingantaccen abin koyi na haɗin kan ƙasa, yana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na Ujamaa da haɗin kai, tare da faɗar cewa mahimmancin haɗin kai shi ma ya sa yana da wahala a wasu lokuta bincikar cin zarafin ɗan adam. Tanzaniya ita ce kasa daya tilo a gabashin Afirka da ba ta ci gaba da fuskantar tashin hankalin kabilanci, addini ko siyasa ba tun bayan da ta samu 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka.
Bayan Nyerere (1985-yanzu) Bayan da Nyerere ya yi ritaya daga siyasa bayan wa'adinsa na ƙarshe a shekarar 1985, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yi watsi da Ujamaa a matsayin akidarta, ko da yake ya zuwa shekarar 2019 kundin tsarin mulkin 1977 ya ci gaba da aiki. Tun bayan karshen mulkin Ujama’a, an samu takun saka tsakanin Musulmi da gwamnati, da ma kadan a tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista. A shekarun 1993 da 1998, tashin hankali ya karu zuwa matakin tashin hankali tsakanin musulmi da jami'an tsaron kasar, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane da dama. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun danganta wannan koma bayan fahimtar addini da rugujewar Ujama’a a ma’anar dukkanin manufofinta na hadin kan kasa da kuma manufofinta na jin dadin jama’a, tasirin yakin duniya na karuwa a fagen gwagwarmayar addini a karshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 20. Ranar 21 ga wata, ƙungiyoyin farfaɗowar addini a cikin Tanzaniya, da sake fasalin sansanonin siyasa biyo bayan samun sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arzikin da aka fara a ƙarshen shekarar 1980s. An haramta sihiri a shekarar 2015. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, an ci gaba da samun rahotannin kashe-kashen da ake dangantawa da maita, inda ‘yan sanda suka kama wadanda ake zargi da hannu a ciki. Yayin da tashin hankali na addini ba kasafai ba ne, yana faruwa. A shekarar 2017, an sami alƙawura uku na ɓarna da lalata dukiyoyi, ciki har da kone-kone, akan gine-ginen addini da limamai.
Tsarin doka Kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin tarayya na Tanzaniya da kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin wucin gadi a Zanzibar duk sun haramta wariyar addini da kuma ba da yancin yin zaɓi na addini. Dokar ta hana kafa jam'iyyun siyasa na addini. Har ila yau, dokar ta haramta wa kowane mutum yin wani mataki ko yin magana da nufin cin mutuncin addinin wani. Duk wanda ya aikata irin wannan laifin yana da alhakin daurin shekara guda a gidan yari. Gwamnati ba ta sanya alaƙar addini akan fasfo ko bayanan ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci. Rahoton 'yan sanda dole ne su bayyana alaƙar addini idan za a buƙaci mutum ya ba da shaidar rantsuwa. Aikace-aikacen neman magani dole ne a ƙayyade alaƙar addini don a iya kiyaye kowace takamaiman al'adun addini. Dokar ta bukaci gwamnati da ta rubuta addinin kowane fursuna tare da samar da wuraren ibada ga fursunoni.
Jagorancin al'ummar musulmi A babban yankin, Majalisar Musulmi ta Tanzaniya ta zabi mufti. A Zanzibar, Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada mufti, wanda ke aiki a matsayin jagoran al'ummar Musulmi kuma a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati mai taimakawa a harkokin kananan hukumomi. Mufti na Zanzibar a sunansa ya amince da duk ayyukan Musulunci kuma yana kula da duk masallatan Zanzibar. Har ila yau, Muftin ya amince da laccoci na addini ta hanyar ziyartar malaman addinin Musulunci da kuma kula da shigo da littattafan Musulunci daga wajen Zanzibar.
Kotunan duniya da na addini A babban yankin, dokokin da ba ruwansu da addini ne ke tafiyar da kiristoci da Musulmai a cikin laifuka da na farar hula. A cikin shari’o’in da suka shafi iyali da suka shafi gado, aure, saki, da riƙon yara ƙanana, dokar kuma ta amince da ayyukan al’ada, waɗanda za su iya haɗa da ayyukan addini. A irin wannan yanayi, wasu musulmi sukan zabi su tuntubi malaman addini maimakon gabatar da kara a kotu. Musulmai a Zanzibar suna da zabin gabatar da kararraki zuwa kotun farar hula ko ta Qadi (kotun Musulunci ko alkali) kan batutuwan da suka shafi kisan aure, tarbiyyar yara, gado, da sauran batutuwan da shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada. Dukkan shari'o'in da aka yi shari'a a kotunan Zanzibar, sai dai wadanda suka shafi al'amuran tsarin mulki na Zanzibari da shari'a, ana iya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayyar Turai da ke babban yankin. Za a iya daukaka karar hukuncin kotunan Qaadi na Zanzibar zuwa wata kotu ta musamman da ta kunshi babban alkalin Zanzibar da wasu shehunai biyar. Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada babban hafsan Qadi, wanda ke kula da kotunan qaddi kuma an san shi a matsayin babban malamin addinin musulunci da ke da alhakin tafsirin Al-Qur'ani. Babu kotunan qadi a kasar.
Ilimi Makarantun gwamnati na iya koyar da addini, amma ba ya cikin tsarin koyarwa na ƙasa. Hukumomin makaranta ko ƙungiyoyin iyaye da malamai dole ne su amince da irin waɗannan azuzuwan, waɗanda iyaye ko masu sa kai ke koyarwa a lokaci-lokaci. Dole ne fom ɗin rajista na makarantun gwamnati su ƙayyade addinin yaro don haka masu gudanarwa za su iya sanya ɗalibai zuwa aji addinin da ya dace idan an ba da ɗayan. Dalibai kuma za su iya zaɓar ficewa daga karatun addini. A makarantun gwamnati, an ba wa dalibai damar sanya hijabi amma ba sanya nikabi ba.
Duba kuma 'Yancin addini a Afirka ta ƙasa
Hakkin Dan Adam a Tanzaniya
Addini a Tanzaniya
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29837 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Nau%27in%20Halittu | Dokar Nau'in Halittu | Dokar nau'in halittu Wani nau'in da ke cikin hatsari wani nau'in wanda zai iya ɓacewa a nan gaba, ko dai a duniya ko a wani yanki na siyasa. Nau'in da ke cikin haɗari na iya kasancewa cikin haɗari saboda dalilai kamar asarar wurin zama, farauta da nau'in cin zarafi. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kare Halittu (IUCN) ta lissafa matsayin kiyayewa na duniya na nau'o'in nau'o'i da yawa, kuma wasu hukumomi daban-daban suna tantance matsayin nau'in jinsin a cikin wasu yankuna. Al'ummai da yawa suna da dokoki waɗanda ke kare nau'ikan masu dogaro da kiyayewa waɗanda, alal misali, hana farauta, hana haɓaka ƙasa, ko ƙirƙirar wuraren kariya. Wasu nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari sune makasudin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen kiyayewa kamar kiwo da kuma mai do da wurin zama.
Matsayin kiyayewa Matsayin adana nau'in yana nuna yuwuwar cewa zai bace. Ana la'akari da abubuwa da yawa lokacin tantance matsayin jinsin; misali, irin wannan ƙididdiga kamar adadin da ya rage, haɓakar gabaɗaya ko raguwar yawan jama'a akan lokaci, ƙimar nasarar kiwo, ko sanannen barazanar. Jerin Jajayen IUCN na nau'ikan Barazana shine sanannen jerin matsayi na kiyayewa na duniya da tsarin martaba.
Sama da kashi 50% na nau'in halittun duniya an kiyasta suna cikin haɗarin bacewa. Bangaren kasa da kasa, kasashe 195 sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don samar da tsare-tsare na ayyukan da za su kare wadanda ke cikin hadari da sauran nau'o'in da ke fuskantar barazana. A kasar Amirka, yawanci ana kiran irin waɗannan tsare-tsare Tsare-tsaren Farfaɗowa na jinsin halittu.
IUCN Ko da yake an lakafta jerin sunayen, (IUCN Red List) tsarin ne na tantance matsayin kiyayewar nau'in ba da kariya na kiyayewa da kimanta yanayin kiyayewa na duniya wanda ya haɗa da "Rashin Bayanai" (DD) nau'in -nau'ikan da ake buƙatar ƙarin bayanai da ƙima kafin a iya tantance yanayin su da kuma nau'in IUCN an tantance su. Wadancan nau'in Kusa da Barazana (NT) da Ƙaramin Damuwa An tantance matsayin (LC) kuma an gano yana da ingantacciyar ƙoshin lafiya da yawan jama'a, koda yake waɗannan na iya raguwa. Ba kamar yadda ake amfani da su na gabaɗaya a wani wuri ba, Lissafin yana amfani da kalmomin "jinsuna masu haɗari" da "nau'i masu barazana" tare da ma'ana ta musamman: "Masu haɗari" (EN) nau'in suna tsakanin Masu rauni (VU) da kuma Mummunan Hadari (CR) nau'in. A cikin 2012, IUCN Red List ya lissafa dabbobi 3,079 da nau'ikan tsire-tsire 2,655 a matsayin waɗanda ke cikin haɗari (EN) a duk duniya.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa Giant panda
Farar karkanda
Sumatran orangutan
Bengal tiger
Giwa Indiya
Otter mai laushi mai laushi
Dugong
Orca
Lemur mai zobe
A Amurka Akwai bayanai daga Amurka da ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin al'ummomin ɗan adam da kuma nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari da haɗari. Yin amfani da bayanan nau'in bayanai daga Database akan Tattalin Arziki da Gudanar da Matsalolin Dabbobi (DEMES) da kuma lokacin da Dokar Dabbobi (ESA) ta kasance, 1970 zuwa 1997, an ƙirƙiri wani tebur wanda ke nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin ayyukan ɗan adam. da nau'in haɗari.
Dokar Nau'in Halitta Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa na 1973 a Amurka, ana iya lissafa nau'in a matsayin "masu haɗari" ko "barazana". A Gishirin Creek Creek Tigerle CICINDELELA Nevadica Lincolnana misali ne na tallace-tallace masu haɗari waɗanda aka kiyaye su ƙarƙashin ESA. Ma'aikatar Kifi da namun daji na Amurka, da kuma Ma'aikatar Kifin Ruwa ta Kasa suna da alhakin rarrabawa da kare nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari. Suna kuma da alhakin ƙara wani nau'i na musamman a cikin jerin, wanda zai iya zama dogon lokaci, tsari mai rikitarwa. Wasu nau'in haɗari masu haɗari suna da rikice-rikice. Wuraren da aka saba samun cece-kuce sun hada da ka’idojin sanya jinsin halittu a cikin jerin nau’ukan da ke cikin hadari da kuma ka’idojin cire jinsin daga jerin da zarar yawansu ya farfado. Ko hane-hane kan ci gaban ƙasa ya zama "ɗaukar" fili ta gwamnati Tambayar da ke da alaƙa da ko ya kamata a biya masu zaman kansu diyya na asarar amfanin yankunansu; da samun madaidaitan keɓancewa ga dokokin kariya. Har ila yau, zaɓe daga mafarauta da masana'antu daban-daban kamar masana'antar man fetur, masana'antar gine-gine, da saren katako, ya kasance cikas wajen kafa dokokin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari.
Gwamnatin Bush ta dage manufar da ta bukaci jami'an gwamnatin tarayya su tuntubi kwararrun namun daji kafin su dauki matakan da za su iya lalata nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari. A karkashin gwamnatin Obama, an sake dawo da wannan manufar. Jera shi azaman nau'in da ke cikin haɗari na iya yin mummunan tasiri tunda yana iya sa nau'in ya zama abin sha'awa ga masu tarawa da mafarauta. Wannan tasirin yana da yuwuwar raguwa, kamar a China inda kunkuru na kasuwanci na iya rage wasu matsin lamba don farautar nau'ikan da ke cikin hatsari. Wata matsalar da ke tattare da jeri nau'in da kuma sakamakon da ya haifar da ingiza amfani da hanyar "harbe, shebur, da rufewa" na kawar da nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari daga wani yanki na ƙasa. Wasu masu mallakar filaye a halin yanzu na iya ganin raguwar darajar ƙasarsu bayan sun gano wata dabba a cikinta. An yi zargin sun zabi kashe dabbobi da binne su ko kuma su lalata wuraren zama cikin shiru. Don haka kawar da matsalar daga ƙasarsu, amma tare da ƙara rage yawan al'ummar da ke cikin hatsari. Tasirin dokar nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari wanda ya haifar da kalmar "jinin haɗari" ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari na kasuwanci da wallafe-wallafen sun yi tambaya amma duk da haka masana kimiyyar namun daji waɗanda ke aiki tare da nau'in sun san shi sosai. An jera nau'ikan guda goma sha tara kuma an dawo dasu kuma kashi 93% na nau'ikan da aka jera a arewa maso gabashin Amurka suna da murmurewa ko kwanciyar hankali. A halin yanzu, nau'ikan 1,556 suna karkashin kariya ta dokar gwamnati. Wannan kusantar, duk da haka, ba ta la'akari da nau'in da ake yi wa barazanar haɗari waɗanda ba a haɗa su a ƙarƙashin kariyar dokoki kamar Dokar Kare Haɗari ba. Dangane da matsayin NatureServe na duniya na kiyayewa, kusan kashi goma sha uku cikin ɗari na vertebrates/dabbbobi masu rayuwa a kasa (ban da kifi na ruwa), kashi goma sha bakwai na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, da kashi shida zuwa goma sha takwas na fungi ana ɗaukar su cikin lalacewa. Don haka, gabaɗaya, tsakanin kashi bakwai zuwa goma sha takwas bisa ɗari na sanannun dabbobi, fungi da shuke-shuken Amurka sun kusa bacewa. Wannan jimillar ya zarce adadin nau'ikan da aka karewa a Amurka a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Haɗari.
Tun lokacin da dan Adam ya fara farauta don kare kansa, yawan farauta da kamun kifi sun kasance babbar matsala mai hatsarin gaske. Daga cikin dukkan nau'in da suka bace saboda tsangwama daga 'yan adam, dodo, tattabarar fasinja, babban auk, damisar Tasmania da saniyar ruwa ta Steller wasu daga cikin sanannun misalan; tare da mikiya mai sanƙara, ƙwanƙara bear, bison na Amurka, kerkeci na katako na Gabas da kunkuru na teku da aka yi wa farautar su kusa da bacewa. Yawancin su sun fara ne azaman tushen abinci da ake ganin sun zama dole don rayuwa amma sun zama makasudin wasanni. Koyaya, saboda babban ƙoƙarin hana bacewa, mikiya, ko Haliaeetus leucocephalus yanzu tana ƙarƙashin rukunin mafi ƙarancin damuwa akan jerin ja. Misali na yau da kullun na farautar nau'in nau'in ana iya gani a cikin tekuna yayin da yawan wasu kifin kifi ya ragu sosai. Manyan Whales kamar blue Whale, bowhead whale, finback whale, grey whale, sperm whale, da humpback whale wasu ne daga cikin kifayen kifayen guda takwas waɗanda a halin yanzu suna cikin jerin nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari. An ɗauki matakai don yunƙurin rage yawan kifin kifi da ƙara girman yawan jama'a. Ayyukan sun haɗa da haramta duk wani kifin kifi a cikin ruwa na Amurka, samar da yarjejeniyar CITES da ke kare duk wani kifin kifi, tare da kafa Hukumar Kula da Whaling ta Duniya (IWC) Sai dai duk da cewa an sanya dukkan wadannan yunkuri, kasashe irin su Japan na ci gaba da farauta da girbin kifin a karkashin da'awar "dalibai na kimiyya". Fiye da farauta, canjin yanayi da asarar wurin zama suna haifar da saukowa nau'ikan cikin jerin nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari. Yana iya nufin cewa ɓarkewar rates na iya ƙaruwa zuwa babba a nan gaba.
nau'in cin zarafi Gabatar da nau'ikan da ba na asali ba zuwa wani yanki na iya kawo cikas ga yanayin halittu ta yadda nau'in 'yan asalin ke shiga cikin hadari. Irin wannan gabatarwar ana iya kiransa baƙon ko nau'in ɓarna. A wasu lokuta, nau'ikan masu cin zarafi suna gogayya da nau'ikan na asali don abinci ko ganima ga 'yan asalin. A wasu lokuta, daidaiton yanayin muhalli na iya jin haushi ta hanyar tsinuwa ko wasu abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar nau'in da ba a zata ba. Sabbin nau'ikan na iya ɗaukar cututtuka waɗanda nau'in na asali ba su da fallasa ko juriya gare su.
Kiyayewa
Kiwon da aka kama Kiwon da aka kama shi ne tsarin kiwo da ba kasafai ko kuma ke cikin hatsari a cikin muhallin da mutane ke sarrafa su tare da takaitaccen saiti, kamar wuraren ajiyar namun daji, namun daji, da sauran wuraren kiyayewa. Kiwo da aka kama ana nufin ceto nau'in halittu daga bacewa da kuma daidaita yawan nau'in ta yadda ba zai bace ba. Wannan dabarar ta yi aiki ga nau'ikan jinsuna da yawa na ɗan lokaci, tare da wataƙila mafi dadewa sanannun irin waɗannan lokuta na kama-karya ana danganta su ga shugabannin Turai da Asiya, misali shine barewa na Père David Koyaya, dabarun kiwo da aka kama galibi suna da wahalar aiwatarwa don irin waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan tafi da gidanka kamar wasu tsuntsaye masu ƙaura (misali cranes) da kifi (misali hilsa Bugu da ƙari, idan yawan kiwo da aka kama ya yi ƙanƙanta, to, ƙila za a iya haifar da ƙiyayya saboda raguwar tarin kwayoyin halitta da rage juriya.
A cikin 1981, Ƙungiyar Zoos da Aquariums (AZA) ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Tsira na Nauyin (SSP) don taimakawa wajen adana takamaiman nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari da barazana ta hanyar kiwo. Tare da tsare-tsare sama da 450 na SSP, AZA ta rufe wasu nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari tare da tsare-tsare don rufe manufofin gudanar da al'umma da shawarwari don kiwo ga al'umma dabam-dabam da lafiya, waɗanda Ƙungiyoyin Shawarar Taxon suka ƙirƙira. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen yawanci ana ƙirƙira su azaman ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na ƙarshe. Shirye-shiryen SSP suna shiga akai-akai a cikin farfadowar jinsuna, kula da dabbobi don barkewar cututtukan daji, da wasu ƙoƙarin kiyaye namun daji. Tsarin Tsira na Irin nau'in AZA shima yana da shirye-shiryen kiwo da canja wuri, duka a ciki da wajen AZA ƙwararrun zoos da wuraren adana ruwa. Wasu dabbobin da ke cikin shirye-shiryen SSP sune manyan pandas, gorilla na lowland, da California condors.
Manoma masu zaman kansu Ganin cewa farauta na rage yawan dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari, doka, don riba, noma masu zaman kansu ke yin akasin haka. Ya ƙara yawan adadin karkanda baƙar fata na kudanci da farar rhinoceros na kudu. Dokta Richard Emslie, jami'in kimiyya a IUCN, ya ce game da irin waɗannan shirye-shiryen, "Tsarin aiwatar da doka ya zama mafi sauƙi a yanzu da dabbobin na sirri ne. Mun sami damar kawo al'ummomin gida cikin shirye-shiryen kiyayewa. Ana samun ƙara ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi a haɗe don kula da karkanda maimakon farauta kawai: daga yawon shakatawa na Eco ko sayar da su don riba. Don haka masu yawa da yawa suna kiyaye su lafiya. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun kasance mabuɗin don taimakawa aikinmu." Kwararru a fannin kiwon lafiya na duba irin tasirin da noman kunkuru na kasar Sin ke da shi ga yawan kunkurun daji na kasar Sin da kuma kudu maso gabashin Asiya. da yawa daga cikinsu suna cikin hadari kamar yadda "ba a fahimta ba". Ko da yake sun yaba da sauya kunkuru da aka kama a hankali da kunkuru masu noma a kasuwa. yawan mutanen da aka tara noma a cikin kasuwancin "bayyane" ya karu daga kusan 30% a cikin 2000 zuwa kusan 70% a cikin 2007 sun damu cewa ana kama dabbobin daji da yawa don samar wa manoma kiwo. Masanin kula da lafiyar Peter Paul van Dijk ya lura cewa manoman kunkuru sukan yi imanin cewa dabbobin da aka kama dajin sun fi kiwo. Manoman kunkuru, saboda haka, za su iya nema su kama sauran samfuran daji na ƙarshe na wasu nau'in kunkuru masu haɗari. A cikin 2015, masu bincike a Ostiraliya sun sami nasarar korar tuna tuna bluefin na kudancin kasar don yin haifuwa a cikin tankuna marasa iyaka, suna haɓaka yuwuwar cewa noman kifi na iya ceton nau'in daga kifin kifaye.
Gallery (dakin nuna zane-zane
Duba kuma
IUCN Red List Jerin Chromista ta halin kiyayewa.
Jerin 'yan amphibian da ke cikin hatsari.
Jerin arthropods masu haɗari.
Jerin tsuntsayen da ke cikin hadari.
Jerin kifayen da ke cikin hatsari.
Jerin kwari masu hatsari.
Jerin invertebrates masu haɗari.
Jerin dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke cikin hatsari.
Jerin molluscs masu hatsari.
Jerin tsire-tsire masu haɗari.
Jerin dabbobi masu rarrafe da ke cikin hatsari.
Jerin fungi ta hanyar kiyayewa.
Jerin sunayen jajayen IUCN da ke cikin haɗari.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
2384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C6%99umi | Raƙumi | Raƙumi dai wata halitta ce daga cikin dabbobin da Allah maɗaukakin Sarki ya halitta bisa hikima da ikonsa. Babu shakka akwai ayoyi da hikimomi masu yawa tattare da irin tsari na musamman da Allah ya keɓanci raƙumi da su. Kuma ya halicci raƙumi da su ne, domin su zamo ayoyi abin lura ga ma'abota hankali.
Kasancewa akwai zafi mai tsananin gaske a hamada, wanda ba duka halittu za su iya jurewa ba. Sannan kuma akwai ƙura haɗe da yashi da take tashi kodayaushe, wadda take rufe duk wata halitta da ta ci karo da ita. Ga babbar halitta kuma ƙurar takan sa wahalar nunfashi da shaƙar iska. Idan ka ɗauke ƙananan halittu dangin su kadangare, raƙumi shi ne kaɗai wata ƙatuwar halitta da take iya rayuwa a cikin hamada. Kuma mahaliccin raƙumi ya halicce shi ne musamman domin ya rayu a cikin hamada, ya kuma zama mai hidima ga al'ummar dake rayuwa a wannan ɓangare.
Abu mafi muhimmanci da aka fi buƙata a hamada shi ne ruwa, domin a yi maganin ƙishirwa, amma kuma abu ne mai wahalar gaske a samu ruwa a hamada. Kuma ba abu ne mai yiwuwa ba, a samu wani abinci a cikin yashin hamada. Hakan na nufin kenan duk wata dabba da za ta rayu a hamada, ya zama wajibi ta zamanto tana da wata kariya daga jin ƙishirwa da kuma yunwa. Babu shakka haka abin yake ga raƙumi, domin babu wata dabba da ta fi shi jure ƙishirwa da yunwa.
Raƙumi zai iya rayuwa har na tsawon kwana takwas ba tare da ci ko sha ba. Don haka kum, idan raƙumi ya samu inda zai sha ruwa, kasancewar yana da matuƙar buƙatarsa, sai ya sha ya kuma ajiye wani ruwan a cikinsa. Raƙumi yakan iya shan ruwan da ya kai ɗaya bisa uku na girmansa a cikin minti goma kacal, wato kwatankwacin galan 30 kenan.
Tozon raƙumi kuwa na tattare da kitsen da ya kai kilo 40. Godiya ta tabbata ga wanda ya halicci tozon raƙumi, yadda zai sa raƙumi ya yi kwanan da kwanaki a cikin hamada ba tare da cin abinci ba.
Mafiya yawan dangogin abinci da ake samu a hamada busassu ne, kuma masu tauri, amma duk da haka, an tsara halittar kayan cikin raƙumi yadda za su iya narkar da kusan duk wasu nau'o'in abinci da ake samu a hamada, komai taurinsa kuwa. Mahaliccin rakumi ya halittar masa waɗansu irin haƙora yadda za su dace da abincinsa. Babu shakka ƙurar hamada na daga cikin gararin da halittun da ke ratsa hamada ke fama da ita, saboda tana shigar masu ido, ta kuma hana su shaƙar iska yadda ya kamata. Amma mahaliccin raƙumi ya halitta masa wata fata daga saman idonsa kamar gilashi, wadda take sakkowa yayin da iskar hamada ta taso, sai ta zama kariya ga idon. Sannan ga kuma dogon gashin ido mai kauri da yake hana tsakuwoyin yashin hamada isa ga idon raƙumin.
Har ila yau, an tsara halittar hancin raƙumi yadda idan iska mai yashi ta taso zai iya manne ƙofofin hancinsa, ya riƙa shaƙar iska ta wata ‘yar kafa ta musamman mai cike da kariya, yadda babu wani yashin hamada da zai shiga cikinsa.
Ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin da abubuwan hawa ke fuskanta yayin ratsa hamada shi ne kafewa a cikin yashi. Amma irin wannan haɗari bai taɓa faruwa ga raƙumi ba, koda kuwa yana ɗauke da labtun kaya, saboda an halicci ƙafafuwan raƙumi ne musamman saboda ratsa hamada. Kasancewar kofaton raƙumi yana da wani maganaɗisu da baya barinsa ya kafe cikin yashi, saboda kofaton yana aiki ne kamar takalmin da Bature yake amfani da shi idan zai ratsa ta cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Sannan kuma doguwar ƙafarsa ta nisanta shi da tiririn zafin yashin hamada. Jikinsa kuma na rufe shi da wata fata ta musamman, wadda take iya kare shi daga zafin rana ko kuma zafin yashi a lokacin da yake kwance. Wanna tsari na halittar raƙumi, shi ne abin da ya fito da halittar raƙumi fili, a matsayin wata cikakkiyar halitta.
Bari mu yi wa mai karatu wata tunatarwa ta musamman dangane da ɓangarorin halittar raƙumi da muka bayyana;
Cikakken tsarin da ya ba shi ikon jure ƙishirwa. Tozonsa da ya ba shi ikon jure yunwa. Ƙafafuwansa da suka ba shi damar tafiya salin-alin cikin hamada.
Fatar kariya ta ido da take kare shi daga iskar hamada.
Gashin idonsa da yake kare idon daga tsakuwoyin yashin hamada. Hancinsa da aka halitta da wata kariyar yashi ta musamman. Tsarin bakinsa da ya ba shi ikon cin duk wani abinci a hamada. Kayan cikinsa da suke narkar da duk abin da ya ci komai taurinsa. Fatar cikinsa da take ba shi kariya daga tsananin zafin hamada. Kofatonsa da yake kareshi daga kafewa a cikin yashin hamada.
Dukkan waɗannan gaɓɓai na raƙumi da muka lissafa, babu ɗaya daga cikin tsarin nan na ƙarya na juyin halitta da ya iya bayyana yadda akai *waɗannan gaɓɓai suka samu.
Saboda haka kuma waɗannan gaɓoɓi na raƙumi da ma sauran da ba mu iya ambaton su anan ba, suna nusar da mu ne ga wata hujja tabbatacciya. Wato dai raƙumi wata ƙasaitacciyar dabbace da mahalicci ya halitta domin ya iya biyan buƙatar al'ummar da suke rayuwa a ɓangaren hamada. Wannan mahalicci kuwa shi ne Allah maɗaukaki kuma mahaliccin komai.
Rakumi dabbace Mai dogon tarihi a fadin duniya, rakumi tana daga cikin dabbobi masu daraja a cikin duniya, sannan rakumi na daya daga cikin dabbobi wanda suke jure wahala sosai fiye da mafi yawan dabbobi. Akanyi anfani da fitsarin rakumi wajen yin magani, har ila yau Ana sayarda fitsarin rakumi, wasu daga cikin mutane sun Mai da sayar da fitsarin rakumi tamkar sana'ar su kasan cewar fitsarin rakumi tana maganin cutartuka da dama a jikin mutum, sannan rakumi yana daya daga cikin dabbobi masu tsada a duniya. Rakumi yana daga cikin dabbobin da akafi yawan gani a gidan zoo kuma daya daga cikin dabbobin da akafi sani a duniya. Santtp://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3880536,00.html Tsawon kwanaki nawa raƙumi yake iya yi ba tare da ci ko sha ba]
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41173 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20%C6%98asar%20Japan | Tarihin Ƙasar Japan | Mutanen farko da suka fara zama a tsibiran Ƙasar Jafan a zamunan baya a tsakanin shekarun 30,000 BC. Zamanin Jōmon, wacce lokacin Yayoi ke biye da ita a ƙarni na farko BC lokacin da aka gabatar da sabbin ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire daga Asiya. A wannan lokacin, an rubuta rubutacciyar hujja ta farko game da Japan a cikin littafin Han na kasar Sin a karni na farko AD.
A kusan karni na 3 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, mutanen Yayoi daga nahiyar sun yi hijira zuwa tsibiran kasar Japan kuma sun bullo da fasahar sarrafa karfe da noma. Saboda suna da wayewar noma, yawan mutanen Yayoi sun karu cikin sauri har suka kai ga mamaye mutanen Jōmon, ƴan asalin tsibiran Jafan waɗanda mafarauta ne. A tsakanin ƙarni na huɗu zuwa tara, yawancin masarautu da ƙabilu na Japan a hankali sun haɗa kai a ƙarƙashin wata cibiyar gwamnati, wanda Sarkin Japan ke mulki. Daular masarautar da aka kafa a wannan lokaci ta ci gaba har wa yau, ana tuna ta a kusan kowanne lokacin biki. A cikin shekarar 794, an kafa sabon babban birni a Heian-kyō (Kyoto a yau), wanda ke nuna farkon lokacin Heian, wacce ta wanzu har ya zuwa 1185. Ana ɗaukar wannan Lokacin na Heian a matsayin shekaru na musamman a tarihin al'adun Jafananci na gargajiya. Rayuwar addinin mutanen Jafan tun daga wannan lokaci zuwa yanzu sun kasance a cakuɗe da al'adun Shinto na asali da mabiya addinin Buddhanci.
A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, iko na gidajen sarautu sun ragu, sun fara komawa a hankali daga farko zuwa gwamnatin farar hula musamman Fujiwara sannan zuwa ga sojojin samurai. Kabilar Minamoto karkashin Minamoto no Yoritomo sun yi nasara daga Yaƙin Genpei na 1180–85, inda suka fatattaki 'yan uwan adawansu na soja, Taira. Bayan ya kwace mulki, Yoritomo ya kafa babban birninsa a Kamakura kuma ya sanyawa kansa lakabin shogun. A cikin shekarun 1274 da 1281, Kamakurate ya jajircewa hare-haren Mongoliya har guda biyu, amma a cikin 1333 wani abokin hamayya ya kifar da shi, wanda ya haifar da lokacin Muromachi. A wannan lokacin, shuwagabannin yaƙi na yankin da ake kira daimō sun bunkasa cikin iko a kan karagar shogun. A ƙarshe, Japan ta afka ya zuwa lokacin yakin basasa. A cikin ƙarshen karni na 16, an sake hade kawunan mutanen Japan a ƙarƙashin jagorancin shahararre daimō Oda Nobunaga da magajinsa, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Bayan mutuwar Toyotomi a shekara ta 1598, Tokugawa Ieyasu ya hau mulki kuma sarki ya nada shi shōgun. Tokugawa shogunate, wanda ke mulki daga Edo Tokyo na yau), ya jagoranci zama na wadata da lumana wanda akafi sani da zamanin Edo (1600-1868). Tokugawa shogunate ya sanya tsauraran matakai ga al'ummar Japan kuma ya yanke kusan duk wata hulɗa da duniyar waje.
Portugal da Japan sun yi hulɗa a shekarar 1543, lokacin da mutanen Portugal suka zama Turawa na farko da suka fara isa Japan ta hanyar sauka a kudancin tsibirin. Sun yi tasiri sosai a kan Japan, duk da irin wannan ƙayyadaddun hulɗodin nasu sun gabatar da bindigogi ga ymaakianJapan Balaguron Perry na a kasar Amurka a 1853–54 ya ƙara kawo ƙarshen keɓancewar kasar Japan; wannan ya taimaka wajen rushewar mulkin shogun da kuma dawo da mulki ga sarki a lokacin yakin Boshin a 1868. Sabon shugabancin kasa na lokacin Meiji ya sauya ƙasashen tsibiran da aka keɓe zuwa wata daula wacce ta bi tsarin mulkin Yammacin Turai kuma ta zama babban kasa .Duk da cewa dimokuradiyya ta haɓaka sannan kuma al'adun farar hula na zamani sun sami cigaba a lokacin Taishō (1912-26), sojojin Japan masu ƙarfi suna da ƙarfin iko na cin gashin kansu kuma sun mulke shugabannin farar hula na Japan a tsakanin shekarun 1920s da 1930s. Sojojin Japan sun kai hari a Manchuria a shekara ta 1931, kuma daga 1937 rikici ya rikide zuwa wani dogon yaki da kasar Sin. Harin da Japan ta kai a Pearl Harbor a 1941 ya janyo yaki da Amurka da abokanta. Ba da daɗewa ba aka mamaye sojojin Japan, amma sojojin sun ci gaba da kai hare-hare duk da hare-haren jiragen sama waɗanda suka yi mummunar barna ga cibiyoyin jama'a. Sarkin sarakuna Hirohito ya sanar da mika wuyar kasar Japan a ranar 15 ga Agusta, 1945, bayan harin nukiliyar Hiroshima da Nagasaki da kuma harin Soviet Manchuria.
Ƙungiyoyin majibintan sun mamaye ƙasar Japan har zuwa 1952, lokacin da aka kafa sabon tsarin mulki a 1947 wanda ya mayar da Japan zuwa tsarin mulki na kundi. Bayan 1955, Japan ta fuskanci ci gaɓar tattalin arziki sosai a ƙarƙashin mulkin jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party, kuma ta zama cibiyar tattalin arzikinduniya. Tun daga shekaru goma da suka gabata na shekarun 1990, haɓakar tattalin arzikin Japan ya ragu.
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13741 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy%20Abang | Mercy Abang | Mercy Banku Abang ta kasance 'yar jaridar Najeriya ce wacce ta samu lambar yabo a Najeriya. An san ta ne saboda aikinta na tallafin aikin jarida wanda ta mayar da hankali ga mafi yawan jama'a masu rauni. Ita ce mafi mashahurin labarun Najeriya.
Mercy ta samu kasancewa acikin shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2017 (Dag Hammarksjold) Journalism Fellow.
Ta shiga gudanar da lura da misalai da yawa kan abubuwan zabe a yankin na yammacin Afirka. Tana da jerin shirye-shiryen tattaunawa, "Tattaunawa tare da Abang Mercy", wacce ta sami baƙi kamar Reno Omokri, Dele Momodu da Chude Jideonwo. A shekarar 2017, an ba ta sunan mace ta shekarar a cikin aikin Jarida. A shekarar 2012, an sanya sunan cikin daya daga cikin Matan Najeriya 10 da za'a iya sanya ido akansu.
Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da rahoto game da zaben kasar ta Ghana, tare da rufe tashoshin zabe daban-daban a duk fadin kasar tare da bayar da rahoto game da rawar da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na kasar Ghana suka yi a yayin zabukan da aka kammala kwanan nan. Ta kuma ba da rahoto mai yawa game da ayyukan fulani makiyaya a Arewacin Najeriya, ziyartar al'ummomin jihar Neja da jawo hankalin jama'ar Najeriya ga labaran da ba a ba da labarinsu ba a cikin al'ummomin Gbagyi.
Ta fara ayyukanta ne ta gidan telebijin a matsayinta na wakilin siyasa da Gidan Talabijin mai zaman kanta da Rediyo, Abuja tun tana dan karami, tare da nauyinta na rufe bangarorin siyasa da hukumar zaben. Ta zama mai ilimi a fagen siyasar Najeriya da kuma batun zabe. A ITV Abuja, ta yi aiki a matsayin edita mara kan layi, darektan gabatarwa kuma mai gabatarwa. Ofaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka samar shi ne Wannan Morning a kan ITV, wasan karin kumallo. A da, ta yi aiki tare da sauran takwarorinta na Afirka da kungiyoyin fararen hula wajen yin kawance da bayar da shawarwari, kungiyoyi kamar Oxfam GB Najeriya, Kungiyar Hadin Kan Yankin Afirka ta Yamma, Gidauniyar Heinrich Boell da sauransu. Ta kuma kasance mawuyacin hali ga Kamfanin Associated Press da kuma mai tsara shirin Jaridar Sunday Times na London, da BBC World Service Trust da sauransu. A yayin ayyukanta da Heinrich Boll Foundation, ta yi kasidu da gabatarwa kan yanayin muhalli na Najeriya da kuma abubuwanda zasu sanya gaba nan gaba, a biranen Najeriya da dama ciki har da Legas, Abuja har ma da na duniya, a Berlin da London.
Tana da shekaru 20, ta wakilci Najeriya tare da wasu manyan 'yan Afirka na kawance da Yarjejeniyar Kawance da Tattalin Arziki (EPA) tare da Tarayyar Turai da kasashen Afirka da Caribbean (ACP) a Senegal da Gambiya. Mercy ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar mai yada labarai ga gwamnan jihar Cross River, Donald Duke, a lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa a kan kungiyar Kungiyoyin yakin neman zaben Donald Duke. A shekarar 2014, an gayyace ta a taron tattaunawa na shekara-shekara na Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan Mulkin Demokradiyya, kare hakkin Dan-Adam da Shugabanci a Afirka; Na yau da kullun, kalubaloli da kuma tsammanin da aka yi a Filin Safari na Nairobi ganawa da mahalarta daga ƙasashe 40 na Afirka. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Mercy tare da wata yarjaridar kasa da kasa, Kadaria Ahmed na BBC, ta karbi bakuncin ‘yan Najeriya zuwa wani taron zauren gidan talabijin na tsawon awanni 2 tare da Shugaban Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa, Attahiru Jega a Abuja. Hakanan, yayin gudanar da zabukan 2015 a watan Satumbar 2014, Mercy ta karade wani taron Legas tare da matasa inda ta tattauna da tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya kuma mai neman takarar shugaban kasa a zaben, Atiku Abubakar Tana ba da gudummawa ga wasu kafofin watsa labarai kamar YNaija da EcoJournalism. and EcoJournalism.
Advocacy Mercy mamba ce a cikin kawancen ba da tallafi, Enough is Enough Nigeria ne wanda Chude Jideonwo ya kafa, yana aiki a lokaci daya a cikin Babban Mai Gudanar da Sadarwa. A karkashin EiE, ta shirya tare da gudanar da zauren majami'a da kuma zauren taron gangami don matasa 'yan Najeriya a yankuna shida (6) na siyasa a Najeriya, tare da koya musu yadda ake gudanar da zaben tare da sanar dasu dokokin zaben kasar. A matsayinta na mai magana da yawun jama'a kuma mai sharhi, ta himmatu ga matasa a ciki da wajen Najeriya. A matsayinta na matashi ɗan kasuwa na Afirka, tana aiki tare da matasa kuma ta ci gaba da ba da himma ga ƙarni ta hanyar ƙirƙirar damar aiki da aiki kamar ƙwararren masanin kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa da mai ba da shawara. Ta kuma taimaka a cikin shirin bayar da tallafi na LightupNigeria wanda Amara Nwankpa ta kirkira tare da kwato kudaden da Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya yi alkawarin ba da magani ga mutanen da ambaliyar ruwan 2013 ta shafa a mahakar gwal a Zamfara.
An yiwa mutane tambayoyi A cikin 2017, ban Jaridar Wuta, Mercy, ta yi hira da gwamna Olusegun Mimiko na jihar Ondo, an mai da hankali ne ga masu ba da haihuwa na gargajiya (TBAs) Agbebi da kuma inganta ayyukan su tare da shirin na Abiye da aka bazu a cikin kananan hukumomin 18 (LGAs) har ma da kafa asibitoci biyu na uwayen Yara da Yara don rage Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) da kashi 84.9 wanda ya kasance daga 745 cikin 1000,000 masu haihuwar haihuwa a cikin 2009 zuwa 112 zuwa 100,000 na haihuwar haihuwa a cikin 2016. Mrecy ta yi hira da Farfesa Attahiru Jega, Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Najeriya (INEC), ta yi hira ta tsawon awa biyu tare da jami’ar wacce aka watsa ta gidan talabijin na Channels kafin tsayayyar takara a zaben 2015 game da yadda ake gudanar da zaben, shirye-shirye. na hukumar, da kuma tsarin aiwatarwa gaba daya. Wancan shine zaben da ya hambarar da tsohon shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan wanda ya kai ga jan ragamar mulkin Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari, tsohon shugaban mulkin soja. Atiku Abubakar, Mercy ta yi hira ta sa'o'i biyu tare da tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya kuma mai neman Shugaban kasa tare da hukuncin All Progressives Congress (APC) a yayin gudanar da zaben har zuwa zabuka da kamfen a cikin APC wanda daga karshe ya haifar da fitowar Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari a matsayin mai ba wa tutar jam'iyyar hannu.
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30393 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Mata%20a%20Koriya%20ta%20Arewa | Haƙƙoƙin Mata a Koriya ta Arewa | Haƙƙoƙin mata a Koriya ta Arewa sun bambanta a tarihi. A cikin tarihi na baya-bayan nan, manyan abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarni na 20, irin su Rarraban Koriya da kuma daga baya na shekara ta 1990s yunwar Koriya ta Arewa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita dangantakar jima'i.
Mahallin tarihi Kafin shekara ta 1945, a Koriya ta Arewa, mata suna da 'yanci kaɗan. Ana sa ran za su haifi magada maza su raya su; don tabbatar da ci gaba da layin iyali. Mata ba su da damar shiga cikin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa ta al'umma. A cikin al'ummar Koriya ta gargajiya, ba a la'akari da ilimin ilimi da mahimmanci ga mata, kuma kaɗan ne kawai suka sami ilimi na yau da kullun. A ƙarni na 19, Kiristoci masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje ne suka kafa makarantun ’yan mata, don haka suka ba wa ’yan Koriya mata damar samun ilimin zamani. Akwai 'yan keɓantawa ga waɗannan iyakoki. Misali, an yi kira ga ’yan shaman mata su yi maganin cututtuka ta wajen korar aljanu, su yi addu’a don ruwan sama a lokacin fari, ko kuma su yi duba da duba. Matsayin zamantakewa da matsayin mata ya canza sosai bayan shekara ta 1945. Ranar 30 ga Yuli, 1946, hukumomi a arewacin layi na talatin da takwas sun zartar da Dokar Daidaiton Jima'i. Kundin tsarin mulki na shekara ta 1972 ya tabbatar da cewa "matansu suna da matsayi daidai da zamantakewa da 'yancin maza." Kundin tsarin mulki na 1990 ya tanadi cewa jihar ta samar da yanayi daban-daban domin ci gaban mata a cikin al’umma. Bisa ka'ida, dokar Koriya ta Arewa ta goyi bayan daidaiton jima'i. Akwai ƙalubale da yawa duk da haka. Ko da yake sabon tsarin ya sa mata su kasance daidai gwargwado a cikin ma'aikata a wajen gida da kuma samun damar samun ilimi, an ci gaba da daukar mata a matsayin kasa da maza. Misali shi ne fifikon da namiji mai karfi, da nauyin da ke kan mata don yin mafi yawan ayyukan gida, da kuma bambancin jinsin da aka tabbatar ta hanyar yadda ake raba maza da mata a matakin firamare da manyan makarantun gaba da sakandare. Wasu fannonin manhajojin karatu na yara maza da mata su ma sun bambanta, tare da mai da hankali kan ilimin motsa jiki ga yara maza da kuma tattalin arzikin gida ga 'yan mata. Koyaya, a cikin tsarin jami'a na shekaru huɗu, matan da suka shahara a fannin likitanci, ilmin halitta, da harsunan waje da adabi suna da yawa musamman. Koriya ta Arewa ta kasance wata al'umma mai kishin addini, kuma rawar da mata ke takawa a fannin iyali da na jama'a ya canza sau da yawa daga karshen yakin duniya na biyu zuwa yau. Bayan yakin, mata sun shiga cikin tattalin arzikin gurguzu da yawa, kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake gina kasar. Amma yayin da tattalin arzikin ya inganta a cikin shekarun baya, mata ba su da buƙatuwa a cikin ma'aikata, kuma an sami yunƙurin yin wasu ayyuka na gargajiya. An bai wa ma’aikatan jihar abinci kuma yawancin iyalai za su iya rayuwa a kan hakan. Amma a lokacin yunwar Koriya ta Arewa na shekarun 1990, waɗannan rarrabuwa, waɗanda aka fi sani da Tsarin Rarraba Jama'a, sun bushe kuma iyalai sun nemi wani wuri don tallafin kuɗi. Maza, duk da cewa ba a biya su, har yanzu ana bukatar su halarci ayyukan gwamnati. Gwamnatin da ke fama da kuɗaɗen kuɗi ta dogara kacokan akan aikin ƴancin da suke samu daga mazaje kuma da wuya ta daina wannan al'ada nan ba da jimawa ba. Domin maza su sami ’yanci daga aiki, a zahiri dole ne su biya ma’aikacin su albashin su sau 20 zuwa 30 na wata-wata, a basu damar yin wasu ayyuka masu fa’ida, kamar aikin gyara. Ana buƙatar wannan biyan kuɗi ko da mutum ba zai iya cin abincin da zai ci ba, idan ba haka ba za a yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku. Shigar da mata ke yi a kasuwannin ƙwadago a halin yanzu ba shi da tabbas, saboda tsarin tattalin arziƙin launin toka mara ka'ida wanda ya karu tun bayan yunwar. A cewar ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, mata ‘yan kasuwa a sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba suna da rauni ga cin zarafi da cin zarafi, kuma "aiwatar da ƙa'idoji da ƙa'idoji game da ayyukan kasuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma jami'an gwamnati na iya neman cin hanci da cin zarafi da kuma tilasta mata ba tare da wani hukunci ba."
Cin zarafin mata Ko da a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci na tsarin songbun, tsarin ƙabilanci na Koriya ta Arewa, mata suna fuskantar tashin hankali na musamman. Ya zama ruwan dare ga masu fama da talauci su koma karuwanci da shan muggan kwayoyi, har ma wadanda suka yi nasarar tserewa daga ƙasar ta China suna fuskantar cin zarafi ko fataucinsu.
Karuwanci a Koriya ta Arewa Yunwar da aka yi a shekarun 1990 ta canza al'ummar Koriya ta Arewa sosai cewa har yanzu duniya tana ƙoƙarin fahimtar fa'ida da zurfin wannan canji. Lokacin da bayan yunwar, miliyoyin mutanen Koriya ta Arewa sun fahimci duk wata dabarar rayuwa da ta dace don ciyar da kansu. Wadanda ba su canza ba, kuma jihar ba ta ciyar da su ba, sun mutu. Ga dubban matan Koriya ta Arewa, karuwanci ita ce dabarar rayuwa ta hanya ta ƙarshe don ciyar da kansu, kuma galibi, 'ya'yansu. A Koriya ta Arewa Kim Il Sung, cinikin jima'i bai ganuwa ga duniyar waje. Hakan ya fara canzawa lokacin da masu safarar Sinawa da johns suka tilastawa dubban mata 'yan gudun hijira shiga cikin cinikin jima'i. A ƙarshen babban yunwa, karuwanci ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Koriya ta Arewa. Haka kuma ya zama mai tsari da farauta, inda jami’an jahohin ke taka rawar gani wajen ganin an ba su kariya da kariya. A Hamheung a shekara ta 2008, an zargi wasu manyan jami'an jam'iyyar da laifin kula da wani gidan shayi da kuma sayar da jima'i, da kuma kare shi daga tsoma bakin 'yan sanda. A cikin Hyesan a shekara ta 2009, an kama manajan wani masaukin gwamnati da jami’an jam’iyyar tsakiya ke yi wa jama’a hidima da laifin yin lalata da mata da ‘yan mata, wasu a tsakiyar shekarun su. Kuɗin Koriya ta Arewa na shekara ta 2009 “sake fasalin” ya kori ƙarin mata cikin cinikin jima'i. A shekara ta 2010, "manjoji ma'aurata" sun shirya karuwanci a Chongjin wadanda suka dace da abokan ciniki, galibi sojoji, da masu yin jima'i, yawancin daliban jami'a mata, da kuma wasu lokuta matan da suka dogara da kwayoyi. A shekara ta 2014, an zargi manajan wata masana'anta ta Koriya ta Arewa da ke China da laifin korar mata ma'aikatan masana'anta. Rahotannin ba su nuna cewa jihar da sane ta zaɓi yin haƙuri ko riba daga cinikin jima'i a matsayin al'amari na siyasa. Jami’an tsaro lokaci-lokaci suna murkushe sana’ar jima’i, amma babu makawa, lokacin da hukumomi masu cin hanci da rashawa suka yi yunkurin ‘yan sanda wani ciniki mai fa’ida, hukumomi sukan fara ganin wannan sana’ar wata hanya ce ta kara musu albashi. Mafi mahimmanci, a cikin al'ummar da jami'ai ke zama doka, inda ake aiwatar da doka ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kuma inda jihar ke samun riba daga kasuwanci a kalla a fakaice, zai yi wuya a iya bambanta tsakanin cin hanci da rashawa da manufofin jihohi. A yau, jaridar Daily NK ta ruwaito cewa, ’yan kasuwa masu alaka da su na karuwa da karuwanci da jami’an da ke da alaka da su. Wani dan Koriya ta Arewa da ya sauya sheka ya sanar da Ha Tae-kyung, dan majalisa na jam'iyyar Saenuri kuma mawallafi kwararre a Koriya ta Arewa, cewa karuwai kusan 500 ne a birninsu, mai yawan jama'a mutum 400,000. "Idan [mu] ya dogara da lissafin lissafi mai sauƙi kuma muka sanya yawan mutanen Koriya ta Arewa a matsayin miliyan 20, za mu iya ɗauka cewa ya kamata a sami karuwai kusan 25,000 a Koriya ta Arewa," Ha ya gaya wa Sieff..
Duba kuma Mata a Koriya ta Arewa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahoton da Jami'ai suka yi game da cin zarafin mata da Human Rights Watch, 2018
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Dokoki
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26607 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafofin%20Ya%C9%97a%20Labarai%20na%20korona | Kafofin Yaɗa Labarai na korona | Bayar da labarai game da cutar ta COVID-19 ta bambanta ta ƙasa, lokaci da kafofin watsa labarai. Kafofin yada labarai a lokaci guda sun ci gaba da sanar da masu kallo game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu da suka shafi cutar, kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga rashin fahimta ko labarai na karya Matsayi da yanayin ɗaukar hoto A cikin Janairu 2020, cikakken watan farko da aka san barkewar cutar, Time ya rubuta labarai na Turanci 41,000 da ke ɗauke da kalmar "coronavirus", wanda 19,000 suka sanya shi cikin kanun labarai. An kwatanta wannan da cutar Ebola ta Kivu, wacce ke da labarai 1,800 da kanun labarai 700 a watan Agustan 2018. Paul Levinson, wani mai bincike a fannin sadarwa da nazarin kafofin watsa labaru, ya danganta wannan babban bambance-bambance ga koma bayan da aka dauka kan barkewar cutar Ebola a shekarar 2014, tare da damuwa game da sanya ido kan yadda kasar Sin ke yada labaran.
Recode ya ruwaito a 17 Maris cewa, daga 3,000 high-traffic labarai sites, a kusa da 1 bisa dari na buga articles suna da alaka da cuta, amma waɗanda articles janye a kusa da 13 bisa dari na duka ra'ayoyi, tare da subtopics kamar zamantakewa distancing, flattening da kwana da kuma keɓe kai kasancewa sananne musamman. Jimlar adadin labarin da kansa ya yi sama da kashi 30 cikin ɗari a tsakiyar Maris 2020 idan aka kwatanta da tsakiyar Maris 2019.
Wani bincike na kusan kanun labarai 141,000 na Turanci da ke da alaƙa da Coronavirus daga Janairu 15, 2020 zuwa Yuni 3, 2020 ya gano cewa kashi 52% na kanun labarai sun kori ra'ayi mara kyau yayin da kashi 30% kawai ke haifar da kyawawan halaye. Mawallafa sun nuna cewa kanun labarai suna ba da gudummawa ga tsoro da rashin tabbas wanda ke da mummunan sakamako na lafiya da tattalin arziki. Wani binciken ya gano cewa bidiyon labarai na kan layi ba su nuna dabarun magancewa da halayen lafiya ba kamar yadda za su iya. Wasu kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa ɗaukar labarai ya haifar da siyasantar da cutar ta kuma an ba da labarin sosai.
Takarda a watan Nuwamba 2020 daga Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasa mai taken "Me yasa Duk Labaran COVID-19 Yake Mugun Labari?" ya gano cewa kashi 91% na labaran da manyan kafafen yada labarai na Amurka suka yi game da COVID-19 suna da sauti mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da kashi 54% na manyan kafofin watsa labarai a wajen Amurka da kashi 65% na mujallun kimiyya.
Batutuwa tare da bayanan karya da labaran karya sun haifar da haɓaka CoVerifi, dandamali wanda ke da yuwuwar taimakawa wajen magance COVID-19 "lalata".
An yi iƙirarin cewa tsawaita da tsawaita ɗaukar cutar na iya ba da gudummawa ga gajiyawar bayanan COVID-19, yana sa ya fi wahalar sadarwa sabbin bayanai.
Ba daidai ba Adadin kantuna da hukumomin da ke rufe cutar ta COVID-19 tabbas za su kasance tushen rashin fahimta da rudani da ke da alaƙa da yada bayanan ƙwayoyin cuta da manufofin ƙasa da na jihohi. Dokta Sylvie Briand, Darakta na Sashen Shirye-shiryen Hatsari na Duniya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, ya ambata cewa daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka shafi kalubalen sadarwa shine rawar da kafofin watsa labarun ke takawa. Briand ya bayyana cewa hukumar ta WHO a hankali tana sa ido kan cutar sankara ta coronavirus a kafafen sada zumunta ta hanyar amfani da bayanan sirri. A cewar Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, mashahuran hanyoyin samun labarai ga manya a Amurka sun haɗa da gidajen yanar gizon labarai da kafofin watsa labarun. Har ila yau, an rubuta Twitter a matsayin mafi yawan masu amfani da labaran da aka mayar da hankali a tsakanin sauran kafofin watsa labarun ƙwararriyar Romanian Sofia Bratu gudanar da wani bincike wanda ya yi la'akari da ra'ayin mutane game da tushen labaran karya ta hanyar binciken kusan 5000 'yan Amurka da kuma nazarin bayanai daga The Economist, Gallup, Pew Research Center, YouGov, a tsakanin sauran sanannun kungiyoyin bincike. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa rashin fahimta shine laifi don haɓaka halayen danniya, raguwar lafiyar jiki da ta hankali da ke da alaƙa da damuwa, da ƙarin nauyi akan wuraren kiwon lafiya tare da marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su da alamun bayyanar da gaske ko kuma suna nuna alamun cutar a matsayin mummunan sakamako ga magunguna da jiyya na ƙarya. Koyaya, Brafu ya ambaci cewa tambayoyin da aka yi ta talabijin tare da waɗanda suka tsira daga COVID-19 na iya taimakawa a zahiri don rage damuwa, firgita, da tsoron mutuwa.
Wasu suna jayayya cewa ɗakunan labarai yakamata su taka rawa wajen tace bayanan da ba daidai ba kafin 'ba shi oxygen'. Duk da yake ba duk labaran karya ne ke jefa lafiya da amincin mutane cikin haɗari ba, bayanan da ke da alaƙa da COVID-19 na iya. Rahoton Niemen ya nuna cewa ya kamata gidajen labarai su yi aiki tare don isar da saƙon da ke da alaƙa da bayanan karya da rashin inganci ta hanyar zabar kanun labarai, kalmomi, da hotuna a hankali.
Misali na labaran karya da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 shine cewa ana iya yada kwayar cutar ta hanyar 5G Wani kuma, cewa shugabannin gwamnati ne suka kirkiri kwayar cutar da hannu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko kuma cinye sinadarin chlorine zai magance ko hana cutar. Sauran bayanan da ba a sani ba sun haɗa da cewa Vitamin C da tafarnuwa na iya magance cutar duk da cewa wannan ikirari ba a taɓa tabbatar da shi daga masana kiwon lafiya ba. Bayanan da ba daidai ba ya kuma haifar da nuna wariyar launin fata da nuna kyama ga mutanen Sinawa ta hanyar yin la'akari da cutar a matsayin "cutar Sinawa" ko "Cutar Wuhan" ko "Cutar China". Sakamakon wannan rashin fahimta da yawa shafukan yanar gizo na bincikar gaskiya sun bayyana waɗanda ke amfani da bayanai daga CDC da WHO don ɓoye bayanan gama gari.
Ta ƙasa
Kanada An tabbatar da shari'ar farko ta COVID-19, kamar yadda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada ta ruwaito, ta kasance ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2020 a cikin wani mutumin Toronto wanda ya yi tafiya kwanan nan zuwa Wuhan, China. An sanar da shari'ar farko a shafin Twitter na Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto.
China Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sha suka sosai kan yadda ta ke tantance girman barkewar cutar. Nan da nan bayan keɓewar farko na Wuhan da biranen da ke kusa, da farko kafofin watsa labaru na kasar Sin kamar jaridar People's Daily sun ƙarfafa shafukan sada zumunta na neman taimako tsakanin 'yan ƙasa a kan dandamali irin su Weibo. Bayan haka, 'yan jarida da yawa sun buga bayanan binciken da suka saba wa maganganun hukuma da kafofin yada labarai, wanda ke nuna cewa adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar a Wuhan ya fi yadda aka ruwaito.
Jamus An gano shari'o'in farko na COVID-19 a Jamus a cikin Janairu 2020. Takaddama ta barke kan labarin Janairu 2021 wanda jaridar Jamus Handelsblatt ta buga. Labarin ya bayyana cewa allurar AstraZeneca ba ta da tasiri ga tsofaffi, amma da yawa sun amsa cewa jaridar ta ba da bayanan da ba daidai ba.
Sweden An gano shari'ar farko ta COVID-19 a Sweden a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2020. Mafi yawan ɗaukar hoto na Sweden ya faru ne a farkon Maris. Sweden ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labaru da yawa saboda an yi la'akari da ita tana amfani da nata shirin, 'Swedish Model' na garken garken garken garken. Bincike ya duba yanayin watsa labarai da kuma yadda kafafen yada labarai suka rufe manufofin Sweden. Rachel Irwin, wata mai bincike daga Sweden, ta gano cewa akwai manyan jigogi guda shida: “(1) Rayuwa ta zama al’ada a Sweden, (2) Sweden tana da dabarun rigakafin garken shanu. rashin bin shawarwarin WHO (5) tsarin Sweden yana kasawa kuma (6) 'Yan Sweden sun amince da gwamnati." Ta yi tsokaci cewa ba dukkanin bayanan ba a tsara su daidai ba. Ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Jaridar Likita ta Biritaniya tana mai cewa ɗaukar hoto ya nuna kuskuren manufofin COVID-19 a Sweden kuma ba ta da shirin "kariyar garken garken". Wani labarin ya nuna cewa kamar yadda wasu ƙasashe suka fito da manufofi daban-daban tsarin manufofin Sweden ya tafi daga "ƙarfin hali zuwa pariah".
Ƙasar Ingila An tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Burtaniya, kamar yadda GOV ta ruwaito. UK, Janairu 30, 2020. A cikin bayar da rahoto game da barkewar cutar, jaridun tabloid na Biritaniya irin su The Sun da Daily Mail sun yi amfani da yaren da aka kwatanta da "mai jawo tsoro". A cewar Edelman 's Trust Barometer, 'yan jarida sun kasance mafi ƙarancin amintaccen tushen bayanai game da cutar ta Burtaniya, tare da kashi 43 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka bincikar sun amince da su don ba da rahoton gaskiya, a bayan jami'an gwamnati (48%) kuma "wanda ya fi shafa. kasashe" (46%). Wannan ya kasance duk da kafofin watsa labarai na al'ada sune tushen tushen bayanai game da barkewar cutar a Burtaniya.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Mayu 2020 tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Oxford ya nuna cewa jama'ar Burtaniya suna nuna raguwar amincewa ga gwamnati a matsayin tushen bayanai. Kashi 48% ne kawai suka kimanta gwamnati amintacce, wanda ya ragu daga kashi 67% makonni shida da suka gabata. Haka kuma, kashi 38% na mutane suna bayyana cewa sun damu da karya ko yaudarar bayanan coronavirus daga gwamnati, adadi wanda ya kasance kashi 27% kawai makonni shida da suka gabata.
Amurka Shari'ar farko da aka tabbatar a Amurka, kamar yadda CDC ta ruwaito, ya kasance Janairu 22, 2020. Labaran labarai a Amurka sun fi na sauran ƙasashe, amma kuma ya taimaka haɓaka halayen aminci gami da nisantar da jama'a. Labaran cikin gida sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanar da al'umma ciki har da yankunan karkara.
An yaba wa wasu 'yan jarida a Amurka saboda labarin da suka yi game da cutar ta COVID-19 da suka hada da Ed Yong da Helen Branswell Daga cikin malaman kafafen yada labarai, an yaba da abubuwa da yawa na kokarin da ‘yan jarida ke yi don daidaitawa da cutar da kuma samar da ingantattun bayanai ga masu sauraronsu, amma an soki wasu. Rubutu don The Atlantic, Ed Yong ya lura cewa, yayin da barkewar cutar ta bulla, "ya jawo sabon salo, 'yan jarida sun ba da iskar oxygen don hana zanga-zangar hana kulle-kullen yayin da yawancin Amurkawa suka yi shiru a gida". Ya kuma yi kuskuren cewa "sun rubuta duk wani ƙarin da'awar kimiyya, har ma waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba ko kuma an sake duba takwarorinsu."
Da farko dai Shugaba Donald Trump ya zargi kafafen yada labarai irin su CNN da “yin duk abin da za su iya don sanya tsoro a cikin mutane”, sanarwar da mukaddashin shugaban ma’aikatan fadar White House Mick Mulvaney ya yi Inda mutane ke samun labaransu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halayen mutane da halayen da suka shafi COVID-19. Wani binciken Axios, wanda aka gudanar daga 5 ga Maris 2020 zuwa 9 ga Maris, ya gano cewa kashi 62% na magoya bayan Republican sun yi imanin cewa an yi karin gishiri game da barkewar cutar ta kafofin watsa labarai, idan aka kwatanta da 31% na magoya bayan Demokradiyya da 35% na masu zaman kansu. Wani binciken Pew Research da aka gudanar daga 20 ga Afrilu zuwa 26 ga Afrilu ya gano cewa kashi 69% na masu amsa Amurka sun yi imanin cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun rufe barkewar cutar "da kyau" ko "da ɗan kyau" kuma adadin masu ba da amsa na Amurka waɗanda suka yi imani cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun wuce gona da iri na COVID -Haɗari 19 sun ɗan ragu kaɗan. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 68% na magoya bayan Republican sun yi imanin cewa kafofin yada labarai sun yi karin gishiri game da hadarin COVID-19, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 48% na dukkan manya na Amurka da kashi 30% na magoya bayan Demokradiyya. Gabaɗaya, ɗaukar cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin Amurka ta kasance mafi muni fiye da na sauran sassan duniya ba tare da la'akari da ko ana ɗaukar tashar labarai ta karkata zuwa dama ko ta hagu ba.
Masu ba da ra'ayi da baƙi a kan Fox News, kafofin watsa labaru masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da farko sun yi watsi da barkewar cutar, tare da wasu baƙi suna zargin wasu kafofin watsa labaru da yawa game da cutar saboda dalilai na siyasa. Trump ya kuma yi amfani da hirarraki da kafar sadarwar don inganta kokarinsa na farko na rage cutar. Wata mai watsa shiri ta Fox Business Trish Regan, ta yi iƙirarin a wasanta na Trish Regan Primetime cewa Jam'iyyar Democrat ta ƙirƙiri ɗaukar hoto na COVID-19 da gangan a matsayin "wani ɗabi'a don ƙarfafa sayar da kasuwa", kuma "har yanzu wani yunƙuri ne na tsige shi. shugaban kasa Daga baya za a soke shirinta. Tucker Carlson da farko ya ɗauki matsayi mafi mahimmanci game da cutar, yana sukar sauran rundunonin da suka kwatanta shi da mura na yanayi na yau da kullun, kuma ya bayyana a ranar 9 ga Maris cewa "mutanen da kuka amince da su mutanen da wataƙila kuka zaɓa sun shafe makonni suna rage abin da ke a fili a sarari. matsala mai tsanani." Daga baya, masanan cibiyar sadarwa sun fara amincewa da ikirarin cewa hydroxychloroquine magani ne mai inganci don alamun COVID-19, sukar sanya abin rufe fuska don sarrafa yaduwar cutar, da bayar da ingantaccen ɗaukar hoto ga anti-mai kumburi. zanga zanga.
Dangane da binciken da Jami'ar Cambridge ta buga a watan Mayu 2020, ɗaukar hoto na hannun dama na COVID-19 ya taimaka sauƙaƙe yaduwar rashin fahimta game da cutar.
Duba kuma Annobar COVID-19 a social media
Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan aikin jarida
Ba da labari mai alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57647 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Kona | Hyundai Kona | Ana sayar da motar a Portugal a matsayin Hyundai Kauai, saboda Kona yayi kama da cona, kalmar laƙabi ga al'aurar mace a cikin Portuguese Portuguese Ana kuma sayar da shi a Iceland inda kalmar kona ke nufin mace a Icelandic. Kamar Kona, Kauai wuri ne a Hawaii Har ila yau, na Hawa'u ne ga mace A kasar Sin, ana sayar da motar a matsayin Hyundai Encino ƙarni na farko (OS; 2017) An bayyana Kona a watan Yuni 2017 a Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu. Matsayin da ke ƙasa da Tucson, shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta SUV a cikin layin duniya na Hyundai har sai da wurin ya ɗauki wannan matsayi a cikin 2019. An gina Kona akan sabon tsarin SUV na B-segment wanda aka samo daga dandalin Hyundai i30 wanda aka ƙera shi don ɗaukar nau'ikan wutar lantarki, gami da bambance-bambancen mai da lantarki. Duk da yake an haɓaka shi azaman SUV-daidaitacce na birni, Kona yana samuwa a cikin motar gaba-dabaran-drive da bambance-bambancen-dabaran-drive; dakatarwar ta baya itace torsion katako don tsohon da kuma tsarin haɗin haɗin gwiwa da yawa mai hannu biyu don na ƙarshe. Ga kasuwar Arewacin Amurka, an ƙaddamar da Kona a Los Angeles Auto Show a watan Nuwamba 2017 kuma yana samuwa a dillalan Hyundai a farkon kwata na 2018 don shekarar ƙirar 2018. Zaɓuɓɓukan injin da aka bayar sune 2.0-lita 4-cylinder Atkinson cycle engine mai iya 147 hp (149 PS; 110 kW) da 132 lb⋅ft (179 N⋅m; 18.2 kg⋅m), haɗe tare da watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri 6. An yi amfani da mafi girma datti tare da injin Gamma turbo mai lita 1.6 wanda aka haɗa tare da watsa mai saurin 7-dual-clutch yana samar da 175 hp (177 PS; 130 kW) da 195 lb⋅ft (264 N⋅m; 27.0 kgm) Ba a sayar da Kona ko kuma kawai ana siyar da shi a cikin ƙananan ƙididdiga a kasuwanni inda aka ba da mafi girma amma mafi sauƙi Creta, kamar Latin Amurka, Indiya, da Rasha. Kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya irin su Indonesiya, Vietnam da Philippines su ne 'yan kasashen da suka sayar da Kona mai amfani da mai a takaice kafin a kaikaice ta maye gurbinsa da Creta da Indonesia ta gina a 2022. Kasuwar kasar Sin tana da duka Kona da Creta, wadanda ake kira Encino da ix25 bi da bi.
Kona Electric Kona Electric sigar lantarki ce ta Kona. Ita ce motar lantarki ta biyu daga Hyundai bayan Ioniq An fara tallace-tallace a Koriya da Turai a cikin 2018, tare da fara kasuwa a Amurka a cikin 2019. Ana samun Kona Electric a cikin ƙarfin baturi biyu: 39.2 kWh da 64 kWh. Datsa na 'mafi dacewa' yana da ikon sarrafa jirgin ruwa mai daidaitawa kuma tare da hanyar tsakiya yana nufin abin hawa ya dace da ma'aunin SAE na matakin 2 maras direba Kona EV yana da kewayon 415 km (258 mi) tare da baturin 64 kWh. Gwaje-gwajen kewayon duniya na gaske wanda What Car ya gudanar a farkon 2019 ya gano cewa Kona EV yana da mafi girman kewayon duniya tsakanin motocin lantarki da ake siyarwa a Burtaniya. A cikin Maris 2019, Hyundai ya ƙaddamar da Kona Electric a Thailand. A cikin Yuli 2019, Hyundai ya ƙaddamar da sigar Electric Lite azaman Kona Electric a Indiya. A cikin 2020, Hyundai ya fara kera wutar lantarki ta Kona a masana'antarta ta Turai a Jamhuriyar Czech, inda ake shirin kera motoci 30,000 kowace shekara. Kona Electric ya kai 100,000 tallace-tallace na duniya a cikin Yuni 2020. An ƙaddamar da Hyundai Encino EV akan kasuwar motocin China a watan Nuwamba 2019. Motar lantarki na Encino EV yana da fitarwa na 201 hp (204 PS; 150 kW) da 310 ⋅m (31.6 kgm; 229 lb ft) Motar tana aiki da baturi 64.2 kWh tare da kewayon NEDC na A cikin Nuwamba 2021, an ƙaddamar da Hyundai Kona Electric da aka gyara fuska a Malaysia. Tare da bambance-bambancen guda uku, fakitin baturi biyu suna kan tayin 39.2 kWh da 64 kWh tare da kewayon baturi daga 303 km a cikin ƙaramin fakitin kuma yana zuwa 484 km a cikin babban fakitin.
A cikin 2021, Hyundai Kona Electric ita ce ta 6th mafi kyawun siyar da motocin lantarki a Burtaniya bayan da ta sami jimillar rajista 7,199 a duk shekara.
Gyaran fuska A cikin Satumba 2020, Hyundai ya buɗe nau'in gyaran fuska na Kona, don ainihin SUV da samfuran Kona Electric da N Line. Gyaran fuska da farko yana da sauye-sauye na ado na waje, tare da ƙarin ƙarfin kaya da ƙafar kujerar baya.
Kona N An sake shi a ranar Hyundai N a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2021, Kona N shine babban ƙwararren SUV na farko na Hyundai a ƙarƙashin sashin Hyundai N. Injin GDI mai turbocharged mai lita 2.0 yana fasalta wutar lantarki wanda ke kiyaye matsakaicin fitarwa daga kusan 5,500 rpm. Injin yana iya fitarwa har zuwa 280 PS (276 hp; 206 kW) kuma matsakaicin karfin juyi yana kusan 289 lb⋅ft (392 N⋅m; 40.0 kgm) Fitowar na iya kaiwa zuwa 290 na ɗan lokaci lokacin da yake cikin yanayin N Grin Shift.
A gaba, an makala tambarin N da tambarin Hyundai mai launin chrome mai duhu zuwa ga grille. A gefe da na baya, mai ɓarna leɓe na gaba, mai ɓarna mai fiffike biyu da gyare-gyaren gefen gefe yana ba da ƙarfi, haɓaka ƙarfin riko da kwanciyar hankali mai sauri. Hasken birki na uku na N-keɓaɓɓe yana ba da kyan gani. A ciki, kujeru, sitiyari, kullin kaya da birki na hannu an yi musu tinted tare da Performance Blue yayin da kujerun fata suka zo tare da goyan bayan gefe. An ƙara wani launi mai sadaukarwa Sonic Blue da N Grin Shift, N Power Shift, N Track Sense Shift da Variable Exhaust Valve System ya zo a matsayin daidaitaccen tsari.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
23683 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%27irar%20Kasuwar%20Takoradi | Da'irar Kasuwar Takoradi | Da'irar Kasuwar Takoradi kasuwa ce a Takoradi, birni na uku mafi girma a Ghana. Da'irar Kasuwar Takoradi ita ce cibiyar kasuwanci da tattalin arziƙin Yankin Yammacin Gana. Kasuwar ta samu suna ne saboda babban da'irar da take ciki; an gina shagunan kasuwar don yin siffa.
Tarihi Injiniyoyin birni ne suka tsara kuma suka gina kasuwar don zama ginshiƙan ciniki don sabon garin Takoradi. Garin ya cika da rudani bayan gina tashar Takoradi, wacce ta kasance babbar cibiyar fitarwa saboda yawan fitarwa, mutane da yawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa birni don neman aiki kuma wannan haɓaka ya ba da tabbacin kafa kasuwa. An kuma gina shi ne a wani wuri da zai kasance cikin sauƙi.
Samun dama Shafin kasuwa ya sa mai yiwuwa ya zama mafi sauƙin shiga a cikin babban birnin Takoradi. Babban titin yana kaiwa gare shi. Hanyar John Mensah Sarbah ta haɗa kasuwar daga Kudu maso Yamma da kuma daga Arewa maso Gabas. Hanyar Liberation da ta haɗa ta daga Kudu maso Gabas ta hanyar kasuwa zuwa Arewa maso Yamma. Sauran hanyoyin da ke shiga kasuwar sune Titin Ashanti da na Ahanata.
Manyan Ayyuka Duk ire -iren ayyukan tattalin arziki suna tafiya a ciki da kewayen kasuwa. Sun hada da:
Banki
Cinikin kaya
Sayar da kayan abinci
Yawancin manyan bankunan ƙasar suna da rassa a kusa da yankin kasuwa. Sun hada da:
Ecobank
UniBank
Zenith Bank
Ghana Commercial Bank
AmalBank
CAL Bank
Fidelity Bank
Stanbic Bank
Access Bank
Societe General Bank
Guaranty Trust Bank
Opportunity Bank
Hawkers Ba duk mutanen da suka zo yin dawafi ne ke bi ta cikin sayayyarsu da sauransu Wasu sun fi son siyan daga wajen da'irar saboda dacewa. Saboda haka mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su da rumfuna a kasuwa sun fi son sayar da kayansu ta hanyar shawagi. Waɗannan kersan iska sun mamaye duk hanyoyin masu tafiya da ƙafa, wuraren ajiye motoci da gina rumbunan katako da rumbunan ajiya, wanda ya sa da'irar kasuwa ba ta da kyau, datti da cunkoso. An kuma haramta wannan gabaɗaya saboda yana sanya ƙa'idojin ayyukan kasuwa da wahala tare da haɓaka zirga -zirgar ababen hawa da na mutane. A lokutan da masu gadin City, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin jami'an tilasta bin doka na kasuwa ke shakatawa cikin aiki saboda dalilai da yawa, waɗannan maharan kan hau kan tituna da sararin da ke kusa da kasuwa. Korar wadannan mutane da zarar sun fara ayyukan da suka sabawa doka ya zama tsada da daukar lokaci. Ayyukan motsa jiki suna sauƙaƙe motsi na masu tafiya a ƙasa, cikin sauri da dacewa.
Fadada Kasuwa Kasuwar ta zama cunkoso a ƙarshen shekarar 1980s. Matsalar ta yi muni a farkon shekarun 1990 lokacin da hukumomin birni ba za su iya sake ba da sarari ga mutanen da suka nemi shaguna, rumfuna da sauransu Kamar yadda aka tsara kuma aka gina irin wannan sabuwar kasuwa a Apremodo. Apremodo yanki ne na Takoradi kuma kusan kilomita 10 daga da'irar Kasuwar. Tun lokacin da aka kammala shi, 'yan kasuwa sun ƙi ƙaura zuwa can koyaushe suna yin doguwar tafiya a matsayin dalili. Kodayake an ba wa kasuwar Apremdo ruwa, wutar lantarki, tsaro da wuraren adana kayayyaki don yin ayyukan kasuwanci lafiya, dacewa da cutar ba amma yan kasuwa da masu shagunan sun ƙi yin amfani da shi. Har yanzu Kasuwar Apremdo tana nan babu komai yayin da yan kasuwa ke son siyar da kusa da wuraren zubar da shara, buɗe magudanan ruwa da wuraren dacewa.
Tsabta Babbar matsalar kasuwa ita ce ƙazanta. Saboda girman kasuwa da kuma yawan mutanen da ke amfani da shi yau da kullun, koyaushe akwai buƙatar tsabtace kasuwa. A watan Fabrairun shekarata 2011, Majalisar Tarayyar Sekondi-Takoradi (STMA), hukumar gwamnati wacce ke da alhakin tsabtace kasuwa, ta tsunduma Zoomlion, kamfanin sarrafa sharar don kiyaye tsabtar kasuwa. Tare da sabis ɗin su, kasuwa gabaɗaya ana tsammanin za ta kasance mai tsabta. Kasuwar tana da iyaka da manyan magudanan ruwa na karkashin kasa. Wadannan suna fitar da dattin ruwa daga kasuwa. Wasu lokuta, waɗannan magudanan ruwan ma suna shaƙewa da datti. Lokacin da ba a share waɗannan ba, abubuwan da ke haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a kusa da kasuwa wani lokacin yana sa ba zai yiwu ababen hawa su zagaya da shi ba. A matsayin hanyar samun magudanar ruwa, hukumomin kasuwa tare da Hukumar kashe gobara ta Ghana ta tsaftace sannan ta hanyar amfani da manyan bututun ruwa na ruwa don yin ruwa da karfi ta hanyar magudanar ruwa. Wannan yana motsa datti mai datti wanda wataƙila ya toshe magudanan ruwan zuwa inda ake iya tattara su ta hanyar share magudanan ruwa.
Gobara a Kasuwa Kamar manyan kasuwanni da yawa a Ghana, gobara na haifar da hasara mafi yawa ga kasuwanni. Kasuwar ta sami barkewar gobara da yawa tare da lalata dukiyoyin da ke gudana cikin ɗaruruwan dubban Cedis. Na baya -bayan nan shi ne a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2007 lokacin da aka yi asarar dukiyoyin miliyoyin cedis lokacin da gobara ta mamaye sassan kasuwar. Ya kone dimbin kayayyaki zuwa toka. Gobarar ta fara ne da awanni 1830, a karshe aka shawo kanta a cikin awanni 2300. Ba a yi asarar rayuka ba. Bayan farawa daga wuri ɗaya, gobarar ta yi saurin bazuwa zuwa wasu sassan kasuwa inda ta lalata man girki, dabino, kayan girki, kayayyakin roba, kayan abinci da yadudduka, tsuntsaye, dabbobi, takalma, jaka da hatsi, da sauransu.A cikin yanayi irin wannan yana ɗaukar matakin jami'an kashe gobara da ke kusa da kasuwa don kashe gobarar.
Lafiya a Kasuwa Da'irar Kasuwar Takoradi ya sami Cibiyar Sabis na Kiwon Lafiya na zamani a ranar 17 ga Janairun shekarar 2018 mai karimci, Kwame Adu-Mante, Babban Babban Jami'in Focus 1 Group wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana za ta gudanar.
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52732 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza%20bin%20Husain | Hamza bin Husain | Hamzah bin Al Hussein, OSJ (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris 1980) shi ne ɗa na huɗu na Sarki Hussein bin Talal na Jordan gabaɗaya kuma na farko da matarsa ta huɗu da aka haifa a Amurka, Sarauniya Noor. An ba shi suna Yarima na Jordan a shekarar 1999, matsayin da ya rike har sai dan uwansa, Sarki Abdullah II, ya soke shi a shekara ta 2004. Shi memba ne na daular Hashemite, dangin sarauta na Jordan tun a shekarar 1921, kuma zuriyar Muhammad ce ta ƙarni na 41. A halin yanzu an yi imanin cewa Hamzah yana cikin tsare-tsare tun watan Afrilu na shekarar 2021, bayan an zarge shi da yunkurin lalata Masarautar Jordan da kuma tayar da tashin hankali. Hamzah ya yi watsi da matsayinsa na yarima a watan Afrilun 2022.
Tarihin rayuwa An haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Maris 1980, Hamzah bin Al Hussein ya yi ikirarin kakanninmu tare da annabin Musulunci Muhammad ta hanyar iyalin Hashemite. Sarauniya Noor ta bayyana a cikin tarihin rayuwarta cewa ita da Sarki Hussein sun kira Hamzah bayan Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib.
Hamzah ya sami ilimin firamare a Jordan da Amman, sannan ya halarci Makarantar Harrow a Ingila. Daga nan sai ya shiga Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, ya fita a matsayin jami'in kwamishinan a cikin Jordan Arab Legion a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999, tare da kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Sandhurst Overseas Sword, wanda aka ba wa mafi kyawun ɗan ƙasa da HRH Prince Saud Abdullah Prize, wanda aka gabatar wa ɗan ƙasa tare da mafi kyawun alamar duka a cikin batutuwa na ilimi.
Da yake aiki a matsayin jami'in rundunar sojin Larabawa ta 40th Armored Brigade, Hamzah ya halarci darussan soja da yawa a Jordan, Burtaniya, Poland, Jamus da Amurka. A halin yanzu yana riƙe da matsayin Brigadier a cikin Sojojin Larabawa na Jordan, ya yi aiki tare da rundunar Jordan-United Arab Emirates da ke aiki a tsohuwar Yugoslavia a ƙarƙashin laima na masu kiyaye zaman lafiya na duniya. A shekara ta 2006, ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Harvard.
An rantsar da Hamzah a matsayin Regent a lokuta da yawa kuma an ba shi izini ga Sarki Abdullah II a kan ayyuka da yawa a cikin Masarautar da kasashen waje. Ya jagoranci Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Royal a Sashin Makamashi. Har ila yau, shi ne Shugaban girmamawa na Ƙungiyar Kwando ta Jordan, kuma shi ne shugaban kwamitin amintattu na Gidan Tarihin Motar Royal, Shugaban Royal Aero Sports Club na Jordan da Shugaban Al-Shajarah (Tree) Protection Society.
Hamzah ƙwararren matukin jirgi ne mai juyawa da kuma matukin jirage, kuma yana shiga wasu wasanni kamar Jujitsu da harbi-harbi.
Batun Mayewa/Magaji A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1999, Sarki Hussein ya mutu kuma babban ɗansa Yarima Abdullah bin Al Hussein ya hau gadon sarautar Jordan, bayan da aka sanya makonni biyu a baya don ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin mai mulki a madadin ɗan'uwan sarki, Yarima Hassan bin Talal. A wannan rana, bisa ga sha'awar mahaifinsa, Sarki Abdullah II ya ba da umarnin cewa shi, bi da bi, ba ɗansa ba zai gaji shi ba amma ɗan'uwansa, Hamzah, wanda saboda haka aka ba shi taken yarima.
Kusan shekaru shida bayan haka, a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwamba 2004, Sarki Abdullah ya cire Hamzah a matsayin yarima. A cikin wata wasika daga Abdullah zuwa Hamzah, wanda aka karanta a gidan talabijin na jihar Jordan, ya ce, "Yana da wannan matsayi na alama ya hana 'yancinku kuma ya hana mu ba ku wasu nauyin da kuka cancanci cikawa".
Babu wanda ya gaji taken a lokacin, amma wasu masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa mai yiwuwa ne cewa Abdullah ya yi niyyar sanya sunan ɗansa, Yarima Hussein, don ya gaji shi a wani lokaci a nan gaba. Mataki na 28 (B) na kundin tsarin mulkin Jordan ya ba da cewa ɗan fari na sarki ya gaji kambin kai tsaye a kan mutuwar sarki sai dai idan sarki ya sanya ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa ya gaji kujerarsa a matsayin yarima, amma Abdullah II ya tabbatar da cewa ɗansa Hussein zai gaji shi ta hanyar sanya shi a matsayin yariman kambin a ranar 2 ga watan Yulin 2009.
Gidan Yari A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu 2021, BBC ta buga bidiyon Hamzah inda ya ba da rahoton cewa an tsare shi a gidan yari a matsayin wani ɓangare na zalunci ga masu sukar. An bayyana cewa an ba da bidiyon ga BBC ta hanyar lauyan Hamzah. A ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu 2021, Sarki Abdullah II ya nuna a fili cewa tashin hankali da Hamzah, wanda ya yi alkawarin aminci a gare shi kwana biyu bayan da aka fara kama shi a gidansa, ya ƙare kuma Hamzah yanzu "a fadarsa a ƙarƙashin kariya ta". Abdullah ya kuma bayyana cewa rikicin da ya haifar da kama gidan Hamzah ya fara ne lokacin da shugaban ma'aikatan soja na Jordan ya ziyarci Hamzah kuma ya gargadi shi ya daina halartar tarurruka tare da masu sukar gwamnati. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, Hamzah ya bar matsayinsa na sarauta na yarima, yana mai cewa "gaskatawarsa ta mutum" ba ta dace da "hanyar, yanayin da hanyoyin zamani na cibiyoyinmu ba". Wata daya da ta gabata, an ruwaito cewa ya nemi gafara ga Sarki a cikin wata wasika, yana so ya "juya shafin a kan wannan babi a tarihin kasarmu da danginmu". A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Sarki ya sanar da cewa an tsare Hamzah a gidansa kuma an iyakance hanyoyin sadarwa da motsinsa saboda "halayensa da burinsa".
Aure da iyali Hamzah ya auri 'yar uwansa ta biyu, Princess Noor bint Asem bin Nayef, a Fadar Al Baraka a Amman a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2003. An gudanar da bikin auren a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2004 a Fadar Zahran. Hamzah da Noor sun sake aure a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba 2009. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar:
Gimbiya Haya bint Hamzah (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu 2007)
A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 2012, Hamzah ya auri Basmah Bani Ahmad Al-Outom. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata hudu da' ya'ya maza biyu:
Gimbiya Zein bint Hamzah (an haife ta 3 Nuwamba 2012)
Gimbiya Noor bint Hamzah (an haife ta 5 ga watan Yulin 2014)
Gimbiya Badiya bint Hamzah (an haife ta 8 ga watan Afrilu 2016)
Gimbiya Nafisa bint Hamzah (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu 2018)
Yarima Hussein bin Hamzah (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba 2019)
Yarima Muhammad bin Hamzah (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu 2022)
Daraja
Kasar kasa Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan
Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence
Knight Officer of the Order of Military Merit
Baƙi Recipient of the Medal of Ahmad Al-Fateh
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Olav
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Kyautar Recipient of the United Nations Peace Medal
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Sarauniya Noor (2003) Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life, Miramax Books, Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1980
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32249 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resa | Resa | Reza kayan aiki ne mai wutsiya da ake amfani da shi da farko wajen cire gashin jiki ta hanyar askewa Ire-iren reza sun haɗa da reza kai tsaye, reza da za a iya zubarwa, da reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki.
Yayin da reza ta kasance tun kafin shekarun Bronze Age (abin da ya fi daɗewa mai kama da reza an rubuta shi zuwa 18,000 BC mafi yawan nau'in reza da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu shine reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki, ko da yake wasu kalar har yanzu ana amfani dasu.
Tarihi An gano reza daga al'adun zamanin Bronze da yawa. An yi waɗannan da tagulla ko obsidian kuma gaba ɗaya sun kasance ma siffa, tare da ƙaramin tang ɗin da ke fitowa daga ɗayan gajerun ƙarshen. An yi amfani da reza iri-iri a cikin tarihi, waɗanda suka bambanta a bayyanar amma kama da amfani da reza madaidaiciya na zamani. A zamanin da, an kaifi harsashi, haƙoran kifin shark, da dutsen dutse ana yin aski da su. An samo zane-zane na irin waɗannan ruwan wuƙaƙe a cikin kogo na tarihi. Wasu ƙabilu har yanzu suna amfani da wuƙaƙe na dutse har yau. Binciken da aka yi a Masar ya gano tsantsar zinari da reza na tagulla a cikin kaburbura tun daga ƙarni na 4 BC. An yi amfani da reza da ƙera su a Kerma a zamanin Bronze Age An dawo da reza da yawa da kuma wasu kayan tarihi na tsafta daga wuraren binne shekarun Bronze a arewacin Turai kuma an yi imanin cewa suna cikin manyan mutane. Masanin tarihin Romawa Livy ya ruwaito cewa an gabatar da reza a tsohuwar Roma a ƙarni na 6 BC. ta sarkin almara Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Priscus ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa saboda reza ba su zo ga amfani da su ba sai bayan ƙarni ɗaya. An gina reza madaidaiciyar zamani ta farko mai cike da kayan hannu da aka yi wa ado da fatun ƙasa a Sheffield, a Ingila, cibiyar masana'antar yankan, a ƙarni na 18 da 19. Benjamin Huntsman ya samar da madaidaicin matakin ƙarfe na farko, ta hanyar tsari na musamman, wanda ya dace da amfani da shi a zaman kayan ruwa a cikin 1740, koda yake an ƙi shi da farko a Ingila. Faransawa sun karɓi tsarin Huntsman daga baya; duk da rashin so da farko saboda kishin ƙasa. Masu masana'antun Ingilishi sun ma fi na Faransanci yin amfani da tsarin kuma sun yi haka ne kawai bayan sun ga nasararsa a Faransa. Ƙarfe Sheffield, ƙarfe ne mai gogewa sosai, wanda kuma aka sani da Sheffield ƙarfe n azurfa kuma sananne ne don gamawa mai sheƙi mai zurfi, ana ɗaukarsa mafi ingancin ƙarfe kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi har yau a Faransa ta hanyar masana'anta kamar Thiers Issard A ƙarni na 18 da na 19, masu hannu da shuni suna da bayin da za su aske su ko kuma suna iya yawan shagunan aski. Aski yau da kullun ba al'ada ce da ta yaɗu ba a ƙarni na 19 don haka wasu mutane ba su taɓa yin aski ba. Al'adar aski a kowace rana tsakanin mazan Amurkawa wani sabon abu ne na ƙarni na 20 wanda aka fara shi bayan ƴaƙin duniya na ɗaya. An buƙaci maza su riƙa aski a kullum domin abin rufe fuska na gas ɗin ya dace da kyau kuma hakan ya samu sauƙi sosai bayan bayyanar reza mai aminci, wanda hakan ya ƙara sauki. ya kasance daidaitaccen batu a lokacin ƴaƙin. A cikin ƙarni na 19, masu yankan a Sheffield, Ingila da Solingen, Jamus sun samar da reza iri-iri.
Reza madaidaiciya sune mafi yawan nau'in aski kafin ƙarni na 20 kuma sun kasance gama gari a ƙasashe da yawa har zuwa shekarun 1950. An horar da masu aski na musamman don baiwa abokan ciniki suski da sauri, kuma tarin reza madaidaiciya da aka shirya don amfani da su ya kasance abin gani gama gari a yawancin shagunan aski. Har yanzu aski suna da su, amma ba sa amfani da su sau da yawa.
Reza madaidaici daga ƙarshe sun faɗi daga salon. Mai ƙalubalen su na farko King C. Gillette ne ya ƙera shi: reza aminci mai kaifi biyu tare da wuƙaƙe masu maye gurbin. amfani da manufar shugaban asara wanda aka siyar da reza a cikin asara, amma ɓangarorin maye gurbin sun sami babban rata kuma suna ba da tallace-tallace na ci gaba. Sun yi nasara sosai saboda kamfen ɗin talla da taken ƙasƙantar da ingancin reza kai tsaye da kuma tambayar amincin sa.
Waɗannan sabbin reza masu aminci ba su buƙatar kowane horo mai ƙarfi don amfani da su. Wuraren suna da matuƙar wahala a kaifafa, kuma ana so a jefar da su bayan an yi amfani da su, kuma su yi tsatsa da sauri idan ba a jefar da su ba. Hakanan sun buƙaci ƙaramin saka hannun jari na farko, kodayake suna da ƙari akan lokaci. Duk da fa'idodinsa na dogon lokaci, madaidaiciyar reza ta rasa babban rabon kasuwa. Kuma yayin da aski ya zama ƙasa da ban tsoro kuma maza suka fara aske kansu, buƙatun masu aski waɗanda ke ba da askin reza kai tsaye ya ragu. A cikin 1960, bakin karfe wanda za a iya amfani da shi fiye da sau ɗaya ya zama samuwa, yana rage farashin aminci-reza. Kamfanin Wilkinson, sanannen mai yin takuba, a Sheffield ne ya yi irin wannan na farko. Ba da da ewa Gillette, Schick, da sauran masana'antun suna yin bakin-karfe ruwan wukake.
Wadannan sun biyo bayan harsashin ruwa mai yawa da reza da za a iya zubarwa. Ga kowane nau'in ruwan wukake mai maye, gabaɗaya akwai reza da za a iya zubarwa.
A cikin 1930s, ana samun reza na lantarki. Waɗannan za su iya yin hamayya da farashin madaidaiciyar reza mai kyau, kodayake duka kayan aski madaidaiciya-reza na iya wuce farashin ko da aska mai tsada na lantarki.
Madaidaicin reza Reza madaidaiciya tare da buɗaɗɗen ruwan ƙarfe, wanda kuma aka fi sani da yanke-maƙogwaro, sune reza da aka fi amfani da su kafin ƙarni na 20.
Reza madaidaici sun ƙunshi ƙwanƙolin da aka kaifi a gefe ɗaya. The ruwa za a iya yi da ko dai bakin karfe, wanda shi ne a hankali zuwa hone da strop, amma ya fi sauƙi don kula tun da shi ba ya tabo sauƙi, ko high carbon karfe, wanda hones da strops da sauri da kuma kiyaye gefen da kyau, amma tsatsa da kuma. tabo cikin sauƙi idan ba a tsaftace ba kuma a bushe da sauri. A halin yanzu, ɓangarorin bakin ƙarfe suna da wahalar samu fiye da ƙarfe na carbon, amma duka biyun suna cikin samarwa.
Ruwan ruwa yana jujjuyawa akan fil ta cikin tang ɗinsa tsakanin guda biyu masu kariya da ake kira ma'auni: idan an naɗe shi cikin ma'auni, ruwan ruwan ana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa, kuma ana kiyaye mai amfani. Ana yin sikelin hannu da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da uwar-lu'u-lu'u, celluloid, kashi, filastik da itace. Da zarar an yi da hauren hauren giwa, an daina yin hakan, kodayake ana amfani da hauren giwar burbushin lokaci-lokaci.
Raza madaidaiciya Waɗannan reza suna kama da amfani da kuma kamanni zuwa madaidaicin reza, amma suna amfani da wukake da za a iya zubarwa, ko dai daidaitaccen mai kaifi biyu a yanka a cikin rabi ko na musamman kerarre guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da waɗannan aski kamar yadda ake amfani da reza kai tsaye amma ba sa buƙatar tsutsawa da honing.
Reza aminci Mataki na farko zuwa ga reza mafi aminci don amfani shine reza mai gadi wanda kuma ake kira reza madaidaiciyar aminci wanda ya kara mai gadi zuwa madaidaicin reza na yau da kullun. Mai yiyuwa ne irin wannan reza na farko ya ƙirƙira shi ne da wani mai yankan Faransa Jean-Jacques Perret a shekara ta 1762. Wannan ƙirƙira ta samo asali ne daga jirgin mai haɗin gwiwa kuma ainihin reza ce madaidaiciya tare da gemunsa kewaye da hannun katako. Masu gadin reza na farko suna da hakora masu kama da tsefe kuma ana iya haɗa su kawai a gefe ɗaya na reza; wani mai gadi mai juyi yana ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren farko da aka yi don gadin reza. An samo bayanin farko na reza mai aminci mai kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a yau akan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na William Samuel Henson na 1847 don gadin haƙori. Ana iya haɗa wannan gadin zuwa madaidaicin reza ko kuma zuwa reza "yanke ruwa wanda ke kusa da kusurwoyi daidai tare da abin hannu, kuma yayi kama da wani nau'i na farat gama gari." Around 1875 wani sabon zane tare da ƙarami ruwa sanya a saman wani rike aka sayar da Kampfe Brothers a matsayin "mafi kyawun samuwa Hanyar aski a kasuwa wanda ba zai yanke mai amfani, kamar madaidaiciya karfe reza."
Reza masu cire ruwa Kalmar aminci reza an fara amfani da ita ne a cikin 1880 kuma ta kwatanta reza ta asali tare da abin da aka makala a kai inda za'a iya sanya ruwan wukake mai cirewa. Sannan an kare gefen ta hanyar tsefe -tsafe a kai don kare fata. A cikin mafi zamani samar da aminci reza, yanzu an fi maye gurbin tsefe da sandar tsaro. Akwai nau'ikan reza masu aminci iri biyu, mai kaifi ɗaya da mai kaifi biyu. Reza mai kaifi ɗaya da gaske shine dogon yanki na madaidaicin reza. Gilashin aminci mai kaifi biyu shine reza tare da sanduna mara nauyi wanda za'a iya amfani dashi a bangarorin biyu, tare da buɗaɗɗen gefuna biyu. Wurin da ke kan reza aminci mai kaifi biyu yana ɗan lanƙwasa don ba da izinin aske mai santsi da tsafta.
A cikin 1901, mai ƙirƙira Ba'amurke King Camp Gillette, tare da taimakon William Nickerson, ya ƙaddamar da takardar shaidar sabon saɓani na reza mai aminci tare da ruwan wukake da za a iya zubarwa wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1904. Dalili ɗaya shine cewa aske da aska mai aminci yakamata ya kasance mafi aminci kuma ya fi dacewa fiye da aski tare da reza madaidaiciya madaidaiciya mai kaifi. Za'a iya sake amfani da kauri na waɗannan reza masu aminci. Gillette ta gane cewa za a iya samun riba ta hanyar siyar da reza mara tsada tare da wukake. Wannan an kira shi samfurin kasuwanci na reza da ruwan wukake, kuma ya zama al'ada na yau da kullum don samfurori iri-iri.
Yawancin wasu nau'ikan reza masu aminci sun zo sun tafi. Yawancin gasar ta dogara ne akan zayyana ruwan wukake wanda zai dace da salon reza guda ɗaya kawai har sai an daidaita siffar ruwan wuka ta hanyar shigar da tashar tsakiya mai fuskoki daban-daban zuwa ruwan wukake wanda zai ɗauki nau'ikan ƙira iri-iri na tsare-tsare na shinge; misali fil uku, siririyar karfen karfe, da sauransu. Ko da a yau, waɗannan nau'ikan amintattun nau'ikan har yanzu suna dagewa a cikin nau'ikan su a cikin DE reza, duk suna karɓar ƙirar ƙirar duniya iri ɗaya.
Rezan harsashi Yin amfani da tsarin kasuwanci iri ɗaya da reza da ruwan wukake kamar yadda aka yi majagaba a farkon ƙarni na 20, an ƙera reza harsashi a shekarun 1960 kuma yanzu shine nau'in aske da aka fi sani a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Ko da yake an tsara shi don samun ƙarin ergonomic siffa a duka hannu da kai (ciki har da kan daɗaɗɗen kai wanda ke kiyaye ruwan wukake zuwa fata a kusurwar da aka riga aka ƙaddara ta hanyar motsin shaving) ra'ayin yana kama da na reza baki biyu. Koyaya, a nan an cire duka babban taron shugaban (wanda aka sani da harsashi) kuma ana zubar dashi, ba kawai ruwan wukake ba. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗannan kawuna na harsashi suna da ɓangarorin reza da yawa a cikin su, yawanci tsakanin ruwan wukake biyu zuwa biyar.
Reza masu aminci da za a iya zubarwa Reza masu aminci da ake zubarwa suna da kamanni sosai a ƙira da reza harsashi, waɗanda aka gina daga kayan marasa tsada (wanda aka ƙera polycarbonate na yau da kullun), duk da haka ana nufin su zama abin zubarwa gaba ɗaya bayan amfani ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa ko maye mai yiwuwa ba. An ƙirƙira na'ura ɗaya a cikin 1963 ta Ba'amurke ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ƙirƙira Paul Winchell Tsawon rayuwa Za a iya tsawaita rayuwar reza ta hanyar bushewar ruwan wukake bayan amfani.
Reza mai amfani da Wutar lantarki Reza na lantarki (wanda kuma aka sani da busasshen aski) yana da wuƙa mai juyawa ko motsi. Reza na lantarki yawanci baya buƙatar amfani da kirim, sabulu, ko ruwa. Ana iya yin amfani da reza ta ƙaramin motar DC, wanda ko dai ana amfani da shi ta batura ko wutar lantarki Yawancin na zamani ana amfani da su ta amfani da batura masu caji A madadin, za a iya amfani da oscillator-mechanical oscillator wanda na'urar solenoid mai kuzarin AC ke motsawa. Wasu injinan aski na farko ba su da injin lantarki kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su da hannu, misali ta hanyar jan igiya don tuƙi.
John F. O'Rourke ya kirkiro reza na farko na lantarki a shekara ta 1898. An fara samar da injunan reza na lantarki a cikin 1937 ta kamfanin Amurka Remington Rand bisa haƙƙin mallaka na Jacob Schick daga 1928. Tun 1939 kamfanin Philips na Holland ya kera injin reza na lantarki. Daya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin reza na lantarki shine fasahar aske da suke amfani da ita. Galibi injunan aski na lantarki suna amfani da wukake mai jujjuyawa da yawa ko kuma fasahar askewa a kwance.
Sauran reza Masu kauri, masu kauri, reza mai kaifi ɗaya kamar wuƙaƙen kayan aiki ana amfani da su don ayyuka daban-daban na hannu. Aikace-aikace sun haɗa da cikakken aikin kafinta kamar yashi da gogewa (a cikin ƙwararriyar mariƙi), yankan takarda don zanen fasaha, aikin famfo da gamawa kamar grouting da tsaftacewa, da cire fenti daga filaye masu lebur kamar gilashin gilashi. Ba kamar aske reza ba, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan masana'antu da ake amfani da su a cikin waɗannan kayan aikin galibi ana yin su ne daga ƙarfe mara ƙarfe kamar ƙarfe na carbon, kuma suna da ƙaƙƙarfan baki kuma mara nauyi.
Gurguwa reza ce da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da biredi don yanke saman biredi da ba a toya ba.
Duba kuma Gyaran gashi
Ciwon kai
Razor ruwa karfe
Manazarta
ambato Aski
Abun cire gashi.
Reza.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40240 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebe%20Camargo | Hebe Camargo | Hebe Maria Monteiro de Camargo Ravagnani DmSE Dama Oficial DmIH Portuguese pronunciation: ɛbi ɾi.ɐ tejɾu dʒi maɾɡu ni] 8 Maris 1929-29 Satumba 2012) ta kasance mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na Brazil, mawaƙiya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. An dauke ta a matsayin "Sarauniyar Talabijin ta Brazil" Portuguese Ta mutu a gidanta a ranar 29 ga Satumba 2012. Azrikin ta ya haura dalar Amurka miliyan 360. Articles with hCards
farkon Rayuwa An haifi Hebe Camargo ranar Juma'a, Ranar Mata ta Duniya ta 1929, a Taubaté, São Paulo, 'yar Esther Magalhães Camargo da Sigesfredo Monteiro de Camargo, iyayenta dukkansu ƴan asalin ƙasar Portugal ne. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Ta zama mawaƙiya a cikin 1940s tare da 'yar uwarta Estela, kamar yadda Rosalinda e-Florisbela ta bayyana. A lokacin aikinta na waka, Camargo ta yi sambas da boleros a gidajen rawa na dare. Ta bar aikinta na kiɗa don ba da ƙarin lokaci a rediyo da talabijin. Assis Chateaubriand ne ya gayyace ta don halartar farkon watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin na Brazil, a unguwar Sumaré, São Paulo, Brazil.
Sana'a A matsayinta na mawaƙiya, Camargo ta fito a cikin fina-finan barkwanci na Mazzaropi kuma ta fito da Agnaldo Rayol a daya daga cikinsu. A cikin 1950s, ta shiga talabijin kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatarwa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV Paulista. A cikin 1955, Camargo ta fito a cikin shirin farko na mata a gidan talabijin na Brazil, O Mundo é das Mulheres (Duniya na Mata ne), a gidan talabijin a Rio de Janeiro, wanda ke fitowa sau biyar a mako.
A cikin 1960s, Camargo ta koma cibiyar sadarwar Rede Record, inda tayi shekaru da yawa ta ci gaba da gudanar da babban shirin. A lokacin Jovem Guarda zamanin, Hebe ta ba da hanya ga sababbin 'yan wasa masu basira. A ranar Ista Lahadi, 10 Afrilu 1966, hanyar sadarwa ta fara watsa shirye-shiryen Lahadi mai nuna Camargo a matsayin mai hira. Kamfanin jirgin saman Brazil, Varig ne ya dauki nauyin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, tare da tallan da ke nuna Camargo. An ga Camargo a kusan kowane gidan talabijin na Brazil ciki har da Rede Record da Rede Bandeirantes, a cikin 1970s da 1980s. A cikin 1980, bayan dogon lokaci ta koma aiki a matsayin mai hira. Daga Maris 1986 zuwa Disamba 2010, Camargo ta kasance a kan hanyar sadarwa ta SBT, inda ta gabatar da shirin talabijin na Hebe, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin shirye-shirye mafi tsawo na cibiyar sadarwa. An kuma watsa wasan kwaikwayon a kan Rede Tupi da Rede Bandeirantes, kuma tana da wasan kwaikwayo na Hebe por Elas (Hebe don Su) a farkon 1990s. Ta kuma gabatar da Fora do Ar, kuma ta shiga cikin Telethon, wasan kwaikwayo na musamman, da kuma Romeu e Julieta, wanda ta buga tare da Ronald Golias da Nair Bello. A cikin 1995, EMI ta fitar da CD na manyan hits na Camargo. A ranar Ista Asabar, 22 ga Afrilu, 2006, ta yi bikin shirye-shiryenta na dubu a kan SBT. Ta kuma shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa, irin su shiga cikin motsi na Cansei, zanga-zangar 2007 mai sukar gwamnatin Brazil. Camargo tana bikin Sabuwar Shekara a Miami lokacin da ta yi fama da ciwon ciki mai tsanani. Wata sanarwar da asibitin ta fitar daga baya ta bayyana cewa an yi wa Hebe gwajin gwajin laparoscopy, wanda ya gano cutar daji take dauke da shi. A ranar 8 ga Janairu 2010, an shigar da Camargo a Asibitin Albert Einstein a Sao Paulo don tiyata don cire ciwon daji daga peritoneum. Bayan tiyata da chemotherapy, ta koma bakin aiki a ranar mata ta duniya ta 2010, ranar haihuwarka ta 81.
Rashin lafiya da mutuwa Camargo tana fama da ciwon daji tun 2010. Ta rasu ne da karfe 11:45 na safe (14:45 GMT) a ranar Asabar, 29 ga Satumba, 2012, wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa ta samu bugun zuciya yayin da take barci Wanda hakan yasa ta rasa ranta.
Akan shahararriyar al'adu Hebe The Musical shiri ne na wasan kwaikwayo wanda Miguel Falabella ya jagoranta kuma Débora Reis ya yi daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu 2018. Hebe (2019) zai kasance fim ɗin da ya dogara a kan tafiyar rayuwar Hebe da aikinsa, Cáca Diegues ce ta shirya kuma ta shirya shi, amma daga baya, Maurício Farias ya maye gurbinsa. 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo Andréa Beltrão za ta yi mai gabatarwa kuma dan wasan kwaikwayo Daniel Boaventura zai yi Silvio Santos. "Hebe: Har abada" (2019) ana nunawa daga wannan Talata har zuwa 2 ga Yuni a Farol Santander, a São Paulo. Nunin baje kolin na zurfafawa da mu'amala yana tunawa da aikin mawaƙa da mai gabatarwa wanda ya bar tarihi a tarihin gidan talabijin na Brazil.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa 1990 "Fuskar São Paulo"
1994 "Citizen Paulistana" daga Câmara Municipal
2002 "Kyauta a Portugal 2007 "Kyauta ta Musamman", don Prêmio Contigo!
2009 "Title na Farfesa Honoris Causa" na Jami'ar FIAM-FAAM
2010 "Award LIDE 2010" na Comitê Executivo do Grupo de Líderes Empresariais
2010 Latin Grammy Awards Kyautar Amintattu" "Mafi kyawun Hira" na Associação Paulista dos Críticos de Artes
"Mafi kyawun mai gabatar da shirin zauren taro" na Cibiyar Nazarin Wasika ta Brazil
Fina-finanta 2009 Xuxa eo Mistério de Feiurinha
2005 Coisa de Mulher
2000 Dinosaur (Burtaniya dubbing na Baylene 1960 Za a yi Periquito
1951 Liana, Pecadora
1949 Kashe No Céu
Wasannin gidan talabijin 2010 Fantastico
2010 SBT Brasil
2009 Elas Cantam Roberto
2009 Vende-se Um Véu de Noiva
2007 Amigas e Rivais
2003 Romeu e Julieta Versão 3
2000 TV Ano 50
1995 A Escolinha do Golias
1990 Romeu e Julieta Versão 2
1980 Cavalo Amarelo
1978 Ya Profeta
1970 Kamar yadda Pupilas yayi Senhor Reitor
1968 Romeu e Julieta Versão 1
1950 Primeira Apresentação Musical da TV Brasileira
Hotuna Yau (1960)
Babban abin mamaki (1961)
E Vocês (1963)
Hebe (1964)
Laraba 65 (1965)
Hebe (1967)
Pra Você (1998)
Hebe Camargo Convidados (2001)
Hebe Mulher e Amigos (2010)
Mulhar (2010)
Duba kuma Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão
Jerin masu gabatar da talabijin
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Site of Hebe program at RedeTV!
Matattun 2012
Haifaffun |
57341 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20Roma | Ferrari Roma | Ferrari Roma (Nau'in F169) babbar motar yawon shakatawa ce ta kamfanin kera na Italiya Ferrari Yana da injin tsakiyar injin gaba, shimfidar keken baya tare da injin V8 mai turbocharged da tsarin wurin zama 2+2. Dangane da Ferrari Portofino, an sanya motar tsakanin Portofino da F8 Tributo a cikin kewayon motocin wasanni na Ferrari.
An sanya wa motar sunan babban birnin Italiya Rome. An fara ƙaddamar da shi akan layi a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2019 tare da salon salon kwalliya Sai Ferrari ya buɗe motar washegari a Roma. An gabatar da sigar Roma mai laushi mai sauƙi a cikin 2023.
Zane Ferrari 250 GT Lusso da 250 GT 2+2 manyan motocin yawon shakatawa ne suka rinjayi ƙirar waje. Siffofin ƙira na Roma sun haɗa da hannayen ƙofa, siririyar fitilolin LED a gaba da bayanta, da kuma mai ɓarna na baya wanda ke zaune da ruwa lokacin da motar ke tuƙi a hankali. Tsarin motar ya sami lambar yabo ta Red Dot Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata Ferrari ya kwatanta ciki a matsayin "2+" ciki tare da ƙaramin yanki na baya. Dashboard ɗin yana da kayan aikin dijital (allon taɓawa na 16.0-inch kusa da allon taɓawa) da injin tuƙi mai aiki da yawa (dukansu da aka raba tare da SF90 Stradale) don direba. Kayan datsa da ke gudana ta tsakiyar ciki yana raba direba da fasinja kuma an haɗa shi cikin dashboard. Allon taɓawa mai girman inci 8.4 da aka ɗora a tsakiya yana sarrafa yawancin ayyukan motar. Ana iya haɗa allon taɓawa a kwance a kwance na uku a cikin dashboard a gefen fasinja na kokfit. Wannan nuni yana ba fasinja damar samun damar zuwa HVAC, multimedia, da sarrafa kewayawa kuma yana ba su damar duba awo na aikin motar. Wani sabon maɓalli da aka ƙera yana bawa direba damar buɗe kofofin motar tare da danna maɓalli kusa da hannayen ƙofa.
Ƙayyadaddun bayanai da aiki
Injin da watsawa Romawa tana aiki da injin Ferrari wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta F154 turbocharged, 90 digiri V-8, dual overhead cam (DOHC) zane. Nau'in Romawa 154BH an ƙididdige shi a tsakanin 5,750 da 7,500 rpm da na juzu'i tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 5,750 rpm.
Tsarin shigar da iska na tilastawa yana amfani da tagwayen ruwa masu sanyaya turbochargers da na'urori masu haɗa iska zuwa iska guda biyu. Tsarin lubrication na bushes yana taimakawa hana yunwar mai yayin babban aikin g-force. An haɗa injin ɗin zuwa sabon watsa F1 mai-gudun dual-clutch F1 wanda aka raba tare da SF90 Stradale. Wannan sabon rukunin yana fassara zuwa ƙarin haɓakawa a cikin ginshiƙan tsaka-tsaki tare da tsayin manyan kayan aiki don tafiye-tafiyen babbar hanya. Ferrari ya ce akwai karin kashi 15 cikin 100 na tsayin daka a cikin kayan aiki na uku idan aka kwatanta da na baya mai saurin sauri 7. The transaxle sanye take da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma na'ura mai jujjuya kayan aiki wanda ya bambanta da juzu'in motar lantarki ta SF90. Wannan zane yana da nauyin ƙasa da naúrar saurin 7 da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Portofino kuma ana iƙirarin samar da saurin sauyawa da santsi. Yawancin tanadin nauyi ya samo asali ne saboda ƙira busassun man fetur da harkashin mai na farko da ke hade da nannade su a kusa da sassan injin daban-daban.
Dakatarwa Kashin fata mai ninki biyu, ƙirar bazara tare da sanduna na anti-roll shima yana da tsarin zaɓin MagneRide tsauri mai ɗaukar hankali wanda ke ba da ƙarin ƙaramin aiki da sarrafa abin hawa ta amfani da dampers na magnetorheological Kayan lantarki Romawa ta zo daidaitaccen tsari tare da Ferrari's F1-Trac traction iko, fasahar 6.0 na gefe-slip, kula da kwanciyar hankali na lantarki (ESC), ikon ƙaddamarwa (Power Start), da Ferrari Dynamic Enhancer. Hakanan yana da bugun kira na Manettino mai matsayi biyar akan sitiyarin, yana ba da damar zaɓin yanayin tuki tsakanin jika, jin daɗi, wasanni, tsere, da kashe ESC.
Na'urorin lantarki na cikin gida na Roma suma suna wakiltar babbar karkata daga motocin Ferrari na kwanan nan. Ƙwararrun na'ura na ɗan adam (HMI) shine tsarin sarrafa allo na dijital (ta amfani da fasahar Haptic wanda kuma aka raba tare da SF90 Stradale. Ikon allon taɓawa yana ƙara zuwa wasu ayyuka akan tuƙi.
Wasu tsarin taimakon direba ADAS kamar radar gaba da na baya tare da sarrafa tafiye-tafiye masu dacewa, ana samun su azaman zaɓuɓɓuka don taimakawa yayin tuki mai tsayi.
Nauyi An yi gyare-gyaren gyare-gyaren Roma don nauyin kasa da Portofino yayin da ake dogara akan dandamali ɗaya. An cimma wannan ta hanyar tsayayyen tsarin jiki da kuma yawan amfani da sassa masu sauƙi. Ferrari ya yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 70 na sassan da ake amfani da su akan Roma sababbi ne idan aka kwatanta da Portofino. Tare da sassauƙan nauyi, busasshen nauyin motar shine ku. Nauyin tsare shi (ba tare da direba ba) shine ku. Rarraba nauyin da aka buga shine 50% gaba zuwa 50% na baya.
Aerodynamics Babban reshe na baya mai ƙarfi yana kunna kansa cikin babban sauri don taimakawa abin hawa ya haifar da ƙasa. Matsayi uku na reshe ƙananan ja ne (0-100 kph), matsakaicin ƙasa mai ƙarfi (100-300 kph), da babban ƙarfi (100-300 kph cornering da birki). An ƙididdige iyakar ƙaddamarwa a na ƙasa a Mai ɓarna na baya yana cike da nau'ikan janareta na vortex na ƙarƙashin jiki waɗanda ke haifar da tasirin ƙasa da sarrafa farkawa na ƙafafun gaba don tabbatar da ingantaccen sarrafa kaya.
Dabarun, taya da birki 20-inch simintin aluminum ƙafafun daidaitattun, tare da ƙirƙira inci 20 a matsayin zaɓi. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙafar ƙafar gaba suna da faɗin inci takwas, kuma ta baya sun kai inci goma. Tayoyin da aka yi amfani da su akan ma'aunin Roma 285/35 ZR20s a baya da 245/35 ZR20s a gaba. An gabatar da samfurin tare da zaɓin da Ferrari ya amince da shi na tayoyin Pirelli, Michelin, ko Bridgestone.
Romawa tana da 390mm gaba da 360mm na baya na carbon-ceramic ventilated diski. The Ferrari Dynamic Enhancer yana sarrafa kusurwar yaw ta hanyar kunna madaidaicin birki na motar, na farko don ƙirar Ferrari GT.
Tsarin cirewa Tsarin shaye-shaye da aka sake fasalin yana amfani da masu tacewa (mai kama da tacewar dizal don ƙa'idojin fitar da hayaki. An cimma wannan ta hanyar cire masu yin shiru (mufflers) da ƙara bawul ɗin kewayawa. An ƙera shi don riƙewa, haɓakawa, da faɗaɗa bayanan sharar injin yayin rage fitar da ƙura.
Ayyukan aiki Babban gudun Roma da aka buga shine> Adadin ayyuka sun haɗa da lokacin hanzari na 3.4 seconds da 0- lokacin hanzari na 9.3 seconds. Matsakaicin busasshen nauyi-zuwa-ƙarfi na Roma ya fi kyau a aji a 2.37 kg/cv (5.3 lb/hp).
Daban-daban Matsakaicin tsayin Romawa daga ƙasa shine a tsaye 4+34. Matsakaicin kusurwar gabanta shine digiri 11, kuma matsakaicin kusurwar ramp ɗin baya shine digiri 15 1/2.
Motar ta zo da ƙafar cubic 10 na sararin taya a cikin akwati da ƙarin sararin ajiya a bayan kujerun gaba biyu. Wani zaɓi na madaidaitan kujera mai naɗewa yana faɗaɗa saitin ajiya zuwa ƙafafu 14 cubic. Tsayawa tare da babban jigon yawon buɗe ido na motar, kuma kamar yadda yake tare da wasu ƙarin samfura, ana iya ba da odar Romawa tare da tsararru na musamman, saitin kaya mai nau'i-nau'i da yawa waɗanda suka dace da akwati na baya abin hawa. Kayan ya dace da fata na ciki.
Ferrari Roma Spider A cikin Maris 2023, Ferrari ya bayyana Spider Roma. Ana nufin ya zama maye gurbin Ferrari Portofino Bisa ga Ferrari Roma mai nasara, sabon bambance-bambancen Spider yana da saman mai laushi. Wannan yana nuna dawowar saman mai laushi don Ferrari na gaba bayan shekaru 54 tun daga 1969 365 GTS4.
Na waje Ferrari Roma Spider yana riƙe da ƙirar coupe ɗin tare da saman mai laushi wanda ke aiki a cikin daƙiƙa 13.5 a cikin sauri zuwa 37 mph. Mai ɓarna na baya da aka sake fasalin yana daidaitawa don tuƙi zuwa sama, yayin da ƙarfafa chassis yana ƙara fam 185 kawai idan aka kwatanta da coupe.
Cikin gida Gidan Ferrari Roma Spider's gidan yana riƙe da ainihin ƙirar Roma, yana nuna allon taɓawa mai inci 8.4 da zaɓin kayan ƙarfe na ƙarfe kewaye da kayan alatu. An ƙara ingantattun maɓallan tutiya da maɓallin farawa mai haske don ingantaccen amfani. Don rage hayaniyar iska da hargitsi, an haɗa nau'in iska mai ƙarfi 5-mm da mai jujjuya kujerar baya. Mai jujjuyawar iska baya aiki tare da fasinjojin da ke zaune a baya, amma iyakacin sarari na baya yana sa wannan ƙaramar damuwa.
Injin The Roma Spider gidaje wani turbocharged 3.9-lita V-8 engine, samar da 612 horsepower da 561 fam-feet na karfin juyi, tsĩrar da raya ƙafafun ta wani takwas-gudun dual-clutch atomatik watsa. Ferrari ya yi ƙananan gyare-gyare ga akwatin gear don ingantaccen ingantaccen man fetur, kuma Spider Spider yana fasalta sabon tsarin Sarrafa Slide Slip Control don ingantaccen juzu'i, kula da kwanciyar hankali, da iyawar zazzagewa.
Kasuwa An fara gabatar da Romawa tare da farashin tushe na $218,670 (USD 2020). Yawancin saitin ginawa na ƙarshe na iya zuwa daga $270k zuwa $310k da sama. Ferrari ya kiyasta kashi 70 na masu siyayya za su zama abokan cinikin Ferrari na farko. Sun bayyana cewa an kai wa Roma hari sosai a kasuwannin Porsche 911 da Aston Martin. Jigon ƙira gabaɗaya shine "kyakkyawan ƙayatarwa" wanda ke da ɗan karkata daga motar titin Ferrari na gargajiya.
Sadaukarwa da kyaututtuka An bayyana Roma a bainar jama'a a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2019, yayin wani taron kasa da kasa a Stadio dei Marmi na Rome (Stadium of the Marbles). A cikin 2020 ta bayyana a bikin cika shekaru 150 na ayyana Rome a matsayin babban birnin hadaddiyar Italiya. An bai wa Ferrari Roma lambar Red Dot a cikin 2020, tare da sanin ƙirar motar. An nakalto Red Dot yana cewa, "Ta hanyar yin watsi da duk cikakkun bayanai, ƙirar Ferrari Roma ta cimma ƙaramin ƙaranci na yau da kullun wanda ke nuna kyawun kyawun wannan motar wasanni." Mujallar Auto&Design ta baiwa Romawa mafi kyawun ƙirar mota don 2020. Kwamitin ƴan jaridun motoci na ƙasa da ƙasa ya ce Romawa na sake fassara layukan mota na Gran Turismo tare da tsara su har cikin ƙarni na 21 tare da ƙirƙira ta na sha'awa, mai jan hankali, da kuma ƙirƙira. Kyautar Motar Esquire ta 2021 mai suna Ferrari Roma a matsayin Mafi kyawun Motar da aka ƙera na shekara. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18211 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20ibn%20Tashfin | Yusuf ibn Tashfin | Yusuf ibn Tashfin, kuma Tashafin, Teshufin, mulki c. 1061 1106), ya kasan ce kuma shi ne shugaban masarautar Berber Almoravid. Ya kafa garin Marrakesh tare da jagorantar sojojin Musulmi a yakin Sagrajas. Ibn Tashfin ya zo al-Andalus ne daga Afirka don taimaka wa Musulmai su yaki Alfonso VI, daga karshe ya sami nasara da kuma inganta tsarin Musulunci a yankin. Ya auri Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah, wacce rahotanni suka ce ya amince da ita a siyasance.
Cire mulki Yusuf ibn Tashfin ɗan Berber ne daga Banu Turgut, wani reshe na Lamtuna, ƙabila ce ta ƙungiyar Sanhaja. A Sanhaja aka nasaba da na da Musulmi genealogists da Yemen kabilar Himyar ta hanyar Semi-mythical da yanci pre-Islamic sarakuna, ga abin da dalilin wasu zamani da kafofin (misali, Ibn al-Arabi ƙara nisba al-Himyari ya Yusuf sunan da ya nuna wannan alaƙar alaƙa. Karatuttukan zamani sun ƙi wannan haɗin Berber Yemen ɗin a matsayin abin son zuciya. Abu Bakr bn Umar, shugaban halitta na fitar da Lamtuna, reshen Sanhaja, daya daga cikin asalin almajiran ibn Yasin wanda ya kasance mai tuntuɓar ruhaniya ga mabiya mazhabar Maliki ta fikihun Islama, an nada shi babban kwamanda bayan mutuwar dan uwansa Yahya bn Umar al-Lamtuni. Hisan uwansa ya jagoranci sojoji don bin Yasin amma an kashe shi a yaƙin Tabfarilla da yaƙin ƙabilan Godala a cikin 1056. Ibn Yasin, shima zai mutu a yaƙi da Barghawata shekaru uku bayan haka. Abu-Bakr an iya general, shan m SUS da babban birnin kasar Aghmāt a shekara bayan da ɗan'uwansa ta mutuwa, da kuma zai je a kan su kashe da yawa tawayen a cikin Sahara, a kan wanda irin wannan lokaci entrusting ya yi taƙawa dan uwan Yusuf tare da stewardship na SUS da kuma don haka duk lardunan sa na arewa. Ya bayyana cewa ya ba shi wannan ikon a cikin rikon kwarya amma har ya kai ga bai wa Yusufu matarsa, Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyat, wai ita ce matar da ta fi wadata a Aghmāt. Irin wannan amintuwa da yarda daga wani gogaggen ɗan siyasa da ƙwararren ɗan siyasa ya nuna irin girmamawar da aka yi wa Yusuf, ba tare da ambaton ikon da ya samu a matsayinsa na soja a cikin rashi ba. Dangane da sabon ikon da Yusufu ya samu, Abu Bakr ya ga duk wani yunƙuri na sake kwace mukaminsa wanda ba zai yiwu ba a siyasance ya kuma koma kan iyakar Sahara don sasanta rikice-rikicen yankin kudu.
A cikin al'adun gargajiya A cikin fim din 196 C El Cid, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, wanda ake kira "Ben Yussuf", wanda Herbert Lom ya nuna.
Yusuf ya fito ne a cikin Age of Empires II: Nasara a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu adawa da yakin "El Cid". Koyaya, an bayyana shi da cewa "baya nuna fuskarsa", koyaushe yana rufe shi da zane.
Yusuf ibn Tashfin ya fito a matsayin jarumi a cikin littafin Nasim Hijazi na Urdu Novel "Yusuf bin Tashfeen".
Yusuf ibn Tashfin ya fito a matsayin Jarumi a cikin Wasan Kwaikwayon "Pukaar", wanda Kamfanin Talabijin na Pakistan ya gabatar a shekarar 1995. A cikin wannan jerin, manyan jaruman sune Yousaf bin Tashfin (wanda Asal Din Khan ya buga), Zainab (matar Yousaf), Ali (ɗan Yousaf), Alfonso VI (wanda Ayub Khosa ya buga), Mutamid bin abi Abbad (wanda Hissam Qazi ya buga (Late), kuma gimbiya Leon (wanda Laila Wasti ta buga).
Yusuf ya bayyana a cikin El Cid: Legend a matsayin babban mai adawa da shi. A fim din, shi azzalumi ne, mara yafiya kuma mugu ne. Da yawa sabanin yadda ake zargi da suna a matsayin mutum mai daraja.
Manazarta
Majiya Richard Fletcher, Moorish Spain, (Jami'ar California Press, 1992)
Ibn Idhari, Al-bayan al-mughrib Kashi na III, fassarar fassarar Mutanen Espanya ta A. Huici Miranda, Valencia, 1963.
N. Levtzion JFP Hopkins, Corpus na farkon asalin kafofin Larabci don tarihin Afirka ta Yamma, Cambridge University Press, 1981, (sake bugawa: Markus Wiener, Princeton, 2000, Ya ƙunshi fassarorin Ingilishi na haɓaka daga ayyukan zamanin da wanda ke ma'amala da Almoravids zaɓin ya ƙunshi wasu (amma ba duka ba) na bayanin da ke sama.
EA Freeman, Tarihi da nasarorin Saracens, (Oxford, 1856)
Codera, Decadencia y desaparición de los Almorávides en España (1889)
HR Idris, Regierung und Verwaltung des vorderen Gabas a cikin islamischer Zeit, (Brill Academic Publishers, |
49470 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash%20drive | Flash drive | Kebul flash drive Kebul flash drive (kuma ana kiransa babban babban yatsan yatsan hannu a Amurka, ko ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin UK Pen Drive a cikin ƙasashe da yawa) [1] [bayanin kula 1] na'urar adana bayanai ce wacce ta haɗa da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha tare da haɗin kebul na USB. Yawanci abin cirewa ne, ana iya sake rubuta shi kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da fayafai na gani. Yawancin nauyin nauyin kasa da 30 g (1 oz). Tun lokacin da aka fara bayyana a kasuwa a ƙarshen 2000, kamar yadda yake tare da duk sauran na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta, ƙarfin ajiya ya tashi yayin da farashin ya faɗi. Tun daga watan Maris na 2016, ana siyar da filasha da ko'ina daga 8 zuwa 256 gigabytes (GB[bayanin kula 2]), yayin da 512 GB da terabyte 1 (TB[bayanin kula 3]) ba su da yawa.[4][5] Tun daga 2018, filasha TB 2 sune mafi girma da ake samu ta fuskar iyawar ajiya.[6] Wasu suna ba da izini har zuwa 100,000 rubuta goge hawan keke, ya danganta da ainihin nau'in guntun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da aka yi amfani da su, kuma ana tsammanin za su ƙare a zahiri tsakanin shekaru 10 zuwa 100 a ƙarƙashin yanayin al'ada (lokacin ajiya na shelf[bayanin kula 4]).
Abubuwan gama-gari na filasha na USB sune don ajiya, ƙarin bayanan baya, da canja wurin fayilolin kwamfuta. Idan aka kwatanta da faifan diski ko CD, sun fi ƙanƙanta, sauri, suna da ƙarfi sosai, kuma sun fi ɗorewa saboda ƙarancin sassa masu motsi. Bugu da ƙari, ba su da rauni ga tsangwama na lantarki fiye da faifan floppy, kuma ba su da lahani ta hanyar karce (saɓanin CD). Koyaya, kamar kowane ma'ajiyar walƙiya, asarar bayanai daga ɗigowa kaɗan saboda ƙarancin wutar lantarki na tsawon lokaci da yuwuwar gazawar mai sarrafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba saboda ƙarancin masana'anta na iya sa ya zama mara dacewa ga adana bayanai na dogon lokaci. Ƙarfin riƙe bayanai yana tasiri ta hanyar firmware na mai sarrafawa, sakewar bayanan ciki, da algorithms gyara kuskure.[7][8]
TARIHI Tushen fayafai na USB shine ƙwaƙwalwar walƙiya, nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kofa mai iyo da Fujio Masuoka ya ƙirƙira a farkon 1980s. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa tana amfani da transistor MOSFET-ƙofa a matsayin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwa.[9][10] Mutane da yawa sun yi iƙirarin kasancewa masu ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB. A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, da Oron Ogdan na M-Systems, wani kamfani na Isra’ila, sun shigar da takardar haƙƙin mallaka mai taken “Architecture for a Universal Serial Bas-Based PC Flash Disk”.[11][3] Daga baya an ba da takardar shaidar a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2000 kuma waɗannan mutane galibi ana gane su a matsayin masu ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB.[12] Hakanan a cikin 1999, Shimon Shmueli, injiniya a IBM, ya ƙaddamar da bayanin ƙirƙira yana mai tabbatar da cewa ya ƙirƙira kebul na filasha.[3][13] Wani kamfani na kasar Singapore mai suna Trek 2000 International shi ne kamfani na farko da aka san ya sayar da kebul na flash drive, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shi ne ya kirkiro na'urar.[14] Daga karshe Pua Khein-Seng, wani injiniya dan kasar Malaysia, wasu kuma sun amince da shi a matsayin mai yuwuwa ya kirkiro na'urar.[15] Idan aka ba da waɗannan da'awar ƙirƙira, takaddamar haƙƙin mallaka da ke tattare da kebul ɗin filasha ya taso tsawon shekaru. Duk Trek 2000 Fasahar International da Netom na Netom sun zargin wasu da ke burge wasu naúrar kan layi. [17] Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan ƙararrakin, tambayar wanene ya fara ƙirƙira na'urar filasha ta USB ba a daidaita ba kuma ana ci gaba da da'awar.
Haɓaka fasaha Sau da yawa ana auna lash drive ta adadin da suke canja wurin bayanai. Ana iya ba da ƙimar canja wuri a megabytes a sakan daya (MB/s), megabits daƙiƙa guda (Mbit/s), ko a cikin masu ninkawa na gani kamar "180X" (sau 180 150 KiB/s).[19] Farashin canja wurin fayil ya bambanta sosai tsakanin na'urori. Filashin filasha na ƙarni na biyu sun yi iƙirarin karantawa har zuwa 30 MB s kuma suna rubuta kusan rabin wannan adadin, wanda ya kusan sau 20 cikin sauri fiye da ƙimar canja wurin ka'idar da ta gabata, USB 1.1, wanda ke iyakance ga 12 Mbit/ s (1.5 MB/s) tare da lissafin sama da ƙasa.[20] Ingantacciyar hanyar canja wurin na'urar tana da tasiri sosai ta tsarin samun damar bayanai.[21] A shekara ta 2002, kebul na filasha suna da haɗin kebul na 2.0, wanda ke da 480 Mbit s azaman ƙimar canja wuri babba; Bayan da aka yi lissafin ƙididdiga na ƙa'idar da ke fassara zuwa 35 MB s ingantaccen kayan aiki. A shekara ta 2010, madaidaicin damar ajiya na na'urorin ya kai sama da 128 GB.[23] USB 3.0 ya kasance yana jinkirin fitowa a cikin kwamfyutocin. A cikin 2010, yawancin samfuran kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka har yanzu suna ɗauke da USB 2.0 kawai.[22] A cikin Janairu 2013, kamfanin fasaha Kingston, ya fitar da filasha tare da TB 1 na ajiya.[24] Na farko USB 3.1 irin-C flash drives, tare da karantawa rubuta gudun kusan 530 MB/s, an sanar a watan Maris 2015.[25] A watan Yuli na 2016, ana siyar da filasha masu ƙarfin 8 zuwa 256 GB akai-akai fiye da waɗanda ke da iko tsakanin 512 GB da 1 TB.[4] [5] A cikin 2017, Fasahar Kingston ta sanar da fitar da filasha 2-TB.[26] A cikin 2018, SanDisk ya sanar da 1TB USB-C flash drive, mafi ƙarancin irinsa.[27]
FASAHAR USB A kan kebul na USB, ƙarshen na'urar yana sanye da filogi na USB guda ɗaya; wasu faifan filasha kuma suna ba da filogi na USB, sauƙaƙe musayar bayanai tsakanin na'urori daban-daban.
A cikin casing ɗin akwai ƙaramin allon da'ira da aka buga, wanda ke da wasu nau'ikan wutar lantarki da ƙaramin adadin na'urorin haɗaɗɗiyar da'ira (ICs). yayin da ɗayan kuma shine ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar flash. Direbobi yawanci suna amfani da ajin na'urar ma'ajiya ta USB don sadarwa da mai masaukin baki.[28].
Flash memory Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta haɗe da yawan tsofaffin fasaha, tare da ƙananan farashi, ƙananan amfani da wutar lantarki da ƙananan girman da aka samu ta hanyar ci gaba a fasahar ƙirƙira na'urar semiconductor. Ma'ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta dogara ne akan fasahar EPROM da EEPROM na baya. Waɗannan suna da ƙayyadaddun iya aiki, suna jinkirin karantawa da rubuce-rubuce, suna buƙatar haɗaɗɗen keɓan kayan aikin wutar lantarki, kuma ana iya sake rubutawa kawai bayan shafe dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin guntu.
Masu zanen kayan masarufi daga baya sun haɓaka EEPROMs tare da yankin gogewa ya rabu zuwa ƙananan “filaye” waɗanda za a iya goge su daban-daban ba tare da shafar sauran ba. Canja abubuwan da ke cikin wani wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ya haɗa da kwafi gabaɗayan filin cikin ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na kashe-chip, goge filin, canza bayanai kamar yadda ake buƙata a cikin ma'ajin, da sake rubuta su cikin filin guda. Wannan yana buƙatar goyon bayan kwamfuta mai yawa, kuma tsarin EEPROM na filasha na tushen PC sau da yawa yana ɗaukar nasu tsarin microprocessor. Filashin filasha sun fi ko žasa ƙaramin sigar wannan.
Haɓaka hanyoyin mu'amalar bayanai masu saurin gudu kamar USB sanya tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na semiconductor tare da ma'ajin da aka samu ta hanyar da ta dace, da haɓakar ƙanana, babban sauri, tsarin microprocessor mara ƙarfi ya ba da damar shigar da wannan cikin ƙaramin tsari. Samun shiga serial yana buƙatar ƙarancin haɗin lantarki don guntuwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya fiye da yadda ake yin layi ɗaya, wanda ya sauƙaƙa kera na'urorin gigabyte masu yawa.
Kwamfutoci suna samun tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filashin na zamani sosai kamar faifan diski, inda tsarin sarrafawa ke da cikakken iko akan inda ainihin ke adana bayanai. Haƙiƙanin rubutun EEPROM da matakan gogewa, duk da haka, suna kama da tsarin da aka bayyana a baya.
Yawancin 'yan wasan MP3 masu rahusa suna ƙara ƙarin software da baturi zuwa daidaitaccen ma'aunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filasha don haka zai iya zama mai rikodin sake kunna kiɗan. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan wasan kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman filasha na al'ada, don adana fayiloli kowane iri.
Mahimman abubuwa masu mahimmanci Dangane Da Flash Drive Akwai yawanci sassa biyar zuwa filasha:
Filogi na USB yana ba da haɗin kai na zahiri zuwa kwamfutar mai masaukin baki. Wasu faifan kebul na USB suna amfani da filogi na USB wanda baya kare lambobin sadarwa, tare da yuwuwar toshe shi cikin tashar USB a yanayin da ba daidai ba, idan nau'in haɗin ba daidai bane.
Kebul na ajiya mai sarrafa taro ƙaramin microcontroller tare da ƙaramin ROM akan guntu da RAM.
NAND flash memory guntu (s) adana bayanai (NAND flash yawanci ana amfani dashi a cikin kyamarorin dijital).
Crystal oscillator yana samar da siginar babban agogon na'urar kuma yana sarrafa fitar da bayanan na'urar ta hanyar madaidaicin kulle-kulle.
Murfi yawanci an yi shi da filastik ko ƙarfe, yana kare kayan lantarki daga damuwa na inji har ma da gajerun da'irori
NASSOSHI Merriam Website
Romano, Benjamin J. (2008-04-29). "Microsoft device helps police pluck evidence from cyberscene of crime". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
"The Largest Flash Drives Digital Trends". Digital Trends. 2018-07-23. Retrieved |
60613 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin%20Phartial | Pushkin Phartial | Pushkin Phartial; (Maris 1968-4 Fabrairu 2016) ɗan jarida ne kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa daga Uttarakhand, Indiya. An lura dashi saboda aikin da yayi na rage talauci a yankunan karkara, ƙarfafa cibiyoyin gida da rayuwar karkara, da rage sauyin yanayi acikin Himalayas na Uttarakhand.
Rayuwa ta sirri da ilimi Phartiyal yayi digirin digirgir a fannin tarihi, digiri na biyu a fannin tarihi da zamantakewa, difloma ta biyu a aikin jarida da sadarwa, sannan yayi difloma a fannin yawon bude ido. A Jami'ar Kumaon, ya kasance memba mai ƙwazo na National Cadet Corps, kuma ya lashe lambar zinare don mafi kyawun jami'a a jihar Uttar Pradesh. An kuma zaɓe shi a matsayin sakataren hadin gwiwa da kuma shugaban ƙungiyar ɗalibai a jami’ar Kumaon. Abokin Phartiyal Girish Ranjan Tiwari ya rubuta a cikin rubutunsa na tunawa cewa Phartial ya kasance mai himma a cikin yunkurin dalibai na 1990 kuma sakamakon haka ya shafe kwanaki da yawa a kurkuku a Fatehgarh.
Phartial na garin Nainital ne, a Uttarakhand. Yayi aure ya haifi diya mace.
Sana'a Bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir, Phartial ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida a jaridar Hindi daily Dainik Jagran da Press Trust of India (PTI). Ya kasance yana alaƙa da PTI har zuwa mutuwarsa.
Acikin 2003, Phartial ya shiga, bisa gayyata, Ƙungiyar Muhalli ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiyar Himalayan ta Nainital (CHEA). A shekara ta 2008, ya zama babban daraktan hukumar. Acikin wannan matsayi, ya kafa Initiative Mountain Initiative, wanda daga baya aka sani da Integrated Mountain Initiative, wani dandali na bayar da shawarwari game da batutuwa daban-daban masu alaƙa na al'ummomin mazaunan tsaunuka na jihohin Indiya goma sha biyu tare da tsaunuka. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsa na CHEA, Phartial ya gabatar da ra'ayi na gandun daji na carbon carbon tare da ayyukan muhalli, horar da al'ummomin ƙauyen a cikin dabarun ci gaba mai dorewa, kuma ya yi aiki a kan maido da Uttarakhand's Van Panchayats, duk yayin da yake shiga jihar cikin wannan aikin.
Phartial ya wakilci CHEA a tarurrukan UNFCCC daban-daban. Har zuwa farkon shekarar 2016, ya kuma jagoranci halartar CHEA acikin Shirin Tsare-tsare da Ci gaban Kasashe Mai Tsarki na Kailash, shirin tsallaka iyaka tsakanin Indiya, Sin da Nepal wanda ICIMOD ke jagoranta.
Phartiyal yayi aiki a matsayin malami na Cibiyar Nazarin Ci Gaba na Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Uttarakhand a Nainital na tsawon shekaru bakwai.
Phartiyal kuma yayi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin kulab ɗin tsaunukan Nainital.
Mutuwa Acikin Janairu 2016, Phartial yana kan ziyarar ilimi a Sashen Geography, Jami'ar Cambridge, tare da haɗin gwiwar Prof. Bhaskar Vira. A yayin wannan ziyarar, an gano wani kumburi a cikin kwakwalwar Farisa. Pushkin Phartial ya mutu a Lucknow a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2016, yana da shekaru 47, daga cutar kansar kwakwalwa.
Ganewa Phartial ya kasance ƙwararren ƙwararren LEAD, Babban Ɗalibin Synergos, kuma ɗan Ashoka Fellow.
Ma'aikatar yawon bude ido ta gwamnatin Indiya ta ba Phartial lambar yabo ta kasa don kwarewar rubuce-rubuce na shekara ta 1998-1999 saboda littafinsa na tattaki a Indiya. An sake ba shi wannan lambar yabo ta 2000-2001 da 2001-2002, don karrama labaran da ya rubuta.
A cikin 2006, an ba shi lambar yabo ta GIAN don labarinsa kan hanyoyin igiyoyi marasa tsada da ke sarrafa al'umma a Uttarakhand. An adana wannan labarin a cikin ɗakin karatu na kan layi na ICIMOD.
Sama da 2011-2012, shi ne mai karɓar Rufford Small Grant.
A cikin 2012, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Mata ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Duniya na Bambanci, saboda gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen rage yawan shaye-shaye da ƙarfafa rayuwar mata masu tsaunuka.
A cikin 2015, Majalisar CSR ta Duniya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Social Innovation Leadership Award.
A watan Fabrairun 2016, bayan mutuwar Phartial ba zato ba tsammani, hukumomi da daidaikun jama'a daban-daban sun nuna ta'aziyya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Harish Rawat, sannan babban ministan Uttarakhand, da haɗin gwiwar tsaunukan Abinci da Aikin Noma.
A watan Yuli 2019, CHEA ta shirya wani taron tunawa da Pushkin Phartial a Nainital. Prof. Shekhar Pathak na daya daga cikin masu jawabi a wajen taron.
A cikin Disamba 2022, an kafa jawabin Tunawa da Tunawa da Pushkin Phartial na shekara-shekara a Nainital, wanda za'a gabatar da shi kowace shekara a babban taron shekara-shekara na CHEA.
Zaɓi tarihin littafi Danielsen, F., Skutsch, M., Burgess, ND, Jensen, PM, Andrianandrasana, H., Karky, B., Lewis, R., Lovett, JC, Massao, J., Ngaga, Y. da Phartial, P 2011. A tsakiyar REDD+: rawar da jama'ar gida ke takawa wajen sa ido kan gandun daji? Haruffa na kiyayewa, 4 (2), shafi 158-167.
Skutsch, MM, van Laake, PE, Zahabu, EM, Karky, BS da Phartial, P., 2009. Kulawar al'umma a cikin REDD+. Gane REDD, shafi na 101.
Tewari, A. da Phartial, P., 2006. Kasuwar carbon a matsayin damar rayuwa mai tasowa ga al'ummomin Himalayas. Ci gaban Dutsen ICIMOD, 49, shafi 26-27.
Singh, IHS, Tewari, A. da Phartial, P., 2012. Dajin carbon na al'umma don magance lalacewar gandun daji a cikin Himalayas na Indiya. A cikin Kula da Dajin Al'umma don Kasuwar Carbon (shafi na 138-153). Rutledge.
Uma, P., Tej, P., Sharma, HK, Pushkin, P., Aungsathwi, M., Tamang, NB, Tan, K. da Munawar, MS, 2012. Ƙimar pollinators kwari ga tattalin arzikin noma na Himalayan. Ƙimar pollinators kwari ga tattalin arzikin noma na Himalayan.
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49239 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsewar%20iri | Watsewar iri | A cikin tsire-tsire na Spermatophyte, tarwatsa iri shine motsi, yadawan ko jigilar tsaba daga mahaifa shuka. Tsire-tsire suna da iyakataccen motsi kuma suna dogara da nau'ikan nau'ikan tarwatsawa don jigilar tsaba, gami da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar iska, da rayayyun halittu biotic kamar tsuntsaye. Ana iya tarwatsa iri daga shukar iyaye ɗaya ɗaya ko ɗaya, da kuma tarwatsa su cikin sarari da lokaci. An ƙayyade tsarin rarraba iri a babban ɓangare ta hanyar rarrabawa kuma wannan yana da mahimmanci ga tsarin alƙaluma da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na yawan tsire-tsire, da kuma tsarin ƙaura da hulɗar jinsin. Akwai manyan hanyoyi guda biyar na rarraba iri: nauyi, iska, ballistic, ruwa, da kuma ta dabbobi. Wasu tsire-tsire ba su da ƙarfi kuma suna tarwatsa tsaba kawai don mayar da martani ga haɓakar muhalli. Waɗannan hanyoyin yawanci ana ƙididdige su ne bisa ɗab'i, kamar fuka-fuki ko 'ya'yan itace masu nama. Koyaya, wannan sauƙaƙan ra'ayi na iya yin watsi da rikitarwa a cikin tarwatsawa. Tsire-tsire za su iya watse ta hanyoyi ba tare da mallakar abubuwan da suka dace ba kuma halayen shuka na iya zama masu aiki da yawa.
Amfani Watsawar iri na iya samun fa'idodi da yawa ga nau'ikan tsiro daban-daban. Rayuwar iri sau da yawa yakan fi girma nesa da shukar iyaye. Wannan rayuwa mafi girma na iya haifarwa daga ayyukan iri da suka dogara da yawa da mafarauta da ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda galibi ke kaiwa ga yawan adadin tsaba a ƙarƙashin manya. Gasa tare da tsire-tsire masu girma na iya zama ƙasa kaɗan lokacin da aka kwashe iri daga iyayensu.
Watsewar iri kuma yana ba da damar tsire-tsire su isa takamaiman wuraren zama waɗanda, ke dacewa don rayuwa, hasashe da aka sani da tarwatsawa Misali, Ocotea endresiana (Lauraceae) wani nau'in bishiya ne daga Latin Amurka wanda nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa ke warwatse, gami da bellbird mai hawa uku Maza bellbirds na kan matattun bishiyoyi don jawo hankalin abokan aure, kuma sau da yawa sukan yi watsi da tsaba a ƙarƙashin waɗannan perches inda tsaba ke da babban damar rayuwa saboda yanayin haske mai yawa da kuma tserewa daga cututtukan fungal. A cikin yanayin tsire-tsire masu 'ya'yan itace, iri-tarwatsawa a cikin guts na dabba (endozoochory) sau da yawa yana haɓaka adadin, saurin gudu, da asynchrony na germination, wanda zai iya samun amfanin shuka mai mahimmanci. Tsabar da tururuwa suka tarwatsa( myrmecochory ba kawai a tarwatse ba ne kawai amma tururuwa suna binne su a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wadannan tsaba za su iya guje wa mummunan tasirin muhalli kamar wuta ko fari, isa ga microsites masu wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki kuma su tsira fiye da sauran iri. Waɗannan fasalulluka na musamman ne ga myrmecochory, wanda hakan na iya ba da ƙarin fa'idodin da ba su samuwa a cikin wasu hanyoyin tarwatsawa. Watsawar iri na iya ba da damar tsire-tsire su mallaki wuraren zama da ba kowa da kowa har ma da sabbin yankuna. Nisan tarwatsawa da wuraren ajiya sun dogara ne akan kewayon motsi na mai watsawa, kuma ana samun tsayin nisa tarwatsawa wani lokaci ta hanyar diplochory, tarwatsawa ta jere ta hanyoyi biyu ko fiye daban-daban. A haƙiƙa, shaidun baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na tarwatsa iri sun ƙunshi fiye da lokaci na tarwatsawa.
Nau'ukan Wani lokaci ana rarraba iri zuwa autochory (lokacin da aka samu tarwatsewa ta hanyar amfani da kayan shuka) da allochory (lokacin da aka samu ta hanyar waje).
Dogonwa tafiya Watsawar iri mai nisa (LDD) nau'in tarwatsewar sararin samaniya ne wanda a halin yanzu an siffanta shi ta nau'i biyu, daidai da nisa na ainihi. Nagartar shuka da tsira na iya dogaro da yawa akan wannan hanyar rarraba iri dangane da wasu abubuwan muhalli. Siffar farko ta LDD, nisa daidai gwargwado, tana auna adadin tsaba (1% daga cikin adadin iri da aka samar) waɗanda ke tafiya mafi nisa daga cikin yiwuwar rarraba kashi 99%. Ma'anar ma'anar LDD a haƙiƙanin ma'anarta ce don ƙarin matsanancin tarwatsawa. Misali na LDD zai kasance na shuka yana haɓaka takamaiman nau'in tarwatsawa ko ilimin halittar jiki don ba da izinin tarwatsa tsaba a nesa mai nisa. Hanya na ainihi ko cikakkiyar hanya tana gano LDD azaman nisa ta zahiri. Yana classified 1 km a matsayin nisan kofa don watsa iri. Anan, bakin kofa yana nufin mafi ƙarancin nisa da shuka zai iya tarwatsa tsaba kuma har yanzu ana ƙirga shi azaman LDD. Akwai na biyu, wanda ba a aunawa, nau'in LDD baya ga daidaito da gaske. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin nau'in da ba daidai ba. LDD mara kyau shine lokacin da tarwatsa iri ta faru a cikin wani sabon abu da wuyar tsinkaya. Misali zai zama wani lamari mai wuya ko na musamman wanda itacen tsiro na Madagascar wanda ya dogara da lemur ya kasance ana jigilar iri zuwa gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar haɗa jakar jaka (akwatin kwai) wanda shark ko skate ya shimfiɗa. [6] Wani abin tuƙi don mahimmancin juyin halitta na LDD shine yana ƙara dacewa da tsire-tsire ta hanyar rage gasar tsire-tsire na makwabta don zuriya. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a fayyace ba a yau kan yadda takamaiman halaye, yanayi da cinikin ciniki (musamman a cikin gajeriyar watsa iri) ke shafar haɓakar LDD.
Autochory Tsire-tsire masu sarrafa kansu suna tarwatsa irin su ba tare da wani taimako daga waje ba, sakamakon haka wannan yana iyakance shuke-shuke da nisan da za su iya tarwatsa iri. Wasu nau'ikan autochory guda biyu da ba a bayyana dalla-dalla a nan ba su ne blastochory, inda tushen tsiron yana rarrafe tare da ƙasa don ajiye iri a nesa da tushe na shuka; da herpochory, inda iri ke rarrafe ta hanyar trichomes ko hygroscopic appendages (awns) da canje-canje a cikin zafi Girman nauyi Barochory ko shuka amfani da nauyi don tarwatsa hanya ce mai sauƙi don cimma rarrabuwar iri. Tasirin nauyi akan 'ya'yan itatuwa masu nauyi yana sa su faɗo daga shuka lokacin da suka girma. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari da ke nuna irin wannan tarwatsawa sun haɗa da apples, kwakwa da sha'awar sha'awa da waɗanda ke da harsashi masu wuya (wanda sau da yawa ya juya daga shuka don samun ƙarin nisa). Watsewar nauyi kuma yana ba da damar watsawa ta ruwa ko dabba daga baya.
Watsewar ballistic Ballochory wani nau'i ne na tarwatsawa inda ake fitar da iri da karfi ta hanyar fashewar 'ya'yan itacen. Sau da yawa ƙarfin da ke haifar da fashewar yana haifar da turgor matsa lamba a cikin 'ya'yan itacen ko saboda tashin hankali na ciki a cikin 'ya'yan itace. Wasu misalan tsire-tsire waɗanda ke watsar da tsaba ta atomatik sun haɗa da: Arceutobium spp., Cardamin hirsuta, Ecballium spp., Euphorbia heterophylla, Geranium spp., Impatiens spp., Sucrea spp, Radiya spp. da sauransu. Misali na musamman na ballochory shine Hura crepitans ana kiran wannan shukar bishiyar dynamite saboda sautin 'ya'yan itacen yana fashewa. Fashe-fashe suna da ƙarfi da za su iya jefa iri har zuwa mita 100. Witch hazel yana amfani da tarwatsa ballistic ba tare da abubuwan fashewa ba ta hanyar matse tsaba a kusan. 45 km/h (28 mph).
Allochory Allochory yana nufin kowane nau'in tarwatsa iri da yawa inda ake amfani da vector ko wakili na biyu don watsa iri. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haɗawa da iska, ruwa, dabbobi ko wasu.
Iska Watsewar iska anemochory yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsoffin hanyoyin tarwatsawa. Watsewar iska na iya ɗaukar ɗayan nau'ikan farko guda biyu: iri ko 'ya'yan itace na iya shawagi a kan iska ko kuma, a madadin, suna iya girgiza ƙasa. Misalai na yau da kullun na waɗannan hanyoyin tarwatsawa, a cikin yanayin zafi na arewa, sun haɗa da dandelions, waɗanda ke da pappus fuka-fuki da aka haɗe zuwa 'ya'yan itacen su achenes kuma ana iya tarwatsa su da nisa mai nisa, da maples, waɗanda ke da 'ya'yan itatuwa masu fuka-fuki samaras waɗanda ke tashi zuwa ga ƙasa.
Muhimmin ƙuntatawa akan watsawar iska shine buƙatar samar da iri mai yawa don haɓaka yuwuwar saukowar iri a cikin wurin da ya dace da germination Wasu tsire-tsire masu tarwatsewar iska, irin su dandelion, na iya daidaita yanayin halittarsu don ƙarawa ko rage yawan ɓarkewar waje. Hakanan akwai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙuntatawar juyin halitta akan wannan tsarin tarwatsawa. Misali, Cody and Overton (1996) sun gano cewa jinsunan da ke cikin Asteraceae a tsibiran suna son samun raguwar iyawar tarwatsewa (watau babban iri da kuma karami pappus) dangane da nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in tsibiran. Har ila yau, Helonias bullata, wani nau'in tsire-tsire na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a Amurka, ya samo asali ne don amfani da watsawar iska a matsayin hanyar rarraba iri ta farko; duk da haka, ƙayyadaddun iska a mazauninsa na hana iri yin nasarar tarwatsewa daga iyayensa, wanda ke haifar da tarin yawan jama'a. Dogaro da tarwatsawar iska ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin nau'ikan ciyawa da yawa. Hanyoyin da ba a saba da su ba na watsawar iska sun hada da tumbleweeds, inda dukan shuka (sai dai tushen) ke hura iska. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari na Physalis, idan ba su cika ba, wani lokaci iska na iya tarwatsa su saboda sarari tsakanin 'ya'yan itacen da calyx mai rufewa wanda ke aiki azaman mafitsarar iska.
Ruwa Yawancin ruwa (mazauni na ruwa) da wasu nau'ikan ƙasa (mazaunan ƙasa) suna amfani da hydrochory, ko iri ta hanyar ruwa. Tsaba na iya yin tafiya na nisa sosai, ya danganta da takamaiman yanayin tarwatsa ruwa wannan ya shafi 'ya'yan itacen da ba su da ruwa kuma suna yawo akan ruwa.
Lily na ruwa shine misalin irin wannan shuka. Furen lilies na ruwa suna yin ya'yan itace da ke yawo a cikin ruwa na ɗan lokaci sannan kuma su faɗi ƙasa don yin tushe a ƙasan tafkin Hakanan ana iya tarwatsa tsaban dabino da ruwa. Idan sun girma a kusa da teku, ana iya jigilar tsaba ta hanyar igiyar ruwa ta nisa mai nisa, wanda zai ba da damar tarwatsa tsaba har zuwa sauran nahiyoyi Bishiyoyin Mangrove suna girma kai tsaye daga ruwa; Idan 'ya'yansu suka yi girma sai su fado daga bishiyar su yi saiwa da zarar sun taɓa kowace irin ƙasa. A lokacin ƙananan igiyar ruwa, za su iya faɗi cikin ƙasa maimakon ruwa kuma su fara girma daidai inda suka faɗi. Idan matakin ruwan ya yi girma, duk da haka, ana iya ɗaukar su nesa da inda suka faɗi. Bishiyoyin Mangrove sau da yawa suna yin ƙananan tsibirai yayin da ƙazanta da ƙazanta ke tattarawa a cikin tushensu, suna yin ƙananan ƙasa.
Dabbobi: epi- da endozoochory Dabbobi na iya tarwatsa irin shuka ta hanyoyi da yawa, duk mai suna zoochory Ana iya jigilar iri a waje na dabbobi masu rarrafe (mafi yawa dabbobi masu shayarwa), tsarin da aka sani da epizoochory Nau'in tsire-tsire da dabbobi ke jigilar su zuwa waje na iya samun nau'ikan daidaitawa don tarwatsawa, gami da gamsai mai ɗaure, da ƙugiya iri-iri, spines da barbs. Misalin misalin tsire-tsire na epizoochorous shine Trifolium angustifolium, nau'in nau'in clover na Old World wanda ke manne da gashin dabba ta hanyar gashin gashi wanda ya rufe iri Tsire-tsire na Epizoochorous sun kasance tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, tare da nau'ikan wakilai da yawa a cikin iyalan Apiaceae da Asteraceae Duk da haka, epizoochory cuta ce da ba kasafai ake tarwatsawa ba ga tsire-tsire gaba ɗaya; an kiyasta adadin nau'in tsire-tsire tare da tsaba da aka daidaita don jigilar kayayyaki a wajen dabbobin da ke ƙasa da 5%. Duk da haka, jigilar epizoochorous na iya yin tasiri sosai idan tsaba sun haɗa da dabbobi masu yawa. Wannan nau'i na tarwatsa iri yana da hannu a cikin saurin ƙaurawar shuka da yaduwar nau'ikan ɓarna. Watsewar iri ta hanyar cinyewa da bayan gida ta dabbobi masu rarrafe (mafi yawa tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa), ko endozoochory, shine hanyar tarwatsa yawancin nau'ikan bishiyoyi. Endozoochory gabaɗaya wata alaƙa ce ta haɗin kai wacce shuka ke kewaye da tsaba tare da abinci mai gina jiki, 'ya'yan itace masu gina jiki azaman ingantaccen abinci ga dabbobin da suke cinye shi. Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire na iya tallata kasancewar albarkatun abinci ta amfani da launi. Tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa sune mafi mahimmancin tarwatsa iri, amma nau'ikan sauran dabbobi iri-iri, gami da kunkuru, kifi, da kwari (misali itacen weta da scree wētā na iya jigilar iri masu dacewa. Matsakaicin adadin nau'in bishiyar da aka tarwatsa ta endozoochory ya bambanta tsakanin wuraren zama, amma yana iya kaiwa sama da kashi 90% a wasu dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi. Watsewar iri da dabbobi ke yi a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi ya sami kulawa sosai, kuma ana ɗaukar wannan hulɗar a matsayin wani muhimmin ƙarfi da ke tsara yanayin halitta da juyin halittar kasusuwa da yawan bishiya. A cikin wurare masu zafi, manyan masu rarraba iri na dabba (kamar tapirs, chimpanzees, colobus baki-da-fari, toucans da ƙaho na iya tarwatsa manyan tsaba tare da ƴan wasu wakilai masu rarraba iri. Rushewar waɗannan manyan 'ya'yan itace daga farauta da asarar muhalli na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan yawan bishiyar da suka dogara da su don tarwatsa iri da kuma rage bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Watsewar iri ta hanyar endozoochory na iya haifar da saurin yaɗuwar nau'ikan ɓarna, kamar a yanayin ƙanƙara mai tsauri a Austalia. Bambance-bambancen endozoochory shine regurgitation na iri maimakon ratsawar su a cikin najasa bayan wucewa ta gabaɗayan sashin narkewa. Irin nau'in da tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa ke watsawa suna iya jingina kansu ga gashin fuka-fuki da gashin wadannan kashin baya, wanda shine babban hanyar tarwatsa su. Watsawar iri ta tururuwa myrmecochory wata hanya ce ta tarwatsewar ciyayi da yawa na shrubs na kudancin kogin ko kuma ganyayen da ba a san su ba na arewaci. Tsaba na tsire-tsire na myrmecochorous suna da abin da aka makala mai wadataccen lipid da ake kira elaiosome, wanda ke jan hankalin tururuwa. Tururuwa suna ɗaukar irin waɗannan nau'ikan zuwa cikin yankunansu, suna ciyar da elaiosome zuwa tsutsansu kuma suna watsar da in ba haka ba iri iri a cikin ɗakin karkashin kasa. Myrmecochory don haka dangantaka ce ta haɗin kai tsakanin tsirrai da tururuwa masu watsa iri. Myrmecochory ya samo asali aƙalla sau 100 a cikin tsire-tsire masu fure kuma an kiyasta yana kasancewa a cikin aƙalla nau'ikan 11 000, amma mai yiwuwa har zuwa 23 000 ko 9% na duk nau'ikan tsire-tsire na furanni. Tsire-tsire na Myrmecochorous sun fi yawa a cikin ciyayi fynbos na yankin Cape Floristic na Afirka ta Kudu, ciyayi na kwangan da sauran busassun wuraren zama na Australia, busassun dazuzzuka da ciyayi na yankin Bahar Rum da dazuzzukan arewa masu zafi na yammacin Eurasia da gabashin Arewacin Amurka, inda. har zuwa 30-40% na kayan lambu na ƙasa suna myrmecochorous. Watsawar iri ta tururuwa dangantaka ce ta juna kuma tana amfana da tururuwa da shuka. Masu farauta iri, waɗanda suka haɗa da rodents da yawa (kamar squirrels) da wasu tsuntsaye (kamar jays) na iya tarwatsa tsaba ta hanyar adana tsaba a cikin ɓoye. Kwayoyin da ke cikin caches galibi ana samun kariya da kyau daga wasu mafarauta iri kuma idan ba a ci ba za su yi girma zuwa sabbin tsirrai. Bugu da kari, rodents kuma na iya tarwatsa tsaba ta hanyar tofa iri saboda kasancewar metabolites na biyu a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa masu girma. A ƙarshe, ana iya watse iri na biyu daga tsaba waɗanda masu tarwatsa dabbobi na farko suka ajiye, tsarin da aka sani da diplochory Misali, an san dung beetles suna tarwatsa tsaba daga kutsen najasa a aikin tattara taki don ciyar da tsutsansu. Sauran nau'ikan zoochory sune chiropterochory (ta jemagu), malacochory (ta molluscs, galibi katantanwa na duniya), ornithochory (ta tsuntsaye) da saurochory (ta sauropsids ba tsuntsu ba). Zoochory na iya faruwa a cikin fiye da lokaci guda, misali ta hanyar diploendozoochory, inda mai watsawa na farko (dabba wanda ya ci iri) tare da irin nau'in da yake dauke da shi ya ci ta hanyar wani mafarauci wanda ya ci gaba da ɗaukar iri kafin a ajiye shi.
Mutane Watsawa da mutane anthropochory ya kasance ana ganinsa azaman nau'in tarwatsa ta dabbobi. Abubuwan da suka fi yaɗuwa da tsanani sun haɗa da dasa yawancin yankin ƙasa a duniyar, ta hanyar noma. A wannan yanayin, al'ummomin bil'adama suna kulla dangantaka mai tsawo da nau'in tsire-tsire, kuma suna haifar da yanayi don ci gaban su.
Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa masu tarwatsa mutane sun bambanta da masu tarwatsa dabbobi ta hanyar samun motsi mafi girma, bisa hanyoyin fasaha na jigilar mutane. A gefe guda, tarwatsawa ta mutane kuma yana aiki akan ƙarami, ma'auni na yanki kuma yana haifar da haɓakar yawan al'ummomin halittu. A gefe guda kuma, tarwatsawa ta mutane na iya yin aiki a kan manyan ma'auni na yanki kuma ya haifar da yaduwar nau'in ɓarna Mutane na iya tarwatsa iri ta hanyoyi daban-daban kuma an yi ta auna wasu tazara mai tsayi. Misalai sune: tarwatsawa akan tufafin mutane (har zuwa mita 250), akan takalma (har zuwa 5). km), ko ta motoci (kullum 250 m, lokuta marasa aure> 100 km). Watsewar iri da motoci na iya zama nau'i na jigilar iri da mutane ba da niyya ba, wanda zai iya kaiwa nesa, fiye da sauran hanyoyin tarwatsawa na al'ada. Motocin da ke ɗauke da ƙasa suna iya ƙunsar da tsaba masu ɗorewa, binciken da Dunmail J. Hodkinson da Ken Thompson suka yi ya gano cewa mafi yawan iri da ake ɗauka da abin hawa sune broadleaf plantain Plantago major ciyawa na shekara-shekara Poa annua rough meadow ciyawa Poa trivialis stinging nettle Urtica dioica da kuma daji chamomile Matricaria discoidea Har ila yau, watsar da iri da gangan yana faruwa a matsayin jefa bam Wannan yana da haɗari, saboda rashin dacewa zai iya gabatar da tsire-tsire marasa dacewa ga sababbin wurare.
Sakamako Watsewar iri yana da sakamako da yawa ga ilimin halitta da juyin halitta. Watsawa ya zama dole don gudun hijirar jinsuna, kuma a cikin 'yan lokutan tarwatsawa yana da mahimmanci a cikin ko wani nau'in da aka kai zuwa sabon wurin zama da mutane zai zama nau'in cin zarafi ko a'a. Ana kuma hasashen tarwatsawa za ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a asali da kiyaye bambancin nau'in. Misali, myrmecochory ya karu fiye da ninki biyu a cikin kungiyoyin shuka wanda ya samo asali saboda zuriyar myrmecochorous sun ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan 'yan'uwansu waɗanda ba na myrmecochorous ba. Watsewar iri da ke nesa da kwayoyin halitta yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manyan ra'ayoyi guda biyu don yadda ake kiyaye bambancin halittu a cikin yanayin halitta, hasashen Janzen-Connell da iyakance daukar ma'aikata. Watsewar iri yana da mahimmanci wajen ba da izinin ƙaurawar gandun daji na furanni. Za a iya yin tasiri ta hanyar samar da nau'in 'ya'yan itace daban-daban a cikin tsire-tsire, al'amarin da aka sani da heterocarpy. Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace sun bambanta da girmansu da siffa kuma suna da jeri daban-daban na tarwatsawa, wanda ke ba da damar tarwatsa tsaba don bambance-bambancen nesa da daidaitawa zuwa yanayi daban-daban. Bugu da kari, gudun da kuma alkiblar iskar suna da matukar tasiri a tsarin tarwatsawa da kuma bi da bi-bi-da-kullin da ake samu na tsaba masu shawagi a cikin rukunan ruwa. Ana gudanar da sufurin tsaba ta hanyar iska. Wannan yana haifar da mulkin mallaka a gefen kogi ko zuwa wuraren dausayi kusa da rafuffukan da ke kusa da kwatancen iska. Tsarin tarwatsawar iska na iya shafar haɗin kai tsakanin jikunan ruwa. Ainihin, iska tana taka rawa sosai wajen tarwatsa tsaba na ruwa a cikin kankanin lokaci, kwanaki da yanayi, amma tsarin muhalli yana ba da damar tsarin ya daidaita cikin tsawon shekaru da yawa. Lokacin lokacin da tarwatsawa ya faru yana da mahimmanci lokacin la'akari da sakamakon iska akan tsarin muhalli.
Duba kuma Irin |
19712 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%20Akindele | Bola Akindele | Adebola Ismail Akindele wanda aka sani da Bola Akindele (An haife shine a 25 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar,1963) a Ibadan babban birnin jahar Oyo (birni). ɗan kasuwa ne a Najeriya, masanin Kasuwanci, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Shi ne Manajan darakta na kamfanin Kasuwancin courtville, Kungiyar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka (EABN).Mujallar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta karrama shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "Shugabannin fasahar kere-kere 21 na Najeriya da ke kan sharafin su."
Tarihin Rayuwa da Karatu Bola Akindele an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1963 a garin Ibadan, na Jihar Oyo. Ya girma a Legas, Nijeriya. Kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Ansar-Ud-deen, Isolo, Legas daga 1974–1979. Tsohon dalibi ne na Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife inda ya kammala karatun digirinsane na farko a fannin Aikin Noma. Ya yi digiri na biyu ne a harkar banki da hada-hadar kudi a jami'ar Lagos a 1993 sannan ya kuma mallaki digirin digirgir na harkokin kasuwanci (DBA) daga makarantar International Management of Paris, Paris. Hakana shi tsohon ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Kasuwancin Landan da Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas.
Ayyuka Bola Akindele shi ne Manajan Daraktan Rukunin Kamfanin Courteville Business Solutions Plc., Mai ba da shawara kan Fasahar Sadarwa, da kuma kamfanin ba da izinin kasuwanci. Yayinda yake matashi mai sana'a, ya shiga KPMG, Peat, Marwick, Ani, Ogunde Co. wanda yanzu ake kira KPMG Nigeria, kamar Audit Trainee. Akindele ya shiga Babban Bankin Najeriya ne a shekarar 1989, inda ya zama Babban Ma'aji Mai Kula da Kudi na Tsarin Garanti na Karancin Noma (ACGS). Yayin da yake a CBN, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mai Binciken Banki a kan ayyukan duba kudi daban-daban. Ya ci gaba da aiki a bankin Oceanic a 1993, kuma ya zama Shugaban Kungiya, Bankin Kasuwanci. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da babban bankin Fountain Trust Bank, na Najeriya a yanzu a matsayin Shugaban Bangare, Kasuwanni.
A 2004, ya zama Babban Jami'in Kamfanin Courteville Investment Limited. Bayan haka, Courteville Investment Limited ya zama kamfani mai iyakance na jama'a, kuma an sake sanya shi a matsayin Courteville Business Solutions Plc a cikin 2011, kuma daga baya Bola Akindele ya zama Babban Manajan Darakta.
An yaba masa tare da fadada kamfanin zuwa aiki a jihohi 20 a Najeriya da kuma aiwatar da kamfani sama da 200. Akindele shine Shugaba, Virtuality Consulting Limited, Bolbis Ventures, Shugabannin Yan Kasuwa, Dajayaal Limited da Asibitin Regis Reinas. Ya kuma zauna a kan Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwar Babban Birni da Shawara Mai iyaka.
Membersungiyoyin andungiyoyi da Haɗa kai
Bola Akindele yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ci gaban yankuna da na ƙasa da ƙasa na ci gaban kasuwanci.
Shi kadai ne ɗan Afirka a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na ofungiyar Kasuwanci da Tattaunawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (EPDI), ƙungiyar da ke da rijista ta Burtaniya, mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don kafa gada ta fahimtar juna tsakanin ’yan majalisa da kamfanoni.
Memba, Kwamitin Shawara na Kungiyar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka (EABN).
Kyautututuka da Ganowa Bola Akindele ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa ciki har da girmamawa ta girmamawa daga Kwalejin Ravensbourne, Burtaniya saboda tasirin sa na musamman kan tsarin ilimi a Afirka. An kuma bashi lambar yabon ne a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Nijeriya 21 da ke ciyar da bangaren Fasaha, kuma a matsayin sa na daya daga cikin manyan Daraktoci 25 a Nijeriya. Kyautar Fasaha ta Najeriya Halin Fasaha na Shekara, 2015.
Kyautar Babban Taron Titan na Najeriya Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ga Ci gaban Masana'antu ta ICT ta Najeriya, 2016.
Kyautar Nite-Out na Media na Najeriya Fitaccen Shugaba na shekara, 2015.
Kyautar Fellowship Award Ravensbourne College, Burtaniya Tasiri mai Tasiri kan Tsarin Ilimi a Afirka.
Rayuwar sa Bola Akindele ya rike sarautun gargajiya na Otunba Tayese na Ogijo Land a jihar Legas, da Otunba Bobaselu na Ejirin Land a Epe, Legas. An kuma ba shi sarautar Balogun Adinni na Babban Masallacin Olorun Gbebe da ke Mushin, Legas.
Ya auri Olabisi Sidiquat Akindele. Suna da yara hudu, kuma membobin Ikoyi Club Lagos ne.
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
25885 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI | MI | MI ko bambance -bambancen na iya nufin to:
Zane-zane da nishaɗi
Fim da talabijin <i id="mwDA">Mi</i> (fim), fim na Burmese na 2018
Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yiwu ba (disambiguation), yawan amfani da "MI"
Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yiwu ba, jerin talabijin na Amurka na farko
<i id="mwFQ">Ofishin Jakadancin: Ba zai yiwu ba</i> (fim), fim ne wanda ya danganci jerin talabijin
Monsters, Inc., fim na Disney/Pixar
Kiɗa Mi, bayanin kula na uku na sikelin a solfege
<i id="mwHw">Mi</i> (Kundin Flower Flower), kundi na farko na 2014 ta Flower Flower
<i id="mwIg">Mi</i> (Super Junior-M album), kundi na 2008, wanda kuma ake kira Ni
<i id="mwJg">Mi</i> (Faye Wong album), kundi na 1994
MI Abaga (acronym of Mr. Incredible), mawaƙin Najeriya kuma mawaƙi
Mi Pasion, kundi ne daga mawaƙin Kirista na Bishara Ericson Alexander Molano
Sammi Cheng, Sarauniyar Pop ta Hong Kong
Masked Intruder, mawaƙin pop punk na Amurka
MI, kundi na Masked Intruder
Sauran kafofin watsa labarai Maison Ikkoku, wani manga na Jafan wanda Rumiko Takahashi ya rubuta
<i id="mwOA">Tsarin Monkey Island</i>, jerin wasannin kasada na kwamfuta ta LucasArts
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi Bankin M&I, tsohon bankin Amurka ne, yanzu ya zama Bankin Montreal
Marching Illini, ƙungiyar masu tafiya a Jami'ar Illinois
Hankalin kasuwa, bayanan da suka dace da kasuwannin kamfani da ake amfani da su don tallafawa yanke shawara
Measurement Incorporated, kamfanin gwajin ilimi ne da ke Arewacin Carolina
Cibiyar Makanikai
Micronutrient Initiative, wata ƙungiya ce mai ba da riba ta duniya wacce ke Kanada
Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, ofishin ƙirar Rasha
Militia Immaculata, ƙungiyar masu bishara ta duniya
Cibiyar Millennia, wata jami'a ce ta farko a Singapore
Mood Indigo (mai laifi), bikin al'adu na shekara -shekara na IIT Bombay
Hawan tsaunuka na Ireland, ƙungiyar wakilai ta ƙasa don masu yawo da hawan dutse a Ireland
Mumbai Indians, ƙungiyar Premier League ta Indiya
Cibiyar Mawaƙa, cibiya ce ta ilimi mai zurfi a California a Amurka
Ordo Clericorum Regularium Ministrantium Infirmis, Camillians, tsarin addinin Katolika
SilkAir (mai tsara jirgin sama na IATA)
Abinci M, Vietnamese alkama mai launin rawaya (ko kwai) noodles da miyar miya
Harshe M, harafi a haruffan Latin
Mu (harafi), harafi a cikin haruffan Helenanci
Mi (cuneiform), alama ce a rubutun cuneiform
Mi (kana), romanization na Jafananci kana da Yaren Māori, lambar ISO 639-1: mi
Soja Bayanan soja, ko milint, sabis na soja wanda ke amfani da fannonin tattara bayanan sirri don tattara bayanan da ke sanar da kwamandoji don hanyoyin yanke shawara.
MI5, MI6, MI7, MI8, ko MI9, sassan leken asirin sojan Ingila
Operation MI, aikin sojan Japan na yakin duniya na biyu
Wurare Gundumar Michalovce, Slovakia (lambar lambar motar MI)
Michigan, taƙaitaccen sabis na gidan waya a Amurka
Milan, Italiya (lambar motar mota MI)
Lardin Milan, Italiya
Minden-Lübbecke, Jamus (lambar lambar motar MI)
Mission Inn Hotel & Spa, otal mai tarihi a Riverside, California, Amurka
Gundumar Mistelbach, Austria (lambar lambar motar MI)
Phthiotis, Girka (lambar lambar motar MI)
Kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi
Biology, magani, da ilimin halin dan Adam Index Injin, ma'aunin duban dan tayi wanda ake amfani da shi don kimanta yuwuwar illolin halittu
Rashin lafiyar hankali, ko matsalar tabin hankali
Methylisothiazolinone, ko MIT, wani sinadari da aka samo a samfuran kulawa na mutum, wani lokacin ana kiransa layin methylisothiazo, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman biocide da mai kiyayewa.
Tattaunawa Mai Motsa Jiki, hanyar warkarwa da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin ilimin halin ɗabi'a da ilimin halayyar ɗabi'a, musamman a cikin aikin maye
Ilimi da yawa, ka'idar da ke ba da hujjar cewa hankali, musamman kamar yadda aka ayyana a gargajiyance, bai wadatar da ɗimbin damar da mutane ke nunawa ba.
Myocardial infarction, kalmar fasaha don bugun zuciya
Kwamfuta da sadarwa Interface Machine, abstraction na kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin tsarin IBM/38's
Mi (alamar prefix), alamar prefix na IEEE ga mebi, wanda ke wakiltar 2 20
Mi, alamar kamfanin lantarki na Xiaomi
Intanit na wayar hannu, tushen tushen mai lilo zuwa Intanet ko aikace-aikacen yanar gizo ta amfani da na'urar hannu da aka haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwa mara waya
Gadon gado da yawa, fasali na wasu harsunan shirye-shirye masu daidaituwa a cikin abin da ajin zai iya gadon ɗabi'u da fasalulluka daga manyan superclass sama da ɗaya
Lissafi Ƙaddamar da ilimin lissafi
Bayanin juna, ma'auni na dogaro da juna na masu canjin canji guda biyu cikin yuwuwar da ka'idar bayanai
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha Malleable iron, wani irin ƙarfe na ƙarfe
Melt Flow Index, wata sifa ce ta kayan polymer thermoplastic a matsayin hanyar kula da inganci
Mile, ma'aunin nisa a cikin tsarin daular, kusan 1.6 km da
Kebul mai rufi na ma'adanai, wanda aka haɗa da kebul na lantarki
Lokacin inertia, ma'aunin juriya na abu don canje -canje a cikin jujjuyawar juzu'in sa
MI, ko M i, dangantakar girma-ƙarfi, ko girman girman ƙarfin, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tantance girman girgizar ƙasa mai tarihi da ta faru kafin ci gaban taswirar sararin samaniya a ƙarshen karni na 19, duba ma'aunin ƙarfin Mercalli.
Multi Interface Shoe, hotshoe na kyamara wanda Sony ya gabatar a 2012
Hankalin injin, wani suna don ilimin Artificial
Sauran amfani 1001 (lamba), a cikin adadi na Romawa
Mi (sunan mahaifi), mutanen Sinawa daban -daban
Media Indonesia, jarida a Jakarta, Indonesia
Mia (sunan da aka bayar)
Tsarin farko, cikin sunayen mutane
Rubutun Monumental
Inshorar jinginar gida, ko garanti na jinginar gida, tsarin inshora wanda ke biyan masu ba da bashi ko masu saka jari asarar da aka yi saboda tsoffin lamunin jinginar gida.
Mi goreng, wani soyayyen noodle da aka saba da shi a Indonesia
Duba kuma MII (rarrabuwa)
ML (rarrabuwa)
M1 |
50403 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Chadi | Sufuri a Chadi | Kayayyakin sufuri a kasar Chadi gaba daya ba su da kyau, musamman a arewaci da gabashin kasar. Jirgin ruwan kogi ya iyakance zuwa kusurwar kudu maso yamma. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011 Chadi ba ta da layin dogo duk da cewa an shirya layukan biyu daga babban birnin kasar zuwa kan iyakokin Sudan da Kamaru a lokacin damina, musamman a kudancin rabin kasar. A arewa, hanyoyi ne kawai ta hanyar hamada kuma nakiyoyin na ci gaba da haifar da haɗari. Dabbobin da aka zayyana dawakai, jakuna da raƙuma suna da mahimmanci a yawancin ƙasar.
Kayayyakin mai na iya zama marar kuskure, ko da a kudu maso yammacin kasar, kuma yana da tsada. A wani wurin kuma a zahiri babu su.
Layin dogo Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011 Chadi ba ta da layin dogo. An tsara layukan biyu zuwa Sudan da Kamaru daga babban birnin kasar, inda ake sa ran fara aikin a shekarar 2012. Babu layukan aiki da aka jera kamar na shekarar 2019. A shekarar 2021, an ba da kuɗin binciken ADB don wannan hanyar jirgin ƙasa daga Kamaru zuwa Chadi.
Manyan hanyoyi Kamar yadda a shekarar 2018 Chadi na da jimillar 44,000 kilomita na hanyoyi wanda kusan 260 km an shimfida. Wasu, amma ba duka hanyoyin da ke babban birnin N'Djamena ba ne. A wajen N'Djamena akwai wata titin da aka gina wadda ta taso daga Massakory a arewa, ta N'Djamena sannan ta kudu, ta biranan Guélengdeng, Bongor, Kélo da Moundou, tare da gajeriyar hanyar da ta bi ta hanyar Kousseri, Kamaru., kusa da N'Djamena. An ba da rahoton fadada hanyar zuwa Kamaru ta Pala da Léré a cikin matakan shirye-shiryen.
Hanyoyin ruwa Kamar yadda a cikin 2012, Chari da Logone Rivers sun kasance masu kewayawa ne kawai a lokacin damina (2002). Dukansu biyu suna gudana zuwa arewa, daga kudancin Chadi, zuwa tafkin Chadi.
Bututun Mai Tun a shekarar 2003, a 1,070 An yi amfani da bututun kilomita wajen fitar da danyen mai daga rijiyoyin mai da ke kusa da Doba zuwa wuraren da ake hako mai a gabar tekun Atlantika ta Kamaru a Kribi. Littafin Gaskiya na Duniya na CIA duk da haka ya ambaci 582 kawai km na bututun mai a Chadi kanta kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2013.
Tashoshin ruwa da tashar jiragen ruwa None Landlocked Manyan hanyoyin kasar Chadi zuwa teku sune:
Daga N'Djamena da kudu maso yammacin Chadi:
Ta hanyar zuwa Ngaoundéré, a Kamaru, sannan ta hanyar dogo zuwa Douala
Ta hanyar Maiduguri, a Najeriya, sannan ta hanyar jirgin kasa zuwa Fatakwal
Daga arewa da gabashin Chadi:
Ta hanyar hamadar Sahara zuwa Libya
A lokacin mulkin mallaka, babbar hanyar shiga ita ce ta hanyar zuwa Bangui, a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, sannan ta jirgin ruwa zuwa Brazzaville, sannan ta hanyar jirgin kasa daga Brazzaville zuwa Pointe Noire, a gabar Tekun Atlantika na Kongo. Wannan hanyar yanzu ba a yi amfani da ita kaɗan ba. Har ila yau, akwai hanyar da za ta bi ta Sudan, zuwa Tekun Bahar Maliya, amma kasuwanci kaɗan ne ke tafiya ta wannan hanyar.
Haɗin tare da Nijar, arewacin tafkin Chadi, kusan babu shi; yana da sauki a isa Nijar ta Kamaru da Najeriya.
filayen jiragen sama Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 kasar Chadi tana da filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama 58, 9 ne kacal daga cikinsu ke da shimfidar titin jiragen sama. A shekarar 2015, kamfanonin jiragen sama da aka tsara a kasar Chadi sun dauki fasinjoji kusan 28,332.
Filayen jiragen sama masu shimfidar titin jirgi Ƙididdiga kan filayen jirgin sama tare da shimfidar titin jirgin sama kamar na 2017: Jerin filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama masu shimfidar titin jirgin sama: Abeche Airport
Filin jirgin saman Bol
Faya-Largeau Airport
Moundou Airport
N'Djamena International Airport
Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarh
Filayen jiragen sama tare da titin jirgin da ba a buɗe ba Ƙididdiga kan filayen jirgin sama tare da titin jirgin sama maras kyau kamar na 2013:
Airline SAGA Airline na Chadi duba http://www.airsaga.com
Ma'aikatar Sufuri Wakilan Yanki ne ke wakiltar Ma'aikatar a matakin yanki, waɗanda ke da ikon mallakar wani yanki na ƙasa kamar yadda doka mai lamba 003 PCE CTPT 91 ta ayyana. An ayyana ƙungiyarsu da alhakinsu ta hanyar oda mai lamba 006 MTPT SE DG 92.
Wakilan Yanki su ne:
Wakilan Yanki na Cibiyar da ke rufe yankunan Batha, Guéra da Salamat tare da hedkwatar a Mongo;
Wakilan Yanki na Cibiyar-Ouest da ke rufe yankunan Chari Baguirmi da Hatier Lamis tare da hedkwatar Massakory;
Tawagar yankin Arewa-maso-Yamma da ke rufe yankunan Kanem da tafkin tare da hedkwata a Mao;
Tawagar Yankin Yamma da ta mamaye yankunan Mayo-East Kebbi, Mayo-West Kebbi da Tandjile mai hedikwata a Bongor;
Tawagar Yankin Gabas da ke rufe yankunan Wadi Fira da Ouaddai tare da hedkwata a Abéché;
Tawagar yankin Kudu-maso-Gabas da ke rufe yankunan Mandoul da Moyen Chari tare da hedikwata a Sarh;
Tawagar yankin Kudu maso Yamma da ke rufe yankunan Logone Occidental da Logone Orientai mai hedikwata a Moundou;
Tawagar yankin Arewa da ke rufe yankin BET mai hedikwata a Faya.
Kowanne Wakilan Yanki an shirya su cikin ayyukan yanki, wato: Ma'aikatar Hanyoyi na Yanki, Sabis na Sufuri na Yanki, Sabis na Yanki na Gine-ginen Farar Hula kuma, kamar yadda ake buƙata, ana iya kafa wasu ayyuka na yanki a ɗaya ko fiye da wakilai.
Duba kuma Chadi
Tattalin arzikin Chadi
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Réseaux des transports en République du Tchad (Transport networks in the Republic of Chad)" (PDF). comcec.org (in French). Ministère des Infrastructures et Equipements, Republique du Tchad (Ministry of Infrastructure and Equipment, Republic of Chad). September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32055 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achraf%20Hakimi | Achraf Hakimi | Achraf Hakimi Mouh an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a kulob din Paris Saint-Germain na Ligue 1 da kuma tawagar ƙasar Maroko. Ya fi taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya.
Hakimi ya fito ne ta makarantar matasa ta Real Madrid. Ya fara taka leda a Real Madrid Castilla a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma an haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko a 2017, yana wasa a 'yan mintuna kaɗan tare da na ƙarshe. An aika shi kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na shekaru biyu zuwa kungiyar Bundesliga ta Borussia Dortmund, inda ya lashe DFL-Supercup a 2019. Bayan lamuni da nasara da Dortmund, Hakimi ya sanya hannu tare da Inter Milan ta Serie A akan kudi Yuro miliyan 40, tare da ayyukansa na taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe kofin gasar, wanda ya kawo karshen kambun gasar na shekaru goma sha daya. Ayyukansa sun haifar da sha'awar kungiyoyin Turai da dama, tare da Paris Saint-Germain ta sanya hannu a 2021 akan kudi Yuro miliyan 60.
An haife shi a Spain iyayensa 'yan Maroko ne, Hakimi ya wakilci Maroko a matakai daban-daban na matasa, kafin ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekara ta 2016 yana da shekaru 17, bayan da a baya kungiyoyin matasa na kasa-da-20 suka buga wasansa na kasa da kasa. An zabe shi a cikin tawagar Morocco a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2018 da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika a 2019 da 2021.
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Madrid, Spain, iyayensa 'yan Morocco ne, Hakimi ya shiga tsarin samarin Real Madrid a 2006 daga Colonia Ofigevi, yana da shekaru takwas.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Real Madrid Hakimi made his debut for Real Madrid in the first match of the 2016 International Champions Cup, a 3–1 loss against Paris Saint-Germain. He subsequently returned to the B team, making his senior debut on 20 August 2016 by starting in a 3–2 Segunda División B home win against Real Sociedad B.
Hakimi ya zira kwallonsa na farko a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2016, inda ya jefa mai daidaitawa a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a Fuenlabrada. A ranar 19 Agusta 2017, Hakimi ya ci gaba da zama babba a tawagar a matsayin madadin Dani Carvajal da Nacho, kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 19. Ya sanya tawagarsa ta farko da La Liga a karon farko a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, wanda ya fara a cikin gida 2-0 nasara a kan Espanyol. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a La Liga a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017 a ci 5-0 da Sevilla. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2018, ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kan Celta Vigo a ci 6-0. A cikin shekarar 2017-18 UEFA Champions League, ya buga wasanni biyu yayin da Madrid ta lashe taken, na uku a jere da 13th gabaɗaya. Ko da yake ba ya cikin tawagar da za ta buga wasan karshe na gasar, ya samu lambar yabo kuma ana ganin shi ne dan wasan Morocco na farko da ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai.
Loan zuwa Borussia Dortmund A ranar 11 ga Yuli 2018, Hakimi ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Bundesliga Borussia Dortmund kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na shekaru biyu. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ci 7-0 da ci 1. FC Nürnberg ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2018. Ya bayar da taimako guda uku a wasa daya a karon farko a rayuwarsa da Atlético Madrid, a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na farko a Dortmund. Hakimi ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Slavia Prague a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2019, wanda ya ci na farko a gasar. A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 2019, Hakimi ya sake zira kwallaye biyu a rabi na biyu don juya rashin nasara 2-0 a kan Inter Milan da ci 3–2 a Westfalenstadion. A cikin watan Fabrairu 2020, Hakimi ya kafa rikodin saurin Bundesliga lokacin da aka rufe shi a 36.48. km/h (22.67 mph) a karawar da suka yi da Union Berlin, inda ya doke tsohon tarihin gasar da ya kafa da RB Leipzig watanni uku da suka wuce a 36.2 km/h (22.5 mph). A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2020, Hakimi ya zira kwallo a wasan da kulob din suka doke SC Paderborn da ci 6–1 a waje. Bayan ya zura kwallo a raga, sai ya cire rigarsa ya bayyana wata riga mai dauke da sakon "Adalci ga George Floyd". Abokin wasansa, Jadon Sancho, ya bayyana irin wannan rigar bayan ya zura kwallo a raga.
Inter Milan A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2020, Hakimi ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Inter Milan na Seria A kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar, tare da rahoton kusan Yuro miliyan 40. A ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020, Hakimi fara buga wasansa na farko kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da suka doke Fiorentina da ci 4-3 a gasar Seria A. 2.
Paris Saint-Germain Hakimi ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Paris Saint-Germain na Ligue 1 (PSG) a ranar 6 ga Yuli 2021 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. The Guardian ta ruwaito kudin canja wuri da PSG ta biya ya zama farkon Yuro miliyan 60, mai yuwuwa ya tashi da yuro miliyan 11 a cikin kari. Hakimi ya fara buga wa PSG wasa na farko a gasar Ligue 1 a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2021, inda ya buga tsawon mintuna casa'in sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din da suka doke Troyes. Ya sami jan kati na farko a kwallon kafa ta Turai a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Marseille a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2021. A ranar 22 ga Satumba 2021, Hakimi ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar da suka yi da FC Metz da ci 2 1 don bai wa kungiyarsa damar yin nasara da samun maki 3.
Ayyukan kasa Bayan da ya wakilci Maroko a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 da 20, Hakimi ya fara buga wasansa na farko na 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2016, a wasan sada zumunta da ci 1-0 kan Kamaru U23. Ya yi cikakken wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2016, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Fouad Chafik a ci 4-0 da Canada. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2017, inda ya zura ta hudu a wasan da suka doke Mali da ci 6-0. A cikin watan Mayu 2018, an sanya shi cikin tawagar farko ta Morocco a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 kuma a ranar 4 ga watan Yuni an sanya shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 23 na karshe a gasar bazara. Haka kuma an gayyaci Hakimi a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da za a yi a Kamaru a shekarar 2021. Ya fara dukkan wasanninsa a matakin rukuni. Ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Gabon. Ya fara ne a wasan zagaye na 16 da Malawi, inda ya zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na 70 wanda ya baiwa kungiyarsa nasara.
Salon wasa Bayan ya rattaba hannu a Borussia Dortmund, an bayyana Hakimi a matsayin mai sauri, mai kuzari da karfi na gefen dama na kai hari na baya ko reshe, wanda ya kware a fasaha da fasaha kuma yana da ikon yin dogayen kai kwallo kuma ga tsaro. An horar da shi a matsayin winger, kuma zai iya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida saboda kasancewarsa na kokari. Kwararru da dama suna daukarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin masu tsaron baya da dama a fagen kwallon kafa na duniya.
Rayuwa ta sirri Hakimi ya auri 'yar wasan kasar Spain Hiba Abouk; Ita ‘yar asalin Libya ce da kuma Tunisia. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa, an haifeshi a cikin shekarar 2020. Shi musulmi ne mai kishin addini. A ranar 17 ga Yuli 2021, Hakimi ya gwada inganci cutar COVID-19. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da ya kamu da kwayar cutar, bayan an gwada shi a cikin Oktoba 2020.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 29 Maris 2022. Makin Maroko ne aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Hakimi.
Girmamawa Real Madrid Castilla
Copa del Rey Juvenil 2017 Real Madrid
Supercopa de España 2017 UEFA Champions League 2017-18 UEFA Super Cup 2017 FIFA Club World Cup 2017 Borussia Dortmund
DFL-Supercup 2019 Inter Milan
Serie A 2020-21 Ligue 1 2021-22 Mutum
Gwarzon Matasan CAF 2018, 2019 Kofin Bundesliga na Watan: Satumba 2018, Nuwamba 2018, Disamba 2019 Kungiyar Bundesliga ta Shekara: 2019-20 Gwarzon dan kwallon Afirka na Lion d'Or: 2019 Breakthrough XI: 2019 Kyautar Globe Soccer Kyautar Gwarzon Matashin Balarabe na Shekara: 2019 Kungiyar Goal Africa: 2018, 2019 Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa na bana: 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2019 Ƙungiyar ESM na Shekara 2020-21 Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Morocco a ƙasashen waje: 2020–21 IFFHS Ko da yaushe Mafarkin Mafarkin Maza na Maroko Kungiyar IFFHS na Afirka na Shekara: 2020, 2021 Ƙungiyar Duniya ta IFFHS 2021 Tawagar Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2021 Kungiyar Seria A ta Shekara 2020-21
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Paris Saint-Germain
Rikodin gasar Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
55382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunan%20mahaifi%20Bendheim | Sunan mahaifi Bendheim | Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia
Els Salomon-Prins Bendheim(7 Yuli 1923 -12 Janairu 2023)ɗan Yahudanci ne na Yahudanci,ɗan tauhidi,marubuci kuma mai daukar hoto.A shekara ta 2002,an ba Bendheim lambar yabo ta Yakir Urushalima(Cibiyar Urushalima)saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga ci gaban cibiyoyin Yahudawa a Urushalima.
Tarihin Rayuwa Els(Rivka)Salomon-Prins(daga baya Els Bendheim) an haife shi a Amsterdam,'yar Iwan(Yitzhak)Salomon da Sophie(Shifra) Wilhelmina Prins Salomon.Kakanta shi ne ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Holland kuma masanin Bayahude Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins.Dan uwanta shi ne masanin harshe Herman Prins Salomon.Rabin 'yan uwanta sune Robert Salomon,Erna Steindecker da Theodore Salomon.Els Bendheim ya girma a Amsterdam kuma ya halarci Amsterdams Lyceum.
A shekara ta 1939,bayan hawan Hitler mulki,iyalin suka gudu zuwa Kanada.Sun sauka a Montreal,inda Bendheim ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Westmount.A 1944,ta sauke karatu daga Barnard College tare da B.Sc.in Chemistry. A cikin 1957,Bendheim ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta New York kuma ta ci gaba da yin aikin daukar hoto da ƙira a duk rayuwarta.Ko da yake an tilasta mata barin zama ɗan ƙasar Holland bayan zama Ba’amurke,ta ɗauki kanta Yaren mutanen Holland kuma ta ziyarci Netherlands sau da yawa.Daga baya ta nuna hotunanta na tulips da shimfidar wurare na Dutch akan bangon Shaare Zedek Medical Center.
Bendheim ta auri Charles Henry Bendheim,wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya bakwai tare da shi.
Ta mutu a Urushalima a ranar 12 ga Janairu 2023,tana da shekaru 99.
Aikin adabi da ilimi Bendheim ya buga da yawa cikin Ingilishi, Ibrananci da Dutch akan batutuwan tauhidi,rubuce-rubucen rabbi da tarihin Yahudawa na Turai.Ta fara buga wasiƙun kakanta,bayanan da ya bari a gefen littattafansa da tarihin tarihin aikinsa a Yaren mutanen Holland.
Ɗaya daga cikin takaddun matsayi na halakhic na Bendheim ya jagoranci kafa Manhattan Eruv a 1962.Bendheim ya jaddada mahimmancin al'umma da haɗa kai cikin hukunce-hukuncen yahudawa, yana mai cewa Yahudawan Orthodox waɗanda ke daure keken hannu da kuma matasa mata masu jarirai ba za su iya halartar majami'a a ranar Asabar ba tare da tashin hankali ba. Wani aikin kuma shi ne littafin albarka mai suna"Pereḳ Shirah"da aka sadaukar ga Shugaba Chaim da Aura Herzog kuma daga baya aka sake buga shi don shugabannin da suka biyo baya ciki har da ɗansu,Shugaba Isaac Herzog.
Ayyukan agaji A cikin 1976,Bendheim da mijinta sun yi aiki tare da Uri Lupolianski don kafa Abokan Yad Sarah Association a Amurka. sadaukar da kai ga wannan aikin ya ci gaba sama da shekaru arba'in.Ɗanta, Philip Bendheim,yana hidima a hukumar kuma yana daidaita ayyukan Ƙungiyoyin Abokan Yad Sarah a Amurka da Turai. Bendheim ya shiga cikin kafa da kuma kula da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shaare Zedek,kuma yana cikin membobin kafa makarantar Manhattan Day School ta Stern da Jami'ar Yeshiva. Bendheim ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa mai karimci ga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Urushalima da Cibiyar Yahudawa ta Makafi.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Els Salomon-Prins Bendheim ya sami lambar yabo ta Yakir Jerusalem a 2002.
Bugawa da gyara ayyukan Memoirs of Childhood: Hanya zuwa falsafar Yahudawa Nima H. Adlerblum, ed. Sunan mahaifi Bendheim
Pereḳ Shirah: osef pesuḳim e tefilah, 1986 (Ibrananci)
Manhattan Eruv: Daga Rubutun Rav Menachem M. Kasher, ed. Els Bendheim (Ktav Publishing House, 1986). ISBN 9780881251104
Parnas le-dorot Hagahot amarot, Liepman Philip Prins, 1999/2001 (Hebrew and English)
Majami'ar Ciki Antwerpen's Eisenmann Schul
Darasi na Amalekawa Jagorar koyarwa Mayer Herskovics, ed. Els Bendheim, 1990/2007 (Ingilishi da Ibrananci)
Furanni a gare ku: Daga Shaare Zedek Medical Center Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Urushalima (Turanci)
Ne'imot Elef Katalogin littattafan Ibrananci a ɗakin karatu na Eliezer Lipman Prinz, Amsterdam, yanzu ana gudanar da shi a makarantar sakandare ta Mizraḥi a Urushalima, Judah Leyb Polak, ed. Els Bendheim, 1990 (Ibrananci)
Parnas le-doro Hitkatvut Eli'ezer Liepman 1992 (Ibrananci)
Ne'imot Elef, 1992 (Ibrananci)
Liepman Philip Prins: Sadar da Malamai, Meyer Herskovics da Els Bendheim eds. (New Jersey: Ktav, 1992)
Wasika mai kwanan wata 3 Nissan 5660 (1900) daga Chafetz Chaim zuwa R. Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins, Israel Meir, 1993 (Ibrananci)
Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins Family Tree, New York, Ezra, 1993
Eisenmann Synagogue, Vignettes, kafa 5668-1908 ta Yakubu aḳov ha-Leṿi] Jacques S. Eisenmann, Oostenstraat 41, Antwerpen, België, 1998 (Turanci)
Rededication na "Eisenmann Sjoel", wanda aka kafa 5668-1908 ta [Ya'aḳov ha-Leṿi] Jacques S. Eisenmann Oostenstraat 41, Antwerpen, België, 1998 (Turanci)
Qehilat Ya'aqov: The Eisenmann Schul: Vignettes, 1998 (Turanci)
Sharhin Rabbi Simon Hammelburg akan Seder Nashim, wanda aka gyara kuma aka fassara daga Dutch, Els Bendheim
Eli`ezer Lipman Parnas ledorot Hagahot amrot, Liepman Philip Prins, 1999 (Ibrananci)
Pereḳ shirah Shirim zemirot u-verakhot, 2000 (Ibrananci)
Antekeningen in de Marge Liepman Philip Prins een Ansterdamse geleerde uit de Mediene, Liepman Philip Prins, 2001 (Yaren mutanen Holland)
Charlie Reminisces, 2002 ed. Noam Eisenberg da Els Bendheim (Turanci)
Els Reminisces, 2003 (Turanci)
Majami'ar Cikin, Antwerpen's Eisenmann Schul, 2004
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun |
40797 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kiyashi%20a%20Baga%2C%202015 | Kisan kiyashi a Baga, 2015 | Kisan kiyashin na Baga na shekarar 2015 wani jerin kashe-kashe ne da ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta Boko Haram ta kai a garin Baga da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a jihar Borno, tsakanin 3 ga watan Janairu zuwa 7 ga watan Janairun 2015.
An fara kai harin ne a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu lokacin da ƴan Boko Haram suka mamaye wani sansanin soji da ke hedikwatar rundunar hadin gwiwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke ɗauke da dakaru daga Chadi, Nijar da Najeriya. Daga nan ne mayakan suka tilastawa dubban jama'ar yankin, inda suka yi ta kashe-kashen jama'a wanda ya kai ga ranar 7 ga wata.
An ba da rahoton asarar rayuka “dayawa” amma ba a san iyakarsu ba. Kafofin yaɗa labarai na Yamma sun ruwaito cewa an kashe "sama da mutane 2,000" ko kuma "ba a ji duriyarsu ba", amma kafofin yada labaran cikin gida sun ba da rahoton mutuwar "a kalla mutum dari", yayin da ma'aikatar tsaron Najeriya ta ce ƙasa da mutane 150 ne aka kashe, ciki har da maharan. Jami’an gwamnati da dama sun musanta cewa adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya yi yawa kamar yadda aka ruwaito, wasu ma na ikirarin cewa ba a taba yin kisan gilla ba ko kuma sojojin Najeriya sun fatattaki ‘yan bindigar daga yankin, lamarin da jami’an yankin da waɗanda suka tsira da ransu (daga harin), da kafofin watsa labarai na duniya suka musu ta iƙirarin na jami'an gwamnatin.
Garin Baga da aƙalla wasu garuruwa 16 ana tunanin an ruguza su, yayin da aka ce sama da mutane 35,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, inda ake fargabar wasu da dama sun nutse a lokacin da suke kokarin tsallakawa tafkin Chadi da wasu da suka maƙale a tsibirai a tafkin. Hare-haren an ce sun yi sanadin kai hare-haren Boko Haram zuwa sama da kashi 70% na jihar Borno, yayin da shugaban ƙungiyar, Abubakar Shekau, ya ɗauki alhakin kisan kiyashin a wani sakon faifan bidiyo, yana mai cewa "ba su da yawa" kuma kungiyar ta tawaye "ba zasu daina ba".
Wai-wa-ye Garin Baga, a jihar Borno, ya kasance wurin da wani sansanin sojojin Najeriya da ke zama hedikwatar rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), rundunar ƙasa da ƙasa ta sojojin Najeriya da Nijar da kuma Chadi da aka kafa a shekarar 1994 domin tunkarar kan iyakar boda, matsalolin tsaro da kuma a baya-bayan nan, yakar ta’addancin yan ƙungiyar Boko Haram. A saboda haka ne ake kyautata zaton garin na da muhimmiyar ma'ana ga ƙungiyar Boko Haram, kasancewar shi ne babban gari na karshe a Arewacin jihar Borno da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Najeriya, kuma wani muhimmin sansanin soji na dakarun gwamnati da na ƙasa da ƙasa.
Kisa da hare-hare An fara kai hare-haren ne a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, lokacin da Mayaƙan Boko Haram da dama suka kwace garin Baga suka mamaye hedikwatar MNJTF da sansanin soji da ke garin.
An kai hari hedikwatar MNJTF A cewar Sanata Ahmed Zanna, wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Borno ta tsakiya, sojojin gwamnati duk da kasancewar hedkwatar hadin gwiwa, sojojin Najeriya ne kawai suke a can a lokacin sun yi tir da 'yan ta'addan, waɗanda suka "kai hari daga kowane bangare", na tsawon sa'o'i. amma daga karshe "sun saje cikin fararen hula da ke tserewa cikin daji". Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sun kwace makamai da motoci da dama kamar yadda Zanna ta bayyana.
A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan harin, mayakan sun tilastawa mazauna garin Baga shiga ƙauyukan da ke kewaye. A yammacin ranar Talata, 6 ga watan Janairu, wasu mazauna yankin biyu sun ba da rahoton cewa Mayaƙan sun fara ƙona gine-ginen yankin ta hanyar amfani da bama-baman fetur da bama-bamai, kuma a cewar waɗanda suka tsira sun ci gaba da kashe mutanen da suka rage. A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, wani mazaunin garin, ya bayyana girman barnar da aka yi ta hanyar bayar da rahoton cewar, "Babu wani gida ɗaya da ke tsaye a wurin (ba'a rushe ko lalata shi ba)." A cewar Musa Bukar, shugaban karamar hukumar Kukawa, an lalata dukkanin kauyuka 16 na karamar hukumar, kuma ko dai an kashe mazaunansu ko kuma an tilasta su, sun gudu.
Yawan mace-mace Har yanzu dai ba a san girman kisan ba, kuma rahotanni (da aka haɗa) sun bambanta.
A cewar Human Rights Watch:
Ba a san ainihin adadin mutanen da suka mutu a Baga da wasu kauyuka 16 da ke kewaye ba, inda aka yi kiyasin “da dama” zuwa 2000 ko sama da haka. "Babu wanda ya tsaya ya kirga gawarwakin," wani mazaunin yankin ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch. "Dukkanmu muna gudu ne domin mu fice daga garin a gaban mayakan Boko Haram da suka karɓe iko da yankin".
Bukar ya bayyana cewa an kashe sama da mutane dubu biyu. Zanna ya ce dubu biyu “ba a ji duriyarsu ba”; wasu majiyoyin sun ce an kashe “da dama” ko kuma “fiye da ɗari”. Aƙalla mutane 100 ne suka mutu a harin farko na ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, a cewar Baba Abba Hassan, hakimin gundumar, daga baya ya ƙara da cewa "har yanzu akwai ɗaruruwan gawarwaki birjik a kan titunan garin" kuma mata da yara da dama na daga cikin waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su. bayan da Mayaƙan suka bi su cikin daji.
Sai dai Hassan, ya musanta cewa harin na ranar 7 ga watan Janairu bai taɓa faruwa ba, kuma adadin waɗanda suka mutu 2,000 "abin takaici ne". Wasu majiyoyin gwamnati da dama sun yi watsi da ikirarin adadin mace-macen da aka yi, wanda ke nuna cewa ya ragu sosai. Sai dai gwamnatin Najeriyar ta yi watsi da yawan hare-haren da ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta kai a baya-bayan nan, kuma a lokuta da dama, ciki har da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a garin Baga a shekarar 2013, inda mayakan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ke da hannu wajen kashe fararen hula sama da mutane 200.
Bayan nan, da Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira Amnesty International ta fitar da hotunan tauraron dan adam da aka ɗauka a ranakun 2 da 7 ga watan Janairu wanda ke nuna cewa a Garin Baga, mai girman ƙasa da murabba'in kilomita biyu, kusan gine-gine 620 ne suka lalace ko kuma aka lalata su gaba ɗaya. A Doron Baga, mai nisan kilomita 2.5, jiragen kamun kifi da suke a rana ta 2 ba a gamsu ba a yanzu, kuma "fiye da gine-gine 3,100 ne suka lalace ko kuma aka lalata sakamakon gobara da ta shafi mafi yawan garin mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 4."
Daniel Eyre, wani mai bincike na kungiyar Amnesty International a Najeriya ya bayyana cewa: “Harin Baga da garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi, da alama zai iya zama mafi muni da ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta kai a cikin jerin munanan hare-hare da ƙungiyar ke kai wa. Idan ta tabbata rahotanni da aka bayar na yawan gidaje da aka lalata a yankin gaskiya ne to suma ɗaruruwan da aka kashe ko ma fararen hula dubu biyu ne aka kashe shima gaskiya ne, wannan ya nuna tashin hankali da zubar da jini na hare-haren da Boko Haram ke ci gaba da kai wa fararen hula.”
Maina Maaji Lawan, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno, kuma Sanata mai wakiltar yankin Borno ta Arewa a yanzu, ya yi tambaya kan dalilin da ya sa aka ce sojoji sun tsere daga sansanin, yana mai cewa: “Lallai akwai wani abu da ba daidai ba da ya sa sojojin mu suka yi watsi da mukamansu a kowanne lokacin da aka kai hari daga Boko Haram.” Wannan ya biyo bayan yawaitar sojojin Najeriya da yawansu ya kai ɗari, waɗanda suka tsere daga filin daga a yaƙin da suke da mayaƙan Boko Haram a yakin. A cewar Lawan, harin na nufin kashi 70% na jihar Borno a yanzu za su kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Boko Haram.
Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, mai magana da yawun gwamnati ya bayyana cewa an yiwa ‘yan gudun hijira 1,636 rajista bayan harin. A cewar rahotanni masu zaman kansu da jami’an yankin, an yi tunanin aƙalla mutane dubu 35,000 sun tsere daga yankin. "Gawawwakin sun bazu a kan tituna", a cewar waɗanda suka tsira, yayin da ake tunanin daukacin al'ummar Baga sun gudu, wasu zuwa Kamaru da Cadi. Kimanin mutane dubu 20,000 ne suka nemi mafaka a sansanin da ke kusa da Maiduguri, babban birnin jihar Borno, da kuma wasu 10,000 a Monguno suna jiran a kai su (can sansanin). Bukar ya ce a yanzu garin ya kasance “kusan babu shi. Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin bil’adama na yankin sun bayyana cewa wasu mata da suka tsere daga garin sun shaida musu cewa an yi garkuwa da ‘ya’yansu mata, wasu ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 10.
Firaministan kasar Cadi Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet ya bayyana cewa aƙalla ƴan Najeriya dubu 2,500 da ƴan kasar Chadi su 500 ne suka nemi mafaka a makwabciyar ƙasar sakamakon hare-haren, wasu daga cikinsu dake ƙoƙarin tsallake tafkin Chadi cikin kwale-kwalen sun lodi fiye da kima. Yawancin waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tsallakawa tafkin ana fargabar sun nutse, yayin da ɗaruruwan wasu sama da dari biyar suka maƙale a mabanbanta tsibiran da ke cikin tafkin. A cewar jami'an yankin da suka yi magana da ƴan gudun hijira ta wayar tarho, ƴan gudun hijirar suna "mutuwar rashin abinci, sanyi da zazzabin cizon sauro" a ɗayan "tsibirin da sauro yayi wa ƙawanya".
Martani da Suka
Masu sharhi da dama sun soki abin da suke ganin rashin isassun rahotannin kisan kiyashi a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa newsmedia, lamarin da ke nuni da yadda ake nuna son kai ga al'amuran da suka shafi nahiyar afirka. Wasu kuma sun yi Allah-wadai da matakin da gwamnatin Najeriya da kafafen yaɗa labarai na cikin gida suke yi ko kuma suka yi watsi da hare-haren, inda suka ƙara da cewa rashin jin daɗin jama'ar ƙasar ne a karshe ya haifar da irin kulawar da ƙafafen yaɗa labarai na kasashen waje suka ɗauka kan kisan gilla. An yi la'akari da martanin da jami'an gwamnati suka bayar na da alaƙa da zaɓen shugaban ƙasar da aka yi kaca-kaca da shi a Wannann shekara, (2015).
Da farko jami'an tsaron gwamnati sun bayyana cewa "dakarun sansani sun awaken da aka aje su" kuma cikin sauri suka musanta cewa an kai hari a Baga. Wata jarida mai goyon bayan gwamnati, ta nakalto wani masunta na yankin, ta yi ikirarin cewa a maimakon haka sojojin Najeriya sun yi wa ƴan Boko Haram ‘mummunan illa’ a garin Baga, kuma garin na ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati. Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojoji, Air Marshal Alex Badeh, da farko ya musanta cewa an karɓe iko da hedikwatar MNJTF amma daga baya ya yarda cewa an kwace iko da wurin.
Wurin da aka kai harin a jihar Borno mai nisa da ke arewa maso gabashin ƙasar, wanda mafi yawansa ke hannun ƴan Boko Haram, da kuma “kamar yadda tashe-tashen hankulan Najeriya ke faruwa a kai a kai ya ragu” dangane da rashin ingancin labarin kisan kiyashin. Masana sun yi nuni da cewa an danne kafafen yaɗa labarai a jihar Borno, inda a lokuta da dama shaidun da ke da bayanai ba su da alaƙa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sannan kuma maganganun da sojoji ke yi ba su da inganci. Ana kuma ganin jaridun Najeriya ba su bayar da cikakken labarin harin da aka kai a Baga ba. Wani kwararre ya ce: "Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida sun ɗauki labarin ne kawai bayan da BBC ta ba da labarin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ana ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula a cikin shekarar da ta gabata kuma mutane suna ƙara ruɗewa."
Jaridu da yawa ba su bayar da rahoton kisan gilla kwata-kwata ba, kuma waɗanda suka yi, a lokuta da dama, ko dai sun yi nuni da harin farko na farko a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu kuma sun ba da alƙaluma da yawa fiye da waɗanda ke yawo a wasu wurare. Wani kanun labarai na wata jarida ya bayyana cewa "BBC ta yi ƙarya" wajen bayar da rahoton cewa an kai hari na biyu na 7 ga Janairu.
Goodluck Jonathan
Masu sharhi da dama sun soki kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa kan rashin bayar da labarin kisan kiyashin, musamman idan aka kwatanta da na harin da aka kai a birnin Paris na hare haren Charlie Hebdo (wanda bama akasar ya faru ba), a kwanaki kaɗan da suka gabata. Sai dai kuma, shugaba Goodluck Jonathan, a lokacin da yake kamfen ɗin sake tsayawa takara a Enugu da jam’iyyarsa ta Peoples Democratic Party a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, da kansa ya yi Allah wadai da abubuwan da suka faru a birnin Paris a matsayin “mummunan harin ta’addanci”, tare da ƙauracewa yin wani sharhi kan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Baga. Rashin yin tsokaci kan hare-haren da Jonathan ya yi ya janyo masa suka bama a iya kasar ba, a duniya baki ɗaya; Julius Malema, shugaban jam'iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters ta kasar Afirka ta Kudu mai ra'ayin riƙau, kuma tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar matasan jam'iyyar Youth League mai mulki, ya tozarta Jonathan, yana mai cewa:
A ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, Goodluck, tare da babban hafsan tsaron kasa Badeh, mai baiwa shugaban ƙasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Sambo Dasuki, da wasu manyan kwamandojin soji da dama, sun kai ziyarar bazata a birnin Maiduguri, inda suka gana da gwamnan Borno, Kashim Shettima, a filin jirgin saman birnin, a wuri da aka tsaurara tsaro. Ziyarar ta kasance cikin sirri "kuma Jonathan bai ce uffan ba game da ziyarar tasa ko hare-haren da aka kai a wurin. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, mambobin ƙungiyar Young Global Leaders, World Economic Forum|of the World Economic Forum, ciki har da Hafsat Abiola-Costello, ɗiyar marigayi zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa M.K.O. Abiola, ya wallafa wata budaddiyar wasiƙa a cikin jaridar The Guardian zuwa ga Jonathan inda ya buƙace shi da ya daina yin shiru kan hare-haren, yana mai cewa “ya gamu da bala’i da rashin sanin makamar aiki”, martani na kama da martanin da ya yi akan sace ‘yan matan makarantar Chibok.
Manazarta
2015 Kashe-kashe a |
22490 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98ungiyar%20Climate | Ƙungiyar Climate | Ƙungiyar Sauyin Yanayi (TCM) ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara ga muhalli da ke aiki don aiwatar da manyan matakan siyasa game da ɗumamar yanayi Ta yi imanin cewa rikicin canjin yanayi yana buƙatar ƙoƙarin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa a kan girman tattarawar Amurkawa na gaban gida yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II don sauya tattalin arzikin Amurka cikin sauri. Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Margaret Klein Salamon ne ya kafa ta don fuskantar musun canjin yanayi da gina manufar siyasa da ake bukata don cimma nasarar sauyi na adalci na tattalin arzikin zahiri da kuma al'umma gaba daya, yana isar da wani hadadden tsari na mafita don sake haifar da gurbataccen iska, da kuma tattalin arziki mai cike da tsaro, wanda ya karkata ga canjin yanayin dumamar yanayi da kuma gushewar nau'in 6 na jinsin cikin sauri.
Tarihi Tun aƙalla a shekara ta 2008, mutane kamar masu nazarin muhalli Lester Brown, tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Al Gore, marubuci kuma masanin makamashi Joseph J. Romm, marubucin jaridar New York Times Thomas Friedman, marubuciya Naomi Klein, kuma mai rajin kare yanayin sauyin yanayi Bill McKibben sun yi kira da a dauki matakin gwamnati na sauyin yanayi kan girman yaƙin duniya na II don hanzarta rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. A shekarar 2011, shugabannin manyan kungiyoyin kare muhalli wadanda suka hada da 350.org, Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya, da kuma Rainforest Action Network sun sanya hannu a wasika zuwa ga shugabannin Barack Obama da Hu Jintao suna kira da a "hada kai kamar lokacin yaki" daga gwamnatoci na Amurka da China don yanke hayakin carbon 80% (bisa ga matakai a shekarar 2006) nan da shekara ta 2020. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Amurka basu taba shirya siyasa don wannan babban burin ba.
An ƙaddamar da Tattalin Yanayi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2014, kafin Maris na Yanayin Jama'a a cikin Birnin New York, musamman don tsara siyasa game da batun hanzari, haɗakar gwamnati ta yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi. Margaret Klein Salamon, Ezra Silk da kawayenta sun kirkiro dabarun gina motsi wanda masu sa hannu suka amince da jefa kuri'a ga 'yan takarar siyasa wadanda suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kan wadanda ba su ba. Yunkurin Tattalin Yanayi na Alkawarin Yunkuri ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta fara wani shiri na yakin duniya na biyu kan sauyin yanayi domin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli 100% nan da shekara ta 2025, ta sanya tsarin cire iskar gas (GHG) daga yanayi tare da saurin lokacin yaƙi, da sanya rage GHGs ɗari bisa ɗari a duniya, tare da irin wannan saurin, babban fifiko na siyasa. A cikin shekara ta 2015 duka, 'yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa a California, Iowa da sauran wurare a Amurka sun fara yin taro don yakin duniya na II na girman yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yada alƙawarin Climate zuwa ga' yan takarar siyasa na cikin gida. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Climate Mobilisation ta dauki nauyin "Taron Gaggawar Yanayi" a cikin Des Moines kafin taron kungiyar Iowa, wanda yayi kwatankwacin taron farko na zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016 na jihar. Tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Tom Harkin ya yi magana a madadin ‘yar takara Hillary Clinton, kuma masu rajin kare yanayi Jane Kleeb, wanda ya kafa Bold Nebraska, da dan siyasar Iowa kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo Ed Fallon sun yi magana a madadin dan takarar Bernie Sanders Sanders ya lashe kashi 67% na kuri’un, wanda ya karfafa tunanin cewa masu kada kuri’a da suke matukar damuwa da sauyin yanayi sun fi son Sanders a kan Clinton, kuma masu jefa kuri’ar yanayi sun kasance babbar kungiyar masu kada kuri’a da ke ba da gudummawa ga fafatawarsa a Iowa da kuma daga baya jihohin farko. A duk lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, Bernie Sanders ya tattauna batun yaki da canjin yanayi "ta fuskar soja", yana fada a wani lokaci yayin muhawara kan Hillary Clinton cewa "idan muka tunkari wannan kamar muna yaki", Amurka na iya zuwa kalubalen, kamar yadda yake a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar Climate Mobilization ta shirya mutu-in a wajen ginin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin New York yayin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar COP 21 Paris, nufin nuna rashin amincewa da abin da kungiyar ta kira rashin dacewar yarjejeniyar dangane da girman barazanar sauyin yanayi. Mataimakin darektan TCM Ezra Silk ya kira yarjejeniyar "mai dimbin tarihi ta yadda yarjejeniyar ta Munich ta kasance mai dimbin tarihi wani mummunan aiki ne na neman sassauci da nufin kula da harkokin kasuwanci yadda aka saba." Ya bayyana: "An yarda da kowa cewa wannan yarjejeniyar ba ta ma kusa da abin da ake buƙata ba. Da gaske baya kawo ma'anar gaggawa [don haka) muna son rarraba wasu abubuwa cikin tattaunawar. Muna buƙatar ci gaba da sahun yaƙi na gaggawa kamar yanzu haka Yanayin ya riga ya zama mai haɗari, mun riga mun shiga cikin gaggawa. An fahimci a cikin motsi na yanayi cewa wannan ita ce irin tsarin da ake buƙata. Kawai ana la'akari da shi ne a siyasance mara gaskiya. Burinmu shi ne sauya yiwuwar siyasa. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, kwamitin dandamali na kasa na Jam'iyyar Demokrat ta Amurka ya amince da kwaskwarimar da mai rajin kawo sauyin yanayi Russell Greene gabatar wa jam'iyyar zuwa ga yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi: "Mun yi imanin United din Dole ne kasashe su jagoranci samar da ingantacciyar hanyar magance matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya Mun dukufa ga tattara kan kasa, da kuma jagorantar wani kokarin na duniya, na tattara kasashe don magance wannan barazanar a wani matakin da ba a gani ba tun yakin duniya na II. A cikin kwanaki 100 na farkon gwamnati mai zuwa, Shugaban zai kira taron koli na kwararrun injiniyoyi a duniya, masana kimiyyar yanayi, masana harkokin siyasa, ‘yan gwagwarmaya, da kuma‘ yan asalin yankin don tsara hanyar da za a magance matsalar yanayi. ‘Yan siyasar da suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kawo canjin yanayi sun hada da magajin garin San Luis Obispo Heidi Harmon, magajin garin Des Moines Frank Cownie Dan majalisar jihar Iowa Dan Kelley Sanatan jihar Iowa kuma dan takarar majalisar dattijan Amurka Rob Hogg ‘Yar takarar majalisar dattijan jihar New York Debbie Medina; da ‘yan takarar majalisar Amurka Peter Jacob na New Jersey, da Tim Canova, Darren Soto, da Alina Valdes na Florida.
Kwamitin ba da shawara Kwamitin ba da shawara na TCM ya haɗa da: Laura Dawn, tsohon daraktan kirkirar MoveOn.org
Paul Gilding, tsohon darektan Greenpeace na Duniya
Richard Heinberg, ɗan jarida da kuma babban jami'in Cibiyar Post Carbon
Marshall Herskovitz, mai shirya fim
Dr. Michael E. Mann, masanin kimiyyar yanayi
Adam McKay, furodusa, darakta, marubucin fim na fina-finai kamar The Big Short
Jamila Raqib, darekta a Cibiyar Albert Einstein
Gus Speth, lauyan muhalli
David Spratt da Philip Sutton, masu ba da umarni na Red Code na Red
Lise Van Susteren, mai tabin hankali da kuma mai rajin kare muhalli
Rev. Lennox Yearwood Jr na uungiyar Hip Hop.
Duba kuma Tattalin arziki
Yawan kayan aiki yayin Yaƙin Duniya na 2
Yaɗuwa mai girma-shuka
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje TheClimateMobilization.org
Yanayi
Muhalli
Ƴancin Ɗan Adam
Pages with unreviewed |
22094 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Kahumbu | Paula Kahumbu | Paula Kahumbu wata mai rajin kare namun daji ce kuma Babbar Jami’ar kula da namun daji. An san ta sosai a matsayin mai fafutukar giwaye da namun daji, da ke jagorantar kamfen din yakin giwayen, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 2014 tare da Uwargidan Shugaban Kenya Margaret Kenyatta.
Ilimi da Sana'ar Farko An haifi Kahumbu a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, na shekara ta 1966 kuma ya girma a Nairobi, Kenya, kuma a can ya yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a Loreto Convent Msongari. Shahararren masanin kiyaye muhalli Richard Leakey ne ya fara ba ta jagoranci. An ba ta Makarantar Kwalejin Kwalejin Kenya don nazarin Ilimin Lafiya da Ilimin Halitta a Jami'ar Bristol. Sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Florida a cikin Kimiyyar Dabbobi da Range Science a shekara ta 1992. Karatunta na farko da aikin da take yi ya ta'allaka ne kan na birrai, inda kuma ta rubuta karatuttukan digirinta na biyu a kan birai na Tana River Primate National Reserve.
Tsakanin makarantar gaba da digiri na biyu, Kahumbu ya koma Kenya don aiki da Hukumar Kula da Dabbobin daji ta Kenya. A can, an tuhume ta da kirgawa da auna ma'aunin hauren giwa a rumbun kasar a shirye shiryen Richard Leakey wanda ya shahara a duniya a talabijin na kona hauren. Taron ya sauya tunaninta daga na birrai zuwa giwayen aikin digirgir. An ba ta gurbin karatu ne na Petri don halartar Jami’ar Princeton don kammala digirinta na uku a fannin Ilimin Jiki da Ilimin Halittar Halitta daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa shekarar 2002, inda ta karanta giwaye a tsaunin Shimba da ke gabar Kenya. A cikin shekara ta 2005, ta karɓi Takaddun shaida a cikin Shirin don Gudanar da Gudanarwa ta hanyar Cibiyar Nazarin Kasuwancin Gordon a Jami'ar Pretoria.
Aikin kiyayewa Bayan ta karbi digirinta na uku, Kahumbu ta koma aikin kula da namun daji na Kenya kuma ta jagoranci wakilan Kenya zuwa taron cinikayyar kasa da kasa game da Dabbobin da ke Haɗari. A shekara ta 2007, Kahumbu ta zama babban darekta na WildlifeDirect, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa tare da ita a shekara ta 2004 daga malamin ta Richard Leakey a matsayin wani dandamali na yanar gizo don samar da murya ga masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhalli na Afirka. Tun daga wannan lokacin kungiyar ta zama mafi girman shafin yanar gizan yanar gizan namun daji a Afirka kuma ta tattara batutuwa daban-daban na batutuwan kiyayewa daga kare chimpanzees a Saliyo zuwa Kare Fentin Afirka a Zimbabwe. Wadanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar sakonnin yanar gizon zasu iya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhalli a kasa, suna keta kudaden gudanarwar.
Gangamin "Hannayen Giwayenmu" wanda Kahumbu ta kaddamar a WildlifeDirect don kawo karshen farautar giwaye da fataucin hauren giwa, kuma tun daga lokacin ya sami goyon bayan Uwargidan Shugaban Kenya Margaret Kenyatta. Gangamin na da niyyar amfani da kafafen yada labarai don kawo canjin halayya da kuma karfafa hukuma a tsakanin al'umar yankin don daukar mataki. Bugu da kari, kamfen din ya yi aiki don samar da dokoki na zahiri don tilasta cinikin hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Lokacin da aka fara kamfen din a shekara ta 2014, an kashe giwaye sama da guda 100,000 a duk fadin nahiyar Afirka saboda hauren giwa tsawon shekaru uku.
Kahumbu ta kuma koyar da daliban kiyayewa a matsayin malama a jami’ar Princeton, inda ta ke jagorantar karatun digirin farko a fannin kula da al’ummu yayin wani kwas na shekara-shekara a Kenya.
Hadin kan Jama'a Kahumbu ya isa ga jama'a ta hanyoyi daban-daban don yin shawarwari don tattaunawa-daga talabijin zuwa edita zuwa gidajen tarihi. Ita ce mai samar da NTV Wild, jerin shirye-shirye masu tasiri game da namun daji, da NTV Wild Talk, shirye-shiryen talabijin da Smriti Vidyarthi ta shirya wanda ya shafi al'amuran kiyayewa. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga jaridar The Guardian, tana ba da shawara don ba da kariya ga giwaye ta hanyar hanyoyin magance-daga kawo ƙarshen cin hanci da rashawa zuwa ƙwarin gwiwa ga matasa masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhalli-da kushe da hauren giwar. Kahumbu kuma Shugabar Shugaban Gidajen Tarihi ne na Kenya. Kahumbu kuma fitacciyar marubuciya ce ta littattafan yara, tare da rubuta marubuta masu sayarwa na duniya kamar Owen da Mzee: Labarin Gaskiya na Abota ta Remwarai, dangane da ƙarancin abokantaka na hippopotamus da katon Aldabra Owen da Mzee.
Kyauta Girmamawa National Geographic Buffet Award Winner for conservation in Africa, 2011 National Geographic Emerging Explorer Award, 2011 Jinjina ta Musamman, Kyautar Mutum na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Umurnin Babban Kyautar Jarumi, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Kenya, Ruwa da Albarkatun Kasa, 2014 Gwarzon Whitley, wanda Asusun LJC ya bayar don tunawa da Anthea da Lindsey Turner, 2014 Zagayen Yan Ideal Square. leadership in Africa, 2011
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Mutane daga Kasar Nairobi
Ƴancin muhalli
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29913 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama%20Ata%20Aidoo | Ama Ata Aidoo | Ama Ata Aidoo, née Christina Ama Aidoo (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Maris, 1942) ita marubuciya ce, 'yar ƙasar Ghana kuma mai ilimi. Ta kasance Ministan Ilimi a karkashin gwamnatin Jerry Rawlings. A shekarar 2000, ta kafa gidauniyar Mbaasem don ingantawa da tallafawa aikin marubutan mata na Afirka.
Rayuwar farko An haife Aidoo a ranar 23 ga watan Maris din shekarar 1942 a Saltpond a yankin tsakiyar Ghana. Wasu kafofin da suka hada da Megan Behrent, Jami'ar Brown, da Africa Who's Who sun bayyana cewa an haife ta a ranar 31 Maris 1940. Tana da ɗan'uwan tagwaye, Kwame Ata.
Ta girma a gidan sarauta na Fante, 'yar Nana Yaw Fama, shugaban Abeadzi Kyiakor, da Maame Abasema. Ta girma ne a lokacin sake tsarin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya wanda ke faruwa a mahaifarta. Neocolonialists suka kashe kakanta, wanda ya jawo hankalin mahaifinta kan mahimmancin ilmantar da yara da dangin kauyen kan tarihi da abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin. Wannan ya sa ya buɗe makarantar farko a ƙauyensu kuma ya rinjayi Aidoo don zuwa makarantar sakandaren Wesley, inda ta yanke shawarar farko cewa tana son zama marubuci.
Ilimi Aidoo ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Wesley a Cape Coast, daga 1961 zuwa 1964. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Gana, Legon inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Turanci sannan kuma ta rubuta wasanninta na farko, The Dilemma of a Ghost, a shekarar 1964. Longman ne ya buga wannan wasan a shekara mai zuwa, wanda ya sanya Aidoo ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara buga wasan Afirka.
Aiki An nada Ama a matsayin Ministan Ilimi a karkashin Provisional National Defence Council a shekarar 1982. Ta yi murabus bayan watanni 18, tare da sanin cewa ba za ta iya cimma burin ta na samar da ilimi a kasar ta Ghana ba tare da yardar kowa ba. Ta nuna matsayin matan Afirka a cikin rayuwar zamani. Ta yi niyyar cewa shugabannin 'yan kwanan nan sun tura manufar kishin kasa a matsayin wata hanya ta sanya mutane cikin zalunci. Ta yi Allah wadai da wadancan 'yan Afirka masu ilimi wadanda ke da'awar son kasarsu amma fa'idodin kasashen da suka ci gaba sun yaudare su. Ta yi imani da wata takamaiman asalin Afirka, wanda take kallo daga yanayin mace.
Ta yi aiki a Amurka, inda ta yi abokantaka a cikin rubuce-rubuce na kirki a Jami'ar Stanford, California. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Ghana, kuma a matsayinta na malami a Turanci a Jami'ar Cape Coast, daga ƙarshe ta tashi zuwa matsayin farfesa.
Ta kuma kwashe lokaci mai tsawo tana koyarwa da zama a ƙasashen waje na tsawon watanni. Ta rayu a Amurka, Burtaniya, Jamus da Zimbabwe.
A Landan a 1986, ta gabatar da karatun Walter Rodney Visions na Afirka wanda ƙungiyar masu tallafawa gidan wallafa Bogle-L'Ouverture ta shirya. Aidoo ta koyar da darussan Turanci daban-daban a Kwalejin Hamilton a Clinton New York, a farkon tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A yanzu haka farfesa ce mai ziyara a Sashen Nazarin Afirka na Jami'ar Brown.
Aidoo ta kasance mai ba da lambar yabo ta Etisalat don Littattafai (tare da Dele Olojede, Ellah Wakatama Allfrey, Margaret Busby, Sarah Ladipo Manyika da Zakes Mda), waɗanda aka kirkira a cikin 2013 a matsayin dandamali ga marubutan Afirka na littattafan almara. Ta samu kyautar malanta ta Fulbright a shekarar 1988 da kuma lambar yabo ta 'yan jaridu ta Mbari.
Fim Ita ce batun wani fim na 2014, The Art of Ama Ata Aidoo, wanda Yaba Badoe ya yi.
Rubuce-rubuce Wasan kwaikwayon na Aidoo sun hada da The Dilemma of a Ghost, wanda aka samar a Legon a 1964 (wanda aka fara bugawa a 1965) da Pittsburgh a 1988, da Anowa, wanda aka buga a 1971 kuma aka buga a London a 1991.
Ayyukanta na almara musamman suna magance tashin hankali tsakanin ra'ayoyin Yammaci da na Afirka. Littafin tarihinta na farko, Our Sister Killjoy, an buga ta a 1977 kuma ta kasance ɗayan shahararrun ayyukanta. Yawancin masu ba da tallafin Aidoo mata ne wadanda ke yin watsi da matsayin mata na zamani, kamar yadda a cikin wasanta Anowa. Littafin tarihinta ya sami lambar yabo ta 1992 Commonwealth Writer's Prize for Best Book (Afirka). Ita kuma cikakkiyar mawaƙi ce tarin nata Someone Talking to Sometime ya lashe kyautar Nelson Mandela don Poetry a 1987 kuma ta rubuta littattafan yara da yawa.
Ta ba da gudummawar yanki "Don zama mace" zuwa littafin tarihin 1984 Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology, edita by Robin Morgan. Labarinta "Two Sisters" ya bayyana a cikin 1992 anthology Daughters of Africa, editan Margaret Busby.
A shekara ta 2000 ta kafa gidauniyar Mbaasem, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta dake Ghana tare da manufar "taimakawa ci gaba da dorewar marubutan matan Afirka da fasaharsu", wadda take tafiyar da ita tare da 'yarta Kinna Likimani da kwamitin gudanarwa.
Aidoo ita ce edita na Tarihin African Love Stories na 2006. A shekarar 2012, ta bullo da Diplomatic Pounds Other Stories tattara bayanai na gajerun labarai da kuma wani wanda tarin litattafai ne daga shahararrun marubutan a kasar Ghana, Afirka da kuma kasashen waje na Afirka.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kyautar Aidoo ta samu sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta 1992 Commonwealth Writers' Prize for Best Book (Africa) don sabon littafinta Changes.
Kyautar littafin Aidoo-Snyder, wanda ƙungiyar mata ta ƙungiyar nazarin Afirka ta bayar don wani fitaccen littafi da wata mata ta buga wanda ke ba da fifiko ga abubuwan da matan Afirka suka yi, an ba su suna don girmama Ama Ata Aidoo da Margaret C. Snyder, wacce ita ce ta kafa. darektan UNIFEM. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin Maris 2017, Cibiyar Ama Ata Aidoo don Ƙirƙirar Rubuce-rubuce (Aidoo Centre), karkashin kulawar Kojo Yankah School of Communications Studies a African University College of Communications (AUCC) a Adabraka, Accra, an ba ta suna a matsayin girmamawa cibiyar irinta ta farko a yammacin Afirka, tare da Nii Ayikwei Parkes a matsayin darekta.
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa The Dilemma of a Ghost (play), Accra: Longman, 1965. New York: Macmillan, 1971.
Anowa (wasa dangane da almara na kasar Ghana), London: Longman, 1970. New York: Humanities Press, 1970.
No Sweetness Here: A Collection of Short Stories, Longman, 1970.
Our Sister Killjoy: or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint (labari), Longman, 1977.
Someone Talking to Sometime (a poetry collection), Harare: College Press, 1986.
The Eagle and the Chickens and Other Stories (ga yara), Tana Press, 1986.
Birds and Other Poems, Harare: College Press, 1987.
An Angry Letter in January (wakoki), Dangaroo Press, 1992.
Changes: a Love Story (labari), The Women's Press, 1991.
The Girl Who Can and Other Stories, Heinemann African Writers Series, 1997.
Diplomatic Pounds Other Stories, Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2012.
A matsayin edita African Love Stories: An Anthology, African Love Stories: An Anthology, Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2006.
Ci gaba da karatu Aditya Misra, "Death in Surprise: Gender and Power Dynamics in Ama Ata Aidoo's Anowa". Journal of Drama Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2012, pp. 81–91.
Anne V. Adams (ed.), Essays in Honour of Ama Ata Aidoo at 70: A Reader in African Cultural Studies. Ayebia Clarke Publishing, 2012.
Ada Uzoamaka Azodo and G. Wilentz, Emerging Perspectives on Ama Ata Aidoo, Africa Research Publications, 1999.
Vincent O. Odamtten, The Art of Ama Ata Aidoo: Polylectics and Reading Against Neocolonialism. University Press of Florida, 1994.
Esther Pujolràs-Noguer, An African (Auto)biography. Ama Ata Aidoo's Literary Quest: Strangeness, nation and tradition, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 2012.
Nafeesah Allen, "Negotiating with the Diaspora: an Interview with Ama Ata Aidoo", Scholar Feminist Online, 2009.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
28089 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya%20Atwater | Tanya Atwater | Tanya Atwater (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942) ita 'yar ƙasar Amurka ce ƙwararren masanin ilimin kimiya na ƙasa kuma ƙwararriyar ilimin ƙasa ta ruwa wacce ta kware a fannin tectonics. Ta shahara musamman don bincikenta na farko akan tarihin tectonic plate na yammacin Arewacin Amurka.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife Atwater a Los Angeles, California a shekara ta 1942. Mahaifinta injiniya ne kuma mahaifiyarta ƙwararriyar kimiya ce. Atwater na daya daga cikin matan farko da suka yi bincike a kan tekun ta fuskar Geology.
Atwater ta fara karatun ta a shekarar 1960 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, sannan ta sami B.A. a Geophysics daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley a 1965. Ta sami digiri na uku. (1972) a cikin geophysics na ruwa daga Cibiyar Scripps na Oceanography, Jami'ar California, San Diego. Ita ce darekta na Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara Educational Multimedia Visualization Center inda ta kasance farfesa a fannin kimiyyar ƙasa. Ta kasance farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts kafin ta shiga jami'a a UCSB a 1980. Atwater ya yi ritaya daga UCSB a 2007.
Aiki Atwater ta kasa nce farfesa a fannin tectonics, a Sashen Kimiyyar Geological a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara kafin ta yi ritaya. Ta rubuta tare da haɗin gwiwar rubuce-rubuce 50 a cikin mujallu na duniya, kundin ƙwararru, da manyan rahotanni. Bakwai daga cikin waɗannan takardu an buga su a cikin mujallu na Nature ko Kimiyya. A cikin 1975, ta zama Fellow of the American Geophysical Union don aikinta a fannin ilimin kimiyyar fasaha. Daga 1975 zuwa 1977, Atwater ya kasance mai karɓar Fellowship Fellowship Sloan a Physics. A cikin 1984, ta sami lambar yabo ta Ƙarfafawa daga Ƙungiyar Matan Masana Geoscientists. Atwater memba ce ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa da aka zaba don gudunmuwarta ga ilimin geophysics na ruwa da tectonics. A cikin 2019 ta sami lambar yabo mafi girma na Geological Society of America, Penrose Medal.
Binciken kimiyya Atwater ta kasance cikin balaguron balaguron teku ta hanyar amfani da zurfafan kida da aka ja don bincikar benen teku. Har zuwa yau, ta shiga cikin nutsewar ruwa mai zurfi 12 a cikin zurfin teku mai zurfi Alvin. Ta yi bincike kan hanyoyin tsaurin wuta-tectonic da ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar sabon ɓawon ruwa a wuraren shimfida saman teku. A cikin 1968, ta haɗu da rubuta takardar bincike da ke nuna aikin daɗaɗɗa a cikin ɓoyayyen yanayin yada cibiyoyin. Tare da Jack Corliss, Fred Spiess, da Kenneth Macdonald, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a balaguron balaguron balaguron balaguro wanda ya gano nau'ikan ilimin halitta na maɓuɓɓugan ruwan teku, wanda ya haifar da ganowa yayin aikin RISE na masu yawan zafin jiki na masu shan sigari, iska mai ƙarfi ta ruwa.
A cikin binciken Atwater da ta yi kan yada baragurbi a kusa da tsibiran Galapagos, ta gano cewa an haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a lokacin da ake yada cibiyoyi a bakin tekun da motsin tectonic ko magma ya dame shi, don haka sai da ta canza hanya don daidaitawa. Wannan ya taimaka wajen bayyana hadadden tsari na shimfidar teku.
Wataƙila an fi sanin Atwater da aikinta akan tarihin tectonic plate na yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Ta rubuta manyan takaddun bincike guda biyu da ke bayyana tarihin juyin halittar tectonic na Arewacin Amurka da matsalolin tectonic na San Andreas Fault, wanda ya taimaka wajen tattara tarihin Layin Laifin San Andreas.
Ta kuma yi nazarin juyin halitta na geometric, haɗawa da kwatanta bayanan motsin faranti na duniya tare da bayanan yanayin ƙasa na yanki. Ta sami alaƙar da ta kunno kai waɗanda suka bayyana asalin manyan fassarori masu girma dabam (misali Dutsen Rocky, Yellowstone, Death Valley, Cascade Volcanoes, California Coast Ranges).
Takardar bincike ta Atwater, "Tasirin Tectonics na Plate Tectonics ga Cenozoic Tectonic Juyin Halitta na Yammacin Arewacin Amirka", ya kafa mahimman tsari don tectonics farantin karfe na yammacin Arewacin Amirka. A cikin aikinta, ta bayyana cewa kimanin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka wuce, Farallon Plate yana raguwa a ƙarƙashin Plate na Arewacin Amirka da Pacific Plate. Ƙasar rabin farantin Farallon gaba ɗaya an rushe a ƙarƙashin Kudancin California kuma rabin na sama bai nutse ba, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama sananne da sunan Juan de Fuca Plate. Tunda kudancin yankin Farallon ya ɓace gaba ɗaya, iyakar kudancin California ta kasance tsakanin Plate Pacific da Plate na Arewacin Amurka. Laifin San Andreas na musamman ne saboda yana aiki azaman babban layin kuskure haka kuma yana iyaka tsakanin Plate Pacific da Plate ta Arewacin Amurka. Ta sabunta wannan aikin a 1989.
Atwater tana sha'awar sadarwa da ilimi a kowane mataki. Ta haɓaka kafofin watsa labarai da yawa na lantarki (Cibiyar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Ilmi a UCSB) don haɓaka hangen nesa da fahimtar yanayin ƙasa, musamman masu alaƙa da tarihin faranti na tectonic.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa 1975, Fellow, American Geophysical Union
1980, AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize don babban labarin bincike a cikin mujallar Kimiyya
1997, an zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa
2002, Kyautar Darakta na Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa don Manyan Malaman Koyarwa. Wannan lambar yabo, na $300,000 a cikin shekaru hudu, an ba da ita don taimakawa da kuma girmama fitattun masana kimiyya waɗanda ke aiwatar da hanyoyin fassara bincike zuwa ilimi. Kudin an yi shi ne domin baiwa malaman koyarwa damar fadada ayyukansu fiye da cibiyoyinsu na gida.
Leopold von Buch Medal, Jamus Geosciences Society
Lambar Zinariya ta 2005, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Geographers
Medal Penrose na 2019 na Ƙungiyar Geological Society of America.
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa Menard, H.W., da Tanya Atwater, 1968, Canje-canje a cikin alkiblar shimfidar teku. Hali, aya 219, shafi. 463-467. Sake bugawa a cikin Plate Tectonics da Geomagnetic Reversals, p. 412-419, W.H. Freeman Co. San Francisco, 1973.
Atwater, Tanya, 1970, Tasirin Tectonics na farantin karfe don juyin halittar Tectonic Cenozoic na yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Bijimin Geol. Soc Amuri., aya ta 81, shafi. 3513-3536. Sake bugawa a cikin Plate Tectonics da Geomagnetic Reversals, p. 583-609, W.H. Freeman Co., San Francisco, 1973. An sake bugawa a U.C.SD., Scripps Inst. Oceanography., Gudunmawa, Vol. 40, Kashi na 2, p. 1249-1271, 1970.
Atwater, Tanya, da P. Molnar, 1973, Dangantakar motsin faranti na Pasifik da Arewacin Amurka da aka samo daga benen teku da ke yaduwa a cikin Tekun Atlantika, Indiya da Kudancin Pasifik. R.L. Kovach da A. Nur, ed., Proc. na Conf. akan Matsalolin Tectonic na Laifin San Andreas, Kimiyyar Geological, v. XIII, Stanford Univ., p. 136-148. •An sake bugawa a U.C.S.D., Scripps Inst. Oceanography., Gudunmawa, Vol. 44, Kashi na 2, p. 1362-1374, 1974.
Atwater, Tanya, 1981, Yada rarrabuwa a cikin shimfidar shimfidar bene na teku. Nature, aya 290, shafi. 185 186.
Severinghaus, J. da Atwater, T., 1990. Cenozoic geometry da yanayin zafi na ɓangarorin subducting a ƙarƙashin yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Basin da kewayon tectonics na tsawo kusa da latitude na Las Vegas, Nevada: Memoir Society of America Memoir, 176, shafi 1-22.
Atwater, T., 1991, Tectonics na Arewa maso Gabashin Pacific, Ma'amaloli na Royal Society of Canada, Series I, v. I, shafi 295-318.
Atwater, T., 1998, Plate Tectonic History of Southern California tare da girmamawa a kan Western Transverse Ranges da Santa Rosa Island, a Weigand, PW, ed., Gudunmawa ga ilimin geology na Arewacin Channel Islands, Southern California: American Association of Petroleum Masanan Geologists, Sashen Pacific, MP 45, p. 1-8.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da |
57903 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne%20Maynaud%20de%20Bizefranc%20de%20Laveaux | Etienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux | Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux (ko Mayneaud,Lavaux 8 ga Agusta 1751 12 ga Mayu 1828)wani janar na Faransa ne wanda ya kasance Gwamnan Saint-Domingue daga 1793 zuwa 1796 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa .Ya tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da dokar da ta 'yantar da bayi,kuma ta goyi bayan shugaban bakar fata Toussaint Louvertureq,wanda daga baya ya kafa jamhuriyar Haiti mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan Mayar da Bourbon ya kasance Mataimakin Saône-et-Loire daga 1820 zuwa 1823.
Shekarun farko An haifi Etienne Mayneaud Bizefranc de Laveaux a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1751 a Digoin,Saône-et-Loire,Faransa.Ya fito ne daga tsohuwar dangin Burgundian mai daraja.Mahaifinsa shine Hugues,ubangijin Bizefranc,Laveaux da Pancemont (1716–1781),Mai karɓar Gonakin Sarki. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Marie-Jeanne de Baudoin.Shi ne na uku cikin ’ya’ya shida da aka haifa a tsakanin 1749 zuwa 1756. Kamar yadda aka saba ga ƙaramin ɗa,ya shiga aikin soja,ya shiga cikin magudanan ruwa na 16 yana ɗan shekara 17. Aikin sojan nasa ba shi da kyau.Da alama ya sau da yawa ya zauna a Paray-le-Monial, kusa da wurin haihuwarsa.A nan ne ya auri Marie-Jacobie-Sophie de Guillermin,'yar wani bawan Allah a cikin 1784.
Lokacin juyin juya hali
Shugaban sojoji Juyin juya halin Faransa ya fara a shekara ta 1789.An ƙara Laveaux zuwa shugaban ƙungiyar a 1790,akuma ya zama babban kansila na Saône-et-Loire a wannan shekarar.Acikin 1791 an shigar da shi cikin wani al'amari na kudi na jabu,amma an wanke shi daga duk wani tuhuma kuma aka wanke shi.Ya isa Saint-Domingue a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1792 tare da kwamishinonin farar hula Léger-Félicité Sonthonax da Étienne Polverel a matsayin laftanar-kanar a matsayin kwamandan rundunar sojojin 200 na 16th rejist na dragoons.Kwamishinonin sun gano cewa da yawa daga cikin masu shukar farar fata sun kasance masu adawa da yunkurin juyin juya hali na karuwa kuma suna shiga cikin 'yan adawa na sarauta.Kwamishinonin sun sanar da cewa ba su yi niyyar kawar da bautar ba,aamma sun zo ne domin tabbatar da cewa ’yantattun mutane suna da hakki daidai ko wane irin launi ne.A watan Oktoba labari ya zo cewa an dakatar da sarki kuma Faransa yanzu jamhuriya ce.
An sanya Laveaux mai kula da yankin arewa maso yamma na mulkin mallaka, mai tushe a Port-de-Paix .Kwamandansa, Janar Rochambeau,ya yaba da halinsa na daukar sansanin Ouanaminthe da ke kan iyakar Spain a arewa maso gabas,wanda bakar fata ke rike da shi a cikin tawaye.Birnin Cap Français (Cap-Haïtien) a wannan lokacin yana cikin tashin hankali.Wasu daga cikin sojojin sun taimaka wa farar fata da suka dawo da tsarin bawa a cikin birni,yayin da wasu,musamman waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Laveaux,sun goyi bayan kwamishinonin farar hula kuma suna so su kare mulattoes,babban burin masu shuka.An daukaka Laveaux zuwa kwamandan lardin Arewa.
A cikin Janairu 1793 Laveux ya jagoranci rundunar da ta hada da sojoji masu launin fata a kan masu tayar da bayi a garin Milot kuma suka kori su zuwa cikin tsaunuka.A wannan watan an kashe Louis XVI a birnin Paris,kuma a watan Fabrairun Spain da Biritaniya suka shelanta yaki a kan Faransa.A watan Mayu ko Yuni 1793 shugaban 'yan tawayen bakar fata Toussaint Louverture ya tuntubi Laveaux kuma ya ba da shawarar "hanyoyin sulhu",amma Laveaux ya ƙi tayin nasa.
An nada François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort Gwamna Janar na Saint-Domingue a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 1793 a madadin Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes.Ya isa Cap-Français (Cap-Haïtien)a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1793.A ranar 8 ga Mayu 1793 ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Polvérel da Sonthonax yana sanar da zuwansa.Kwamishinonin sun isa Cap-Français a ranar 10 ga Yuni 1793,inda masu launin fata suka yi maraba da su amma sun sami liyafar sanyi daga fararen fata.Sun ji cewa Galbaud yana abokantaka da bangaren da ke adawa da hukumar,kuma ba su da niyyar yi musu biyayya.Polvérel da Sonthonax sun kore shi a ranar 13 ga Yuni 1793 kuma suka umarce shi da ya hau kan Normande kuma ya koma Faransa.Sun sanya Laveaux mukaddashin gwamna a madadinsa. A ranar 20 ga Yuni 1793 Galbaud ya yi shelar cewa yana kan aiki kuma ya yi kira da a taimaka wajen korar kwamishinonin farar hula. Ya sauka a 3:30 da yamma a shugaban mutane 3,000, waɗanda ba su gamu da turjiya ba da farko.An yi fama da rikice-rikice tsakanin ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da fararen fata masu goyon bayan Galbaud,da sojojin Turai,mulattoes da baƙar fata masu tayar da hankali don goyon bayan kwamishinoni. A ranar 21 ga Yuni 1793 kwamishinonin sun yi shelar cewa za a 'yantar da duk baƙar fata da za su yi yaƙi da su da Mutanen Espanya da sauran abokan gaba. 'Yan ta'addan bakar fata sun shiga cikin sojojin farar fata da na mulatto suka kori matukan jirgin daga birnin a ranakun 22-23 ga watan Yuni.Galbaud ya bar tare da jiragen ruwa da ke kan hanyar zuwa Amurka a ranar 24–25 ga Yuni.Kwamishinan Sonthonax ya yi shelar 'yanci na duniya a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1793.Bayan wata daya sojojin Birtaniya na farko sun sauka a Saint-Domin,don maraba da masu shuka fararen fata na sarauta da |
32930 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Jeanvier | Julian Jeanvier | Julian Marc Jeanvier (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brentford Premier League da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea. Ya tashi zuwa matsayi tare da Reims, kafin ya shiga Brentford a cikin shekarar 2018.
Aikin kulob
Shekaru na farko da Nancy Dan wasan tsakiya, Jeanvier ya fara aikinsa a shekara ta 2000 tare da kulob din US Clichy-sur-Seine. Ya koma L'Entente SSG a cikin shekarar 2006 kuma ya horar da lokaci guda a Clairefontaine, kafin ya shiga makarantar kimiyya a Nancy a shekarar 2008. Jeanvier ya ci gaba a cikin tawagar ajiyar kuma ya buga wasanni 54 kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin Championnat de France Amateur tsakanin shekarar 2009 da 2013. Nadin tsohon shugaban matasa Patrick Gabriel a matsayin manajan kungiyar farko a tsakiyar shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013 Ligue 1 kakar ya ga Jeanvier ya ci gaba a cikin tawagar farko kuma ya buga wasanni 10 tsakanin Janairu da Afrilu shekara ta 2013. Ya ki amincewa da tayin sabon kwantiragin shekaru biyu kuma ya bar Stade Marcel Picot a ƙarshen kakar 2012 zuwa 2013.
Lille Jeanvier ya koma Ligue 1 kulob din Lille kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu a kakar wasa ta 2013. Bayan Simon Kjær, Marko Baša, David Rozehnal da Adama Soumaoro a cikin tsarin tsaron tsakiya na tsakiya, ya kasance gaba daya daga cikin kocin René Girard, wanda ya maye gurbin Rudi Garcia jim kadan bayan zuwan Jeanvier a Stade Pierre- Mauroy. A maimakon haka ya taka leda a kungiyar ajiyar kuma ya ciyar da lokutan 2014–15 da 2015–16 akan aro a Mouscron-Péruwelz da Red Star bi da bi. Ya kasa buga wasan farko na kungiyar kuma ya bar kungiyar a watan Agusta 2016.
Reims A watan Agusta 2016, Jeanvier ya koma Ligue 2 don shiga Reims. Ya kafa kansa a cikin jerin farawa kuma an zabe shi a cikin UNFP Ligue 2 Team of the Year a ƙarshen lokutan 2016–17 da 2017–18. Jeanvier ya samu nasara a kakar wasa ta 2017-18, mataimakin kyaftin din kungiyar kuma ya taimaka wa kungiyar zuwa gasar Ligue 2 da ci gaba zuwa Ligue 1. Ya bar Stade Auguste-Delaune a watan Yulin 2018, bayan ya buga wasanni 67 kuma ya ci wa kulob din kwallaye biyar.
Brentford A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2018, Jeanvier ya koma Ingila don shiga kulob din Championship Brentford kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu, tare da zabin karin shekara, kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, ana hasashen zai zama fam miliyan 1.8. Ya zura kwallo a raga a kowane wasa biyu na farko a kulob din, wanda ya zo a farkon zagaye na gasar cin kofin EFL, amma raunin kafar da ya ji a watan Oktoba 2018 ya sa ba zai yi jinyar watanni biyu ba. Rashin kasancewar Chris Mepham da sabon kocin Thomas Frank na 'yan wasan baya uku ya ga Jeanvier ya ci nasara a farkon dawowar sa a watan Disamba 2018 kuma ya kasance mai farawa na kusa har zuwa karshen kakar 2018-19. Duk da kasancewarsa a bayan Pontus Jansson da Ethan Pinnock a cikin tsari lokacin da ko wanne ya kasance, Jeanvier ya buga wasanni 27 kuma ya zira kwallo daya a kakar 2019–20, amma bai fito ba yayin yakin neman zaben Bees da bai yi nasara ba. Bayan sanya hannu kan Charlie Goode a lokacin bazara na 2020 ya ga Jeanvier ya ci gaba da raguwa a kan tsari, ya bar filin wasa na Community a kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 2020. Ya sha fama da raunin ligament na gaba a cikin Oktoba 2020 kuma kodayake ba zai cancanci yin wasa ba idan ya dace, Brentford ya ci gaba da zuwa gasar Premier bayan nasara a gasar cin kofin zakarun gasar ta 2021. An haɗa Jeanvier a cikin 'yan wasan 25 na Brentford na Premier League na kakar 2021-22 kuma zuwa tsakiyar Nuwamba 2021, ya dawo horon da ba a tuntube shi ba. Ya dawo wasansa na rashin gasa tare da Brentford B a ƙarshen watan Maris 2022. A ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu 2022, rashin lafiya da Pontus Jansson ya yi fama da shi ya ga Jeanvier mai suna a cikin tawagar ranar wasa a karon farko tun 2020 na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai kuma ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba yayin nasarar Premier 2-0 a kan West Ham United. Ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba yayin kara wasa biyar kafin karshen kakar wasannin Premier kuma an sake shi lokacin da kwantiraginsa ya kare. A tsawon shekaru hudu tare da Brentford, Jeanvier ya buga wasanni 58 kuma ya zura kwallaye shida.
Kasımpaşa (Lamuni) A ranar 3 ga watan Satumba 2020, Jeanvier ya koma kungiyar Kasımpaşa ta Süper Lig ta Turkiyya a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar 2020-21 A ƙarshen Oktoba 2020, bayan ya yi bayyanuwa huɗu, ya sami raunin raunin jijiya na gaba mai ƙarewa.
Ayyukan kasa Jeanvier ya kasance memba a tawagar Faransa U18 wadda ta zo ta biyu a gasar Copa del Atlántico ta 2010, amma ya kasa samun nasara. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Guinea a wasan sada zumunci da Gambia ta doke su da ci 1-0 a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni 2019 kuma ya buga wasa daya a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019. Masu bi shekaru daga gasar kasa da kasa, Jeanvier an sake kiransa cikin tawagar don shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2023 a watan Yunin 2022.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Jeanvier a Faransa kuma dan asalin Guinea ne da kuma Guadeloupean. Mahaifinsa kuma dan kwallon kafa ne kuma ya buga wa Red Star wasa. Yana auren wata ‘yar kasar Guinea kuma yana da fasfo din kasar Guinea.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Girmamawa Reims
Ligue 2 2017-18 Mutum
Kungiyar UNFP ta Ligue 2 ta bana 2016–17, 2017–18
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Julian Jeanvier a brentfordfc.com
Julian Jeanvier Julian Jeanvier Julian Jeanvier Julian Jeanvier Rayayyun mutane
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40893 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Darwin | Charles Darwin | Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS JP rwɪn/ DAR-win; 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1809 -19 Afrilu 1882) ɗan asalin ƙasar Ingila ne, naturalist, kuma masanin ilimin halitta, wanda aka fi sani da gudummawarsa ga ilimin halitta. Shawarwarinsa na cewa dukkan nau'in rayuwa sun fito daga kakanni guda yanzu gabaɗaya an yarda da su kuma ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin babban ra'ayi a kimiyya. A cikin littafin haɗin gwiwa tare da Alfred Russel Wallace, ya gabatar da ka'idarsa ta kimiyya cewa wannan tsarin reshe na juyin halitta ya samo asali ne daga wani tsari da ya kira zaɓin yanayi, wanda gwagwarmayar wanzuwar yana da irin wannan tasiri ga zaɓin wucin gadi da ke cikin zaɓin kiwo. An bayyana Darwin a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin dan Adam kuma an karrama shi ta hanyar binne shi a Westminster Abbey. Sha'awar Darwin a farkon yanayi ya sa ya yi watsi da ilimin likitancinsa a Jami'ar Edinburgh; maimakon haka, ya taimaka wajen bincikar invertebrates na teku. Karatunsa a Jami'ar Cambridge's College daga 1828 zuwa 1831 ya ƙarfafa sha'awar ilimin kimiyyar halitta. Tafiyarsa ta shekaru biyar akan HMS Beagle daga 1831 zuwa 1836 ya kafa Darwin a matsayin fitaccen naturalist wanda abin lura da ka'idojinsa suka goyi bayan tunanin Charles Lyell na sauyin yanayin a hankali. Buga littafinsa na tafiya ya sanya Darwin shahara a matsayin mashahurin marubuci. Da yake cike da mamakin yadda ake rarraba namun daji da burbushin halittu da ya tattara a tafiyar, Darwin ya fara bincike dalla-dalla kuma, a cikin shekarar 1838, ya kirkiro ka'idar zabin yanayi. Ko da yake ya tattauna ra'ayoyinsa tare da masana halitta da yawa, yana buƙatar lokaci don bincike mai zurfi kuma aikinsa na ilimin ƙasa yana da fifiko. Yana rubuta ka'idarsa a cikin shekarar 1858 lokacin da Alfred Russel Wallace ya aika masa da maƙala wanda ya bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi, wanda ya haifar da mika kai tsaye ga haɗin gwiwa na duka ka'idodinsu ga Linnean Society of London. Ayyukan Darwin sun kafa zuriyar juyin halitta tare da gyare-gyare a matsayin babban bayanin kimiyya na bambance-bambancen yanayi. A cikin shekarar 1871, ya bincika juyin halittar ɗan adam da zaɓin jima'i a cikin Descent na Mutum, da Zaɓin Game da Jima'i, sannan kuma The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). An buga bincikensa game da tsire-tsire a cikin jerin littattafai, kuma a cikin littafinsa na ƙarshe, <i id="mwZg">The Formation of Vegetable Mould, ta hanyar Actions of Worms</i> (1881), ya bincika tsutsotsin ƙasa da tasirinsu akan ƙasa.
Darwin ya wallafa ka'idarsa ta juyin halitta tare da kwararan hujjoji a cikin littafinsa na 1859 on the origin Species. A cikin shekarar 1870s, al'ummar kimiyya da yawancin jama'a masu ilimi sun yarda da juyin halitta a matsayin gaskiya. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun fi son bayanin gasa wanda ya ba da ƙaramin matsayi ga zaɓin yanayi, kuma sai da fitowar fasahar juyin halitta ta zamani daga shekarun 1930 zuwa 1950 aka sami babban yarjejeniya wanda zaɓin yanayi shine tushen tsarin juyin halitta. Binciken kimiyya na Darwin shine ka'idar haɗin kai na ilimomin rayuwa, yana bayyana bambancin rayuwa.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Ƙuruciya da ilimi An haifi Charles Robert Darwin a Shrewsbury, Shropshire, a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 1809, a gidan danginsa, The Mount. Shi ne na biyar cikin yara shida na likitan al'umma kuma mai kudi Robert Darwin da Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood). Kakansa Erasmus Darwin da Josiah Wedgwood dukansu fitattun masu abolitionist. Erasmus Darwin ya yaba da babban ra'ayi na juyin halitta da zuriya na gama gari a cikin Zoonomia (1794), shaci-fadi na waka na halitta sannu a hankali gami da ra'ayoyin da ba su ci gaba ba da ke hasashen hasashen jikansa ya faɗaɗa. Duk iyalai biyu sun kasance masu haɗin kai, kodayake Wedgwoods suna ɗaukar Anglicanism. Robert Darwin, da kansa a hankali mai tunani, ya haifi jariri Charles baftisma a watan Nuwamba 1809 a Cocin Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury, amma Charles da 'yan uwansa sun halarci ɗakin cocin Unitarian tare da mahaifiyarsu. Charles ɗan shekara takwas ya riga ya ɗanɗana tarihin halitta da tattarawa lokacin da ya shiga makarantar ranar da mai wa'azinta ke gudanarwa a 1817. A watan Yuli, mahaifiyarsa ta rasu. Daga Satumba 1818, ya haɗu da ɗan'uwansa Erasmus don halartar Makarantar Anglican Shrewsbury da ke kusa a matsayin ɗan kwana. Darwin ya shafe lokacin rani na 1825 a matsayin likita mai koyo, yana taimaka wa mahaifinsa ya yi wa matalauta Shropshire, kafin ya tafi Jami'ar Edinburgh Medical School mai daraja tare da ɗan'uwansa Erasmus a watan Oktoba 1825. Darwin ya sami lakcoci maras kyau da tiyata da damuwa, don haka ya yi watsi da karatunsa. Ya koyi taxidermy a cikin kusan sa'o'i 40 na yau da kullun daga John Edmonstone, bawan da aka 'yantar da shi wanda ya raka Charles Waterton a cikin dajin Kudancin Amurka. A cikin shekara ta biyu na Darwin a jami'a, ya shiga ƙungiyar Plinian Society, ƙungiyar ɗalibi ta tarihin halitta da ke nuna muhawara mai ɗorewa wanda ɗaliban dimokuradiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu ra'ayin jari-hujja suka ƙalubalanci ra'ayoyin addini na addini. Ya taimaka binciken Robert Edmond Grant game da yanayin jikin mutum da yanayin rayuwar marine invertebrates a cikin Firth of Forth, kuma a ranar 27 ga Maris 1827 ya gabatar a Plinian binciken kansa cewa baƙar fata da aka samu a cikin bawoyi na kawa sune qwai na skate leech. Wata rana, Grant ya yaba da ra'ayoyin juyin halitta na Lamarck. Darwin ya yi mamakin bajintar Grant, amma kwanan nan ya karanta irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin mujallun kakansa Erasmus. Darwin ya fi gundura da tafarkin tarihin dabi'a na Robert Jameson, wanda ya rufe ilimin geology-gami da muhawara tsakanin Neptunism da Plutonism. Ya koyi rarrabuwa na tsire-tsire, kuma ya taimaka tare da aiki a kan tarin kayan tarihi na Jami'ar, daya daga cikin manyan gidajen tarihi a Turai a lokacin. Sakaci da Darwin na karatun likitanci ya fusata mahaifinsa, wanda cikin hikima ya tura shi Kwalejin Kristi, Cambridge a cikin Janairu 1828, don yin karatun digiri na farko a matsayin matakin farko na zama ɗan ƙasar Anglican. Darwin bai cancanci yin jarrabawar Tripos na Cambridge ba, kuma a maimakon haka an buƙaci ya shiga kwas ɗin digiri na yau da kullun. Ya fi son hawa da harbi fiye da karatu.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32534 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Fenner | Peggy Fenner | Dame Peggy Edith Fenner, DBE (rayuwa, 12 Nuwamba 1922 15 Satumba 2014) 'yar siyasan Jam'iyyar Conservative ne na Biritaniya.
Siyasa Ta shiga jam'iyyar Conservative Party a 1952, an zabe ta a majalisar Sevenoaks shekaru biyar bayan haka, ta yi jagoranci a tsakanin shekarun 1962 da 1963; ta kuma yi aiki a babban jami'in ilimi na West Kent. Ta yi tasiri mai karfi a tsakanin Kentish Tories, kuma a cikin shekarar 1964 aka zaba a gaban masu neman 104, kusan dukkanin maza, don maye gurbin Harold Macmillan a Bromley. Ta rasa a zaben karshe, sannan kuma a Brighton Kemptown inda jam'iyyar ke nema kuma ba za ta gaza ta soke rinjayen Labour bakwai ba.
Bayan rashin nasarar ta yakin neman kujerar Newcastle-karkashin Lyme a shekara ta 1966, an zabi Fenner dan majalisar wakilai na Rochester da Chatham a babban zaben 1970. Rochester da Chatham Conservatives sun zabe ta don yin takarar MP Anne Kerr na Left-wing Labour, kuma a cikin 1970 ta inganta rawar kasa don kama kujerar da kuri'u 5,341. Dukkan 'yan takarar biyu sun yi nadama kan cewa dayar ba za ta iya samun mutumin da zai kayar da shi a wani wuri ba, kuma lokacin da Peggy Fenner ta isa zauren majalisar, batutuwan mata ne ta dauka.
Nasarar da ta samu ta farko ita ce ta tilastawa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa da su yi watsi da shirin "dial a sailor" don jama'a don abokantaka da ma'aikatan jirgin da ke tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa na gida, bayan matan sojojin ruwa sun koka. Ta shiga cikin wasu matan Tory wajen ƙoƙarin gyara dokokin saki na kwanan nan wanda ya kawo karshen 'yancin "jam'iyyar da ba ta da laifi" ta hana saki bayan shekaru biyar. Ayyukanta a kan Kwamitin Zaɓar Kuɗi sun burge, kuma a cikin watan Nuwamba 1972 Heath ta nada Mataimakin Sakatare na Aikin Noma na Majalisar Dokoki tare da alhakin farashin, wanda ya zama batun kamar yadda hauhawar farashin kaya ya tashi. Peggy Fenner ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Majalisar a Ma'aikatar Noma, Kifi da Abinci, tare da alhakin abinci, daga Nuwamba 1972 zuwa Fabrairu 1974 a karkashin Edward Heath, kuma daga Satumba 1981 zuwa Satumba 1986 a karkashin Margaret Thatcher. Bayan barin gwamnati a 1986 an nada ta Dame Kwamanda na Order of the British Empire. A maiakatar MAFF ta tabbatar dokar da ta tilasta wa masu sana'ar abinci da su sanya ranakun sayar da kayayyaki, amma ta shafe mafi yawan lokutanta don magance hauhawar farashin nama, wanda ya haifar da karanci a duniya, tare da bayyana karin kashi 48 cikin 100. a farashin abinci a cikin shekaru uku. Lokacin da Willie Hamilton na Labour ya yi korafin an caje shi 5p na ayaba, ta gaya masa a hankali: “Hakika za ku iya yin wani taimako da siyayyar ku. Na sayi ayaba shida akan 17p kwanan nan, kuma ba ni da lokacin yin siyayya.” Hamilton ya dawo mako mai zuwa yana mai cewa yanzu an caje shi p na ayaba uku.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 1974 zaben da Heath ya kira kan yajin aikin masu hakar ma'adinai, Peggy Fenner ta yi yaki da Roger Kenward, Labour, kuma rinjayenta ya ragu zuwa 843. A bangaren adawa, ta shiga cikin tawagar Birtaniyya a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da aka zaba a lokacin. Ta halarci zaman kadan ne kawai kafin Harold Wilson ya kira wani zabe kuma Bob Bean na Labour ya kore ta da kuri'u 2,418. Ta fita daga Commons don hambarar da Mrs Thatcher na Heath, kuma yayin da Tories ke taruwa don komawa gwamnati. Ta lashe kujerar Rochester da Chatham a shekarar 1979, da kuri'u 2,688.
Shawarar da John Nott ya yanke na rufe tashar jirgin ruwa ta Chatham ta yi armashi ga mazabar Peggy Fenner, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka dauka kan dan majalisarsu. Kuma kafin ta iya kaddamar da kamfen na adawa da rufewar, Mrs Thatcher, a watan Satumbar 1981, ta mayar mata da tsohon aikinta a MAFF. Farashin yanzu ya kasance ƙasa da batu, don haka ta iya magance damuwa game da inganci: yanayin da ake ajiye maruƙan maraƙi da kajin batir, adadin mai a cikin mince da ruwa a cikin tsiran alade, dyes a cikin abincin dabbobi, tsauraran matakan kashe kwari, magungunan kashe qwari. ragowar kan lemukan da ke gurbata gin-and-tonics, da rashin dacewa da fim ɗin abinci don dafa abinci na microwave. Ta kuma jagoranci ayyukan farko na Thames Barrier.
A zaben 1983 an soke kujerar Rochester da Chatham kuma an zabi Fenner dan majalisar wakilai na sabuwar mazabar Medway Ta ci gaba da rike kujerar na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu masu zuwa, inda aka sake zabar ta a zabukan 1987 da 1992, har sai da ta sha kaye a zaben 1997 ga Bob Marshall-Andrews na Labour. A kan mutuwar Baroness Jeger a shekara ta 2007, Fenner ta zama mace mafi tsufa da ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa a Birtaniya.
Misis Thatcher ta kore ta da a watan Satumba na 1986 a jerin kananun ministoci, inda ta biya ta da DBE. Dame Peggy ta zama babban mai fafutukar adawa da babban hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kent zuwa Ramin Channel. Tsawon shekaru goma daga 1987 ta koma Strasbourg a matsayin wakiliyar Majalisar Turai da Tarayyar Turai ta Yammacin Turai.
Zaɓen 1997 ya kawo sauye-sauyen iyakoki da gagarumin rinjaye na ƙasa zuwa Labour. Dame Peggy, tana gab da cika shekaru 75 da haihuwa, ta fadi a zaben da kuri'u 5,354 ga barrister Bob Marshall-Andrews.
Rayuwa An haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 1922 a Lewisham, London, a matsayin Peggy Edith Bennett, kakanninta sun kula da ita tun tana karama. Iyayenta sun rabu, tun tana da shekara uku bata sake ganin mahaifinta ba. An yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Majalisar gundumar London a Brockley, Kent ta ci gaba da zuwa makarantar Ide Hill a Sevenoaks amma ta bar shekara 14 tana hidima. A shekarar 1940 tana da shekaru 18 ta auri m Bernard Fenner kuma ta shiga aikin masana'antar yaƙi. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya daya. Mijinta Bernard Fenner da 'yarsu sun riga ta rasuwa. Ta rasu a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbn, 2014.
Manazarta "Jagorancin Lokaci ga House of Commons", Times Newspapers Limited, 1979 da 1997 bugu.
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Peggy Fenner
Portraits of Peggy Fenner at the National Portrait Gallery, London
MEP na Ingila mata a karni na 20
Haihuwan 1962
Mutuwar 2014
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46478 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaila%20SC | Ismaila SC | Ismaily Sporting Club ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Masar, wacce aka kafa a ranar 20 ga watan Maris 1921 a matsayin El Nahda Sporting Club Lardin Masar Nady El Nahda), tushen a Ismaïlia, Masar An fi sanin kulob ɗin da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. Har ila yau, ana la'akari da ita a matsayin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Masar, inda suka taimaka wa shahararren yawon shakatawa na gida don yin wasa don amfanin ƙasar mahaifa a kan sojojin da suka mamaye. Lakabin kulob ɗin The Brazilian, yana magana ne game da tufafinsu, wanda ya yi daidai da na tawagar Brazil, da irin wannan salon wasan.
Ismaily ya lashe gasar firimiya ta Masar sau uku a shekarun1967, 1991 da 2002, da kuma kofin Masar a 1997 da 2000. A cikin shekarar 1969 kulob ɗin ya lashe gasar zakarun CAF Wannan taron, wanda shi ne na farko ga tawagar Masar, ya kasance mai ban mamaki a lokacin wanda ta hanyoyi da dama ya kasance babban nasara a zukatan dukkan tsararraki. Kulob ɗin ya kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na CAF a shekara ta 2003, amma ya sha kashi a hannun kulob din Enyimba FC na Najeriya Tarihi Hakan ya fara ne a shekara ta 1920, fiye da shekaru 100 da suka wuce, lokacin da aka haifi ra'ayin kafa kulob na Masar a birnin Ismailia. A cikin shekarar 1921, wannan mafarki ya zama gaskiya lokacin da aka kafa Nahda Sporting Club (yanzu Ismaily) godiya ga gudummawar karimci da aiki tukuru. Nahda ita ce kulob ɗin Masar na farko a yankin Canal; duk sauran kulab ɗin sun kasance ƙasashen waje sosai.
Wurin kulob ɗin shi ne inda kasuwar Juma'a take a yau. Sai a shekarar 1926 ne ƙungiyar ta zama memba a hukumance a hukumar kwallon kafa ta Masar. Ana kiran Ismaily masana'antar taurari, Ismaily ya samar da manyan 'yan wasa da suka shahara a Masar.
An san kulob ɗin a Masar da kuma magoya bayansa "El-Daraweesh"
An san su da buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa amma ba sa cin koci ko cin gasa, yawanci sukan yi rashin nasara a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe ko Quarter Final ko ma zagayen farko na kowane gasa. watau sun yi rashin nasara a gasar Masar a shekarar 2008 2009 daga rukunin rukuni na biyu a zagayen farko.
Halin farko na kulob ɗin ya kasance mai girman kai. A cikin bangon bulo na kulab ɗin, akwai filin yashi kawai, da ɗaki guda ɗaya, da wata ƙaramar bukka. Tabbas mazauna Ismaila basu gamsu ba; An cire bukkar aka maye gurbinsa da wani ƙaramin gini a shekarar 1931, aka dasa ciyawa a filin. An ci gaba da faɗaɗawa a cikin shekarar 1943, lokacin da kulob ɗin ya sayi fili mai fadin murabba'in mita 15,000 ya koma can.
Gina kulob ɗin yana buƙatar kuɗi, kuma an tattara jimillar 6453 LE daga iyalai da 'yan kasuwa na gida. Ga jerin masu bayar da gudummuwa masu karimci:
Ɗan kwangila Mohamed Ali Ahmed ya ba da gudummawar 353 LE
Dr. Soleiman Eid da Saleh Eid sun ba da gudummawar 500 LE
Hajj Mohamed Mohamed Soliman ya bada gudunmawar LE100
Sayed Abu Zeid El Menyawy ya ba da gudummawar LE 100
Sheikh Ahmed Atta ya bada gudunmawar LE 75
Hajj Mohamed Sahmoud da Fahmy Michael sun ba da gudummawar 30 LE
Hajj Ahmed Ali El Menyawy ya ba da gudummawar 25 LE
Panayiotis Fasolis na Girka ya ba da gudummawar 20 LE
Wasan farko da ya gudana a cikin sabon filin wasa shi ne tsakanin Ismaily da Ƙungiyar Sojojin Ingila (Canal). An buɗe sabon kulob a hukumance a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilun 1947. An shirya taron biki don wannan taron. A wannan rana ne aka buga wasan sada zumunci tsakanin Ismaily da Farouk First Club (yanzu Zamalek). Ismaily ya ci wasan da ci 3/2.
Jerin sunayen Ismaily shi ne: Yango, Sayed Abu Greisha, Salem Salem, Ali Hegazy, Anoos El Kebir, Mohamed Abdel Salam, Aly Lafy, Ahmed Mansour, Ibrahim Hablos, Sayed Charley, Awad Abdel Rahman.
Manazarta http://www.ismaily-sc.com/home/index.php/the_waroncairo/28912.html
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na hukuma
Official Facebook
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Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017
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31355 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zartarwar%20Majalisar%20dinkin%20duniya%20akan%20hakkin%20kananan%20manoma | Zartarwar Majalisar dinkin duniya akan hakkin kananan manoma | Zartarwa akan Haƙƙin manoma (UNDROP a hukumance sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce game da haƙƙin ƙananan manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara, wani ƙuduri ne na UNGA kan haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da "fahimtar duniya", Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya shi cikin tsarin ta a shekara ta 2018.
Tarihi
Asali A cikin shekara ta 2008, La Via Campesina ne ya ƙaddamar da sanarwar 'yancin manoma Mata da maza wanda, tare da goyon baya daga sauran ƙungiyoyin jama'a, ya gabatar da shi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sashin Yancin Dan Adam.
Daga nan ne aka yi amfani da wannan rubutaccen tsarin a matsayin tushe tsakanin shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2019 don tattaunawa da rubutun sanarwar UNDROP ta ƙarshe. Tattaunawar ta sami goyon bayan kungiyoyin al'ummomi irin su La Via Campesina, FIAN International, ko kuma Europe–Third World Centre (CETIM), har ma da kungiyoyin masana kimiyya irin su Ƙungiyar kananan manoma na Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, da Wakilan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman da dama.
Hakkokin manoma Manufar haƙƙin ƙauye ya ginu akan haƙƙin ƙananan manoma da aka amince da su, da dai sauransu, a cikin Yarjejeniyar kuma Shuka ta FAO da kuma Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu.
Tattaunawar rubutu
Kafin a fara tattaunawar
Kaddamar Tattaunawar, wadda Bolivia ta jagoranta da farko, Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ya kaddamar da shi kuma a karshe Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi.
Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2018, an gabatar da daftarin kuduri A/HRC/39/L.16 ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke kare hakkin dan adama, wanda Algeria, Bolivia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Masar, Haiti, Kenya, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Philippines suka goyi bayan, Afirka ta Kudu, Togo, Venezuela da kuma kasar Falasdinu.
Daga baya an amince da shi tare da kuri'u 33 na amincewa, kasashe 11 kuma suka ki amincewa Belgium, Brazil, Croatia, Jamus, Iceland, Japan, Jamhuriyar Koriya, Slovakia, Slovenia da Spain) da 3 da (Australia, Hungary da Ingila) a matsayin kudurin HRC. 39/12.
Kwamitin Na Uku Majalisar A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, kwamitin na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da wani taron hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatocin kasashen waje, don tattauna daftarin UNDROP, inda wakilan Bolivia, Indonesia, Tarayyar Turai, Cuba da Afirka ta Kudu suka yi tsokaci. An gabatar da daftarin kuduri (A/C.3/73/L.30) ga kwamitin na uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba ta hanyar wakilin Bolivia tare da mai ba da gudummawa daga Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mongolia, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Portugal, Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Venezuela A ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, daftarin ya sami goyon baya daga Benin, Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka, Chadi, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Masar, Eritrea, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Laberiya, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya, Pakistan, Saint Kitts da Nevis Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saliyo, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe Daga baya aka gabatar da shi don kada kuri'a, wanda sakamakon ya kasance mai inganci: tare da kuri'u 119 da suka amince, kuri'u 7 suka nuna adawa (Australia, Hungary, Isra'ila, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States of America) da 49 suka ki.
Babban majalisi Na tsarin na 73 A babban taronta karo na 55 a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba 2018, zama na saba'in da uku na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartas da kuduri mai lamba 73/165, mai kunshe da UNDROP a matsayin kari, wanda gabatarwa ke karantawa:Majalisar Dinkin Duniya,
Da yake maraba da amincewar da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta yi, a cikin kudurinta mai lamba 39/12 na 28 ga Satumba 2018,1 na sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara.
Ya amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara, kamar yadda yake kunshe a cikin makala ga wannan kuduri;
Yana gayyatar gwamnatoci, hukumomi da kungiyoyi na tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati don yada sanarwar da kuma inganta girmamawa da fahimtar duniya;
Ya bukaci Sakatare-Janar ya hada da rubutun sanarwar a cikin bugu na gaba na Hakkokin Dan Adam: Tarin Kayayyakin Duniya.Kafin amincewa da hakan, wakilin Switzerland (daya daga cikin ƴan ƙasashen da ba su ci gaba ba) ya bayyana game da UNDROP cewa "yana neman taƙaita haƙƙin manoma a cikin takarda guda don ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da halin da suke ciki. Alamar siyasa ce mai matukar muhimmanci.” Kasashen da suka kada kuri'ar amincewa sun hada da Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua da Barbuda, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Central Central Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, Chad, Chile, Comoros, Kongo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Koriya ta Arewa, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Djibouti, Dominika, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Ecuador, Masar, El Salvador, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Moldova, Rwanda, Saint Kitts da Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent da Gre nadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Saliyo, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Afirka ta Kudu, Sudan ta Kudu, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Tanzania, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zambia da Zimbabwe Musamman, kasar Austiraliya, Guatemala, Hungary, Isra'ila, New Zealand, Sweden, Burtaniya da Amurka sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da sanarwar Kasashen da suka nuna rashin amincewa a zaben su ne Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, Faransa, Jojiya, Jamus, Girka, Honduras, Iceland, Ireland, Italiya, Japan, Kiribati, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Palau, Poland, Koriya ta Kudu, Romania, Rasha, Samoa, San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Arewacin Macedonia, Turkiyya, Tuvalu, Ukraine, da Vanuatu.
Abubuwan da ke ciki
Tsokaci Gabatarwar tana tunawa da jerin kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam, musamman:
Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata Alkawari akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da Al'adu Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Baƙi abubuwan da suka dace na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya Sanarwa kan Haƙƙin Ci Gaba Sanarwa kan Haqqoqin ‘Yan Qasa Har ila yau, gabatarwar ta ambaci ajanda na 2030 don ci gaba mai dorewa, da kuma dokokin duniya masu dacewa, kamar:
Yarjejeniyar Shuka (ITPGRFA),
Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Halittu
da Yarjejeniyar "Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Use" da suka taso daga Amfani da su Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO game da Alhaki na Gudanar da Mulkin Filaye, Kamun Kifi da Dazuzzuka a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Ƙasa,
Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO don Samar da Dorewa Kananan Kamun Kifi a cikin Tsarin Abinci da Kawar da Talauci.
Sharuɗɗan Sa-kai na FAO don Tallafawa Ci gaban Ci gaban Haƙƙin Samun Isasshen Abinci a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Abinci na Ƙasa Mukalai na 1, 2, 27 da 28: tanadi na gaba ɗaya Mukalai na 1 ya bayyana mahimman ra'ayoyi, Labari na 2 da 28 sun mayar da hankali kan babban wajibcin ƙasashe, sashe na 27 kuma ya lissafa nauyin da ke kan tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran ƙungiyoyin gwamnatoci Mukala na 3: daidaito Mukala na 3 ya gabatar da manufar daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci tsakanin manoma da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara.
Mukala na 4: mata Mataki na 4 na tunawa da babbar rawar da mata ke takawa a yankunan karkara, kuma ya yi kira da a daina nuna wariya ga mata, daidaita daidaiton jinsi, da shigar mata da shigar da su a kowane mataki.
Mukala na 5 da 18: hakkin yanayi Mataki na 5 ya mayar da hankali ne kan 'yancin manoma na samun albarkatun kasa, ciki har da albarkatun halittu, da kuma jin dadin hanyoyin ci gaba, musamman ma ci gaba mai dorewa Mataki na 18 ya cika ta ta hanyar ba da takamaiman haƙƙoƙin zuwa tsaftataccen muhalli, aminci da lafiya ga duk mutanen da ke aiki da rayuwa a yankunan karkara.
Mukala na 6, 7, 8 da 9: 'yanci da 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa Wannan bangare na sanarwar yana magana ne akan yancin rayuwa, tsaron mutane da kuma 'yancin walwala, 'yancin tunani, ra'ayi da bayyana ra'ayi, da kuma 'yancin ƙungiyoyi
Mukala na 10, 11 da 12: Adalci Mataki na 10, 11 da 12 sun mayar da hankali ne kan 'yancin shiga, 'yancin samun bayanai, da 'yancin yin shari'a, ciki har da samun adalci, cudanya cikin aminci, da kuma hakkin yin magani da ramuwa idan aka keta haƙƙin manoma. Mukala na 13, 14 da 16: hakkokin aiki Waɗannan matakai biyu suna magana game da haƙƙin yin aiki da haƙƙin yin aiki a cikin yanayi mai aminci da lafiya, tare da yanayin aiki da ya dace. Mataki na 16 ya kasance mai dacewa, kuma yana mai da hankali kan 'yancin samun kudin shiga mai kyau, 'yancin zabar da kula da rayuwar mutum, da hanyoyin samar da abin da aka zaba.
Mukala na 15: ikon mallakar abinci Mataki na 15 ya binciko ɗaya daga cikin manyan buƙatun ƙungiyoyin manoma a cikin shekaru: yancin abinci, amincin abinci da ikon mallakar abinci Mukala na 17: hakkin sauka
Mukala na 19: hakkin iri/shuka
Mukala na ashirin da 20: haƙƙin rayayyun halittu
Mukala na ashirin da daya: hakkin ruwa da tsaftataccen tsarin ruwa
Mukala na 22 da 23: 'yancin samun lafiya da tsaro Wannan sashin yana ginawa akan haƙƙin kowa don jin daɗin mafi girman ma'auni na lafiyar jiki da ta hankali haƙƙin lafiya kuma ya haɗa da takamaiman abubuwa kamar batun maganin gargajiya Mataki na ashirin da hudu: hakkin gidaje
Mukala na ashirin da biyar: haƙƙin ilimi
Mukala na ashirin da shida: 'yancin al'adu, ilimin gargajiya da maganganun gargajiya Wannan sashin yana mai da hankali kan al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu, musamman ilimin gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya Duba kuma
Hanyoyin haɗin ciki Haƙƙin ɗan adam
Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Hakkin ƴan asalin ƙasar
Haƙƙin abinci
Yarjejeniyar Shuka ta FAO (ITPGRFA)
Motsin manoma
Ta hanyar Campesina
Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Noman Iyali
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya da sauran mutanen da ke aiki a yankunan karkara kamar yadda babban taron ya amince da shi, 17 Disamba 2019 a cikin kuduri mai lamba 73/165.
Sigar da aka kwatanta ta Via Campesina ta buga
Bayyana Haƙƙin Ƙauye Mata da Maza. Mazaunan Duniya suna buƙatar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Makiyaya ta Duniya shawara ta farko ta Via Campesina
Bayanan kula da manazarta Amintattun halaye na duniya
Kundin shekara ta 2018
Harkokin 'yancin dan adam
Tarihin 'yancin dan adam
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19186 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadija%20Saye | Khadija Saye | Khadija Mohammadou Saye (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1992 –ta mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2017), wanda aka fi sani da Ya-Haddy Sisi Saye, ta kasance mai ɗaukar hoto a Gambiya -Biritaniya. Hoton ta ya binciko asalin ta Gambian-British kuma an nuna shi a cikin Pavilion na Kasashen waje a Venice Biennale a cikin shekara ta 2017. Saye ya mutu a gobarar Grenfell Tower Rayuwa da aiki An haifi Saye ne a kasar Landan kuma da farko ta halarci Makarantar Sion Manning Roman Katolika ta 'Yan mata a Arewacin Kensington. Tana 'yar shekara 16 ta sami gurbin karatu a makarantar Rugby da ke Rugby, dake a kasar Ingila. Daga baya kuma ta halarci Jami'a don Kirkirar Fasaha a Farnham kuma ta sami digiri na daukar hoto. Ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarta, Mary Ajaoi Augustus Mendy, a hawa na 20 na Grenfell Tower a Arewacin Kensington Artistan wasa Nicola Green ne ya kula da ita kuma ta zama abokai tare da mijinta Green, ɗan majalisar wakilai na Tottenham David Lammy Hoton Saye ya binciko asalin Gambiya -Birishiya. A cikin shekara ta 2017 jerin hotunanta masu taken Mazauni: a cikin wannan Space we Breathe, bisa ga ayyukan ruhaniya na Gambiya, an baje ta a cikin Pavilion na Diasporaasashen waje a 57th Venice Biennale .BBC ta kasance tana shirin watsa shirye-shiryenta a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni don shirin TV, Venice Biennale: Sink ko Swim, wanda ya hada da Saye. Shirin "ya bi ƙungiya daban-daban masu fasaha masu tasowa yayin da suke girka da shirya don ƙaddamar da Pavilion na Diasporaasashen Farko na farko a cikin palazzo na Venetian a lokacin Venice Biennale". An jinkirta shirin bayan gobara kuma aka watsa shi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2017.
Saye ta kasance mai kwazo da himma da ilimantarwa, ta ba da kanta a Jawaab don ilimantar da kuma ƙarfafa matasa Musulmi. Ayyukanta na daga cikin shirin sake buɗe gidan Yard na Kettle a Cambridge a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018. A cikin shekara ta 2018 an yi gwanjon ayyukan Saye a Christie's a matsayin wani ɓangare na Post-War da kuma Tallan Rana ta zamani. Nak Bejjen, ɗayan tintypes daga jerin gidajen mazauni: a wannan fili an siyar da numfashinmu akan 43,750. Tsakanin ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba da ranar 2 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 2019 wani fayil na kwafin silkscreen tara, mai taken A wannan sararin da muke numfashi an baje shi a Victoria Miro Gallery Wannan wani bangare ne na Rock My Soul, baje kolin baƙaƙen mata waɗanda mai zane Isaac Julien ya shirya A cikin shekara ta 2019, Gidan Tarihin Sufuri na kasar London ya ƙaddamar da shirin haɗin gwiwar ɗaukar hoto da sunan Saye. An saita aikin horon da aka biya a PEER da sunan Saye don matasa masu fasahar BAME. Saye tayi aiki a PEER a matsayin Accessan aikin Samun fromirƙira daga shekara ta 2015 -16. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2020 IntoUniversity da Nicola Green suka ƙaddamar da Shirin Khadija Saye IntoArts. Shirin ya magance matsalar BAME kasancewa cikin masana'antar kere-kere ta hanyar mai da hankali kai tsaye kan shingen da ke akwai ga matasa daga al'ummomin da ba su da galihu. Yana bayar da tallafi da jagoranci don taimakawa matasa don bincika Fasaha. Kaddamar da Khadija Saye IntoArts ya zo daidai da bayyana Breath is Invisible, Nine manyan-manyan kwafi na jerin Saye a cikin wannan sararin da muke numfashi an nuna su a fadin facade na waje na 236 Westbourne Grove a Yammacin London. Wannan shi ne karo na farko daga cikin nune-nunen uku da za a gudanar a sararin samaniya, dukkansu suna da nufin gano rashin daidaito tsakanin al'umma da rashin adalci.
Mutuwa Dukansu Saye da mahaifiyarta sun mutu a gobarar Grenfell Tower ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2017. Wadannan ta mutuwa, Tate Birtaniya ta sanar da cewa zai nuna wani silkscreen na daya daga cikin guda daga Dwellings jerin, Sothiou a shekara ta (2017), a cikin memorials sashe.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shirin BBC Uku game da Saye ciki har da hira (bidiyo)
Bakaken fata na ingila
Haifaffun 1992
Mutuwan 2017
Pages with unreviewed |
13433 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalilah%20Sabra | Khalilah Sabra | Khalilah Sabra (/h l ɪ l ə ta kasance yar' Amurka ce, mai gwagwarmaya Kuma marubuciya wadda ta shahara da aikinta akan 'yan gudun hijira a yankin gabas ta tsakiya da kuma wallafe-wallafen da gudummawa wajen Joe L. Kincheloe da Shirley R. Steinberg jerin zãlunci: al'adu Nazarin da Ilimi. Bayan abota a Cibiyar Gustavus Myers don Nazarin Bigotry da 'yancin ɗan adam, Sabra sadaukarwar ya rungumi tsarin ɗabi'a kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa ƙungiya, kasancewa ƙungiya ce ko mutum, tana da takalifi don aiki don amfanin jama'a a manyan shirye-shiryen ci gaba na zamantakewa tare da hanya daya: daga tsayawa kan al'amuran zamantakewa, zuwa hadin gwiwa mai karfi tare da kungiyoyi masu niyyar hadin kai. Ya kasance koyaushe ana ba da mahimmanci ga sadaukar da kan mutane a duniya a matsayin babbar hanyar karfafawa al'umma gabaɗaya sadaukar da kai wanda ke faɗaɗa fahimtar tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari da kewayon zaɓuɓɓuka, mu mutane kamar yadda muke da su don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da za a raba iko. Ra'ayinta na siyasa ciki har da dimokiradiyya na zamantakewa da kuma tsinkaye wanda ke ba da damar haɗawa da waɗanda ba su da labari. Khalilah Sabra tana da abubuwan da suka gabata na aiki tare da adalci daban-daban na zamantakewa da kungiyoyin agaji, kamar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da Duk wani nau'in nuna bambanci ga Matar (CEDAW), Amnesty International, da Cibiyar Shari'a ta Baƙi a San Francisco, California A yanzu haka tana kan kwamitin North Carolina Peace Action (NCPA), haɗin gwiwar masu bayar da shawarwari. Sabra ya taba yin aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin ACLU Racial Profiling Committee. A cikin rawar da ta taka a shirin ACLU Racial Shirin, Sabra ya ba da gudummawa ga bincike game da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam kan al'amuran da suka shafi Musulunci da Musulmi. Khalilah Sabra ta samu kyautar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa a shekarar 2013. An karrama Sabra saboda aikinta da 'yan gudun hijirar a Lebanon, Siriya, da kuma al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin Falasdinawa da Siriya da kuma rawar da ta taka a matsayin Darakta a Cibiyar Shari'ar baƙi ta Musulmin Amurka. A halin yanzu, Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Hukumar Gudanar da Shige da Fice ta amince da Khalilah Sabra don yin shawara a kan baƙi a shari'ar shige da fice don Nazarin Shige da Fice, Hukumar Gudanar da Shige da fice, da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida. A cikin op-ed na Seattle Times, Sabra ta rubuta, Ba dole ne Musulmai su wakilci kansu ta hanyar hare-hare a Amurka ba. Ta ce: "Karfin mutane ba shi da amfani sanda aka binne tunanin ci gaba ta karkashin keta haddi da kadaici. Mu, a matsayin al'umma, dole ne mu zana layi a cikin yashi. Dole ne shugabannin mu na al'umma su kara azama wajen tunatar da mambobinta abubuwan da addinin Musulunci ya koyar da mu, tare da wane irin kwazo da halin halayyar musulinci na asali yake mubi. Fiye da kowane, dole ne mu tabbatar kowane memba ya san yadda za a amsa buƙatuwa na tashin hankali a rayuwar Musulmi wanda a halin yanzu yake ma'amala dashi ayanzu da yadda alumma ke martini ga Musulunci." Ofishin Ministan Shari'a ya yi bita kan manufofin game da batun kallabi, A ranar Jumma'a, 16 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Mataimaki na musamman Mai Shari'a Neil Dalton ya sanar da cewa, a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 2007, duka abokan ciniki, ba tare da kowane irin kallabi ba, dole ne a dauki hotunansu ba tare da wani nau'in kallabi ba sai dai idan cire kallabin zai keta doka, hukuncin addini ko suturta kai ko an sa shine don dalilai na likita.
Manazarta "An Unordinary Death... The life of a Palestinian (9789077874363): K.C. Sabra: Books" Amazon.com Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 "Bismillah IslamCity RE: Re: Musulmai masu shan giya, kar su gwammace sta" Mail-archive.com. 29 Disamba 2007 Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 http://www.chapelhillfriends.org/nl/newsletter-2009-09.pdf Robertson, Campbell (28 July 2009). "An kama mutum a cikin Ta'addanci Case Bewilder Associates" Jaridar New York North Carolina Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 Strobino, Dante (14 August 2008). "Majalisar Jama'ar North Carolina ta fitar da wani shiri na aiki" Ma'aikata Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 "Hajj, Saudi Arabia, Rape, Prayer: A Muslim Feminist Outcry" Cibiyar Shalom Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> "Heirs Project Interviews with Khalilah Sabra" Bajakorin. 15 Oktoba 2007. Amintar da asalin daga 17 Agusta 2011 Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> "Khalilah Sabra's Photostream" Mai Fice Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> "Wake County, NC News, Weather, Entertainment, Sports Labaran Raleigh Labaran Cary NBC17.com" Wake.mync.com Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 Haɗin |
6438 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa | Kinshasa | Kinshasa (lafazi /kinshasa/) Birni ne, da ke a ƙasar Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango. Shi ne babban birnin ƙasar Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango. Kinshasa tana da yawan jama'a 12 071 000, bisa ga jimillar 2016. An gina birnin Kinshasa a ƙarshen karni na sha tara.
Birnin Kinshasa kuma yana daya daga cikin larduna 26 na DRC Saboda iyakokin gudanarwa na lardin birni sun ƙunshi yanki mai faɗi, sama da kashi 90 cikin 100 na ƙasar lardin birni ƙauye ne, kuma yankin birni yana da ɗan ƙaramin yanki amma faɗaɗawa a gefen yamma. Kinshasa ita ce yanki na uku mafi girma a Afirka bayan Alkahira da Legas Har ila yau, shi ne yanki mafi girma a duniya wanda aka fi sani da harshen Faransanci, wanda Faransanci ya kasance yaren gwamnati, ilimi, kafofin watsa labaru, sabis na jama'a da kasuwanci mafi girma a cikin birnin, yayin da Lingala ke amfani da shi azaman yare a kan titi. Kinshasa ta karbi bakuncin taron Francophonie na 14th a watan Oktoba 2012. Mazauna Kinshasa an san su da Kinois (a cikin Faransanci kuma wani lokacin cikin Ingilishi) ko Kinshasans (Turanci). Mutanen yankin sun hada da da Teke Birnin ya fuskanci Brazzaville, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Congo makwabciyarta Kodayake tazarar kogin yana tsakanin 2 zuwa 3 km fadi a wannan lokacin, biranen biyu sune manyan biranen biyu mafi kusa a duniya (bayan Vatican City da Rome Tarihi Henry Morton Stanley ya kafa birnin a matsayin wurin kasuwanci a shekara ta 1881. An ba shi suna Léopoldville don girmama Sarki Leopold II na Belgians, wanda ke iko da Jamhuriyar Kwango 'Yanci, babban yanki wanda a yanzu Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, ba a matsayin mulkin mallaka ba amma a matsayin dukiya mai zaman kansa. Matsayin ya sami bunƙasa a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa na farko da ake kewayawa a Kogin Kongo sama da Livingstone Falls, jerin hanzari sama da ƙasa da Leopoldville. Da farko, duk kayan da suka isa ta teku ko kuma aka aika ta teku dole ne ’yan dako su ɗauke su a tsakanin Léopoldville da Matadi, tashar jiragen ruwa da ke ƙasa da rapids da daga bakin teku. Kammala hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Matadi-Kinshasa, a cikin 1898, ya ba da madadin hanya a kusa da rapids kuma ya haifar da saurin ci gaba na Léopoldville. A cikin 1914, an shigar da bututun mai don a iya jigilar danyen mai daga Matadi zuwa masu tudun ruwa a Leopoldville. A shekara ta 1923, an ɗaukaka birnin zuwa babban birnin Kongo Belgian, wanda ya maye gurbin garin Boma a cikin yankin Kongo. Garin, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Léo" ko "Leopold", ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci kuma ya girma cikin sauri a lokacin mulkin mallaka
Bayan samun 'yencin kai a ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 1960, bayan tarzoma a shekara ta 1959, Jamhuriyar Kongo ta zabi firaministanta na farko, Patrice Lumumba wanda ake kallon ra'ayinsa na goyon bayan Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin barazana daga muradun kasashen yamma. Wannan kasancewar kololuwar yakin cacar baka, Amurka da Beljiyam ba su so su rasa ikon mallakar dabarun tattalin arzikin Kongo, musamman ma sinadarin Uranium. Kasa da shekara guda da zaben Lumumba, 'yan Belgium da Amurka sun sayi goyon bayan abokan hamayyarsa na Kongo tare da fara aiwatar da al'amuran da suka kai ga kisan Lumumba. A cikin 1964, Moïse Tshombe ya ba da umarnin korar dukkan 'yan Jamhuriyar Kongo, Burundi da Mali, da kuma duk 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga Rwanda A cikin 1965, tare da taimakon Amurka da Belgium, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu ya karɓe mulki a Kongo. Ya ƙaddamar da manufar Gaskiya ƙoƙarin sake sabunta sunayen mutane da wurare a cikin ƙasar. A cikin 1966, Léopoldville aka sake masa suna Kinshasa, don wani ƙauye mai suna Kinshasa wanda ya taɓa tsayawa kusa da wurin, a yau Kinshasa (kwamfuta) Birnin ya girma cikin sauri a karkashin Mobutu, inda ya jawo mutane daga ko'ina cikin kasar da suka zo neman dukiyarsu ko kuma su guje wa rikicin kabilanci a wasu wurare, wanda ya kara yawan kabilu da harsunan da aka riga aka samu a can
A shekara ta 1991 birnin ya zama tilas ya kare sojojin da suka tayar da tarzoma, wadanda ke nuna adawa da gazawar gwamnati na biyansu albashi. Daga baya aka fara boren 'yan tawaye, wanda a shekarar 1997 ya kawo karshen mulkin Mobutu. Kinshasa ta sha wahala sosai daga wuce gona da iri na Mobutu, cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa, son zuciya da yakin basasa wanda ya kai ga faduwarsa. Duk da haka, har yanzu ita ce babbar cibiyar al'adu da ilimi ga Afirka ta Tsakiya, tare da bunƙasa al'umma na mawaƙa da masu fasaha. Har ila yau, ita ce babbar cibiyar masana'antu ta kasar, inda ake sarrafa yawancin kayayyakin da ake kawowa daga ciki,
Joseph Kabila, shugaban Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango daga 2001 zuwa 2019, bai yi fice a Kinshasa ba. Tashin hankali ya barke bayan sanarwar nasarar Kabila a zaben 2006 da aka fafata; Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta tura dakaru EUFOR RD Congo domin shiga rundunar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a birnin. Sanarwar da aka fitar a shekarar 2016 na cewa za a jinkirta wani sabon zabe shekaru biyu ne ya haifar da zanga-zangar da aka yi a watan Satumba da Disamba wanda ya hada da shingaye a kan tituna tare da kashe mutane da dama. An rufe makarantu da kasuwanci.
Manazarta Biranen Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya |
50356 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisa%20%28manga%29 | Arisa (manga) | <onlyinclude>Arisa an haife ta a kasar jafanis ƙwararriyar wasan shojo ce kokari ta na cinma manufar manga fim ta bayyana Natsumi Ando ta bayyana shi ah mujallarna wata na kayoshi lokacin shekara febrari 2009,har zuwa lokacin satamba 2012.kodansha ta fitar da labari Sha biyu bound volume daga shekarar aprilu na 2009 zuwa satamba 2012.sun shirya fittar da Japan,tsubasa uehara amatsayin Mai bincike kenan ilmi fasaha lokacin ta mallaka wa Yar uwar ta gwayenta
Del Rey ya ba da lasisin jerin don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Ya buga kundi na farko a cikin Oktoba 2010, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, Kodansha USA ta ɗauki nauyin bugawa, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a cikin Janairu 2014. Masu karanta harshen Ingilishi sun karɓi jerin gwano mai inganci, tare da ɗimbin kundila guda uku da aka sanya a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga. Arisa gabaɗaya ta sami tabbataccen bita daga masu bitar harshen Ingilishi, kuma ƙarar farko da aka sanya a cikin jerin “Great Graphic Novels for Teens” a cikin 2011.
Makirci An saita a cikin Japan na zamani, makircin ya shafi Tsubasa Uehara da Arisa Sonoda kyawawan 'yan'uwa mata tagwaye da rabuwa da iyayensu suka rabu da su ta hanyar wasika. Daga karshe kuma ta sake zuwa a matsayin matashiya bayan shekaru uku, tomboyish Tsubasa tana da kishi, amma tana alfahari da fitacciyar ‘yar uwarta, idan aka kwatanta da rayuwarta ta makaranta inda ake kiranta da “Gimbiya Aljana”. Sa’ad da Arisa ta karɓi wasiƙa daga makarantarta da ke zarginta da cewa maciya amana ce, sai ta yi ƙoƙarin kashe kanta kuma ta koma. A gigice da bakin ciki, Tsubasa ta fito a matsayinta, tana zuwa makarantarta don jin dalilin da ya sa ta yi yunkurin kashe kanta. Ta sami labarin cewa ajin Arisa na aika sakon fatan alheri a wayoyinsu ga wanda ake kira King kowace Juma'a. Sarki yana ba da fata guda ɗaya kawai a mako, wanda ke haifar da tashin hankali. Tsubasa ya yanke shawarar dakatar da Sarki ya gano sunan mutumin don ceto Arisa, da fatan ya tashe ta daga suman da tayi.
Taimakawa a cikin binciken ta Akira Manabe Abokin karatun Arisa wanda ya koyi ainihin Tsubasa, ta ci karo da Mariko Takagi Abokin Arisa wanda Sarki ya yi amfani da shi; Midori Yamashita Abokin Arisa; Rei Kudō dalibin canja wuri wanda Arisa ta yi abokantaka a kan layi kuma wanda ke aiki a matsayin manzon Sarki; da Shizuka Mochizuki Abokin ƙuruciyar Manabe wanda ya rasa amfani da kafafunsa bayan wani yunkurin kashe kansa da Sarki ya yi. Arisa ta farka daga suman da take yi, amma ta yi kamar tana da amnesia ta koma bangaren Midori. Ta bayyana cewa ita ce Sarki na asali: ko da yake ta yi buri marar lahani tun da farko, ta saci amsoshin jarrabawar da Mariko ke so, saboda tsoron rashin jin daɗi idan ta ƙi. Midori ya kama ta a cikin wannan aikin, kuma ta raba aikin biyan bukatun ajin tare da shi, har sai da ya raunata mahaifiyarta, a kokarin cimma burinsa. Daga nan Midori ya maye gurbinta a matsayin Sarki, yana amfani da tashin hankali da cin zarafi don biyan bukatansa. A tsorace ta zaluntarsa da ganin kamanceceniya da ke tsakaninsu, sai ta kai ga tagwayenta, tana fatan Tsubasa ta iya tona gaskiya. Tsubasa ya sami labarin cewa Midori ya sami rauni a hankali tun yana ƙuruciyarsa bayan mahaifiyarsa ta watsar da shi kuma ya shaida tagwayensa, Akari, ya mutu saboda sakaci Daga baya ta dakile yunkurinsa na kashe mahaifiyarta, saboda ya tsani mahaifiyarsa kuma ya yi imani da cewa Arisa ma yana son nata. Arisa ta furta cewa tana sonsa don ya lura da kaɗaicinta, kuma ya gane cewa shima yana sonta. A ƙarshe, mahaifiyar Arisa ta ba da ƙarin lokaci tare da ita, kuma Arisa ta sulhunta da Tsubasa.
Ci gaba Manga artist Natsumi Ando 's Concept art of Arisa tana da nau'ikan Tsubasa guda biyu na baya tare da tsayi mai tsayi da tsayin kafada, bi da bi. Ando da farko ya ji damuwa game da rashin yiwuwar abokiyar soyayya ga Tsubasa, saboda masu sauraron Arisa yan mata ne; duk da haka, yayin da manga ya ci gaba, ta yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "maganin siyarwa." A sakamakon haka, ta sami damar mai da hankali kan tunanin Tsubasa game da tagwayen ta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara jerin abubuwan manga, Ando ya ƙirƙiri "Tsubasa", wani babin kari da ke mai da hankali kan yadda Arisa ta yi kamar ta zama ƙanwarta; ta ci gaba da jinkirta fitowar ta, saboda da alama bai dace ba a sami labarin bonus tare da Arisa ta bayyana lokacin da ta nutse a cikin babban labarin ta. A cewar Ando, ya sanya babi mai kyau da za a kammala jerin.
Fitarwa Natsumi Ando ne ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta sauraro na Arisa, sun bayyana a jere a cikin mujallar manga na wata-wata Nakayoshi daga fitowar Fabrairu 2009 zuwa fitowar Satumba 2012. Kodansha ya tattara saurari zuwa littafi goma sha biyu, kuma ya buga su daga Afrilu 28, 2009, zuwa Satumba 6, 2012. A cikin 2009, Del Rey ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya ba da lasisin jeri don fassarar yaren Ingilishi a Arewacin Amurka. Del Rey ya fitar da ƙarar farko a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2010; Kodansha USA ya ci gaba da buga jerin, tare da ƙarar ƙarshe da aka buga a Janairu 21, 2014. Kodansha a Burtaniya ma ya buga bugu na dijital na jerin. Carlsen Comics kuma an fassara Arisa zuwa Jamusanci.
liyafa Arisa ta sami kyakkyawar kulawa daga masu karatun na Turanci. Juzu'i na biyu, na biyar, da na shida kowanne an sanya su a cikin Jerin Mafi kyawun Masu siyarwa na New York Times na manga.
Ƙungiyar Sabis na Laburaren Matasa ta sanya ƙarar farko na Arisa a cikin jerin "Babban Zane-zane don Matasa" na 2011. Deb Aoki na About.com ya sake nazarin ƙarar farko na Arisa da kyau, yana yaba shi a matsayin "mai tursasawa" da "labari mai duhu" fiye da aikin Ando na baya Gimbiya Gimbiya daga baya ta sanya Arisa a cikin jerin 2010 na "Mafi kyawun Sabon Manga" don nau'in shojo A cewar Matthew Warner na Mania Entertainment, farkon clichéd-da alama haruffa da bayyanan jigo sun taimaka wajen samar da "bambanci mai ƙarfi" ga babban labarin da "lalata da karkatacciyar yanayin ɗabi'ar Arisa". Yayin da yake lura da kasancewar clichés da "ramukan makirci", Carlo Santos na Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime ya ji daɗin ƙarar farko, yana kwatanta shi a matsayin Naoki Urasawa mai salo na shoujo, wanda aka gina akan yadudduka na sirrin jaraba"; yana da ra'ayi iri ɗaya game da zane-zane nata, inda ya rubuta cewa ya ba da labarin da kyau, amma ba shi da wani salo na fasaha na musamman. A cikin bitarta na juzu'i na uku, Rebecca Silverman, wata mai bita don Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Anime, ta rubuta cewa yayin da tsarin tsakiyar makarantar ya ji abin yarda da shi kuma asirin ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, wasu bangarori na makircin suna ƙoƙarin dakatar da karatu na rashin imani, da kuma zane-zane, kodayake yawanci yana da daɗi, ya kasa zama mai ban tsoro mai gamsarwa yayin al'amuran ban tsoro. A cikin bita na bita na littattafai na goma sha ɗaya da na goma sha biyu, Silverman ya fassara Arisa a matsayin gwagwarmaya tare da na Stockholm kuma ya rubuta cewa ba shi da damuwa, kamar yadda ta ƙarshe, halin har yanzu ya kasance a cikin "dangantakar da ba ta da." Ta ji daɗin wannan tuhuma kuma ta rubuta cewa labarin baya na Midori ya isa ya bayyana ayyukansa, ta ƙarasa da cewa "Arisa ta kasance mai hawan daji, abin |
14465 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madatsar%20ruwan%20Akosombo | Madatsar ruwan Akosombo | Madatsar ruwan Akosombo, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Madatsar ruwan Volta (da Turanci Akosombo Dam ko Volta Dam), madatsar ruwa ce da ke kan Kogin Volta da ke kudu maso gabashin Ghana a cikin kwazazzabar Akosombo da wani bangare na hukumar Kogin Volta. Gina madatsar ruwan ya mamaye wani ɓangare na Kogin Volta, kuma ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Tafkin Volta mai zuwa. Ambaliyar da ta haifar da tafkin Volta ya raba mutane da dama da muhallansu kuma ya yi matukar tasiri ga yanayin yankin. Tafkin Volta shine babban tafki da mutum yayi a duniya ta hanyar yanki. Tana ɗaukar wanda shine 3.6% na yankin ƙasar Ghana. Tare da girman kilomita dubu dari da arba'in da takwas, Tafkin Volta shine tafki na uku mafi girma a duniya da mutum yayi da girma, mafi girma shine Tafkin Kariba wanda yake tsakanin Zimbabwe da Zambiya a Kudancin Afirka kuma yana da ruwa mai tsawon cubic kilomita 185. Manufa ta farko na Akosombo Dam ya zuwa samar da wutar lantarki ga aluminum masana'antu. An kira Dam din Akosombo "mafi girman jari guda cikin tsare-tsaren bunkasa tattalin arzikin Ghana." Dam din yana da mahimmanci don samar da yawancin wutar lantarki ta Togo da Benin, duk da cewa gina Dam din Adjarala na fatan rage dogaro da wadannan kasashe kan wutar lantarki da ake shigowa da su. Asalin wutar lantarki da madatsar ta samu ya kai wanda aka inganta zuwa a cikin aikin retrofit wanda aka kammala a 2006.
Tarihi Masanin kimiyya Albert Ernest Kitson ne ya ɗauki dam ɗin a cikin 1915, amma ba a shirya wani shiri ba har zuwa 1940s. An gabatar da cigaban Kogin na Volta a cikin 1949, amma saboda kudaden basu isa ba, kamfanin Amurka Volta Aluminium Company (Valco) ya ba Ghana rance don a gina madatsar ruwan. Kwame Nkrumah ya amince da aikin samar da wutar lantarki daga Kogin Volta. A karshe tsari kayyade ginin wani aluminum smelter a Tema, a dam gina a Akosombo iko da smelter, da kuma wani cibiyar sadarwa na ikon Lines shigar ta kudancin kasar Ghana. Daga baya ana tsammanin mai narkar da karafa na aluminium zai samar da kudaden shigar da suka dace don kafa hakar ma'adanin bauxite da tace shi, wanda zai ba da damar samar da aluminium ba tare da shigo da alumina ta waje ba. Bunkasar masana'antar aluminium a cikin Ghana ya dogara ne akan samarda wutar lantarki. Kamfanin ba'amurke mai suna Kaiser Aluminium ne ya sa ido kan aikin narkar da narkon alminium din, kuma kamfanin na Valco ne ke kula da shi. Mai narkar da karafan ya sami jarinsa na kudi daga hannun masu hannun jari na Valco, tare da tallafi daga Bankin Export-Import na Washington, DC. Koyaya, Valco bai saka hannun jari ba tare da farko ya buƙaci inshora daga gwamnatin Ghana ba, kamar keɓewar kamfanoni daga haraji akan kasuwanci da ragin siyan wutar lantarki. Kimanin kudin aikin, gabaɗaya, an kiyasta dala 258 miliyan. A watan Mayu 1960, gwamnatin Ghana ta yi kira da a bayar da tayin takara don gina madatsar ruwan. A cikin 1961, wani kamfanin Italia, Impregilo wanda ya kammala Dam din Kariba, ya sami kwangilar. Sun gudanar da aikin hako gadon kogin da kuma lalata tashar, kuma suka kammala madatsar wata daya kafin lokacin da aka tsara duk da ambaliyar kogin Volta a 1963 wanda ya jinkirta aiki sama da watanni uku. Tsakanin 1961 da 1966, ma'aikatan Impregilo 28 suka mutu yayin gina madatsar ruwan. Tunawa da tunawa a garin Akosombo da St. Barbara Cocin Katolika an sanya su don girmama su. A cikin 1961, Majalisar Dokokin Ghana ta kafa Hukumar Kogin Volta (VRA) ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Bunkasa Kogin Volta. Sabbin ayyukan VRA mambobi shida ne suka tsara kuma Kwame Nkrumah a matsayin shugaba. Babban aikin VRA shine gudanar da bunkasar Kogin Volta, wanda ya hada da ginawa da kuma lura da madatsar ruwan, tashar wuta da kuma hanyar sadarwar wutar. Kungiyar VRA ce ke da alhakin tafkin da madatsar ruwan ta mamaye, kamun kifi a cikin tabkin, safarar tabki da sadarwa, da jin dadin wadanda ke kewaye da tabkin. An gina madatsar ruwan ne tsakanin 1961 da 1965. Gwamnatin Ghana ce ta aiwatar da ci gabanta kuma ta biya kuɗaɗen 25% daga Bankin Duniya don sake ginawa da haɓaka Bankin Duniya, Amurka, da Ingila Gina madatsar ruwan na Akosombo ya haifar da ambaliyar wani ɓangare na Kogin Volta da filayen da ke gefen ta, da kuma ƙirƙirar Tafkin Volta wanda ya rufe kashi 3.6% na ƙasar Ghana baki ɗaya. An kirkiro Lake Volta tsakanin 1962 da 1966, kuma ya zama dole a canza wurin kusan 80,000 mutane, waɗanda suka wakilci 1% na yawan jama'a. Mutanen 700 kauyuka sun koma cikin 52 kauyukan sake tsugunar da shekaru biyu kafin cikar tafkin; shirin sake matsuguni yana karkashin jagorancin VRA. Kashi biyu cikin ɗari na mutanen da aka sake tsugunar da su masunta ne kuma galibi manoma ne da ke cin abinci. Yankin Gabashin Ghana da yawan mutanen da aka haɗu a cikin gundumominta, sun kasance mafi yawan tasirin aikin. A farkon shekara ta 2007, an nuna damuwa kan wutar lantarki da ake samu daga madatsar saboda ƙarancin ruwa a tafkin Volta. Wasu majiyoyi sun ce hakan ya samo asali ne daga matsaloli na fari wadanda sakamakon dumamar yanayi ya haifar. A ƙarshen rabin shekarar 2007, yawancin wannan damuwar sun ragu lokacin da ruwan sama mai karfi ya faɗo a yankin ruwan Kogin Volta. A cikin 2010, an rubuta matakin ruwa mafi girma a madatsar ruwan. Wannan ya haifar da buɗe ƙofofin ambaliyar a tsaunukan tafki na kuma tsawon makonni da yawa, ruwa ya malala daga tabkin, wanda ya haifar da wasu ambaliyar zuwa can kasa.
Zane Dam din doguwa kuma mai girma, wanda ya ƙunshi babban dam mai cike dutsen. Tana da fadin tushe na da kuma tsarin tsari na Ruwan da madatsar ruwa ta kirkira, tafkin Volta, yana da damar da kuma fadin fili na Tekun dogo Matsakaicin tafki shine kuma mafi ƙarancin shine A gefen gabashin madatsar ruwan akwai wasu magudanan ruwa guda biyu wadanda zasu iya sauke kimanin na ruwa Kowace kwararar ruwa ta ƙunshi shida -a ko'ina kuma -kullun karfen ambaliyar karfe.
Tashar wutar lantarki ta Akosombo Cibiyar samar da wutar ta madatsar ruwan ta ƙunshi shida na Francis. Ana kawo kowace turbine da ruwa ta hanyar tsayi da pencil tare da matsakaicin na kan mai karfin ruwa.
Rarraba wutar lantarki Dam din ya samar da wutar lantarki ga Ghana da makwabtan ta na kasashen Afirka ta Yamma, ciki har da Togo da Benin. Da farko an samar da kashi 20% na wutar lantarki ta Akosombo Dam (wanda yakai kashi 70% na bukatar kasa) ga 'yan Ghana ta hanyar wutar lantarki, sauran kashi 80% an samar dasu ne ga Kamfanin Volta Aluminium na Volta (VALCO) mallakar Amurka. An tilasta Gwamnatin Gana, ta hanyar kwangila, ta biya sama da kashi 50% na kudin ginin Akosombo, amma an yarda da kasar ne kawai 20% na wutar da aka samar. Wasu masu sharhi suna da damuwa cewa wannan misali ne na mulkin mallaka. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan samarwa daga kamfanin VALCO ya ragu tare da mafi yawan ƙarin ƙarfin aiki a cikin Akosombo wanda aka yi amfani da shi don haɓaka buƙatun cikin gida.
Tasiri Dam din Akosombo ya sami fa'idodin wasu masana'antu da tattalin arziki daga ƙari na safarar tafki, ƙarar kamun kifi, sabbin ayyukan noma a gabar teku, da yawon buɗe ido. wutar da aka samar ya samar da buƙatu na farko a cikin Ghana, yayin da ya samar da wutar ga ƙasashe maƙwabta na Togo da Benin. Haɓaka masana'antu da tattalin arziƙin Ghana ya haifar da buƙatar buƙata mai ƙarfi, fiye da ƙarfin tashar wutar lantarki ta Akosombo. Zuwa 1981, an gina ƙaramar madatsar ruwa a garin Kpong, daga ƙasan Akosombo kuma ƙarin haɓakawa zuwa Akosombo ya zama dole don kiyaye samar da wutar lantarki. Da farko, karfin samar da wutar dam din ya wuce ainihin bukatun; yayin da, bukatar tunda aka fara madatsar ta haifar da noman samar da wutar lantarki sau biyu. Demandsara yawan buƙata don iko ya wuce abin da za a iya bayarwa ta hanyoyin yau da kullun. Bukatun wutar lantarki, tare da yanayin muhalli da ba a zata ba, sun haifar da juyawa da manyan katsewar wutar lantarki. An lura da yanayin yanayin ƙananan tafkin gaba ɗaya, wani lokacin ƙasa da abin da ake buƙata don aikin Dam Akosombo.
Mahalli mazauninsu A lokacin da aka gina madatsar ruwan a Akosombo, an sami raguwar cigaba a yawan amfanin gona a gefen tabkin da kuma rarar. Kasar da ke kewaye da Tafkin Volta ba ta da dausayi kamar yadda ƙasar da take noman da take zaune a ƙasan tafkin, kuma aikin noma mai yawa ya riga ya gajiyar da ƙarancin ƙasa. Tsarin aikin gona na kasa yana rasa wadatar kasa ba tare da ambaliyar lokaci-lokaci da ke kawo abinci mai gina jiki ga kasar ba kafin ambaliyar ruwan ta dakatar da ita. Bunkasar aikin noma mai karfin gaske ya haifar da hauhawar takin zamani da ke guduwa cikin kogi. Wannan, tare da gudu daga hannayen shanu da ke kusa da gurɓatar ruwan najasa, sun haifar da eutrophication na ruwan kogin. Ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki, a haɗe da ƙarancin motsi na ruwa, ya ba da izinin mamaye ciyawar ruwa (Ceratophyllum). Wadannan ciyawar sun zama babban kalubale ga zirga-zirgar ruwa da sufuri.
Lafiyar Jama'a Kasancewar ciyawar cikin ruwa a bakin tafki da kuma cikin rafuka ya haifar da ma illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam na gari. Ciyawar tana samar da mazaunin da ya dace don ƙwarin baƙi, sauro da katantanwa, waɗanda sune magudanar cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta ruwa kamar su bilharzia, makantar kogi da malaria. Tun da aka sanya dam din, wadannan cututtukan sun karu sosai. Musamman, kauyukan sake tsugunne sun nuna karuwar yaduwar cututtuka tun bayan kafuwar tafkin Volta, kuma yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta ya yi daidai da kusancin ta da tabkin. Yara da masunta sun kasance cikin mawuyacin hali sakamakon wannan kamuwa da cutar. Bugu da kari, lalatar da yanayin ruwa ya haifar da raguwar yawan jatan lande da na clam. Lafiyar jikin al'ummomin gida ta ragu daga wannan asarar da aka yi na yawan kifin kifin, kamar yadda suka samar da tushen asalin furotin na abinci. Hakanan, tattalin arziƙin ƙauyuka da na masana'antu sun sami asarar kuɗaɗe da ke tattare da lalata noman rafin kogi.
Tattalin arziki Rashin ƙasar da mutane 80,000 suka fuskanta ta hanyar tilasta musu matsuguni ya zama sanadin asarar ayyukan tattalin arzikinsu na farko daga kamun kifi da noma, asarar gidajensu, asarar wuraren kabarin danginsu, rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin al'umma, da kuma rasa muhimman dabi'u na zamantakewar al'umma. Shirin sake matsugunin ya nuna irin rikitarwa da zamantakewar da ke tattare da kafa al'ummomin "masu zaman tare da hadewa". Rashin isasshen tsari ya haifar da ƙaurar al'ummomin zuwa yankunan da ba su da ikon wadatar da rayuwarsu da al'adunsu na da. Rashin ƙasa mai dausayi a ƙasan Tafkin Volta da gaske ya haifar da asarar ayyukan noman gargajiya. Yanayin talaucin rayuwa da aka bayar a cikin ƙauyukan matsuguni ya nuna ta hanyar rage yawan jama'a tun lokacin sake matsuguni. Daga cikin ƙauyukan tsugunar musamman sun sami raguwar yawan mutane sama da 50% a cikin shekaru 23 bayan ƙaura. Akasarin haɗarin tattalin arziki da ƙwarewar talauci suna haɗuwa da waɗancan al'ummomin da cigaban Kogin Volta ya fi shafa. Yawan ƙaurawar ɗan adam da lalacewar albarkatun ƙasa a cikin yankin yankin Volta-basin, sune kayan talauci hade da matsin lamba.
Cuta Yawan ƙaura na 'yan adam a cikin yankin ya haifar da talauci da yanayin sake tsugunar da marasa kyau. Wannan ƙaura ya ba da damar rage ƙwayar cutar ta HIV kuma tun daga lokacin ya haifar da ƙaruwa sosai tsakanin al'ummomin Basin na Volta. Gundumomin Manya Krobo da Yilo Krobo, waɗanda ke tsakanin kudu maso yammacin yankin Volta Basin, galibi 'yan asalin al'ummomin ne da suka sami yaduwar kwayar cutar HIV. Halin da ake ciki ya nuna ƙarfin abubuwan cikin gida akan waɗannan gundumomin. An kafa aikin yin jima'i ta hanyar mayar da martani ga dubban ma'aikata maza waɗanda ke yankin don gina madatsar. Kashi goma na mata masu haihuwa daga wadannan gundumomi biyu sun yi ƙaura daga gundumominsu a wannan lokacin. A 1986, "90% na wadanda ke fama da cutar kanjamau a Ghana mata ne, kuma kashi 96% daga cikinsu ba su dade da zama a wajen kasar ba". Dam din Akosombo da sauran madatsun ruwa na Volta River Hydro Development Project sun karu sosai da yaduwar cututtukan schistosomiasis.
Yanayi na zahiri An yi rikodin girgizar kasa da ke haifar da tafki saboda gyare-gyaren ɓawon daga ƙarin ruwan da ke cikin tafkin Volta. Akwai canjin gabas na bakin kogin daga canje-canjen zuwa yankin kogin kuma wannan ya haifar da cigaba da zaizayar bakin ruwa. Canje-canjen da aka samu a cikin kogin hydrology sun canza kasafin kudin zafi na cikin gida wanda ya haifar da sauyin yanayin sauyin yanayi kamar rage ruwan sama da matsakaicin yanayi na wata-wata. Duk waɗannan tasirin tasirin muhalli mafi girma duka zasu ƙara haɓaka matsalolin da ke tattare da rikice-rikice ga ayyukan tattalin arziƙin cikin gida da alaƙa, mawuyacin yanayin jin daɗin ɗan adam. Wani bincike na harka da Kungiyar Malaman Kasa da Kasa ta nuna cewa madatsar ruwan ta yi tasiri matuka kan zaizayar gabar tekun da ke raba shingen Keta da teku. Dokta Isaac Boateng ya kirga raguwar danshi mai gudana kamar daga miliyan 71 m3/a zuwa kadan kamar miliyan 7 m3/a.
Duba kuma Gadar Adomi Bui Dam
Bayani
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52079 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamzat%20Lawal | Hamzat Lawal | Hamzat B. Lawal mai fafutukar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ne. Shi ne wanda ya kafa "Follow The Money", wani yunƙuri na bibiya da bahasin kasafin kudi da kashewa na gwamnatin tarayya wanda ya ƙunshi manazarta bayanai, 'yan jarida, masu fafutuka, da ɗalibai. Hamzat kuma shi ne Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa na Connected Development (CODE), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke ba wa al’ummar Afirka masu rauni damar samun bayanai kan yadda za su kara hada gwiwa wajen tabbatarda an aiwatarda ayyukan gwamnatinsu.
Farkon Tasowarsa Lawal dan jihar Kogi ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Model Asokoro da ke Abuja, kuma ya kasance shugaban ‘yan Scout, a lokacin da yake karatun sakandire a makarantar gwamnati ta Karu da ke jihar Nasarawa, ya yi aiki a matsayin kodinetan kungiyar Boys Scout da kuma Utility Prefect. Sannan ya yi makarantar sakandare a Seta International College, Jihar Nasarawa.
Karatun Gaba da Sakandare Lawal ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Abuja, inda ya yi digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa.
Kwarewar Aiki Ya yi aiki a matsayin Rep Serviceman a wani kamfanin fasahar sadarwa, daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin kwararre kan fasahar sadarwa tare da Cibiyar Ksa-da-kasa kan Makamashi, Muhalli da Raya Kasa (ICEED) a lokacin da sha'awar canjin yanayi ta karu. Lokacin da maigidan nasa ya lura da fannin sha'awarsa, sai ya ba shi shafin Kundin-Tsarin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yanar gizo akan canjin yanayi don yin bincike, kuma bayan ya bi takaddu da ka'idoji, ya sami ƙarin sha'awar wannan yanki. Daga baya ya yi rajista tare da dandamali da yawa na canjin yanayi kuma ya shiga cikin ayyuka da yawa.
A shekarar 2012, Lawal ya ji takaicin irin gubar da aka sha a jihar Zamfara shekaru biyu da suka wuce. Sannan a Lokacin da ya fahimci cewa babu wanda ke magana game da bala'in wanda ya janyo rasa mtane sama da 400, sai ya yi tafiyar sa'o'i 14 zuwa cikin al'ummar Bagega, inda lamarin ya faru don ya ƙara karantar lamarin bayan aukuwar matsalar. Wannan ya zaburar da shi zuwa ga fafutukar al’umma da kuma fara wani yunkuri mai tushe da aka fi sani da Follow The Money, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai don rikar gwamnati da hakki, da kuma neman dauki daga hukumomin gwamnati. A watan Maris 2021, Hamzat Lawal yayi nasarar lashe kyautar $120,000 na Gasar Aiki Mai Dorewa na Gothenburg.
Fafutuka Lawal ya fara fafutuka ne a lokacin da yake Jami'ar Abuja. Daga nan kuma ya dauki nauyin bayar da shawarwari domin shugabanci nagari a tsakanin dalibai da kuma cikin al'ummar dalibai. Ya ci gaba da tofa albarkacin bakinsa kan cin hanci da rashawa, take hakkin dan Adam da kuma tauye hakkin matasa da sauran ‘yan kasa. A cikin 2013, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jihar ta kusan kama shi bayan an zarge shi da tunzura matasa a kan gwamnatin lokacin.
Ayyuka Lawal dai shi ne mukaddashiun fafutuka na kungiyar ‘Not Too Young To Run’, kungiyar matasan Najeriya da ke goyon bayan ‘yancin matasa na tsayawa takarar mukaman siyasa ya tabbatar da cewa an zartar da dokar rage shekaru a fadin kasa, wanda ke inganta shigar matasa siyasar Najeriya. Shi mamba ne a hukumar zartarwa ta Afirka Youth Initiative on Climate Change.
Kwato Yancin Bagega Fafutukar Kwato Yancin Bagega wanda akayiwa lakabi da "#SaveBagega" wani kamfen ne da aka fara a shafin Twitter lokacin da Hamzat ya fara amfani da hashtag a lokacin da ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter game da cutar gubar dalma a garin Bagega da ke jihar Zamfara. A cikin watan Mayun 2012, kungiyar likitoci ta Doctors Without Borders ta bayar da rahoton cewa akalla yara 4,000 ne ke fama da cutar dalma sakamakon aikin hako zinare da aka yi a jihar Zamfara a Najeriya. A cikin wannan shekarar ne kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kara yin kira ga gwamnatin Najeriya da ta yi alkawarin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 5 don tsaftace wuraren da aka gurbata da gubar a yayin aikin hako zinare na sana’ar saboda yawan gubar dalma a cikin duwatsu. A lokacin taron Human Right's Watch a #SaveBagega, an ba da rahoton mutuwar yara fiye da 400 kuma yawancin yaran ba a iya kula da su ba.
A cikin Janairu 2013, yakin ya kai kimanin mutane miliyan daya, kuma yawancin kafofin watsa labaru sun dauki labarin.. A karshen wannan watan, gwamnatin tarayya ta saki dala miliyan biyar da digo uku (5.3m).
Karramawa 2017: Kyautar Afirka ɗaya
2018: Apolical's 100 Mafi Tasiri a Gwamnatin Digital
2018: Kyautar-Cancanta a Tattalin Arzikin Afirka
2019: The Future Awards Africa (nau'in shawarwari)
2019: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Action Awards
2020: Gwarzon Ilimi na Duniya, Malala Foundation
2021: BeyGOOD's Global Citizen Fellowship
2021: Ƙwararrun Ƙirƙirar Dimokuradiyya ta Majalisar Turai
2021: Fitattun Matasa Goma, Junior Chamber International Nigeria
2021: Jakadi mai girma a Isra'ila 2021: Gwarzon WIN WIN Gothenburg Kyautar Dorewa
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41678 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubeida | Zubeida | Zubeida Begum Dhanrajgir (1911 21 Satumba 1988) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya. Ta fito a fim ɗin Indiya mai magana na farko Alam Ara (1931). Ƙididdigar ta sun haɗa da farkon hits Devdas (1937), da Sagar Movietone 's first talkie, Meri Jaan Rayuwar farko An haifeta a shekara ta 1911 a garin Surat na Gujarat a yammacin Indiya, Zubeida ɗiyar Nawab Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan na jihar Sachin ce, da Fatima Begum. Tana kuma da kanne biyu, Sultana da Shehzadi, dukkansu ƴan fim ne. Ta kasance cikin ’yan matan da suka shiga fim tun suna ƙanana a lokacin da ba a ganin sana’ar da ta dace da ‘yan mata daga iyalai masu daraja.
Sana'a Zubeida tana shekara 12 kacal lokacin da ta fara fitowa a wani fim mai suna; Kohinoor. A cikin shekarun 1920 ta bayyana a wani fim tare da Sultana wanda, a lokacin, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan matan fina-finan Indiya. Ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan da ƴan’uwan ta biyu za su fito shi ne Kalyan Khajina a shekarar 1924. Sun kuma fito a cikin fim ɗin farko na Zubeida, mai taken Veer Abhimanyu wanda aka saki shekaru biyu baya, wanda kuma mahaifiyarsu, Fatima Begum, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fim ɗin.
A cikin 1925 Zubeida ta fito acikin fina-finai guda tara, daga cikinsu akwai Kala Chor, Devdasi da Desh Ka Dushman Bayan shekara guda ta fito a fim ɗin mahaifiyarta, Bulbul-e-Paristan. Shekarar 1927 ya kasance abin tunawa a gare ta da fina-finai Laila Majnu, Nanand Bhojai da Naval Gandhi's Sacrifice waɗanda fina-finai ne da suka yi tashe sosai a wannan lokacin. Na karshen, bisa Rabindranath Tagore's 'Balidan', ta kuma fito a cikin Sulochana Devi, Master Vithal da Jal Khambatta. Ta yi Allah wadai da tsohuwar al'adar hadaya ta dabba a wurin bauta na Kali dake a Bengal. Membobin Kwamitin Cinematograph na Indiya sun ji daɗin wannan "kyakkyawan fim ɗin Indiya da gaske". Membobinta na Turai sun ba da shawarar a aika da ita zuwa ƙasashen waje don tantancewa.
Zubeida ta fito a wasu fina-finai kafin Alam Ara. Ba zato ba tsammani ta kasance mai matukar buƙata kuma ta sami albashi sama da matsayin albashi mace a cikin masana'antar fim a lokacin. A cikin shekarun 30s zuwa farkon 40s ta yi fice tare da Jal Merchant kuma ta yi tauraro a cikin manyan fina-finai na tarihi masu nasara da suka yi wasa kamar Subhadra, Uttara da Draupadi. Ta kuma yi nasara wajen nuna motsin rai tare da fina-finai irin su Ezra Mir 's Zarina wanda ya sa ta ta yi wasan ƙwanƙwasa, yarinya mai ban mamaki, wacce sumbanta ta ɗaga fuskarta kuma ta haifar da zazzafar muhawara kan sahihanci. Zubeida ta kasance daya daga cikin ’yan fim din da suka yi nasarar sauya sheka daga zamanin shiru zuwa zance.
A cikin 1934 ta kafa Mahalakshmi Movietone tare da Nanubhai Vakil kuma tana da bonanzas na ofis a Gul-e-Sonobar da Rasik-e-Laila Ta ci gaba da fitowa a fina-finai daya ko biyu a shekara har zuwa 1949. Nirdosh Abla shine fim dinta na karshe.
Rayuwa ta sirri Zubeida ta auri Maharaj Narsingir Dhanrajgir Gyan Bahadur na Hyderabad. Ita ce mahaifiyar Humayun Dhanrajgir da Dhurreshwar Dhanrajgir. Dhurreshwar ita ce mahaifiyar samfurin Rhea Pillai.
Fina-finai
Gul-e-Bakavali (1924)
Manorama (1924)
Prithvi Vallabh (1924)
Sati Sardarba (1924)
Kala Chor (1925)
Devadasi (1925)
Indrasabha (1925)
Ra Navghan (1925)
Rambha of Rajnagar (1925)
Deshna Dushman (1925)
Yashodevi (1925)
Khandani Khavis (1925)
Sati Simantini (1925)
Bulbule Paristan (1926)
Kashmeera (1926)
Raja Bhoj (1926)
Indrajal (1926)
Sati Menadevi (1926)
Laila Majnu (1927)
Nanand Bhojai (1927)
Balidan (1927)
Chamakti Chanda (1928)
Samrat Ashok (1928)
Golden Gang (1928)
Heer Ranjha (1928)
Kanakatara (1929)
Mahasundar (1929)
Milan Dinar (1929)
Shahi Chor (1929)
Jai Bharati (1929)
Devadasi (1930)
Garva Khandan (1930)
Joban Na Jadu (1930)
Veer Rajput (1930)
Sinh No Panja (1930)
Meethi Churi (1931)
Diwani Duniya (1931)
Roop Sundari (1931)
Hoor-E-Misar (1931)
Karmano Kaher (1931)
Nadira (1931)
Alam Ara (1931)
Meri Jaan (1931)
Veer Abhimanyu (1931)
Meerabai (1932)
Subhadra Haran (1932)
Zarina (1932)
Harijan (1933)
Bulbule Punjab (1933)
Pandav Kaurav (1933)
Mahabharat (1933)
Gul Sanobar (1934)
Nanand Bhojai (1934)
Radha Mohan/Nand Ke Lala (1934)
Rasik-e-Laila (1934)
Seva Sadan (1934)
Birbal Ki Beti (1935)
Gulshane Alam (1935)
Mr. and Mrs. Bombay (1936)
Aurat Ki Zindagi (1937)
Kiski Pyari (1937)
Devdas (1937)
Nirdosh Abla (1949)
Awāra (1951): Young Rita
Mutuwa Zubeida ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe a gidan Bombay Palace, Dhanraj Mahal. Ta rasu ranar 21 ga watan Satumba 1988, kuma an binne ta a Chhatrapahi Shivaji Maharaj Marg, Apollo Bunder, Colaba, kudu Mumbai.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje India Heritage:Performing Arts:Cinema In India:Personalities:Silent Screen Stars.
Zubeida profile
Haifaffun 1911
Mutuwan 1988
Ƴar Wasan kwaikwayo ta Indiya
Mutanen Gujarati
Mutane daga |
48797 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister | Barrister | Barista, wani nau'in lauya ne a cikin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a. Baristoci galibi sun kware a fagen bayar da shawarwari da shari'a. Ayyukansu sun haɗa da ɗaukar shari'o'i a manyan kotuna da kotuna, rubuta ƙararrakin shari'a, binciken falsafar, hasashe da tarihin doka, da ba da ra'ayoyin doka na ƙwararru.
An bambanta Barristers daga duka lauyoyi da masu zartarwa na doka, waɗanda ke da ƙarin damar kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki, kuma suna iya yin aikin shari'a nau'in ciniki. Barristers ne ake nada su a matsayin alkalai, kuma ba kasafai ake daukarsu aiki daga abokan hulda kai tsaye ba. A wasu tsarin shari'a, ciki har da na Scotland, Afirka ta Kudu, Scandinavia, Pakistan, Indiya, Bangladesh, da masu dogaro da Crown Birtaniyya na Jersey, Guernsey da Isle of Man, kalmar barrister kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin take na girmamawa A wasu ƴan hukunce-hukunce, yawanci an haramta wa lauyoyi daga “gudanar da ƙara”, kuma ba za su iya yin aiki da umarnin lauya kawai ba, kuma suna ƙara yin aiki masu gudanar da shari'a waɗanda ke yin hayar, waɗanda ke yin ayyuka kamar dacewa da ƙungiyoyi da kotu, da tsara takaddun kotu. A Ingila da Wales, lauyoyi na iya neman izini daga Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni don gudanar da ƙara. Wannan yana ba wa lauya damar yin aiki a cikin “karfi biyu”, yana cika aikin barrister da lauya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen shari'a na gama gari, irin su New Zealand da wasu jahohi da yankuna na Ostiraliya, lauyoyi suna da damar yin aiki duka a matsayin barista da lauyoyi, amma ya kasance wani tsarin cancantar yin aiki na musamman a matsayin lauya. A wasu, kamar Amurka, barrister, lauya da rarrabuwa na zartarwa na doka ba su wanzu kwata-kwata.
Bambance-bambance tsakanin Barristers da sauran lauyoyi
Bambance-bambance Barrister, wanda za a iya ɗauka a matsayin lauya, lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar mai ƙara a matsayin mai ba da shawara a gaban kotun da ta dace. Barrister yayi magana a kotu kuma ya gabatar da karar a gaban alkali ko juri. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, barrister yana samun ƙarin horo a kan shari'ar shaida, ɗa'a, da aikin kotu da tsari. Sabanin haka, lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka gabaɗaya yana saduwa da abokan ciniki, yana yin aikin shiri da gudanarwa kuma yana ba da shawarar doka. A cikin wannan rawar, shi ko ita na iya tsarawa da sake duba takaddun doka, yin hulɗa tare da abokin ciniki idan ya cancanta, shirya shaida, da kuma gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun na ƙara. A Ingila da Wales lauyoyin da kuma wasu, duk da haka ci gaba da samun digiri, masu gudanarwa na shari'a na iya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawar tallafi ga barista lokacin da ke cikin kotu, kamar sarrafa manyan takardu a cikin shari'ar ko ma yin shawarwarin sasantawa a wajen kotun yayin da Ana ci gaba da shari'a a ciki.
Akwai wasu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci. Barrister yawanci yana da haƙƙin masu sauraro a manyan kotuna, yayin da sauran ƙwararrun shari'a galibi za su sami mafi ƙarancin damar shiga, ko kuma suna buƙatar samun ƙarin cancanta don samun irin wannan damar. Kamar yadda ake yi a kasashen da ke da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ayyukan lauya da lauya, lauyan da ke kula da dokokin farar hula. yana da alhakin bayyana a cikin shari'a ko kararraki a gaban kotuna.
Barristers yawanci suna da masaniya ta musamman game da shari'ar shari'a, abin da ya gabata, da basirar "gina" shari'a. Lokacin da lauya ko mai zartarwa na doka a cikin, bi da bi, na gabaɗaya da takamaiman aiki suka fuskanci wata ƙa'ida ta doka, za su iya neman "ra'ayin shawara" kan batun. A yawancin ƙasashe, ƙwararrun lauyoyi suna aiki ne kawai a matsayin masu aiki kuma an hana su yin haɗin gwiwa ko yin aiki a matsayin lauya a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfani. (A cikin 2009, Rahoton Clementi ya ba da shawarar soke wannan ƙuntatawa a Ingila da Wales. Duk da haka, lauyoyi sukan haɗa kai cikin ɗakunan lauyoyi don raba ma'aikata (manai) da kuɗin aiki Wasu ɗakuna suna girma don zama manya da haɓaka kuma suna da yanayin haɗin gwiwa. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, ana iya ɗaukar su da kamfanonin lauyoyi da shuwagabannin shari'a, bankuna, ko kamfanoni a matsayin masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na cikin gida Sabanin haka, lauyoyi, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi suna aiki kai tsaye tare da abokan ciniki kuma suna da alhakin shigar da lauya tare da ƙwarewar da ta dace game da shari'ar. Baristici gabaɗaya ba su da ɗan tuntuɓar abokan cinikinsu ko kaɗan, musamman ba tare da kasancewar ko shigar da lauya da/ko mai zartarwa na doka ba. Duk wasiku, tambayoyi, daftari, da sauransu, za a aika da su zuwa ga lauya ko ga hukumar zartarwa ta doka, wanda ke da alhakin biyan kuɗin lauyoyi.
A cikin kotu, galibi ana ganin ƙwararrun lauyoyi daga lauyoyi da sauran masu aikin shari'a ta hanyar tufafinsu. Misali, a Ireland, Ingila, da Wales, barista yakan sa gashin doki, ƙwanƙolin wuya, makada, da riga. Tun daga watan Janairu na shekarar 2008, lauyoyin masu ba da shawara suma sun sami damar sanya wigs, amma sanya riguna daban-daban. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, rarrabuwar kawuna ta al'ada tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi da sauran wakilai na shari'a na lalacewa. Barristers sun taɓa jin daɗin kasancewarsu a gaban manyan kotuna, amma a Biritaniya yanzu an soke wannan, kuma an ba da lauyoyi da Haƙƙin Masu Sauraro shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da izini gabaɗaya na iya bayyana ga abokan ciniki a lokacin gwaji. Ƙwarai, kamfanonin lauyoyi da takwarorinsu masu tasowa da sauri da kuma sanannun takwarorinsu shuwagabannin shari'a da aka ba da hayar, suna kiyaye ko da mafi girman shawarwari da ƙarar aiki a cikin gida don dalilai na tattalin arziki da abokan ciniki. Hakazalika, haramcin da aka yi wa lauyoyi na daukar umarni kai tsaye daga jama'a shi ma an soke shi sosai. Amma, a aikace, koyarwar kai tsaye har yanzu ba ta da yawa a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, wani bangare saboda lauyoyin da ke da ƙwararru, ko waɗanda kawai aka horar da su don ba da shawara, ba su da shiri don ba da nasiha ga jama'a.
A tarihi, Baristoci sun taka rawar gani a shirye-shiryen gwaji, ciki har da rubuta roko da sake duba shaida. A wasu wuraren shari'a, haka lamarin yake. A wasu wuraren, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga lauyan ya karɓi taƙaitaccen bayani daga lauyan da ke ba da umarni don wakiltar abokin ciniki a gaban shari'a kwana ɗaya ko biyu kawai kafin ci gaba. Wani bangare na dalilin hakan shine tsada. Barrister yana da hakkin samun “takaitaccen kuɗi” lokacin da aka kawo taƙaitaccen bayani, kuma wannan yana wakiltar mafi yawan kuɗinta dangane da kowace gwaji. Sannan yawanci suna da damar samun refresher a kowace rana na shari’a bayan na farko, amma idan an yanke hukunci a gaban shari’a, ba a buƙatar lauya kuma za a yi asarar ɗan gajeren kuɗin. Wasu lauyoyin suna guje wa hakan ta hanyar jinkirta isar da taƙaitaccen bayanin har sai an tabbatar da shari'ar za ta kai ga shari'a.
Dalili don raba sana'a Wasu fa'idodin kiyaye tsaga sun haɗa da:
Samun lauya mai zaman kansa yana bitar hanyar aiki yana ba abokin ciniki sabon ra'ayi mai zaman kansa daga kwararre a fagen daban da lauyoyin da zasu iya ci gaba da dangantaka mai dorewa tare da abokin ciniki. A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, ana nada alkalai daga lauyoyi (mambobin sana'ar barrister da ke cikin hurumin da aka bayar). Tunda Barristers ba su da alaƙar abokin ciniki na dogon lokaci kuma ana ƙara cire su daga abokan ciniki fiye da lauyoyi, waɗanda aka nada na shari'a sun fi zaman kansu.
Samun duk wani ƙwararrun ƙwararrun lauyoyi a mashaya na iya baiwa ƙananan kamfanoni, waɗanda ba za su iya kula da manyan sassan ƙwararru ba, su yi gogayya da manyan kamfanoni.
Barrister yana aiki a matsayin duba lauyoyin da ke gudanar da shari'ar; idan ya bayyana cewa lauyan ba ya gudanar da da'awar ko kariya da kyau kafin a fara shari'a, lauyan zai iya (kuma yawanci yana da alhakin) ba da shawara ga abokin ciniki na wani da'awar daban akan lauyan.
Kware a gudanar da gwaji, saboda kasancewar barristers ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara ne.
A yawancin hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, dole ne lauyoyi su bi ka'idar taksi, wanda ke tilasta musu karɓar taƙaitaccen bayani idan yana cikin ƙwararrunsu kuma idan akwai su, sauƙaƙe samun damar yin adalci ga waɗanda ba a so.
Yawan masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya haifar da ƙarancin inganci da ƙarin farashi, damuwa ga Sir David Clement a cikin nazarinsa na aikin lauya na Ingilishi. Saboda an ƙara cire su daga abokin ciniki, barristers ba za su iya sanin bukatun abokin ciniki ba.
Ana iya samun cikakken cikakken nazarin dalilan da ke tabbatar da rabuwar sana'ar shari'a da kuma gardamar da ke ba da haɗin kai a cikin littafin lauyan Ingilishi Peter Reeve na 1986, Shin Sana'o'in Shari'a Biyu Ne Necessary?
Ka'ida Barrister yana ƙarƙashin ikon da suke aiki, kuma a wasu ƙasashe, ta Inn of Court wanda suke. A wasu ƙasashe, akwai ƙa'ida ta waje.
Inns na Kotun, inda suke, suna tsara shigar da aikin. Inns of Court ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da alhakin horarwa, shigar da (kira), da horo na barristers. Inda suke, ana iya kiran mutum zuwa mashaya ta wurin masauki, wanda dole ne ya fara zama memba. A gaskiya ma, a tarihi, kira zuwa ga nasara a Bar, zuwa babban mataki, ya dogara da haɗin gwiwar zamantakewa da aka yi a farkon rayuwa. Barista tare da bayyana duk membobi na sana'ar Barrister a cikin hurumin da aka bayar. Duk da yake mafi ƙarancin lauyoyi ƙungiya ce da ke rungumar duk membobinta, yawanci yakan faru, ko dai de facto ko de jure, an saka hannun Barri tare da ikon sarrafa yadda ake aiwatar da lauyoyi.
Barristers a duniya A cikin al'adar doka ta gama gari, ayyukan lauya wato a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a kuma mai ba da shawara an raba bisa ƙa'ida zuwa gida biyu daban-daban, ƙayyadaddun ƙananan sana'o'i, ɗayan kuma ofishin lauya ne. A tarihi, bambance-bambancen ya kasance cikakke, amma a zamanin shari'a na zamani, wasu ƙasashe da suka sami rarrabuwar kawuna a yanzu suna da sana'ar haɗaka duk wanda ya cancanci aiki a matsayin lauya yana iya zama lauya, kuma akasin haka; kuma a madadin a matsayin mai zartarwa na doka. A aikace, bambancin yana iya zama babu shi, ƙarami, ko alama, ya danganta da hurumi. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen, kamar Ostiraliya, Scotland da Ireland, ba a sami ɗan zobe ba.
A cikin jihohin Ostiraliya na New South Wales, Victoria da Queensland, akwai rarrabuwar kawuna. Koyaya, dangane da sharuɗɗa, lauyoyi na iya karɓar aikin samun dama kai tsaye daga abokan ciniki. Kowace Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Jiha tana tsara sana'a kuma da gaske tana da ayyukan Inns na Kotu na Ingilishi. A cikin jihohin Kudancin Ostiraliya da Yammacin Ostiraliya, da kuma Babban Babban Birnin Australiya, ana haɗa guraben ayyukan lauya da lauya, amma duk da haka akwai mashaya mai zaman kanta, wanda Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a ta jiha ko ƙasa ta tsara. A cikin Tasmania da Arewacin Arewa, sana'ar ta haɗu, kodayake ƙananan adadin masu aikin aiki suna aiki azaman mashaya mai zaman kanta.
Gabaɗaya, ba da shawarar yin sutura a cikin al'adar Ingilishi (wig, gown, jaket ɗin bar da jabot a gaban manyan kotuna, kodayake ba a saba yin hakan don aikace-aikacen shiga tsakani. Har yanzu ana sa riga da riguna a Kotun Koli da Kotun Lardi a cikin al'amuran jama'a kuma sun dogara da suturar jami'in shari'a. Ana amfani da riguna da wigs a duk shari'ar laifuka. A Yammacin Ostiraliya, ba a sake sanya wigs a kowace kotu.
Kowace shekara, Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi suna nada wasu ƴan lauyoyi masu girma da girma zuwa matsayi na "Senior Counsel" (a mafi yawan Jihohi da Yankuna) ko "Shawarar Sarauniya" (a cikin Yankin Arewa, Queensland, Victoria da South Australia). Irin waɗannan barista suna ɗauke da taken "SC" ko "QC" bayan sunansu. Ana nadin nadin ne bayan wani tsari na tuntubar ma’aikata da kuma bangaren shari’a. Babban Mashawarci yana bayyana a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na musamman ko wahala. Su ne kusan kashi 14 cikin ɗari na mashaya a New South Wales.
Bangladesh A Bangladesh, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Ma'aikatan Shari'a ta Bangladesh da Dokar Majalisar Lauyoyi, 1972 (Dokar Shugaban Kasa mai lamba 46) kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima wacce Majalisar Lauyoyin Bangladesh ke gudanarwa da kuma aiwatar da ita. Majalisar lauyoyin Bangladesh ita ce babbar hukuma ta doka don tsara guraben ayyukan shari'a a Bangladesh tare da tabbatar da daidaiton ilimi da bin ka'ida ta masu ba da shawara kan tsarin majalisar lauyoyi. Majalisar lauyoyi, tare da taimakon gwamnati, suna tsara dokoki don daidaita wannan sana'a. Duk wanda ya kammala karatun shari'a daga gida ko kuma a waje dole ne ya rubuta kuma ya ci jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi don yin rajista kuma a shigar da shi a matsayin ƙwararrun Lauyoyi don yin aiki da doka duka a matsayin Barristers Lauyoyin. An ba da izinin sabbin masu ba da shawara su fara aiki a ƙananan kotuna (Ƙananan gundumar) bayan shigar da su a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyoyin Lauyoyi na gida (District). Bayan shekaru biyu na Kwarewa a ƙaramar kotu, Lauyoyin sun cancanci shiga cikin Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli na Bangladesh. Ta hanyar cin jarrabawar majalisar lauyoyi, ana ba masu ba da shawara takardar shaidar yin rajista da izini ta hanyar da aka tsara don yin aiki a Sashen Kotun Koli na Kotun Koli kuma. Masu ba da shawara waɗanda suka zama Barrister a Burtaniya ne kawai ke riƙe babban matsayinsu na Barristers. A Bangladesh, akwai wata ƙungiya mai suna Barristers' Association of Bangladesh wadda ke wakiltar irin waɗannan barrister na Burtaniya.[10]
Kanada A Kanada (ban da Quebec sana'o'in barrister da lauya sun haɗu, kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna magana da kansu da sunayen biyu, ko da ba su yi aiki a bangarorin biyu ba. A cikin yaren magana a cikin ma'aikatan shari'a na Kanada, lauyoyi galibi suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin "masu ƙararraki" (ko "lauyoyi"), ko kuma a matsayin "lauyoyi", ya danganta da yanayin aikinsu na doka ko da yake wasu na iya yin aiki a matsayin masu shari'a da lauyoyi. Duk da haka, “masu gabatar da kara” gabaɗaya za su yi duk ayyukan ƙarar da lauyoyi da lauyoyi suke yi; akasin haka, waɗanda ke kiran kansu "lauyoyi" gabaɗaya za su iyakance kansu ga aikin shari'a wanda ba ya haɗa da yin aiki a gaban kotuna (ba ma ta hanyar shiri ba kamar yadda lauyoyi ke yi a Ingila), kodayake wasu na iya yin aiki a gaban alkalan kotuna. Kamar yadda ake yi a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen Commonwealth irin su Ostiraliya, masu shigar da kara na Kanada suna "share", amma ba tare da wig ba, lokacin da suke bayyana a gaban kotuna na "mafi girman iko". Duk waɗanda suka kammala karatun doka daga makarantun shari'a na Kanada, kuma masu riƙe da takaddun cancantar NCA (lauyoyin da aka horar da su na duniya ko waɗanda suka kammala digiri daga wasu makarantun doka a cikin hukunce-hukuncen gama gari a wajen Kanada) daga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a ta Kanada bayan suna iya amfani da hukumar kula da lardin da ta dace. (Ƙungiyoyin doka) don shiga (lura a nan cewa Lardunan Kanada an yi la'akari da su daban-daban na shari'a). Abubuwan da ake buƙata don shigar da su a matsayin memba a cikin ƙungiyar shari'a sun haɗa da kammala digiri na shari'a na Kanada (ko kammala jarrabawa don gane digiri na shari'a na kasashen waje), shekara ta yin magana a matsayin ɗalibi wanda wani ƙwararren lauya ke kulawa, da kuma cin jarrabawar mashaya. wanda lardin ya ba da umarni ɗalibin ya nemi lasisi a ciki. Da zarar waɗannan buƙatun sun cika to ana iya kiran ɗalibin mai yin magana zuwa mashaya bayan bita idan aikace-aikacen su da la'akari da duk wasu batutuwan "kyakkyawan hali" waɗanda aka gabatar da su ga Kotu a cikin bikin kira. Sannan mai nema ya zama memba na jama'ar doka a matsayin "barrister da lauya".
Lamarin ya ɗan bambanta a Quebec sakamakon al'adar dokar farar hula Sana'ar lauya, ko avoué, ba ta taɓa kasancewa a cikin Quebec na mulkin mallaka ba, don haka lauyoyi avocats sun kasance al'adar sana'a ce mai ban sha'awa, yin jayayya da shirya shari'o'i a cikin batutuwa masu rikitarwa, yayin da sauran nau'in lauya na Quebec, notaries na doka notaires kula da al'amuran da ba su da alaƙa a waje da kotu. Duk da haka, ba a keɓance wasu fagage masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu ta hanyar notaries ta yadda lauyoyi sukan ƙware wajen gudanar da ko dai gwaji, shari'o'i, ba da shawara, ko abubuwan da ba na shari'a ba. Rashin hasara kawai shine cewa lauyoyi ba za su iya zana kayan aikin jama'a waɗanda ke da ƙarfin doka iri ɗaya da ayyukan notarial ba Yawancin manyan kamfanonin shari'a a Quebec suna ba da cikakkiyar sabis na shari'a na kamfanonin doka a lardunan doka. Masu neman lauyoyin Quebec dole ne su sami digiri na farko a cikin shari'ar jama'a, su wuce jarrabawar mashawarcin lardi, kuma su sami nasarar kammala horon doka don shigar da su yin aiki. Ƙungiyoyin Shari'a na Quebec Barreau du Québec ne ke tsara lauyoyi.
Faransa A Faransa, avocats, ko lauyoyi, sun kasance, har zuwa karni na 20, daidai da barista. Sana'ar ta haɗa da maki da yawa waɗanda aka zaɓa ta hanyar manyan mutane: avocat-stagiaire (mai horo, wanda ya riga ya cancanta amma yana buƙatar kammala shekaru biyu (ko fiye, dangane da lokacin) na horo tare da ƙwararrun lauyoyi), avocat, da avocat Honouraire (babban barrister) Tun daga karni na 14 da kuma a cikin 19th da 20th musamman, Barritocin Faransa sun yi gasa a fadace-fadacen yankuna a kan fannoni daban-daban na aikin shari'a a kan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a (mai ba da shawara kan shari'a, lauyan ma'amala) da avoué lauyan tsari), kuma sun fadada don zama. babban kwararren lauya, tare da sananne ban da notaires (notaries), waɗanda ma'aikatar da aka nada lauyoyi (tare da wani cancantar cancanta) kuma waɗanda ke riƙe keɓancewa kan isar da saƙon da kuma tantancewa. Bayan gyare-gyaren shari'a na 1971 da 1990, an haɗa avocat tare da avoué da juridique na conseil, yana mai da avocat (ko, idan mace, avocate lauya mai cikakken manufa don batutuwan hukunce-hukuncen hukumci, kwatankwacin lauyan Amurka. Lauyoyin Faransa yawanci ba sa (ko da yake suna da haƙƙin) aiki duka biyu a matsayin masu shari'a (lauyoyin gwaji) da masu ba da shawara kan lauyoyi (lauyoyin masu ba da shawara), waɗanda aka sani da suna avocat plaidant da avocat -conseil Wannan bambance-bambancen ba na yau da kullun ba ne kuma bai dace da kowane bambanci na cancanta ko shigar da littafin ba. Duk lauyoyin da ke da niyya dole ne su ci jarrabawar don samun damar yin rajista a ɗayan Cibiyar régional de formation à la professional d'avocat (CRFPA) (Cibiyar horar da lauyoyi). Kwas ɗin CRFPA yana da tsawon shekaru biyu kuma yana haɗuwa tsakanin koyarwar aji da horarwa. Ƙarshensa shine mataki na ƙarshe horo na ƙarshe), inda lauyan da ke shirin ya shafe watanni 6 a cikin kamfanin lauyoyi (gaba ɗaya a fagen aikin da ya fi so da kuma a cikin kamfanin da yake fatan za a dauka daga baya). Daga nan sai lauyan da ke da niyyar wucewa da Certificat d'Aptitude à la Profession d'Avocat (CAPA), wanda shine jarrabawar ƙwararru ta ƙarshe da ke ba shi damar shiga mashaya ta kotu barreau An gane gabaɗaya cewa jarrabawar farko ta fi CAPA wahala kuma yawancin ɗaliban doka suna jin tsoro. Majalisar Bar Ordre du barreau ce ke sarrafa kowace mashaya.
Akwai wani rukunin barrister daban da ake kira avocats au Conseil d'Etat et à la Cour de Cassation Ko da yake asalinsu na shari'a, horarwa da matsayinsu iri ɗaya ne da ƴan avocat, amma waɗannan suna da hurumin shari'ar da ake kai ga kotun koli, a cikin al'amuran farar hula, masu laifi ko na gudanarwa.
Jamus A Jamus, ba a bambanta tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Lauyoyi na iya yin kara a duk kotuna ban da reshen farar hula na Kotun Tarayya ta Tarayya Bundesgerichtshof wanda aka shigar da kasa da lauyoyi kasa da hamsin. Wadancan lauyoyin, wadanda kusan ke gudanar da shari’a, ba za su iya kara a wasu kotuna ba kuma yawanci lauya ne wanda ke wakiltar wanda ake tuhuma a kananan kotuna ya ba su umarni. Koyaya, waɗannan hane-hane ba su shafi shari'o'in laifuka ba, ko kuma ƙararraki a kotunan sauran tsarin kotuna, waɗanda suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, haraji, kotunan zamantakewa da tsarin kotunan Tarayyar Turai Hong Kong Aikin shari'a a Hong Kong kuma ya kasu kashi biyu: lauyoyi da lauyoyi.
A cikin Babban Kotun (ciki har da Kotun farko da Kotun Daukaka Kara) da Kotun Daukaka Kara, a matsayin doka ta gabaɗaya, barristers da lauyoyin masu ba da shawara ne kawai ake ba su damar yin magana a madadin kowane ɓangare a gaban kotun. Wannan yana nufin cewa an hana lauyoyi yin hakan. A cikin wadannan kotuna guda biyu, sai dai a yi tanadin sauraren kararraki a zauren majalisa, lauyoyin lauyoyi suna sanya tufafi irin na turanci na gargajiya, kamar yadda alkalai da sauran lauyoyi suke yi.
A Hong Kong, an ba da matsayin mashawarcin Sarauniya kafin mika Hong Kong daga Birtaniya zuwa kasar Sin a shekarar 1997. Bayan mikawa, babban mai ba da shawara ya maye gurbinsa da haruffa bayan fage SC. Babban mashawarci na iya har yanzu, duk da haka, su sanya kansu a matsayin siliki, kamar takwarorinsu na Biritaniya.
Indiya A Indiya, dokar da ta shafi Barrister ita ce Dokar Masu ba da shawara, 1961 ta gabatar da tunani ta Ashoke Kumar Sen, ministan shari'a na Indiya a lokacin, doka ce da majalisa ta zartar kuma majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ce ke gudanarwa kuma ta aiwatar da ita. A karkashin dokar, majalisar lauyoyin Indiya ita ce babbar hukumar kula da harkokin shari'a a Indiya da kuma tabbatar da bin doka da kiyaye ka'idojin kwararru ta hanyar kwararrun lauya a kasar. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da izini don zartar da dokoki da yin oda a cikin shari'o'in mutum ɗaya da ma gabaɗaya.
Kowace Jiha tana da Majalisar lauyoyinta wanda aikinta shi ne yin rajistar Barrister da ke son yin aiki gabaɗaya a cikin iyakokin jihar da yin ayyukan Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya a cikin yankin da aka ba su. Don haka, kowane mai digiri na doka dole ne a yi rajista tare da Majalisar Bar na Jiha (guda) don yin aiki a Indiya. Sai dai yin rajista da kowace Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha ba ta hana Barrister zuwa gaban kowace kotu a Indiya ba, duk da cewa ya wuce hurumin Majalisar Lauyoyin Jihar da ya shiga. Fa'idar samun Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha shine cewa za a iya raba aikin Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya zuwa wadannan Majalisun Lauyoyin Jihohi daban-daban da kuma cewa za a iya magance al'amura a cikin gida da kuma cikin sauri. Koyaya, don duk dalilai masu amfani da doka, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana riƙe da ita, ikon ƙarshe don ɗaukar yanke shawara a kowane ɗayan al'amuran da suka shafi aikin shari'a gabaɗaya ko kuma game da kowane tsarin don samun damar yin aiki a cikin Indiya biyu ne. Na farko, mai nema dole ne ya kasance mai riƙe da digiri na doka daga wata ma'aikata da aka sani a Indiya (ko daga ɗayan jami'o'in da aka sani guda huɗu a cikin Burtaniya) kuma na biyu, dole ne su wuce cancantar shiga rajista na Majalisar Bar na jihar inda ya tana neman a saka ta. Don wannan dalili, Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya tana da kwamiti na cikin gida wanda aikinsa shine kulawa da bincika cibiyoyi daban-daban da ke ba da digiri na doka da ba da izini ga waɗannan cibiyoyin da zarar sun cika ka'idodin da ake buƙata. Ta wannan hanyar Majalisar Lauyoyin Indiya kuma tana tabbatar da daidaiton matakin ilimin da ake buƙata don yin aiki a Indiya. Dangane da cancantar yin rajista tare da Majalisar Lauyoyin Jiha, yayin da ainihin ƙa'idodin na iya bambanta daga wannan Jiha zuwa waccan, amma galibi suna tabbatar da cewa aikace-aikacen bai kasance mai fatara mai laifi ba kuma ya dace da yin aiki a gaban kotunan Indiya. Shiga tare da majalisar lauyoyi kuma yana nufin cewa wanda ya mallaki digirin doka an san shi a matsayin Barrister kuma ana buƙatar ya kiyaye ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da halayen ƙwararru a kowane lokaci, duka a ciki da wajen sana'a. Majalisar lauyoyi ta Indiya ta kuma tsara "Dokokin Da'a" da Barristers za su kiyaye a cikin kotuna, yayin da ake hulɗa da abokan ciniki da ma wasu.
Ireland A jamhuriyar Ireland, shigar da Babban Mai Shari'a na Ireland ya iyakance ga waɗanda aka fara ba da digiri na Barrister-at-Law (BL). The Honorable Society of King's Inns ita ce kawai kafa ilimi wanda ke gudanar da kwasa-kwasan sana'a ga barristers a cikin Jamhuriya da kuma digiri na Barrister-at-Law ne kawai za a iya ba da shi ta King's Inns. Gidan masaukin King suma sune kawai jiki da ke da ikon kiran mutane zuwa mashaya da kuma hana su.
Yawancin lauyoyin Irish sun zaɓi Bar of Ireland, wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta. Ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki, lokacin da za su iya bayyana kansu a matsayin Babban Mashawarci ("SC"). Duk baristan da ba a kira su zuwa Barr Ciki ba an san su da Junior Counsel (kuma ana gano su da baƙaƙen baƙaƙen “BL”), ba tare da la’akari da shekaru ko gogewa ba. Shiga cikin Bar na ciki ana yin shi ta hanyar bayyanawa a gaban Kotun Koli, ikon mallakar ikon da gwamnati ta ba da ita. Barristers na Irish ƙwararru ne kawai kuma maiyuwa ba za su samar da ɗakuna ko haɗin gwiwa ba idan suna son ci gaba da kasancewa memba na Laburaren Shari'a na Bar of Ireland.
Don yin aiki a ƙarƙashin dokokin Bar of Ireland, sabon ƙwararren barrister ana horar da shi zuwa gogaggen lauya na aƙalla shekaru bakwai na gogewa. Ana kiran wannan koyo da almajiri ko shaidan Iblis wajibi ne ga waɗancan lauyoyin da ke son zama memba na Laburaren Shari'a kuma yana ɗaukar shekara ɗaya na shari'a. Ya zama ruwan dare ga shaidan na shekara ta biyu a cikin tsari mara kyau amma wannan ba wajibi ba ne. Ba a yawan biyan aljanu albashin aikinsu a cikin shekar shedarsu.
A cikin Isra'ila, babu bambanci tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi, duk da cewa tsarin shari'a a Isra'ila ya dogara ne akan dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, a matsayin ci gaba da Dokar Burtaniya a Falasdinu A zahiri, akwai lauyoyi a Isra'ila waɗanda ba sa zuwa kotu, kuma aikinsu yana kama da na lauya.
Japan Japan ta ɗauki tsarin haɗin kai. Duk da haka, akwai wasu nau'o'in ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru waɗanda aka ba su izinin yin aiki a wasu ƙayyadaddun dokoki, irin su masu rubutun shiho shoshi, ƙwararrun yin rajistar rajista, ajiya, da wasu ƙararrakin kotu tare da ƙarin takaddun shaida), masu lissafin haraji zeirishi wanda ya cancanci shirya harajin haraji, ba da shawara game da lissafin haraji da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na haraji na gudanarwa) da kuma wakilai na haƙƙin mallaka "benrishi", wanda ya cancanci yin rajistar rajista da wakiltar abokin ciniki a cikin roko na gudanarwa). Lauyoyin bengoshi ne kawai za su iya bayyana a gaban kotu kuma sun cancanci yin aiki a kowane fanni na doka, gami da, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, wuraren da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun doka da ke sama aka ba su damar yin aiki. Yawancin lauyoyi har yanzu suna mai da hankali kan aikin kotu kuma har yanzu ƙananan lauyoyi suna ba da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun shawarwarin shari'a a kowace rana ga manyan kamfanoni.
Netherlands Netherlands ta kasance tana da wata sana'ar shari'a mai rabe-raben da ta ƙunshi lauya da mai ba da izini, na ƙarshe ya yi kama da, har zuwa wani lokaci, aikin lauya. A karkashin wannan tsarin, lauyoyin suna da damar wakiltar wadanda suke karewa a shari'a, amma kawai suna iya shigar da kara a gaban kotun da aka yi musu rajista. Shari'ar da ke ƙarƙashin ikon wata kotun dole ne wani ɗan kasuwa da ya yi rajista a waccan kotun ya shigar da kara, a aikace sau da yawa wani lauya yana aiwatar da ayyukan biyu. An tabo tambayoyi kan wajibcin rabuwar, ganin cewa babbar manufarsa kiyaye ingancin aikin shari'a da kiyaye dokokin kotunan kananan hukumomi da kwastam ya zama tsoho. Don haka, an soke mai siyar a matsayin sana'a ta daban kuma ayyukanta sun haɗu da aikin lauya a 2008. A halin yanzu, lauyoyi na iya shigar da kara a gaban kowace kotu, ba tare da la’akari da inda aka yi musu rajista ba. Iyakar abin da aka sani kawai ya shafi shari'o'in farar hula da aka gabatar a gaban Kotun Koli, wanda lauyoyin da suka yi rajista a Kotun Koli dole ne su gudanar da su, don haka suna samun lakabin "lauya a Kotun Koli".
New Zealand A cikin New Zealand, ba a haɗa guraben ayyukan a bisa ka'ida ba amma ana yin rajistar masu aikin a Babban Kotun a matsayin "Barristers da Lauyoyi". Za su iya zaɓar, duk da haka, don yin aiki a matsayin barista su kaɗai. Kimanin kashi 15% na yin aiki ne kawai a matsayin barista, galibi a cikin manyan birane kuma yawanci a cikin "ɗakuna" (bayan kalmomin Burtaniya). Suna karɓar "umarni" daga wasu masu aiki, aƙalla na asali. Yawancin lokaci suna gudanar da shari'ar gaba ɗaya.
Duk wani lauya na iya neman zama mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QC) don gane gudummawar da ta daɗe a fannin shari'a amma ana ba da wannan matsayin ne kawai ga waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin lauyoyi a cikin yanayi na musamman. Wannan matakin da ake magana da shi a matsayin "ana kiransa zuwa mashaya na ciki" ko "ɗaukar siliki", ana ɗaukarsa mai daraja sosai kuma ya kasance mataki a cikin aikin alkalan New Zealand da yawa.
Ba kamar sauran hukunce-hukuncen ba, kalmar “junior barrister” an fi amfani da ita wajen koma wa lauyan da ke da takardar shedar aiki a matsayin barrister, amma wani babban barrister ne ya dauke shi aiki. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan barristers suna cikin shekaru biyar na farko na aikin kuma har yanzu ba su cancanci yin aiki a matsayin barista kaɗai ba. Barristers sole (watau barrister wadanda ba wani barrister suke aiki ba) wadanda ba Lauyan Sarauniya ba ba a taba kiran su da kananan barrister.
Najeriya A Najeriya, babu bambanci tsakanin Barrister da lauyoyi. Duk daliban da suka ci jarrabawar mashaya wanda Makarantar Shari’a ta Najeriya ta ke bayarwa ana kiranta zuwa mashawartan Najeriya, ta Body of Benchers. Lauyoyi na iya yin gardama a kowace kotun tarayya ko kotun daukaka kara da kuma kowacce kotuna a jihohi 36 na Najeriya da kuma babban birnin tarayya. Doka ta ‘Legal Practitioner’s Act’ tana kiran lauyoyin Najeriya a matsayin masu aikin shari’a, kuma bayan kiran da suka yi wa lauyoyin, lauyoyin Najeriya sun shigar da sunayensu a cikin rajista ko Roll of Legal Practitioners da ke a Kotun Koli. Watakila, saboda wannan dalili, ana kiran lauyan Najeriya a matsayin Barrister kuma Lauyan Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, kuma yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya suna kiran kansu Barista-at-Law cike da baƙaƙen baƙaƙe na "BL" Yawancin lauyoyin Najeriya sun haɗu da aiki mai rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa, ko da yake ana samun haɓaka ga masu sana'a a cikin manyan ayyuka don ƙware a ɗayan ko ɗayan. A cikin harshe na magana a cikin ma'aikatan lauyoyin Najeriya, lauyoyi na iya, saboda wannan dalili, ana iya kiran su "masu kara" ko "lauyoyin".
Kamar yadda ake yi a Ingila da sauran wurare a cikin Commonwealth, ana iya zaɓar manyan membobin wannan sana'a don haɓaka zuwa Bar na ciki ta hanyar ba da matsayi na Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN).
Pakistan Sana'ar a Pakistan ta haɗu; mai ba da shawara yana aiki duka a matsayin lauya da lauya, tare da samar da haƙƙin masu saurare. Don yin aiki a matsayin lauya a Pakistan, mai digiri na lauya dole ne ya kammala matakai uku: wuce Bar Practice and Training Course (BPTC), a kira shi zuwa Bar ta Inn of Court, kuma ya sami lasisi don yin aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin kotunan Pakistan daga majalisar lauyoyi masu dacewa, lardi ko tarayya.
Poland A Poland, akwai manyan nau'ikan sana'o'in shari'a guda biyu: mai ba da shawara da lauya. Dukansu an kayyade su kuma waɗannan sana'o'in an iyakance su ne kawai ga mutanen da suka kammala karatun shari'a na shekaru biyar, suna da ƙwarewar akalla shekaru uku kuma suka ci jarrabawar ƙasa biyar masu wahala (dokar farar hula, dokar laifuka, dokar kamfani, dokar gudanarwa da ɗa'a) ko kuma suna da likitan digiri. Kafin 2015, kawai bambanci shine masu ba da shawara suna da hakkin su wakilci abokan ciniki a gaban kotu a kowane hali kuma masu ba da shawara na shari'a ba za su iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a gaban kotu ba a cikin laifuka. A halin yanzu, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya wakiltar abokan ciniki a cikin shari'o'in laifuka don haka a halin yanzu, bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wannan sana'o'in mahimmancin tarihi ne kawai.
Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu aiki da aikin masu ba da shawara (kamar yadda aka san barista a Afirka ta Kudu) ya yi daidai da sauran Commonwealth. Masu ba da shawara suna ɗaukar matsayi na ƙarami ko Babban Mashawarci (SC), kuma yawancin lauyoyi suna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani kuma suna biyan su (wanda aka sani da lauyoyi Yawancin lokaci ana aiki da su a manyan kotuna, musamman a Kotunan daukaka kara inda sukan bayyana a matsayin ƙwararrun lauya. Lauyoyin Afirka ta Kudu (lauyoyin) suna bin al'adar mika kararraki ga Lauyan don ra'ayi kafin a ci gaba da shari'ar, lokacin da mai ba da shawara kan ayyukan tambaya a matsayin kwararre a cikin shari'ar da ke kan gaba. Masu neman shawara a halin yanzu suna shafe shekara ɗaya a cikin ɗalibi (tsohon watanni shida kacal) kafin a shigar da su mashaya a yankunansu ko na shari'a. Ana amfani da kalmar "Advocate" wani lokaci a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin take, misali "Mai ba da shawara John Doe, SC" Advokaat a cikin Afrikaans) kamar yadda "Dr. John Doe" ga likitan likita.
Koriya ta Kudu A Koriya ta Kudu, babu bambanci tsakanin bangaren shari'a da lauyoyi. A baya, mutumin da ya ci jarrabawar mashawarta ta kasa bayan shekaru biyu na karatun kasa, zai iya zama alkali, mai gabatar da kara, ko “lauya” daidai da maki bayan kammala karatunsa. Sakamakon canje-canje daga aiwatar da tsarin makarantar doka, akwai daidaitattun hanyoyi guda biyu na zama lauya. A karkashin tsarin shari'a na yanzu, don zama alkali ko mai gabatar da kara, lauyoyi suna buƙatar aiwatar da iliminsu na shari'a. “Lauya” ba shi da iyakacin aiki.
Spain Spain tana da rarrabuwa amma ba ta yi daidai da rarrabuwar kawuna a Biritaniya tsakanin Barristers/lauyoyi da lauyoyi ba. Procuradores suna wakiltar masu ƙarar ta hanyar doka a cikin kotu, gabaɗaya ƙarƙashin ikon ikon lauya wanda notary na dokar farar hula ya aiwatar, yayin da abogados ke wakiltar ƙaƙƙarfan iƙirari na mai ƙara ta hanyar bayar da shawarwari. Abogados suna gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci biyu da ba da shawara dangane da shari'ar kotu, kuma suna da cikakken 'yancin sauraro a gaban kotun. Ana gudanar da shari'ar kotu da abogados, ba tare da masu ba da izini ba. A taƙaice, procuradores wakilai ne na kotu waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin umarnin abogado Aikinsu ya ta’allaka ne ga yankin kotun da aka shigar da su.
Ƙasar Ingila A karkashin dokar EU, an san lauyoyi, tare da masu ba da shawara, masu zartarwa na doka da lauyoyi, a matsayin lauyoyi.
Ingila da Wales Ko da yake tare da wasu dokoki daban-daban, ana ɗaukar Ingila da Wales a cikin Burtaniya ɗaya ɗaya kuma haɗen ikon doka don dalilai na dokar farar hula da na laifuka, tare da Scotland da Ireland ta Arewa, sauran hukunce-hukuncen shari'a biyu a cikin Burtaniya. Ingila da Wales suna rufe da mashaya gama gari (kungiyar barristers) da ƙungiyar doka ɗaya (kungiyar lauyoyi).
Sana'ar lauya a Ingila da Wales sana'a ce ta daban da ta lauya. Yana da, duk da haka, yana yiwuwa a riƙe cancantar duka biyun lauya da lauya, da/ko zartarwar doka da aka yi hayar a lokaci guda. Ba lallai ba ne a bar mashaya don cancanta a matsayin lauya.
Barristers ana tsara su ne ta Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni, yanki na Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi Dole ne lauya ya kasance memba na ɗaya daga cikin Inns of Court, wanda a al'ada ya karanta da kuma tsara barristers. Akwai Inns guda huɗu na Kotu: The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn, The Honourable Society of Grey's Inn, The Honorable Society of the Middle Temple, da The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple Duk suna a tsakiyar London, kusa da Kotunan Sarauta na Shari'a Suna yin ayyukan ilimi da zamantakewa, kuma a kowane hali, suna ba da taimakon kuɗi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai (wanda ya dace da cancanta) ta hanyar tallafin karatu. Inn ne a zahiri "kira" dalibi zuwa mashaya a wani biki mai kama da kammala karatun. Ayyukan zamantakewa sun haɗa da cin abinci tare da sauran membobin da baƙi da kuma gudanar da wasu abubuwan.
Wadanda suka kammala karatun shari'a da ke son yin aiki kuma a san su da Barristers dole ne su ɗauki kwas ɗin horo na ƙwararru (wanda aka sani da "bangaren sana'a") a ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin da Majalisar lauyoyi ta amince. Har zuwa ƙarshen 2020 wannan kwas ɗin ita ce kawai Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, amma tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da tayin horon da aka amince da shi don zama barista ta hanyar darussa daban-daban, irin su sabon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kotun. Bayan kammala karatun sana'o'in cikin nasara, ana kiran 'yan barista dalibai zuwa mashaya ta wurin masaukin nasu kuma ana daga darajarsu zuwa matakin "Barista". Koyaya, kafin su iya yin aikin kansu dole ne su fara ɗaukar watanni 12 na ɗalibi Watanni shida (6)na farkon wannan lokacin ana yin su ne don inuwar ƙarin manyan likitoci, bayan haka ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ɗalibai za su iya fara gudanar da wasu ayyukan kotu na kansu. Bayan nasarar kammala wannan matakin, yawancin lauyoyi sai su shiga rukunin Chambers, ƙungiyar masu ba da shawara waɗanda ke raba farashin gidaje da ma'aikatan tallafi yayin da suke zama masu zaman kansu.
A cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 akwai wasu baristoci sama da dubu shabiyar 15,500 a cikin ayyukan zaman kansu, wanda kusan kashi goma daga cikinsu Lauyan Sarauniya ne, sauran kuma ƙananan lauyoyi ne Yawancin lauyoyi (kimanin 2,800) suna aiki a cikin kamfanoni a matsayin shawara na "cikin gida", ko ta karamar hukuma ko ta ƙasa ko a cibiyoyin ilimi.
Certain barristers in England and Wales are now instructed directly by members of the public. Members of the public may engage the services of the barrister directly within the framework of the Public Access Scheme; a solicitor is not involved at any stage. Barristers undertaking public access work can provide legal advice and representation in court in almost all areas of law (see the Public Access Information on the Bar Council website) and are entitled to represent clients in any court or tribunal in England and Wales. Once instructions from a client are accepted, it is the barrister (rather than the solicitor) who advises and guides the client through the relevant legal procedure or litigation.
Kafin barrister ya gudanar da aikin shiga jama'a, dole ne ya kammala kwas na musamman. A halin yanzu, kusan daya daga cikin 20 barista sun cancanci haka. Har ila yau, akwai wani tsari na daban da ake kira "Lasisi mai lasisi", akwai ga wasu zaɓaɓɓun nau'ikan ƙwararrun abokin ciniki; ba a bude ga jama'a. Aikin shigar da jama’a ya yi kaurin suna a mashaya, inda lauyoyi suka yi amfani da sabuwar damar da mashawar ta samu wajen cin riba ta fuskacin yanke tallafin shari’a a wasu wurare na wannan sana’a.
Ikon Barristers na karɓar irin waɗannan umarnin ci gaba ne na kwanan nan; ya samo asali ne daga wani canji a cikin dokokin da Babban Majalisar Lauyoyi ya kafa a watan Yulin 2004. An bullo da tsarin shiga jama’a a matsayin wani bangare na budaddiyar tsarin shari’a ga jama’a da kuma saukaka da rahusa wajen samun shawarwarin shari’a. Yana kara rage banbance tsakanin lauyoyi da lauyoyi. Bambancin ya rage saboda akwai wasu sassa na aikin lauya da lauya ba zai iya yi ba.
A tarihi, barrister na iya amfani da girmamawa, Esquire Duk da cewa kalmar barrister-at-law wani lokaci ana ganinta, kuma ta kasance ta zama ruwan dare gama gari, ba a taɓa yin daidai ba a Ingila da Wales. Barrister shine kawai daidaitaccen nomenclature. Ana sa ran Barristers su kula da kyawawan halaye na ƙwararru. Makasudin ka'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idar shine don guje wa rinjaye ta ko dai lauya ko abokin ciniki da kuma abokin ciniki da aka ba su damar yanke shawara a cikin yanayi mai tallafi kuma, bi da bi, abokin ciniki yana tsammanin (a bayyane da/ko a bayyane) Lauyan da ke kula da ayyukansu, wato ta hanyar yin aiki bisa maslahar abokin ciniki (CD2), yin aiki da gaskiya da gaskiya (CD3), kiyaye al'amuran abokin ciniki sirri (CD6) da yin aiki zuwa ma'auni mai inganci (CD7). Waɗannan mahimman ayyuka (CDs) kaɗan ne, da sauransu, waɗanda ke cikin Littafin Jagora na BSB.
Ireland ta Arewa A cikin Afrilu 2003 akwai Barristeri 554 a cikin aiki mai zaman kansa a Ireland ta Arewa 66 sun kasance masu ba da shawara ga Sarauniya (QCs), Barristers waɗanda suka sami babban suna kuma Sarauniyar ta nada su bisa shawarar Ubangiji Chancellor a matsayin manyan masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawara.
Waɗannan barrister waɗanda ba QCs ba ana kiran su Junior Counsel kuma ana yin su da salon "BL" ko "Barrister-at-Law". Kalmar junior sau da yawa yaudara ce tun da yawancin membobin Junior Bar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru ne waɗanda ke da ƙwarewa sosai. Benchers sune, kuma sun kasance na ƙarni, hukumomin gudanarwa na Inns na Kotu guda huɗu a London da King's Inns, Dublin. Benchers na Inn na Kotun Arewacin Ireland sun gudanar da Inn har sai an kafa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Inn a cikin 1983, wanda ya ba da cewa an raba gwamnatin Inn tsakanin Benchers, Majalisar Zartarwa na Inn da membobin Inn. taro a Babban Taro.
Majalisar Zartarwa (ta hanyar Kwamitin Ilimi) tana da alhakin yin la'akari da Memorials da masu nema suka gabatar don shigar da su a matsayin ɗaliban Inn da kuma ɗaliban Bar na Inn don shigar da digiri na Barrister-at-Law da ba da shawarwari ga Benchers. Benchers ne ke yanke hukunci na ƙarshe akan waɗannan abubuwan Tunatarwa. Benchers kuma suna da keɓantaccen ikon korar ko dakatar da ɗalibin Bar da kuma hana barista ko dakatar da barrister daga aiki.
Bugu da ƙari, wasu kotunan ƙararrakin ƙararrakin jihohi suna buƙatar lauyoyi su sami wata takardar shaidar shigar da ƙara da yin aiki a kotun daukaka kara. Kotunan tarayya na buƙatar takamaiman shigar da ƙarar kotun don yin aiki a gabanta. A matakin daukaka kara na jihohi da kuma a kotunan tarayya, gaba daya babu wani tsarin jarrabawa daban, kodayake wasu kotunan gundumomi na Amurka suna bukatar a yi nazari kan ayyuka da hanyoyin da ake bi a kotunansu. Sai dai idan an buƙaci jarrabawa, yawanci ana ba da izinin shiga a matsayin al'amari ga kowane lauya mai lasisi a jihar da kotu take. Wasu kotunan tarayya za su ba da izinin shiga kowane lauya mai lasisi a kowace ikon Amurka.
Popular culture Hong Kong Bar Association (barristers in Hong Kong)
Law Society of Hong Kong (solicitors in Hong Kong) at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2006-07-23)
Canadian Bar Association
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Australiya (Barristers a cikin Commonwealth of Australia)
New South Wales Bar Association
Bar Victorian (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Queensland (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Kudancin Australiya (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yammacin Australiya (Ostiraliya)
Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Yankin Arewa (Ostiraliya)
The Barrister magazine
The Inner Temple
Bar Council (barristers in England and Wales)
Bar Library of Northern Ireland Faculty of Advocates in Scotland
The Bar of Ireland
The difference between barristers and solicitors Advice on structure and training for the Bar
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
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21795 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansanin%20Boiro | Sansanin Boiro | Sansanin Boiro ko Sansanin Mamadou Boiro (1960 1984), Wani sansanin fursunoni ne na Guinea da ke cikin garin Conakry. A lokacin mulkin Shugaba Ahmed Sékou Touré, an daure dubban abokan hamayyar siyasa a sansanin. An yi kiyasin cewa kusan mutane 5,000 aka kashe ko suka mutu daga azaba ko yunwa a sansanin. A cewar wasu ƙididdigar, adadin waɗanda abin ya shafa ya ninka har sau goma: 50,000.
Shekarun farko Sékou Touré ya zama shugaban Guinea lokacin da ƙasar ta sami independenceancin kai daga Faransa a 1958. Tsawon shekarun da suka biyo baya, mulkinsa ya zama mai matukar danniya, yana tsananta wa shugabannin adawa da masu adawa da shi daga cikin Jam’iyyar Guinean Democratic Party (PDG) mai mulki. Sansanin, wanda ke tsakiyar Conakry, asalin sa ana kiransa Sansanin Camyenne. Hakan ya mamaye Garkuwar Republican a karkashin mulkin mallakar Faransa. An gina shingen kurkukun siyasa a cikin sansanin tare da taimako daga gwamnatin Czechoslovak. A cikin shekarar 1961 kwamandan ya sa an rage windows a girmansu, tunda sun yi girma da yawa ga mazajen da aka yanke musu hukunci. An sauya wa sansanin suna Sansanin Mamadou Boiro a shekarar 1969 domin girmamawa ga wani kwamishinan ‘yan sanda da aka jefo daga helikofta da yake jigilar fursunoni daga Labé zuwa Conakry.
An yi amfani da sansanin don zubar da abokan adawar Touré. Achkar Marof, dan wasan kwaikwayo kuma tsohon jakadan Guinea a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an sake tuna shi zuwa Guinea a 1968, an kama shi kuma an daure shi a Sansanin Boiro. Ya ɗan sami 'yanci a yunƙurin juyin mulkin 1970. Iyalinsa sun koya a cikin 1985 cewa an harbe shi a 26 Janairu 1971. Makircin da ake kira Labé, wanda ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka na Faransa, an gano shi a cikin Fabrairu 1969. Touré yayi amfani da wannan makircin don tsarkake sojoji kuma ya kashe aƙalla mutane 13. An kama mutane 87 kuma aka tsare a sansanin, ciki har da Ministan Tattalin Arziki Kudi, Diawadou Barry. Biyu, Mouctar Diallo da Namory Keïta, sun mutu ne saboda yunwa da rashin ruwa kwanaki bayan kame su. An kuma kama Fodéba Keïta, tsohon Ministan Tsaro saboda zargin hada baki a shirin na Labé. An harbe shi bayan an tilasta masa yunwa a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1969.
Bayan yunkurin juyin mulki na 1970 A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1970, Sojojin Fotigal da ke zaune a makwabciyar kasar Portugal Guinea, tare da taimakon ‘yan adawar Guinea, suka aiwatar da Operation Green Sea, wani gagarumin hari kan Conakry da nufin cimma wasu manufofin soja da siyasa, gami da‘ yantar da POWs na Portugal da yunkurin don kifar da gwamnatin Touré. Sun kame Sansanin Boiro kuma sun 'yantar da fursunonin. Babban kwamandan sansanin Siaka Touré ya yi nasarar buya, amma an kama Janar Lansana Diané, Ministan Tsaro. Daga baya ya tsere kuma ya nemi mafaka tare da jakadan Algeria. Yunkurin juyin mulkin bai yi nasara ba, kuma a bayan haka an tara masu adawa da gwamnatin da yawa kuma aka saka su a kurkuku a Sansanin Boiro. A ranar 23 ga Disamba 1970, aka kama Bishop na Conakry, Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo, kuma daga baya ya yi “furci”. Tchidimbo daga baya ya rubuta littafi game da shekaru 8, watanni 8 da ya yi a sansanin. Alassane Diop, wanda asalinsa dan kasar Senegal ne, tsohon Ministan Yada Labarai a Guinea an kama shi kuma an tsare shi a Sansanin Boiro na tsawon shekaru goma, yana komawa Senegal bayan sake shi.
An bai wa fursunonin abinci kadan ban da guntun burodi kwatankwacin kwalin ashana da safe, da kuma lada na shinkafa a fili wacce aka dafa a cikin ruwa mai datti da yamma. Babu wani nama sai ranakun da Touré ke yin wasu sadaukarwa. Daga watan Janairun 1971 kwamitin juyin juya hali karkashin jagorancin Ismaël Touré, kani ga Sékou Touré kuma ministan Tattalin Arziki. An sanya wasu fursunoni a kan "abincin baki", ma'ana ba abinci ko ruwa har sai sun mutu. Fursunoni za su iya nuna jaruntaka kawai ta hanyar kin yin ikirari yayin zaman azabtarwa, da kuma kin rokon abinci lokacin da aka sanya su a kan bakar abincin. An rataye Loffo Camara, tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Jiha na Harkokin Tattalin Arziki, a 25 ga Janairun 1971, mace daya tilo da aka kashe a lokacin. A cewar El Hadj Ibrahima Diane, fursuna na tsawon shekaru, daga watan Yunin 1972 har zuwa watan Agusta 1973 aƙalla an ɗauki gawawwaki huɗu daga ɗakunan kowace rana kuma aka jefa su cikin manyan kaburbura a bayan gidan yarin.
A shekarar 1975, Faransa ta amince ta maido da huldar jakadanci bayan an saki fursunonin Faransa daga sansanin. Wannan ya rage matsin lamba akan Touré. Littafin Prison D'Afrique na Jean-Paul Alata, wanda ya tsira daga sansanin, an hana shi bugawa a Faransa kuma dole ne a buga shi a Belgium. Arin tsare-tsare ya biyo bayan shekaru masu zuwa. Diallo Telli sanannen ɗan siyasa ne, mai biyayya ga tsarin mulki, kuma tsohon Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (OAU). Ya koma Guinea a 1972 kuma aka nada shi Ministan Shari'a. A ranar 18 ga Yulin 1976, Diallo Telli aka kama shi a gidansa kuma aka tsare shi a Sassanin Boiro. A watan Fabrairun 1977 aka kawar da fitattun fursunoni biyar ta hanyar cin abincin baƙar fata: Diallo Telli, tsoffin ministoci Barry Alpha Oumar da Dramé Alioune, da hafsoshin soja Diallo Alhassana da Kouyate Laminé. A wata mai zuwa wasu mutane biyar suka mutu saboda yunwa.
Kamawa da mutuwa suka ci gaba. A watan Agusta 1979 Bah Mamadou, ɗan asalin ƙasar Labé da ya ƙaura zuwa Faransa, ya dawo don ziyarci iyalinsa. Da ya shigo ƙasar daga Senegal, an kama duk waɗanda ke cikin motarsa kuma aka ɗaure su a Sassanin Boiro. Takwas daga cikin matafiyan duk banda Bah Mahmud da kansa sun mutu daga baƙar fata a cikin wata ɗaya. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1983 gwamnati ta sanar da cewa sun gano wata makarkashiya ta zagon kasa ga taron OAU da aka shirya gudanarwa a Conakry shekara mai zuwa. An tsare mutane tamanin da ɗaya a Sassanin Boiro.
Legacy Bayan mutuwar Sékou Touré a shekara ta 1984, sojoji sun karɓi mulki a juyin mulki kuma suka saki yawancin fursunonin siyasa a Sassanin Boiro. Da yawa daga cikin shugabannin tsohuwar gwamnatin an tsare su, sannan daga baya aka kashe su. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ƙungiyar waɗanda aka Ci zarafinsu na Sassanin Boiro sun yi gwagwarmaya tsawon shekaru don kula da abin da ya faru. Majalisar ministocin ta fitar da sanarwa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1991 don gyaran sansanin da gina abin tunawa ga duk wadanda abin ya shafa, amma ba wani mataki da ya biyo baya. An hana ƙungiyar ta kafa gidan kayan gargajiya a cikin tsohon sansanin. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 2007, Bobo Dieng, wani tsohon babban jami'i a gwamnatin ta Touré, ya bayyana cewa mutane 117 ne kawai suka mutu a sansanin. Sai a shekarar 2009 ne shugaban rikon kwarya Moussa Dadis Camara ya gana da mambobin kungiyar.A waccan shekarar, aka fara rusa gine-ginen sansanin, amma ba a san ko za a kafa wani abin tunawa ba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, babu wani kwamitin bincike, kuma duk wasu takardu game da sansanin ba za a iya shiga ba ko kuma an lalata su.
Manazarta
Littattafan da aka ambata
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Camp Boiro Memorial
Fina-finai La danse avec l'aveugle. 1978
Allah Tantou (God's Will) |
31354 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilimin%20muhalli%20na%20gargajiya | Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya | Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya (TEK), yana bayyana ilimin mutanen asalin gari da sauran ilimin gargajiya na albarkatun kasa. A matsayin fannin nazari a cikin ilimin ɗan adam na Arewacin Amurka, Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana nufin "ɗaɗɗen ilimin ilimi, imani, da aiki, haɓakawa ta hanyar tarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya kuma ana ba da su ta cikin tsararraki ta hanyar waƙoƙin gargajiya, labarai da imani. Ya shafi alakar rayayyun halittu (ciki har da mutum) da kungiyoyin su na al’ada da muhallinsu.” Yana da kyau a lura cewa ilimin asali ba ra'ayi ba ne na duniya a tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban, amma ana magana da shi ga tsarin al'adu ko ayyuka na ilimi waɗanda suka dogara ga "wuri. Ana amfani da irin wannan ilimin a cikin sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa a madadin tushen bayanan muhalli a lokuta inda babu ƙaramin bayanan kimiyya da aka yi rikodin, ko kuma yana iya nufin hanyoyin kimiyyar Yammacin Turai na sarrafa muhalli.
Aiwatar da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a fagen kula da muhalli da kimiyya har yanzu yana da rigima, kamar yadda hanyoyin samun da kuma tattara ilimi-ko da yake sau da yawa ya haɗa da nau'ikan bincike da gwaje-gwaje ya bambanta da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ƙirƙira da tabbatar da ilimin muhalli na kimiyya daga hangen nesa na yamma. Hukumomin gwamnati da ba na kabilanci ba, irin su US EPA, sun kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin kai tare da wasu gwamnatocin kabilanci don haɗa Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin tsare-tsaren muhalli da bin diddigin sauyin yanayi.
Akwai muhawara ko ƴan asalin ƙasar suna riƙe da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha akan ilimin gargajiya da kuma ko amfani da wannan ilimin yana buƙatar izini da lasisi kafin aiki da shi. Wannan yana da rikitarwa musamman saboda ana kiyaye TEK akai-akai azaman al'adar baka kuma don haka na iya rasa ingantattun takaddun takaddun. Don haka, hanyoyin da za su iya warware batun takardun shaida don biyan bukatun yammacin Turai na iya yin illa ga yanayin ilimin gargajiya.
Ana amfani da ilimin gargajiya don kula da albarkatun kasa wadanda ake bukata don rayuwa. Yayin da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ita kanta, da kuma al'ummomin da ke da alaƙa da al'adar baka, na iya zama cikin barazana saboda saurin sauyin yanayi ko lalacewar muhalli, TEK yana nuna mahimmanci don fahimtar tasirin waɗannan canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli.
Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya na iya komawa zuwa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wanda ke jaddada sassa daban-daban da mu'amalar muhalli.
Ci gaban fannin ilimin An gudanar da karatun farko na tsarin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin nazarin ɗan adam. An yi nazarin ilimin halittu ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ethnoecology, "hanyar da ke mai da hankali kan tunanin dangantakar muhalli da mutane ko al'adu ke gudanarwa," a fahimtar yadda tsarin ilimi ya samo asali ta hanyar al'ada. Harold Colyer Conklin, wani Ba’amurke ƙwararren ɗan adam wanda ya fara nazarin ilimin ƙabilanci, ya jagoranci tattara bayanan ƴan asali hanyoyin fahimtar duniyar halitta. Conklin da sauransu sun rubuta yadda al'ummomin gargajiya, irin su masu sana'ar noma na Philippine, suka nuna na ban mamaki da cikakken cikakken sani game da tarihin yanayin wuraren da suka zauna. Shiga kai tsaye cikin tarawa, kera kayayyaki daga, da amfani da tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida ya haifar da wani tsari wanda duniyar halittu da duniyar al'adu ke da alaƙa da juna. Kodayake filin Tek ya fara da takardun jerin nau'ikan halittun da kungiyoyi daban-daban da kuma "biyan haraji daga cikin ƙasa don la'akari da la'akari da dangantakar dangantaka da hanyoyin da aka bayar tashi zuwa filin kamar yadda ake gane shi a yau. A cikin ƙarfafa nazarin hanyoyin daidaitawa, wanda ke ba da hujjar cewa ƙungiyar zamantakewa kanta amsa ce ta daidaita yanayin muhalli ta ƙungiyar zuwa yanayin gida, dangantakar ɗan adam da dabarun aiki waɗanda waɗannan alaƙa da al'adu suka dogara, filin TEK na iya yin nazari kan Tambayoyi masu yawa da suka shafi yanayin al'adu da ilimin halin ɗan adam. A tsakiyar 1980s, an rubuta ɗimbin wallafe-wallafen da ke haɓaka ilimin muhalli na gargajiya duka ilimin muhalli da ƴan asali daban-daban suke da shi da kuma dangantakarsu ta muhalli. Nazarin ya haɗa da nazarin "nama da kiyaye halittu masu rai a cikin yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, da ilimin gargajiya da tsarin gudanarwa a cikin kamun kifi na bakin teku da lagoons, yankunan da ba su da ruwa, da kuma Arctic." Abin da waɗannan binciken ya kwatanta shi ne cewa "al'ummar gargajiya iri-iri suna da nasu fahimtar dangantakar muhalli da al'adun sarrafa albarkatun." Haɓaka ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a wannan lokacin ya haifar da fahimtar duniya game da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen sa a cikin ayyukan sarrafa albarkatun da ci gaba mai dorewa. Rahoton na 1987 na Hukumar Kula da Muhalli da Ci gaba ta Duniya ya nuna yarjejeniya a lokacin. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa nasarorin da aka samu a karni na 20 (raguwar mace-macen jarirai, da karuwa a tsawon rayuwa, da karuwar karatu, da samar da abinci a duniya) sun haifar da al’amuran da suka haifar da gurbacewar muhalli “a cikin duniya da ta fi gurbace a tsakanin abada. rage albarkatun." Fata, duk da haka, ya wanzu don salon rayuwa na gargajiya. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa al'ummomin kabilu da na asali suna da salon rayuwa da za su iya samar wa al'ummomin zamani darussa kan sarrafa albarkatun da ke cikin dazuzzuka masu sarkakiya, da tsaunuka, da kuma juji.
Bambance-bambance daga kimiyya Fulvio Mazzocchi na Cibiyar Italian National Research Council na ma'aikatar kula da gurbacear yanayi ya bambanta ilimin gargajiya daga ilimin kimiyya kamar haka:
Abubuwan suka shafi ilimin muhalli na gargajiya Abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya suna ba da nau'o'i daban-daban ta yadda ake amfani da su da fahimtarsa. Waɗannan alamu ne masu kyau game da yadda ake amfani da shi ta fuskoki daban-daban da kuma yadda suke da alaƙa da juna, suna ba da ƙarin fifiko kan "Gudanar da haɗin gwiwa don mafi kyawun gano wuraren da ke da bambanci da haɗuwa yayin ƙoƙarin kawo hanyoyin tunani da sanin juna biyu."
Binciken gaskiya Houde ya gano fuskoki shida na ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Bangaren farko na ilimin ilimin halitta na gargajiya ya haɗa da ainihin, takamaiman abubuwan lura da aka samar ta hanyar tantancewa, suna, da rarrabuwa na sassa daban-daban na muhalli. Wannan al'amari shine game da fahimtar alaƙar da ke tsakanin nau'o'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i da kuma kewaye da su. Har ila yau, saiti ne na duka abubuwan lura da bayanai da ke jaddada al'amuran dabbobi da dabi'unsu, da muhallinsu, da sifofin zahiri na nau'in, da yawan dabbobi. Wannan ya fi amfani don kimanta haɗarin haɗari da gudanarwa wanda ke ba ƙasashe damar yin tasiri akan sarrafa albarkatun. To sai dai idan al'umma ba ta yi aiki ba, to kasa za ta iya aiwatar da muradun kanta. Irin wannan "ilimin ƙwaƙƙwara ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan lura da aka gudanar na dogon lokaci kuma an ƙarfafa su ta hanyar asusun wasu masu riƙe TEK."
Tsarin gudanarwa Fuska ta biyu tana nufin yin amfani da albarkatu cikin ɗa'a da dorewa dangane da tsarin gudanarwa. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar dabarun tsare-tsare don tabbatar da kiyaye albarkatu. Musamman ma wannan fuskar ta ƙunshi ma'amala da sarrafa kwari, sauya albarkatu, tsarin noman noma da yawa, da hanyoyin ƙididdige yanayin albarkatun. Hakanan yana mai da hankali kan sarrafa albarkatu da yadda ya dace da yanayin gida.
Amfani na baya da na yanzu Fuska ta uku tana nufin girman lokaci na Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, yana mai da hankali kan amfani da muhallin da ake yadawa ta hanyar tarihin baka, kamar amfani da ƙasa, zama, zama, da matakan girbi. Musamman tsire-tsire na magani da wuraren tarihi suna da matukar damuwa. Ana amfani da tarihin baka don isar da al'adun gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara, kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar dangi da al'umma.
Da'a da dabi'u Fuska ta huɗu tana nufin maganganun ƙima da alaƙa tsakanin tsarin gaskatawa da kuma tsara gaskiya. Game da Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli yana nufin xa'a na muhalli wanda ke kiyaye ikon amfani da bincike. Har ila yau, wannan fuska tana nufin bayyanar da dabi'u game da dangantaka da wuraren zama na nau'i da kuma kewaye da su yanayin dangantakar mutum.
Al'adu da asali Fuska ta biyar tana nufin rawar da harshe da hotunan da suka gabata ke bunkasa ga al'adu. Dangantaka tsakanin Aboriginal (mazaunan asali) da muhallinsu na da mahimmanci don dorewar abubuwan al'adu da ke ayyana su. Wannan fuskar tana nuna labaru, dabi'u, da alakar zamantakewa da ke zaune a wuraren da ke ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa, haifuwa, da haɓakar al'adun ƴan asalin, da kuma ganewa. Hakanan ya jaddada "fa'idodin maidowa na shimfidar al'adu a matsayin wuraren sabuntawa"
Ilimin sararin samaniya Fuska ta shida ita ce ilmin sararin samaniya ta al'ada wacce ita ce ginshikin sauran bangarorin. Ilimin sararin samaniya wato Cosmology shine ra'ayi na yadda duniya ke aiki don al'adu da yawa. Wannan na iya bambanta sosai daga al'ada ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Misali a Amurka, akwai sama da kabilu 577 da gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da su tare da nasu al'adu, harsuna da tsarin imani. Yawancin waɗannan kabilun sun fahimci kansu a matsayin haɗin gwiwa da ƙasar. Kalmar 'cosmology' tana da alaƙa da zato da imani game da yadda al'amura ke gudana, kuma yana bayyana hanyar da abubuwa ke haɗuwa, kuma yana ba da ƙa'idodi waɗanda ke daidaita dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma matsayin ɗan adam a duniya. Daga hangen nesa na ɗan adam, ilmin sararin samaniya yana ƙoƙarin fahimtar dangantakar ɗan adam da dabba da kuma yadda waɗannan ke tasiri kai tsaye alaƙar zamantakewa, wajibai ga membobin al'umma, da ayyukan gudanarwa.
A cikin A Yupiaq Worldview: Hanya zuwa Ilimin Halittu da Ruhi na Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, masanin ilimin ɗan adam ɗan asalin ƙasar, ya ce "Ma'auni na yanayi, ko hangen nesa na muhalli, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci ga Yupiaq. Tarihi da binciken archaeological na kabila daban-daban a duniya yana da alama suna nuni da zaren falsafa ko muhalli guda ɗaya a tsakanin dukkan mutane, kuma wannan haɗin kai da ke bayyana yana haifar da tunanin haɗin kai na kowane abu na sararin samaniya. Mutanen Yupiaq sun kasance, kuma har yanzu, masu goyon bayan wannan ra'ayi na duniya ne, duk da raunin yanayin da ake samu ta hanyar kutse na zamani." Kawagley yayi karin bayani akan Ilimin gargajiya akan muhalli a cikin mahallin duniya na Yupiaq da cewa, “Hanyoyin mutum na Yupiaq sun hada da lura, gogewa, hulɗar zamantakewa, da sauraron tattaunawa da tambayoyi na duniyar halitta da ta ruhaniya tare da hankali. Mutum ko da yaushe mai halarta-mai kallo ne."
Gudanar da yanayin muhalli Kula da yanayin muhalli hanya ce mai fuskoki da dama kuma cikakke hanya na sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Ya ƙunshi duka ilimin kimiyya da ilimin muhalli na gargajiya don tattara bayanai daga matakan dogon lokaci waɗanda kimiyya ba za su iya ba. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar masana kimiyya da masu bincike tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar ta hanyar yanke shawara tare da biyan bukatun zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu na zamani da na gaba. Ilimin 'yan asali ya samar da hanyar da za ta magance sarkakiya yayin da kimiyyar yamma ke da dabaru da kayan aiki. Wannan dangantaka ce mai kyau don samun wanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan sakamako ga ɓangarorin biyu da muhalli. Hatsarin da ke tattare da yin aiki tare shi ne, kasashe ba sa cin moriyar adalci ko kwata-kwata. Sau da yawa an yi amfani da ilimin ɗan asalin waje a wajen al'umma ba tare da izini ba al'adar al'adu amincewa, ko ramuwa. Ilimin ƴan asali na iya kiyaye muhalli, duk da haka yana iya zama ilimi mai tsarki.
Maido da ingancin muhalli Maido da ingancin muhalli shine al'adar maido da gurbataccen muhalli ta hanyar sa hannun ɗan adam. Akwai haɗe-haɗe da yawa tsakanin maido da muhalli da ayyukan sarrafa yanayin muhalli da suka shafi Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya, duk da haka sarrafa yanayin muhallin Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ya fi zurfi ta hanyar alakar tarihi da wurin. Saboda rashin daidaiton iko da aka ambata a baya tsakanin ƴan asali da kuma waɗanda ba na asali ba, yana da mahimmanci cewa haɗin gwiwa ya daidaita don dawo da rashin adalci na zamantakewa kuma wannan ya tabbatar da samun nasara lokacin da ƴan asalin ƙasar suka jagoranci ayyukan maido da muhalli.
Ilimin gargajiya da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta kasance daya daga cikin hukumomin tarayya na farko da suka samar da tsare-tsare na yau da kullun da ke bayanin yadda za ta hada kai da gwamnatocin kabilu da kuma amincewa da muradun kabilanci wajen aiwatar da shirye-shiryenta "don kare lafiyar dan adam da muhalli." A cikin fahimtar alaƙar ƙabilanci da mahalli, EPA ta nemi haɓaka shirye-shiryen muhalli waɗanda ke haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin "kimiyyar muhalli, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara." Ko da yake a halin yanzu ba a san Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a matsayin muhimmin sashi na yanke shawarar muhalli na yau da kullun ba, masana kimiyya suna aiki kan haɓaka shirye-shiryen ƙwarewar kimiyya waɗanda suka dace da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya da haɓaka wadatar kai da azama. Rashin sanin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya wajen tantance hanyoyin magance matsalolin muhalli shine wakilcin ɗabi'ar ƙabilanci don ƙima kimiyya akan ƙirar gargajiya. Don haka, hukumomin da ke haɗa kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya dole ne su amince da ƙimar hanyoyin koyarwa na musamman don yin cikakken amfani da fa'idodin kimiyya da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Misali, dole ne hukumomin Amurka su koyi game da Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ta hanyar yin aiki kafada da kafada da dattawan 'yan asalin, tattara bayanai na hannu daga takamaiman wurin da ake tambaya, da haɗa ƙimar 'yan asalin cikin ƙimar su ta kimiya. A cikin Nuwamban 2000, Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya ba da umarnin zartarwa mai lamba 13175, wanda ke buƙatar sassan tarayya da hukumomin tarayya su tuntuɓi gwamnatocin ƙabilun Indiya don haɓaka manufofin da za su sami tasirin kabilanci. Tasirin kabilanci ana bayyana ta EPA da cewa yana da "tasirin kai tsaye ga ɗaya ko fiye da kabilun Indiya, akan dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya, ko kuma akan rabon iko da nauyi tsakanin gwamnatin tarayya da kabilun Indiya." A matsayin hukumar tarayya ta gwamnatin Amurka, an buƙaci EPA ta kafa ƙa'idodin tsarin tuntuɓar. A matsayin martaninta na farko, hukumar ta samar da wasu ka’idoji da za su ba da damar yin sadarwa mai ma’ana da daidaitawa tsakanin hukumar da jami’an kabilanci kafin hukumar ta dauki matakai ko aiwatar da shawarwarin da ka iya shafan kabilu. Ka'idojin sun kuma tsara lambobin tuntuɓar EPA don haɓaka daidaito da daidaita tsarin tuntuɓar, da kafa kulawar gudanarwa da bayar da rahoto don tabbatar da gaskiya da gaskiya.
Wani nau'i na tuntuɓar Majalisar Ƙabila ta EPA. A cikin 2000, Ofishin Bincike da Ci gaba na EPA ya kafa Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA. Majalisar, wadda ta kunshi wakilai daga kabilu a fadin kasar, ana nufin samar da tsari don shigar da kabilu cikin kokarin kimiyya na EPA, da kuma zama abin hawa wanda ta hanyar EPA za ta iya samun fahimtar batutuwan kimiyya wadanda suka fi fifiko ga kabilu. a matakin kasa. Majalisar kuma tana ba wa kabilu dama don yin tasiri akan ajandar kimiyya ta EPA ta hanyar ɗaga waɗannan batutuwan da suka fi fifiko ga ƙungiyar EPA mai fa'ida. Muhimmanci ga membobin kabilanci a farkon taron Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA shine bambance-bambancen da ke cikin al'adun gargajiya na kabilanci da kuma kimiyyar yamma. Waɗannan hanyoyin rayuwa sun haɗa da "haɗin ruhi, tunani, jiki, da tunani da mahalli; alaƙa waɗanda suka dogara akan ƙima mai ƙima da ƙima"; da kuma fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don cigaban rayuwar ɗan adam. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, ana nufin yin aiki a matsayin wurin taro inda ƙungiyoyin biyu za su iya "raba bayanan da za su iya ba da gudummawa ga kare muhalli ga duk al'ummomin da ba al'adar da ke barin asalinta ba." A ƙoƙari na kare TTL Majalisar ta gano zama a matsayin yanki mai mahimmanci don bincike. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta ayyana rayuwa a matsayin: “dangantaka tsakanin mutane da muhallinsu, hanyar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta ƙunshi haɗin kai na ruhaniya da ƙasa, kuma ya haɗa da fahimtar cewa albarkatun ƙasa za su samar da duk abin da ya dace don rayuwar ɗan adam. Mutanen da suke rayuwa daga tushen albarkatun ƙasa sun kasance suna da alaƙa da waɗannan albarkatun, suna rayuwa a cikin da'irar rayuwa. Rayuwa ta kasance game da rayuwa a hanyar da za ta tabbatar da amincin albarkatun ƙasa don amfanin tsararraki masu zuwa." Saboda TTL ko TEK ya keɓanta da wuri kuma ya haɗa da alaƙa tsakanin tsire-tsire da dabbobi, da alaƙar rayayyun halittu da muhalli, amincewa da rayuwa a matsayin fifiko yana ba da damar ilimi da ayyukan TTL su sami kariya. Misali, a wani bangare na shawarwarin da suka yi game da abin da za su ci, Majalisar ta amince da gano gurbacewar albarkatu a matsayin "batun kimiyyar kabilanci mafi mahimmanci a wannan lokacin." Domin mutanen ƙabilun da ke da salon rayuwa sun dogara da muhalli don dabarun gargajiya na noma, farauta. kamun kifi, gandun daji, da magunguna, da bukukuwa, gurɓatattun abubuwa suna yin tasiri daidai gwargwado kuma suna jefa TTL ɗinsu cikin haɗari. Kamar yadda Majalisar EPA ta bayyana, "Yawan cin abinci na kabilanci ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da na yawan jama'a, yana sa tasirin gurɓataccen albarkatun ƙasa ya fi damuwa nan da nan." Yayin da ‘yan asalin kasar ke kokawa da gurbacewar albarkatu, majalisar ta samu ci gaba wajen binciken illolinta.
Duk da irin wannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, har yanzu akwai shingaye don ci gaba a cikin Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA. Misali, daya cikas shine yanayin hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya. Hanyoyin Rayuwa na Gargajiya na kabilanci ana ba da su ta hanyar labari, daga zamani zuwa zamani, tsara zuwa tsara, yayin da kimiyyar yammacin duniya ta dogara da rubutacciyar kalma, sadarwa ta hanyar ilimi da ilimi. Ƙoƙarin tattara masana kimiyya na yammacin duniya da mutanen ƙabilanci su ma sun sami cikas ta hanyar fahimtar ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka cewa ana sanya nazarin kimiyya a cikin "baƙar akwatin" na misalta wanda ke hana shigar da kabilanci. Ko da kuwa, EPA ta fahimci ikon ilimin ɗan asalin don haɓaka fahimtar kimiyya da samar da sabbin bayanai da ra'ayoyi waɗanda za su iya amfanar yanayi da lafiyar ɗan adam.
Inganta hanyoyin rayuwar gargajiya cikin tsarin kimanta haɗarin EPA misali ɗaya ne na yadda Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabila ta EPA ta sami damar aiwatar da canji a al'adun EPA. Tsarin tantance haɗarin haɗari shine "tsarin tsara don nazarin kimiyya na yuwuwar tasirin cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli sakamakon kamuwa da gurɓatawa ko wasu matsalolin muhalli." EPA ta yi amfani da kimar haɗari don kafa "matakan tsaftacewa a wuraren sharar gida masu haɗari, ingancin ruwa da ka'idojin iska, shawarwarin kifi, da hana ko ƙuntata amfani da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran sinadarai masu guba." Mutanen ƙabilanci sun damu, duk da haka, hanyoyin tantance haɗarin na yanzu ba su da cikakkiyar ƙima ga al'adun kabilanci, dabi'u, da/ko hanyoyin rayuwa. Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci tana neman haɗa TTL cikin tunanin fallasa wanzuwa a cikin tsarin tantance haɗarin EPA. Maƙasudin dogon lokaci don Majalisar Kimiyyar Kabilanci ta EPA, duk da haka, cikakken canji ne a kimanta yanke shawara daga haɗari zuwa kiyaye mutane da muhalli masu lafiya. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mutanen kabilanci ba sa yarda da rabuwa da yanayin ɗan adam da muhalli lokacin da suka nuna haɗari. Ta hanyar EPA da aka ƙaddamar da taron karawa juna sani, tarurrukan bita, da ayyuka, ƙabilun sun sami damar yin tattaunawa game da haɗa hanyoyin rayuwa ta al'ada ta kabilanci cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA da yanke shawara. Wannan ya faru ta hanyoyi da yawa: haɗa ayyukan al'adu na musamman na ƙabilanci kamar kwando na asali, mahimmancin kifin kifi da sauran kifaye, magungunan tsire-tsire na gida, cin kifi da nama mai yawa, da wuraren gumi a matsayin fallasa don ƙididdige haɗarin haɗari. ga mutane ko ga al'umma. Kodayake ana iya haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan takamaiman ayyuka na ƙabilanci a cikin kimanta haɗarin EPA, babu tabbacin cewa za a haɗa su kuma babu daidaito kan yadda za a iya amfani da su a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar. A cikin Yulin 2014, Kungiyar EPA ta ba da sanarwar "Manufa kan Adalci na Muhalli don Yin Aiki tare da Ƙabilun Ƙabilu da 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar Tarayya," suna gabatar da ka'idodinta don shirye-shiryen da suka danganci kabilu da 'yan asalin tarayya da aka amince da su don "goyi bayan aiwatar da gaskiya da inganci na tarayya. dokokin muhalli, da kuma ba da kariya daga tasirin da bai dace ba da kuma manyan haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli." Daga cikin ka'idoji 17 akwai 3 ("EPA tana aiki don fahimtar ma'anar lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli daga mahangar ƙabilun da aka amince da tarayya, 'yan asali a duk faɗin Amurka, da sauran waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasar Indiya"); #6 ("EPA tana ƙarfafa, kamar yadda ya dace kuma gwargwadon iya aiki kuma doka ta ba da izini, haɗa ilimin muhalli na gargajiya a cikin ilimin muhalli na hukumar, manufofin, da hanyoyin yanke shawara, don fahimta da magance matsalolin adalci na muhalli da sauƙaƙe shirin. aiwatarwa"); da kuma #7 ("EPA tana la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi sirri game da bayanai akan wurare masu tsarki, albarkatun al'adu, da sauran ilimin gargajiya, kamar yadda doka ta yarda." Yayin da wannan manufar ke gano jagorori da matakai na EPA dangane da ka'idodin adalci na muhalli kamar yadda suke da alaƙa da ƙabilu da ƴan asalin ƙasar, hukumar ta lura cewa ba su da wata hanyar da za a iya amfani da su azaman dokoki ko ƙa'idodi Ba za a iya amfani da su ga wani yanayi na musamman ba ko canza ko musanya kowace doka, ƙa'ida, ko duk wani abin da ake buƙata na doka kuma ba a aiwatar da doka ba.
Illolin lalacewar muhalli dangane da ilimin gargajiya A wasu yankuna, gurɓacewar muhalli ya haifar da raguwar ilimin halittu na gargajiya. Misali, a al'ummar Aamjiwnaang na Anishnaabe First Nations mutane a Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, mazauna suna fama da "nasarawar raguwar yawan haihuwar namiji wanda mazauna ke danganta su ga kusancinsu ga tsire-tsire masu guba":
Canjin yanayi Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya yana ba da bayanai game da sauyin yanayi a cikin tsararraki da labarin ƙasa na ainihin mazauna yankin. Ilimin muhalli na al'ada yana jaddada kuma ya sanya bayanai game da lafiya da hulɗar muhalli su zama cibiyar bayanan da yake ɗauka. Canjin yanayi yana shafar ilimin ilimin halittu na gargajiya ta nau'ikan asalin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yadda suke rayuwa. Ilimin al'ada yana yada daga tsara zuwa tsara kuma yana ci gaba a yau. ’Yan asalin ƙasar sun dogara da waɗannan al’adu don rayuwarsu. Don lokutan girbi da yawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun canza ayyukansu watannin kadan saboda tasirin sauyin yanayi.
Haɓakar yanayin zafi yana kara zama barazana ga yanayin halittu saboda yana cutar da rayuwar wasu bishiyoyi da nau'ikan tsire-tsire. Haɗin haɓakar yanayin zafi da canjin yanayin hazo yana shafar wuraren tsiro.
Hakanan ɗumamar yanayi na shafar kwari da dabbobi. Canjin yanayin zafi zai iya shafar abubuwa da yawa tun daga lokacin da kwari ke fitowa a cikin shekara zuwa canje-canjen mazaunin dabbobi a cikin canje-canjen yanayi. Yayin da zafin yanayi ke ƙara zafi, gobarar daji ta zama mai yiwuwa. Wata al'umma ta asali a Ostiraliya kwanan nan an ba su ƙasa kuma suna dawo da al'adarsu ta al'ada na sarrafa konewa. Wannan ya haifar da karuwar bambancin halittu da kuma rage tsananin gobarar daji.
Ba wai kawai nau'o'i daban-daban na yanayin ya shafa ba, amma tare, lafiyar muhalli na shafar sauyin yanayi don haka albarkatun muhalli da ke samuwa ga 'yan asali na iya canzawa a cikin adadin da ake da su da kuma ingancin albarkatun. Yayin da matakan kankarar teku ke raguwa, mutanen Alaska na fuskantar canje-canje a rayuwarsu na yau da kullun; kamun kifi, sufuri, zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin rayuwarsu sun zama marasa aminci. Daskarewar ƙasa ya haifar da lahani ga gine-gine da hanyoyin titi. Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa yana ƙara tsananta yayin da albarkatun ruwa mai tsabta ke raguwa. Canjin yanayi na lalata rayuwar yau da kullun na 'yan asalin ƙasar a matakai da yawa. Canjin yanayi da ƴan asalin ƙasar suna da alaƙa daban-daban dangane da yankin yanki wanda ke buƙatar daidaitawa daban-daban da ayyukan ragewa. Misali, don tunkarar waɗannan yanayi nan da nan, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun daidaita lokacin girbi da abin da suka girbe sannan kuma su daidaita amfani da albarkatun su. Canjin yanayi na iya canza daidaiton bayanan ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya. Mutanen ƴan asalin ƙasar sun dogara sosai kan alamu na yanayi don tsara ayyuka har ma da hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sakamakon karuwar rashin jin daɗi, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna ƙaura don nemo wasu hanyoyin tsira. A sakamakon haka, an yi asarar alakar al'adu da kasashen da suka taba zama a kai, haka kuma an yi hasarar ilmin ilmin muhalli na gargajiya da suka yi da kasar a can. Sauye-sauyen yanayi da ba a tsara su yadda ya kamata ko aiwatar da su ba na iya cutar da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Kungiyar EPA ta ambaci cewa za ta ɗauki ilimin ilimin muhalli na gargajiya cikin la'akari wajen tsara daidaitawa ga canjin yanayi. Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Kasa ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta yi amfani da hanyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar wajen yaƙar yanayin sauyin yanayi.
Nazarin bincike: Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska A wani bincike, mazauna kauyukan Savoonga da Shaktoolik, Alaska, sun ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce na rayuwarsu, yanayi ya yi wuya a iya hasashensa, lokacin sanyi ya ragu, ana samun matsala wajen hasashen yawan shuke-shuken da za a girbi., akwai bambance-bambance a cikin hijirar dabbobi, an sami ƙarin ganin sabbin nau'in halittu, wanda ake gani fiye da baya, kuma ayyukan farauta da tarawa ba su zama abin da ake iya gani ba kuma ba su faru ba sau da yawa saboda ƙarancin samun damar yin hakan. Mazauna garin sun ga wani sauyi a yanayinsu wanda kuma ya shafi rayuwarsu. Tsirrai da dabbobin ba su yi daidai da samuwarsu ba wanda ya shafi farauta da tara jama’a saboda babu abin da za a yi farauta ko tarawa. Bayyanar sabbin nau'ikan tsire-tsire da dabbobi kuma abin damuwa ne na lafiyar jiki da abinci mai gina jiki saboda ba a al'adance suke cikin ƙasa ba.
Kungiyar harsunanTEK
Karuk da Yurok Burning a matsayin TEK A cewar masanin zamantakewar muhalli Kirsten Vinyeta da mai binciken canjin yanayi na kabila Kathy Lynn, "Karuk Tribe na California sun mamaye ƙasar ƴan asali a tsakiyar tsakiyar Klamath da Salmon Rivers a Arewacin California. Yankin ƙabilar ta ƙabilar ta ƙunshi kimanin eka miliyan 1.38 a cikin Kogin Klamath. Ayyukan ƙonawa na al'ada sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga Karuk tun a tarihi. Ga Kabila, wuta tana aiki azaman kayan aikin sarrafa ƙasa mai mahimmanci da kuma aikin ruhaniya." A cewar farfesa nazarin muhalli Tony Marks-Block, mai bincike kan muhalli Frank K. Lake da ƙwararrun gandun daji na wurare masu zafi Lisa M. Curran, "kafin manufofin keɓancewar wuta, Indiyawan Amurka sun yi amfani da watsar da gobarar da ba ta da tushe ko konewar al'adu don haɓaka albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don rayuwarsu da al'adunsu. ayyuka. Don dawo da albarkatun al'adun da suka lalace daga shekarun da suka gabata na keɓe gobara da kuma rage haɗarin gobarar daji, ƙabilar Karuk da Yurok na Arewa maso yammacin California suna jagorantar ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwa na yanki don faɗaɗa gobarar watsa shirye-shirye da rage yawan man fetur a kan jama'a, masu zaman kansu, da ƙasashen kabilanci a cikin yankunan kakanninsu. Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake da Lisa M. Curran suma sun bayyana cewa "a yankin Karuk, gwamnatin tarayya ba ta kafa wani wurin kebabbe ba, inda ta bar murabba'in kilomita 3.83 na Karuk a cikin yankin kakanninsu, saura kuma ya kasance karkashin kasa. ikon dazuzzukan Klamath da koguna shida na ƙasa da kuma watsewar gidaje masu zaman kansu. Sakamakon haka, membobin kabilar Karuk da hukumomin gudanarwa dole ne su kewaya da'awar sabis ɗin gandun daji na USDA akan yankin kakanninsu kuma suna da iyakataccen zaɓi don faɗaɗa tushen ƙasarsu ta hanyar mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. A cikin yankin Yurok, hukunce-hukuncen da suka haɗa da juna sun faru ciki har da gandun daji na Redwood da gandun daji na Kogin shida a wajen ajiyar da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa. Ajiye yana ƙarƙashin mallakar kamfanin katako mai zaman kansa. Saboda haka, kabilar Yurok dole ne ko dai su daidaita ko yin hulɗa tare da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa a cikin yankin kakanninsu, amma a halin yanzu suna da zaɓi mafi girma don samun kadarori masu zaman kansu fiye da kabilar Karuk." A cewar farfesa a fannin zamantakewar zamantakewa Kari Norgaard da dan kabilar Karuk William Tripp, "wannan tsari za a iya maimaita shi kuma a fadada shi zuwa sauran al'ummomi a yammacin Klamath Mountains da kuma bayansa. Hoopa da Yurok tanoak sun tsaya cewa gogaggun gobarar da aka maimaita sun fi jure wa cutar kan lokaci. Wasu bincike sun nuna bambance-bambancen ban mamaki game da kamuwa da cututtuka nan da nan bayan gobarar daji (sau 72 ba a iya samunta a konewa ba tare da wuraren da ba a kone ba a wuri guda), kodayake an nuna cewa tana ci gaba da warkewa idan ba a sake samun gobara ba, domin cutar na iya rayuwa. a cikin rundunonin da wuta ba ta kashe su ba.”
Kiyaye Muhalli na Anishinabe a matsayin TEK A cewar mawallafa Bobbie Kalman da Niki Walker, "'yan asalin wuri, ko 'yan ƙasa, mutane sun zauna a yankin Great Lakes na dubban shekaru. Mutanen al'ummar Anishinabe (Anishinabe) sun zauna a yankuna a yankin Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Bisa ga al'adar baka, mutanen Anishinabe sun taɓa rayuwa ta wurin wani katon ruwan gishiri, wanda watakila ya kasance Tekun Atlantika ko Hudson's Bay. Mutanen sun sami annabci, ko annabci cewa idan sun yi tafiya cikin ƙasa, za su sami wurin da abinci ke tsiro a kan ruwa. Wasu sun tafi yamma, suna bin hangen nesa na megis, ko harsashi na cowrie, wanda ya jagorance su zuwa Babban Tafkuna na yamma. Mutanen sun rabu gida biyu suka zauna a wurare daban-daban wadanda suka hada da al'ummar Anishinabe. Anishinabe yana da dangantaka ta kud da kut da wasu al'ummomi biyu a yankin Manyan Tafkuna na yamma kasancewar Odawa (Ottawa) da Potawatomi. Mutanen waɗannan al’ummai uku sukan auri juna, suna fatauci, kuma su yi aiki tare don sasanta rigingimu. Sun kuma taru a majalisu, inda suka yanke shawara tare.” A cewar masanin falsafar ɗan asalin ƙasashe kuma masanin shari'a na yanayi muhalli Kyle Powys Whyte, "Mutanen Anishinabe a ko'ina cikin yankin Great Lakes sune kan gaba wajen kiyaye nau'in asali na asali da kuma maido da muhalli. Nmé shine mafi girma kuma mafi tsufa kifaye mai rai a cikin Babban Tekuna, wani lokacin yana wuce shekaru 100. Nmé ya yi hidima ga mutanen Asnishinabe a matsayin tushen abinci mai mahimmanci, nau'in nuna alama don sa ido kan muhalli, da kuma lachlan, yana taka rawa a cikin bukukuwa da labarai. Kenny Pheasant, wani dattijo ya ce, “Rashin sturgeon ya yi daidai da raguwar dangin sturgeon. Iyalan dangin sturgeon kaɗan ne kawai aka san su a nan" (Little River Band). Sashen Albarkatun Halitta na Indiyawan Ottawa sun fara rukunin mahallin al'adu, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƴan kabilu da masana ilimin halitta, waɗanda suka haɓaka maƙasudai da manufofin maidowa. Manufar ita ce a dawo da jituwa da haɗin kai tsakanin Nmé da mutanen Anishinabe kuma a dawo da su duka zuwa kogin. Daga ƙarshe, sashen ya ƙirƙiri wurin renon farko na rafi don kare matasa sturgeon kafin a sake su a kowace faɗuwa don kiyaye asalin mahaifarsu. Shinkafar daji, ko manoomin, tana tsirowa a cikin magudanan ruwa, bayyanannu, da tafiyar hawainiya kuma ana iya girbe su a farkon kaka. Bayan girbi, ana sarrafa manoomin ta hanyar ayyuka kamar bushewa, bushewa, ƙwanƙwasa, bushewa, da tsaftacewa. Bayan Anishinabe ya yi hijira daga Gabas kuma ya isa yankin Great Lakes inda za su iya noman amfanin gona a kan ruwa, ƙungiyoyin maƙwabta na Amurka da Kanada da kamfanoni suna gudanar da ayyuka kamar hakar ma'adinai, damming, noma na kasuwanci da motsa jiki na nishaɗi. Waɗannan ayyukan suna shafar manoomin kai tsaye da wurin zama. A yau al’ummar Anishinabe sune jagororin kula da noman shinkafar daji. Taron Nibi (ruwa) da Manoomin Symposium, wanda ke gudana kowace shekara biyu, yana kawo masu girbin shinkafa na kabilanci a cikin manyan tabkuna, masana na asali, masu noman shinkafa na paddy, wakilai daga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai da hukumomin jihohi, da masu binciken jami'o'i da ke sha'awar canjin kwayoyin halittar shinkafa. tare. Dattawa suna ba da labarunsu game da manoomin kuma matasa suna raba ra'ayinsu kan yadda manoomin ya dace da makomarsu. ’Yan asalin ƙasar da ke aiki a matsayin masana kimiyya a cikin ƙabilunsu suna ba da gogewar aiki tare da dattawa don fahimtar zurfin abubuwan tarihi na aikin da suke yi don nazari da adana manoomin. Ana gayyatar sauran ’yan asalin ƙasar don ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru na maidowa da kiyaye sauran nau’in ’yan asali, irin su taro da masara.”
Kiyaye Killer Whales dake kudancin Ƙasar Lummi ta Jihar Washington a matsayin matakinTEK A cewar masana ilimin muhalli Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler da kuma mamban Lummi Jeremiah Julius, “Al’ummar Lummi ta Jihar Washington, ƙabilar Amurka ce ta Tekun Salish. A cikin 2018, Ƙasar Lummi ta sadaukar da kanta ga Tafiya ta Totem Pole a duk faɗin Amurka suna kira ga dawowar 'yan uwansu "Lolita" (wani mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale) zuwa ruwan gida. A cikin yaren Salish, ana kiran killer whales da qwe 'lhol mechen, ma'ana 'dangantakar mu a ƙarƙashin raƙuman ruwa', amma Lummi ba wai kawai 'dangantaka' ne da kifin kifin a cikin wani nau'i na nau'in kifin ba, kifayen suna da alaƙa a ma'ana. cewa danginsu ne. Lokacin da NOAA ta fara sanya Killer Whale na Kudancin Kudancin wani yanki mai hatsarin gaske (DPS) a cikin 2005, bisa doka sun kawar da "Lolita" a matsayin dan uwa. Shawarar ta karanta, "Mazaunin Kudancin Killer Whale DPS bai haɗa da kifayen kifaye daga J, K ko L kwaf ɗin da aka sanya su cikin bauta kafin a jera su ba, kuma baya haɗa da 'ya'yan da aka haifa a fursuna" (NOAA, 2005). Lummi suna neman NOAA don hada kai wajen ciyar da kifin har sai chinook na sautin Puget zai iya kiyaye su. Lummi sun fara ciyar da danginsu biki, amma NOAA ta gaya musu cewa babban yunƙuri na buƙatar izinin tarayya da haɗin gwiwa. Ko da yake ɗaya daga cikin manufofin kiyayewa na ƙungiyar shine tabbatar da 'isasshen adadi, inganci da samun damar nau'in ganima', NOAA ta fahimci wannan manufar sosai a matsayin batun wurin zama. Sun bayyana karara cewa yanzu ba lokacin jin dadi ba ne saboda 'karancin bayanai' ko rashin tabbas. Lummi na ci gaba da Tafiya na Totem Pole na shekara-shekara don kare ƴan'uwansu mazan, kifin baki, da kuma kiyaye gawayi, mai da sauran barazana daga cikin Tekun Salish. An tsara waɗannan ayyukan warkaswa don magance abin da Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart da Lemyra M. DeBruyn suka kira "bakin ciki na tarihi wanda ba a warware ba har yau".
Duba kuma Agroecology
Braiding Sweetgrass
Samfurin gandun daji ba na katako ba
Ilimin gargajiya
Afirka Insect TEK
Manazarta
Bayanan kula
Ci gaba da karatu Robin Wall Kimmerer (2013) Braiding Sweetgrass: Hikimar 'Yan Asalin Kasa, Ilimin Kimiyya, da Koyarwar Tsirrai (Bugu na Milkweed) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ilimin Muhalli na Gargajiya: Kula da Tsare-Tsare na Uwar Duniya, Sabis na Kula da Wuta na Ƙasa
Cibiyar Jama'ar Ƙasa da Muhalli, a Jami'ar Jihar New York, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Muhalli da Gandun daji
Restoration Network (IPRN)
Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve da Haida Heritage Site
Teburin Fuskoki Shida na TEK
Muha
Ilimin gargajiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30157 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhalli%20a%20indiya | Muhalli a indiya | Muhalli na Indiya ya kuma ƙunshi wasu mafi yawan halittun ecozones na duniya. Tarkon Deccan, Gangetic Plains da Himalayas sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin ƙasa. Kasar na fuskantar gurbacewar yanayi daban-daban a matsayinta na babbar matsalar muhalli kuma ta fi fuskantar illar sauyin yanayi kasancewar ƙasa mai tasowa Indiya tana kuma da dokoki da ke kare muhalli sannann kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar bambancin halittu (CBD). Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi da kowane sashen gandun daji na wasu jihohi suna tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin muhalli a duk fadin kasar.
Siffofin
Biota Indiya tana da wasu mafi yawan halittun halittu na duniya hamada, tsaunuka masu tsayi, tsaunuka, dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi, dazuzzuka, filayen fadama, filayen ciyayi, ciyayi, wuraren da ke kewaye da koguna da tsibiri tsibiri. Yana ɗaukar wurare masu zafi daban- daban guda uku: Western Ghats, Himalayas da yankin Indo-Burma Duk Waɗannan wuraren zafi suna da nau'ikan endemic masu yawa.
A cikin shekarata 1992, kusan 7,43,534 kilomita 2 na ƙasar yana ƙarƙashin dazuzzuka kuma kashi 92 na wannan na gwamnati ne. Kashi 22.7 cikin 100 ne kawai aka yi dazuzzuka idan aka kwatanta da shawarar kashi 33 bisa 100 na Tsarin Tsarin Daji na Ƙasa (1952). Mafi yawansa bishiyu ne masu faɗin ganye waɗanda suka ƙunshi sal ɗaya bisa shida da teak ɗaya cikin goma. Ana samun nau'ikan coniferous a cikin yankunan arewa masu tsayi kuma sun haɗa da pine, junipers da deodars.
Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 350, dabbobi masu rarrafe 375, masu amphibians 130, kwari 20,000, kifi 19000 da nau'ikan tsuntsaye har 1200 a Indiya. Zakin Asiya, damisar Bengal da damisa sune manyan mafarauta; kasar tana da mafi yawan nau'in kuraye fiye da kowane. Ana kuma samun giwaye, Rhinoceros na Indiya da nau'in barewa guda takwas. Akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire na furanni sama da 17000 a Indiya, waɗanda ke da kashi shida cikin ɗari na jimillar nau'ikan tsiro a duniya. Indiya ta ƙunshi kashi bakwai cikin ɗari na flora na duniya. Faɗin yanayin yanayi a Indiya ya haifar da wadataccen fure iri-iri. Indiya tana rufe nau'ikan flora sama da 45,000, Kuma daga cikinsu akwai da yawa a yankin. Indiya ta kasu kashi takwas manyan yankuna masu fure-fure: Arewa maso Yamma Himalayas, Gabashin Himalayas, Assam, Filin Indus, Filin Ganga, Deccan, Malabar da Andamans.
Geography Indiya ta ta'allaka ne akan farantin Indiya, yankin arewa na farantin Indo-Australian, wanda ɓawon nahiya ya zama yankin Indiya Sannan kuma Ƙasar tana arewa da equator tsakanin 8°4' da 37°6' arewa latitude da 68°7' da 97°25' gabas longitude. Ita ce kasa ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, tana da Indiya tana auna daga arewa zuwa kudu da daga gabas zuwa yamma. Yana da iyakar ƙasa da bakin tekun Farantin Indiya da Eurasia sun yi karo tsakanin shekaru miliyan 40 zuwa 60 da suka gabata bisa ga bincike hudu, daya shine babu wani tarihin burbushin halittu masu shayarwa a Indiya daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata. A kan hanyarsa, farantin Indiya ya wuce wurin da ake kira Reunion hotspot wanda ya haifar da aikin volcanic, don haka ya samar da Deccan Traps Hadarin da ya yi da farantin Eurasian ya haifar da hawan Himalayas kuma ci gaba da aikin tectonic ya sa ya zama yanki mai saurin girgizar kasa. Filin Gangetic ya samo asali ne ta hanyar jibge silt da Ganga da magudanan ruwa suka yi a cikin yankin da ke tsakanin Himalayas da kewayon Vindhya. Za Kuma a iya raba tsarin dutsen zuwa Archaean, Proterozoic (tsarin Dharwar), tsarin Cuddupah, tsarin Vindhyan, tsarin Gondwana, The Deccan Traps, Tsarin Tertiary, lokacin Pleistocene da kwanan nan. Yanayin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban a cikin ma'auni mai faɗi da bambance-bambancen yanayin ƙasa, yana mai da ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu wahala. Idan aka ba da girman Indiya tare da Himalayas, Tekun Arabiya, Bay na Bengal da Tekun Indiya, ana samun babban bambanci a yanayin zafi da rarraba hazo a cikin ƙasa. Dangane da tsarin Köppen, Sannan inda ma'anar zafin jiki na wata-wata, yana nufin ruwan sama na wata da ma'anar ruwan sama na shekara ana la'akari da shi, Indiya ta karbi manyan nau'o'in yanayi guda shida, wanda ya fito daga hamada mai bushe a yamma, tundra mai tsayi da glaciers a arewa, da kuma m. yankuna masu zafi da ke tallafawa dazuzzukan dazuzzuka a kudu maso yamma da yankunan tsibiri. Yawancin yankuna suna da ƙananan microclimates daban-daban. Sashen nazarin yanayi na Indiya ya raba yanayi zuwa hudu: lokacin hunturu (tsakiyar Disamba zuwa tsakiyar Maris), bazara (tsakiyar Maris zuwa Mayu), damina (Yuni zuwa Satumba), da Rana Mai Komawa (Oktoba zuwa tsakiyar Disamba).
Batutuwa Lalacewa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan muhalli a Indiya.
Gurbacewar ruwa shine babban abin damuwa a kasar Manyan hanyoyin gurbacewar ruwa sune na cikin gida, masana'antu, noma da kuma jigilar ruwa. Mafi girma tushen gurɓataccen ruwa a Indiya shine najasa da ba a kula da su ba. Sauran hanyoyin gurbatar yanayi sun hada da kwararar ruwan noma da kananan masana'antu marasa tsari. Galibin koguna da tafkuna da ruwan saman sun gurbace.
Gurbacewar ƙasa: Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa (ko ƙasa) shine zaizayar ƙasa, yawan amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari, tara datti da sharar ruwa, gobarar daji, da sare ruwa. Ana iya rage shi ta hanyar yin amfani da takin mai magani da magungunan kashe qwari da kuma maganin datti kafin a yi amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa. Saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da haɓakar amfani da hatsin abinci, ana ƙara yawan filayen noman da ake nomawa ta hanyar ban ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa. Ƙasar da aka yi ban ruwa tana raguwa a hankali a hankali ta hanyar juyawa zuwa ƙasa alkali gishiri.
Gurbacewar iska a kasar wani abin damuwa ne. Babban tushe shine batun da aka saki ta hanyar konewar man fetur Barbasar da ke ɗauke da iska kamar soot, tururi da ƙura suna da yuwuwar cutarwa dangane da sinadari da tsarin jiki na mai gurɓata. Suna iya shafar yanayi kuma su rage tarwatsewar hasken rana a cikin yanayi. Gurbacewar amo Ana iya bayyana wannan a matsayin yanayin rashin jin daɗi ko damuwa da ke haifar da ƙarar da ba a so ba. Kuma Yana ƙaruwa gwargwadon haɓakar birane da masana'antu.
Canjin yanayi Kasancewarta kasa ce mai tasowa, Indiya ta fi fuskantar illar sauyin yanayi saboda dogaron da take da shi ga bangarorin da suka shafi yanayi kamar noma da gandun daji. Ƙananan kudin shiga na kowane mutum da ƙananan kasafin kuɗin jama'a kuma suna haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfin daidaita kuɗin kuɗi. Ƙasar tana Daga cikin haɗari ga tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin nan take na sauyin yanayi. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2002 ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi a kasar ya karu da kusan 0.57 a kowace shekara 100. Rashin isassun ababen more rayuwa kuma yana nufin cewa mutane sun fi fallasa, da rashin juriya, ga sauyin yanayi. Misali, ya zuwa shekarata 2015, Indiyawa miliyan 124 ne kawai aka haɗa da magudanar ruwa da kuma miliyan 297 zuwa tankin mai. Sauran sun dogara ne da ɗakunan ramuka ko bayan gida, wanda ke haifar da manyan haɗari na cututtuka na ruwa a lokacin ambaliya wanda zai zama mai yawa kuma mai tsanani tare da sauyin yanayi. Waɗannan hatsarori sun fi tsanani a cikin birane, inda mafi girman yawan mutane ke nufin cewa zaɓin abubuwan more rayuwa na yau da kullun ba zai wadatar ba. Sannan kuma Bugu da ƙari, yawancin manyan biranen Indiya suna cikin filayen ambaliya da ɓangarorin ɓangarorin, don haka za su fuskanci haɗarin yanayi kamar hawan matakin teku, guguwa da guguwa.
Ko da yake Indiya har yanzu tana da matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ga kowane mutum, ƙasar a yanzu ita ce ta uku a yawan fitar da hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi bayan China da Amurka. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta yi alƙawarin rage yawan hayaƙi na Babban Kayayyakin Cikin Gida da kashi 20-25%, dangane da matakan shekarata 2005, nan da shekarata 2020. Indiya ta kuma yi manyan alkawurra na fadada samar da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa, da inganta makamashi, gina zirga-zirgar jama'a da sauran matakan rage hayakin da take fitarwa. Akwai shaida cewa yawancin waɗannan ayyukan sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da fa'idodi masu yawa ban da rage sawun carbon na Indiya. Yawancin ƙananan matakan carbon suna da ban sha'awa na tattalin arziki, sannan Kuma gami da ingantattun na'urorin sanyaya iska, sarrafa buƙatun ajiye motoci, gas ɗin gas da ƙa'idodin aikin abin hawa. Wasu suna ba da fa'idodin zamantakewa: alal misali, biranen Indiya za su iya ganin ingantaccen haɓakar ingancin iska idan ƙasar za ta haɓaka fasahohin makamashin da ake sabunta su a maimakon makamashin burbushin mai da tafiya/keke-keke/ jigilar jama'a maimakon motoci masu zaman kansu.
Kiyayewa
Wurare masu kariya A shekara ta 2009, kusan kashi 4.8 cikin 100 na daukacin fadin kasar an ware su a matsayin wuraren kariya. Wannan ya ƙunshi wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa 100, wuraren tsafi guda 514, wuraren kiyayewa 41 da wuraren ajiyar jama'a huɗu.
Siyasa da doka A cikin ka'idojin Umarnin Manufofin Jiha, Mataki na 48 ya ce "jihar za ta yi ƙoƙari don karewa da inganta muhalli da kuma kare gandun daji da namun daji na kasar"; Mataki na ashirin da 51-A ya bayyana cewa "ya zama wajibi ga kowane dan kasar Indiya ya kare da inganta yanayin yanayi da suka hada da dazuzzuka, da Kuma tabkuna, da kuma koguna da namun daji da kuma tausaya wa halittu." Indiya tana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarori na yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Diversity (CBD). Kafin CBD, Indiya tana da dokoki daban-daban don gudanar da muhalli. Dokar Kare namun daji ta Indiya ta shekarar 1972 ta kare bambancin halittu. Baya ga wannan doka, gwamnati ta zartar da Dokar Muhalli (Kariya) 1986 da Dokar Kasuwancin Waje (Ci gaba da Ka'ida) ta shekarata 1992 don kula da bambancin halittu.
Makamashi mai sabuntawa Makamashi mai sabuntawa a Indiya yana zuwa ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Sabon da Sabunta Makamashi Sannan Indiya ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ta kafa ma'aikatar albarkatun makamashi da ba ta al'ada ba, a farkon shekarun 1980. Matsakaicin grid ɗin sa na mu'amala ko grid ɗin da aka ɗaure ƙarfin sabuntawar makamashi (ban da babban ruwa) ya kai 33.8 GW, wanda kashi 66% ke fitowa daga iska, yayin da hasken rana ke ba da gudummawar 4.59% tare da biomass da wutar lantarki.
Muhalli A cikin shekarar 1973, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Project Tiger, shirin kiyayewa da nufin kare dabbar ƙasa, damisa. Yawanta ya kai ƙasa da shekarata 2000 a cikin 1970. Haɓaka yawan mutane, noman ƙasar dazuzzuka da kuma farauta galibi sune mahimman abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan raguwa. Taimakawa asusun namun daji na duniya (WWF) da kuma kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa (IUCN), masu rajin kare muhalli na Indiya sun taka rawar gani wajen ganin gwamnati ta hana farauta tare da ware wuraren shakatawa na kasa. Project Tiger ya kara zama abin koyi don kare nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar giwa Indiya da karkanda A cikin wannan shekarar, bayan wata zanga-zanga a wani kauye da mazauna yankin suka yi na nuna adawa da masu saran itacen da wani kamfani ya aika, ta hanyar barazanar rungumar bishiyoyi, irin wannan zanga-zangar ta taso, wadda aka fi sani da Chipko Movement A wannan shekarar ne aka kafa kwamitin kare muhalli da kiyaye muhalli na kasa; a shekarar 1980, sashen kula da muhalli, daga karshe kuma bayan shekaru biyar aka kafa ma'aikatar muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Indiya sun fara ne da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru. Masanin tarihi Ramachandra Guha ya kira Medha Patkar a matsayin "mafi farin jini mai fafutukar kare muhalli a Indiya ta zamani". Sabuwar zamani Indiya ta damu da ingancin iska da ruwa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da yawa kamar Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Indiya sun ƙirƙira ingantaccen tsarin kiyayewa na al'umma don farfado da tafkuna a duk faɗin ƙasar.
Ƙungiyoyi Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar Sashenta na Muhalli da musamman sassan gandun daji na wasu jiha suna tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin muhalli a kowace jiha. Wasu kungiyoyin muhalli na matakin ƙasa (na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu) sun haɗa da: Hukumar Shawara Kan Makamashi (ABE)
Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta tsakiya (CFC)
Sashen Tushen Makamashi Na Al'ada (DNES)
Gidauniyar Ma'aikatan Muhalli na Indiya (EFI)
Cibiyar Binciken Toxicology na Masana'antu (ITRC)
Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniya ta Kasa (NEERI)
Hukumar bunkasa kiwo ta kasa
Tsarin Gudanar da Albarkatun Kasa
Kwamitin Gudanar da Dausayi na Kasa
Hukumar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Jiha (SPCB)
Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Tata (TERI)
Cibiyar Bincike ta Salinity ta Tsakiya
Akwai aƙalla ƙungiyoyin muhalli iri-iri 85 da ke da hannu tare da kiyaye muhalli da ilimin muhalli a Tamil Nadu Duba wasu abubuwan Majalisar Indiya ta Binciken Gandun daji da Ilimi
Jerin batutuwan muhalli
National Green Corps
Ruwa a Indiya
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ma'aikatar Muhalli Dazuzzuka
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50828 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konga.com | Konga.com | Konga.com kamfani ne na kasuwancin e-commerce na Najeriya wanda aka kafa a watan Yuli 2012 mai hedikwata a Gbagada, jihar Legas Yana ba da kasuwa na kan layi na ɓangare na uku, da kuma kantin sayar da kai tsaye na ɓangare na farko wanda ya mamaye nau'o'i daban-daban ciki har da kayan lantarki na mabukaci, kayan kwalliya, kayan gida, littattafai, kayan yara, kwamfutoci kayan haɗi, wayoyi da allunan, kula da lafiya da samfuran kulawa na sirri. Hakanan kamfani yana da sabis na dabaru (KXPRESS), wanda ke ba da damar jigilar kayayyaki akan lokaci da isar da fakiti ga abokan ciniki.
Tarihi An kafa Konga a cikin Yuli 2012 ta Sim Shagaya, tare da ma'aikata 20. Shafin ya fara aiki ne azaman dillalin kan layi na Legas-kawai yana mai da hankali kan kayayyaki a cikin nau'ikan Baby, Beauty, da Kulawa na Keɓaɓɓu, amma ya faɗaɗa ikonsa zuwa duka Najeriya a cikin Disamba 2012 kuma a hankali ya faɗaɗa nau'ikan kayayyaki zuwa 2012 da 2013. Wannan faɗaɗa na iya zama martani ga babban mai fafatawa na Konga, Roket Intanet ya goyi bayan Jumia, wanda aka ƙaddamar a lokaci guda,
A farkon 2013, Konga ya tara dala miliyan 10 Series A zagaye daga Investment AB Kinnevik da Naspers A cikin Q2 2013, Konga beta-gwajin 'Konga Mall,' buɗe dandalin Konga zuwa dillalai na ɓangare na uku da ƙaura daga samfurin kantin sayar da kan layi na ɓangare na farko. A ƙarshen 2013, Konga ya kammala zagaye na 25 miliyan Series B daga masu saka hannun jari na baya, Investment AB Kinnevik da Naspers, zagaye ɗaya mafi girma da aka samu ta hanyar farawa guda ɗaya na Afirka a lokacin. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Konga.com ta fado kuma ta kasance a layi na tsawon mintuna 45 sakamakon zirga-zirgar da ba a taba ganin irinta ba daga tallata ta Black Friday. Konga ya sayar da ƙari a cikin sa'o'i shida na farkon haɓaka fiye da yadda ya yi a cikin watan da ya gabata. Konga a hukumance ya ƙaddamar da dandalin sayar da kayayyaki na ɓangare na uku a farkon rabin shekarar 2014, inda ya sake masa suna a matsayin 'Kasuwa' daga 'Konga Mall'; A karshen shekarar 2014, Kasuwar Konga ta fito da 'yan kasuwa 8,000, inda ta doke masu hari na cikin gida na 'yan kasuwa 1,000 sau takwas. Konga ya sami umarni na darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 3.5 a lokacin tallan sa na Black Friday na 2014, idan aka kwatanta da dalar Amurka 300,000 yayin gabatarwa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. An ba da rahoton cewa Konga ya haɓaka kudaden shiga na 2014 450% daga 2013. A ƙarshen 2014, Konga ya kammala zagaye na 40 miliyan Series C daga Zuba jari AB Kinnevik da Naspers, zagaye mafi girma guda ɗaya da aka samu ta hanyar farawa guda ɗaya na Afirka zuwa yau. da ke cewa Naspers ya sami kashi 50% na Konga a cikin 2013, Naspers da aka yi ciniki a bainar jama'a ya bayyana cewa hannun jarinsa a Konga bayan saka hannun jari na Series C na Oktoba na 2014 ya kasance 40.22%. An ba da rahoton cewa Konga an kimanta kusan dala miliyan 200 a cikin jerin C. A cikin Janairu 2015, Konga an sanya shi a matsayin gidan yanar gizon da aka fi ziyarta a Najeriya ta hanyar Intanet Alexa A cewar Shugaba Sim Shagaya, Konga "ya jagoranci filin a Najeriya a yau (farkon 2015) a cikin Babban darajar Kasuwanci," ma'auni na auna jimlar ƙimar hajojin da ake sayarwa ta wata kasuwa. Konga ya sanar da cewa ya mallaki kadarori da lasisin kuɗaɗen wayar hannu na Zinternet Nigeria Limited a watan Yunin 2015, wanda hakan ya sa ya cika sharuddan Babban Bankin Najeriya na samar da sabis na biyan kuɗin wayar hannu. Sayen zai tallafa wa KongaPay, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Agusta 2015, hanyar Konga don sauƙaƙe karɓar biyan kuɗi na lantarki. Tare da masu amfani da intanet na wayar hannu sama da miliyan 80 a Najeriya, Konga ya sanya biyan kuɗi ta hanyar yanar gizo cikin sauƙi tare da zaɓin biyan kuɗin da yawancin masu amfani da shi suka rungumi.
Nau'in ayyuka
KongaPay An ƙaddamar da KongaPay a matsayin samfurin gwaji a cikin 2015 tare da haɗin gwiwar bankunan kasuwancin Najeriya don yin aiki ga abokan ciniki kawai a cikin dandalin Konga.com. Kalubalen rashin amincewa da biyan kuɗi ta yanar gizo KongaPay ya ƙare wanda ya ba da damar kowa ya yi amfani da dandalin Konga na kan layi. Wannan sabuwar dabara ta kare masu siyayya ta kan layi daga rahotannin zamba lokacin da suka fitar da bayanan bankin su akan layi. KongaPay yayi kama da abin da ake gani a dandalin Amazon tare da biyan kuɗin dannawa ɗaya. An kaddamar da shi ne a Lagos, Nigeria a wani taron KongaPay Demo. An haɗa zaɓin biyan kuɗi tare da Ecobank, Access bank, FCMB, Diamond Bank, Zenith Bank, Heritage Bank, UBA, First Bank da GTB.
A cewar Sim Shagaya, KongaPay haɗin gwiwa ne da bankunan Najeriya. Mun yi imani da cewa tare, za mu iya canza fuskar sayayya ta yanar gizo a Nijeriya ta hanyar kawar da rashin tabbas da abokan ciniki ke da alaƙa da biyan kuɗi da kayayyaki da ayyukan da ba su samu ba tukuna.”
KongaPay ya zama mai canza wasa a cikin siyayya ta kan layi a Najeriya. Wannan shi ne saboda ya ba da damar yin jigilar kayayyaki, ayyuka da biyan kuɗi mara kyau. Wannan ya haɓaka aminci da aminci tsakanin masu amfani da Konga.
Tare da KongaPay, abokin ciniki yana karɓar lambar izini wacce ke amintaccen kuma an yi rajista zuwa lambar wayar hannu akan gidan yanar gizon. Babu buƙatar kwastomomi su yi rajista don yin banki ta lantarki idan abokin ciniki yana da lambar wayar hannu mai rijista da asusun banki. KongaPay ya kawar da amfani da mahimman bayanan sirri kamar kalmomin shiga na banki na Intanet ko bayanan katin tare da dannawa kawai.
Konga Express Don sanya haɗin gwiwar ta kan layi tasiri sosai, Konga ya gabatar da Konga Express wanda ke mai da hankali kan siyar da samfuransa don isa ga mai siye da kowace hanya. Abokan ciniki na iya samun samfuran da aka ba da odar su a kai musu cikin kwanaki 1-3. Konga Express yana cika umarni waɗanda ake yin kullun tare da bin diddigin kan layi.
Kasuwar Konga Konga ya fara fadada kasuwancinsa a Najeriya tare da Konga Mall, wanda zaɓi ne na juyin juya hali wanda ke ba 'yan kasuwa a Najeriya damar baje kolin kayayyakinsu ta yanar gizo. An bai wa masu kasuwanci sabis na bayarwa kyauta da sauƙi. Fakitin mai kasuwancin ya ba da oda wanda ke tare da cikakkun bayanai na SellerHQ da cikakkun bayanai na odar kafin a jefar da kunshin a cibiyar saukar Konga.
Tare da nasarar Konga Mall, Kasuwar Konga ta zo wanda ya ba da damar hatta masu siyar da kan titi su shiga daga kowane yanki na ƙasar. An gano samfurori masu ban mamaki kuma ana yin tallace-tallace masu yawa a kowace rana ta wannan kasuwa. Masu siyarwa da masu siye suna hulɗa a wannan kasuwa mai juyi. An samar da damammaki marasa iyaka ta wannan kasuwa da ta kawo karshen habaka ayyukan yi da bunkasar tattalin arziki da ci gaban kasa. Tallace-tallacen haɗin gwiwa da kwatancen kantunan kan layi kamar mafi kyawun farashi shima ya zama mai yiwuwa tare da wannan kasuwa.
Sim Shagaya ya ce; "Kusan shekara guda da ta gabata, mun fahimci cewa don ayyukanmu su kasance masu mahimmanci ga al'umma, dole ne mu gina wani dandali ga kowa, ba Konga kadai ba, don sayarwa da wadata. Mun ƙaddamar da wannan dandali ga ƙananan masu siyarwa kuma a wancan lokacin, mun koyi yadda ake gina kasuwar kan layi ta Najeriya mai juyi da gaske..."
Samfurin Cika Kai na Konga Samfurin Cika Kai shine babban haɓakawa a cikin tayin kasuwar Konga. Wannan sabis ɗin ya ba wa 'yan kasuwa damar samun manyan yarjejeniyoyin jigilar kayayyaki da Konga suka yi shawarwari tare da amintattun abokan jigilar kayayyaki. Masu siyarwa suna sarrafa sarrafa kayan sa tun daga lokacin da aka yi oda har abokan ciniki sun karbe su. Ana biyan kuɗi kai tsaye ga masu siyarwa daga masu siye lokacin da suka karɓi fakitin su. Masu siyayya suna tsammanin isar da sassauƙa da sauri na fakitin su ta hanyar Samfurin Cika Kai. Samfurin Cika Kai yana da zaɓi na ƙyale abokan ciniki ƙididdige masu siyarwa, samfuran da ƙwarewar gaba ɗaya.
Zinox saye Watanni biyu bayan sallamar fiye da rabin ma'aikatansa, Konga ya samu Zinox, wani kamfani na Najeriya wanda ke kera da rarraba kwamfutoci. Bayan sayan, an yi ƴan canje-canje ga shugabancin Konga. A cikin Maris 2018, kamfanin ya nada Olusiji Ijogun, tsohon jami'in UAC Foods da Unilever a matsayin shugabansa. A wannan watan, Shola Adekoya, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban Konga, inda Nick Imudia, tsohon Darakta na yankin TCL/Alcatel da Prince Nnamdi Ekeh wanda ya kafa Yudala ya maye gurbinsa. A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2018, Zinox ya haɗu Konga.com tare da kayyakin dillalan da ke fitowa, Yudala, zuwa sabon kamfani, babban kamfani, mai riƙe da sunan Konga, don zama babbar kamfani e-kasuwanci dillali a Afirka. Sabuwar Konga ta haɗu da ƙarfin kasuwancin e-commerce ta kan layi na Konga.com da faɗuwar hanyar sadarwar reshe na Yudala don aiwatar da siyar da tashoshi mai tsafta a karon farko a Afirka. Jita-jita sun nuna cewa Zinox ya sayi Konga akan kusan dala miliyan 10 wanda ke nuna cewa Kinnevik da Naspers, masu saka hannun jari na dogon lokaci sun yi asarar haɗin 93% akan saka hannun jari.
Gasa Konga yana fuskantar gasa daga sauran manyan dandamali na kasuwancin dijital na Afirka, irin su Jumia, Kilimall har ma da kafa dandamali na ecommerce kwanan nan, Cashless CF, Buzymart, Tradift, DayDone saboda samfuran da aka ƙera, wuri da cibiyoyin sadarwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda waɗannan dandamali ke da su.
Yakin yanki tare da Jumia A cikin 2014, Jumia ta yi rajistar wasu wuraren Konga a wajen Najeriya wanda ya haifar da babbar hayaniya a fagen fasahar. Konga ya kasance yana magana kan yiwuwar fadadawa a wajen Najeriya wanda tuni Jumia ke yi tare da Jumia tana gudanar da ayyuka a kasashe sama da 8 a fadin Afirka.
Kyauta #1 The Top 100 Companies For Nigerian Millennials (2015) E-Commerce Provider of the Year, Kalahari Awards (2015) #1 Top Startups in Nigeria (2015) #2 Most Innovative Companies of 2015 in Africa Fast Company (2015)
#12 Most Respected Companies in Nigeria (2014)
Online Retailer of the Year Marketing World Awards (2014)
Best Use of Social Media in Marketing Marketing World Awards (2014)
Most Innovative and Impactful Brand in the Retail Trade Sector The Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2014)
#5 Most Innovative Companies of 2014 in Africa Fast Company (2014)
Online Retailer of the Year Marketing World Awards (2013)
Best Emerging Brand Of The Year Marketing World Awards (2013)
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kasuwanci
Kasuwanci a Afrika
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
21738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Ba | Ibrahim Ba | Ibrahim "Ibou" Ba (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1973) shi ne tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Faransa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na dama. Fara aikinsa tare da Le Havre a Faransa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ya ci gaba da wakiltar kungiyoyi a Italiya, Ingila, Turkiyya, da Sweden kafin ya yi ritaya a AC Milan a shekarar 2008. Cikakken dan kasa da kasa tsakanin shekara ta 1997 da shekarar 1998, ya ci wasanni takwas. kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa kuma ta zira kwallaye
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Dakar, babban birnin Senegal, Ibrahim Ngom Ba bai cika sha takwas ba tukuna, a shekara ta 1991, ya fara wasa a kulob din Faransa na Le Havre AC, inda ya kwashe shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 1996, ya koma Bordeaux na Ligue 1, ya kai wasan karshe na Coupe de la Ligue
AC Milan A shekarar 1997, Ba ya canza sheka daga FC Girondins de Bordeaux zuwa Milan, kuma a shekarar 1998 zuwa 1999 ya lashe gasar Serie A. Daga baya kuma aka bashi a AC Perugia, inda ya samu rauni a gwiwa. Ya sake yin wani rance, tare da Olympique de Marseille, a shekara ta 2001. Dawowa cikin Milan, Ba ya ci duka Kofin Zakarun Turai na UEFA da Coppa Italia a lokacin nasarar da kungiyar ta samu sosai a kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2002 zuwa 2003, kodayake bai taba zama dan wasa ba, wasanni 5 kacal ya buga a dukkannin wasannin a kakar.
Bolton Wanderers A shekara ta 2003, ya bar Milan ya koma Bolton Wanderers a Ingila. Ya taimaka musu suka kai ga wasan karshe na Kwallon Kafa na shekarar, 2004, suna wasa a duka kafafu biyu na nasarar kusa da karshe akan Aston Villa. Koyaya, an bar shi daga cikin tawagar ranar wasan yayin da suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Middlesbrough. Ba ya buga wasansa na karshe a wasan Bolton da Chelsea a ranar 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2004.
Çaykur Rizespor Ya kasa yin rawar gani a Bolton, sannan ya koma Turkiyya bayan kaka daya, inda ya koma Çaykur Rizespor kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2004.
Djurgårdens IF A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2005, Djurgårdens IF na Sweden ya sanya hannu kan Ba kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Djurgården ya lashe duka biyun Allsvenskan da Svenska Cupen a kakarsa ta farko tare da kulob din. A farkon shekara ta, 2006, an yanke shawarar cewa kwantiraginsa za ta kare kuma daga baya ya bar Djurgården a cikin Janairun shekarar, yana taka leda a wasanni 14 kuma ya ci kwallo daya.
Komawa AC AC A farkon shekara ta, 2007 Ba ya koma Italiya don yin horo tare da ƙungiyar Serie C2 Varese don taimakawa lafiyar sa. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, bayan tafiya zuwa Athens tare da tawagar A.C. Milan don halartar wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League inda suka doke Liverpool Premier League ta Liverpool, Ba ya amince da kwantiragin shekara daya tare da rossoneri. A karshen kakar shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2008, inda ya buga wasa sau daya kacal a Coppa Italia a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, ya yi ritaya daga wasan a matsayin dan wasa kuma ya zama mai leken Milan a Afirka.
Ayyukan duniya Ba ya ci wa Faransa wasa sau takwas tsakanin shekara ta, 1997 zuwa 1998, kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu. Kwallayen nasa biyu sun zo ne a wasannin sada zumunci da suka yi da Portugal da Afirka ta Kudu.
Rayuwar mutum Ibrahim Ba dan ɗa ne a shekara ta, 1970 dan ƙasar Senegal Ibrahima Ba (an haife shi a shekara ta, 1951), wanda ya kammala aikinsa a Faransa, inda ya taimaka wa Le Havre AC zuwa ci gaba a shekara ta, 1979 kuma ya kammala aikinsa a SC Abbeville. Karamin dan Ibrahima Ba, Fabien (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 1994) shi ma dan kwallon ne, yana wasa a Italiya tare da Giovanissimi Nazionali na tsohon dan uwansa Ibrahim tsohon kulob din AC Milan. A cikin shekarar, 2018, Paolo Maldini ya sanya sunan Ba daya daga cikin manyan abokansa daga duniyar kwallon kafa.
Daraja Kulab AC Milan Serie A: 1998–1999
Uefa Champions League: 2002 03
Coppa Italia: 2002-2003
Djurgårdens IF Allsvenskan: 2005 Kofin Sweden: 2005
Bayani "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2002. An dawo da 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013.
"Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013."Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021.
"Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021."Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 200 'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007. An dawo da 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021 "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 Fabrairu 2002. An dawo da 14 Maris 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga Yuni 2007. "'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 Yuni 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga Yulin 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairun shekarar 2021. "Ibrahim Ba» Internationals "Abokai". duniya.net. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Faransa da Afirka ta Kudu, 11 ga Oktoba 1997". 11v11.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Portugal da Faransa 22 Janairu 1997 Soccerway". us.soccerway.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. A.C. Milan Giovanissimi Nazionali ya Adana 9 Afrilu 2009 a Wayback Machine https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Milan/24-06-2018/50-volte-maldini-sono-uomo-felice-la-pelle-rossonera-28071449050.shtml?refresh_ce-cp Tambaya 42 http://www.difarkivet.se/dif_sm_guld_seniorer.pdf
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ibrahim Ba a Soccerbase Gyara wannan a Wikidata Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (a Faransanci) Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (an adana shi (cikin |
21328 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinedum%20Peace%20Babalola | Chinedum Peace Babalola | Chinedum Aminci Babalola (nee Anyabuike) ne a Nijeriya, Farfesa na Pharmaceutical sunadarai da Pharmacokinetics. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta zama farfesa a fannin ilimin magunguna a jami’ar Ibadan, FAS da FAAS kuma mace ta biyu ‘yar Najeriya FAAS. Ita ce Mataimakiyar Shugaban Jami'ar Chrisland, Nijeriya.
Bayan Fage
Ilimi Chinedum ta sami digiri na farko a kantin magani (BEnglish.Pharm.) A shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da Uku 1983A.c, Master of Science a Pharmaceutical Chemistry a shekarar 1987 da kuma Doctor of Philosophy a Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Pharmacokinetics option) a shekarar 1997 daga Jami'ar Ife, yanzu Obafemi Awolowo University. Ta lashe kyautar Bankin Duniya/NUC don horon ma’aikata kuma ta kammala karatunta na digirgir a jami’ar British Columbia tsakanin shekarar 1994 da shekara ta 1995. A shekarar 2012, Chinedum ta sami difloma a fannin ilimin hada magunguna na zamani (IPAT) wanda hadin gwiwar Makarantar Kimiyya ta Kilimanjaro, Tanzania da Jami'ar Purdue, Amurka. Ta sami Doctor na Pharmacy (PharmD) daga Jami'ar Benin, Nijeriya a cikin shekara ta 2019.
Ayyuka Babalola ta fara karatun ta na ilimi a matsayinta na Junior Trainee/ Graduate Assistant a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo a shekarar 1985. A shekarar 1994, ta kuma koma Jami’ar British Columbia don kammala karatun share fagen digiri. Ta kai matsayin Malami na 1 a Sashin ilimin kimiyyar harhada magunguna na jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo kafin ta shiga jami’ar Ibadan a matsayin babbar Malama a shekarar 1998. Babalola ta zama mace ta farko a Jami’ar Ibadan mace ta zama Farfesa a fannin harhada magunguna a watan Oktoba shekarar 2006. Farfesa Babalola gogaggen mai kula da jami'a ne. Kafin nadin nata a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban Jami'ar Chrisland, ta yi aiki a matsayin Dean mace ta farko a Kwalejin Fasaha na Jami'ar Ibadan (2013-2017), kuma a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Sashen Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Magunguna, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Jami'ar Onabanjo Ta kasance Darakta-Janar na Babban Nazarin-zango na biyu (2005 2010). Jami'ar Ibadan. Ita ce likitan magunguna na farko da aka nada a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman kuma mai ba da shawara a asibitin Nijeriya Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'a (UCH), Ibadan.
Bincike-Bincike da aiki Farfesa, binciken Babalola ya mayar da hankali ne kan ka'idodin binciken ɗan adam, magunguna, gwajin asibiti, hulɗar magunguna PK PD, da cututtukan da ba za a iya kamuwa da su ba (Cutar Sickle Cell da Cancer Ta kirkiro wata hanya mai saurin ruwa ta hanyar chromatography don nazarin quinine a cikin biometrics Wannan sabon tsarin binciken quinine din ya haifar da karin bayani game da maganin quinine a cikin yan Afirka kuma ya zama tushen inganta kwayoyi a cikin takardun mallakar malaria. Karatun da take da shi game da cudanya da magunguna da kuma narkar da kwayoyi suna nuna raguwar samuwar kwayar halittar da kwayar wasu kwayoyi idan aka hada su da wasu magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro. Tana ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya waɗanda suka ba da rahoton binciken magani na farko a marasa lafiya da sikila a cikin 'yan Nijeriya tare da proguanil a matsayin bincike. Rahoton ya nuna cewa wasu 'yan Najeriya na dauke da kwayoyin halittar CYP2C19 masu rikitarwa da kuma gurbatattun magunguna. Daga shekarar 2002 har zuwa yau, ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya da Ilimi (IAMRAT) ƙarƙashin Unungiyar Nazarin Halitta da Halitta; Kwalejin Kimiyya, Jami'ar Ibadan. Rukuni guda ita ma ta shugabanci daga 2010 2012.
Farfesa Babalola mai karɓar abokantaka ne da yawa, kyaututtuka da kuma tallafi. A shekarar 2011, ta lashe kyautar Gidauniyar MacArthur da darajarta ta kai 950,000 (2012) don Ilimi mafi girma Ilimi, wanda da shi ne ta kafa Cibiyar Bunkasa Kwarewa da Samun Magunguna (CDDDP), a Jami'ar Ibadan. A halin yanzu, ita ce Babban Jami'in Bincike, a kan USAID ta ɗauki nauyin USP PQM kan aikin inganta Ingantaccen Magunguna a cikin LMIC a cikin CDDDP, UI core-flex (yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa 160M Global).
Tun da ta zama farfesa, ta kula da ɗaruruwan ɗalibai masu karatun digiri da sama da ɗalibai masu karatun digiri na uku (PGD, MSC, M. Phil PhD). Tana da labarai na masaniya sama da dari da hamsin 150 a cikin sanannen mujallar ilimi har ma da littattafai, babin littattafai, takaddun taro da rubutu ɗaya.
Kyauta da girmamawa Union kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka Kwame Nkrumah Taron Yanki Kyauta na Kwarewar Kimiyya a Tarayyar Afirka Addis Ababa, Habasha 20,000), 2019. Fellow, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Magunguna ta Nijeriya (NAPharm), 2015. Aboki, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Magunguna ta Afirka ta Yamma (FPCPharam), 2014
Fellow, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka (F AAS 2013 Fellow, aceungiyar Magunguna ta Nijeriya (F PSN 2012 Fellow, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya FAS 2011
Memba, Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Najeriya (MIPAN) Rajista Pharmacist, Najeriya, 1984.
Zaɓaɓɓun labaran ilimi Da ke ƙasa an zaɓi wallafe-wallafen wallafe-wallafe na farfesa Chinedum.
Adehin A, Igbinoba SI, Soyinka JO, Onyeji CO, Babalola CP (2019) Pharmacokinetics na quinine a cikin batutuwan Najeriya masu lafiya da kuma marasa lafiya tare da malaria mai rikitarwa: nazarin bayanai ta hanyar amfani da tsarin jama'a Binciken Magunguna na Yanzu 91, 33-38
Oluwasanu MM, Atara N, Balogun W, Awolude O, Kotila O, Aniagwu T, Adejumo P, Oyedele OO, Ogun M, Arinola G, Babalola CP, Olopade CS, Olopade OI da Ojengbede O (2019) Abubuwan da magunguna don ƙananan bincike yawan aiki a tsakanin malamai masu karatun digiri na biyu da masu bincike na farko kan cututtukan da ba su yaduwa a Najeriya Bayanan Binciken BMC 12: 403, 2019 doi: 10.1186 s13104-019-4458-y
Nwogu JN, Babalola CP, Ngene SO, Taiwo BO, Berzins B, Ghandhi M (2019) Shirye don ba da Gudummawar Samfuran Gashi don Bincike Tsakanin Mutane Masu Cutar Kanjamau HIV AIDs Suna Halartar Babban Sashin Kiwon Lafiya a Ibadan, Nigeria Binciken Aids da Mazaunin Rayuwa 35 (7) An buga Layi: 26 Yuni 2019 doi: 10.1089 aid.2018.0242
Kotila OA, Fawole OI, Olopade OI, Ayede AI, Falusi AG, Babalola CP (2019) N-acetyltransferase 2 enzyme genotype phenotype a cikin masu cutar HIV da masu ɗauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau ta Najeriya da magungunan jinsi, 29 (5), 106– 113, 2019 DOI: doi: 10.1097 FPC.0000000000000373
Adejumo OE, Kotila TR, Falusi AG, Silva BO, Nwogu JN, Fasinu PS, Babalola CP (2016) Yin amfani da kwayar cutar ta CYP2C19 ta hanyar amfani da kwayar cutar ta proguanil a cikin masu cutar sikila da masu kula da lafiya a Najeriya. Nazarin Magungunan Magunguna da Haske, 4 (5): e00252. Doi: 10.1002 prp2.252 Ong CT; et al. (2005). Haɗuwa a cikin mutum, tarin cikin cikin kwayar halitta da kuma tasirin tigecycline a cikin kwayar halittar polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Jaridar Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 56: 498-501.
Babalola CP; et al. (2013) Tasirin Toxicological na SubTherapeutic, Therapeutic da overdose regimens na Halofantrine Hydrochloride akan Maɗaurin Albino. Pharmacologia 4 (3): 180-185, 2013
Babalola, CP. et al. (2010). Cytochrome P450 CYP2C19 genotypes a cikin marasa lafiyar cututtukan sikila da sarrafawar al'ada. Jaridar Clinical Pharmacy da Magunguna 35: 471-477
Babalola CP; et al. (2009) Sakamakon fluconazole a kan pharmacokinetics na halofantrine a cikin masu sa kai na lafiya. Jaridar Clinical Pharmacy da Magunguna 34: 677-682
Maglio D et al. (2005). Bayanin Pharmacodynamic na ertapenem akan Klebsiella pneumoniae da Escherichia coli a cikin cinyar murine murine. Jaridar Antimicrobial Agents da Chemotherapy 49 (1): 276-280.
Babalola CP; et al. (2002). Hanyoyin hulɗar proguanil akan samar da kwayar halitta ta cloxacillin. Jaridar Clinical Pharmacy da Therapeutics, 27: 461-464
Babalola CP; et al. (2004) Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na vancomycin da teicoplanin shi kaɗai kuma a haɗe tare da streptomycin akan Enterococci faecalis tare da abubuwa masu saurin kamuwa da cutar ta vancomycin. Jaridar Duniya ta Antimicrobial Agents 23: 343-348
Babalola CP; et al. (2004). Kwatancen nazarin bioavailability na sabon quinine suppository da baka quinine a cikin masu sa kai na lafiya. Jaridar Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 3 (1): 291-297
Babalola CP; et al. (2004) Ingantaccen tasiri na G-CSF kan maganin Pseudomonas aeruginosa ciwon huhu a cikin mahaɗan neutropenic da ba-neutropenic. Jaridar Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 53 (6): 1098-1100.
Babalola CP; et al. (2004) Binciken bioaquailalence da bioequivalence (BA BE). Zuwa ga Ingantaccen Ingantaccen Ingantaccen Magunguna a cikin na 3 2004 Pg 79
Babalola CP; et al. (2006) Tattaunawa game da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro na halofantrine da babban narkewar sa N-desbutylhalofantrine a cikin plasma ta mutum ta hanyar yin chromatography mai saurin ruwa- Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 2006 An ambata ta 10 Labarai masu alaƙa Duk nau'ikan 6
Babalola CP; et al. (2012) Gwaje-gwajen asibiti na ganye-ci gaban tarihi da aikace-aikace a cikin ƙarni na 21- Pharmacologia, 2012 wanda aka buga da wasu abubuwa guda 10
Babalola CP; et al. (2003) Tabbatar da chromatographic ruwa na pyronaridine a cikin plasma ta mutum da kuma samfurin maganin baka- Journal of Chromatography B, wanda aka buga ta hanyar abubuwan 16 masu alaƙa duk nau'ikan 6
Babalola CP; et al. (2011) Herbalism Medical and Herbal Clinical Research: Tsarin Duniya.
Babalola CP; et al. (2002) Polymorphic oxidative metabolism na proguanil a cikin yawan jama'ar Nijeriya European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, wanda aka buga ta abubuwan 19 masu alaƙa duk nau'ikan 9
Babalola CP; et al. (2011) Kimantawa game da tsarin takardar saiti a cikin jihar Osun (Kudu maso Yammacin) Nijeriya Jaridar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Cutar Cutar Rarraba, wanda aka buga ta abubuwan 39 masu alaƙa duk nau'ikan 4
Haɗin waje https://www.linkedin.com/in/chinedum-peace-babalola-91445613/?originalSubdomain=ng
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Lvw32FsAAAAJ&hl=en
https://chinedumpeacebabalola.org/
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-8032
https://dbpedia.org/page/Chinedum_Peace_Babalola
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40869 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa%20Kamal%20Atat%C3%BCrk | Mustafa Kamal Atatürk | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, ko kuma Mustafa Kemal Pasha har zuwa 1921, da Ghazi Mustafa Kemal daga 1921 har zuwa 1934 1881 10 Nuwamba 1938) ya kasance babban malamin Turkiyya, ɗan siyasa mai juyi, marubuci, kuma uban kafa Jamhuriyar Turkiyya, wanda ya zama shugabanta na farko daga 1923 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1938. Ya gudanar da gyare-gyare na ci gaba, wanda ya zamanantar da Turkiyya ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta, mai masana'antu. A akida mai kishin addini kuma mai kishin kasa, manufofinsa da ka'idojin zamantakewa da siyasa sun zama sunan Kemalism. Saboda nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na siyasa, ana daukar Atatürk a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin siyasa na karni na 20. Atatürk ya yi fice saboda rawar da ya taka wajen tabbatar da nasarar da Turkiyya ta samu a yakin Gallipoli (1915) a lokacin yakin duniya na daya. Bayan shan kaye da rugujewar Daular Usmaniyya, ya jagoranci kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta Turkiyya, wadda ta yi fatali da rabe-raben da Turkiyya ta yi tsakanin kasashen kawancen da suka ci nasara. Ya kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi a Ankara babban birnin kasar Turkiyya a yau (wanda aka fi sani da Ingilishi a lokacin da ake kira Angora), ya yi galaba a kan sojojin da kawancen kasashen duniya suka tura, inda ya samu nasara daga abin da daga baya ake kira yakin 'yancin kai na Turkiyya. Daga nan ya ci gaba da kawar da rugujewar daular Usmaniyya tare da shelanta kafuwar Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a madadinta.
A matsayinsa na shugaban sabuwar jamhuriyar Turkiyya, Atatürk ya kaddamar da wani shiri mai tsauri na siyasa, tattalin arziki, da gyare-gyaren al'adu da manufar gina kasa ta zamani, mai ci gaba da zaman kanta. Ya sanya karatun firamare kyauta kuma ya zama wajibi, inda ya bude dubban sabbin makarantu a fadin kasar nan. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da haruffan Turkanci na Latin, wanda ya maye gurbin tsoffin haruffan Turkanci na Ottoman. Matan Turkiyya sun sami daidaiton hakkin jama'a da na siyasa a lokacin shugabancin Atatürk. Musamman mata an baiwa mata ‘yancin kada kuri’a a zaben kananan hukumomi bisa doka mai lamba. 1580 a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu 1930 da ƴan shekaru baya, a cikin 1934, cikakkiyar zaɓe ta duniya. Gwamnatinsa ta aiwatar da manufofin Turkification, tare da ƙoƙarin samar da daidaito, haɗin kai kuma sama da dukkanin al'ummar da ba ruwansu da addini karkashin tutar Turkiyya. A karkashin Atatürk, an nemi 'yan tsiraru a Turkiyya da su yi magana da Turkawa a bainar jama'a, amma kuma an ba su damar kula da nasu harsunan a lokaci guda; An ba da umarnin toponyms da ƴan tsiraru waɗanda ba na Turkiyya ba da su sami sunan sunan Baturke kamar yadda aka fassara a Turanci. Majalisar dokokin Turkiyya ta ba shi sunan Atatürk a shekara ta 1934, wanda ke nufin "Uban Turkawa" saboda irin rawar da ya taka wajen gina jamhuriyar Turkiyya ta zamani. Ya rasu a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 1938 a Fadar Dolmabahce da ke Istanbul, yana da shekaru 57; An karrama shi a matsayin shugaban kasa ta hannun firaminista İsmet İnönü na tsawon lokaci kuma an karrama shi da state funeral.
A cikin 1981, shekaru ɗari na haifuwar Atatürk, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da UNESCO sun girmama tunawa da shi, wanda ya ayyana shi Shekarar Atatürk a Duniya kuma ya amince da kuduri kan karni na Atatürk, yana bayyana shi a matsayin "shugaban gwagwarmaya na farko da aka yi wa adawa da shi. mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka" da kuma "mai ban mamaki mai inganta fahimtar juna tsakanin al'ummomi da zaman lafiya mai dorewa tsakanin al'ummomin duniya da kuma cewa ya yi aiki a duk tsawon rayuwarsa don ci gaba da jituwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'ummomi ba tare da bambanci ba". Ana kuma yabawa Atatürk saboda zaman lafiyarsa a manufofin ketare mai ra'ayin duniya da kuma abokantaka da kasashe makwabta irin su Iran, Yugoslavia, Iraki, da Girka, da kuma samar da yarjejeniyar Balkan wadda ta bijirewa hare-haren wuce gona da iri na Fascist Italiya da Tsarist. Bulgaria.
Suna An haifi Atatürk Mustafa. Sunansa na biyu Kemal (ma'ana "kammala" ko "balaga" a Larabci) malamin lissafinsa Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi ne ya ba shi suna. A cewar Afet İnan, malaminsa ya ba da wannan suna "a cikin sha'awar iyawar [Atatürk] da balaga." A cewar wasu majiyoyin, malamin nasa ya so ya bambanta Atatürk da wani dalibi wanda shi ma ake kira Mustafa. Andrew Mango ya nuna cewa watakila ya zabi sunan da kansa a matsayin girmamawa ga mawaki Namık Kemal. A cewar Alkan, Atatürk da alama ya rungumi sunan Kemal a shekarun da ya yi soja. Bayan samun sunan Atatürk a katin shaidarsa na farko a 1934, sunan da aka ba shi ya bayyana a matsayin Kemal Atatürk, yayin da sunan Mustafa ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. A cikin Fabrairu 1935, Atatürk ya fara amfani da sunan da ake zaton "na asali" Kamâl. A cewar Tarama Dergisi (1934), kamal yana nufin “kariya”, “gida”, “sojoji”, da kuma “garkuwa”. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1935, kamfanin dillancin labarai na gwamnati Anadolu Agency ya ba da bayanin kamar haka: Duk da haka, Atatürk ya koma tsohuwar rubutun Kemal daga Mayu 1937 zuwa gaba. Don yin sauƙi mai sauƙi, ya guje wa amfani da sunan gwargwadon iyawarsa, ko dai ta hanyar rashin amfani da shi kwata-kwata ko kuma ta sanya hannu a kan takardu a matsayin 'K. Atatürk'. Ba a taɓa yin bayani a hukumance ba. Duk da haka, a bayyane yake cewa batun sunan Atatürk yana da alaƙa da sake fasalin harshen Turkiyya.
Ƙuruciya Daya ne kawai daga cikin ’yan’uwan Mustafa, wata ‘yar’uwa mai suna Makbule (Atadan) ta tsira da rayukansu. ta rasu a shekara ta alif 1956. A cewar wasu kafofin, ita Bayahudiya ce (Scholem,a shekarar 2007) ko Bulgarian (Tončeva,a shekarar 2009). Mahaifiyarsa ta so ya koyi sana’a, amma ba tare da tuntubarsu ba, Atatürk ya yi jarrabawar shiga makarantar Soja ta Salonica Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi a shekara ta alif 1893. A cikin shekarata alif 1896, ya shiga Makarantar Soja ta Monastir (a Bitola ta zamani, Arewacin Macedonia A ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekarata alif 1899, ya yi rajista a Kwalejin Sojan Ottoman da ke unguwar Pangaltı a cikin gundumar Şişli na babban birnin Ottoman Constantinople Istanbul na zamani) kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarata alif 1902. Daga baya ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Soja ta Ottoman a Konstantinoful a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekarata alif 1905.
Ƙuruciya An haifi Atatürk ko dai a unguwar Ahmet Subaşı ko kuma a wani gida (wanda aka kiyaye shi azaman gidan kayan gargajiya) a Titin Islahhane (yanzu titin Apostolou Pavlou) a unguwar Koca Kasım Pasha a cikin Salonica (Selanik), Daular Usmaniyya (Thessaloniki a halin yanzu-) ranar Girka Iyayensa su ne Ali Rıza Efendi, wani jami'in soja dan asalin Kodžadžik, magatakarda kuma mai sayar da katako, da Zübeyde Hanım. Daya ne kawai daga cikin ’yan’uwan Mustafa, wata ‘yar’uwa mai suna Makbule (Atadan) ta tsira da rayukansu. ta rasu a shekara ta 1956. Da'awa da ka'idoji game da zuriyar Atatürk sun bambanta sosai kuma sun bambanta. A cewar Andrew Mango, danginsa musulmi ne, masu magana da Turanci kuma masu matsakaicin matsayi. Ana kyautata zaton mahaifinsa Ali Rıza dan kasar Albaniya ne daga wasu marubuta; duk da haka, a cewar Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamık D. Volkan, Norman Itzkowitz, Müjgân Cunbur, Numan Kartal da Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, kakannin Ali Rıza Turkawa ne, daga ƙarshe sun fito daga Söke a lardin Aydı. Anatoliya.
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16575 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryamu%2C%20mahaifiyar%20Yesu | Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu | A addinai, Maryamu ko Mary (Judeo-Aramaic Maryam "M". Larabci (Maryam); Septuagint Greek Mariam, Maria; Syrian Ita ce mahaifiyar Yesu. An ba da labarin ta a cikin littafin Sabon Alkawari na Baibul.
Mary a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki Imanin Kirista game da Maryamu ya samo asali ne daga Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Linjilar Matta da Linjilar Luka sun ce Maryamu budurwa ce da aka ɗaura mata aure da wani mutum mai suna Yusufu. Linjilar Luka ta ce mala'ika Jibra'ilu ya zo wurin Maryamu ya gaya mata cewa za ta haifi ɗa. Mala’ikan ya gaya wa Maryamu cewa ta kira ɗanta Yesu. Mala’ikan kuma ya ce Yesu zai ceci mutane daga zunubansu.
Maryamu ta tambayi mala'ikan yadda za ta yi juna biyu, tunda ita budurwa ce. Mala’ikan ya gaya mata cewa Allah ya yi mata ciki ta hanyar mu’ujiza.A wata na shida, aka aiko mala'ika Jibra'ilu daga wurin Allah zuwa wani gari na Galili da ake kira Nazarat, zuwa ga wata budurwa da za ta auri wani mutum mai suna Yusufu, daga gidan Dawuda, sunan budurwar kuwa Maryamu. Yana zuwa wurinta, sai ya ce, “Salama alaikun! Ubangiji yana tare da ku. Amma kuma ta damu ƙwarai game da abin da aka faɗi kuma ta yi tunani game da irin gaisuwa wannan na iya zama. Sai mala'ikan ya ce mata, “Kada ki ji tsoro, Maryamu, kin sami tagomashi wurin Allah. Ga shi, za ki yi ciki, ki haifi ɗa, za ki ba shi suna Yesu. Zai zama mai girma, za a kuma kira shi ofan Maɗaukaki, Ubangiji kuwa zai ba shi kursiyin tsohonsa Dawuda, zai kuma mallaki gidan Yakubu har abada, mulkinsa kuwa ba shi da iyaka. Amma Maryamu ta ce wa mala'ikan, "Ta yaya haka zai faru, tun da ba ni da dangantaka da wani mutum?" Mala'ikan ya ce mata, “Ruhu Mai Tsarki zai sauko a kanki, ikon Maɗaukaki kuma zai lulluɓe ki. Saboda haka yaron da za a haifa za a kira shi holyan Allah. Ga shi kuma, danginku Alisabatu ta yi ciki ɗa cikin tsufanta, wannan kuwa shi ne wata na shida ga wadda ake kira bakarariya. gama babu wani abu da zai gagari Allah. Maryamu ta ce, “Kun ga, ni baiwar Ubangiji ce. A yi mini yadda ka alkawarta. Sai mala'ikan ya rabu da ita. A dokar da Isra'ilawa suke bi, Yusufu yana da 'yancin ya saki Maryamu a bainar jama'a, amma ba haka ba. A cikin mafarki an gaya wa Yusufu cewa Ruhu Mai Tsarki ne ya ɗauki cikin Maryamu.
A wannan lokacin, Sarkin Rome, Kaisar Augustus, ya kafa doka cewa duk wanda ke cikin daular Rome dole ne ya biya haraji. Kowa ya koma garin da dangin sa suka fito, don sanya sunan sa a cikin jerin haraji. Yusufu ya zo daga Baitalami, wanda ake kira Birnin Dawuda. Saboda haka Yusufu ya ɗauki Maryamu zuwa Baitalami. A can, ta haifi jaririn, Yesu. Ta haihu a cikin gidan dabbobi, saboda Maryamu da Yusufu ba su sami ɗakin kwana ba.
Bayan shekara talatin da uku, aka kashe Yesu ta hanyar gicciye shi. Mutane da yawa manzannin Yesu da aka tsoron bambamce na Roman sojoji da gudu. Koyaya, Maryamu ta tsaya kusa da gicciye kuma tana tare da Yesu lokacin da ya mutu. Yayin da yake mutuwa, ya gaya wa matashi almajiri Yahaya ya kula da Maryamu kamar ita uwarsa ce, kuma kalmomin sun kasance "Mace, wannan ɗanku ne. Wannan mahaifiyar ku ce". A rana ta uku bayan mutuwar Yesu, Maryamu ta je kabarin Yesu tare da wasu mata. Sun ga an mirgine dutsen daga kabarin, gawarsa kuma ta tafi. Wani mala'ika ya gaya wa matan cewa Yesu ya tashi kuma yana da rai (duba: Littafin Yahaya, a ƙarshen shafuka).
Maryamu ta ci gaba da ganawa da cocin farko bayan hawan Yesu zuwa sama. Ayukan Manzanni 1:14)
Maryam a Musulunci A Musulunci, an san ta da sunan (Maryam Mahaifiyar Isah Dan Maryam Īsā ibn Maryām). Hakanan a Musulunci ana bata suna na girmamawa sayyidatuna, ma'ana "shugabar mu"; wannan taken ya samo asali ne daga taken da ake Bama jagorasayyiduna ("shugaban mu"), anfi yima annabawa wannan taken. Hakanan ana ce mata Siddiqah wato mai gaskiya, Wani taken kuma na Maryamu shine Qānitah. Ana kuma kiranta da "Tahira", ma'ana "mai Tsarki" ana kuma ganin ta da itace kadai mace wadda sheda ya gaza cimmata.
Bayar da girmamawa ga Maryamu An bawa Maryamu daraja a cikin imanin Kirista. Ana girmama ta musamman a matsayin "Uwar Allah" a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika An kuma karrama ta a matsayin "Theotokos" (wanda aka fassara shi da "wanda ya haifi Allah") a cikin Cocin Orthodox na Gabas. A cikin Kiristanci, ana zaton Yesu cikakken Allah ne kuma cikakken mutum.
Kiristoci ba sa bauta wa Maryamu, domin sun yi imani cewa Allah ne kaɗai ya kamata a bauta wa. Koyaya, wasu Krista galibi Roman Katolika da Kiristocin Orthodox suna girmama ta, wanda ke nufin suna yi mata addu'a kuma suna girmama karɓar nufin Allah ta hanyar haihuwar Yesu da yardar rai.
Musulmai ma sun girmama Maryama saboda Kur'ani ya ce ita budurwa ce lokacin da ta haifi Yesu. Musulmai suna girmama Yesu a matsayin babban annabi.
Maryamu ana kiran Maryamu sau da yawa "Maryamu Mai Albarka Maryamu" ta Roman Katolika. Akwai ranakun idi da yawa waɗanda ke girmama Budurwa Maryamu. Misali, Mauludin Budurwa Mai Albarka a ranar 8 ga Satumba ya tuna da haihuwarta. Katolika kuma suna bikin murnar ɗaukar ciki, da Maryama a matsayin Sarauniyar Sama a ranar 22 ga Agusta.
Addinin Kirista yakan nuna Budurwa Maryamu. Zane da yawa sun nuna Maryamu tare da jaririn Yesu. Wadannan zane-zanen an san su da suna Madonna da Yara.
Yawancin mutane da suke yin addu’a ta wurin Maryamu suna amfani da addu’ar da ake kira thean Maryamu Sashin farko na addu’ar ya girmama Maryamu: “A gaishe Maryamu, mai cike da alheri, Ubangiji yana tare da ke. Mai albarka ne kai a cikin mata, kuma mai albarka ne 'ya'yan cikinka, Yesu. "Sashi na biyu na addu'ar yana neman taimakon Maryamu: "Maryamu Mai Tsarki, Uwar Allah, ta yi mana addua'a a kanmu masu zunubi, yanzu da kuma a lokacin mutuwarmu. Amin. Furotesta sun yi imanin Katolika na Roman Katolika da na Orthodox suna ba Maryama girma sosai
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
31341 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridhima%20Pandey | Ridhima Pandey | Ridhima Pandey (2008) yar gwagwarmayar muhalli ce daga Indiya wacce ke ba da shawarar ɗaukar mataki kan sauyin yanayi. An kwatanta ta da Greta Thunberg. Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, ta shigar da kara a gaban gwamnatin Indiya saboda rashin ɗaukar kwararan matakai na yaki da sauyin yanayi. Har ila yau, ta kasance daya daga cikin masu kokawa ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, tare da wasu matasa masu fafutukar ganin sauyin yanayi, kan gazawar ƙasashe da dama na ɗaukar mataki kan matsalar yanayi.
Fage Pandey yana zaune a Haridwar, Uttarakhand, jiha a Arewacin Indiya. Ƴa ce daga Dinesh Pandey wacce ke aiki a Wildlife Trust India wacce ita ma mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi ce kuma ta yi aiki a Uttarakhand a wannan matsayi na tsawon shekaru 16 kuma mahaifiyarta Vinita Pandey wacce ke aiki da Sashen daji na Uttarakhand. Sha'awarta game da sauyin yanayi ta fara ne lokacin da gidan Pandey na Uttarakhand ya fuskanci mummunan yanayi a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata kuma a cikin 2013, mutane sama da 1000 sun mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da zabtarewar kasa. An kwashe kusan mutane 100,000 daga yankin. A cewar Bankin Duniya, mai yiyuwa ne sauyin yanayi ya kara matsin lamba kan samar da ruwan sha a Indiya.
Ƙaunar yanayi
Matakin doka akan gwamnatin Indiya Yana da shekaru tara, Pandey ya shigar da kara a gaban gwamnatin Indiya a kan cewa ba su ɗauki muhimman matakai kan sauyin yanayi da suka amince da su a yarjejeniyar Paris ba. An gabatar da wannan shari'ar a Kotun Kotu ta Ƙasa (NGT), kotun da aka kafa a cikin 2010 wanda ke magana da shari'o'in muhalli kawai. Pandey ya kuma bukaci Gwamnati da ta shirya wani shiri na rage hayaƙin Carbon da wani shiri a duk faɗin ƙasar don dakile tasirin sauyin yanayi, gami da rage yawan amfani da makamashin da Indiya ke yi. A wata hira da jaridar The Independent Pandey ya ce:“Gwamnatina ta ƙasa dayukar matakan daidaitawa tare da rage hayakin iskar gas da ke haifar da matsanancin yanayi. Wannan zai yi tasiri da ni da kuma na gaba na gaba. Kasata tana da karfin da za ta iya rage amfani da man fetur, kuma saboda gazawar Gwamnati na tuntubi Kotun Ƙoli ta Ƙasa.” Hukumar ta NGT tayi watsi da koken nata, inda ta bayyana cewa an rufe ta a ƙarƙashin shirin tantance muhalli.
Koka ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya A lokacin da ta nemi takardar visa ta Norwegian don zuwa Oslo, ta ji labarin wata kungiya ta matasa masu gwagwarmayar yanayi. Ta tunkari ƙungiyar, kuma an zabe ta don zuwa New York don taron 2019 na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya A yayin taron, a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 2019. Pandey tare da wasu yara 15, ciki har da Greta Thunberg, Ayakha Melithafa da Alexandria Villaseñor, sun shigar da kara ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ƴancin Yara, yana zargin Argentina, Brazil, Jamus, Faransa da Turkiyya don keta Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin 'Yancin. Yaro ta hanyar ƙasa magance matsalar sauyin yanayi yadda ya kamata. Ta kuma sake shiga tare da Thunberg lokacin da take tare da wasu yara 13 daga kusa da kalmar aika takardar koke ta doka zuwa Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, António Guterres don ayyana rikicin yanayi a matsayin matakin gaggawa na 3 na duniya akan 2021.
Ƙarin gwagwarmaya A watan Satumba na 2019, Pandey ya jagoranci yajin yanayi a ƙarƙashin FridaysForFuture a Dehradun kuma ya zama mai magana don musayar Xynteo a wannan watan a Norway tare da Ella Marie Hætta Isaksen Pandey ta dawo tana ma'amala da gwamnatin Indiya lokacin da ta yi kira ga Narendra Modi da ya dakatar da shirin sare dajin Aarey don gina aikin zubar da mota Pandey ya yi kira da a dakatar da yin amfani da robobi gaba daya, yana mai cewa ci gaba da samar da shi sakamakon buƙatar masu amfani ne. Ta kuma yi kira ga gwamnatin Indiya da kananan hukumomi da su kara kaimi wajen tsaftace kogin Ganga Ta ce yayin da gwamnati ke ikirarin tana tsaftace kogin, ba a samu wani sauyi sosai a yanayin kogin ba. An nakalto Pandey akan tarihin rayuwarta akan Yara vs Canjin Yanayi kamar yadda take bayyana manufarta:"Ina so in ceci makomarmu. Ina so in ceci makomar dukan yara da dukan mutanen tsararraki masu zuwa"
Kyauta Pandey yana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020. Hakanan ta sami lambar yabo ta Tunawa da Mahaifiyar Teresa don Adalci na zamantakewa a cikin 16 Disamba 2021 a New Delhi.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
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38823 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Coomassie | Ibrahim Coomassie | Ibrahim Coomassie (18 Maris 1942 19 Yuli 2018) ya kasance jami'in ɗan sandan Najeriya kuma babban sufeto Janar na 'yan sandan Najeriya na 9 a tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha da Abdulsalami Abubakar. Ya rasu ne a ranar Alhamis 19 ga Yuli 2018 bayan doguwar jinya. Yana da shekaru 76 a duniya.
Tarihi rayuwa da ilimi Ibrahim Coomassie yana cikin manyan ‘ya’yan Malam Ahmadu Coomassie, masanin ilimi kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya zama babban sakatare a ma’aikatar ilimi a yankin Arewa. An haifi Ibrahim Coomassie a jihar Katsina a ranar 18 ga Maris 1942. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Lardi, Zariya, Kwalejin Barewa, Zariya, Kwalejin Koyarwa ta Detective, Wakefield, UK da Washington DC a Amurka.
Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda A shekarar 1993 aka naɗa Ibrahim Coomassie babban sufeton ‘yan sandan Najeriya, inda ya gaji Aliyu Attah. A watan Yunin 1994, zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa MKO Abiola ya shiga hannun jami’an ‘yan sanda ba tare da sammaci ba. An zalunce shi a gidan yari, inda aka tsare shi na tsawon shekaru huɗu kafin ya mutu a watan Yunin 1998. Kodayake shugaban 'yan sanda, Coomassie ya kaucewa alhakin tsare shi.
A cikin 1996, Coomassie ya ƙaddamar da bincike kan ayyukan 'yan sanda a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Babangida (1985-1993). A cikin watan Yulin 1997, Coomassie ya ce yana so ya yi wa Jakadan Amurka tambayoyi da ma'aikatan ofishin jakadancin Amurka game da jerin hare-haren bama-bamai da aka kaiwa sojoji. Gwamnati ta zargi kungiyar National Democratic Coalition da alhakin, kuma ta fada a bainar jama'a cewa suna zargin jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka sun san tashin bama-bamai tun da farko.
A watan Maris na shekarar 1998, Ibrahim Coomassie ya ce ‘yan jarida na yin mummunar fassara da wani jawabi da shugaban ƙasa Janar Sani Abacha ya yi a watan Nuwamba 1997. Ya ce Janar Abacha ya yi alƙawarin yin afuwa ga wasu fursunoni, amma ba zai saki fursunonin siyasa ba. A wajen bikin yaye jami’an ‘yan sanda a watan Yulin shekarar 1998, Coomassie ya gargaɗi sabbin jami’an kan ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa, kuma ya ce ya bayar da umarnin cire duk wani shingayen da ‘yan sanda suka tsare. Duk da haka, an ci gaba da tsare ’yan sandan kan hanyar. A cikin 1998, Coomassie ya lura cewa duk lokacin da ɗan ƙasa ya zama wani sananne, aikinsa na farko shi ne ya nemi jami'an tsaro da 'yan sanda su yi gadin gidansa, a matsayin alamar matsayi. Sani Abacha ya rasu ne a watan Yunin shekarar 1998, sakamakon bugun zuciya. Tawagar gwamnatin tarayya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibrahim Coomassie ta kai ziyarar jaje ga Mrs. Abacha. A yayin ziyarar, ta zargi wani fitaccen ɗan tawagar da alhakin mutuwar Abacha, kuma ta bukaci Coomassie da ya kama shi. A cikin Janairu 1999, Coomassie yana cikin tawagar da ta tashi zuwa Libya, duk da dokar hana zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa ƙasar wadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta saka, kuma ya tattauna da ministan harkokin wajen Libya. Ibrahim Coomassie ya yi ritaya daga aiki ya bar gwamnatin Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar a watan Mayu 1999.
Wasu ayyukan A watan Oktoban 1999, binciken da gwamnati ta yi kan cin zarafin gwamnatin Abacha, ciki har da kashe Kudirat Abiola (matar MKO Abiola) a shekarar 1996 da kuma kisan da ake zargin Shehu Musa 'Yar'adua a tsare a watan Disamba 1997, ya sa aka kama Ibrahim Coomassie. da sauran manyan mutane, ciki har da Mohammed Abacha, ɗan mulkin kama karya. An tsare Coomassie a gidan kaso. An bayyana cewa Coomassie zai gurfana a gaban kwamitin bincike na musamman na ‘yan sanda. Sai dai kuma a cikin wannan watan, Ministan Yada Labarai Dapo Sarumi ya musanta rahotannin da ke cewa Coomassie na tsare. A watan Agusta 2004, Sarkin Katsina ya naɗa shi a cikin kwamitin ci gaba da bunƙasa ayyukan Jama’atul Nasir Islam a jihar. Ya zama mamba a kwamitin amintattu na kungiyar Arewa Consultative Forum for Katsina State. Manufar dandalin ita ce kare muradun Arewacin Najeriya tare da inganta zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa wanda zai ɗore da ingancin muhalli, rayuwa, da bunƙasar tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin watan Satumba na 2008 ya sami munanan raunuka a wani hatsarin mota, kuma ya shafe wani lokaci a cikin kulawa mai zurfi. A watan Agustan 2009, ya ba da gudummawar kayan aikin kimiyyar ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na kusan Naira miliyan ɗaya ga makarantar sakandaren ‘yan sanda maza da ke Mani a jihar Katsina.
Mutuwa
Ya rasu a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2018.
Manazarta Mutuwan 2018
Haifaffun 1946
Yan sandan Najeriya
Mutane daga Jihar |
28122 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Moschelesov%C3%A1 | Julie Moschelesová | Julie Moschelesová (Julie Moscheles; an haife ta ne a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 1892 a Prague, ta kuma mutu ne a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1956 a Prague) Czech geographer.
Abin tunawa
Yarantaka An haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 1892 a Prague ga dangin Yahudawa masu arziki. Mahaifinta, Wilhelm Moscheles, lauya ne (an haife shi a shekara ta 1861), mahaifiyar Luise née Schwabacherová (an haife shi 1869) makaho daga haihuwa. Daga shekara ta 1896 har zuwa barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, iyali sun zauna a Palackiego 727 (bangaren). Palackého Saboda makantar mahaifiyarta, Julie ta sami kulawa daga Felix Moscheles mai zanen Ingilishi kuma ɗan Esperantist, da matarsa. Tare da su, ta zagaya Turai da Arewacin Afirka, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga ci gabanta.
Ilimi Ta yi karatun boko a Landan A lokacin wata tafiya zuwa Morocco, ta hadu da Norwegian a fanning binciken kasa Hans Henrik Reusch, wanda samarwa, har yanzu a matashiya a lokacin, Moscheles, to aikin a yanki Institute a Oslo a matsayin mai zaman kansa fassara da sakatare. A cikin shekara ta 1912, ta kuma fara karatu a sashin Jamusanci na Jami'ar Charles na yanzu a Prague (Ger. Karl-Ferdinands-Universität Alfred Grund, malamin jami'a ne ya ƙarfafa ta ta yi karatu a lokacin bincikensa a Bergen.
A lokacin karatunta, Moschelesová ya halarci azuzuwan ilimin kasa da kasa, amma kuma ya shiga cikin a cikin laccoci a kan meteorology, Indology da Buddhism. Bayan mutuwar Grund a shekara ta 1914, Fritz Machatschek, kwararre a fannin nazarin halittu,.
Sana'ar kimiyya A watan Mayun shekara ta 1916, ta kare takardar shaidar digirinta mai suna Die postglazialzeit in Skandiawien. A cikin shekara ta 1917 zuwa 1922 ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a jami'ar gida. A cikin shekara ta 1918, ta buga wani aiki mai suna Klima von Prag, akan yanayin Prague. A cikin shekara ta 1923, godiya ga taimakon Vaclav Švamber, ta koma jami'ar Czech. A cikin shekara ta 1934 ta samu ta habilitation a anthropogeography (yau zamantakewa da tattalin arziki labarin kasa).
A cikin aikinta na kimiyya, duk da haka, ta mayar da hankali ne akan yanayin yanayin jiki da kuma yanayin yanayin jumhuriyar Czech. Ta kuma buga, inter alia, a Amurka, Faransa da kuma Sweden A cikin 20s A cikin shekara ta 1980s, ta rayayye buga a cikin gida da kuma waje mujallu Sborník Čs. společnosti zeměpisné, Bibliograhie géographique internationale, Geologisches Zentralblatt, Zeitschrift für Geologie ko Mitteilungen der Geographisches Gesselschaft Wien. Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na biyu, saboda asalinta Bayahudiya, ta tafi Australia, inda ta yi karatu a wata jami'a a Melbourne.
Ayyuka mafi mahimmanci Das Klima von Prag a shekara ta (1917)
Das Klima: von Bosnien und der Hercegovina a shekara ta (1918)
Prague: zanen yanki na garin a shekara ta (1920)
Die Darwinsche Rifftheorie da Lichte Geomorphologischer Forschung a shekara ta (1920)
Wirtschaftsgeographie der Tschechoslowakischen Jamhuriyar a shekara ta (1921)
Game da nejmladších horotvorných poruchách v Karpatech a shekara ta (1923)
A kan ƙungiyoyin matasa a cikin Carpathians a shekara ta (1923)
Yankunan yanayi na Czechoslovakia a shekara ta (1924)
Landeskunde der Britischen Inseln a shekara ta (1925)
Etudes des plates-siffofin da ba su da tsari: Hanyar-Résultats a shekara ta (1925)
L'urbanisme et la répartition des professionals dans les différents pays la République Tchécoslovaque a shekara ta (1931)
Le caractère des villes Tchécoslovaques: les trois mazauninsu humains: mazaunin karkara, mazaunin birni, mazaunin masana'antu a shekara ta (1932)
Úvahy o hustotě obyvatelstva v Československé jumhuriya a shekara ta (1933)
K diskusi o Regionalism a shekara ta (1937)
Ƙaddamar da yankin zeměpis a shekara ta (1951)
Ostiraliya da Tekun a shekara ta (1953)
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki Jiří Martínek: Radost z poznání nemusí vést k uznání. Julie Moschelesová. Praga: Historický ústav, 2010, s. |
27282 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasa%20Gidan%20Yari%20a%20Najeriya | Fasa Gidan Yari a Najeriya | Fasa gidan yari haramun ne a dokar Najeriya, na wani fursuna da aka tilasta masa fita daga gidan yari Haka kuma za a iya kwatanta shi da hare-haren da ‘yan ta’adda irin su Boko Haram da ‘yan fashi da makami ke kaiwa jami’an gidan yari na Najeriya inda ake sakin fursunoni da dama. Sau da yawa idan hakan ta faru, jami’an gidajen yari na Najeriya tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin tsaro suna yin kokari wajen damke wadanda suka tsere a mayar da su gidan yari wanda hakan na iya haifar da tsawaita zaman gidan yari. Ana iya danganta fasa gidan yari a Najeriya da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin tallafin ayyukan gidan yari, rashin isassun kayan aikin gidan yari, rashin isassun kayan aikin tsaro kamar CCTV, na'urorin motsa jiki, katanga mai tsayi da aka yi da waya mai katanga da kuma katangar wutar lantarki a wasu lokutan.
Hanyoyin Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi da yawa don sauƙaƙe fasa gidan yari. Hanyar jiki ita ce mafi yawan hanyar da masu aikata laifin fasa gidan yarin Najeriya ke bi. Wannan hanya ta ƙunshi amfani da makamai da wasu abubuwa masu fashewa irin su dynamite wajen fatattakar jami'an tsaron gidan yarin da ke dauke da makamai da sauran jami'ai wanda ke haifar da asarar rayuka.
Hukunci A Najeriya karya gidan yari laifi ne da ake hukuntawa a ƙarƙashin dokar Najeriya Hukuncin ya bambanta ya danganta da yanayin harin, waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su da kuma irin laifukan da aka ɗaure dan wasan.
Abubuwan da aka ruwaito Batun karya gidajen yari dai ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Najeriya saboda rashin tsaro da kuma zama ruwan dare tsakanin ‘yan bindiga Barkewar gidajen yari ya yi sanadiyar tserewa fursunoni sama da guda 4000 daga gidajen yarin Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2009.
karya gidan yarin Bauchi A ranar 7 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2010 ne wasu ‘yan bindiga guda 50 da ake zargin ‘yan kungiyar Boko Haram ne sun kai hari a gidan yarin Bauchi da ke arewacin Najeriya Wannan harin ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni guda 721, inda mutane 5 suka mutu tare da jikkata wasu guda 6.
Hutu gidan yari Ogun A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, an bayyana cewa an kai hari mafi karancin gidan yari na Shagamu da ke birnin jihar Ogun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, lamarin da ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 20 tare da raunata wasu jami’an gidan yari da wasu fursunoni. Kimanin ‘yan gudun hijira 4 ne rundunar ‘yan sandan da ke kula da gidan yari ta sake kama su.
Hutu gidan yari Ondo A ranar 30 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2013, an ruwaito cewa wasu ‘yan bindiga 50 da ba a san ko su wanene ba, wadanda ake zargin ‘yan fashi ne sun kai hari a gidan yarin Olokuta da ke Akure, babban birnin jihar Ondo, a Najeriya. Fashewar gidan yarin ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 175 inda mutane 2 suka mutu sannan 1 mai gadi ya samu rauni. An sake kama wasu kusan 54 da suka tsere.
fasa gidan yarin Legas A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban 2014, an samu labarin fasa gidan yari da ke tsakiyar gidan yarin Kirikiri da ke jihar Legas a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, wanda wasu fursunonin gidan yarin suka yi. Wannan lamarin ya yi sanadin mutuwar fursunoni 20 tare da jikkata wasu 80 sannan wasu 12 suka tsere.
karya gidan yari na Kogi A ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba, 2014, an sake samun labarin fasa gidan yari a gidan yari na Koto-Karffi a jihar Kogi, dake arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya, inda wasu ‘yan bindiga da ake kyautata zaton ’yan Boko Haram ne. Wannan lamari dai ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 144 daga gidan yarin inda aka sake kama fursunoni 1 da suka tsere.
Fasa gidan yarin Ekiti A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an sake kai wani hari a gidan yarin gwamnatin tarayya da ke Ado Ekiti, birnin jihar Ekiti da wasu ‘yan bindiga 60 da ba a san ko su wanene ba. Wannan harin ya yi sanadin tserewar fursunoni 341 wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar jami’in gidan yari guda. Kimanin fursunoni 10 ne aka sake kama yayin harin sannan an sake kama wasu 67 da suka tsere daga baya.
karya gidan yari Minna A ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2014, kimanin mako guda bayan hutun gidan yarin na Ekiti, wasu ‘yan bindiga 3 da ba a san ko su wanene ba, wadanda ake zargin ‘yan fashi da makami ne su ka kai hari a tsakiyar gidan yarin Minna. Wannan fashewar gidan yarin ya yi sanadiyar tserewar fursunoni 270 inda jami'an tsaro 1 suka samu raunuka ba tare da an samu rahoton mutuwa ba.
Kuje prison break A ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2016, an samu fasa gidan yari a Ma’aikatar Tsaro ta Kuje da ke Babban Birnin Tarayya Abuja inda wasu manyan fursunoni biyu Solomon Amodu da Maxwell Ajukwu da ke jiran shari’a kan kisan kai suka tsere daga gidan yari ta hanyar yin katanga. An cire shugaban gidan yarin na Kuje ne bayan wannan daurin da babban kwamandan hukumar gidan yari ta Najeriya ya yi. A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2016, Hukumomin gidan yari na Najeriya da ke babban birnin tarayya sun ba da rahoton wani yunkurin fasa gidan yari da bai yi nasara ba a gidan yarin na Kuje. Hukumomin kasar sun ce wasu fursunonin sun yi kokarin bijirewa binciken da aka saba yi na wayar salula wanda wani bangare ne na ka’idojin gudanar da aiki wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin jami’an da fursunonin. Nan da nan aka shawo kan lamarin tare da dawo da zaman lafiya domin babu wani fursuna da ya samu rauni ko wata kadara da ta lalace a cikin ginin.
karya gidan yari Owerri A ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2021, wata kungiya da ake kyautata zaton kungiyar tsaro ta Gabas ce ta kai hari gidan yarin Owerri a Owerri,Imo ESN ta shigo gidan yarin dauke da manyan bindigogi, roka da gurneti da bama-bamai. ‘Yan ta’addan sun yi amfani da bama-bamai wajen shiga rukunin gidajen yari tare da sakin fursunoni 1,844 tare da kona wasu cibiyoyin ‘yan sanda da ke kusa da gidan yarin. karya gidan yari Edo
A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2020, wasu gungun mutane da ke fakewa da masu zanga-zangar ENDSARs, sun kai hari a gidajen yari a garin Benin da Oko a Jihar Edo inda suka sako fursunoni 1,993 da ke tsare a gidan yari tare da kwashe makamai. Maharan sun zo da yawa dauke da muggan makamai kuma suka far wa jami’an da ke aikin gadi tare da gaggauta bude sel tare da lalata dukiyoyin da ke cikin ginin.
Manazarta Fasa gidan yari a Najeriya
Masu Laifi a Najeriya
Gidajen Yari a Najeriya
Fursunoni
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28361 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C9%97a%C9%97%C9%97en%20Birnin%20Aleppo | Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo | Tsohon Birnin Aleppo (Larabci: romanized: Madīnat Halab al-Qadīma) birni ne mai tarihi na Aleppo, Siriya. Kafin yakin basasar Siriya, yawancin gundumomi na tsohon birnin sun kasance da gaske ba su canza ba tun lokacin da aka gina shi a cikin karni na 12 zuwa na 16. Kasancewar ana ci gaba da kai hare-hare da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, an tilasta wa mazauna birnin gina rukunin gidaje da gundumomi masu zaman kansu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kowace gunduma tana da halaye na addini da kabilanci na mazaunanta.
Tsohon birnin Aleppo wanda ya ƙunshi tsohon birni a cikin ganuwar da kuma tsohon yanki mai kama da tantanin halitta a wajen bangon yana da kusan yanki mai girman hekta 350 (acres 860; 3.5 km2), yana da gidaje fiye da 120,000.
An siffanta shi da manyan gidajenta, kunkuntar lunguna, rufaffiyar souqs da tsohowar ayari, Tsohuwar birnin Aleppo ta zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO a cikin shekara ta alif 1986.
An ruguje da rugujewa ko kona bangarori da dama a Al-Madina Souq da wasu gine-gine na zamanin da na tsohon birnin, sakamakon arangamar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Larabawa na Siriya da dakarun 'yan tawaye na Jabhat al-Nusra, a wani abin da ake kira yakin Aleppo. da 'yan adawar JN suka kaddamar a ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2012. A cikin watan Fabrairun, shekarar 2014, kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Islamic Front sun dauki alhakin lalata wasu manyan gine-ginen tarihi da sojojin Siriya ke amfani da su a matsayin sansanonin kagara a tsohon birnin ciki har da adalci. fadar, otal din Carlton da tsohon ginin majalisar birnin. An lalata kashi 30% na tsohon birnin Aleppo a fadan.
Asalin da kafuwar Kwance yake a gefen hagu na Kogin Queiq tsohon birnin yana kewaye da da'irar tsaunuka takwas da ke kewaye da wani fitaccen tsauni na tsakiya wanda aka gina katangar (asali haikalin da ya yi daidai da karni na 2 BC) a cikin siffar acropolis. Rajin da'irar yana da kusan kilomita 10 (6 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmin (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta. Tare da kusan kadada 160 (kadada 400; 1.6 km2), tsohon birnin an rufe shi a cikin wani katangar tarihi mai nisan kilomita 5 (3 mi) a zagaye wanda Mamlukes suka sake ginawa a ƙarshe. Katangar ta bace tun daga lokacin. Tana da kofofi tara (5 daga cikinsu an kiyaye su sosai) kuma an kewaye shi da wani babban rami mai zurfi.
A farkon karni na 15 Kiristoci ne suka fara gina sabon rukunin Jdeydeh na tsohon birnin a yankin arewacin tsohon birnin, bayan janyewar Mongol daga Aleppo. Jdeydeh yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan kwata kamar tantanin halitta a Aleppo. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arziki, an kafa wasu sassa da yawa a wajen bangon tsohon birnin a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16.
Tsarin lokaci na tarihi A cikin tarihinta, Aleppo na cikin jihohi masu zuwa:
*ca. 2400 BC tsakiyar karni na 23 BC, Masarautar Armi
tsakiyar. Karni na 23 BC tsakiyar karni na 22 BC, Daular Akkadiya
Karni na 21 BC-karni na 19 BC, Masarautar Eblaite
ca. 1800 BC-1595 BC, Masarautar Amorite ta Yamhad
1595 BC–ca. 1500 BC, Tsohon Mulkin Hittiyawa
ca. 1500 BC-ca. 1450 BC, Mitanni
ca. 1450 BC–ca. 1350 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Masar
ca. 1350 BC- farkon karni na 12 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Hittiyawa
Karni na 11 BC, Masarautar Syro-Hitti ta Palistin
karni na 10 BC, daular Syro-hitti ta Bit Agusi
Karni na 9 BC-karni na 7 BC, Daular Neo-Assyrian
farkon karni na 6 BC tsakiyar karni na 6 BC, Daular Neo-Babila
ca. 550 BC–ca. 350 BC, Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa
333 BC-312 BC, Daular Makidoniya
312 BC-88 BC, Daular Seleucid
88 BC-64 BC, Daular Armeniya
64 BC-27 BC, Jamhuriyar Rum
27 BC-395 AD, Daular Rum
476–608, Daular Byzantine
608-622, Sassanid Farisa
622–637, Daular Byzantine (an maidowa)
637–661, Rashidun Caliphate
661–750, Umayyad Khalifanci*750–878, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa
878-905, Tulunids
905-941, Halifancin Abbasiyawa (maidowa)
941–944, Daular Ikhshidid
944–1003, Daular Hamdanid
1003-1038, Fatimid Khalifan
1038-1080, Daular Mirdasid
1080–1086, Daular Uqaylid
1086-1118, Daular Seljuq
1118-1128, Artuqids
1128-1183, daular Zengid
1183-1260, Daular Ayyubid
1260 Maris-Oktoba, Mongol Empire
1260–1400, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira)
1400 Daular Timurid
1400–1516, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira) (an maidowa)
1516-1918, Daular Usmaniyya
1920 Maris-Yuli, Larabawa Masarautar Syria
1920-1924, Jihar Aleppo karkashin wajabcin Faransa
1924-1946, Wajen Faransawa na Siriya da Labanon
1946-1958, Jamhuriyar Siriya (1946-1963)
1958-1960, United Arab Republic
1960-Yanzu, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya
Prehistoric da pre-classical zamanin Da kyar masu binciken kayan tarihi suka taba Aleppo, tun da birni na zamani ya mamaye tsohon wurinsa.
Shekarun Farkon Bronze Aleppo ya bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi a matsayin muhimmin birni da ya wuce Damascus. Rikodin farko na Aleppo na iya kasancewa daga karni na uku BC idan an bayyana Aleppo a matsayin Armi, jihar birni mai alaƙa da Ebla daidai. An kuma gano Armi da Tell Bazi na zamani. Giovanni Pettinato ya kwatanta Armi a matsayin canjin Ebla. Naram-Sin na Akkad (ko kakansa Sargon) ya halaka Ebla da Arman a karni na 23 BC.
Zamanin Bronze na Tsakiya A zamanin tsohuwar Babila, sunan Aleppo ya bayyana a matsayin Halab (Halab) a karon farko. Aleppo ita ce babban birnin daular Amoriyawa ta Yamhad. Masarautar Yamhad (kimanin 1800-1600 BC), wanda aka fi sani da 'ƙasar Halab,' ita ce mafi ƙarfi a Gabas Kusa da ita a lokacin.
Hittiyawa a karkashin Mursilis I sun halaka Yamhad a karni na 16 BC. Sai dai kuma nan ba da jimawa ba Aleppo ya koma kan gaba a kasar Siriya lokacin da ikon Hittiyawa a yankin ya ragu saboda rikicin cikin gida.
Zamanin Bronze na karshe Da yake cin gajiyar rashin iko a yankin, Parshatatar, sarkin daular Hurrian ta Mitanni, ya ci Aleppo a karni na 15 BC. Bayan haka, Aleppo ya sami kansa a fagen daga a gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin Mitanni da Hittiyawa da Masar.
Hittiyawa Suppiluliumas I sun ci Mitanni na dindindin kuma sun ci Aleppo a karni na 14 BC. Aleppo yana da mahimmancin al'ada ga Hittiyawa don kasancewa cibiyar bautar guguwa-Allah.
Zaman ayan Lokacin da mulkin Hittiyawa ya ruguje a karni na 12 BC, Aleppo ya zama wani yanki na masarautar Syro-Hitti na Palistin, sannan masarautar Aramaean Syro-Hittite ta Bit Agusi (wanda ke da babban birninta a Arpad), ta kasance wani yanki na wannan masarauta har sai da aka ci nasara. ta Assuriyawa A karni na 9 BC, kuma ya zama wani yanki na Daular Neo-Assuriyawa har zuwa karshen karni na 7 BC, kafin ya wuce ta hannun Babila Babila da Farisa Achamenid.
Na gargajiya tsoho Alexander the Great ya mallaki birnin a shekara ta 333 BC. Seleucus Nicator ya kafa wurin zama na Hellenic a cikin rukunin tsakanin 301-286 BC. Ya kira ta Beroea bayan Beroea ta Makidoniya.
Arewacin Siriya ya kasance cibiyar nauyi na ayyukan mulkin mallaka na Hellenistic, don haka al'adun Hellenistic a cikin Daular Seleucid. Kamar yadda sauran garuruwan Hellenized na mulkin Seleucid suka yi, wataƙila Beroa ta ji daɗin ɗan ƴancin yankin, tare da taron jama'a na gida ko boulē wanda ya ƙunshi Hellenes 'yanci.
Biriya ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Seleucid kusan shekaru 300 har zuwa lokacin da aka mika hannun Pompey na ƙarshe na daular Seleucid a shekara ta 64 BC, lokacin da suka zama lardin Romawa. Kasancewar Roma ya ba da kwanciyar hankali a arewacin Siriya sama da ƙarni uku. Ko da yake wani ɗan majalisa ne daga Roma ne ke gudanar da lardin, Roma ba ta tilasta wa rukunin masu mulki da ke jin Hellenanci ba.
An ambaci Beroea a cikin 2 Macc. 13:3.
Zamanin daular da kuma fadada garin Sarkin Sassanid Khosrow na I ya washe kuma ya kona Aleppo a shekara ta 540 AZ. Daga baya, Farisawa Sassanid sun mamaye Siriya a takaice a farkon karni na 7. Jim kadan bayan Aleppo ta fada hannun Larabawa karkashin Khalid bn al-Walid a shekara ta 637 miladiyya. A shekara ta 944 AZ, ta zama wurin zama na Masarautar mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin yarima Hamdanid Sayf al-Daula, kuma ta sami ci gaba mai girma.
A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1138 bayan haihuwar Yesu, wata girgizar ƙasa mai kisa ta abkawa birnin da kewaye. Ko da yake alkaluma daga wannan lokaci ba su da tabbas, amma an yi imanin cewa mutane 230,000 ne suka mutu, wanda ya zama girgizar kasa ta biyar mafi muni a tarihi.
Bayan da Tamerlane ya mamaye Aleppo a shekara ta 1400 kuma ya lalata shi, Kiristoci sun yi hijira daga ganuwar birnin suka kafa nasu cell a shekara ta 1420, a yankunan arewa maso yammacin birnin, ta haka ne suka kafa sassan Jdeydeh. Mazaunan Jdeydeh sun kasance dillalai ne da ke saukaka kasuwanci tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje da 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida. An gina wasu gundumomi da yawa a wajen bangon tarihi a ƙarni na 15 da 16.
An ambaci birnin, ta ɗaya daga cikin mayu, a cikin William Shakespeare's Macbeth, wanda aka rubuta tsakanin 1603 AZ da 1607 AZ.
Babban abubuwan gani Aleppo tana da nau'ikan gine-gine masu gauraye, waɗanda aka yi musu mulkin, a tsakanin sauran, ta Rumawa, Rumawa, Seljuqs, Mamluk da Ottomans.
Gine-gine iri-iri na ƙarni na 13 da na 14, kamar su ayari, caeriya, makarantun kur’ani, hammams da gine-ginen addini ana samun su a tsohon birni. Yankunan gundumar Jdeydeh gida ne ga gidaje masu yawa na ƙarni na 16 da na 17 na Aleppin bourgeoisie, waɗanda ke ɗauke da zanen dutse.
Souqs da Khans Matsayin kasuwanci mai mahimmanci na birnin ya jawo hankalin mazauna kowane jinsi da imani waɗanda suke son cin gajiyar hanyoyin kasuwanci da suka hadu a Aleppo daga China da Mesofotamiya zuwa gabas, Turai zuwa yamma, da Crescent mai albarka da Masar a kudu. Mafi girman kasuwar souq-kasuwa a duniya yana cikin Aleppo, tare da kimanin tsawon kilomita 13 (mil 8.1).
Al-Madina Souq, kamar yadda aka sani a cikin gida, cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta kasuwanci da ake shigowa da ita daga waje, kamar danyen siliki daga Iran, kayan yaji da rini daga Indiya, da kofi daga Damascus. Souq al-Madina kuma gida ne da kayayyakin gida kamar su ulu, kayan noma da sabulu. Yawancin sukuwan sun samo asali ne tun a karni na 14 kuma ana kiran su da sana’o’i da sana’o’i daban-daban, don haka sukuwar ulu, da tagulla, da sauransu. Banda fatauci, sukuwa ya ba 'yan kasuwa da kayansu a cikin khans (wasu caravanserais) suka watse a cikin souq. Sauran nau'ikan ƙananan wuraren kasuwa ana kiran su caeserias Caeserias sun fi khans girma a girmansu kuma suna aiki azaman bita na masu sana'a. Yawancin khans sun ɗauki sunayensu bayan wurin da suke a cikin souq da aiki, kuma an siffanta su da kyawawan kayan ado da ƙofar shiga tare da katangar kofofin katako.
Manyan khans a ciki da wajen yankin Souq al-Madina da aka rufe sune: Khan al-Qadi daga 1450, Khan al-Saboun daga farkon karni na 16, Khan al-Nahhaseen na 1539, Khan al-Shouneh daga 1546, Khan al Jumrok daga 1574, Souq Khan al-Wazir daga 1682, Souq al-Farrayin, Souq al-Dira, Souq al-Hiraj, Souq al-Attarine, Souq az-Zirb, Souq Marcopoli, Souq as-Siyyagh, The Venetian' Khan,*Souq Khan al-Harir daga rabin na biyu na karni na 16, Suweiqa, da sauransu.
Sauran souqs na gargajiya da khans a cikin kwata na Jdeydeh (a wajen birni mai katanga):
Souq al-Hokedun or "Khan al-Quds". Hokedun yana nufin "gidan ruhaniya" a cikin Armeniya, kamar yadda aka gina shi don zama wurin zama ga mahajjatan Armeniya akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Urushalima. Tsohon ɓangaren Hokedun ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen 15th da farkon ƙarni na 16 yayin da aka gina sabon ɓangaren a cikin karni na 17. A zamanin yau, an mayar da ita wani katon souq mai tarin shaguna masu sana’ar sayar da tufafi.
Souq as-Souf ko kasuwar ulu, dake kan titin Salibeh, kewaye da tsoffin majami'u na kwata.
Bawabet al-Qasab, cibiyar kasuwancin kayayyakin katako.
Gine-ginen tarihi Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na tsohon birnin sun hada da:
Babban Masallacin Aleppo
Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Larabci: Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr) shi ne mafi girma kuma daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a birnin Aleppo na kasar Siriya. Yana cikin gundumar al-Jalloum na tsohon birnin Aleppo, wurin tarihi na duniya, kusa da kofar shiga Al-Madina Souq. An yi zargin cewa masallacin gida ne ga gawar Zakariyya, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma, wadanda dukkansu abin girmamawa ne a Musulunci da Kiristanci. An gina shi a farkon karni na 8 AZ. Duk da haka, ginin na yanzu ya koma ƙarni na 11 zuwa 14. An gina minaret a cikin masallacin a shekara ta 1090, kuma an lalata shi a lokacin yakin basasar Siriya a watan Afrilun 2013.
Citadel, wani katon kagara da aka gina a saman wani katon tudun wucin gadi wanda ya tashi sama da mita 50 (164 ft) sama da birnin, ya samo asali ne tun karni na farko BC. Hane-hane na baya-bayan nan ya gano wani haikali da mutum-mutumi 25 tun daga karni na farko BC. Yawancin tsarin da ake ciki yanzu sun kasance daga karni na 13. Girgizar kasa ta lalata Citadel sosai, musamman a cikin 1822.
Al-Matbakh al-Ajami, wani gidan sarauta na farko na ƙarni na 12 da ke kusa da kagara, wanda sarkin Zengid Majd ad-Din bin ad-Daya ya gina. An gyara ginin a ƙarni na 15. Gidan Tarihi na Mashahuri ne tsakanin 1967-1975.
Cocin Al-Shibani-Makarantar karni na 12, tsohuwar coci ce kuma makarantar Franciscan Mishan na Maryamu dake cikin tsohon birni, a halin yanzu ana amfani da ita azaman cibiyar al'adu.
Khanqah al-Farafira, gidan sufi na ƙarni na 13 wanda Dayfa Khatun ya gina a 1237.
Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, mafaka ya yi aiki daga 1354 har zuwa farkon karni na 20.
Dar Rajab Pasha, wani katon gidan da aka gina a karni na 16 kusa da titin al-Khandaq. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, an gyara gidan tare da mayar da shi wata muhimmiyar cibiyar al'adu tare da babban dakin wasan kwaikwayo na kusa.
Fadar Junblatt, wacce sarkin Kurdawa a Aleppo kuma wanda ya kafa dangin Janpolad (Jumblatt) ya gina a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 16; Janpolad bek bin Qasim.
Beit Marrash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine dake cikin kwata na al-Farafira, wanda dangin Marrash suka gina a ƙarshen karni na 18.
Hasumiyar agogon Bab al-Faraj, wanda 1898-1899 mai zanen Austriya na Chartier ya gina.
Grand Serail d'Alep, tsohon wurin zama na gwamnan Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1920s kuma ya buɗe a cikin 1933.
National Library na Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1930s kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1945.
Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na Jdeydeh Kirista kwata sun hada da:
Beit Wakil, wani katafaren gidan Aleppin da aka gina a shekara ta 1603, tare da kayan ado na musamman na katako. An kai ɗaya daga cikin kayan adonsa zuwa Berlin kuma an nuna shi a gidan kayan tarihi na Pergamon, wanda aka sani da ɗakin Aleppo.
Beit Ghazaleh, wani tsohon katafaren gida na ƙarni na 17 mai cike da kyawawan kayan adon, wanda ɗan ƙasar Armeniya Khachadur Bali ya sassaƙa a 1691. An yi amfani da shi azaman makarantar firamare ta Armeniya a ƙarni na 20.
Dar Zamaria, wanda aka gina a ƙarshen karni na 17 kuma mallakar dangin Zamaria ne tun farkon ƙarni na 18. A zamanin yau, an mayar da gidan ya zama otal boutique.
Beit Achiqbash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine da aka gina a shekara ta 1757. Ginin yana gida ne ga Shahararriyar Al'adun Gargajiya tun 1975, yana nuna kyawawan kayan adon fasahar Aleppin.
Dar Basile, gidan Aleppine na ƙarni na 18, yana aiki a matsayin makaranta mai zaman kansa tun 2001.
Beit Dallal ko Dallal House, wanda aka gina a cikin 1826 akan wurin tsohuwar coci da gidan zuhudu, a zamanin yau yana aiki azaman otal otal.
Madrasa Madrasa Al-Halawiyyah, wacce aka gina a shekara ta 1124 a wurin babban cocin Byzantine na Saint Helena na Aleppo na karni na 5, inda, bisa ga al'ada, haikalin Roman ya taɓa tsayawa. Saint Helena, mahaifiyar Constantine Mai Girma, ta gina babban babban cocin Byzantine a nan. A lokacin da 'yan Salibiyya suke wawushe yankunan karkara, babban alkalin birnin ya mai da babban cocin cocin masallaci. A shekara ta 1149, Nur al-Din ya mayar da ita madrasah; mazhabar Musulunci-addini. A zamanin yau, ana iya ganin ginshiƙan Byzantine na tsohon babban coci na karni na 6 a cikin zauren.
Madrasa Al-Muqaddamiyah, wacce ke cikin layin Khan al-Tutun, asalin coci ce kafin 1123. Alkalin Aleppo Ibn-Khashab ya mayar da ita masallaci, sannan ta zama madrasah a shekara ta 1168 na Izz Eddin Abdal Malek al-Muqadam. a zamanin Nurul Din. Ita ce madrasah mafi tsufa a Aleppo.
Madrasa Al-Shadbakhtiyah, ɗaya daga cikin madrasa na farko na Ayyubid, wanda Jamal al-Din Shadbakht ya gina a shekara ta 1193, wani ƴantaccen bawa na sarkin Zengid Nur al-Din.
Madrasa Al-Zahiriyah, wadda aka gina a shekara ta 1217 a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudancin Bab al-Maqam, na Az-Zahir Ghazi.
Madrasa Al-Sultaniyah, wanda gwamnan Aleppo Az-Zahir Ghazi ya fara kuma ya kammala tsakanin 1223-1225 da dansa Malek al-Aziz Mohammed ya kammala. Ginin ya fi shahara da mirgine dakin sallah. Yana dauke da kabarin sultan Malik al-Zaher dan Ayyubid Sultan Saladin.
Madrasa Al-Firdaws, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mafi kyawun masallatan Aleppo". An gina ta a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudu maso yammacin kofar Bab al-Maqam, ta Dayfa Khatun; Matar gwamna Az-Zahir Ghazi a shekara ta 1235-1236, sannan kuma mai jiran gadon sarautar Ayyubid An-Nasir Yusuf. An san shi da babban iwan tsakar gida) tare da tafki a tsakiya kewaye da arches da ginshiƙai na daɗaɗɗen, manyan wasanni tare da tsarin saƙar zuma. Irin wannan salo ne ke siffanta kufaifan dakin sallah. An yi mihrab ɗin da farin marmara mai jijiyar jijiya, jan porphyry da koren diorite.
Madrasa Al-Kamiliyah, wacce Fatima Khatun diyar Ayyubid Sultan al-Malik al-Kamil ta gina tsakanin 1230-37 a wajen katangar garin.
Madrasa Al-Sharafiyah, dake arewa maso gabashin babban masallacin, wanda Abd al-Rahim bn al-'Ajami da dansa Sharaf al-Din 'Abdul Rahman suka assasa a shekara ta 1242.
Madrasa Al-Turantaiyah, wacce ke wajen katangar birnin zuwa gabashin Bab al-Nairab, wanda masanin tarihin Aleppine Ibn al-Udaym ya gina tsakanin 1241-51.
Madrasa Al-Ahmadiyah, wacce aka bude a shekara ta 1724 a gundumar al-Jalloum. Yana da tsarin gine-gine na tsarin Tekyes.
Madrasa Al-Uthmaniyah, da ke kusa da Bab al-Nasr, wanda Ottoman pasha Al-Duraki ya kafa a 1730, kuma asalin sunansa Madrasa Ridaiya.
Wuraren ibada Masallacin Al-Shuaibiyah, wanda kuma aka fi sani da al-Omari, al-Tuteh da kuma al-Atras masallacin, shi ne masallaci mafi dadewa a Aleppo, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 637. Ya mamaye tsohuwar tarihi na nasara na Romawa, wanda ya taba nuna farkon decumanus. An sake gyara ginin gaba ɗaya a cikin 1146 da 1401. An san shi da rubutun kufic na ƙarni na 12 da kayan ado.
Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Jāmi' Bani Omayya al-Kabīr), wanda aka kafa c. 715 na Umayyad halifa Walid I kuma mai yiwuwa magajinsa Sulaiman ya kammala. Ginin ya ƙunshi kabari mai alaƙa da Zachary, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma. An fara gina ginin na yanzu na Nur al-Din a shekara ta 1158. Duk da haka, ya lalace a lokacin mamayar Mongol na 1260, kuma an sake gina shi. Hasumiyar tsayin mita 45 (148 ft) (wanda aka kwatanta da "babban abin tunawa na Siriya ta tsakiya") an gina shi a cikin 1090-1092 a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Seljuk na farko, Tutush I. Yana da facade huɗu masu salo daban-daban.
Masallacin Al-Qaikan ("Masallacin Crow") na karni na 12, wanda aka yi masa ado da tsoffin ginshiƙai guda biyu a cikin basalt a ƙofar. A jikin bangon masallacin, ana iya ganin wani katafaren dutse da ke dauke da rubuce-rubucen hiroglyph na Anadolu.
Masallacin Altun Bogha na zamanin Mamluk, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1318.
Masallacin Al-Sahibiyah na 1350, wanda aka gina kusa da Khan al-Wazir.
Masallacin Al-Tawashi da aka gina a shekara ta 1398 kuma an sake gyara shi a shekara ta 1537. Yana da katafaren facade da aka yi wa ado da kayan kwalliya.
Masallacin Al-Otrush, wanda aka gina a 1398 a cikin salon Mamluk. Ya shahara da kawata fuskar bangon waya da kuma kofar shiga wanda aka lullube da muqarnai na Musulunci na gargajiya. An dawo da shi a cikin 1922.
Masallacin Al-Saffahiyah, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1425 kuma an sake gyara wani sashi a 1925. Ya shahara da kyan ganimar da aka yi masa ado.
Masallacin Khusruwiyah da aka kammala a shekara ta 1547, wanda shahararren masanin Ottoman Mimar Sinan ya tsara.
Masallacin Al-Adiliyah, wanda gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya na Aleppo Muhammed Pasha ya gina a shekarar 1557. Yana da zauren addu'o'in da ke gabansa da arcade, mai dome, mihrab mai tile faience na gida.
Arba'in Shahidai Armeniya Apostolic Cathedral na 1429, dake cikin kwata na Jdeydeh.
Cocin Mar Assia al-Hakim Cocin Katolika na Syria na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh.
Dormition of Our Lady Greek Orthodox Church na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh.
Cocin Jdeydeh Kirista kwata kamar Maronite Saint Elias Cathedral, Armeniya Katolika Cathedral na Uwar Mu Reliefs da Melkite Greek Katolika Cathedral na Budurwa Mary.
Majami'ar tsakiyar birnin Aleppo ko majami'ar al-Bandara, an kammala tun farkon karni na 9 ta kokarin al'ummar Yahudawa. An lalata majami'ar sau da yawa har zuwa 1428 lokacin da aka maido da shi. Kwanan nan, an gyara ginin da kokarin Yahudawa masu hijira na Aleppin a Amurka.
Kofofi An kewaye tsohon yankin da katanga mai tsawon kilomita 5 (mile 3.1), wanda kofofin tarihi tara suka huda (yawancinsu suna da kyau) na tsohon garin. Waɗannan su ne, a gefen agogo daga arewa-maso-gabas na kagara:
Bab al-Hadid (Kofar Ayan)
Bab al-Ahmar (Kofar Jar, ta lalace gaba daya)
Bab al-Nairab (Kofar Nairab, ta lalace gaba daya)
Bab al-Maqam (Kofar Shrine)
Bab Qinnasrin (Kofar Qinnasrin)
Bab Antakeya (Ƙofar Antakiya)
Bāb Jnēn (Ƙofar Lambuna, ta lalace gaba ɗaya)
Bab al-Faraj (Ƙofar Ceto, ta lalace gaba ɗaya)
Bab al-Nasr (Kofar Nasara, wani bangare ya lalace)
Hammams Aleppo ya kasance gida ga hammams 177 a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, har zuwa mamayewar Mongol lokacin da aka lalata wasu muhimman gine-gine a birnin. A halin yanzu, kusan 18 hammams suna aiki a tsohon birni.
Hammam al-Sultan wanda Az-Zahir Ghazi ya gina a 1211.
Hammam al-Nahhasin ya gina a karni na 12 kusa da Khan al-Nahhasin.
Hammam Bab al-Ahmar da Ottoman suka gina.
Hammam al-Bayadah na zamanin Mamluk wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1450.
Hammam Yalbugha ya gina a cikin 1491 da Sarkin Aleppo Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri.
Hammam al-Jawhary, hammam Azdemir, hammam Bahram Pasha, da dai sauransu.
Gundumomi da yankuna Tsofaffin wuraren da ke kewaye da kagara a cikin ganuwar tsohon birni:
Gundumar Al-A'jam tare da unguwar ad-Dahdileh Gundumar Altunbogha tare da unguwannin Oghlubek da Sahet al-Milh Gundumar Aqabeh tare da unguwannin Bahsita Khan al-Harir al-Masaben da Jebb Asad Allah Gundumar Bayadah tare da unguwannin Jbeileh Keltawiyeh da kuma Mustadamiyeh Gundumar Farafira tare da unguwannin Bandara Qastal Hajjarin ad-Dabbagha al-Atiqa Suweiqat Ali da Suweiqat Hatem Gundumar Jalloum mai makwabtaka da Saffahiyeh Khan al-Wazir da kuma Souq al-Madina Gundumar Qal'at al-Sharif tare da unguwar Tallet Alsauda Gundumar Al-Qasileh tare da unguwar al-Hawraneh Gundumar Sahet Bizzeh tare da unguwar Magazleh Tsofaffin wurare a wajen bangon tsohon birni:
Gundumar Abraj tare da unguwannin Haret al-Pasha da Shaker Agha Gundumar Agyol tare da unguwar Shmesatiyeh Almaji tare da unguwannin Qastal Harami Wakiliyeh da kuma Shara'sous Gundumar Bab al-Maqam tare da unguwannin al-Maghayer da kuma Maqamat Ballat tare da unguwannin Qattaneh da Sahet Hamad Gundumar Ad-Dallalin Ad-Dudu tare da unguwannin Safsafeh Jubb al-Qubbeh Jubb Qaraman da Barriyet al-Maslakh Fardos gundumar.
Hazzazeh tare da unguwannin at-Tadribeh da Zuqaq al-Arba'in Gundumar Ibn Ya'qoub tare da unguwannin Banqusa da Mushatiyeh Gundumar Beit Meheb ko Jdeideh kwata tare da unguwannin Sissi Salibeh Bawabet al-Qasab Basatneh al-Muballet al-Muballet het-at) da kuma Sa'a. Tananir Gundumar Kalaseh Gundumar Muhammad Bek tare da unguwannin Badenjk Baggara da Sakhaneh Gundumar Qadi Askar tare da unguwar Hamza Bek Qarleq gundumar.
Gundumar Qastal al-Mosht tare da unguwannin al-Aryan Trab al-Ghuraba da kuma Mawardi Gundumar Sajlikhan tare da unguwar Aghajek Gundumar As-Salheen Gundumar Tatarlar Kiyaye tsohon birni A matsayin tsohuwar cibiyar ciniki, manyan souqs na Aleppo, khans, hammams, madrasas, masallatai da majami'u duk suna buƙatar ƙarin aikin kulawa da kiyayewa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an sake fasalin birnin sosai; a cikin 1954 Masanin ginin Faransa André Gutton ya yanke sabbin tituna da yawa a cikin birni don ba da damar sauƙi don zirga-zirgar zamani. Tsakanin 1954-1983 gine-gine da yawa a cikin tsohon birnin an ruguje don ba da damar gina rukunin gidaje na zamani, musamman a yankunan arewa maso yamma (Bab al-Faraj da Bab al-Jinan). Yayin da wayar da kan jama'a game da buƙatar kiyaye wannan al'adu na musamman ya karu, a ƙarshe an yi watsi da babban tsarin Gutton a cikin 1979 don maye gurbinsa da sabon tsarin da masanin Swiss kuma mai tsara birane Stefano Bianca ya gabatar, wanda ya karbi ra'ayin "kiyaye tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na gargajiya. na Tsohuwar Aleppo" wanda ya share fage ga fitattun masu fafutuka na cikin gida, ciki har da Adli Qudsi, don shawo kan UNESCO ta ayyana Tsohon Birnin Aleppo' a matsayin wurin tarihi na duniya a shekarar 1986.
Cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama sun hada kai da hukumomin gida da kungiyar Archaeological Society na Aleppo, don gyara tsohon birnin ta hanyar daidaita rayuwar zamani tare da kiyaye tsohon. Hakimi da gundumar suna aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da aka tsara don haɓaka tsohon birni da kwata na Jdeydeh.
Haɗin gwiwar fasaha na Jamus (GTZ) da Gidauniyar Aga Khan (a cikin firam ɗin Shirin Garuruwan Tarihi na Aga Khan) sun ba da gudummawa sosai a cikin tsarin adana tsohon birni. Wakilin gida na Aga Khan Trust for Culture daga 1999 har zuwa 2008 shi ne masanin gine-gine Adli Qudsi, wanda ya taka rawa sosai wajen kare tsohon birni daga rugujewar sojojin da ke fadada birane.
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52422 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirikiri%20Babban%20Gidan%20Kurkuku%20da%20Tsaro | Kirikiri Babban Gidan Kurkuku da Tsaro | Kurkuku mafi girman tsaro na Kirikiri gidan kurkuku ne da ke a yammacin garin Apapa, a jihar Legas, Najeriya. Dalilin kiranta da wannan suna saboda tana ƙauyen Kirikiri. Wani ɓangare ne na Hukumar Kula da Gyaran Halayya, a Najeriya. Yawan adadin Fursunoni da gidan ke iya dauka a hukumance sune fursuna 1,056. An fara kafa ta a shekarar 1955. Paul Chiama na gidan jaridar Leadership ya rubuta cewa "Ambaton Kirikiri ya fara tunatar da duk wani dan Najeriya" wannan gidan yari.
Tun daga ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 1990 Tana ɗaukar Fursunoni 956 amma a zahiri tana ɗaukar fursunoni 1,645. Wani rahoto na 1995 da Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Kanada ta yi ya bayyana cewa “gidan yarin ta riga ta yi suna” saboda cunkoso da take dashi. A watan Maris din shekarar 2018 ne Ƙasar Birtaniya ta sanar da cewa za ta kashe dalar Amurka $939,000 don gina wani sabon reshe mai gadaje 112, domin a samu sauƙin kwashe fursunonin Najeriya daga Birtaniya. duk da cewa babu wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa Gwamnatin Burtaniya tayi wannan aikin.
Akwai wasu fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa a Kirikiri.
Tarihi An gina gidan yarin na Kirikiri a shekara ta 1955 tare da fursunoni 1056 na farko. Ya zuwa ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2018, kashi 69% cikin ɗari na Fursunonin dake a gidan yarin suna jiran shari’a ne kamar yadda bayanai daga hukumar kula da gidajen yari ta Najeriya ta tabbatar.
Abinci Har zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 2021 a gidan yarin Kirikiri (Gidan Dan Kanden Kirikir), a da ana ciyar da fursunoni abinci na Naira 450 a rana (kimanin dalar Amurka 1.08 kamar a watan Mayu shekarar 2022). A cikin watan Oktoban 2021 Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya kara yawan abincin yau da kullun zuwa Naira 1,000 (kimanin $2.41 kamar a watan Mayu 2022). Jami’an hukumar gyaran Hali ta Najeriya sun bayar da shawarar a ba su alawus na naira 750 a kullum, sai dai kwamitin majalisar dattijai sunce wannan adadin bai isa ba. A cikin wata hira da gidan jaridar Vanguard tayi da wani Fursuna a watan Mayun 2022, wanda ya nemi a sakaya sunansa ya bayyana cewa abincin da ake ci a Kirikiri "dan kadan wanda baya isar koda karamin yaro ballatan babban mutum, kuma abicin baida kyau sam". Misali, yace shi wnada ba'a bayyana sunan sa ba, karin kumallon Gidan Yarin ya ƙunshi wake da aka dafa shi kaɗai ba ko magi, kowace safiya, tsawon kwana bakwai a mako. Fursunonan da ba a bayyana sunansa ba ya kuma kwatanta karuwar tallafin abinci na yau da kullun wanda ake ikirarin ana badawa a matsayin "Zancen kanzon kurege", yana mai cewa, "Idan har kana bukatar sanin haka to ku zo ku gani da Idonku, don sanin ainihin abin da nake gaya a kai" kuma" ku zo ku ga abinci mai ban tsoro! Abin har yayi muni.”
Wani fursuna da aka yi fira da shi wanda gidan jaridar Vanguard tayi da shi a watan Mayu sekarar 2002 ya bayyana cewa "ko da mayunwacin kare ba zai ci abincin da suke ba mu ba", kuma wasu fursunoni sun dogara da samun damar dafa abinci a ɗakin su don su rayuwa. Ana iya siyan danyen abincin da fursunoni za su dafa a cikin dakunansu ta hannun jami’an kula da walwala na gidan yarin, kuma wasu fursunoni suna da garwar kalanzir da Risho don su girka abincinsu.
Wani fursuna ya bayyana cewa gidan yarin yana da wani “sashen VIP” daban, inda fursunonin ke da nasu mai dafa abinci, da mai wanke tufafi, masu aiki da kuma na’urar samar da wutar lantarki. A watan Mayun shekarar 2022, mai magana da yawun hukumar gidajen yari ta jihar Legas, ya musanta ikirarin cewa har yanzu fursunonin na karbar abinci naira 450 ne kawai a kowace rana, yana mai cewa, “an yi nazari kan ciyarwar kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin dokar kula da gidajen yari ta Najeriya na shekarar 2019. N450 na farko an duba shi sama amma na tabbata bai kai sama da N1000 ba. Dole ne in gaya muku cewa game da ciyarwa a gidajen yari, akwai ma'auni guda ɗaya da muke amfani da shi don kowane rabon abinci ga fursunoni." Sabanin wannan bayani, wani babban jami’in gidan yarin da ya nemi a sakaya sunansa ya bayyana cewa “babu wani abu da ya canza dangane da ciyar da fursunoni a fadin kasar nan” kuma “babu wani abu da ya canza a nan ta fuskar inganci da yawan abincin da fursunonin ke ci. Har yanzu ita ce masifa da wahala ta yau da kullum na abincin bà tare da miya egusi mai ruwa, wake da shinkafa." Babban jami'in ya kuma bayyana cewa "Hanya daya tilo da fursunonin ke rayuwa ita ce ta hanyar samar da nasu abincin."
Sanannun fursunoni Chief Bode George Clifford Orji
Al-Mustapha
Major General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua
Fela Anikulapo Kuti
Olusegun Obasanjo
Chris Abani
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48735 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Slovakia | Hakkin Dan Adam a Slovakia | Dokokin Slovakia ne ke tafiyar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Slovakia kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Majalisar Turai ke kula da su Tushen doka Babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Slovakia ya zayyana hakkoki da yancin da doka ta tanadar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin rayuwa, keɓantawa, tsari, mutunci, dukiya, addini, yancin motsi, yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ‘yancin yin jarida, koke, ƙungiya, da jefa ƙuri’a, da ’yanci daga azabtarwa, azaba mai zafi, da bauta. Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma ba da tabbacin cewa ba za a iya kare haƙƙin ta hanyar nuna wariya ba.
Ƴancin siyasa Ofishin mai kare hakkin jama'a da Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Slovak ne ke da alhakin kare hakki a Slovakia. Hukumar tsaro da hadin gwiwa a Turai ta gano cewa zabe a Slovakia yana da 'yanci da adalci. Dokar ta tanadi bayyana matakin da gwamnati ta dauka, sannan ana bayyana kwangilolin gwamnati ga jama'a. Cin hanci da rashawa da jami'an gwamnati ke yi wani laifi ne a karkashin dokar Slovak, kuma an gano wasu kebabbun al'amura na cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Slovakia ta aiwatar da matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. ‘Yan sanda sun gudanar da samame na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma an tuhumi jami’an jihar da dama da laifukan almundahana da laifuka tsakanin shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021. Mata da kungiyoyin LGBT ba su da wakilci a siyasa.
Indexididdigar Demokraɗiyya ta ƙididdige Slovakia a matsayin "Demokraɗiyya mara kyau" a 2021 da maki 7.03 cikin 10, wanda ya sanya ta 45 a cikin ƙasashe 167. Freedom House ya kima Slovakia a matsayin "Yanci" a 2022 tare da maki 90 cikin 100.
Fataucin mutane Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kebe rigakafin fataucin bil adama na Slovakia a matsayin "Tier 2", ma'ana "ba ta cika cikakkiyar ma'auni na kawar da fataucin ba amma tana yin gagarumin kokarin yin hakan". Sashi na 179 na kundin laifuffuka ya aikata laifin fataucin mutane, tare da hukuncin dauri daga shekaru hudu zuwa goma. A cikin 2021, Slovakia ta ƙaddamar da bincike 15 game da fataucin jima'i, huɗu don aikin tilastawa, uku don barace-barace. Gwamnatin Slovakia kuma tana ba da tallafi ga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don tallafawa wadanda fataucin bil adama ya shafa.
Haƙƙoƙin jama'a
Tsarin tsari tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, hana rayuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ba a yin su a Slovakia. Ana mutunta dokokin da suka shafi hukumci na rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci, kodayake ana samun rahotannin cin zarafin 'yan sanda na lokaci-lokaci. An ba wa wadanda ake tuhuma damar yin shari’a ta gaskiya, da shari’a mai zaman kanta, da zaton ba su da laifi, da kuma lauyan lauya. Amincewa da hukumar shari'a mai zaman kanta ta yi rauni a Slovakia saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin aiki. A cewar Tarayyar Turai, kawai 28% na 'yan ƙasar Slovak sun amince da sashin shari'a kamar na 2021.
Magana ‘Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin ‘yan jarida suna da tabbacin a karkashin dokar Slovakia. Ana ɗaukar dokokin cin mutunci a matsayin laifuffuka masu laifi kuma an yi amfani da su don taƙaita rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai da kuma murkushe sukar 'yan siyasa da sauran fitattun mutane. Kalaman ƙiyayya da musun Holocaust laifuffuka ne. Kisan gillar da aka yi wa Ján Kuciak a shekara ta 2018 a matsayin mayar da martani ga bincikensa kan cin hanci da rashawa ya nuna babban hari kan 'yancin 'yan jarida a Slovakia.
Wariya
LGBT Wariya kan yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi haramun ne, amma ba a aiwatar da wannan doka akai-akai. Wakilan siyasa na mutanen LGBT a Slovakia yana da iyaka. 'Yan siyasa ba kasafai ake gane su a matsayin LGBT ba kuma maganganun jama'a na tozarta al'ummar LGBT abu ne gama gari. Gwamnati na buƙatar mutanen da ke neman amincewar jinsi ta doka da a lalata su Kabilanci da kabilanci Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan kabila, kasa, kabila, da kowane matsayi. An fi hukunta laifukan ƙiyayya a Slovakia. Ana aiwatar da dokokin hana wariya ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, musamman mutanen Romawa suna fuskantar wariya, tsangwama, da zaluncin 'yan sanda Mutanen Romani galibi ana keɓance su daga wasu ƙungiyoyi a Slovakia, kuma ba a cika bincikar laifuffukan da ake yi wa Romani ba. Gwamnatin Slovakia ta amince da rawar da ta taka a tilastawa dubunnan matan Romani haifuwa.
Addini Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayyana cewa babu wani addini a kasar Slovakia kuma an tabbatar da daidaito a kan addini. Amincewa da gwamnati na kungiyoyin addini yana ba da gata na musamman kamar hidima a gidajen yari, yin bukukuwan aure, da karɓar tallafi. Don a ba da izini, ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin addini su gabatar da sa hannun mabiya 50,000. Ana buƙatar ɗalibai su halarci koyarwar addini a makaranta, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. Abubuwan da ke ba da shawarar nuna wariya ko ƙiyayya ga ƙungiyar addini haramun ne kuma hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. Duk da haka, kyamar kyamar baki da kyamar Islama sun zama ruwan dare a Slovakia, kuma duka biyun sun zama ruwan dare a yakin neman zabe na jam'iyyun masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Mata Kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan jima'i. An bai wa mata cikakken ‘yancin siyasa a Slovakia, kuma a shekarar 2019 kasar ta zabi mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar kasa. Mata ba su da yawa a majalisa, wanda ke da kusan kashi 21% na majalisar a shekarar 2020. Rikicin cikin gida a Slovakia ya zama ruwan dare, kuma isar da sako ga wadanda rikicin cikin gida ya shafa ya yi kadan. Slovakia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Istanbul kan cin zarafin mata amma ba ta amince da shi ba har zuwa 2021. Nassoshi Hakki
Slofakiya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57756 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20da%20Brienne%20ne%20adam%20wata | Hubert da Brienne ne adam wata | Hubert de Brienne, Comte de Conflans (1690, a Paris 27 Janairu 1777,a Paris) wani kwamandan sojojin ruwan Faransa ne.
Rayuwar farko Dan Henri Yakubu Marquis de Conflans da Marie du Bouchet,yana da shekaru 15 an sanya shi jarumi na Order of Saint Lazarus kuma a shekara mai zuwa ya shiga makarantar Gardes de la Marine a Brest .Daga nan ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Mutanen Espanya a ƙarƙashin Duquesne-Guitton(daga 1708 zuwa 1709)da Duguay-Trouin (1710),inda ya karɓi baftisma na wuta,yana shiga cikin kama jiragen ruwa biyu na kasuwanci.
A shekara ta 1712, an sanya shi a matsayin alama kuma ya shiga cikin ayyukan yaki da 'yan fashi a cikin Caribbean da kuma bakin tekun Moroccan.A 1721,ya aka aika a kan wani manufa zuwa Konstantinoful, sa'an nan a 1723 cruised tare da bakin tekun na Saint-Domingue kuma dauki bangare a cikin danniya na matsaloli a can.
Umarni na farko da kuma gwamna-janar na Saint-Dominique An nada shi Laftanar a cikin 1727 kuma ya gudanar da yakin neman zabe biyu a cikin Bahar Rum.Sa'an nan,a cikin 1731,ya yi aiki a matsayin laftanar gardes de la Marine a Rochefort.A shekara ta gaba ya zama jarumi na Order of Saint Louis kuma daga 1733 zuwa 1734 ya umurci wani jirgin ruwa da ake zargi da kula da jigilar mutane da bindigogi zuwa Cayenne da Martinique.A wannan shekarar, an ƙara masa girma zuwa kyaftin,kuma ya sake yin hidima a ƙarƙashin Duguay Trouin sannan a ƙarƙashin marquis d'Antin a lokacin Yaƙin Yakin Yaƙin Poland.
A cikin 1741,ya umarci makarantar gardes de la Marine a Brest,inda ya fara aikinsa.Daga ƙarshe,an sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan Abun ciki kuma ya kama jirgin ruwan Burtaniya na layin <i id="mwIw">Northumberland</i> a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1744 A cikin jirgin The Terrible ya raka ayarin motocin Atlantic.
A shekara ta 1747,an nada shi a matsayin gwamna-janar na Saint-Domingue, amma a kan tafiya ya hau kan mukamin nasa jiragen ruwan yakin Birtaniya ne suka yi amfani da shi, aka kama jirginsa. An sake shi a cikin 1748,godiya ga yarjejeniyar Aix la Chapelle,wanda aka sanya shi "chef d'escadre ",rawar da ya yi har zuwa 1751.A 1752 ya zama Laftanar Janar na sojojin ruwa.
Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai da Yaƙin Quiberon Bay A cikin 1756 ya sami matsayi na mataimakin Admiral na Ponant (kimanin,jiragen ruwa na Atlantic).A cikin 1758,Sarki Louis XV ya sanya shi Marshal na Faransa don lada don hidimarsa.
A cikin 1759,an ba shi alhakin saukar da sojoji a Scotland don mamayewa na Ingila wanda Louis XV,Nicolas René Berryer da Marshal na Belle-Isle suka shirya,kuma aka sanya masa suna"le Grand Dessein de débarquement".An bai wa Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu,duc d'Aiguillon,umarnin rundunar balaguro.Dangantaka tsakanin Conflans da Aiguillon ba ta da kyau, kuma,a zahiri, Conflans ya ƙi yarda da gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na manyansa kuma ya sanar da sarki cewa ya damu da guje wa yaƙi da jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin Edward Hawke.An tattara rundunar a cikin rafin Morbihan,kuma a can ne Conflans ya fara ayyukan rakiya.A ƙarshe,Hawke ya ɗan sassauta toshewar Brest don gujewa guguwa kuma Conflans ya fita daga Brest a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba.
Rikicin adawa ya karkatar da marshal daga hanyarsa ta farko kuma Conflans bai ga Belle Île ba har zuwa 20th.A halin yanzu, an gargadi Hawke game da tafiyar Conflans kuma ya matsa don toshe hanyarsa.A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba a kan wani teku mai hadari,Conflans ya hango tawagar Duff ta ja da baya kuma ta ba da umarnin kai hari,amma jim kadan bayan haka rundunar Hawke ta hango na Conflans.Duff sa'an nan kuma ya sanya shi don Conflans ya juya baya don ya bi shi,don haka ya ba da damar Hawke ya kawo rundunarsa a cikin yakin yaki kuma ya fara bin rundunar Faransa.Conflans ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa cikin Quiberon Bay,kuma ya shiga Hawke a can,kodayake Hawke ya kama Conflans a daidai lokacin da rundunar sojojin Faransa ta fara shiga bakin teku.Duk da haka Hawke ya shiga yaƙi kuma ya murkushe sojojin Faransa da gaske,ya kama ɗaya,ya lalata uku ya nutse biyu.Conflans ya koma lafiyar jirgin ruwa a bayansa,amma ba da daɗewa ba dare ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin na ɗan lokaci. A cikin dare,tutar Conflans,Soleil Royal ya ruga da gudu,ba tare da saninsa ba, a cikin 'yan tsayin kebul kawai na jiragen ruwa na Burtaniya.Sa’ad da gari ya waye, sai ya fahimci haɗarin da ke jiransa kuma ya haye ƙetaren Croisic don ya hau jirgin ruwan Faransa Héros Sannan ya kona tutarsa bayan ya kwashe.A lokacin da ya koma Brest,Conflans ba kawai zai bayyana rashin nasararsa ba amma har ma da kona tutarsa.An soki zaɓin da ya zaɓa don shiga cikin tekun Quiberon,saboda an lasafta shi ba tare da ƙwazon Hawke ba.Dalilan da ya sa ya yanke shawarar yin watsi da jirginsa har yanzu ba a sani ba.An zarge shi da shi a lokacin.
Abin kunya,ya wuce shekarunsa na ƙarshe a Paris inda ya mutu a 1777. Za a ba da mukaminsa na mataimakin Admiral na Ponant ga Joseph de Bauffremont,mai kula da shi a Quiberon |
29924 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji%20na%20Kai%20da%20Wuya | Ciwon Daji na Kai da Wuya | Ciwon daji na kai da wuya yana tasowa daga cikin lebe da rami na baki (baki), larynx (makogwaro), glandan salivary, hanci, sinuses ko fatar fuska. Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji na kai da wuya yana faruwa a cikin lebe, baki, da makogwaro. Alamomin da suka fi yawa sun hada da ciwon da baya warkewa ko sauya murya. Wasu na iya samun ciwon makogwaro wanda baya tafiya. A cikin wadanda ke da ci-gaban cuta, za a iya samun zubar jini da ba a saba gani ba, ciwon fuska, radasi ko kumburi, da kullun da ake gani a waje na wuya ko kuma rami na baki. Idan aka yi la’akari da wurin da waɗannan cututtukan daji suke, ana iya samun matsalar numfashi.
Yawancin ciwon kansa na wuyansa yana haifar da amfani da barasa ko taba, ciki har da taba maras hayaki, tare da karuwar lokuta masu alaka da papillomavirus (HPV). Sauran abubuwan hadari sun hada da kwayar cutar Epstein-Barr, betel quid, fallasa radiation, wasu abubuwan da ke faruwa a wurin aiki. Kimanin kashi 90% an rarraba su azaman cututtukan daji na squamous cell. An tabbatar da ganewar asali ta hanyar biopsy na nama. Za'a iya tantance matakin mamaye nama da ke kewaye da yaduwa mai nisa ta hanyar hoton likita da gwajin jini Rashin amfani da taba ko barasa na iya rage hadarin kansa da wuyansa. Alurar rigakafin HPV na iya rage hadarin rayuwa ta kansa ta baki idan an sha kafin fara jima'i, amma tabbas ba za a iya saninsa ba sai a kusa da 2060. Wannan saboda ciwon daji na oropharyngeal yana nunawa a cikin shekaru 4th 6th na rayuwa, kuma wannan sabon maganin rigakafi ne. Yayin da nunawa a cikin yawan jama'a bai bayyana yana da amfani ba, tantance gungiyoyi masu hadari ta hanyar nazarin makogwaro na iya zama da amfani. Ciwon kai da wuya sau da yawa ana warkewa idan an gano shi da wuri; duk da haka, sakamakon yawanci ba shi da kyau idan an gano shi a makare. Jiyya na iya hadawa da hadin tiyata, maganin radiation, chemotherapy, da maganin da aka yi niyya. Binciken da ya gabata da kuma maganin kansar kansa da wuyansa yana ba da hadarin haɓaka kansa na biyu da kansa na wuya ko sake dawowa.
A duk duniya, cutar kansar kai da wuya ta haifar da sabbin cututtukan daji 650,000 da mutuwar 330,000 kowace shekara a matsakaici. A cikin 2018, ita ce ta bakwai mafi yawan cutar kansa a duniya tare da sabbin maganganu 890,000 da aka rubuta kuma 450,000 ke mutuwa daga cutar. A Amurka, ciwon daji na kai da wuya yana da kashi 3% na duk cututtukan daji (matsakaicin sabbin bincike 53,000 a kowace shekara) da 1.5% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Alkaluman na 2017 na duniya ya ambaci kansa da wuyansa kamar yadda yake wakiltar 5.3% na duk cututtukan daji (ba tare da cututtukan cututtukan fata wadanda ba melanoma ba). Musamman ma, ciwon daji na kai da wuya na biyu zuwa barasa na yau da kullun ko shan taba yana raguwa a hankali yayin da kasa da jama'a ke shan taba. Koyaya, ciwon daji na oropharyngeal mai alaka da HPV yana karuwa, musamman a cikin matasa a cikin kasashen yamma, wanda ake tunanin yana nuna canje-canje a cikin ayyukan jima'i na baka, musamman dangane da adadin abokan jima'i na baka. Wannan karuwa tun daga shekarun 1970 ya fi shafar kasashe masu arziki da yawan maza. Wannan ya faru ne saboda shaidun da ke nuna cewa yawan watsa kwayar cutar HPV daga mata zuwa maza ya fi maza zuwa mata, saboda sau da yawa mata suna da karfin rigakafi ga kamuwa da cuta.
Yawan shekarun da aka saba a ganewar asali shine tsakanin shekaru 55 zuwa 65. Matsakaicin rayuwa na shekaru 5 bayan ganewar asali a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba shine 42-64%.
Alamomi Alamomin da suka fi yawa sun hada da ciwon fuska ko rami na baki wanda baya warkewa, matsalar hadiye, ko canjin murya. A cikin wadanda ke da ci-gaban cuta, za a iya samun zubar jini da ba a saba gani ba, ciwon fuska, radadi ko kumburi, da kullun da ake gani a waje na wuya ko kuma rami na baki. Ciwon daji na kai da wuya yakan fara da alamu marasa kyau da alamun cuta, kamar kakkarfan kumburin lymph a waje na wuyansa, karar murya ko kara tari ko ciwon makogwaro. Game da ciwon kai da wuyansa, wadannan alamun za su kasance masu tsayi sosai kuma su zama na yau da kullum. Ana iya samun dunkule ko ciwon makogwaro ko wuya wanda baya warkewa ko ya tafi. Ana iya samun hadiya mai wahala ko mai radadi. Magana na iya zama da wahala. Hakanan ana iya samun ciwon kunne mai tsayi Sauran alamomin na iya hadawa da: dunƙule a cikin lebe, baki ko kumburi, gyambo ko ciwon baki wanda baya warkewa, zubar jini daga baki ko ramewa, warin baki, rashin launi da ke dawwama a cikin baki, ciwon harshe, da ɓacin magana. idan ciwon daji yana shafar harshe. Hakanan ana iya samun cunkoson sinuses, asarar nauyi, da wasu lamuni ko gurɓataccen tsokar fuska Baki Ciwon daji na squamous cell ya zama ruwan dare a wuraren bakin, ciki har da lebe na ciki, harshe, kasan baki, gumi, da kuma taurin baki Ciwon daji na baki yana da alaka da shan taba, musamman amfani da taba taba ko tsoma taba, da kuma yawan shan barasa Ciwon daji na wannan yanki, musamman harshe, an fi yin tiyata akai-akai fiye da sauran ciwon daji na kai da wuya. Ciwon daji na lebe da na baka sune nau'in ciwon kansa da wuyan da aka fi ci karo da su.
Ayyukan tiyata don ciwon daji na baki sun haɗa da:
Maxillectomy (za a iya yi tare da ko ba tare da exenteration orbital Mandibulectomy (cire ƙananan mukamuƙi ko ɓangarensa)
Glossectomy (cire harshe, na iya zama duka, hemi ko bangare)
Rage wuyan wuyansa
Haduwa misali, glossectomy da laryngectomy anyi tare.
Lalacewar yawanci ana rufe/ inganta ta ta yin amfani da wani sashe na jiki da/ko dasawar fata da/ko sanye da kayan aikin roba Hanci Paranasal sinus da ciwon daji na hanci yana shafar kogon hanci da kuma sinuses na paranasal Yawancin wadannan cututtukan daji sune carcinomas squamous cell.
Nasopharynx Ciwon daji na Nasopharyngeal yana tasowa a cikin nasopharynx, yankin da kumburi na hanci da tubes na Eustachian suna haduwa da bangaren sama na makogwaro. Yayin da wasu ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal suna da ilimin halitta kama da na kowa kai da wuyansa squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), "mara kyau daban-daban" nasopharyngeal carcinoma ne lymphoepithelioma, wanda ya bambanta a cikin cututtukan cututtuka, ilmin halitta, halin asibiti, da magani, kuma ana bi da shi a matsayin daban. cuta ta masana da yawa.
Magogwaro Yawancin ciwon daji na oropharyngeal su ne squamous cell carcinomas wanda ya fara a cikin oropharynx (magogwaro), tsakiyar bangaren makogwaro wanda ya hada da lallausan, tushe na harshe, da tonsils Ciwon daji na squamous cell na tonsils yana da alaka da kamuwa da cutar papillomavirus fiye da ciwon daji na wasu yankuna na kai da wuyansa. HPV-tabbataccen ciwon daji na oropharyngeal gabadaya yana da sakamako mafi kyau fiye da cutar HPV-mara kyau tare da mafi kyawun rayuwa 54%, amma wannan fa'ida ga ciwon daji mai alaka da HPV ya shafi cututtukan daji na oropharyngeal ne kawai.
Mutanen da ke da carcinomas na oropharyngeal suna cikin babban hadarin habaka kansa na farko na biyu da kansa.
Hypopharynx Hypopharynx ya hada da sinuses na pyriform, bangon pharyngeal na baya, da yankin postcricoid. Ciwon daji na hypopharynx akai-akai suna da mataki na gaba a ganewar asali, kuma suna da mafi munin tsinkaye na ciwan pharyngeal. Suna yawan yin metastasize da wuri saboda babban hanyar sadarwa na lymphatic a kusa da makogwaro Larynx Ciwon daji na makogwaro yana farawa a cikin makogwaro ko "akwatin murya", kuma shine nau'in ciwon kai da wuya na biyu da aka fi fuskanta. Ciwon daji na iya faruwa akan muryoyin murya da kansu (cancer "glottic"), ko akan kyallen takarda a sama da ƙasa da igiyoyin gaskiya ("supraglottic" da "subglottic" cancers bi da bi). Ciwon daji na makogwaro yana da alaƙa da shan taba Tiyata na iya hadawa da fida laser na ƙananan raunuka na igiyar murya, bangaren laryngectomy (cire wani bangare na larynx) ko jimlar laryngectomy (cire dukan makogwaro). Idan an cire duka makogwaron, an bar mutumin da tracheostomy na dindindin. Ana iya samun gyaran murya a cikin irin waɗannan marasa lafiya ta hanyoyi masu mahimmanci guda uku magana mai ciki, tracheoesophageal huda, ko electrolarynx. Watakila mutum zai buƙaci taimakon koyarwa mai zurfi da maganin magana da/ko na'urar lantarki.
Trachea Ciwon daji na trachea wani ciwon daji ne da ba kasafai ake kira shi da kansar huhu ba Mai marurai na salivary gland bambanta daga kowa squamous cell carcinomas na kai da wuya a yi wa, histopathology, asibiti gabatarwa, da kuma far. Sauran ciwace-ciwacen da ba a saba gani ba da ke tasowa a kai da wuyansa sun haɗa da teratomas, adenocarcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, da mucoepidermoid carcinomas Rarer har yanzu melanomas ne da lymphomas na sashin iska mai iska.
Dalilai
Barasa da taba Kusan kashi 75% na lokuta ana samun su ta hanyar barasa da shan taba Shan taba yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kansar kai da wuya. Wani babban fili na carcinogenic a cikin hayakin taba shine acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile ya bayyana a kaikaice yana haifar da lalacewar DNA ta hanyar kara yawan damuwa na oxidative, yana haifar da kara yawan matakan 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) da foramidopyrimidine a cikin DNA. (duba hoto). Dukansu 8-oxo-dG da foramidopyrimidine sune mutagenic DNA glycosylase NEIL1 yana hana mutagenesis ta 8-oxo-dG kuma yana cire foramidopyrimidine daga DNA. Duk da haka, masu shan taba sigari suna da hadarin hadari na kai da wuyansa wanda ya ninka 5- zuwa 25 fiye da yawan jama'a. Haɗarin tsohon mai shan taba don haɓaka kansa da kansa na wuyansa ya fara kusantar haɗarin a cikin yawan jama'a shekaru 15 bayan daina shan taba. Yawaitar shan taba da barasa a duk duniya da kuma yawan alakar wadannan cututtukan daji tare da wadannan abubuwan ya sa su zama manufa manufa don inganta rigakafin cutar kansa.
Taba mara shan taba yana haifar da ciwon daji na baki da kuma ciwon daji na oropharyngeal Taba mara shan taba (ciki har da kayayyakin da ake tauna sigari) yana da alaƙa da hadarin kamuwa da kansa da kansa; An kafa wannan hanyar sadarwa a Amurka da kuma a kasashen Gabashin Asiya. Shan taba sigari kuma muhimmin abu ne mai hadari ga kansar baki. Ya kamata a kuma lura cewa amfani da sigari na lantarki kuma yana iya haifar da haɓakar kansar kai da wuyansa saboda sinadarai kamar propylene glycol, glycerol, nitrosamines da karafa da ke cikin; wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ga hanyoyin iska. Wannan yanki na binciken yana bukatar karin bincike don tabbatar da alaka da/ko sanadi, duk da haka.
Sauran cututtukan daji na muhalli da ake zargi da zama abubuwan da ke haifar da kansa da wuyansa sun hada da abubuwan da suka shafi sana'a irin su tace nickel, fallasa zaruruwan yadi, da aikin itace. Amfani da marijuana, musamman ma lokacin kanana, an danganta shi da haɓakar cututtukan cututtukan kwayar cuta a cikin akalla binciken guda daya, yayin da wasu nazarin ke nuna amfani da shi ba a nuna yana da alaƙa da kwayar kwayar kwayar kwayar cuta ta baka, ko kuma hade da raguwa. squamous cell carcinoma.
Bincike Immunotherapy tare da masu hana shinge na rigakafi ana bincikar kansa a cikin kansa da wuyansa.
Manazarta Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32038 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C3%AFd%20Benrahma | Saïd Benrahma | Mohamed Saïd Benrahma an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1995) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger kulob ɗin Premier League na West Ham United da kuma tawagar ƙasar Algeria.
Benrahma ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da Nice, daga baya ya tafi a kan aro tare da Angers, Gazélec Ajaccio da Châteauroux a lokacin farkon aikinsa. Ya yi fice a gasar cin kofin EFL bayan ya koma Brentford a 2018, inda ya zira kwallaye 27 a wasanni 83 da ya buga wa kungiyar ta West London kafin ya koma gasar Premier tare da West Ham na dindindin bayan aro a Shekarar 2021.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Nice Benrahma ya fara aikinsa na matashi tare da kulob din Algeria NRB Bethioua, kafin ya koma Faransa kuma ya shiga Balma SC, Colomiers sannan kuma Ligue 1 kulob din Nice a 2013. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kwararru a karkashin manaja Claude Puel a lokacin kakar 2013–14, amma ya buga wasa mafi yawan kwallon kafa a kungiyar tare da kungiyar ajiyar, wanda ya buga wasanni 37 kuma ya zira kwallaye 11 tsakanin 2013 da 2016. Benrahma ya zura kwallo daya a cikin wasanni uku na farko da ya buga a kakar wasa ta 2014–15 kuma ya kara zira kwallaye biyu a 2015–16. Raunin da a idon sawu da zuwan kocin Lucien Favre ya kai ga Benrahma ya kashe wani kaso mai yawa na aikinsa na karshe tare da kulob din a matsayin aro, a kulob din Ligue 1 Angers da Ligue 2 clubs Gazélec Ajaccio da Châteauroux. Benrahma ya bar Stade de Nice a watan Yuli 2018, ya buga wasanni 18 kuma ya ci kwallaye uku a lokacin da yake tare da kulob din.
Brentford A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2018, Benrahma ya koma Ingila don shiga ƙungiyar Championship Brentford akan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu, tare da zaɓin ƙarin shekara, akan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, ya ruwaito £2.7 miliyan. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a bayyanarsa ta uku, a gasar cin kofin EFL da ci 4–2 a zagayen farko da suka doke Southend United a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2018. Makonni shida bayan haka, an kori Benrahma a karon farko a aikinsa na Bees bayan da ya aikata laifuka biyu na littafin a lokacin da aka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Reading a ranar 29 ga Satumba. Bayan ya dawo daga rauni a watan Disamba, Benrahma ya shiga cikin jerin gwanon farawa kuma ya fara aiki a tsakiyar watan Janairu 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye tara a wasannin gasar 14. An zabi shi ne a kyautar Gwarzon Dan wasan Fans na watan Janairu da Fabrairu kuma daya daga cikin kwallaye ukun da ya ci a wasan da suka doke Hull City da ci 5–1 an zabe shi a matsayin Goal na Gasar Cin Kofin Wata na Fabrairu da kuma Goal na Brentford's Goal of the Season. Raunin da ya samu a idon sawun a farkon watan Afrilun 2019 ya kawo karshen kakar wasan Benrahma, a lokacin ya buga wasanni 45 kuma ya ci kwallaye 11. Benrahma ya rasa duk shirin wasan kafin kakar wasa ta 2019-20 na Brentford kuma ya koma gasar a tsakiyar watan Agusta 2019, kafin ya koma cikin farawar a ƙarshen watan. A lokacin kakar 2019-20 wanda ayyukansa suka sa aka zabe shi a matsayin Gwarzon Magoya bayan Brentford kuma aka sanya masa suna a cikin Gasar Championship PFA Team of the Year, Benrahma ya buga wasanni 46 kuma ya zira kwallaye 17, wanda hada da hat-tricts guda biyu. Ayyukan da ya yi a lokacin gudun Brentford zuwa Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun gasar na 2020 sun gan shi ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon Magoya bayan PFA na watan Janairu 2020 da kuma kyautar Gasar Zakarun Turai na watan Yuli 2020. Bugu da kari, an zabe shi a lambar yabo ta 2020 Football Awards EFL Player of the Year da lambar yabo ta 2019–20 PFA Fans' Championship Player of the Year. Bayan kakar wasa ta biyu a jere na hasashen canja wuri, An bar Benrahma daga cikin tawagar kocin Thomas Frank a farkon kakar wasa ta 2020-21, kafin ya fara bayyanarsa ta farko a kakar. a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Sergi Canós bayan mintuna 73 na wasan 1–1 da Millwall a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2020. Ya fara wasa mai zuwa ne da abokan hamayyarta West London Fulham a gasar cin kofin EFL kuma wasansa da kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka yi da ci 3-0 a zagaye na hudu ya samu kyautar gwarzon dan wasan da Goal na zagaye na biyu.
West Ham United A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, Benrahma ya koma kulob din Premier League na West Ham United kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon kakar wasa, tare da yarjejeniyar mai da canja wurin na dindindin. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ya fito daga benci kuma ya fara buga wasansa na farko a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-1 da Liverpool a wasan gasar. An sanya sunan shi a farkon 11 a karon farko a wasan da suka doke Leeds United da ci 2–1 a ranar 11 ga Disamba. A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2021, yarjejeniyar lamuni ta ƙare da wuri yayin da West Ham ta rattaba hannu kan Benrahma kan kwantiragin dindindin don yantar da filin lamuni na cikin gida don Jesse Lingard mai shigowa. Kulob din ya amince ya biya fam miliyan 25 da kuma fam miliyan 5 a matsayin kari. Kudin canja wuri ya sanya Benrahma West Ham ta uku mafi tsada player a baya Sébastien Haller da Felipe Anderson. A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2021, Benrahma ya ciwa wa West Ham kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a waje da Brighton & Hove Albion.
Ayyukan kasa A watan Satumba na 2015, an kira Benrahma zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Algeria don buga wasan sada zumunci da Guinea da Senegal. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a karawar da suka yi da Senegal a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2015, lokacin da ya zo ya maye gurbin Baghdad Bounedjah bayan mintuna 70 na a nasara da ci 1-0. Bayan wata daya, an kira Benrahma a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa biyu na neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na 2018 da Tanzania, amma bai fito ba. Benrahma's club form a Brentford a lokacin kakar 2018-19 an gane shi tare da kiran neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019 2019 kuma ya lashe wasansa na biyu na kasa da kasa tare da farawa a 1-0 a kan Tunisia a ranar 26 ga Maris 2019. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan share fage na Algeria a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2019, amma an tilasta masa ficewa saboda rauni. Benrahma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a wasan da suka doke Djibouti da ci 4-0 a waje a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2021 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022. An sanya sunan shi a cikin 'yan wasan Algeria a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2021.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Benrahma a Ain Témouchent kuma ya girma a Sidi Bel Abbès Ya koma Toulouse, Faransa tare da iyayensa yana da shekaru 11 kuma yana riƙe da fasfo na Faransa. Mahaifin Benrahma ya mutu a watan Janairun 2020 kuma ya sadaukar da kowane burinsa na biyar a bainar jama'a.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera adadin kwallayen da Aljeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowacce kwallon Benrahma.
Girmamawa Mutum
Gwarzon Dan Wasan Fans na PFA Janairu 2020 Gasar Cin Kofin EFL na Watan Yuli 2020 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Magoya Bayan Brentford 2019–20 Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Shekara 2019-20
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
31306 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmaniyya | Rahmaniyya | Raḥmāniyya (Larabci: ɗarikar Sufaye ce ta Aljeriya (tarika ko 'yan uwantaka) wanda malamin addinin Kabile Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Raḥman al-Azhari Bu Qabrayn ya kafa a shekarar 1770. Da farko reshe ne na Khalwatîya (Larabci: da aka kafa a yankin Kabylia. Ko yaya, membobinta sun girma ba tare da katsewa ba a wasu wurare a Aljeriya da Arewacin Afirka.
Wanda ya kafa Muhammad bn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azharî (Larabci: wanda aka fi sani da Bû Qabrayn (Larabci: "mutumin da kabbarori biyu"), malamin Islama na Aljeriya ne a karni na 18, sai waliyyi. kuma mai sufanci. An kuma haife shi a cikin shekarar 1715-29 a cikin kabilar Berber Ait Isma'il na Qashtula, a Kabylia. Ya kuma fara karatu a wata zawiya dake kusa da garinsu Jurjura. Sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a babban masallacin Algiers kafin ya dau nauyin tafiyarsa zuwa Mašriq a shekarar 1739-40 don sauke farali.
Bayan zamansa a Hijaz, Bu Qubrayn ya zauna a Masar domin samun ilimi mai zurfi a masallacin Azhar da ke birnin Alkahira. A nan ne aka fara shi zuwa Daular Sufaye ta khalwatiyya karkashin Muhammad bn Salim al-Hifnawi (1689-1767/8), shugaban khalwatiyya na Masar kuma shugaban Azhar. A wani bangare na koyonsa da al-Hifnawi, Bu Qubrayn ya yi balaguro da yawa don koyar da koyarwar ḫalwatiyya, ciki har da a Darfur na tsawon shekaru shida har zuwa Indiya.
Bayan shekaru talatin, Muhammad bn Abdurrahman ya koma kauyensu Jurjura a kasar Aljeriya a wani lokaci tsakanin 1763-70. A nan, ya kafa makaranta da zawiya a cikin 1770s kuma ya ƙaddamar da Kabyles a cikin tarƙi. Ya kuma jawo hankalin manyan mutane cikin gaggawa kuma ya bunkasa zawiya zuwa wata babbar cibiyar ilimi, kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1793.
Yadawa da tasiri Raḥmāniyya ta karu da sauri fiye da yankin Kabiliya, a gabashi da kudu maso gabacin Aljeriya inda ta yi gogayya da sauran darikun Sufaye kamar Qadiriyya ko Tijjaniyya. Duk da haka kuma a cikin Kabylia, tasirinsa ya kusan keɓanta da kowane tsari. A cikin shekarar 1851, hukumomin sojan Faransa sun ƙiyasta membobin wannan odar zuwa mambobi 295,000.
Bayan rasuwar Bu Qubrayn, magajinsa Ali ibn İsâ al-Maghribi ya kasance jagoran wannan tsari ba tare da jayayya ba har zuwa shekara ta 1835. Sannan aka fi samun sabani a kan shugabancin har zuwa 1860, wanda ya kai ga raba Raḥmaniyya zuwa rassa masu zaman kansu. Amma Muḥammad Amezzyan bn al-Haddad na Saddūk ya karbi ragamar mulki a shekara ta 1860, wanda ya dawo da hadin kai da zage-zage cikin tsari na tsawon shekaru goma.
Rahmaniyya tare da sauran darikun Sufaye sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi da kungiyoyin agaji. Zawiya sun ba da koyarwa daban-daban da tallafi a cikin tsari, amma sun haɗa da nazarin addini, nahawu, dokokin addini, labarin kasa, da lissafi.
Rawar da aka yi a cikin tashin 1871 Raḥmāniyya da Shaykh al-Haddad sun taka rawa sosai a lokacin tawayen Aljeriya a shekara ta 1871. Bayan juyin mulkin daga mulkin soja zuwa mulkin farar hula, da dokar Cremieux, da kashin da Faransa ta sha a yakin Franco-Prussian, Shaykh Mokrani ya kaddamar da tawaye. A kan hukumomin Faransa a cikin Maris 1871. Amma da gaske tawaye ya yi nasara a lokacin da Shaykh al-Haddad ya shelanta yaki mai tsarki da Faransawa a cikin Afrilu. Ba da dadewa ba, kimanin kabilu 250 da mayaka 150,000 suka taso daga ko'ina a cikin Kabiliya, musamman 'yan Raḥmaniyya. Duk da haka, sojojin Kabyle sun sha kashi sosai a watan Yuni da Yuli, kuma zaluncin da ya biyo baya ya yi tsanani.
Juyin Halitta bayan 1871 Bayan tashin 1871, babbar zawiya ta rasa iko a kan sauran rassa na tsari wadanda a yanzu suke bin koyarwar Raḥmāniyya ko žasa da kansu. Umurnin ya rasa wasu tasirinsa amma ya kasance mai ƙarfi. A shekara ta 1897, Raḥmāniyya ita ce babbar sufaye mafi girma a Aljeriya, tana da zawiyyai 177 da mambobi sama da 155,000.
A cikin karni na 20, Sufanci ya ragu a Aljeriya saboda dalilai da yawa. Da farko dai hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa duk sun yi amfani da tsarin Sufanci kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin raunana su. Na biyu, masu kawo sauyi daga tsarin zamani na Musulunci sun kai hari kan Sufaye, suna masu da’awar cewa suna cikin ayyukan karkatacciya da bidi’a, camfe-camfe da ke sanya mutane jahilci. Har ila yau, a karkashin shugabancin Ahmed Ben Bella (1963-1965) da Houari Boumedienne (1965-1978), wa'adin Sufanci ya kara raunana saboda gwamnatocin da suke kokarin kara karfin ikonsu na al'ummar Aljeriya. Shaihun Sufaye sau da yawa ana tsare su a gida, kuma an mayar da kadarorin sufi na kasa. Sai dai kuma Raḥmāniyya ta sami sabon salo bayan samun ‘yancin kai, kuma a wajajen shekara ta 1950 tana da mambobi kusan 230,000, galibin Berber, wato kusan rabin mambobi 500,000 a Daruruwan Sufaye na Aljeriya.
Halin daruman Sufaye ya inganta a karkashin shugabancin Chadli Benjedid (1979-1992), wanda ya mayar da wasu kadarorin da aka mallaka a baya. Daruruwan Sufaye sun ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukansu kuma adadin mabiyansu ya sake karuwa. Sai dai wannan koma baya ta kawo karshe a lokacin yakin basasar Aljeriya a shekarun 1990. Bayan da sojoji suka karbe ikon jihar, sun sanya takunkumi ba wai kungiyoyin Salafiyya da Wahabiyawa kadai ba, har ma da mabiya darikun Sufaye. A karshen yakin, Shugaba Abdelaziz Bouteflika (1999-2019) ya yunƙura don tallafawa "Sufanci a matsayin mafi matsakaicin madadin Salafiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da mafi yawan Wahabiyawa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya".
A yau daruruwan Sufaye irinsu Raḥmaniyya suna rayuwa a Aljeriya duk da raguwar tasirinsu a cikin al'ummar Aljeriya. Ana kallon Sufanci da kyau, kodayake yawancin matasan Aljeriya ba sa yin abin da ba su la'akari da salon rayuwa na zamani. Kuma a Kabiliya, inda Raḥmāniyya ta fi karfi, yawan nasaba ya fi na sauran yankuna.
Ayyukan Raḥmaniyya Ka'idojin Raḥmaniyya sun yi daidai da daidaito da dimokuradiyya, wanda wani bangare ya bayyana nasarar da ta samu a Kabiliya. Odar ta gane waliyai na gari tare da sanya su cikin koyarwarsa ta Musulunci, tare da cimma daidaito tsakanin al'adun gida da ka'idojin Musulunci. Ayyukansa suna da sauƙi kuma masu isa, saboda ba sa buƙatar ilimi mai zurfi na Alƙur'ani fiye da wasu ayoyi masu mahimmanci. Malamai da ’yan’uwa a ko’ina suna amfani da yaren kabyle kuma ba sa bukatar zurfin fahimtar Larabci.
Babban aiki ya ƙunshi koyar da mûrid (Larabci: “almajirin”) jerin “sunaye” guda bakwai. Na farko ya qunshi yin tawassuli da larabci (Larabci: "babu abin bauta sai Allah") tsakanin sau 12,000 zuwa 70,000 a rana da dare. Idan mûršîd (Larabci: “shugaban ruhi”) ya gamsu da ci gaban mûrîd, to an bar murid ya ci gaba da sauran sunaye shida: Allah (Larabci: “Allah”) sau uku; huwa (Larabci: "Shine"), ḥaqq (Larabci: "Cikakken Gaskiya") sau uku; ḥayy (Larabci: "The Ever- Living) sau uku; qayyûm (Larabci: "The Sustainer, The Self Subsisting") sau uku; qahhâr (Larabci: "The Ever-Dominating".
Kungiyan Umarnin Raḥmaniyya An tsara Raḥmāniyya ne bisa tsarin da aka saba a cikin darikun Sufaye. Ana gudanar da koyarwa da aiki a cikin zawiya karkashin jagorancin shehi šaiḫ, ko malamin addini ko maigida), wanda khalifa (ḫalifa ko laftanar) ko naib ib, ko mataimaki), muqaddams (wakilai) ke taimakonsu, delegates ko local sarakuna) kuma a karshe ikhwan iḫwan, ko 'yan'uwa) ya zama kasan matsayi.
Shahararriyar Zawiya Wannan tsari na Sufanci ya haxa da zawiya da dama a qarqashinsa:
Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
Zawiyet El Hamel Zawiya Thaalibia
Fitaccen Rahmani Sufaye Abderrahmane Boushaki (1896-1985)
Ahmed bin Salem (born 1802)
Ali Boushaki (1855-1965)
Brahim Boushaki (1912-1997)
Lalla Zaynab (1850-1904)
Mohamed Rahmoune (1940–2022)
Mohamed Seghir Boushaki (1869–1959)
Mohand al-Hosin (1836-1901)
Shaykh al-Haddad (1790-1873)
Yahia Boushaki (1935–1960)
Duba kuma Sufiyya
Musulunci a Aljeriya
Khalwatiyya
Karin karatu Benaissa, O., "Le soufisme algérien à l'époque coloniale", in: Horizons Maghrébins Le droit à la mémoire, N°41, 1999. Jorge Luis Borges et l'héritage littéraire arabo-musulman Le soufisme en Occident Musulman. pp. 91-103 Clancy-Smith, J. A., "Between Cairo and the Algerian Kabylia: the Rahmaniyya tariqa, 1715-1800", in: Muslim Travellers, Pilgrimage, migration, and the religious imagination, Edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori. Published by Routledge, 2013
Jong, F. de, alwatiyya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: Bearman, P., Bianquis, Th., Bosworth, C. E., van Donzel, E., Heinrichs, W.P. First published online: 2012. First print edition: 1960-2007 Khemissi, H., Larémont, R. R., Eddine, T. T., (2012) "Sufism, Salafism and state policy towards religion in Algeria: a survey of Algerian youth", The Journal of North African Studies, 17:3, 547-558, Lacoste-Dujardin, C., Dictionnaire de la culture berbère en Kabylie. Edition La Découverte, 2005
Margoliouth, D.S., "Raḥmāniyya", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: Bearman, P., Bianquis, Th., Bosworth, C. E., van Donzel, E., Heinrichs, W.P. First published online: 2012. First print edition: 1960-2007
Nadir, A., "La fortune d'un ordre religieux algérien vers la fin du XIXe siècle", in: Le Mouvement social, Oct. Dec., 1974, No. 89, pp. 59-84
Salhi, M. B., Confrérie religieuse et champ religieux en Grande-Kabylie au milieu du XXe siècle: la rahmaniyya, in: Annuaire de l'Afrique du Nord Centre national de la recherche scientifique; Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman (IREMAM) (éds.), Paris, Editions du CNRS, 1996, pp. 253-269.
Salhi, M. B., La tariqa Rahmaniya De l'avènement à l'insurrection de 1871. Published by: Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité, 2008
Salhi, M. B., "L'insurrection de 1871", in Histoire de l'Algérie à la période coloniale 1830-1962, Sous la direction de Bouchène, A., Peyroulou, J.-P., Tengour, O. S., Thénault, S. Edition La Découverte, 2014, pp. 103-109.
Yacono, X., "Kabylie L'insurrection de 1871", in: Encyclopédie berbère [En ligne], 26 2004, document K08, mis en ligne le 01 juin 2011. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ encyclopedieberbere/1410;
Manazarta Rahmaniyya
Sufiyya
Musulunci
Musulmai
Aljeriya
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29117 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Mulkin%20Mallaka%20na%20Arewacin%20Najeriya | Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya | TNorthern Nigeria Protectorate
TNorthern Nigeria Protectorate
Arewacin Nigeria Hausa Arewacin Najeriya ta kasance wani yanki na Biritaniya wanda ya wanzu daga shekarar 1900 har zuwa shekarar 1914 kuma ta mamaye yankin arewacin kasar da yanzu ake kira Najeriya Yankin yana da fadin kuma ya hada da masarautun Daular Sokoto da wasu sassa na tsohuwar daular Bornu, wadda aka ci a shekarar 1902. Babban Kwamishina na farko na yankin shi ne Frederick Lugard, wanda ya kori cinikayyar bayi da hare-hare na kabilanci kuma ya kawo tsarin gudanarwa da aka kafa ta da hukumomin gargajiya na yankin.
An kawo karshen yankin na mulkin mallakan turawa a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1914, lokacin da aka hade yankin da Kudancin Najeriya da kuma Legas, ta zamo lardin Arewa na Mulkin Mallakan na Najeriya.
Asali Taron Berlin na 1884 da 1885 ya samar da yankin da zai zama karkashin Kariyar Burtaniya ta Arewacin Najeriya. An kafa kamfanin Royal Niger Company a 1886 tare da George Taubman Goldie a matsayin mataimakin gwamna. Kamfanin ya koma cikin ƙasa kuma ya yi shawarwarin yarjejeniyoyin kasuwanci da yarjejeniyoyin siyasa, wani lokacin tilastawa, tare da sarakunan cikin gida da yawa. A cikin shekarar 1897, Frederick Lugard shi ne aka nada shi shugaban rundunar sojojin Afirka ta Yamma wanda aka dora wa alhakin dakile tsayin daka da fulani da yuwuwar kutsawa Faransawa a yankin arewa maso yamma. A ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 1900, an soke hayar kamfanin Royal Niger Company kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta karbe iko, a wani bikin da Lugard ya karanta sanarwar. An biya Kamfanin Royal Niger Fam 865,000 kuma an ba shi haƙƙin rabin duk kuɗin da ake samu na hakar ma'adinai a wani yanki mai yawa na yankunan tsawon shekaru 99 don musayar yankin ga gwamnatin Burtaniya. An nada Lugard a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Hukumar Kare Arewacin Najeriya da aka kirkiro. Lokoja ita ce babban birni daga shekarar 1900, amma Zungeru ya zama hedkwatar tsaro a 1902 saboda ita ce ke arewacin birnin wacce za'a iya shiga ta rafi.
Siyasan soji Ayyukan soji sun fara ne a shekara ta 1902 kuma sun ci gaba har na tsawon shekaru biyar ana gwabza kazamin fada. An ci ragowar Daular Bornu a shekarar 1902 da Daular Sokoto aka ci nasara a yakin Kano An ci gaba da gwabza fada a shekarar 1904 a Bassa A cikin 1906, tawayen Mahdist ya barke a wajen birnin Sakkwato a kauyen Satiru. An aike da wasu gungun Sojojin Gabar Yammacin Afirka don murkushe tawayen; Da jin labarin abin da ya faru, sai Muhammadu Attahiru II ya aike da gaurayawan runduna guda 300 na sojan doki na Sokoto da na kasa karkashin jagorancin Malam Isa. Rundunar hadin guiwa ta yi nasarar murkushe ‘yan tawayen, wanda ya zama misali na karshe na juriya da makami ga mulkin Birtaniya a yankin. Bayan 1907 an sami raguwar tawaye da amfani da karfin soja daga Burtaniya kuma babban kwamishinan ya karkata ga haraji da gudanarwa.
Gudanarwa Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta fara da Frederick Lugard a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Farko. A cikin 1907, Lugard ya bar Najeriya zuwa Hong Kong kuma Percy Girouard ya zama sabon Babban Kwamishina. Girouard yana da dogon tarihin kera titin jirgi a Canada da Afirka kuma an ba shi aikin gina layin dogo mai yawa a cikin Kariya. A cikin 1909, Henry Hesketh Bell, gwamnan Uganda Protectorate an nada babban kwamishina. A cikin 1912, an kiyasta cewa yankin Arewacin Najeriya ya kai kusan kuma yana da kusan mutane miliyan 10. Charles Lindsay Temple ya zama babban kwamishinan riko a 1911 da 1912 kuma ya fara sa ido, tare da hadin gwiwa ta kut-da-kut da Lugard, samar da Mallaka da Kare Najeriya.
Daya daga cikin muhimman mulkin gudanarwa na yankin shine sanya hakimai da sarakai a matsayin masu hanu da shuni na gargajiya a cikin tsarin mulkin Burtaniya.
Wadannan kalubalen kudi da na gudanarwa sun haifar da tattaunawa karkashin jagorancin Lugard don hadewar yankin mulkin mallaka na Legas Colony, Kudancin kuma yankin Arewacin Najeriya. Ya kamata a gyara banbance-banbancen da ke tsakanin hukumomin tsaro ta hanyar samar da gwamnati ta tsakiya a Legas, inda kudaden shigar da kwastam daga kudu ke biyan ayyukan da ake yi a arewa. Hadaddiyar Mallaka da Mallaka ta Najeriya ta fara ne a shekara ta 1914 kuma tana da hakimai biyu da daya ke kula da yankin lardin kudu daya kuma ke kula da lardin arewa. Gwamnati a arewa ta kasance daban kuma ta haɗa da zurfafa amfani da hukumomin ƙasa. An gano cewa wadannan rarrabuwa sun dawwama ta fuskoki da dama har zuwa yau.
Duba kuma Birtaniya Yammacin Afirka
Jaridar Arewacin Najeriya
Scramble don Afirka
Sunan mahaifi Richmond Palmer
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Daular Burtaniya Arewacin Najeriya
Tsaffin yankunan mulkin mallakan Burtaniya/
Shekarun 1910s a Najeriya
Mulkin Mallakan Turawa na Najeriya
Tarihin Arewacin Najeriya
Mulkin mallakan Turawa na |
35427 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editing | Editing | Gyara shine tsari na zabar da shirya rubuce -rubuce, daukar hoto, gani, sauraro, ko kayan silima da mutum ko wani mahaluƙi ke amfani da su don isar da sako ko bayani. Tsarin gyare-gyare na iya haɗawa da gyara, tattarawa, jerawa, da sauran gyare-gyare da yawa da akayi da niyyar samar da madaidaiciya, tsayayye, daidaitattace kuma cikakken aiki. Tsarin gyare-gyare sau da yawa yana farawa da ra'ayin marubucin don aikin da kansa, yana cigaba a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin marubucin da edita yayin da aka ƙirƙiri aikin. Gyara na iya haɗawa da kwarewar ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire, dangantakar ɗan adam da madaidaitan saitattun hanyoyin. Akwai matsayi daban-daban na gyara a cikin bugawa. Yawanci, mutum yana samun mataimakan masu gyara suna bada rahoto ga manyan ma'aikata masu gyare-gyare da daraktoci waɗanda ke bada rahoto ga manyan editocin masu zartarwa. Manyan editocin masu zartarwa suna da alhakin haɓɓaka samfurin don sakinsa na ƙarshe. Yayanyin ƙankancin littafin yanayin yawan harhadewan matsayin da za'a samu.
Babban edita a yawancin wallafe-wallafe na iya zama sananne a matsayin babban edita, editan zartarwa, ko kuma kawai edita. Mai bada gudummuwa da yawa ake girmamawa ga mujallar na iya samun taken babban edita ko mai bada gudummawa. Matsakaitan editocin jaridu na suna yawan ƙoƙarin taimakawa a bangarori da dama kamar su kasuwanci, wasanni da kuma fasali. A cikin jaridun Amurka, matakin dake ƙasa da babban edita yawanci shine editan gudanarwa A cikin masana'antar buga littafai, masu gyara na iya tsara abubuwan tarihi da sauran abubuwan tattarawa, samar da ingantattun bugu na ayyukan marubucin gargajiya (editan masani), da tsarawa da sarrafa gudummuwa ga littafin marubuta da yawa (editan taro ko editan ƙara). Samun rubutattun rubuce-rubuce ko ɗaukar marubuta shine aikin edita mai samarwa ko edita mai nadawa a gidan bugawa. Nemo ra'ayoyin kasuwa da gabatar dasu ga marubutan da suka dace sune alhakin editan tallafawa.
Editoci masu kwafa suna gyaran kurakure, nahawu da kuma mayar da rubuce-rubuce zuwa tsarin gida Canje-canje a masana'antar bugawa tun shekarun 1980 sun haifar da kusan duk kwafin kwafin littattafan littattafai ana fitar dasu ga editocin kwafin masu zaman kansu. A jaridu da sabis na waya, latsa ko kwafa masu gyara suna rubuta kanun labarai da yin aiki akan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, kamar tabbatar da daidaito, adalci da kuma ɗanɗano. A wasu matsayi, suna tsara shafuka kuma suna zaɓar labaran labarai don haɗawa. A jaridun Burtaniya da Ostiraliya, kalmar ita ce ƙaramin edita Suna iya zaɓar shimfidar ɗab'in kuma suna sadarwa tare da firinta. Waɗannan editocin na iya samun taken shimfida ko editan ƙira ko (fiye da haka a baya) editan kayan shafa Littattafan ilimi da mujallu A cikin muhallin bugawa, editocin litattafan masana manyan nau'ikan iri uku ne, kowannensu yana da nauyi na musamman:
Editan Siyarwa (ko editan kwamishina a Biritaniya), wanda ke yin kwangila tare da marubucin don samar da kwafin
Editan aikin ko editan samarwa, wanda ke ganin kwafin ta matakansa daga rubuce -rubuce zuwa littafin daure kuma galibi yana ɗaukar yawancin kasafin kuɗi da alhakin jadawalin
Editan edita ko editan rubutun, wanda ke shirya kwafin don juyawa zuwa nau'in bugawa.
Dangane da juzu'in juzu'i da yawa, kafin a miƙa rubutun ga mai bugawa an sami ingantaccen editan ƙarar, wanda ke aiki ba tare da mawallafin ba.
Dangane da mujallu na ilimi, inda ba da labari ya fi yawa fiye da ayyukan da aka ba da izini, matsayin editan mujallar ko babban editan ya maye gurbin editan saye-saye na muhallin buga littafin, yayin da matsayin editan samarwa da editan kwafi ya kasance. Koyaya, wani editan wani lokaci yana shiga cikin ƙirƙirar labaran bincike na masana. Wanda ake kira editan marubutan, wannan editan yana aiki tare da marubuta don samun rubutun da ya dace da manufa kafin a miƙa shi ga mujallar masana don bugawa.
Bambanci na farko tsakanin kwafin editan littattafan masana da mujallu da sauran nau'ikan kwafin kwafin ya ta'allaka ne a cikin amfani da ƙa'idodin mai bugawa zuwa kwafin. Yawancin masu wallafe -wallafen ilimi suna da salon da aka fi so wanda galibi yana fayyace takamaiman ƙamus da littafin jagora alal misali, Littafin Jagoran Salo na Chicago, MLA Style Manual ko <i id="mwaA">Manual Publication APA</i> a Amurka, ko Dokokin Sabuwar Hart a Burtaniya
Gyaran fasaha Gyaran fasaha ya haɗa da yin bitar rubutu da aka rubuta akan batun fasaha, gano kurakuran amfani da tabbatar da riko da jagorar salo.
Gyaran fasaha na iya haɗawa da gyara kuskuren nahawu, kuskuren rubutu, kuskuren rubutu, alamar rubutu ba daidai ba, rashin daidaituwa a cikin amfani, jumlolin da ba a tsara su da kyau ba, sharuddan kimiyya ba daidai ba, raka'a mara kyau da girma, rashin daidaituwa a cikin adadi mai mahimmanci, ambivalence na fasaha, rarrabuwa na fasaha, maganganun da ke saɓawa da janar kimiyya ilmi, gyaran taƙaitaccen bayani, abun ciki, fihirisa, kanun labarai da kanun labarai, gyara bayanai da gabatar da ginshiƙi a cikin takardar bincike ko rahoto, da gyara kurakurai a cikin ambato.
Manyan kamfanoni suna sadaukar da gogaggun marubuta ga aikin gyaran fasaha. Ƙungiyoyin da ba za su iya biyan editocin da aka sadaukar ba galibi suna da gogaggen marubuta rubutu na tsara tsara-tsara wanda ƙwararrun abokan aiki suka samar.
Yana taimakawa idan editan fasaha ya saba da batun da ake gyarawa. Ilimin "fasaha" wanda edita ke samu akan lokaci yayin aiki akan wani samfur ko fasaha yana ba edita wani gefe akan wanda ya fara gyara abun da ke da alaƙa da wannan samfurin ko fasaha. Amma muhimman ƙwarewa na yau da kullun suna mai da hankali ga daki -daki, ikon ci gaba da mai da hankali yayin aiki ta tsawon rubutu a kan batutuwa masu rikitarwa, dabarun mu'amala da marubuta, da kyakkyawar fasahar sadarwa.
Ayyukan gyara Edita shine filin aiki mai haɓaka a cikin masana'antar sabis Ana iya ba da sabis na gyara da aka biya ta kamfanonin gyara na musamman ko ta masu aikin kai (masu zaman kansu Kamfanonin da ke yin gyara na iya ɗaukar ƙungiyar editocin cikin gida, dogaro da hanyar sadarwar kowane ɗan kwangila ko duka biyun. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni suna iya sarrafa gyare -gyare a fannoni da fannoni daban -daban, gwargwadon ƙwarewar editocin mutum. Sabis ɗin da waɗannan editocin ke bayarwa na iya bambanta kuma suna iya haɗawa da karantawa, yin kwafi, gyara kan layi, gyara ci gaba, gyara don inganta injin bincike (SEO), da sauransu.
Editocin da ke aiki da kansu suna aiki kai tsaye ga abokan ciniki (misali, marubuta, masu bugawa) ko bayar da ayyukansu ta hanyar kamfanonin gyara, ko duka biyun. Suna iya ƙwarewa a wani nau'in gyara (misali, kwafin gyara) da kuma wani yanki na musamman. Wadanda ke aiki kai tsaye ga marubuta da haɓaka alaƙar ƙwararru tare da su ana kiran su editocin marubuta Duba kuma Editan sauti
Editan marubuci
Shirya fim
Maimaitawa
Shirya sata
Karatun rubutu
Shirya bidiyo
Marubuci
Kara karantawa Morrison, Blake (6 ga Agusta 2005) "Baƙar rana don fensir shuɗi" Greenberg, Susan L. (2015) Editocin suna magana game da gyara: fahimta ga masu karatu, marubuta da masu bugawa, New York: Peter Lang
Munro, Craig (2021) Litattafan zaki Tamers: editocin littafin da suka yi tarihin wallafe -wallafe, Brunswick, Victoria: Scribe Publications ISBN 9781925713220
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin |
21868 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter%20Schabowski | Günter Schabowski | Günter Schabowski ɡʏntɐ bɔfski]; 4 ga Janairun shekarar 1929 1 Nuwamba 2015) ɗan siyasan Jamusawa ne na Gabas wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in Socialist Unity Party na ƙasar Jamus (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands da aka taƙaita SED), jam'iyya mai mulki yayin mafi yawan kasancewar Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Jamus (GDR). Schabowski ya sami daraja a duk duniya a cikin Nuwamba 1989 lokacin da ya inganta amsar ɗan-kuskuren tambaya ga tambayar taron manema labarai. Wannan ya haifar da shahararrun fata cikin sauri fiye da yadda gwamnati ta tsara kuma don haka taron jama'a suka taru a wannan dare a Bangon Berlin, wanda ya tilasta buɗe shi bayan shekaru 28. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, aka buɗe duk iyakar Jamus ta ciki.
Bayan Fage
An haifi Schabowski a Anklam, Pomerania (a lokacin a cikin Free State of Prussia, yanzu wani ɓangare na jihar tarayya ta Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Ya kuma yi karatun aikin jarida a jami'ar Karl Marx, Leipzig, daga nan ya zama editan mujallar kungiyar kwadago, Tribüne. A shekarar 1952, ya zama memba na SED. Daga 1967 zuwa 1968, ya halarci makarantar jami'a ta CPSU. A shekarar 1978, ya zama babban editan jaridar Neues Deutschland ("New Germany"), wanda a matsayinsa na babban jami'in kungiyar SED aka dauke shi a matsayin jaridar da ke kan gaba a GDR. [2] A 1981, ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na SED. A cikin 1985, bayan barin Neues Deutschland, ya zama Sakataren Farko na reshen Gabashin Berlin na SED kuma memba na SED Politbüro. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na Volkskammer daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1990. A cikin 2009, marubuciya Christa Wolf ta kira Schabowski "ɗayan mafi munin" 'yan siyasar Jamusawan Gabas kafin Wende, tana mai cewa: "Na tuna aan bayyanar da ya yi a gaban ƙungiyar marubucin. Kun ji tsoronsa."
Buɗe katangar Berlin da kuma Faduwar Bangon Berlin Günter Schabowski a zanga-zangar Alexanderplatz
A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba 1989 Taron manema labarai a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba shekarar 1989 da Günter Schabowski (ya hau kan mataki, na biyu daga dama) da sauran jami'an Jamusawa na Gabas wanda ya haifar da Faɗuwar Bangon. Riccardo Ehrman yana zaune a ƙasan filin tare da tebur a bayansa.
A watan Oktoban shekarata 1989, Schabowski, tare da wasu membobin na Politbüro da yawa, sun juya wa tsohon shugaban SED Erich Honecker baya tare da tilasta shi ya sauka don mara wa Egon Krenz baya. A wani bangare na kokarin sauya martabar gwamnatin, Schabowski ya kasance mai magana da yawun gwamnatin ba da hukuma ba kuma yana gudanar da tarurruka da dama na manema labarai a kowace rana don sanar da sauye-sauye. [5] Ya riga ya kasance mai kula da harkokin watsa labarai na Politbüro. Haka nan kuma an ba shi suna mutum na biyu a cikin SED, tsohuwar rawar Krenz. [6] Schabowski ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a aikin jarida irin na kwaminisanci inda aka gaya wa manema labarai abin da za su rubuta bayan abubuwan da suka faru sun riga sun faru. Don haka, ya ɗan wahalar da shi don ya saba da aikin watsa labarai irin na Yamma. [7] A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 1989, ba da daɗewa ba kafin taron manema labarai na wannan rana, Krenz ya ba wa Schabowski wani rubutu [8] wanda ke ɗauke da sababbin ƙa'idodin tafiye-tafiye na ɗan lokaci. [7] Rubutun ya tanadi cewa 'yan asalin Jamusawa na Gabas na iya neman izinin zuwa kasashen waje ba tare da biyan bukatun da suka gabata ba game da wadannan tafiye-tafiye, kuma hakan ya ba da damar yin kaura na dindindin a duk kan iyakokin, ciki har da wadanda ke tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Berlin. Yakamata a sanya takunkumin rubutu har zuwa wayewar gari.
Schabowski bai kasance a hannu ba lokacin da Krenz ya karanta rubutun a safiyar yau ga membobin Politb severalro da yawa yayin hutun sigari a yayin zaman kwamitin kolin ranar ko lokacin da aka tattauna a gaban cikakken kwamitin. Koyaya, ya ji daɗin tattauna shi a taron manema labarai; ya ce daga baya cewa duk wanda ake bukata don gudanar da taron manema labarai ya iya magana da Jamusanci da karanta rubutu ba tare da kuskure ba. [7] Dangane da haka, ya karanta bayanin a bayyane a ƙarshen taron manema labarai. Ɗaya daga cikin masu aiko da rahotanni ya tambaya yaushe dokokin zasu fara aiki. Schabowski ya ɗauka cewa zai kasance daidai da ranar da aka rubuta kalmar, sai ya amsa bayan ɗan dakatawa na ɗan dakiku: "Kamar yadda na sani yana tasiri nan take, ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba.". meiner Kenntnis ist das sofort unverzüglich.) [10] [11] Lissafi sun banbanta kan wanda ya yi wannan tambayar. Dukansu Riccardo Ehrman, wakilin Berlin na kamfanin dillancin labarai na ANSA, da wakilin Bild Zeitung na Jamus (mai tabloid) Peter Brinkmann suna zaune a sahun gaba a taron manema labarai kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun tambayi lokacin da dokokin za su fara aiki.
Daga baya, lokacin da aka tambaye shi ko sabbin ƙa'idodin sun shafi tafiya tsakanin Gabas da Yammacin Berlin, Schabowski ya sake duba rubutun sai ya gano cewa sun yi. Lokacin da Daniel Johnson na jaridar Daily Telegraph ya tambaya me hakan ke nufi ga ganuwar Berlin, Schabowski ya zauna a sanyaye kafin ya ba da sanarwa game da bangon da ke ɗaure da babbar tambayar kwance ɗamara. [14]
Bayan taron manema labarai, Schabowski ya zauna don yin hira kai tsaye tare da Tom Brokaw na NBC. Lokacin da Brokaw ya tambaye shi ko da gaske ne cewa Jamusawan Gabas yanzu za su iya tafiya ba tare da sun wuce wata ƙasa ta uku ba, Schabowski ya amsa cikin Ingilishi da ya ɓace cewa Ba a ƙara tilasta Jamusawan Gabas barin GDR ta hanyar wucewa ta wata ƙasa ba, l "kuma zai iya yanzu "tafi ta kan iyaka." Lokacin da Brokaw ya tambaya ko wannan yana nufin "'yancin tafiya," Schabowski ya amsa, "Ee mana," kuma ya kara da cewa "ba batun yawon bude ido ba ne" amma "izinin barin GDR ne."
Tashoshin telebijin na kasa na Yammacin Jamus sun nuna sassan taron manema labarai na Schabowski a cikin rahotanninsu na yamma maraice da misalin karfe 7:17 na dare a kan heute na ZDF da kuma 8 na dare a kan ARD na Tagesschau, wanda ke nufin cewa an watsa labarin ga kusan dukkanin Gabashin Jamus da inda aka kalli talabijin na Yammacin Jamus. Daga nan labarin ya bazu kamar wutar daji tare da ci gaba da maimaita labarai a cikin daren.
Yayin da dare ya ci gaba, dubban 'yan Berlin ta Gabas sun fara zuwa kan iyaka shida da ke kan katangar Berlin suna neman a ba su izinin. Gidan talabijin na kai tsaye ya ba da rahoto game da mutanen da suka taru wanda kawai ya ƙaru da lambobin East Berliners da ke zuwa ƙofar. Jama'ar sun fi yawa kan masu tsaron kan iyaka, wadanda suka fara kokarin tsayar da lokaci. Koyaya, babu wanda ya so yin oda da ƙarfi. A ƙarshe, da ƙarfe 11:30 na dare, jami'in Stasi Harald Jäger ya yanke shawarar buɗe ƙofofin a mashigar Bornholmer Straße da kuma ba mutane damar shiga Yammacin Berlin.
The fall of the Berlin Wall was the key event leading to the end of the East German regime, a state that had been crumbling for many weeks as citizens had been fleeing through intermediate countries surrounding East Germany. Indeed, Victor Sebestyen later wrote that when the gates were opened, for all intents and purposes, East Germany "ceased to exist". He also wrote that many of Schabowski's colleagues suspected he was either an American or West German agent and could not believe that he had made "a simple cock-up". In 2014, his wife claimed that Schabowski had been well aware of the possible consequences of what he said in the press conference.
A cikin tsarkakewar "tsohuwar mai tsaron jam'iyyar", an kori Schabowski da sauri daga Jam'iyyar Democratic Socialism, magajin SED, a kokarin inganta kimar jam'iyyar. Watanni kaɗan da suka gabata, an ba shi lambar girma ta Karl Marx.
Rayuwar siyasa bayan sake hadewa Schabowski a shekarar 2007 Kabarin Günter Schabowski a garin Waldfriedhof Dahlem Bayan sake hadewar Jamusawa, Schabowski ya yi kakkausar suka game da ayyukansa a Gabashin Jamus da na sauran takwarorinsa na 'yan siyasa da kuma tsarin gurguzu irin na Soviet gaba daya. [10] Ya sake yin aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida kuma tsakanin 1992 da 1999, a matsayin edita na Heimat-Nachrichten, wata takarda ta mako-mako da ya haɗu tare da wani ɗan jaridar Jamus ta Yamma a Rotenburg an der Fulda.
Taimakon yakin neman zaben da ya yiwa Jam’iyyar ta Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) ya sa wasu tsoffin abokan aikin sa suka kira shi wryneck. Jamusanci ga Wendehals, tsuntsu da ke iya juya kansa kusan digiri 180, kalma ce sananniya da ake amfani da ita don izgili ga kwaminisanci waɗanda suka zama jari hujja.
Tare da sauran manyan mutane na gwamnatin GDR, an tuhume shi da kisan Jamusawan Gabas da ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga GDR. A watan Janairun shekarar 1995, masu gabatar da kara na Berlin sun gabatar da tuhuma a kansa. [1] A watan Agusta 1997, an yanke wa Schabowski hukunci tare da Egon Krenz da Günther Kleiber. Saboda ya yarda da laifinsa na ɗabi'a kuma ya la'anci GDR, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru uku kawai.
A watan Disamba na 1999, ya fara zaman gidan kaso a gidan yarin Hakenfelde da ke Spandau. Koyaya, a watan Satumbar 2000, Magajin Gari Eberhard Diepgen ya yi masa afuwa kuma aka sake shi a cikin Disamba 2000 bayan ya yi shekara ɗaya kawai. Ya kasance mai sukar PDS Hagu Party, magajin jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party. A cikin 2001, ya yi aiki tare da Bärbel Bohley a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Frank Steffel (CDU).
Mutuwa
A cewar matar sa, Schabowski ya zauna a gidan kula da tsofaffi na Berlin a shekarun baya na rayuwarsa, bayan yawan bugun zuciya da shanyewar jiki. [10] Ya mutu a Berlin, bayan doguwar rashin lafiya, a safiyar 1 ga Nuwamba 2015, yana da shekaru 86.
Wasu Bayanai akansa
Günter Schabowski an haife shi ne a shekarar 1929" (a Jamusanci). Gidan Tarihi na Rayuwa akan layi. An sake dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.]
Tsohon jami'in kwaminisanci na Gabashin Jamus Günter Schabowski wannan a cikin Berlin". DW.COM. Nuwamba 1, 2015. An dawo da Satumba 13, 2016.
Yana dan shekara 86: Günter Schabowski ya mutu" (a Jamusanci). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Nuwamba 1, 2015. An dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.
Tarihin GDR:" Schabowski na ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin (a Jamusanci). Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. Maris 12, 2009. Sebestyen, Victor (2009). Juyin juya halin 1989: Faduwar Daular Soviet. Birnin New York: Littattafan Pantheon. ISBN 978-0-375-42532-5.
Sarotte, Mary Elise (7 Oktoba 2014). Rushewa: Budewar Katanga Ba da gangan ba. Birnin New York: Litattafan Basic. shafi na. 23. ISBN 9780465064946.
Sarotte, shafi na. 115 kari wanda Gerhard Lauter ya shirya: https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/25-jahre-deutsche-einheit/mauerfall-am-9-november-1989-und-im-uebrigen-die- limit-ist- kan-12654876.html
Sarotte, shafi na 107-108 "Matar Schabowski:" Mijina ya san abin da yake faɗi (a Jamusanci). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 7 Nuwamba 2014. An dawo da 1 Nuwamba 2015.
Hemmerich, Lisa (Nuwamba 9, 2009). "Bayyanannun fitowar Schabowski: Babban kulawa mafi mahimmanci a tarihin GDR" ta hanyar Spiegel Online.
Walker, Marcus (21 ga Oktoba, 2009) "Shin Brinkmannship ya Fadi Bangon Berlin ne? Brinkmann ya ce ya yi" Jaridar Wall Street Journal.
Yu Tub
Sarotte, shafi na. 118 Sarotte, shafi na. 129.
Wroe, David (Nuwamba 8, 2009). "Ya kasance mafi kyau da mafi munin dare". Al Jazeera Amurka. An dawo da Oktoba 14, 2014.
"Günter Schabowski: Mutumin da ya buɗe katangar ba da gangan" (a Jamusanci). Mayar da hankali An sake dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.
Pond, Elizabeth (1993). Bayan Wuya: Hanyar Jamus don Haɗawa. Kamfanin Brookings Institution Press. shafi na. 117. ISBN 0-8157-7154-1.
"Yafiya: Günter Schabowski Günther Kleiber" (a Jamusanci). Madubi. Satumba 11, 2000. An dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.
"Frank Steffel: Babban dan takarar CDU ya nemi shawara ga Schabowski" (a Jamusanci). Madubi na yau da kullun. 8 ga Agusta
2001. An dawo da 1 Nuwamba 2015.
"Yana da shekara 86: Schabowski mai aikin Ex-SED ya mutu" (a Jamusanci). Labaran Daily. Nuwamba 1, 2015. An adana daga asali
ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2015. An dawo da Nuwamba 1, 2015.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Media
da ke da alaƙa da Günter Schabowski a Wikimedia Commons
Manazarta
Mutuwan |
26734 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20ibn%20Kayghalagh | Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh | Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh (Larabci: hafsan sojan Abbasiyawa ne dan asalin Turkiya wanda yayi gwamna a kasashen Siriya da Masar. Muhammad bn Tughj ya hambarar da shi a matsayin gwamnan Masar a shekara ta 935.
Rayuwa A watan Nuwamba 903 ya halarci yakin Hama da aka yi da Qarmatiyawa tare da dan uwansa Ibrahim, karkashin jagorancin Muhammad bn Sulayman al-Katib, inda 'yan'uwan biyu, da sauran hafsoshin sojojin suka samu riguna. Halifa al-Muktafi a ranar 22 ga Mayu, 904.
Bayan Abbasiyawa sun kwato Siriya da Masar daga Tulunids a shekara ta 904-905, an nada Ibn Kayghalagh gwamnan lardunan Damascus da Jordan. Ba da da ewa ba sai aka tura shi ya fuskanci tawayen Tulunid na Muhammad bn Ali al-Khalanji. Na karshen ya yi nasarar kama Fustat tare da shelanta maido da Tulunids, yayin da kwamandan Abbasiyawa na yankin ya koma Alexandria. Al-Khalanji ya tabbatar da nasara a karon farko da Ibn Kayghalagh ya yi a al-Arish a watan Disamba 905, amma a karshe aka ci nasara da shi aka kama shi a watan Mayun 906 aka kai shi Bagadaza. A lokacin da Ibn Kayghalagh ba ya nan, sai mutanen Qarmatiyawa suka kai farmaki a kasar Jordan suka yi galaba a kan Yusuf ibn Ibrahim ibn Bughamardi mataimakin Ibn Kayghalagh, suka kuma kashe su, suka janye kawai a lokacin da suke gabatowa da dakarun Bagadaza karkashin al-Husayn bn Hamdan.
A ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 906, ya jagoranci farmakin shekara-shekara kan daular Rumawa daga Tarsus, tare da gwamna Rustam ibn Baradu. A cewar al-Tabari, sun yi galaba a kan Rumawa a "Salandu" inda suka kai har zuwa kogin Halys, inda suka yi garkuwa da mutane 4,000 ko 5,000 da dawakai da shanu da dama a matsayin ganima. Bugu da kari, an bayar da rahoton cewa daya daga cikin kwamandojin Rumawa na yankin ya mika kansa ya kuma musulunta.
Bayan tawayen Hamdanid Husayn bn Hamdan a shekara ta 914/5, Ibn Kayghalagh yana daya daga cikin kwamandojin da aka ba wa yakin daular Hussaini da dawo da zaman lafiya a Jazira. Sai dai Hussaini ya gana ya fatattaki sojojin halifa da aka tilasta masa janyewa, ya kuma ci gaba da kaurace wa gwamnati har sai da Janar Mu’nis al-Muzaffar ya kama shi.
A cikin watan Yuli na shekara ta 923, aka nada Ibn Kayghalagh a matsayin gwamnan Masar, amma nan da nan ya fuskanci tawaye daga dakarun sojojin, wadanda ba a biya su albashi ba, aka maye gurbinsa da Takin al-Khazari a watan Afrilun 924. Bayan shekaru hudu sai aka tura shi birnin Qasr. ibn Hubayra ya biyo bayan harin da Qarmatiya ya kai wa garin, amma a lokacin da ya isa Qarmatiyawa sun janye, sojojin kuma suka koma Bagadaza ba tare da sun shiga ba. A shekara ta 931 yana aiki a matsayin gwamnan Isfahan lokacin da Dalamite Lashkari suka kai masa hari, wanda ya ci Ibn Kayghalagh ya mamaye birnin. An ruwaito Ibn Kayghalagh ya ceci lamarin, duk da haka, ta hanyar hada kai da jagoran ‘yan tawayen a fada guda tare da kashe shi, inda mabiyan Lashkari suka gudu aka kwato birnin.
A cikin Maris 933 Takin ya mutu a Misira, amma dansa kuma wanda aka zaba, Muhammad, ya kasa kafa ikonsa a lardin. A watan Agusta ne aka nada gwamnan Damascus Muhammad ibn Tughj a matsayin sabon gwamna amma an soke nadin bayan wata guda kafin ya isa Masar. An sake nada Ibn Kayghalagh a matsayinsa, yayin da aka aika wani bābā mai suna Bushri don maye gurbin Ibn Tughj a Damascus ma. Ibn Tughj ya bijirewa wanda zai maye gurbinsa, ya ci nasara ya kama Bushri. Daga nan ne Halifan ya tuhumi Ibn Kayghalagh da cewa ya tilastawa Ibn Tughj mika wuya, amma duk da cewa na farko ya yi tattaki a kan Ibn Tughj, amma duk sun kaucewa fada kai tsaye. A maimakon haka mutanen biyu sun gana kuma suka cimma yarjejeniya na taimakon juna, tare da tabbatar da halin da ake ciki.
Nan da nan Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh ya tabbatar da cewa ba zai iya maido da oda a Masar da ke dada tashe-tashen hankula ba. A shekara ta 935, sojojin sun yi bore saboda rashin albashi, kuma an fara kai hare-hare na Bedouin. A lokaci guda kuma, ɗan Takin Muhammad da mai kula da harkokin kuɗi, Abu Bakr Muhammad bn Ali al-Madhara'i, suka yi wa Ibn Kayghalagh zagon ƙasa, suna kwaɗayin matsayinsa. Rikicin ya barke tsakanin sojojin Gabas (Mashariqa), manyan sojojin Turkiyya, wadanda suka goyi bayan Muhammad ibn Takin, da Turawan Yamma (Maghariba), watakila Berbers da Bakar fata, wadanda suka goyi bayan Ibn Kayghalagh. Tare da goyon bayan ƙungiyoyi masu ƙarfi a Bagadaza, Ibn Tughj ya taɓa zama gwamnan Masar. Ba tare da wata dama ba, Ibn Tughj ya shirya mamaye kasar ta kasa da ruwa. Ko da yake Ibn Kayghalagh ya iya jinkirta ci gaban sojojin Ibn Tughj, amma rundunar sojojin ta dauki Tinnis da Kogin Nilu suka wuce Fustat babban birnin kasar. Ahmad bn Kayghalagh ya fice ya kuma ci nasara a yakin, sai ya gudu zuwa wajen Fatimidu. Mai nasara Muhammad bn Tughj ya shiga Fustat ne a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 935. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da Ibn Kayghalagh bayan haka, sai dai a takaice ambatonsa a shekara ta 936.
Manazarta
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50589 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid%20Mattson | Ingrid Mattson | Ingrid Mattson (an haife ta a watan Agusta 24,1963)yan gwagwarmayar Kanada ne kuma masani.Farfesa ce a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci,a halin yanzu ita ce shugabar al'ummar London da Windsor a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci a Kwalejin Jami'ar Huron a Jami'ar Western Ontario da ke London,Ontario,Canada.Mattson tsohowar shugaban kungiyar Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)ne kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin"Wataƙila wanda aka fi sani da matan musulmin Amurka"a cikin labarin New York Times na 2010.
Rayuwar kuruciya da asali Ingrid Mattson,ta shida cikin yara bakwai,an haife ta a1963 aKingston,Ontario,inda ta yi kuruciyarta kuma ta halarci makarantun Katolika. Ta yaba wa matan Katolika da suka ba ta ilimi da samar da"ilimi mai ban sha'awa"da "wuri don bincika da haɓaka wannan farkon,ruhaniyar matasa". Ta karanta Falsafa da Fine Arts a Jami'ar Waterloo da ke Kanada daga 1982– 87.A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatunta,ta yi lokacin ashekara ta 1986 a matsayin ɗaliba mai ziyara a Paris,Faransa.A wannan lokacin,ta yi abokantaka da daliban Afirka ta Yamma daga al'ummar Musulmi Sufi. Lokacin karatun Alkur'ani,ta sami,"sanin Allah,a karon farko tun Tana karama." Bayan ta koma Waterloo,ta musulunta a shekarar 1987.Ta kammala karatunta a Waterloo kuma ta sami digiri na digiri a cikin Falsafa da Fine Arts a 1987.
Babban ilimi da farkon Aiki Ingrid Mattson ta sami digirin digirgir a cikin Harsunan Gabashin Gabas da wayewa daga Jami'ar Chicago a 1999. Sannan ta zama Farfesa a fannin Nazarin Addinin Musulunci da Dangantakar Kirista da Musulmi daga 1998– 2012 a Makarantar Hartford da ke Connecticut.A wannan lokacin,ta kafa shirin digiri na farko na malaman addinin Musulunci a Amurka.Shekaru da dama kuma ta kasance Darakta a Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci da Kirista da Musulmi ta MacDonald a Makarantar Hartford.
Yayin da takezama mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma shugaban kungiyar Islama ta Arewacin Amurka,Mattson ta yi aiki a lokuta da dama tare da jami'an gwamnatin Amurka.Ta ba da shawarwari a lokacin gwamnatocin shugabannin Amurka George W.Bush da Barack Obama.Wannan aikin ya mayar da hankali ne kan manufofin da suka shafi tsattsauran ra'ayi,aikin soja na musulmi da Amurka,da kuma kare haƙƙin jama'a ga musulmi-Amurkawa. John O.Brennan,daraktan hukumar ta CIA,a lokacin da yake mataimakin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro da yaki da ta'addanci,kuma mai taimakawa shugaba Obama ya godewa Mattson bisa jagorancinta a wani taron jama'a a jami'ar New York. Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin addinai daban-daban.Ita ce mai bayar da shawara ga cudanya tsakanin addinai da fafutuka masu yawan gaske domin amfanin jama'a. Ta shafe aikinta na ilimi tana karantar da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci da huldar addinai a cibiyoyin kiristoci na tarihi.A matsayinsa na shugaban ISNA,Mattson ta kafa ofishin alakar addinai na kasa a Washington,DC a shekara ta 2006.Ta gayyaci Rabbi Eric Yoffie,Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya don Gyara Addinin Yahudanci, don yin magana a taron shekara-shekara na kungiyar a Chicago a 2006.Mattson ta yi magana a shekara mai zuwa a Biennial na kungiyar inda ta sami babban yabo tare da sanar da "sabon haɗin gwiwar da ke inganta tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da sauran ayyukan gina dangantaka" tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Ta kuma kafa shirye-shirye tare da sauran kungiyoyin Yahudawa."Shirin Twinning" tare da Gidauniyar Fahimtar Kabilanci ɗaya ce irin wannan shirin. Wani shi ne shirin shekaru uku na "Yahudawa da Musulmai a Amurka" wanda aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Tauhidi ta Yahudawa da Cibiyar Carnegie ta tallafa. Mattson ta ba da shawarar samun fahimtar juna da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Musulmai da mabiya addinin Buda kuma.Ta raba matakin tare da Dalai Lama a lokuta da yawa,ciki har da shirin "Seeds of Peace" a Seattle a 2008,a Indiana a 2010, da kuma a Chicago a 2011. Mattson asali itace mai rattaba hannu kan Kalmar gama-gari" kuma ta halarci tarurrukan Kirista da Musulmi da yawa da tattaunawa tare da Cibiyar Royal Aal al-Bayt ta Jordan don Tunanin Musulunci. Burt Visotzsky na Makarantar Tiyoloji ta Yahudawa ta Amurka ta amince da shugabancinta a cikin haɗin kai tsakanin addinai. An kuma ba ta digirin girmamawa na girmamawa a cikin 2012 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidi ta Chicago saboda hidimarta ga al'ummar bangaskiya.
Ra'ayi kan rawar da mata ke takawa a Musulunci Mattson tana ba da shawarar ba da gudummawar jama'a ga mata musulmi a matsayin shugabannin addini.Lokacin da ta kafa shirin farko na digiri na farko ga malaman addinin Musulunci a Amurka, ta dage cewa a bude wa mata. Mattson tana sanye da hijabi, amma yana jayayya cewa bai kamata gwamnatoci su sami ikon tilasta sanya tufafin addini ko hana shi ba. Mattson ta yi aiki da wata hukumar kula da zamantakewar musulmi mai suna Peaceful Families. Kungiyar ta yi kira ga al'ummar musulmi da su guji cin zarafi a cikin gida da kuma jayayya da tafsirin Alkur'ani da ke ba da damar cin zarafi ko wariya ga mata. Mattson kuma ita ce Wanda ta kafa da Darakta na The Hurma Project wani shiri na taimaka wa al'ummomin musulmi su hana su yin aiki da cin zarafi na ruhaniya da jima'i daga wadanda ke da matsayi na addini da tasiri. Ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da mujallar Haute Hijab cewa ta yi hakan ne bayan ta shaida a lokuta da dama yadda al’umma ba su iya gane yadda ya kamata da tunkarar irin wannan yanayi.Ta ce, "Na gane cewa muna bukatar wani abu mai fadi kuma na da'a don nazarin iyakar matsalar,mu fahimci dukkanin abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma bunkasa kayan ilimi da matakai da za mu iya kawowa ga al'umma."
Adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci Mattson ta kasance mai sukar tsattsauran ra'ayin addinin Islama tun lokacin da ta fara haduwa da Taliban a lokacin da take kokarin ilmantar da 'yan matan Afganistan 'yan gudun hijira a Pakistan. Bayan harin na Satumba 11,Mattson ta buga labarin intanet mai suna "Musulman Amurka suna da wani wajibi na musamman." A cikin labarin,ta bayyana cewa, “Ni a matsayina na shugabar musulman Amurka,ba wai kawai ‘yan kunar bakin wake da Taliban ba ne,amma shugabannin sauran kasashen musulmi da ke dakile dimokuradiyya, da murkushe mata,suna amfani da Alkur’ani wajen tabbatar da halayya da ba ta dace da Musulunci ba da karfafa tashin hankali." Tun hare-haren na Satumba 11,an yi hira da Mattson sau da yawa a rediyo.Ta gabatar da lacca a bainar jama'a don yin tir da tashe-tashen hankula da sunan Musulunci tare da yin kira da a warware rikici da bambance-bambancen cikin lumana. A cikin wata makala ta 2007,Mattson ta yi Allah wadai da "Masu banbance-banbance,masu cin nasara,na al'umma (addini ko siyasa)" wadanda ke tabbatar da munanan hare-hare kan wasu kungiyoyi. Mattson tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan sakon Amman wanda ya kasance martani da sunan musulunci.
Wallafawa Littafin nata mai suna “Labarin Kur’ani: tarihinsa da matsayinsa a rayuwar musulmi (yanzu a bugu na biyu) a shekarar 2012 ne kungiyar ‘National Endowment for the Humanities’ ta zaba domin shigar da ita cikin shirinta na “Bridging Cultures”.
Tambayoyi h Akan ME YA SA "Fresh Air" tare da Terry Gross "Mai Musulunta Ya Daukar Jagoranci," Satumba 28, 2006; A kan "Maganar Imani" na APM tare da Krista Tippett "Sabuwar Muryar Musulunci," Maris 6, 2008; Faɗuwar Ruhaniya ta 9/11," Satumba 5, 2002; A WNPR's "Inda Muke Rayuwa" tare da John Dankoski "Kiristoci da Musulmai," Fabrairu 13, 2008: A WNPR's "Inda Muke Rayuwa" tare da John Dankoski "Neman Tushen Addini," Janairu 27, 2009: A kan "Bugu na Lahadi" na CBC tare da Michael Enright "Don Neman Musulmai Matsakaici," Janairu 4, 2010: A kan WBEZ's Worldview" tare da Jerome McDonnell "Jagorancin Mata Musulmai," Mayu 4, 2010: Jerin mutanen Jami'ar Waterloo
Nassoshi Rayayyun |
25743 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Tuva | Harshen Tuva | Harshen Tuva (Tuvan: tıwa dıl) harshe ne na Turkawa da ake magana da shi a Jamhuriyar Tuva da ke Kudu-Tsakiya Siberia a Rasha. Harshen ya aro lambobi da yawa daga yaren Mongoliya, Tibet da kuma yaren Rasha. Akwai kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyin al'ummomin Tuvan da ke magana da yaruka daban -daban na Tuvan a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Mongoliya.
Tarihi Duk da yake wannan tarihin yana mai da hankali kan galibin mutanen Tuva, masana ilimin harsuna da yawa suna jayayya cewa babu makawa harshe yana da alaƙa da yanayin zamantakewa da tarihin harshe da kansa. Rubutun farko na Tuvan shine daga farkon karni na 19 ta Wūlǐyǎsūtái zhìlüè Chinese Julius Klaproth shekarar 1823, Matthias Castrén 1857, Katanov da Vasily Radlov, da sauransu Sunan Tuva ya koma tun farkon buga Asirin Tarihin Mongols. Tuva (kamar yadda suke nufin kansu) a tarihi ana kiran su Soyons, Soyots ko Uriankhais. Al'ummar Tuvan sun shafe shekaru dubbai suna mulkin China, Rasha da Mongoliya. Lokacin da suka sami 'yancin kai na kwanan nan shine daga cikin shekara ta1921 zuwa cikin shekara ta 1944, lokacin da aka dauke su Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Tuvan. Majiyoyi da yawa sun ce an sami matsanancin tashin hankali tsakanin gwamnatin Tarayyar Soviet/Tarayyar Rasha da shugabanni a cikin ƙasar Tuvan tun a acikin shekara ta 1944, lokacin da Tuva ta rasa 'yancin kanta ga Soviets. A acikin shekara ta 1990, rikici ya barke tsakanin 'yan Tuvans da gwamnatin Rasha. Dangane da binciken da masana kimiyyar zamantakewa Louk Hagendoorn, Edwin Poppe da Anca Minescu suka kammala acikin shekara ta 2008, mutanen Tuvan sun so su kasance masu cin gashin kansu daga Tarayyar Rasha bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. Musamman sun jaddada burinsu na samun 'yancin kai ta fuskar yarensu da al'adunsu. Bincike ya nuna cewa dalilin da ya sa wannan ya danganci son zuciya. Yawancin kabilu da ƙungiyoyin harsuna marasa rinjaye a Rasha suna gasa don albarkatun tattalin arziƙi kuma suna riƙe da matsayin mutum ɗaya, ta hanyar jaddada mahimmancin harshe da al'ada. Tun cikin shekara ta 2000, Tarayyar Rasha ke ƙoƙarin rage ɗabi'ar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙabilu marasa rinjaye a Rasha, amma halin ya ci gaba.
Rarraba Tuvan (wanda kuma aka rubuta Tyvan) an rarrabe shi da harshe a matsayin yaren Arewa maso Gabas ko Siberian Turkic, yana da alaƙa da wasu yarukan Turkic Siberian da suka haɗa da Khakas da Altai Babban dan uwansa shine Tofa mai mutuwa.
Tuvan, kamar yadda ake magana a Tuva, ya kasu kashi huɗu; Yamma, Tsakiya, Arewa maso Gabas, Kudu maso Gabas.
Tsakiya: ya zama tushen harshe na adabi kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan ayyukan Ovyur da Bii-Khem. Tsakiyar yanki na wannan yare yana nufin ya yi kama da yaren da yawancin mutanen Tuvans ke magana, ko dai daidai ne ko a'a. Yammacin: ana iya samun magana kusa da babban titin Khemchik Yaren Altai ya rinjayi shi.
Arewa maso gabas, wanda kuma aka sani da yaren Todzhi, ana magana da shi kusa da babban titin Babban Yenisey Masu magana da wannan yare suna amfani da keɓancewa. Ya ƙunshi babban ƙamus da ke da alaƙa da farauta da kiwo da ba a samu a cikin wasu yarukan ba.
Kudu maso Gabas: yana nuna mafi tasiri daga yarukan Mongolic.
Sauran yarukan sun haɗa da waɗanda Dzungar, Tsengel da Dukha Tuvans ke magana, amma a halin yanzu ba a rubuta cikakkun yarukan da ba a saba gani ba. Akwai yaruka daban -daban na yaren a duk faɗin yankin da ake magana da Tuvan. K. David Harrison, wanda ya kammala digirinsa kan yaren Tuvan a cikin shekara ta 2001, ya bayar da hujjar cewa bambancin waɗannan yaruka yana da alaƙa da yanayin ƙauyen ƙasar Tuvan. Subsaya daga cikin ɓangarorin shine harshen Jungar Tuvan, wanda ya samo asali daga tsaunukan Altai da ke yankin Mongoliya ta yamma. Babu ingantaccen adadin masu magana da Jungar-Tuvan saboda yawancin a halin yanzu suna zaune a China, kuma Sinawa sun haɗa da masu magana da Tuvan a matsayin Mongoliya a cikin ƙidayar su.
Fasaha
Baƙaƙe Tuvan yana da 19 da 'yan qasar baƙi phonemes Wasulla Akwai wasula a Tuvan a cikin iri uku: gajere, doguwa da gajarta tare da ƙaramin farar ƙasa. Dogon wasali na Tuvan yana da tsawon lokacin da aƙalla (kuma galibi ya fi) sau biyu na tsawon gajerun wasali. Bambancin sautin banbanci na iya faruwa akan gajerun wasali, kuma idan hakan ta faru, yana sa su ƙara tsawon lokaci aƙalla rabi. Lokacin amfani da ƙaramin farar ƙasa, masu magana da Tuvan suna amfani da farar da take a ƙarshen ƙaramin sautin muryoyin su. Ga wasu masu magana, yana da ƙanƙanta da amfani da abin da aka fi sani da sautin murya Lokacin da wasali a cikin kalmar monosyllabic yana da karancin sauti, masu magana suna amfani da ƙaramin farar kawai zuwa rabin farkon wannan wasalin (misali 'doki') Wannan yana biye da alamar farar sauti, yayin da mai magana ke komawa zuwa yanayin salo a rabi na biyu na wasalin.
Tasirin sautin yana kama da na sautin da ke tashi kamar ƙarar farar sautin muryar Mandarin ta biyu, amma farar Tuvan ta fara ƙasa sosai. Koyaya, ana ɗaukar Tuvan harshe mai lafazi mai ƙarfi tare da ƙaramin sautin banbanci maimakon yaren tonal. Lokacin da ƙaramin harafin farar ya auku a cikin kalmar multisyllabic, babu tashin kwane -kwane ko tasirin tsayi: 'dokinsa/dokinsa'. Irin wannan low farar vowels aka a baya ake magana a kai a cikin adabi kamar yadda ko dai kargyraa ko pharyngealized vowels. Karatun sautin ya nuna cewa ma’anar sifar irin waɗannan wasalin ita ce ƙaramar murya. Dubi Harrison acikin shekara ta 2001 don nazarin sautin sautin sauti da ƙaramar wasali na Tuvan.
A cikin rubutunta na PhD, "Dogon wasali a cikin kalmomin Mongolic a Tuvan", Baiarma Khabtagaeva ta bayyana cewa tarihin dogon wasulla yana da shubuha. Duk da cewa doguwar wasalin na iya samo asali daga yarukan Mongolic, su ma na iya zama asalin Tuvan. A mafi yawan harsunan Mongolic, ingancin dogon wasalin yana canzawa dangane da ingancin wasali na biyu a haɗe. Iyakar abin da aka keɓe ga wannan ƙa'idar ita ce idan haɗin haɗin ya zama labial. Tsoffin harsunan Tuvan, sabanin haka, sun dogara da wasalin farko maimakon na biyu don tantance dogayen wasali. Khabtagaeva ya raba canjin waɗannan kalmomin bashi zuwa lokaci biyu: farkon farkon da ƙarshen ƙarshen. Kalmomin da ke cikin farkon layin kalmomi ne waɗanda Mongolic suka adana haɗin haɗin, an kiyaye haɗin VCV amma har yanzu an ci gaba da ƙaramin wasalin lokacin da ya shiga yaren Tuvan, ko damuwar tana kan harafin ƙarshe da dogon wasali a cikin kalmar aro gajeriyar wasali a cikin kalmar asali. Late Layer ya haɗa da kalmomin aro wanda dogon wasali baya canzawa lokacin da kalmar ta shiga Tuvan. Hakanan ana iya samun wasulla a cikin muhallin baƙaƙe na hanci, amma nasalization ba bambanci bane. Yawancin wasali na Tuvan a cikin haruffan farko-farko suna da ƙaramin yanayi kuma ba sa bambanta sosai tare da gajeru da dogayen wasali.
Haɗin wasali Tuvan yana da tsarin jituwa na wasali guda biyu waɗanda ke sarrafa rarrabuwa na wasula a cikin kalmomi da kari. Jituwa ta baya, ko abin da ake kira 'palatal' wani lokaci, yana buƙatar duk wasulan da ke cikin kalma su kasance ko baya ko gaba. Haɗin kai, ko abin da ake kira 'labial' jituwa a wasu lokuta, yana buƙatar a zagaye wasalin idan babban wasali ne kuma ya bayyana a cikin harafi nan da nan bayan wasalin mai zagaye. Ƙuntataccen wasali an taƙaita shi zuwa farkon harafin kalma, kuma za a iya ƙulla wasalin a cikin harafin da ba na farko ba kawai idan ya cika sharuɗɗan daidaitawa (dole ne duka su kasance babban wasali da wasali mai zagaye gaba da shi). Dubi Harrison acikin shekara ta 2001 don cikakken bayanin tsarin jituwa na wasali na Tuvan.
Nahawu Tuvan yana gina kalmomi masu rikitarwa ta hanyar ƙamus. Alal misali, shine 'raƙumi', shine 'raƙuma', shine 'raƙuma na', shine 'daga rakuma na'.
Sunaye Tuvan yana alamta sunaye tare da kararraki guda shida: na asali, mai zargi, ɗan asalin ƙasa, ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfar magana Ƙarin bayanan da ke ƙasa suna gaban wasula, duk da haka, sai dai -Je kari ya bi ƙa'idodin jituwa na wasali. Kowace ƙaramar harafi tana da fa'ida iri -iri da ma'anoni iri -iri, kawai mafi mahimmancin amfani da ma'anoni ana nuna su anan.
Ayyuka Fi'ilai a Tuvan dauki wani yawan endings to alama siga, yanayi, da kuma al'amari. Karin fi'ilai ma amfani da gyara da fi'ili. Don cikakken nazarin masaniyar fi’ili masu taimako a cikin Tuvan da harsunan da ke da alaƙa, duba Anderson acikin shekara ta 2004.
Syntax Tuvan yana amfani da odar kalma ta SOV. Alal misali, (raƙumi raƙumi ci-BAYA) "Raƙumi ya ci ciyawa."
Ƙamus Kalmomin Tuvan galibi Turkic ne a asali amma alama ce ta yawan kalmomin aro na Mongoliya. Harshen ya kuma aro wasu kari na Mongoliya. Bugu da kari, akwai Ketic da Samoyedic substrata. Cibiyar Rayayyun Harsunan Rayuwa ce ta samar da ƙamus na magana na Tuvan.
Tsarin rubutu Haruffa na Tuvan na yanzu juzu'in haruffan Rasha ne, tare da ƙarin haruffa uku: (Latin "ng" ko Alphabet International Phonetic (Latin "ö", (Latin "ü IPA Jerin haruffa yana bin Rashanci daidai, tare da wanda ke bayan Rasha bayan da bayan Ana amfani da haruffan da in ta hanya ta musamman. Ana amfani da don gajeren sauti a farkon kalmomi yayin da ake amfani da for don sauti iri ɗaya a tsakiya da ƙarshen kalmomi. Ana amfani da a farkon kalmomi, galibi asalin asalin Rasha, don yin daidai da daidaitaccen lafazin Rashan na wannan harafin, Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da a tsakiya da ƙarshen kalmomi don dogon sauti.
Harafin ake amfani da su nuna farar lafazi, kamar yadda a et 'nama'.
Rubutun tarihi
Rubutun Mongol A da, mutanen Tuvans suna amfani da Mongoliya a matsayin harshensu na rubutu.
Daga baya Nikolaus Poppe ya haɓaka rubutun Mongoliya don dacewa da yaren Tuvan. Wannan shine sananne rubutaccen tsari na yaren Tuvan.
Yaren Latin The Latin-tushen haruffa for Tuvan aka ambace su acikin shekara ta 1930 da wani Tuvan Buddhist m, Mongush Lopsang-Chinmit (aka Lubsan Zhigmed).Booksan littattafai da jaridu, gami da firamari waɗanda aka yi niyyar koya wa manya yin karatu, an buga su ta amfani da wannan tsarin rubutu. Daga baya aka kashe Lopsang-Chinmit a cikin tsaftar Stalin a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1941. An cire harafin ɉ from daga haruffa a cikin 1931.
A watan Satumbar a cikin shekara ta 1943, an maye gurbin wannan haruffan na Latin da Cyrillic, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi. A zamanin bayan Soviet, Tuvan da sauran masana sun ɗauki sabon sha'awar tarihin haruffan Tuvan.
Harshe Babu wani ma'aunin fassarar hukuma don canza haruffan Tuvan na Cyrillic zuwa Latin. Shirye-shiryen gama gari da ake amfani da su ta hanyoyin kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suna dogaro da ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya don fassara wasu yarukan Cyrillic kamar Rashanci yayin da ɗaliban Turkology gabaɗaya suka dogara da haruffan Turkic na yau da kullun.
Matsayi Tuvans a China, waɗanda ke zaune galibi a yankin Xinjiang mai cin gashin kansu, an haɗa su ƙarƙashin ƙabilar Mongol An ba da rahoton cewa wasu 'yan Tuvans suna zaune a Tafkin Kanas da ke arewa maso yammacin jihar Xinjiang, inda ba a san su a hukumance ba, kuma ana kidaya su a matsayin wani yanki na Oirat Mongol na gida wanda aka ƙidaya a ƙarƙashin babban jigon PRC na kabilar "Mongol" Yaran Oirat da Tuvan suna halartar makarantun da suke amfani da Chakhar Mongolian da Standard Chinese, yaren da babu ƙungiya.
Bayanan kula
Nassoshi 3-447-04636-8
978-3-89586-529-9
978-0-87750-214-2
978-1-878986-04-7
Mawkanuli, Talant. 1999. "Fasaha da ilimin halittar Jungar Tuva," karatun PhD na Jami'ar Indiana.
Nakashima, Yoshiteru Nakashima Yoshiteru 2008 "Tyva Yapon Biche Slovar Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasashen waje ta Tokyo, http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan6.pdf( Rumbun Melmez, Mehmet; Tuwinischer Wortschatz mit alttürkischen da mongolischen Parallelen, Wiesbaden 2007, Rind-Pawloski, Monika. 2014. Nau'in rubutu da tabbaci a cikin Dzungar Tuvan. Harsunan Turkic 18.1: 159-188.
atur, Qasgerel, -a a], Bu. Jirannige, Wu Yingzhe, Činggeltei. 2005. ul kelen-ü -un un-u sinǰilel-udn uduridqal [Jagora ga yarukan yankin Mongoliya]. Bayani: ÖMAKQ. Takashima, Naoki Takashima Naoki 2008 "Kiso Tuba-go bunpō Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasashen waje ta Tokyo, http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan1.pdf( Rumbun Takashima, Naoki. 2008 "Tuba-go kawai-shū Jami'ar Nazarin Ƙasashen waje ta Tokyo, http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/project/gengokensyu/08tuvan3.pdf( Rumbun Taube, Erika. (1978). Tuwinische Volksmärchen Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. LCCN: 83-853915
Taube, Erika. (1994). Skazki da predaniia altaiskikh tuvintsev Moskva Vostochnaia litattafai. ISBN 5-02-017236-7
Todoriki, Masahiko Todoriki Masahiko 2011 "Wataƙila tsoffin ƙamus ɗin Tuvan da aka haɗa a cikin Wu-li-ya-su-tai-zhi lue, Kwafin Abun Cike na Tarihin Uliastai, Tōyōbunka-Kenkyūjo 159 238-220. ISSN 0563-8089 Jami'ar Tokyo, http://repository.dl.itc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2261/43632/1/ioc159007.pdf Rumbun Oelschlägel, Anett C. (2013). Der Taigageist. Berichte und Geschichten von Menschen und Geistern aus Tuwa. Zeitgenössische Sagen und Andere Folkloretexte [Ruhun Taiga. Rahotanni da Labarai game da Mutane da Ruhohi daga Tuva. Legends na Zamani da sauran Tatsuniya. Marburg: tectum-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8288-3134-6
Hanyoyin waje Turanci-Tuvan, Tuvan-Turanci kamus na magana akan layi
(Taron kan layi a ciki da game da yaren Tyvan)
Yaren Tuvan da kayan tarihin
Labaran Harshen TyvaWiki
Harafin Tuvan
Bincike tsakanin Tyvans (Tuvans) na Kudancin Siberia
Legends na zamani da sauran Tatsuniyar Tatsuniyoyi daga Tuva
Pages with unreviewed translations
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50793 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Cape%20Verde | 'Yancin Addini a Cape Verde | Kundin tsarin mulkin Cape Verde ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Manufar gwamnati ta ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da harkokin addini gabaɗaya. Ba a sami rahotannin cin zarafi ko wariya na al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki na addini.
Alkaluman addini Cape Verde tsibiri ce mai kunshe da tsibirai 10, 9 daga cikinsu suna zaune. Tana da fadin da yawan jama'a 458,000, bisa ga Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Kasa. Fiye da kashi 85 na yawan jama'ar Roman Katolika ne, a cewar wani kuri'a na yau da kullun da majami'u suka yi. Babbar darikar Furotesta ita ce Cocin Banazare. Sauran ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da Ikilisiyar Adventist na kwana bakwai, Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Saints na Ƙarshe (Mormons), Majami'un God, Ikilisiyar Duniya ta Mulkin God, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Pentikostal da bishara daban-daban. Akwai ƙananan al'ummomin bangaskiyar Baha'i da ƙaramar al'ummar musulmi tana girma. An kiyasta adadin wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba a kasa da kashi 1 cikin dari na yawan jama'a.
Babu wata alaka tsakanin bambancin addini da kabilanci ko siyasa; duk da haka, shugabannin darikar Katolika na tausayawa jam’iyyar Movement for Democracy (MPD) wacce ta mulki kasar daga shekarun 1991 zuwa 2001. Yayin da yawancin Katolika suka taɓa yin adawa da Jam'iyyar ta Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), wacce ta zama jam'iyyar mulki a shekara ta 2001, wasu sun zama magoya bayan PAICV saboda rikici a cikin jam'iyyar MPD da rashin gamsuwa game da ayyukan na ƙarshe.
Akwai ƙungiyoyin masu wa’azi na ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a ƙasar.
Matsayin 'yancin addini
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Gwamnati a kowane mataki na kokarin kare wannan hakkin gaba daya kuma ba ta amince da cin zarafi na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ba.
Kundin tsarin mulki ya kare hakkin mutane na zabi da canza addininsu da kuma fassara addininsu da kansu.
Kundin Penal Code, wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2004, ya bayyana cewa cin zarafi na yancin addini laifuffuka ne da ke fuskantar hukuncin zaman gidan yari tsakanin watanni 3 zuwa shekara 3.
Babu addinin kasa. Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi rabuwar coci da jiha kuma ya haramtawa gwamnati aiwatar da duk wani imani da ayyuka na addini.
Cocin Katolika na jin daɗin matsayi a rayuwar ƙasa. Alal misali, gwamnati tana ba cocin Katolika lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin kyauta don hidimar addini. Hakanan, gwamnati tana kiyaye ranakun tsarkaka na Kirista na Ash Wednesday Juma'a mai kyau, Ista, Ranar Dukan Waliyai, da Kirsimeti a matsayin hutu na hukuma. Haka kuma, kowace karamar hukuma tana da hutu don girmama waliyyinta. Gwamnati ba ta yin wasu bukukuwan addini.
Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin tarayya. Duk ƙungiyoyi, na addini ko na zamani, dole ne su yi rajista da Ma'aikatar Shari'a don a san su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin doka.
Rijista wajibi ne a karkashin tsarin mulki da kuma dokar kungiyoyi. Babu wasu abubuwan ƙarfafawa na musamman don yin rajista kuma rashin yin hakan bai haifar da hukunci ko tuhuma ba. Wani illar rashin yin rijista shi ne gazawar ƙungiyoyin da ba su yi rajista ba don neman lamuni na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu a matsayin ƙungiya.
Don yin rajista, dole ne ƙungiyar addini ta mika wa Ma’aikatar Shari’a kwafin kundin tsarinta da dokokinta, wanda membobin kungiyar suka sanya wa hannu. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya gindaya sharuddan da za a bi a duk wata kungiya, ciki har da na addini, ya kuma bayyana cewa kungiyar ba za ta kasance soja ko makamai ba; ba za a yi nufin inganta tashin hankali, wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki, ko mulkin kama-karya ba; kuma maiyuwa bazai sabawa dokar hukunci ba. Rashin yin rajista tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ba ya haifar da wani ƙuntatawa akan imani ko aiki na addini.
Takurawa 'yancin addini Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da ayyukan addini gabaɗaya.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar.
Tilastawa addini Babu wani rahoto kan addinantar da wasu da aka tilasta musu, ciki har da kananan ’yan kasar Amurka da aka sace ko kuma an kwashe su ba bisa ka’ida ba daga Amurka, ko kuma na kin barin irin wadannan ‘yan kasar a mayar da su Amurka.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya Ba a sami rahotannin cin zarafi ko nuna wariya na al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki na addini.
Duba kuma Addini a Cape Verde
Hakkin Dan Adam a Cape Verde
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
13639 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Hazm | Ibn Hazm | Abu Muhammad'ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa'id ibn Hazm Arabic wani lokacin kuma ana kiransa al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī; 7 Nuwamba 994 15 Agusta 1064 (456 AH ya kasance Musulmi mawãƙi, polymath, tarihi, masana, Falsafa, da kuma theologian, an haife shi a Khalifanci na Cordoba, ayanzu Spain Ya kasance wakili mai bayar da fatawa da kuma mafarin makarantar Zahiri na tunani a Musulunci kuma ya samar da rahoton ayyukan 400, wanda 40 ne kawai ke ci gaba da rayuwa. Gabaɗaya, ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sunkai kusan shafi 80,000. Encyclopedia na Islama ya nuna shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana a duniyar musulmai, kuma an karbe shi da yawa a matsayin baban nazarin karatun addini tare da al-Biruni Rayuwarsa
Asali Kakan Ibn Hazm Sa'id da mahaifinsa Ahmad dukkansu sun rike manyan mukamai na bada shawarwari a kotun Umayyad Halifa Hisham II Masana sun yi imani cewa su Kiristocin Iberian ne wadanda suka musulunta.
Haɓakawa Bayan an haife shi cikin dangi mai mahimmanci a siyasa da tattalin arziki, Ibn Hazm ya yi aiki tare da mutanen da ke da iko da kuma tasiri a duk rayuwarsa. Ya sami damar kaiwa ga matakan gwamnati ta hanyar samartakarsa wanda yawancin mutane a lokacin ba za su taɓa sani ba duk tsawon rayuwarsu. Wadannan abubuwan da suka samu tare da gwamnati da 'yan siyasa sun sa Ibn Hazm ya sami ci gaba mai cike da rudani har ma da bakin ciki game da yanayin dan Adam da iyawar dan'adam don yaudarar da zalunta. Amsarsa ita ce yi imani cewa babu wata mafaka ko gaskiya sai fa tare da Allah marar kuskure, kuma cewa tare da mutane kawai suna lalata da rashawa. Ibn Hazm ya kasance sananne ne saboda tsabar raina shi game da ɗan adam da kuma girmamawa ga ka'idodin yare da amincin sadarwa.
Kulawa Ibnu Hazm ya kasance yana zaune a cikin da'irar masu shugabancin mulkin Umayyawa Abubuwan da ya samu game da rayuwarsa sun haifar da sha'awar kulawa da kulawa, kuma ya sami kyakkyawan ilimi a Córdoba. Kwarewar sa ta sa ya shahara kuma ya ba shi damar shiga aiki a karkashin Khalifofin Córdoba da Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, Grand Vizier har zuwa ƙarshen halifofin Umayyawa, Hisham III Hakanan abokin aikin abokin Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo Bayan rasuwar mai girma al-Muzaffar a cikin 1008, Umayyad Khalifa na Iberiya ya shiga cikin yakin basasa wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1031 wanda ya haifar da rushewar ikon tsakiyar Córdoba da fitowar wasu ƙananan ƙasashe masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake kira Taifas Mahaifin Ibn Hazm ya mutu a shekara ta 1012. Aka tsare Ibn Hazm a kurkuku a zaman wanda ake zargi da goyon bayan Umayyads A shekarar 1031, Ibn Hazm ya koma gidan mahaifinsa a Manta Lisham kuma ya fara bayyana dalilan gwagwarmayar sa ta hanyar rubuce rubuce. Ya kasance wakili mai bayar da fatawa da kuma kwaleji na makarantar Zahiri na tunanin Musulunci, kuma ya samar da rahoton ayyukan 400 wanda kawai 40 ke raye. Saboda abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa da na addini sun sami iko bayan rushe khalifa, ya yarda da tayin neman mafaka daga gwamnan tsibirin Majorca a cikin shekarun 1040, kuma ya ci gaba da yaduwar makarantar Zahiri a can kafin ya dawo Andalusia. Contemporaries sun haɗa da magana da cewa, "Harshen Ibn Hazm ɗan'uwan tagwaye ne ga takobin al-Hajjaj (janar na 7 da aka fi sani da gwamnan Iraki), kuma ya faɗi haka sau da yawa cewa wannan magana "Ibn Hazm ya ce" ya zama karin magana. Kamar yadda wani Athari, ya yi gāba da kamã da jũna fassarar addini texts, fifita maimakon a nahawu da syntactical fassarar Alkur'ani Ya ba da damar sanin yakamata ta hanyar wahayi da fahimta kawai da kuma la'akari da dalilan cire isasshe a cikin shari'a da addini. Ya ƙi ayyukan da aka saba yi tsakanin yawancin makarantun al'adu na gargajiya kamar rarraben malamai Yayinda da farko ya kasance mai bin dokar makarantar Maliki a cikin Sunni Islam, sai ya koma makarantar Shafi'i daga baya kuma, a lokacin yana da shekara talatin, daga karshe ya zauna tare da makarantar Zahiri Wataƙila sanannen sanannen sananne ne ga makarantar, kuma shine asalin tushen ayyukan ɗorewa akan dokar Zahirite. Ya karanci hukunce-hukuncen makarantar da hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin Abu al-Kharar al-Dawudi al-Zahiri na karamar Hukumar Santarém, daga ƙarshe ya sami ci gaba zuwa matakin malami na makarantar. A shekara ta 1029, an fitar da su biyu daga babban masallacin Cordoba saboda ayyukansu.
Ayyuka Da yawa daga cikin manyan ayyukan Ibn Hazm, wadanda suka kusanci na Muhammad bn Jarir al-Tabari da as-Suyuti mazhabobin sa da kuma abokan hamayyar sa sun kone shi a Seville. Ayyukansa na tsira, yayin da ake sukar sa a matsayin maimaitawa, didactic da ɓoye cikin salon ma suna nuna rashin jin daɗin rashin jituwa ga masu sukar iliminsa da hukumomin sa. Ibn Hazm ya rubuta ayyuka a kan shari'a, tauhidi, da kuma littattafan likita sama da goma. Ya yi kira da a hada ilimin kimiyya cikin tsari mai inganci. A cikin tsarin ilmin kimiyyar ilmin kimiya ya bayyana fannonin ilimi a matsayin matakai na samun ci gaba wanda aka kafa a tsarin karatun shekara biyar, daga yare da fassarar Kur'ani, zuwa rayuwa da kimiyyar jiki, zuwa tauhidin hankali.
Cikakken Nazarin Critical A cikin Fisal Cikakken Nazarin Critical wani rubutu kan kimiyar Islama da tauhidi, Ibn Hazm ya ba da hazakar fahimta sama da dalilan mutumtaka. Gane mahimmancin hankali, kamar yadda Kur’ani da kansa ya gayyaci tunani, ya yi jayayya cewa wannan tunani yana nuni ne kawai da wahayi da bayanan hankali, tunda tushen ka'idodn ana samun kansu ne daga ƙwarewar hankali Ya kammala da cewa dalilin ba dalibi bane na bincike mai zaman kanta ko ganowa, amma yakamata ayi amfani da wannan fahimta a matsayinta, ra'ayin da zai zama tushen tushen wayewar kai Hukuncin Shari'a Zai yiwu mafi girman aikin Ibn Hazm a cikin Larabci a wannan zamani (an fassara zaɓe zuwa Turanci), shine Muhallah Ko kuma Adorned Treatise. An ruwaito shi wani taƙaitaccen aiki ne wanda ya fi tsayi da aka sani da al-Mujallah Yana da mahimmanci a hankali kan batutuwan fikihu ko fiqh amma kuma ya shafi batutuwa na aqida a babin ta na farko Kitab al-Tawheed Wanda ke mayar da hankali kan lamurra masu alaƙa da tauhidi da mahimman ka'idodin kusanci ga rubutun Allah. Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka fito daga wannan babban maudu'in na fikihu shine cewa ibn Hazm ya karyata tsarin tunani ko kuma kimantawa yana fifita hanya mafi kyau ta zahiri ga matani.
Logic Ibnu Hazm ya rubuta Matsayin Logic, wanda a cikin sa yake jaddada mahimmancin fahimta a matsayin tushen ilimi. Ya rubuta cewa "asalin hanyoyin dukkan ilimin ɗan adam sune hankulan da ake amfani da shi sosai da kuma dalilai na hankali, haɗe da daidaitaccen fahimtar harshe". Ibn Hazm ya kuma kushe wasu daga cikin masana tauhidi masu ra'ayin gargajiya wadanda ke adawa da amfani da dabaru kuma ya bayar da hujjar cewa tsararrun musulmai ba su dogara da dabaru ba. Amsarsa ita ce musulman farko sun shaida wahayin kai tsaye, alhali kuwa an fallasa musulmai na lokacinsa da sabanin imani, saboda haka amfani da dabaru ya zama dole don adana koyarwar musulinci na gaskiya. Ihsan Abbas ne ya fara buga wannan rubutun a cikin harshen larabci a 1959, kuma Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri ne ya fara buga shi a 2007.
Dabi'a A cikin littafinsa, In Pursuit of Virtue (Cikin Neman Nagarta), ibn Hazm yaso masu karatunsa da bayanai masu zuwa: Karka yi amfani da kuzarinka sai dai wani dalili da yafi naka daraja. Ba za a samu irin wannan dalilin ba sai a wurin Allah Madaukakin Sarki: yin wa’azi na gaskiya, kare mace, kauda wulakancin da mahaliccinka bai yi maka ba, ka taimaki wadanda aka zalunta. Duk wanda ya yi amfani da kuzarin sa don abubuwan banza na duniya kamar mutum yake wanda yake musayar lu'u-lu'u da dutse.
Waƙe Wakarsa nanan a kiyaye acikin littafin Ibn Said al-Maghribi na Pennants of the Champions Kun zo wurina tuntuni Nasara sun ja kararrawa. Rabin-wata ya tashi kama da gira mai tsufa ko m instep. Kuma ko da yake har yanzu yana cikin dare lokacin da kuka zo bakan gizo aka yi haske a sararin sama, nuna kamar launuka masu yawa kamar wutsiya daddawa.
Magani Malaman Ibn Hazm na magani sun hada da al-Zahrawi da Ibn al-Kattani kuma ya rubuta wasu ayyukan likita guda goma, gami da Kitab fi'l-Adwiya al-mufrada da al-Dhahabi ya ambata.
Ra'ayoyi
Harshe Baya ga ra'ayoyinsa kan gaskiya a cikin sadarwa, Ibn Hazm shi ma ya yi magana da kimiyyar yare zuwa wani mataki. Ya kalli yaren larabci, yaren Ibraniyanci da yaren Syriac a matsayin dukkan harshe daya ne wanda harshensu ya kasance yayin da masu iya magana suka zauna a yankuna daban-daban kuma suka kirkiro kalmomi daban-daban da kuma masani daga tushen baki daya. Ya kuma bambanta da masana ilimin tauhidi da yawa na musulmai a cikin cewa bai dauki larabci kamar mafificin waɗansu yarukan ba; wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Kur'ani bai bayyana Larabci irin wannan ba, kuma a mahangar Ibn Hazm babu wata hujja game da iƙirarin cewa kowane harshe ya fi wani.
Karatun rubutu Ibn Hazm sananne ne saboda tsananin gaskiyarsa kuma ana ganinsa gwarzon makarantar Zahirite na zahiri a cikin Sunni Islām. Misali da ake yawan kawo misali dashi shine fassarar sa ta farkon aya ta 23 a surar Al-Isra ta Kur'ani da ya hana mutum ya ce "uff" ga iyayen mutum; Ibn Hazm ya ce rabin ayar kawai ta haramta ce da "uff" kuma ba ya hana bugawa iyayen wani misali, amma a maimakon haka bugun su ya haramta da rabi na biyu na ayar da kuma aya ta 24 wacce ta yi umarni da alheri. lura da iyaye.
Falsafa Ayyukan Ibn Hazm sun dan taba sosai a kan al'adun falsafancin Girka. Yarda da Epicurus da Prodicus na Ceos, ya bayyana cewa nishaɗin yana kawo farin ciki a rayuwa kuma babu wani abin tsoro a cikin mutuwa. Ya yi imani da cewa wadannan hadisai na falsafa, alhali suna da amfani, basu isa su gina yanayin mutum yadda yakamata ba, ya kuma bayyana cewa imanin musulinci shima ya zama dole. Ibn Hazm ya ki yarda da 'yancin nufi na kowane mutum, saboda ya yi imani da cewa dukkanin sifofin mutum ya halitta ne daga Allah Yan Shia Ibnu Hazm ya kasance mai suka sosai game da mabiya Shia. Ya ce game da su: "Farisa sun mallaki masarauta mai girma da kuma fifikon sama da sauran al'ummomi. Sun maida hadarin da suke tattare dasu (ga sauran al'umma) ta hanyar kiran kansu al-Ahrār ('yantattu) da kuma al-Asydd (salihan mutane). Sakamakon haka, sun dauki sauran mutane a matsayin bayinsu. Ko ta yaya, an cutar dasu da rushe masarautarsu ta hannun larabawa wadanda suka dauka karamar hadari akan tsakanin sauran al’ummomin [ga daular]. Al'amuransu sun kara dagula lamurrarsu har sau ninki, yayin da suke kulla makirci a kan Musulunci a lokuta daban-daban. Koyaya, a cikin dukkan makircinsu, Allah ya bayyana gaskiya. Sun ci gaba da shirya mafi tsadar abubuwa. Don haka, wasu daga mutanensu sun karbi musulunci ne kawai don su juya zuwa ga addinin Shi'a, tare da da'awar son Ahl al-Bayt (Iyalan gidan Annabi) da kyama kan zaluncin da ake yiwa Alī. Daga nan sai suka bi ta wannan hanyar har ta kai su ga barin shiriya.
Reception Malaman musulinci, musamman wadanda ke yiwa lakabi da Zahirism, galibi sun yabi Ibn Hazm saboda abin da suka ji shi ne iliminsa da juriyarsa. Mai wa'azin Yemen Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i yana daya daga cikin masu sha'awar Ibn Hazm a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, yana da ra'ayin cewa babu wani malamin musulmin da ya shigar da hadisan annabci na Muhammadu da Sahaba Haka ma, malamin Pakistan Badi 'ud-Din Shah al-Rashidi ya koyar da littafin Ibn Hazm littafin Al-Muhalla ga daliban Masjid al-Haram, yayin da suke zaune a Makka al-Wadi'i da kansa ya koyar da Al-Muhalla a cikin Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, alhali yana Madina Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri, babban masanin tarihin Ibn Hazm a wannan zamani, ya wallafa ayyuka da yawa kan rayuwar Ibn Hazm, da yawa waɗanda aka buga ta hanyar buga bugu na Ibn Aqil wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ibn Hazm. Tarurrukan zamani na tatsuniyar Ibn Hazm gaba daya na ka’idar shari’ar musulinci ya ga lokuta da dama a tarihin ilimin Larabawa, wadanda suka hada da sake buga littafin Ahmad Shakir na Al-Muhalla, da Muhammad Abu Zahra na tarihin Ibn Hazm, da kuma sake buga littafin Sanarwa daga wasiyyun bayanai akan ka'idojin shari'a ta Sa'id al-Afghani a shekarar 1960 da Ihsan Abbas tsakanin 1980 da 1983.
Duba kuma Hazm (suna) Miguel Asín Palacios
Manazarta
Nassoshi Ringarar kurciya ta Ibn Hazm, fassara da gabatarwar ta AJ Arberry al-Fasl fi al-milal wa-al-ahwa 'wa-al-nihal, na Ibn Hazm. Bairut: Dar al-Jil, 1985 Abenházam de Córdoba y su Tarihi crítica de las ideas religiosas vols. 1-5, na Miguel Asín Palacios. Madrid, 1928-1932 Marubutan musulmai akan Yahudanci da kuma Littafin Ibrananci daga Ibn Rabban har zuwa Ibn Hazm, na Camilla Adang Leiden: EJ Brill, 1996. ISBN 90-04-10034-2 Ibn Hazm et la polémique islamo-chrétienne dans l´histoire de l´Islam, na Abdelilah Ljamai. Leiden: Brill, 2003. ISBN 90-04-12844-1 Ibn Hazam Khilal Alf Aam, na Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri Lebanon Dar al-Gharab al-Islami, 1982. shafuka 303. Kitab al-'axlaq wa-s-siyar ou Risala fi mudawat an-nufus wa-tahdib al-'axlaq wa-z-zuhd fi r-rada'il Ibn Hazm al-'Andalusi; introd., éd. sharhi, sake aure par Eva Riad Uppsala Univ. Stockholm Almqvist Wiksell kasa da kasa (distr.), 1980. ISBN 91-554-1048-0 Zahiris, Koyarwarsu da Tarihinsu: gudummawa ga tarihin ilimin tauhidi ta Ignaz Goldziher, trans. da kuma ed. Wolfgang Behn. Leiden: EJ Brill, 1971. "Ibn Hazm na Cordova: akan Isagoge na Porphyry", wanda Rafael Ramón Guerrero ya gabatar, a cikin J. Meirinhos O. Weijers (eds. Florilegium mediaevale. Aukaka abubuwa masu zuwa ga Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat, Louvain-La-Neuve, FIDEM, 2009, pp. 525-540.
Haɗin waje Biodata a MuslimScholars.info Rubutun asalin Larabci na Tawq Alhamama Ibn web Hazm na duniya da kuma annabcin mata Tarihin Rayuwar musulmai Rubutun Britannica.org Encyclopædia Britannica akan Ibn Hazm Polemics (Muslim-Bayahude), Camilla Adang, Sabine Schmidtke: Andalusi Ibn Ḥazm, wanda aka san shi da cin mutuncin abokan adawar sa da banbancin ra'ayi, koda kuwa musulmai ne., p. 6, a cikin "Encyclopedia of Yahudawa a Duniyar Islama", ed. Norman Stillman (in French) Matsayi na Ibn Hazm game da Asharism ta at-tawhid.net Pages with unreviewed |
45531 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Hondo | Douglas Hondo | Douglas Tafadzwa Hondo (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1979), tsohon ɗan wasan kurket ne ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe, wanda ya buga wasannin gwaji tara da 56 Day Internationals a matsayin ɗan wasan hannun dama mai matsakaicin sauri, kuma ya kebanta da kullunsa Farkon aiki An fara gabatar da Hondo a wasan kurket a makarantar firamare, babban yayansa shi ne na farko a cikin iyali da ya fara wasan. Hondo da ɗan'uwansa sun kasance ƙarƙashin jagorancin Peter Sharples, majagaba na wasan kurket a cikin ƙauyuka, ko "mafi yawan yankunan karkara" kamar yadda aka san su a Zimbabwe. Ya horar da ƙungiyar Makarantar Firamare ta Queensdale wadda ta ƙunshi ‘yan wasan da ba su da asali a wasan saboda manufofin wariyar launin fata ta Rhodesian.
Hondo ya kasance kyaftin ɗin tawagar a mataki na 6 da 7, inda ya buɗe wasan batting da wasan ƙwallon kwando. Kamar Tatenda Taibu da abokansa, ya halarci makarantar Churchill Ya yi fice, da farko a matsayin kyaftin na U15 sannan kuma a cikin cikakkiyar ƙungiyar, gami da ɗaukar 7 10 a gaban Makarantar Kofar Gateway da zira ƙwallaye 121 a kan Hillcrest.
Sana'ar cikin gida Hondo ya sanya tawagar Mashonaland U-13 sannan ta zama tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 15. Raunin baya ya sanya Hondo daga cikin U19 har tsawon shekara guda amma ya yi makarantar CFX a 2000.
Lokacin da ya gama a Academy aka sanya shi tare da tawagar Midlands a Kwekwe Hondo ta fuskanci mummunan yanayi, inda ta ɗauki wickets 11 kawai fiye da 50.
Ba a so don yawon shakatawa bayan da aka sauke daga tawagar 'yan wasan Zimbabwe, an aika Hondo don buga wasan kurket a Adelaide tare da Stuart Matsikeneri Ayyukan kasa da kasa Duk da haka ya kasance, abin mamaki, ya kira gwajin farko da Afirka ta Kudu. Hondo ya ɗauka cewa zai kasance mai buga ragar amma yana buga ƙwallo sosai a raga sannan kuma wanda aka zaɓa na farko Brighton Watambwa ya samu rauni kuma Hondo ya fara buga wasansa na farko. Bai yi kyau ba, a cikin rashin kyawun wasan tawagar, kuma Afirka ta Kudu ta ci 600–3 da aka ayyana, Hondo ta ɗauki wicket na Gary Kirsten na 212. Hondo ya wanke kansa da kyau tare da jemage, yana wasa innings na goyon baya ga Andy Flower 's na ƙarni, amma an kore shi a cikin innings na biyu tare da Flower da ke kwance a 199*.
An jefar da shi don gwaji na biyu, Hondo ya buga ODI biyu da Ingila amma bai yi daidai ba. A nan a lokacin Ostiraliya, ya yi aiki akan daidaiton sa kuma an ba shi lada ta hanyar kiran shi cikin tawagar a Indiya don jerin wasanni biyar na ODI Bai buga wasanni biyu na farko ba amma a na uku ya ci ƙwallaye uku, Dinesh Mongia, Saurav Ganguly da VVS Laxman kuma, tare da Pommie Mbangwa, ya rage Indiya zuwa wickets 4 don 51 gudu. Hondo ta samu bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Zimbabwe kuma ta yi nasara, inda aka zaɓi Hondo a matsayin gwarzon ɗan wasan.
A cikin shekarar 2002 ICC Champions Trophy, yana da wani kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayo a kan Indiya a filin wasa na R. Premadasa, inda ya kori babban tsari na Indiya ta hanyar ɗaukar wickets na Saurav Ganguly, Dinesh Mongia, Sachin Tendulkar da Yuvraj Singh kuma ya rage su zuwa 5/87 Duk da haka, Indiya ta murmure sosai godiya ga ƙarni daga Kaif (111 ba a fita ba) da 71 daga Dravid kuma ta lashe wasan da 14 gudu. Kwanaki huɗu bayan haka, a wasansa na gaba ya sami adadi na bowling 4/45 da Ingila a gasar daya.
A shekarar 2003 ne Hondo ya zagaya Ingila amma bai yi kyau ba.
Jigilar raunin baya da cinya yana nufin bai buga wasan kurket na duniya ba tun daga watan Janairun 2005.
Aikin koyarwa Bayan bambancin ra'ayi da Zimbabwe Cricket, (wanda ya dage cewa 'yan wasa huɗu da ke wasa dreadlocks ko dai an yanke gashin kansu ko kuma an bar su) Hondo ya yi hanyarsa zuwa Ingila.
Ya zama Babban Koci na ƙungiyar Shepherd Neame League Upminster CC kuma ya taka leda a Devon Cricket League, don Premier Side Sandford a wasansa na farko ya ɗauki wickets 2 don 10runs kashe 6 overs.
A cikin shekarar 2011 Hondo ya zama ɗan wasa/koci na gundumomi biyu Cricket Division 1 gefen Ipswich Cricket Club Bayan nasarar yakin neman zaɓe a shekarar 2011 Hondo zai dawo a 2012 don ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasa da koci.
A cikin shekarar 2012 Hondo ya taka leda a Hawera United Cricket Club, a New Zealand sama da yanayi 2.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Douglas Hondo at ESPNcricinfo
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1979
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50939 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20Coutts | Marion Coutts | Articles with hCards
Marion Coutts(an haife shi a shekara ta 1965)ɗan ƙasar Biritaniya ce,mai ɗaukar hoto,mai shirya fina-finai,marubuci,kuma mawaƙa,wanda aka sani da aikinta a matsayin mai zanen shigarwa da kuma shekaru goma a matsayin mace ta gaba ga ƙungiyar Dog Faced Hermans.A cikin shekarar 2014 ta buga tarihinta mai mahimmanci,The Iceberg.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Marion Coutts a Najeriya kuma ya girma a Burtaniya.Iyayenta ministocin Salvation Army ne waɗanda ta yi balaguro da yawa tare da su. Cocin da suka halarta yana da al'adar kiɗa mai ƙarfi wanda ke ƙarfafa 'yan mata su yi kidan tagulla,kuma suna da shekaru 10 Coutts sun fara buga ƙaho don ƙungiyar Ceto mai girma.
Iyalin Coutts sun zauna a Landan sannan Scotland inda ta ci gaba da zuwa kwaleji, inda ta sami BA a Fine Art a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Edinburgh daga 1982 zuwa 1986.
Kiɗa While attending college,Coutts joined an improvisational musical project called Volunteer Slavery.Named after an album by Rahsaan Roland Kirk,the group consisted of three men and three women who"mostly banged on things,"including guitars,oil drums,and other percussion. Coutts played trumpet and another woman played sax,and their first gig was a benefit in support of the UK miners' strike.The group persisted for a year-and-a-half without writing any formal songs, though a demo tape was recorded and has resurfaced on the internet.
Kare ya fuskanci Hermans A cikin 1986 mambobi uku na Bautar Sa-kai sun so su ci gaba da kasancewa ƙungiya mai mahimmanci,kuma Coutts sun nuna sha'awar zama mawaƙinsu.Sun sanya wa kansu suna Dog Faced Hermans,bayan wani bayani da ba a sani ba a cikin wani fim na Frankenstein,kuma sun fara rarraba waƙar su zuwa gajarta, waƙoƙin sauri waɗanda har yanzu suna kiyaye wasu abubuwan gwaji na Bautar Sa-kai.Baya ga rubutawa da rera waƙoƙi,Coutts ta buga kararrawa kuma ta ƙara ƙahonta,tana ba ƙungiyar sauti na musamman.
Kare ya fuskanci Hermans ya zagaya Burtaniya kuma ya fitar da wasu bayanan har sai ya koma Amsterdam a 1989.A cikin wannan lokacin,Coutts ya yi shekara guda a Poland a kan tallafin karatu na Majalisar Burtaniya don halartar Makarantar Jiha don Fasaha a Wroclaw Poland.A cikin 1990 ta sake shiga ƙungiyar ta a Netherlands,kuma ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da fitar da wasu albam huɗu. Sun zagaya Turai da Arewacin Amurka kafin a watse a cikin 1995 tare da mambobi daban-daban da suka watsu zuwa sabbin ayyuka a duniya.Coutts ta koma Burtaniya don ta mai da hankali kan fasaharta.
Sauran bayyanar Coutts kuma ya yi rikodin a kan sakewa tare da kungiyoyin kiɗa na Dutch The Ex, Instant Composers Pool,da Dull Schicksal;tare da kungiyoyin Burtaniya Spaceheadsda Honkies;tare da {ungiyar {asar Amirka,Allah ne Mataimakina a kan Zama na Peel na 1994,kuma tare da Tom Cora.Bayan hutun kiɗan,ta yi rikodin a kan waƙoƙin haɗawa biyu,amma ba a taɓa jin fitowar kiɗan daga gare ta ba tun 1998.
Fasahar gani Coutts an san ta da fim ɗin da ba na layi ba da salon bidiyo,sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da sassaka don ƙirƙirar shigarwa mai zurfi, wani lokaci tare da abubuwan da ke gayyatar masu kallo don shiga cikin aikin. Domin Fresh Air na 1999ta gina saitin tebur na ping-pong guda uku ba bisa ka'ida ba,wanda ya kwafi taswirar Battersea na London,Regent's,da Hyde Park,kowanne ya raba ta hanyar gidan wasan tennis.A wannan shekarar Eclipse ya ɗauki ƙaramin lambun lambun da ke cike da hazo na wucin gadi,daidai a Gidan Gasworks na London.Majalisar 2000 ta ɗora fim ɗin tauraro mai yawo akan lectern katako.A cikin Decalogue na shekara ta 2001,Coutts ya ƙera saiti na tenpin tare da kowane Dokoki Goma.
Ƙungiyar Cult ta 2002 ta yi kira ga masu kallo da su matse tsakanin tsarin ginshiƙai na rectangular kuma su kalli idanun wani baƙar fata mai maƙarƙashiya a kan masu kallon bidiyo tara.Artforum ya ce,"Cult ta haifar da da'irar dutse na tarihi da kuma zane-zanen cat na Masar a tsohuwar Masar,allahn cat Bastet ita ce mataimaki na farin cikin iyali."Da farko shigar a London's Chisendale Gallery,da gallery ya bayyana aikin:Mai kallo ya fara sanin ƙungiyar daga nesa,allon saka idanu yana samar da tushen haske kawai.Motsawa kan dandamali kuma a tsakanin allo,ana sanar da baƙi cewa kowane cat yana motsi,amma da kyar.Daga kowane matsayi, biyu ko uku ne kawai daga cikin fuskokin kuliyoyi ke gani. Kowanne kyanwa yakan shiga zagaye na budewa da rufe idanunsu,na farkawa da barci kuma kowace zagayowar ta kasance ba tare da daidaitawa da makwabta ba.Coutts ta nemi tsohon Dog Faced Hermans guitarist Andy Moor don ya zira kwallaye da yawa daga cikin gajerun fina-finanta.Shot on super-8,fim dinta na 2000 Epic ya biyo bayan balaguron doki mai girman rayuwa yayin da ake bi da shi a cikin birnin Rome.2002's Babu Mugun Tauraro,mai suna don rabin na biyu na sanannen palindrome,ya nuna makusantan tsutsotsi masu rai da ke mamaye garin yumbu.Moor kuma ya zira kwallaye ashirin da shida Things, fim din da Coutts ya ƙunshi kayan tarihi da Henry Wellcome ya tattara wanda ita kanta ba a taɓa yarda ta taɓa ba.
Rayuwa ta sirri da koyarwa A cikin 1996 Coutts sun kammala Makarantar Fasaha ta London Cibiyar Ilimi"Masu fasaha a Makarantu"Shirin Koyarwa kuma sun sami Takaddun Takaddun Ilimin Manyan Malamai na Birni da Guilds a 1997.Daga 1996 zuwa 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai koyar da fasaha mai kyau kuma ta koyar da darussa a cikin shirye-shiryen fayil,bayan haka ta zauna a Roma akan tallafin karatu.A cikin 2001 ta ɗauki Fellowship na MOMART a Tate Liverpool,sannan kuma Kettle's Yard Fellowship a Kwalejin St John's, Cambridge a 2003.
A cikin 1997 Coutts ya fara dangantaka da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Tom Lubbock wanda ya rubuta don sashin fasaha don jaridar Burtaniya The Independent. Mutanen biyu sun yi aure a shekara ta 2001 kuma sun zauna a gidaje daban-daban a arewa da kudancin London. Lokacin da aka haifi ɗansu Eugene a 2007,sun zauna a Brixton.
A cikin 2001 Coutts ya fara koyarwa da koyarwar baƙo a Jami'ar Goldsmiths,yana ɗaukar matsayi na dindindin a 2007.A halin yanzu,ta kasance mai koyar da ziyara don Sculpture,City da Guilds na London Art School a cikin 2002 da 2003, malami mai ziyara sannan kuma abokin bincike a Makarantar Fasaha da Zane ta Norwich a kai da kashe daga 2004 zuwa 2009,kuma mataimakiyar malami.a Jami'ar Arts,London daga 2005 zuwa 2010.
A shekara ta 2008,an gano mijinta yana da ciwon kwakwalwa wanda ya juya ya zama glioblastoma multiforme.An gaya masa cewa yana da kusan shekaru biyu ya rayu,sun ƙaura zuwa asibiti a 2010. Ya mutu daga ciwon daji a shekara ta 2011.
Rubutu Kafin rashin lafiyar Lubbock,Coutts ta ɗauki kanta a matsayin mai zane-zane kawai ba marubuci ba.Jin ta kasa haifar da komai yayin da mijinta ke jinya,sai ta koma rubutu.A cikin 2009 bayan aikin tiyata na farko na Lubbock da zagaye na chemotherapy,Coutts ya fara rubuta abubuwa a cikin jerin takaddun Kalma.Da farko waɗannan gutsuttsura,ko"kananan ruwan tabarau"kamar yadda Coutts ke kiran su,al'ada ce mai sassauƙa,wanda daga ƙarshe ta shiga cikin sarƙoƙi na rubutu kuma ta gane a matsayin babban aiki.
A cikin 2012 Coutts ta ba da gudummawar gabatarwa ga littafin tarihin da mijinta ya fitar bayan mutuwarsa,Har sai ƙarin Sanarwa,Ina Raye.A wannan shekarar ta gyara tarin rubutun Lubbock, The English Graphic.
A cikin 2014 Coutts ya buga littafin The Iceberg,wani memoir na mawaƙa da mai sha'awar"game da mutuwar mijinta. Memoir ya fara ne a wurin binciken Lubbock na 2008 kuma ya bi shi,Coutts, da ɗansu Eugene(wanda ake kira"Ev"a cikin littafin)har ta hanyar jiyya da mutuwarsa a 2011.Jaridar Los Angeles Times ta yaba wa littafin,tana mai cewa, '''Ana iya taƙaita shirin The Iceberg cikin jumla:Mutum ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu.Lallai,ɗan ƙaramin abu ya faru a cikin mai zane ya juya lissafin marubuci Marion Coutts na shekaru biyu na ƙarshe na rayuwar mijinta.Duk da haka yana da ban mamaki,mai lalacewa."An zaɓi Iceberg don kyaututtukan adabi da yawa, kuma an ba Coutts lambar yabo ta Wellcome Book Prize a cikin 2015.
Ayyuka
Hotuna Albums masu Fuskantar Kare Hermans:
Mutane Fly(Lissafi,1988)
Lokaci Bomb na Kullum(Vinyl Drip, 1989)
Tubalan Hankali Ga Duk Zamani( Konkurrel Records/Project A Bomb, 1991)
Hum of Life(Konkurrel/Project A Bomb,1993)
Bump and Swing(Konkurrel/ Madadin Tentacles,1994)
Waɗannan Zurfafa Buds (Konkurrel/Alternative Tentacles, 1994)
Sculpture da shigarwa Fresh Air(1998)
Kyauta(2000)
Decalogue(2001)
Don Fallen(2001)
Annabi(2001)
Sibyl(2001)
Al'ada(2002)
Everglade(bidiyo,2003)
Kudi(2003)
Tenner(2003)
abdefg(2007)
Rukunin Karatu(2008)
Abubuwa Ashirin da Shida(fim 16mm,2008)
Fim da bidiyo Almara(2000)
Babu Mugun Taurari(2002)
Dutsen(2005)
Littattafai Marion Coutts(FVU,2003)
Har sai ƙarin Sanarwa,Ina Raye (gabatarwa,Granta,2012)
Iceberg(Atlantic,2014)
nune-nunen Yorkshire Sculpture Park(2000)
Shirya matsala a Arnolfini a Bristol (2001)
Museo de Arte Carrillo Gil a Mexico City(2002)
Firstsite a Colchester(2002)
Hotunan Arewa na Fasahar Zamani a Sunderland(2002)
Cult a Chisenhale Gallery a London (2002)
Za a Ci gaba... a Helsinki Kunsthalle (2005)
Tablet a London(2005)
Amsa ga Roma a Tarin Estorick, Sabuwar Cibiyar Fasaha da Chisenhale Gallery.
Kyauta Kyautar Littafin Barka da Zuwa 2015
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon mawaki
Marion Coutts akan Discogs
Haihuwan 1965
Rayayyun |
37374 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Barcelona%206%E2%80%931%20Paris%20Saint-Germain%20F.C. | FC Barcelona 6–1 Paris Saint-Germain F.C. | FC Barcelona 6-1 Paris Saint-Germain FC ta kasance sakamakon wasa na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA wanda ya gudana a ranar 8 ga watan Maris shekarar 2017 a Camp Nou a Barcelona FC Barcelona ta samu rashin nasara da ci hudu da nema a wasa na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar but 2016-17 da Paris Saint-Germain a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai zagaye na 16, inda ta yi nasara da ci 6-5 a jimillar, abin da ya sa ta zama mafi girma a tarihin gasar zakarun Turai a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. wasan, wanda ya zama sananne a Spain da Faransa a matsayin la Remontada (dawowa).
Fage
Tarihi Wannan ne karo na uku da Paris Saint-Germain za ta kara da Barcelona a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, bayan da ta yi rashin nasara a wasanni biyun da suka gabata a kakar wasa wasa ta shekarar 2012-13 da kuma shekarar 2014-15 a jimillar.
Matakin rukuni Dukan kungiyoyin biyu sun sami kagewa cancanta daga matakin rukuni Paris Saint-Germain ta cancanci a matsayin ta biyu a rukunin A bayan da ta fuskanci Arsenal, Basel, kuma ta samu maki 9 a kan Ludogorets Razgrad mai matsayi na 3 Barcelona Barcelona ce ta zama jagorar rukunin C, mai nisa a gaban Borussia Mönchengladbach da Celtic kuma Manchester City ce ta biyu da maki 6.
Kafar farko An buga wasan farko ne a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairu a filin wasa na Parc des Princes da ke birnin Paris Kungiyoyin biyu sun kasance cikin tsari mai kyau tare da Paris Saint-Germain sun fito ne daga ci 3-0 a waje da Bordeaux a Ligue 1 da Barcelona Barcelona ta lallasa Deportivo Alavés a ci 6-0 a waje a gasar La Liga Angel Di María ne ya farkewa ‘yan wasan Paris din a minti na 18 da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida gida bayan da Samuel Umtiti na Barcelona ya yi keta. Julian Draxler ya yi 2-0 tare da bugun ƙasa kaɗan a minti na 40, Marco Verratti ya taimaka. Bayan mintuna 55 Di María ya sake zura kwallo a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Edinson Cavani ne ya zura kwallo ta karshe a wasan a minti na 72 da fara wasa, inda aka tashi wasan da ci 4-0. Barcelona ta samu bugun begun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a duk lokacin wasan.
Bayan wasa
Takaitawa Na biyu kafa da aka buga a ranar 8 ga watan Maris a Camp Nou a Barcelona A karo na farko, kungiyoyin biyu sun shiga wasan bayan da suka lashe wasanninsu na gasar, Barcelona da ci 5-0. Celta Vigo da Paris Saint-Germain 1234567 0 da Nancy Wasan ya samu halartar mutane 96,290 duk da tsananin rashin nasara da kungiyar ta yi a wasan farko. Dan wasan Barcelona Luis Suárez ne ya zura kwallon farko a wasan a minti na 3 da fara wasa bayan da ya kai kwallon a kan layi kafin Thomas Meunier ya farke ta. A cikin mintuna na 40, dan wasan Paris Saint-Germain Layvin Kurzawa ya zura kwallo ta kansa a kokarin da ya yi na toshe kwallon da Andrés Iniesta ya yi. Kwalla ta uku ta zo ne a minti na 50 da fara wasa ta hanyar bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Lionel Messi bayan da Thomas Meunier ya yi wa Neymar keta. A minti na 62 da fara wasa ne dai Barcelona ta samu nasarar zura kwallo a ragar Barcelona, wanda hakan ya sa ta bukaci karin wasu uku da ta yi nasara saboda ka’idar cin kwallaye a waje a yanzu ta fifita kungiyar da ke waje wato PSG.Dan wasan Barcelona Mascherano ya ja Di Maria a bugun fanareti na Barcelona amma alkalin wasa Deniz Aytekin bai ba. kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a minti na 88 da bugun fanariti mai cike da takaddama lokacin da Luis Suárez ya fadi a 90+1st inda aka tashi 5-1. A cikin dakika na karshe na wasan ne Neymar ya kai bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, sannan Sergi Roberto ya zura kwallo ta shida kuma ta karshe a minti na 90+5, inda aka tashi wasan da ci 6-1, ya kuma tsallake zuwa wasan kusa dana karshe da ci 6-5. tara.
Cikakkun bayanai
Kididdiga Bayan da aka tashi kunnen doki, yayin da ake yabon Barcelona an kuma yi suka ga Paris Saint-Germain kan yadda suka gaza shawo kan matsin lamba na ci gaba Haba da jan ragamar da suka yi, da kuma hasashen cewa. Hukumar za ta iya ragewa alkalin wasa daga matsayinsa saboda wasu hukunce-hukuncen da ya yanke a lokacin wasan, musamman bayar da bugun fanareti na biyu na Barcelona. Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa da Paris Saint-Germain ta yi nasara a wasan wasan da a yi amfani da tsarin na'urar VAR A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, Barcelona ta sake shan wahala a wasan farko na kunnen doki daga gida, a wannan karon ta sha kashi a hannun Juventus da ci 3-0 Sai dai sun kasa maimaita wasan da suka yi a zagayen baya kuma kuma an fitar da su bayan sun tashi 0-0 a wasan da suka buga. Daya daga cikin manyan jaruman wasan kunnen doki, dan wasan Brazil Neymar, ya kasance a tsakiyar wani lamari daban da ya shafi kungiyoyin biyu a cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2017 lokacin da ya tashi daga Barcelona zuwa Paris Saint-Germain kan kudin rikodin rikodin duniya A zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2020-21, Barcelona da Paris Saint-Germain sun sake fuskantar juna, a wannan karon cikin yanayi daban-daban. Babban abin da ya fi daukar hankalin kafafen yada labarai shi ne komawar Neymar Barcelona, duk da cewa ba zai buga wasan farko ba saboda rauni. Ko da kuwa, PSG ta lashe wasan 4-1 a Camp Nou, tare da hat-trick daga Kylian Mbappé A karawa ta biyu, kungiyar PSG wadda ba ta da Neymar ta yi nasarar ci gaba da tashi kunnen doki 1-1, inda ta lallasa Barça da ci 5-2 a jumulla, kuma ta tsallake zuwa natakinmatakin daf da na kusa da na karshe.
Makamantan sakamako a yanayi masu zuwa A gasar kakar wasanni ta gaba, Barcelona ce ta samu nasarar dawowa ba zato ba tsammani, ta sha kashi a hannun Roma da ke Italiya da ci 3-0 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da kuma fitar da kwallaye a waje, duk da cewa ta yi nasara da ci 4-1 mai karfi daga kafar gida ta taye. A nasu bangare, Paris Saint-Germain sun sake sunkuyar da kai a zagaye na 16, duk da cewa sun kara da Neymar Neymar da sauran su a cikin tawagar da kuma lashe rukuninsu, sun yi rashin nasara ga wadanda suka yi nasara, abokan hamayyar Barcelona Real Madrid A cikin shekarar 2018-19 UEFA Champions League zagaye na 16, Paris Saint-Germain ba tare da Neymar da ya ji rauni ba su ne kungiyar da ta sha kashi a wani gagarumin koma baya, yayin da kungiyar Manchester United da ke da karfi ta ci 3-1 a Parc des Princes (The Parc des Princes). Hukunci burin daga bugun fenareti a karin lokacin da VAR ta bayar) bayan da aka yi rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a Old Trafford, karo na farko a tarihin gasar da aka shawo kan irin wannan gibin da aka samu a wasan farko na gida. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, an kawar da Barcelona bayan rugujewar zagaye na biyu: rike da fa'idar 3-0 daga Camp Nou, sun zura kwallaye hudu ba tare da amsa wa Liverpool ba a Anfield A gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar 2021-22, PSG ta doke Real Madrid da ci 1-0 a wasan farko na zagaye na 16 kawai inda aka tashi wasa na biyu da ci 3-1 a filin wasa na Santiago Bernabéu Duba kuma 1997 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final
2016-17 FC Barcelona kakar
2016-17 Paris Saint-Germain FC kakar
FC Barcelona in international football
Paris Saint-Germain FC a wasan kwallon kafa na duniya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sharhin wasan UEFA
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25862 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo | Bo | Bo ko BO na iya nufin to
Zane-zane da nishaɗi
Fim, talabijin, da wasan kwaikwayo Akwatin akwatin, inda ake siyar da tikiti na wani taron, kuma ta ƙara, adadin kasuwancin da samarwa ke karɓa
BA: BO, 2008 fim na Koriya ta Kudu
<i id="mwEg">Bo</i> (fim), wani fim ne na Belgium wanda Ella-June Henrard ta fito kuma Hans Herbots ne ya jagoranta
Wasanni Kira na Layi: Black Ops, wasan bidiyo mai harbi-mutum na farko
Jinin Omen: Legacy na Kain, na farko a cikin jerin wasannin bidiyo na Legacy of Kain
Kiɗa Bo (kayan aiki), kuge na kasar Sin
Addini Bo or Bodhi Tree
Bo (parsha), fifteenth weekly Torah reading
Kungiyoyin kabilu 'Yan Bo (China), kusan' yan tsiraru marasa rinjaye a Kudancin China
Bo mutanen Laos, duba Jerin ƙabilun Laos
Bo people (Andaman), ƙungiyar da ta ƙare kwanan nan a Tsibirin Andaman
Sunayen mutane Bo (sunan da aka bayar), asalin suna, da jerin mutane da haruffan almara tare da suna ko sunan barkwanci
Bo (sunan mahaifi), asalin suna, da jerin sunayen mutane da sunan mahaifi
Bo (sunan mahaifi na China), sunayen dangin Sinawa
Bő (jinsi), dangi mai daraja na ƙarni na Hungary
Bø (disambiguation), wanda ya haɗa da mutane da yawa tare da sunan mahaifi
Eddie Bo, mawaƙin Amurka kuma mawaƙin Edwin Bocage (1930 2009)
Htun Aeindra Bo, 'yar wasan Burma kuma mawaƙiya an haifeta da suna Mi Mi Khine a 1966
Lisa del Bo, mawaƙin Belgium an haifi Reinhilde Goossens a 1961
Bo Dupp, sunan zobe, tare da Otto Schwanz, na ƙwararren kokawar Amurka William Happer (an haife shi a 1972)
Björgvin Halldórsson, mawaƙin Icelandic wanda aka fi sani da "Bo"
Kimiyya
Biology da magani Ƙwayar cuta, cuta ce ta rashin lafiya ta malabsorption
Ciwon hanji
Warin jiki ko BO
Bronchiolitis obliterans
BO iri na Caenorhabditis elegans var. Tsutsar samfurin Bergerac
Ficus addini, aka Bo-Tree, nau'in nau'in ɓauren Asiya
Ilimin lissafi, sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi BO, a cikin lissafi, sararin rarrabuwa na ƙungiyar orthogonal
A cikin ilmin sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi, kusancin Haihuwar Oppenheimer
Wurare Bő, Hungary, ƙauye
Bø (disambiguation), wurare daban -daban a Norway
Bo, Chanthaburi, Thailand
Bo, Hòa Bình, Vietnam
Bo, Saliyo, birni
Bo, Yaba, Burkina Faso
Kogin Bo, wani yanki ne na Red River a Vietnam
Le Bô, wata ƙungiya ce a cikin rarrabuwa na Calvados, Faransa
Palazzo Bo, ko "Il Bo", kujerar tarihi na Jami'ar Padua a Italiya
Bo Bó a Shandong, asalin babban birnin Tang King wanda ya kafa daular Shang ta kasar Sin
Sufuri Baltimore da Ohio Railroad (alamar rahoton BO)
Bouraq Indonesia Airlines (lambar jirgin saman IATA BO)
BO, rarrabuwa na UIC don tsarin keken locomotive na layin dogo 0-4-0, a cikin bayanin Whyte
Sauran amfani Bó (banki), alama ce ta banki a Burtaniya
Bō, ko maƙasudin yankin gabashin Asiya, makamin ma’aikaci da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin fasahar yaƙi ta Bōjutsu
Bō, kariyar girmamawa ta Jafananci
Bo (kare) (2008–2021), dabbar mallakar Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama
Bo (take), taken Sinanci da aka saba fassara shi da "ƙidaya"
Bo Bedre, salon rayuwar Danish da ƙirar ciki
Bojagi ko bo, wani mayafi na Koriya
Bojangles (rashin fahimta)
Bo School, makarantar sakandare ce a Bo, Saliyo
Baya Orifice, software na sarrafa nesa
Barrel Mai, wani lokacin ana amfani da shi a madadin bbl
Maigadi mai fa'ida, a cikin dokar dukiya
Biarritz Olympique, ƙungiyar ƙungiyar rugby ta Faransa
Abubuwan Kasuwanci (kamfani), kamfanin software na kasuwanci
Bolivia (ISO 3166-1 lambar ƙasa)
.bo, lambar yankin Intanet na babban matakin yanki (ccTLD) na Bolivia
Harshen Bo (disambiguation)
"bo", Standard Tibet ISO 639-1 lambar yare
Duba kuma Shafukan da suka fara da "Bo"
Shafukan da suka haɗa da "Bo"
B0 (rashin fahimta)
BOH (rarrabuwa)
Beau (rashin fahimta)
Bow |
13134 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan%20miya | Kayan miya | Kayan lambu sune sassan tsire-tsire waɗanda mutane ko wasu dabbobi ke cinsu a matsayin abinci. Ana kuma amfani da ma'anar asali har yanzu ana amfani da shi ga tsire-tsire tare don alaqa da duk abubuwan da ake amfani da shi na tsire-tsire, ciki har da furanni, 'ya'yan itatuwa, mai tushe, ganye, tushen da tsaba. Ana amfani da muhimmin ma'anar kalmar kayan lambu da yar tsaye ba bisa ka'ida ba. Galibi al'adun gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya. Yana Kuma iya ware kayan abinci da aka samo daga wasu tsire-tsire wadanda suka kasance 'ya'yan itace, furanni, kwayoyi, da hatsi na hatsi, amma sun hada da' ya'yan itaciyar kamar tumatir da courgettes, furanni kamar su broccoli, da tsaba kamar su.
Asalinsu, an tattara kayan lambu daga daji daga mafarautan kuma suka shiga namo a yawancin sassan duniya, watakila a cikin lokacin 10,000 10,000 zuwa 7,000 BC, lokacin da sabon hanyar aikin gona ya bunkasa. Da farko, za a iya shuka ciyawar da ta girma a cikin gida, amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, ciniki ya kawo kayan amfanin gona daga wani wuri don kara wa nau'in gida. A zamanin yau, yawancin kayan lambu suna girma a duk duniya kamar yadda izinin yanayi, kuma ana iya noma amfanin gona a cikin wurare masu kariya a wurare marasa dacewa. Kasar Sin ita ce mafi girma wajen samar da kayan lambu, kuma kasuwancin duniya a cikin kayan aikin gona yana ba masu amfani damar sayen kayan lambu da aka shuka a cikin kasashe masu nisa. Gwargwadon samarwa ya bambanta daga manoma mai wadatar abinci wanda ke wadatar da bukatun danginsu don abinci, zuwa matsanancin wahala na amfanin gona guda. Ya danganta da nau'in kayan lambu da ake damuwa, girbin amfanin gonar yana biyo bayan grading, adanawa, sarrafawa da tallatawa.
Za'a iya cin kayan lambu ko dai a dafa shi ko a daka kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin dan adam, yana da yawanci mai mai yawa da kwayar carbohydrates, amma yana da yawa a cikin bitamin, ma'adanai da fiber na abin da ake ci. Yawancin masana ilimin abinci suna karfafa mutane don cin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari da yawa, kashi biyar ko sama da haka a kullun ana ba da shawarar su.
Tarihi Kafin zuwan noma, mutane 'yan farauta ne. Sun tsorata don 'ya'yan itace da ake ci, kwayoyi, mai tushe, ganyayyaki, corms, da kuma karar, sun tsoratar da dabbobin da suka mutu da wadanda ke rayuwa don neman abinci. Tsarin gandun daji a cikin share gandun dajin yana zaton shine farkon misalin aikin gona; An gano nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu amfani kuma an ƙarfafa su don haɓaka yayin da aka cire nau'ikan da ba a ke so. Shuka shuka ta hanyar zaɓar nau'ikan kyawawan halaye kamar su 'ya'yan itace babba da hadaka mai ƙarfi nan da nan. Yayin da aka samo tabbaci na farko game da ciyawar ciyawa kamar alkama da sha'ir a cikin Tsarin Tsira a Gabas ta Tsakiya, da alama mutane da yawa a duniya sun fara shuka amfanin gona a cikin 10,000 10,000 zuwa 7,000 BC. Tallafin aikin gona ya ci gaba har zuwa yau, tare da manoma da yawa na karkara a Afirka, Asiya, Kudancin Amurka, da sauran wurare suna amfani da filayen filayensu don samar da isasshen abinci ga iyalansu, yayin da kowane irin kayan abinci yake amfani da shi don musayar wasu kayayyaki.
Dukkanin tarihin da aka rubuta, attajirai sun sami damar wadatar abinci da dama da suka haɗa da nama, kayan marmari da 'ya'yan itace, amma ga talakawa, nama ya kasance abin alatu kuma abincin da suka ci ya zama maras wahala, galibi yana kunshe da kayan abinci da aka yi da shinkafa, hatsin rai sha'ir, alkama, gero ko masara. Additionarin kayan lambu ya samar da wasu iri-iri ga abincin. Babban abincin Aztecs da ke Amurka ta Tsakiya shine masara kuma sun noma tumatir, avocados, wake, barkono, kabewa, kabewa, gyada, da kuma ƙwayar amaranth don kara azama da kwayoyin su. A cikin Peru, Incas ya dogara da masara a kananan kwari da dankali a tsaunuka masu yawa. Sun kuma yi amfani da tsaba daga quinoa, suna inganta abincinsu da barkono, tumatir, da avocados.
A tsohuwar kasar Sin, shinkafa ita ce babbar ciyawar a kudu kuma alkama a arewaci, ƙarshen da aka yi shi cikin magudanar abinci, noodles, da masara. Kayan lambu da ke biye da waɗannan sun haɗa da yummu, waken soya, wake da yawa, guna, albasa mai yadu, da tafarnuwa. Abincin tsohuwar Masarawa ta samo asali ne daga burodi, galibi yana gurɓata da yashi wanda yake hana haƙoransu. Nama ya kasance mai wadatarwa amma kifi ya fi yawa. Wadannan kayan sun hada da kayan marmari da dama da suka hada da marmara, wake mai yawa, lentil, albasa, leas, tafarnuwa, radishes, da letas.
Babban abincin tsohuwar Girka shine gurasa, kuma wannan yana tattare da cukuwan akuya, zaitun, fig, kifi, da kuma lokaci-lokaci nama. kayan lambu sun hada da albasa, tafarnuwa, alkama, guna, da lentil. A cikin tsohuwar Roma, an sanya garin shinkafa mai kauri irin alkama ko wake, tare da kayan lambu amma kananan nama, da kifi ba su da daraja. Romawa sun girma wake masu yawa, gyada, albasa da toyaran ci kuma sun ci ganyen beets maimakon asalinsu.
Wasu kayan marmari na yau da kullun
Nutrition and health Kayan lambu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abincin mutane. Yawancinsu suna da ƙarancin mai da adadin kuzari amma sun yi yawa kuma suna cikewa. Suna samar da fiber na abinci kuma sune tushen mahimmancin bitamin, ma'adanai, da abubuwan da aka gano. Musamman mahimmanci sune bitamin antioxidant A, C, da E. Lokacin da aka hada kayan lambu a cikin abincin, an sami raguwar cutar kansa, bugun jini, cututtukan zuciya, da sauran cututtukan cututtukan fata. Bincike ya nuna cewa, idan aka kwatanta da mutane wadanda ke ci kasa da uku na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a kowace rana, wadanda ke cin abinci sama da sau biyar, suna da kusan kashi ashirin cikin kananan hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya ko bugun jini. Abubuwan da ke cikin abinci mai mahimmanci na kayan lambu sun bambanta da yawa; wasu suna dauke da kwayoyin furotin masu amfani kodayake yawanci suna dauke da mai mai yawa, da abubuwa masu yawa dabam dabam kamar su Vitamin A, Vitamin K, da Vitamin B6; maganin zalunci; ma'adinai na abinci; da kuma carbohydrates.
Koyaya, kayan lambu sau da yawa ma suna da gubobi da antinutrients wadanda ke tsoma baki tare da daukar abubuwan gina jiki. Wadannan sun hada da -solanine, -chaconine, enzyme inhibitors (na cholinesterase, protease, amylase, da sauransu), cyanide da kuma abubuwan kirar cyanide, oxalic acid, tannins da sauransu. kwari, da masu farauta da fungi wadanda zasu iya kai hari ga shuka. Wasu wake suna dauke da phytohaemagglutinin, kuma tushen roba yana dauke da glycoside cyanogenic kamar yadda ake yin harbe-harbe. Wadannan gubobi ana iya kashe su ta hanyar girkin da ya dace. Ganyen dankali ya kunshi glycoalkaloids kuma ya kamata a guji shi.
'Ya'yan itace da kayan marmari, musamman kayan lambu, an shanye su a cikin kusan rabin cututtukan gastrointestinal da ke haifar da noroirus a Amurka. Wadannan abinci ana cin abinci da yawa kankani ne kuma mai yiwuwa ya kazantu yayin shirye-shiryen abincin da ke dauke da cutar. Tsabtacewa yana da mahimmanci yayin sarrafa abinci da za a ci da shi, kuma irin wadannan samfuran suna bukatar tsabtace da kyau, sarrafa su, da adana su don iyakance gurbataccen aiki.
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53802 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juyin%20mulkin%20Nijar%202023 | Juyin mulkin Nijar 2023 | A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2023, sojoji daga masu gadin fadar shugaban ƙasar Nijar suka tsare shugaba Mohamed Bazoum, yayin da wasu gungun sojoji suka sanar da hambarar da shi, suka kuma rufe iyakokin ƙasar, suka dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati tare da ayyana dokar ta-baci yayin da suke sanar da kafa gwamnatin mulkin soja.
Wannan dai shi ne karo na biyar da sojoji suka yi juyin mulki tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960.
Fage Kafin juyin mulkin, a baya ƙasar Nijar ta sha juyin mulkin soji har sau huɗu tun bayan samun ƴancin kai daga Faransa a 1960, inda na ƙarshe ya kasance a shekarar 2010. A tsakanin, an kuma yi yunkurin juyin mulki da dama, wanda na baya bayan nan shi ne a shekarar 2021, lokacin da ‘yan adawar soji suka yi yunƙurin kwace fadar shugaban ƙasar kwanaki biyu gabanin rantsar da zababben shugaban ƙasa na wancan lokaci Bazoum, wanda shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da ya karbi mulki daga hannun zababben shugaban kasar ta hanyar dimokuradiyya. Har ila yau, juyin mulkin ya zo ne bayan irin abubuwan da suka faru a kasashe makwabta irin su Guinea, Mali da Burkina Faso tun daga shekara ta 2020, wanda ya kai ga kiran yankin da sunan "zaman juyin mulki".
Manazarta sun ce tsadar rayuwa da kuma yadda ake ganin gazawar gwamnati da cin hanci da rashawa ne suka haddasa tayar da ƙayar baya. Kasar dai tana yawan matsayi a kasa a kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a karkashin jagorancin Al-Qaeda, Islamic State da Boko Haram, duk da cewa sojojinta na samun horo da tallafin kayan aiki daga Amurka da Faransa, wadanda ke da sansani a can.
A shekara ta 2022, kasar ta zama cibiyar yaki da jihadi na Faransa a yankin Sahel bayan korar ta daga Mali da Burkina Faso, inda aka bayyana Bazoum a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin da ke goyon bayan kasashen yamma a yankin. Tare da juyin mulki da dama da kuma karuwar kyamar Faransa a yankin, Nijar ta zama abokiyar kawancen Faransa ta karshe. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an da Amurka ta horas da su sun horar da da yawa daga cikin jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar.
Abubuwan da suka faru A safiyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, shafin Twitter na fadar shugaban ƙasar Nijar ya sanar da cewa jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Omar Tchiani sun gudanar da zanga-zangar kin jinin Jamhuriyar Jama'a kuma suka yi kokarin "a banza" don samun goyon bayan sauran jami'an tsaro. Har ila yau, an ce shugaba Mohamed Bazoum da iyalansa suna cikin koshin lafiya bayan da rahotanni suka bayyana cewa yana tsare a fadar shugaban kasa da ke Yamai babban birnin kasar An kuma kama ministan cikin gida Hamadou Souley kuma aka tsare shi a cikin fadar, yayin da aka hangi kusan jami'an tsaron fadar shugaban kasa ashirin a waje da rana. Rahotanni sun ce Tchiani ne ya jagoranci juyin mulkin, wanda masu sharhi suka ce Bazoum ya yi niyyar sauke shi daga mukaminsa. Da safe ne dai aka rufe fadar da ma’aikatun da ke kusa da fadar da motocin sojoji, sannan an hana ma’aikatan fadar shiga ofisoshinsu. Magoya bayan farar hula 400 na Bazoum ne suka yi kokarin tunkarar fadar, amma jami’an tsaron fadar shugaban kasar sun tarwatsa su da harbin bindiga, inda daya ya jikkata. A wani wurin kuma a birnin Yamai an bayyana lamarin a matsayin kwanciyar hankali. Fadar shugaban kasar ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa an gudanar da zanga-zangar nuna goyon baya ga Bazoum a kewayen ofisoshin diflomasiyyar kasar da ke ketare. Dangane da wadannan abubuwan ne sojojin Nijar suka yi wa fadar shugaban kasa kawanya tare da goyon bayan Bazoum. Rundunar ta kuma fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce ta samu “manyan muhimman wurare” a kasar. Fadar shugaban kasar ta bayyana cewa sojoji da dakarun tsaron kasar a shirye suke su kai farmaki kan masu gadin fadar. BBC ta kuma ruwaito cewa dakarun da ke biyayya ga gwamnatin sun yi wa gidan rediyon jihar ORTN kawanya. Ofishin jakadancin Amurka ya yi gargadi game da tafiya a kan Yamai ta Boulevard de la Republique, inda fadar shugaban kasa take.
Amma da maraice, Rundunar Sojan Sama Kanar-Major Amadou Abdramane ya tafi gidan talabijin na gwamnati Télé Sahel yana mai da'awar cewa an cire Shugaba Bazoum daga mulki tare da sanar da kafa Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa A zaune tare da wasu jami’ai tara sanye da kakin kakin jami’an tsaro daban-daban, ya ce jami’an tsaro da na tsaro sun yanke shawarar hambarar da gwamnatin “saboda tabarbarewar tsaro da rashin shugabanci na gari. Ya kuma sanar da rusa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da dakatar da hukumomin gwamnati, da rufe iyakokin kasar, da kuma dokar hana fita daga karfe 22:00 zuwa 05:00 agogon kasar, inda ya yi gargadi kan duk wani tsoma bakin kasashen waje. Gwamnatin mulkin sojan kasar ta fitar da wani tsawatawa ga Faransa kan keta dokar rufe sararin samaniyar bayan da wani jirgin soji ya sauka a wani sansanin sojin da safiyar yau. A safiyar ranar 27 ga Yuli, Bazoum ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter cewa 'yan Nijar masu kaunar dimokuradiyya za su ga cewa "za a kiyaye nasarorin da aka samu da wahala". Ministan harkokin wajen kasar Hassoumi Massoudou ya shaidawa kafar yada labaran Faransa ta 24 cewa, ikon kasar yana nan kan shugaban kasar, ya kuma kara da cewa Bazoum na cikin koshin lafiya kuma sojojin kasar ba su da hannu a ciki. Ya kuma ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma ya yi kira ga duk masu neman dimokradiyya da su “sa wannan kasada ta gaza”.
Rundunar sojojin Nijar ta fitar da wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun babban hafsan hafsan sojin kasar Janar Abdou Sidikou Issa, inda ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga juyin mulkin, yana mai nuni da bukatar kiyaye mutuncin shugaban kasar da iyalansa tare da kaucewa "mummunan fada...wanda zai iya haifar da zubar da jini da kuma shafar tsaron jama'a." A wani jawabi da ya yi a gidan talabijin jim kadan bayan Kanar Abdramane ya sanar da cewa za a dakatar da duk wasu harkokin jam'iyyun siyasa a kasar har sai wani lokaci.
Wata zanga-zangar ta gudana tare da magoya bayan juyin mulkin da ke daga tutocin kasar Rasha, inda suka bayyana goyon bayansu ga kungiyar Wagner, da kuma jifa da duwatsu kan motar dan siyasar da ke wucewa. Babu rahoton jikkata. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma yi tir da kasancewar Faransa da sauran sansanonin kasashen waje. Wasu masu zanga-zangar sun taru a wajen hedkwatar jam’iyyar PNDS-Trayya ta Bazoum, inda faifan bidiyo ke nuna yadda suke jifa da kona motoci.
Martani ECOWAS ta yi kokarin tattaunawa da ‘yan adawa amma ta kasa. An ce magabacin Bazoum a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, Mahamadou Issoufou, da kuma wasu tsaffin shugabannin sun shiga cikin tattaunawar. An yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da Bankin Duniya, Tarayyar Afirka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Aljeriya, Tarayyar Turai, Faransa da Amurka, suka yi kira da a gaggauta sakin Bazoum. Shugaban kasar Benin Patrice Talon, wanda ya je Nijar a madadin kungiyar ECOWAS domin tattaunawa, ya kira juyin mulkin da "rashin halayya ta sojoji". Gamayyar siyasar jamhuriyar Nijar ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da cewa hauka ce ta kisan kai da kuma nuna adawa da jamhuriya.
A ranar 10 ga Agusta, 2023, Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kasashen Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike zabin tsoma bakin soja a Nijar. ta haka ne za a share fagen tattaro rundunar da ya kamata ta kunshi sojojin Najeriya da na Senegal..
Bincike Juyin mulkin shi ne na bakwai da ya faru a yammacin Afirka da tsakiyar Afirka tun daga shekarar 2020. Cameron Hudson, babban jami'i a cibiyar kula da dabaru da nazarin kasa da kasa, ya ce juyin mulkin zai iya yin tasiri a yakin da Nijar ke yi da 'yan ta'addar Islama, inda ya kara da cewa alamu na nuna cewa sojojin Nijar din ba su ji dadin irin tallafin da suke samu na yaki da 'yan ta'adda ba. Ulf Laessing, shugaban shirin Sahel a gidauniyar Konrad Adenauer, ya ce juyin mulkin ya kasance "mafarki" ga yammacin duniya, wanda ya la'anci Bazoum da Nijar a matsayin "sabon tsaro" a yankin.
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Nijar
Juyin |
20780 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombino%20%28mawa%C6%99i%29 | Bombino (mawaƙi) | Omara "Bombino" Moctar (a cikin Tifinagh an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan asalin Abzinawan Neja ne mai rera waƙoƙi da kuma kiɗa. Ana rera waƙarsa a cikin Tamasheq kuma galibi ana magance damuwar siyasa a Turag. Hakanan shine babban memba na Rukunin Bombino Bombino batun fim ne na Agadez, Kida da Tawaye.
Tarihin rayuwa
Matasa da farkon kiɗa Bombino an haife shi ne a shekarar 1980) a Tidene, Nijar, sansanin Abzinawa kimanin kilomita( 80 arewa maso gabashin Agadez Shi dan ƙabilar Ifoghas ne, wanda yake na tarayyar Kel Air Abzinawa. Bayan barkewar tawayen Buzaye a shekara ta (1990), Bombino, tare da mahaifinsa da kakarsa, an tilasta su gudu zuwa makwabciya Algeria don aminci. A wannan lokacin, ziyartar dangi sun bar guitar, Bombino ya fara koya wa kansa yadda ake wasa. Daga baya ya yi karatu tare da shahararren makaɗa jita Abzinawa, Haja Bebe. Bebe ya nemi shi da ya shiga kungiyar sa inda ya sami lakabin "Bombino", wanda aka samo shi daga kalmar Italia "bambino", ma'ana 'karamin yaro'. Yayin da suke zaune a Aljeriya da Libya a shekarun samartakarsa, Bombino da abokansa sun kalli bidiyon Jimi Hendrix, Mark Knopfler da sauransu don koyon salonsu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙa da makiyayi a cikin hamada kusa da Tripoli. Zuwa shekara ta( 1997), Bombino ya koma Agadez kuma ya fara rayuwa a matsayin ƙwararren mawaƙa.
Rikodi da rikici a Nijar Mai shirya fina-finai Hisham Mayet ya yi nasarar bin diddigin Bombino da rukunin sa na ƙungiyar lantarki Bombino a cikin 2007 yayin wani bikin aure. Ana iya jin waɗannan rikodin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon wakoki da yawa a cikin salon 'bushewar jita
a kan fitowar madaidaiciyar Mitar '2009, Rukunin Bombino Guitars daga Agadez, juzu'i. 2 Daga baya a cikin 2007, rikice-rikice sun sake kunno kai a Nijar kuma daga ƙarshe ya rikide zuwa wani Tawayen Abzinawa Gwamnati, da fatan dakile tawayen ta kowane fanni, ta hana guitar ta Abzinawa, saboda ana ganin kayan aikin wata alama ce ta tawaye. Bombino ya yi tsokaci a wata hira da aka yi da shi, "Ban gjiua tata a matsayin bindiga ba sai dai kamar guduma wacce da ita za a taimaka wajen gina gidan Abzinawa." Bugu da kari, an kashe wasu abokan waka Bombino biyu, wanda hakan ya tilasta shi yin gudun hijira a makwabciyar Burkina Faso Ayyukan duniya, da komawa gida Daga nan Bombino ya shiga Tidawt, ƙungiyar mawaƙi Hasso Akotey ta ƙasar Nijar, wanda hakan ya haifar da karon farko a Arewacin Amurka yayin da aka kawo makada don nunawa a fasahar fasahar Abzinawa wacce Cantor Center for Visual Arts ta shirya Yayin da yake wurin, saxophonist Tim Ries ya gayyace Tidawt a cikin sabon kundin wakokinsa na The Rolling Stones versions, Stone's World: The Rolling Stones Project Volume 2, inda suka yi wasa a cikin murfin Hey Negrita wanda kuma ya ƙunshi mambobin ƙungiyar Keith Richards da Charlie Watts Daga baya Bombino ya ce bai taba jin labarin Rolling Stones ba, ganin cewa mawakan farin dutse ba su da karfi a Afirka. A watan Janairun 2010, Bombino ya sami damar komawa gidansa a Agadez Don murnar kawo ƙarshen rikicin, an shirya wani babban taron kade kade a masalacin babban masallacin Agadez, bayan samun alfarmar Sarkin Musulmi Bombino da tawagarsa sun yi wa mutane sama da dubu wasa a waƙar, duk suna rawa kuma suna murnar ƙarshen gwagwarmayar su. Hakanan an yi rikodin bidiyon don shirin fim, Agadez, Kida da Tawaye Yayin da Bombino ke zaman gudun hijira a Burkina Faso, mai shirya fim Ron Wyman, da jin kaset na kaset ɗin sa, sai ya yanke shawarar bin sahun sa. Wyman ya ƙarfafa Bombino don yin rikodin kiɗan sa da kyau. Bombino ya yarda, kuma su biyun, tare da taimakon Chris Decato, sun samar da faifai tare a cikin Agadez Rikodin sun ƙare a cikin faifan sa Agadez, wanda aka fitar a watan Afrilu 2011. Agadez ya fara aiki ne a saman Shafin Duniyar iTunes. Nasarar Agadez ta jawo hankalin taurarin kiɗa da yawa zuwa Bombino gami da Dan Auerbach na ƙananan Maɓallan A watan Yunin 2012, Auerbach ya fara samar da kundi na biyu na Bombino na kasa da kasa mai taken Nomad Nonesuch Records ne ya saki Nomad a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2013 kuma ya fara aiki a lamba ta daya a kan iTunes World Chart da Billboard World Chart. A halin yanzu, yaƙi ya sake ɓarkewa a ƙasar ta Mali, kuma bayan ‘yan watanni bayan haka Bombino da Tinariwen sun yi wani wasan kwaikwayo a Paris, inda suka tabbatar da ra’ayin kidan nasu a matsayin na tawaye da gaske. Bombino ya fara rangadi a Amurka a watan Mayu 2013. Yawon shakatawa ya hada da bayyana a manyan bukukuwan kiɗa, ciki har da Bonnaroo da bikin The Newport Folk Festival A cikin 2013, an kuma gayyaci Bombino don buɗe wa Robert Plant, Amadou & Mariam da Gogol Bordello A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2016, Bombino ya saki Azel Wanda David Longstreth na Dirty Projectors ya kirkira, kundin ya kawo jita na Bombino yana wasa a gaba yayin da yake kasancewa mai gaskiya ga ƙauyukan sahara yayin da yake waƙa a cikin yaren mahaifinsa na Tamasheq. Pitchfork's Andy Beta ya lura sosai musamman cewa rikodin "yana ba da cikakkiyar maimaitawar ƙyamar shuɗi wanda yake ingantacce kuma mai buri." Don kundin faifan sauti na shida, Deran, Bombino da aka rubuta a Casablanca a Studio HIBA, gidan dautkar hoto mallakar sarkin Morocco. A watan Mayu 2018, gabanin fitowar kundin, bulogin kiɗan, Noisey, ya kira Bombino "'san wasan Jita na Bayan haka, ranar da aka saki Deran, Bombino ya yi masa lakabi da "Sarkin Shred" ta New York Times, wani laƙabi wanda daga nan kafofin watsa labarai da yawa suka karɓe shi. Deran an sake shi bisa hukuma a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2018, kuma an karbe shi tare da yaɗawa don yabo ga duka kidan sa da kuma karɓar al'adu da al'adun gargajiya. Jason Heller na NPR ya rubuta cewa wasan kwaikwayon Bombino akan kundin "yayi magana kuma yana numfashi cikin ƙarni da yawa." An zabi Deran a cikin rukunin Mafi Kyawun Kundin Kwallan Duniya a lambar yabo ta Grammy ta 61 na Shekaru. Bombino shine dan wasan Nijar na farko da aka zaba don kyautar Grammy.
Kaɗe-kaɗe 2009 Rukunin Bombino Guita daga Agadez, juzu'i. 2 laukaka Frequencies 2010 Agamgam 2004 (Reaktion)
2011 Agadez Cumbancha 2013 Nomad Nonesuch 2016 Azel Partisan 2017 La Sombra ta Mazaunin (baƙon aiki) 2018 Deran Partisan 2020 Rayuwa A Amsterdam Partisan Manazarta Yanar gizon Bombino
Bombino akan Cumbancha
Agadez, gidan yanar gizo na Kiɗa da Tawaye
Mawaƙan Nijar
Mutanen Nijar
Mutanen Afirka
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49295 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobra%20ta%20Sao%20Tom%C3%A9%20da%20Principe | Dobra ta Sao Tomé da Principe | Dobra Portuguese pronunciation: ɾɐ] shine kudin São Tomé and Principe An rage shi Db kuma an raba shi zuwa cêntimos 100 An gabatar da dobra na farko STD a cikin 1977, ya maye gurbin escudo a daidai. Sakamakon hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da aka yi a baya, a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2018 an sake fasalin dobra akan ƙimar 1000 zuwa 1, kuma an ba da sabon lambar kuɗin kuɗin ISO 4217 STN. São Tomé da Principe sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Portugal a 2009, suna danganta dobra tare da Yuro. An kayyade farashin musaya a 1 EUR 24,500 STD a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2010, wanda ke nufin cewa sabon dobra yana da alaƙa da Yuro akan €1 24.5 STN nDb.
Sunan ya samo asali ne daga dobra na Portuguese, ma'ana doubloon Tsabar kuɗi
Dobra ta farko A cikin 1977, an gabatar da tsabar kudi don centimos 50, 1, 2, 5, 10 da 20 dobras. Ban da tagulla 50 centimos da dobra 1, an buga waɗannan tsabar kudi a cikin cupro-nickel, kamar yadda aka ƙaddamar da dobra 50 a 1990. Waɗannan tsabar kudi sun nuna haɗin kayan abinci da flora da fauna na gida. Wadannan tsabar kudi, ko da yake ba kasafai ake ganin su a wurare daban-daban a yau saboda hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na yau da kullun ba a taɓa yin lalata da su ba kuma ana iya amfani da su azaman taushi.
A cikin 1997, an ƙaddamar da sabon jerin tsabar kuɗi tare da manyan ɗarikoki wanda ya ƙunshi dobras 100, 250, 500, 1000 da 2000. Daga cikin waɗannan, dobras 100 da 250 zagaye ne, mafi girma daga cikin ukun suna da lankwasa heptagonal daidai gwargwado Wadannan tsabar kudi an buga su a cikin karfen nickel kuma suna nuna jigogi masu alaƙa da namun daji.
Duk tsabar kuɗin da ake zagayawa suna ɗauke da rigar makamai na ƙasar a gefe, tare da rubutun "Aumentemos a Produção" da ƙima a baya.
Dobra ta biyu Tare da sake fasalin dobra a cikin 2018, an gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyin 10, 20, da 50 cêntimos da dobras ɗaya da biyu.
Takardun kuɗi
Dobra ta farko A kan 30 Satumba 1977, an gabatar da bayanin kula don 50, 100, 500 da 1000 dobras ta Banco Nacional de São Tomé e Príncipe A cikin 1996, an gabatar da dobras 5000, 10,000, 20,000 da 50,000, tare da mafi ƙanƙanta bayanin kula daga jerin da suka gabata da tsabar kudi a 1997. An fito da wani sabon batu a cikin 2006 tare da ingantattun fasalulluka na tsaro.
A cikin Disamba 2008, an gabatar da bayanin kula da dobras 100,000 a matsayin ci gaba da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da ake ganin sabon rukunin ya zama dole. Bayanin ya sami karbuwa sosai kuma jama'a sun karbe shi.
Duk bayanan kula suna ɗauke da hoton Rei Amador akan faifai, duk da haka, akan bayanin dobras 100,000 shine hoton da aka buga na Francisco José Tenreiro Dobra ta biyu An fitar da takardun banki na 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 200 dobras a cikin 2018 tare da sake fasalin dobra. Bayanan dobra guda biyar da 10 ana buga su a cikin polymer, kuma duk takardun banki suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan malam buɗe ido a waje tare da namun daji na gida wanda aka kwatanta a baya.
A cikin 2020, Babban Bankin Sao Tomé da Principe ya fitar da sabon nau'in takardar kudi na dobras 200, don maye gurbin sigar da ta gabata sakamakon rashin ingancin takardar da aka yi amfani da shi wajen buga bayanin kula, da kuma dobras 5 da 10, ta koma takarda., Kamar yadda nau'ikan polymer na ƙungiyoyin biyu ba su dace ba saboda yanayin wurare masu zafi na São Tomé da Principe.
Farashin musaya na tarihi (STD)
2009 yarjejeniya da Portugal A cikin Yuli 2009, gwamnatin São Tomé da Principe sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar lamuni tare da Portugal, ƙasar mahaifiyarta ta mulkin mallaka sau ɗaya. Yarjejeniyar an yi niyya ne don ɗaure dobra da Yuro. Portugal za ta samar da kusan Euro miliyan 25 a wani yunkuri da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da shi. São Tomé da Principe sun yi iƙirarin cewa haɗa dobra da Yuro zai "ba da tabbacin kwanciyar hankali" a ƙasar. Ana kuma sa ran za ta jawo hannun jarin kasashen waje. Jami'ai sun shafe shekara guda suna tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar, wanda ya fara aiki a watan Janairun 2010. Yarjejeniyar ta biyo bayan irin wannan yarjejeniya da Portugal ta kulla shekaru goma a baya tare da Cape Verde Redenomination na dobra A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2017, Babban Bankin Sao Tomé da Principe Banco Central de São Tomé e Príncipe ya sanar da sake fasalin dobra, don tunawa da bikin cika shekaru 25 na Babban Bankin, tare da sabon dobra 1 daidai da 1,000 na dobras da suka gabata. An ba da takardun banki guda shida (a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 da 200 sabbin dobras, tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu da aka buga a polymer da tsabar kudi biyar (a cikin ƙungiyoyin 10, 20 da 50 cêntimos da 1 da 2 sabbin dobras). An buga Janairu 1, 2018. Tsofaffi da sababbin jerin bayanan sun bazu a lokaci guda har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2018, bayan haka ana iya musayar su ko kuma a ajiye su a bankunan kasuwanci har zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2018 kuma a Babban Bankin har zuwa 31 Disamba 2019.
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24125 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS | BIOS | A sarrafa kwamfuta, BIOS /b aɪ ɒ s, oʊ s BY -oss, ohss wani gajeren bayani ne na Basic Input Output System wanda kuma aka fi sani da suna System BIOS, ROM BIOS ko PC BIOS ana amfani da firmware ne don aiwatar da farawar kayan masarufi yayin aiwatar da booting (farawa-kunnawa), da kuma samar da sabis na lokaci don tsarin aiki da shirye-shirye. BIOS firmware ta kasance an riga an girka ta akan kwamiti na komputa na sirri, kuma shine software na farko da zata fara aiki yayin kunna ta. Sunan ya samo asali ne daga Asalin Input/Output System wanda aka yi amfani dashi a cikin tsarin aiki na CP/M a shekarar 1975. BIOS asalin mallakar IBM PC ne wasu kamfanoni suka sake kera shi (kamar su Phoenix Technologies suna neman ƙirƙirar tsarin da zai dace. A dubawa na cewa asalin tsarin hidima a matsayin zahiri shine misali.
BIOS a cikin PCs na zamani suna farawa da kuma gwada abubuwan haɗin kayan aikin, kuma suna loda mai ɗora kaya daga na'urar adana kayan aiki wanda zai fara tsarin aiki. A cikin zamanin DOS, BIOS ta bayar da BIOS ta katse kira don maɓallin keyboard, nuni, adanawa, da sauran kayan shigarwa fitarwa (I O) waɗanda ke daidaita daidaito ga shirye-shiryen aikace-aikace da tsarin aiki. Sabbin tsarin aiki na kwanan nan basa amfani da BIOS na katse kira bayan farawa. Yawancin aikace-aikacen BIOS an tsara su musamman don aiki tare da takamaiman kwamfuta ko samfurin katako, ta hanyar hulɗa tare da na'urori daban-daban waɗanda suka dace da tsarin kwakwalwar kwamfuta Asali, an adana firmware na BIOS a cikin guntu ta ROM akan uwar komputa. A cikin tsarin kwamfuta na zamani, ana adana abubuwan da ke cikin BIOS a kan ƙwaƙwalwar filasha don haka ana iya sake rubuta shi ba tare da cire guntu daga katunan ba. Wannan yana ba da sauƙi, sabunta-mai amfani ta ƙarshe ga BIOS firmware don haka za a iya ƙara sabbin abubuwa ko za a iya yin kwari, amma kuma yana haifar da yiwuwar kwamfutar ta kamu da tushen root na BIOS. Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka BIOS wanda ya kasa na iya yin bulo ga katako.
Hadadden Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) magaji ne ga tsohuwar PC BIOS, da nufin magance gazawar fasaha.
Tarihi A lokaci BIOS (Basic Input Output System) an halitta ta Gary Kildall da farko ya bayyana a cikin CP M tsarin aiki a shekarar 1975, yana bayanin takamaiman kayan aiki na CP M wanda aka ɗora a lokacin lokacin taya wanda ke yin hulɗa kai tsaye tare da kayan aikin (Injin CP M yawanci yana da mai ɗaukar boot kawai a cikin ROM ɗinsa. Sigogin na MS-DOS, PC DOS ko DR-DOS sun ƙunshi fayil da ake kira daban-daban IO. SYS IBMBIO. COM IBMBIO. SYS ko" DRBIOS. SYS an san wannan fayil ɗin da" DOS BIOS "(wanda aka fi sani da" DOS I O System kuma ya ƙunshi ƙananan takamaiman kayan aiki na tsarin aiki. Tare da keɓaɓɓen kayan aiki na musamman amma tsarin aiki mai zaman kansa "System BIOS", wanda ke zaune a cikin ROM, yana wakiltar analog ɗin zuwa CP M BIOS BIOS asalin mallakar IBM PC ne wasu kamfanoni suka sake kera shi (kamar su Phoenix Technologies suna neman ƙirƙirar tsarin da zai dace. Tare da gabatar da injunan PS 2, IBM ya rarraba System BIOS cikin ɓangarorin gaske da kuma kariya. Yankin yanayin-yanayi yana nufin samar da daidaituwa ta baya tare da tsarin aiki kamar DOS, sabili da haka aka sanya masa suna "CBIOS" (don "Compatibility BIOS"), yayin da "ABIOS" (don "Advanced BIOS") ya samar da sababbin hanyoyin musamman dace da yawa aiki tsarin kamar OS 2 Mai amfani da ke dubawa BIOS na asalin IBM PC da XT ba su da wata hanyar amfani da mai amfani. An nuna lambobin kuskure ko saƙonni akan allon, ko kuma an kirkira jerin sauti don yin kuskuren sigina lokacin da ƙarfin gwajin kai tsaye (POST) bai ci gaba ba har zuwa nasarar ƙaddamar da adaftar nuni na bidiyo. Zaɓuɓɓuka akan IBM PC da XT an saita su ta hanyar sauyawa da masu tsalle a kan babban jirgi da kan katunan faɗaɗa Farawa a tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, ya zama ruwan dare ga BIOS ROM don haɗawa da "BIOS sanyi utility" (BCU ko "BIOS Setility utility", ana samun damarsa a tsarin ƙarfi ta wani maɓallin maɓalli. Wannan shirin ya bawa mai amfani damar saita zaɓuɓɓukan tsarin tsari, na nau'in da aka sanya ta ta amfani da maɓallin DIP, ta hanyar tsarin menu mai ma'amala wanda ake sarrafawa ta hanyar maballin. A cikin rikon kwarya lokacin, IBM-jituwa inji mai kwakwalwa ciki har da IBM AT gudanar saitunan sanyi a baturi-goyon baya RAM da kuma amfani da wani bootable sanyi shirin a floppy faifai, ba a ROM, to saita sanyi zabin kunshe ne a cikin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. An kawata floppy disk din tare da kwamfutar, kuma idan ta bata tsarin saitunan ba za a iya canzawa ba. Haka aka yi amfani da shi gaba ɗaya ga kwamfutoci tare da motar EISA, wanda aka kira shirin daidaitawa mai amfani mai amfani na EISA (ECU).
Kwamfutar Wintel mai haɗa komputa yana ba da tsarin saiti na yau da kullun da babu canji a cikin yanayi daga abubuwan amfani na BIOS da ke zaune a ƙarshen shekarun 1990; mai amfani zai iya saita zaɓuɓɓukan kayan aiki ta amfani da faifan maɓalli da nuni na bidiyo. Injin Wintel na zamani na iya adana saitunan daidaitawa na BIOS a cikin flash ROM, wataƙila wannan flash ɗin ta ROM wacce ke riƙe da BIOS kanta.
Aiki
Fara tsarin Masu sarrafa Intel na farko sun fara ne da adireshin jiki 000FFFF0h. Tsarin tare da masu sarrafawa daga baya suna ba da hankali don fara gudanar da BIOS daga tsarin ROM. If the system has just been powered up or the reset button was pressed ("cold boot"), the full power-on self-test (POST) is run. If Ctrl+Alt+Delete was pressed ("warm boot"), a special flag value stored in nonvolatile BIOS memory ("CMOS") tested by the BIOS allows bypass of the lengthy POST and memory detection.
POST yana ganowa, gwaje-gwaje da kuma ƙaddamar da na'urori irin su CPU, chipset, RAM, motherboard, katin bidiyo, keyboard, linzamin kwamfuta, rumbun diski, faifan diski na gani da sauran kayan aiki Fuskokin IBM na farko suna da tsari a cikin POST wanda zai zazzage wani shiri cikin RAM ta tashar keyboard da gudanar da shi. An tsara wannan fasalin don gwajin masana'anta ko dalilan bincike.
Taya tsari Bayan an gama zaɓar ROM ɗin kuma duk samfuran ROM da aka gano tare da ingantattun bincike an kira su, ko kuma nan da nan bayan POST a cikin sigar BIOS wanda ba ya bincika zaɓi na ROM, BIOS ya kira INT 19h don fara aikin taya. Post-boot, shirye-shiryen da aka ɗora kuma suna iya kiran INT 19h don sake yin tsarin, amma dole ne su yi taka tsantsan don katse katsewa da sauran matakan kayan aikin kayan aiki waɗanda zasu iya tsoma baki tare da tsarin sake kunnawa na BIOS, ko kuma tsarin na iya rataye ko faɗuwa yayin da yake sakewa Lokacin da aka kira INT 19h, BIOS na ƙoƙari don gano software masu ɗora kaya a kan "na'urar ƙirar", kamar su Hard disk, floppy disk, CD, ko DVD Yana loda kuma yana aiwatar da software na farko da ya samo, yana bashi iko da PC. BIOS yana amfani da na'urorin taya da aka saita a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar BIOS mai ban tsoro CMOS ko, a cikin PC na farko, sauya DIP A BIOS jami'in dake duba yawan kowane na'urar domin ganin idan shi ne bootable da yunƙurin load da farko kansu taya kansu Idan ba za a iya karanta fannin ba, BIOS zai ci gaba zuwa na gaba. Idan aka karanta fannin cikin nasara, wasu BIOS za su kuma bincika sa hannun bangaren taya 0x55 0xAA a baiti biyun karshe na bangaren (wanda ya fi tsawon 512 bytes), kafin su yarda da bangaren taya da kuma la’akari da na’urar da za a iya amfani da ita. Lokacin da aka samo na'urar da za a iya amfani da ita, BIOS tana canja wurin sarrafawa zuwa ɓangaren da aka ɗora. BIOS ba ta fassara abubuwan da ke cikin takalmin sata ban da yiwuwar bincika sa hannun sashin taya a cikin bytes biyu da suka gabata. Fassarar tsarin data kamar teburin bangare da kuma BIOS Parameter Blocks ana yin ta ne ta hanyar shirin taya a bangaren taya ko kuma ta wasu shirye-shiryen da aka loda ta hanyar aikin taya.
Na'urar da ba diski ba kamar adaftan cibiyar sadarwa tana yunƙurin ɗorawa ta hanyar hanyar da za a bayyana ta zaɓin ta na ROM ko makamancin abin da aka haɗa a cikin mahaɗin BIOS ROM. Kamar wannan, zaɓi ROMs na iya yin tasiri ko maye gurbin tsarin taya wanda aka bayyana ta motherboard BIOS ROM.
Tare da daidaitaccen takalmin talla na kafafen yada labarai na El Torito, togararren faifan a zahiri yana kwaikwayon kamfani mai nauyin 3.5 "mai nauyin gaske zuwa BIOS don manufar taya. Karanta "bangaren farko" na CD-ROM ko DVD-ROM bawai wani aiki bane wanda aka bayyana shi kamar yadda yake a kan floppy disk ko kan diski. Bugu da ƙari, mawuyacin yanayin matsakaici ya sa ya zama da wahala a rubuta shirin taya mai amfani a cikin ɓangare ɗaya. Kayan kwalliyar kwalliyar kwalliya na iya ɗauke da software wanda ke ba da damar zuwa matsakaiciyar hanyar gani a tsarinta na asali.
Boot fifiko Mai amfani zai iya zaɓar fifikon taya wanda BIOS ya aiwatar. Misali, galibin kwamfutoci suna da rumbun diski wanda za a iya sawa, amma wani lokacin ana samun madogara mai matsakaicin motsi wacce take da fifikon fifikon taya, saboda haka mai amfani na iya sa a cire diski mai cirewa.
A mafi yawan BIOSes na zamani, mai amfani zai iya saita oda mafi fifiko ta boot. A cikin tsofaffin BIOSes, zaɓuɓɓukan fifikon ƙarancin taku zaɓaɓɓu ne; a cikin BIOS na farko, an aiwatar da wani tsayayyen tsari wanda aka tsara shi, tare da fararen diski na farko, tsayayyen diski (watau mawuyacin diski) na biyu, kuma galibi babu wasu na'urorin taya masu goyan baya, dangane da sauye-sauyen waɗannan ƙa'idodin ta hanyar zaɓin ROM da aka girka. BIOS a cikin PC na farko shima galibi zai iya farawa ne kawai daga farkon disk ɗin diski na farko ko na farkon mashigar diski, koda kuwa an girke mashin biyu.
Rashin nasarar taya A kan asalin IBM PC da XT, idan ba a sami faifan bootable ba, an fara ROM BASIC ta hanyar kiran INT 18h. Tunda programsan shirye-shirye sunyi amfani da BASIC a cikin ROM, masu yin PC ɗin clone sun bar shi; to, kwamfutar da ta kasa farawa daga faifai za ta nuna "Babu ROM BASIC" kuma ta dakatar (a cikin martani ga INT 18h).
Daga baya kwamfutoci zasu nuna sako kamar "Babu wani bootable disk da aka samo"; wasu za su nemi a saka faifai sannan a danna mabudi don sake gwada aikin taya. BIOS ta zamani na iya nuna komai ko kuma ta atomatik ta iya shigar da mai amfani ta BIOS lokacin da aikin taya ya kasa.
Yanayin taya Yanayi don shirin taya yana da sauqi: CPU yana cikin yanayi na gaske kuma ba a fayyace mahimman manufa da rajistar yanki, sai dai SS, SP, CS, da DL. CS: IP koyaushe yana nuna adireshin jiki 0x07C00 Abin da ke darajar CS da IP a zahiri basu da ma'ana sosai. Wasu BIOS suna amfani da CS: IP na 0x0000:0x7C00 yayin da wasu na iya amfani da 0x07C0:0x0000 Saboda ana ɗora shirye-shiryen taya a koyaushe a wannan tsayayyen adireshin, babu buƙatar shirin kora da za a iya sakewa. DL na iya ƙunsar lambar tuki, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da INT 13h, na na'urar taya. SS: SP yana nuna madaidaicin tari wanda mai yuwuwa babba ne don tallafawa katsewar kayan aiki, amma in ba haka ba SS da SP ba a bayyana su ba. (Dole ne a riga an saita tsayi domin yin katsewa don ayi aiki, kuma dole ne a kunna katsewa domin katsewar tsarin lokaci, wanda BIOS koyaushe ke amfani da aƙalla don kula da ƙididdigar lokaci da kuma abin da yake farawa yayin POST, don yin aiki kuma don maɓallin kewaya suyi aiki. Maballin yana aiki koda ba a kira sabis ɗin keyboard na BIOS ba; Ana karɓar maɓallan maɓalli kuma an sanya su a cikin nau'ikan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in-nau'in 15 wanda BIOS ke kiyayewa. Dole ne shirin taya ya sanya tsintsiya madaurinki daya, saboda ba a san girman adadin da BIOS ya kafa ba kuma wurin da yake yana canzawa; kodayake shirin taya na iya bincikar tsoho ta hanyar nazarin SS: SP, ya fi sauƙi kuma ya fi guntu don kawai kafa ƙa'idodi ba tare da ƙa'idodi ba.
A lokacin taya, ana samun dukkan sabis na BIOS, kuma ƙwaƙwalwar da ke ƙasa adireshin 0x00400 ƙunshe da teburin katsewa na katsewa BIOS POST ta ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun tsarin lokaci, dakatar da masu sarrafawa, DMA mai kulawa (s), da sauran kayan aikin katako kwakwalwan kwamfuta kamar yadda ya kamata don kawo duk sabis ɗin BIOS zuwa matsayi a shirye. DRAM na wartsakewa ga dukkan tsarin DRAM a cikin mahimmin ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙara ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, amma ba lallai ba ne faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, an saita ta kuma tana gudana. A katse vectors m ga BIOS interrupts an saita zuwa batu a dace shigarwa maki a cikin BIOS, hardware katse vectors ga na'urorin initialized da BIOS sun kasance sa zuwa nufi da BIOS-bayar ISRs, da kuma wasu sauran interrupts, ciki har da wadanda wanda BIOS ke samarwa don shirye-shirye don yin ƙugiya, an saita su zuwa mummunan ISR wanda ya dawo nan da nan. BIOS tana riƙe da wani toshe na tsarin RAM a adiresoshin 0x00400–0x004FF tare da wasu sigogi da aka fara yayin POST. Duk ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a sama da adireshin 0x00500 iya amfani da shirin taya; yana ma iya sake rubuta kansa.
Fadada (zaɓi ROMS) Katunan gefe kamar rumbun diski na rudani mai karɓar adaftan bas da katunan bidiyo suna da nasu zaɓi na faɗaɗawa na BIOS, wanda ke ba da ƙarin ayyuka ga BIOS. Code a cikin waɗannan haɓaka yana gudana kafin BIOS ta fara aiki da tsarin aiki daga adana taro Waɗannan ROMs yawanci suna gwadawa da fara kayan aiki, ƙara sabbin sabis na BIOS, ko maye gurbin sabis na BIOS da suke tare da ayyukansu. Misali, mai kula da SCSI galibi yana da haɓakar BIOS na ROM wanda ke ƙara tallafi don rumbun kwamfutocin da aka haɗa ta wannan mai sarrafawa. Extensionarin ROM zai iya ɗauka bisa tsarin aiki, ko kuma zai iya aiwatar da tsarin taya daban gaba ɗaya kamar haɓaka cibiyar sadarwa Yin aiki da tsarin komputa mai jituwa da IBM ana iya canza shi gaba ɗaya ta cire ko saka katin adaftan (ko guntu na ROM) wanda ya ƙunshi ƙara girman BIOS.
BIOS ɗin motherboard yawanci yana ƙunshe da lambar don samun damar haɗin kayan aikin kayan aikin da ake buƙata don haɗin haɗin bootstrapping wanda aka haɗa tare da haɗin ajiya. Kari akan haka, katunan adaftan da aka saka kamar su SCSI, RAID, katunan hanyar sadarwa, da katunan bidiyo galibi sun haɗa da nasu BIOS (misali Bidiyo BIOS haɓaka ko maye gurbin lambar BIOS na tsarin don ɓangaren da aka bayar. Hatta na'urorin da aka gina a cikin mahadi na iya nuna hali ta wannan hanyar; zaɓi na ROMs na iya zama wani ɓangare na motherboard BIOS.
Katin ƙara-yana buƙatar zaɓi na ROM idan katin na ba ta da goyan bayan BIOS na uwa kuma katin yana buƙatar farawa ko samun dama ta hanyar sabis na BIOS kafin a ɗora tsarin aiki (yawanci wannan yana nufin ana buƙata a cikin tsarin taya Koda lokacin da ba'a buƙata ba, zaɓi na ROM zai iya ba da damar amfani da katin adaftan ba tare da loda kayan aikin direba ba daga na'urar ajiya bayan fara farawatare da wani zaɓi na ROM, ba a ɗaukar lokaci don ɗora wa direba, direba ba ya ɗaukar sarari a cikin RAM ko a kan faifai, kuma software na direba a kan ROM koyaushe yana tare da na'urar don haka ba za a iya raba su biyu ba da gangan ba. Hakanan, idan ROM ɗin tana kan katin, duka kayan aikin haɗi da software na direba da ROM ke bayarwa an haɗa su tare ba tare da ƙarin ƙoƙari don girka software ba. Advantagearin fa'idar ROM akan wasu farkon tsarin PC (musamman haɗe da IBM PCjr) shine cewa ROM tayi sauri fiye da babban tsarin RAM. (A kan tsarin zamani, lamarin ya kasance baya ga wannan, kuma lambar BIOS ROM galibi ana kwafa ("inuwa") cikin RAM saboda haka zai yi aiki da sauri. Akwai hanyoyi da kayan amfani da yawa don bincika abubuwan da ke cikin BIOS na katako da fadada ROMs, kamar Microsoft DEBUG ko Unix dd Boot hanya Idan fadada ROM yana son canza yadda tsarin takalmi yake (kamar daga na'urar network ko adaftan SCSI) ta hanyar hadin gwiwa, zata iya amfani da BIOS Boot Specification (BBS) API don yin rijistar ikon yin hakan. Da zarar fadada ROMs sun yi rijista ta amfani da API na BBS, mai amfani zai iya zaɓar cikin wadatar zaɓuɓɓukan taya daga cikin ƙirar mai amfani da BIOS. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin aiwatar da BBS PC BIOS ba za su ƙyale mai amfani ya shiga aikin amfani da BIOS ba har sai faɗaɗa ROMs sun gama aiwatarwa da yin rajistar kansu tare da BBS API.
Hakanan, idan fadada ROM yana son canza yadda tsarin takalmi yake ba tare ba, zai iya sanya INT 19h ko wasu tsangwama da aka saba kira wanda ya katse 19h, kamar INT 13h, sabis ɗin diski na BIOS, don katse aikin taya na BIOS. Sannan zai iya maye gurbin aikin boot na BIOS da ɗayan nasa, ko kuma kawai zai iya canza jerin kayan aikin ta hanyar shigar da ayyukanta na taya a ciki, ta hana BIOS gano wasu na'urori azaman bootable, ko duka biyun. Kafin a ƙaddamar da Bayanin Takalma na BIOS, wannan ita ce kawai hanya don faɗakar da ROM don aiwatar da damar taya ga na'urori da ba a tallafawa don farawa ta asalin BIOS na mahaifa.
Farawa ayan motherboard BIOS ya gama POST din sa, mafi yawan nau'ikan BIOS suna binciken wasu samfuran ROM, wadanda kuma ake kira BIOS extension ROMs, kuma suke aiwatar dasu. BIOS ɗin motherboard na sikanin ƙarin ROMs a cikin wani ɓangare na yankin ƙwaƙwalwar na sama (ɓangaren filin adireshin zahiri na x86 a adireshin 0xA0000 na sama da sama) kuma yana gudanar da kowace ROM ɗin da aka samo, cikin tsari. Don gano zaɓi na ISA zaɓi na ROM ɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, aiwatar da BIOS yana bincika sararin adireshin ainihin yanayin daga 0x0C0000 zuwa 0x0F0000 akan 2 KiB iyaka, neman sa hannun ROM mai lamba biyu: 0x55 mai biye da 0xAA. A cikin ingantaccen faɗaɗa ROM, wannan sa hannun yana biye da baiti ɗaya mai nuna adadin 512-byte toshe faɗakarwar da Roman yake zaune a cikin ainihin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, kuma baiti na gaba shine zaɓin shigar da ROM ɗin (wanda aka fi sani da "shigar da biya") Calculatedididdigar yawan adadin da aka ƙayyade na ƙididdigar 512-byte ana lasafta shi, kuma idan ROM ɗin tana da rajista mai inganci, BIOS yana canja wurin iko zuwa adireshin shigarwa, wanda a cikin ƙarawar BIOS na yau da kullun ya kamata ya zama farkon tsarin farawa na yau da kullun.
A wannan gaba, lambar ƙara ROM ɗin ta karɓa, yawanci gwaji da ƙaddamar da kayan aikin da yake sarrafawa da yin rijistar vectors masu katsewa don amfani da aikace-aikacen bayan taya. Yana iya amfani da sabis na BIOS (gami da waɗanda aka bayar da su ta hanyar zaɓin farko na ROM) don ba da damar daidaitawar mai amfani, don nuna bayanan bincike, ko yin wani abu da yake buƙata. Zai yiwu cewa zaɓi na ROM ba zai dawo ba ga BIOS, yana ƙaddamar da jerin takalmin BIOS gaba ɗaya.
Wani zaɓi na ROM yakamata ya koma BIOS bayan kammala aikin farawa. Da zarar (kuma idan) zaɓi na ROM ya dawo, BIOS yana ci gaba da neman ƙarin zaɓin ROMs, yana kiran kowannensu kamar yadda aka same shi, har sai an zaɓi dukkan yankin ROM ɗin da ke cikin sararin ƙwaƙwalwar.
Sanya jiki Zaɓin ROMs yakan zauna akan katunan adafta. Koyaya, PC na asali, kuma wataƙila PC XT, suna da maɓallin soket na ROM akan katako ("allon tsarin" a cikin sharuɗɗan IBM) wanda za'a iya shigar da wani zaɓi na ROM, kuma ROMS guda huɗu waɗanda ke ƙunshe da mai fassara BASIC zasu iya. Hakanan za'a cire shi kuma a maye gurbin sa da ROMs na al'ada wanda zai iya zama zaɓi ROMs. IBM PCjr na musamman ne tsakanin PCs wajen samun ramukoki guda biyu na ROM a gaba. Gundura a cikin waɗannan ramuka suna taswira zuwa yanki ɗaya na yankin ƙwaƙwalwar na sama da aka yi amfani da shi don zaɓin ROMs, kuma harsasan na iya ƙunsar zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi na ROM waɗanda BIOS za ta gane. Hakanan ginshiƙan na iya ƙunsar wasu nau'ikan kayan haɗin ROM, kamar su BASIC shirye-shirye, waɗanda ake sarrafa su daban. Daya PCjr harsashi na iya ƙunsar da dama ROM kayayyaki daban-daban, yiwu adana tare a daya ROM guntu.
Ayyukan tsarin aiki BIOS ROM an keɓance shi zuwa kayan aikin masana'anta na musamman, yana ba da sabis na ƙananan matakai (kamar karanta maɓallin keystroke ko rubuta wani sashin bayanai zuwa diskette) don samar da su ta daidaitacciyar hanyar zuwa shirye-shirye, gami da tsarin aiki. Misali, IBM PC na iya samun ko dai monochrome ko adaftan nuni na launi (ta amfani da adreshin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da kayan aiki daban-daban), amma guda ɗaya, daidaitacce, ana kiran kiran tsarin BIOS don nuna hali a takamaiman matsayi akan allo a yanayin rubutu ko yanayin zane BIOS tana ba da ƙaramin laburare na ayyukan shigarwa fitarwa na asali don aiki da kewayen gefe (kamar su keyboard, rubutu mara kyau da ayyukan nuni da sauransu). Lokacin amfani da MS-DOS, ana iya samun damar sabis na BIOS ta hanyar aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen (ko ta MS-DOS) ta hanyar aiwatar da umarnin INT 13h wanda ya katse umarni don samun damar ayyukan faifai, ko ta hanyar aiwatar da ɗayan wasu takamaiman bayanan BIOS da aka katse kira don samun damar bidiyo nuni, madanni, kaset, da sauran ayyukan na'urar.
Tsarukan aiki da software masu zartarwa wadanda aka tsara don maye gurbin wannan aikin firmware na asali suna samar da musanya kayan masarufi ga kayan aikin software. Aikace-aikace na iya samar da waɗannan ayyukan ga kansu. Wannan ya fara ko da a cikin shekarun 1980 a ƙarƙashin MS-DOS, lokacin da masu shirye-shirye suka lura cewa amfani da sabis ɗin bidiyo na BIOS don nuna zane yana da jinkiri sosai. Don haɓaka saurin fitowar allo, shirye-shirye da yawa sun kewaye BIOS kuma an tsara kayan aikin nunin bidiyo kai tsaye. Sauran masu shirye-shiryen zane-zane, musamman ba kawai a cikin demoscene ba, sun lura cewa akwai iyawar fasaha na adaftan nuni na PC waɗanda IBM BIOS ba su da tallafi kuma ba za a iya cin gajiyar su ba tare da kewaye ta ba. Tunda BIOS mai jituwa ta BIOS tayi aiki a cikin ainihin yanayin Intel, tsarin aiki waɗanda ke gudana cikin yanayin kariya akan 286 kuma masu sarrafawa daga baya sun buƙaci direbobin na'urar kayan aiki masu dacewa tare da yanayin yanayin kariya don maye gurbin sabis na BIOS.
A cikin PCs na zamani da ke aiki da tsarin aiki na zamani (kamar su Windows da Linux ana amfani da BIOS na katse kira ne kawai a lokacin da ake farawa da shigar da tsarin aiki na farko. Kafin nunin allon zane na farko na tsarin aiki, ana sarrafa abubuwan shigarwa da fitarwa ta hanyar BIOS. Kayan menu kamar menu na rubutu na Windows, wanda ke bawa masu amfani damar zaɓar tsarin aiki don taya, don shiga cikin yanayin aminci, ko don amfani da kyakkyawan sanannen ƙarshe, an nuna shi ta hanyar BIOS kuma yana karɓar shigarwar keyboard ta hanyar BIOS. Kwamfutocin zamani da yawa na zamani har yanzu suna iya yin buda da gudanar da tsoffin tsarin aiki kamar su MS-DOS ko DR-DOS waɗanda suka dogara da BIOS sosai don kayan wasan su da I O na diski, suna ba da cewa tsarin yana da BIOS, ko kuma CSM mai iya yuwuwar UEFI.
Mai sabunta microcode Masu sarrafa Intel suna da microcode mai sake sabuntawa tun lokacin da micro microitektition na P6. Masu sarrafa AMD suna da microcode mai sabuntawa tun lokacin da K7 microarchitecture. BIOS yana dauke da faci zuwa microcode mai sarrafawa wanda ke gyara kurakurai a cikin microcode na farkon mai sarrafawa; microcode an loda shi a cikin SRAM na mai sarrafawa saboda haka sake tsara shirye-shirye ba ya dagewa, saboda haka ana yin ɗora kwatancen sabunta microcode a duk lokacin da tsarin yayi ƙarfi. Ba tare da lambar microcode da za a iya sabuntawa ba, za a buƙaci musanya mai sarrafawa mai tsada; alal misali, kwaron Pentium FDIV ya zama fiasco mai tsada ga Intel saboda yana buƙatar samin samfurin saboda asalin micro processor mai aiki na Pentium ba za a iya sake tsara shi ba. Tsarin aiki zai iya sabunta babban microcode mai sarrafawa kuma. Wasu BIOS suna ɗauke da teburin bayanin lasisin lasisin software (SLIC), sa hannu na dijital wanda aka ƙera a cikin BIOS ta asalin masana'antun kayan aiki (OEM), misali Dell An saka SLIC a cikin teburin bayanan ACPI kuma babu lambar aiki. Kamfanonin komputa da ke rarraba nau'ikan OEM na Microsoft Windows da software na aikace-aikacen Microsoft na iya amfani da SLIC don tabbatar da lasisi ga OEM Windows Installation disk da system recovery disk mai ɗauke da software na Windows. Tsarin tsari tare da SLIC ana iya yin aiki tare da maɓallin samfurin OEM, kuma suna tabbatar da takardar shaidar OEM da aka tsara ta XML akan SLIC a cikin BIOS azaman hanyar kunna kai (duba Tsarin Kullewa na Tsarin, SLP). Idan mai amfani yayi sabon shigar na Windows, zasu buƙaci mallakin duka maɓallin OEM (ko dai SLP ko COA) da takaddar dijital don SLIC ɗinsu don kewaye kunnawa. Ana iya cimma wannan idan mai amfani yayi aikin dawo da shi ta amfani da wani hoto da aka riga aka tsara wanda aka bayar ta OEM. Masu amfani da wuta zasu iya kwafin fayilolin takaddar takaddama daga hoton OEM, su yanke maɓallin samfurin SLP, sannan suyi SLP kunnawa da hannu. Fashewa don rarar abubuwan Windows da ba gaskiya ba galibi suna gyara SLIC ko yin koyi da shi don ƙetare kunna Windows.
Wasu aiwatarwar BIOS suna ba da izinin overclocking, aikin da aka daidaita CPU zuwa ƙimar agogo mafi girma fiye da ƙirar mai ƙira don ƙarfin tabbaci. Overclocking na iya, duk da haka, ya daidaita tsarin amintacce cikin ƙarancin kwakwalwa mai kwakwalwa kuma gabaɗaya ya rage tsawon rayuwar. Cloara kwalliya, lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi ba daidai ba, na iya haifar da haɗuwa da zafi sosai da sauri har su lalata kansu ta hanyar inji.
Amfani da zamani Wasu tsoffin tsarin aiki, misali MS-DOS, sun dogara da BIOS don aiwatar da mafi yawan ayyukan shigarwa fitarwa a cikin PC. Kira ainihin yanayin sabis na BIOS kai tsaye ba shi da tasiri don yanayin kariya (da dogon yanayin tsarin aiki. Ba a amfani da kira na katsewa ta BIOS ta tsarin aiki da yawa na zamani bayan sun fara lodawa.
A cikin shekarun 1990s, BIOS sun samar da wasu hanyoyin kariya don Microsoft Windows, Linux da BSD tsarin aiki, kamar Advanced Power Management (APM), Legacy Plug da Play (Legacy PnP), Desktop Management Interface (DMI), PCI BIOS, VESA BIOS Fadada (VBE) da Bayanin MultiProcessor (MPS). Farawa daga 2000s, yawancin BIOS suna ba da ACPI, SMBIOS da musayar hanyoyin VBE don tsarin aiki na zamani. Tsarukan aiki na zamani suna loda taswirar ƙwaƙwalwar e820 a farawa. Bayan tsarin aiki sun loda, lambar Yanayin Gudanar da Tsarin Tsarin yana aiki a cikin SMRAM. Tun daga 2010, fasahar BIOS tana cikin tsaka-tsakin tsari zuwa UEFI Kanfigareshan
Saitin mai amfani A tarihi, BIOS a cikin IBM PC da XT ba su da haɗin ginin mai amfani. Sigogin BIOS a cikin PCs na baya (XT-class) ba za'a iya daidaita software ba; maimakon haka, masu amfani suna saita zaɓuɓɓuka ta hanyar sauya DIP a kan katako. Kwamfutoci daga baya, gami da duk nau'ikan komputa na IBM tare da 80286 CPUs, suna da ƙwaƙwalwar BIOS mara ƙamshi mai ƙarfi (CMOS RAM chip) mai riƙe saitunan BIOS. Wadannan saitunan, kamar nau'in adaftan bidiyo, girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da sifofin faya-faya, za a iya saita su ta hanyar gudanar da tsarin daidaitawa daga diski, ba a gina shi cikin ROM ba. An saka "diskette mai bayani" na musamman a cikin IBM AT don daidaita saituna kamar girman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.
jSigogin BIOS na farko basu da kalmomin shiga ko zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi na kayan taya. BIOS ta kasance mai lamba mai kyan gani don taya daga farkon floppy drive, ko, idan hakan ya faskara, disk na farko. Ikon samun damar shiga cikin farkon ajin injunan AT ta hanyar sauya makullin jiki ne (wanda ba shi da wahalar kayarwa idan za'a iya buɗe batun kwamfutar). Duk wanda zai iya kunna kwamfutar zai iya kora ta.
Daga baya, kwamfyutoci masu aji 386 sun fara haɗa haɗin mai amfani na BIOS a cikin ROM ɗin kanta, tare da lambar BIOS; wadannan kwamfutocin galibi suna shiga cikin kayan saitin BIOS idan an danne wani mabudi ko mabuɗin maɓalli, in ba haka ba ana aiwatar da BIOS POST da tsarin taya.
Aikace -aikacen saitin BIOS na zamani yana da keɓaɓɓen mai amfani da rubutu (TUI) ko mai amfani da hoto (GUI) wanda ake samun dama ta latsa wani maɓalli akan maballin lokacin da PC ta fara. Yawancin lokaci, ana tallata maɓallin don ɗan gajeren lokaci yayin farkon farawa, misali "Danna DEL don shigar da Saiti". Maɓallin na ainihi ya dogara da takamaiman kayan aiki. Abubuwan da ke cikin kayan aikin saitin BIOS yawanci sun haɗa da:
Harhadawa, kunnawa da kashe abubuwan kayan aikin
Kafa lokacin tsarin
Kafa tsari na taya
Kafa kalmomin shiga daban -daban, kamar kalmar sirri don tabbatar da samun dama ga masarrafar mai amfani da BIOS da hana masu amfani da muguntar tayar da tsarin daga na’urorin ajiya na šaukuwa mara izini, ko kalmar wucewa don bugun tsarin.
Kula da kayan aiki Allon saitin BIOS na zamani yana fasalta Matsayin Kiwon Lafiya na PC ko shafin Kula da Kayan aiki, wanda ke hulɗa kai tsaye tare da guntun Kula da Hardware na babban allo. Wannan yana ba da damar saka idanu CPU da zazzabi chassis ƙarfin wutar lantarki da ƙungiyar samar da wutar lantarki ke bayarwa, gami da saka idanu da sarrafa saurin magoya bayan da aka haɗa da uwa.
Da zarar an ɗora tsarin, saka idanu na kayan masarufi da sarrafa fan na kwamfuta yawanci ana yin ta kai tsaye ta guntun Hardware Monitor kanta, wanda zai iya zama guntu daban, wanda aka haɗa ta C ko SMBus, ko ya zo a matsayin wani ɓangare na Super I/O bayani, interfaced Ta hanyar Ƙididdigar Ƙananan Pin (LPC). Wasu tsarin aiki, kamar NetBSD tare da envsys da OpenBSD tare da sysctl hw.sensors, fasali mai haɗawa tare da masu saka idanu na kayan aiki.
Koyaya, a wasu yanayi, BIOS kuma yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da saka idanu na kayan aiki ta hanyar ACPI, a cikin haka, tsarin aiki na iya amfani da ACPI don yin sa ido kan kayan aiki.
Sake tsarawa A cikin kwamfutocin zamani ana adana BIOS a cikin EEPROM ko ƙwaƙwalwar filashin NOR da za a iya sake rubutawa, yana ba da damar maye gurbin abubuwan da ke ciki. Wannan sake rubuta abun ciki wani lokaci ana kiransa walƙiya Ana iya yin ta ta wani shiri na musamman, wanda yawanci ke samar da tsarin, ko a POST, tare da hoton BIOS a cikin rumbun kwamfutarka ko kebul na USB. Wani lokaci ana kiran fayil ɗin da ke ɗauke da irin waɗannan abubuwan "hoton BIOS". Ana iya sabunta BIOS don haɓakawa zuwa sabon salo don gyara kwari ko samar da ingantaccen aiki ko don tallafawa sabbin kayan aikin.
Hardware An adana asalin IBM PC BIOS (da kaset BASIC) akan kwakwalwar da aka tsara ta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai (ROM) a cikin soket akan motherboard. Masu amfani za su iya maye gurbin ROMs, amma ba a canza su ba. Don ba da damar sabuntawa, kwamfutoci masu jituwa da yawa sun yi amfani da na’urorin ƙwaƙwalwar BIOS da za a iya sake tsara su kamar na EPROM, EEPROM da na’urar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (galibi NOR flash A cewar Robert Braver, shugaban na BIOS manufacturer Micro Firmware, Flash BIOS kwakwalwan kwamfuta ya zama na kowa a kusa da 1995 saboda electrically erasable rawa (EEPROM) kwakwalwan kwamfuta ne mai rahusa da kuma sauki a shirin fiye da misali ultraviolet erasable rawa EPROM kwakwalwan kwamfuta. An tsara shirye-shiryen kwakwalwan kwamfuta (kuma an sake tsara su) a cikin kewaye, yayin da ake buƙatar cire kwakwalwan EPROM daga uwa-uba don sake shirye-shirye. Ana haɓaka sigogin BIOS don amfani da sabbin sigogin kayan aiki da gyara kwari a cikin bita na baya na BIOS. Da farko tare da IBM AT, Kwamfutoci sun goyi bayan agogon kayan aiki wanda aka saita ta BIOS. Yana da ɗan ƙarni wanda ya ba da izinin canza ƙarni da hannu lokacin da shekarar 2000 ta faru. Yawancin bita na BIOS da aka kirkira a 1995 kuma kusan duk sake fasalin BIOS a 1997 sun goyi bayan shekara ta 2000 ta hanyar saita bitar ƙarni ta atomatik lokacin da agogo ya birkice tsakar dare, 31 ga Disamba 1999. An haɗa kwakwalwan filasha na farko a cikin motar ISA Farawa a cikin 1998, filashin BIOS ya koma motar LPC, mai maye gurbin aikin ISA, biyo bayan sabon daidaitaccen aiwatarwa da aka sani da "cibiyar firmware" (FWH). A cikin 2006, ƙwaƙwalwar filasha ta BIOS ta koma cikin motar SPI. Girman BIOS, da ƙarfin ROM, EEPROM, ko wasu kafofin watsa labarai da za a iya adana su, ya ƙaru a kan lokaci yayin da aka ƙara sabbin fasali a cikin lambar; Sigogin BIOS yanzu suna da girma har zuwa megabytes 32. Don bambanta, asalin IBM PC BIOS yana cikin 8 KB mask ROM. Wasu motherboards na zamani sun haɗa har ma da manyan fayilolin NAND flash memory ICs a cikin jirgi waɗanda ke da ikon adana cikakken tsarin aiki, kamar wasu rarraba Linux Misali, wasu litattafan rubutu na ASUS sun haɗa da Splashtop OS wanda aka saka cikin ICs ɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar filasha ta NAND. Koyaya, ra'ayin haɗa tsarin aiki tare da BIOS a cikin ROM na PC ba sabo bane; a cikin 1980s, Microsoft ya ba da zaɓi na ROM don MS-DOS, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ROMs na wasu clones na PC kamar Tandy 1000 HX An sami wani nau'in guntu na firmware akan IBM PC AT da farkon masu jituwa. A cikin AT, microcontroller ke sarrafa kebul ɗin kebul ɗin tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai shirye -shirye. A kan IBM AT, wannan na’ura ce mai rahusa 40, yayin da wasu masana'antun ke amfani da sigar EPROM na wannan guntu wanda yayi kama da EPROM. An kuma sanya wannan mai kula da aikin ƙofar A20 don sarrafa ƙwaƙwalwa sama da iyakar megabyte ɗaya; lokaci -lokaci haɓaka wannan “keyboard BIOS” ya zama dole don cin gajiyar software da za ta iya amfani da babban ƙwaƙwalwa.
BIOS na iya ƙunsar abubuwa kamar Memory Reference Code (MRC), wanda ke da alhakin fara ƙwaƙwalwar (misali. SPD da farkon lokacin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya). BIOS na zamani ya haɗa da Injin Gudanar da Intel ko AMD Platform Security Processor firmware.
Masu sayarwa da samfurori IBM ya buga dukkan jerin BIOS ɗin don PC ɗinsa na asali, PC XT, PC AT, da sauran samfuran PC na zamani, a cikin kari na Littafin Jagorar Fasaha na IBM PC ga kowane nau'in injin. Sakamakon buga jerin BIOS shine cewa kowa zai iya ganin ainihin abin da ainihin BIOS ke yi da yadda yake yi.
A watan Mayu 1984 Kamfanin Phoenix Software Associates ya fito da ROM-BIOS na farko, wanda ya ba OEM damar gina clone masu jituwa sosai ba tare da sun canza injin IBM PC BIOS da kansu ba, kamar yadda Compaq ya yi wa Fir ɗin, yana taimakawa haɓaka ci gaba a cikin PC- masana'antu masu jituwa da siyar da sigogin DOS ba na IBM ba. Kuma farkon Megatrends na Amurka (AMI) BIOS an sake shi a 1986.
Sabbin ƙa'idodin da aka ɗora akan BIOS galibi ba tare da cikakkun takaddun jama'a ko kowane jerin BIOS ba. Sakamakon haka, ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba don koyan cikakkun bayanai game da ƙarin abubuwan da ba na IBM ba ga BIOS kamar game da manyan ayyukan BIOS.
Yawancin masu samar da motherboard na PC suna ba da lasisin BIOS "core" da kayan aiki daga wani ɓangare na kasuwanci, wanda aka sani da "dillalin BIOS mai zaman kansa" ko IBV. Sannan mai kera uwa -uba ya keɓanta wannan BIOS don dacewa da kayan aikin sa. A saboda wannan dalili, sabbin BIOSes ana samun su kai tsaye daga masana'anta na uwa. Manyan dillalan BIOS sun haɗa da Megatrends na Amurka (AMI), Insyde Software, Phoenix Technologies da Byosoft. Tsoffin dillalai sun haɗa da Software Award da Microid Research wanda Phoenix Technologies suka samu a 1998; Daga baya Phoenix ya cire sunan alamar lambar yabo. Janar Software, wanda kuma Phoenix ya samo shi a 2007, ya sayar da BIOS don tsarin da aka saka bisa tsarin Intel.
Al'umman bude-tushen sun haɓaka ƙoƙarin su don haɓaka maye gurbin BIOSes masu mallakar da abubuwan da za su kasance a nan gaba tare da takwaransa mai buɗe ido ta hanyar libreboot, coreboot da ayyukan OpenBIOS Open Firmware AMD ta ba da ƙayyadaddun samfur don wasu kwakwalwan kwamfuta, kuma Google tana ɗaukar nauyin aikin. Tyan mai samar da katako na Tyan yana ba da coreboot kusa da daidaitaccen BIOS tare da layin Opteron na uwa -uba.
Tsaro EEPROM da kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar Flash suna da fa'ida saboda mai amfani zai iya sabunta su cikin sauƙi; al'ada ce ga masana'antun kayan aikin don fitar da sabuntawar BIOS don haɓaka samfuran su, haɓaka jituwa da cire kwari Koyaya, wannan fa'idar tana da haɗarin cewa sabunta BIOS da aka yi ba daidai ba ko gurɓatawa na iya sa kwamfutar ko na'urar ta zama mara amfani. Don guje wa waɗannan yanayi, BIOSes na baya -bayan nan suna amfani da “toshe bututu”; wani ɓangare na BIOS wanda ke fara aiki kuma dole ne a sabunta shi daban. Wannan lambar tana tabbatarwa idan sauran BIOS ba su cika ba (ta amfani da hash checksum ko wasu hanyoyin) kafin canja wurin sarrafawa zuwa gare ta. Idan katangar taya ta gano duk wani cin hanci da rashawa a cikin babban BIOS, yawanci zai gargadi mai amfani cewa dole ne a fara aiwatar da dawo da shi ta hanyar booting daga kafofin watsa labarai masu cirewa (floppy, CD ko kebul na USB) don haka mai amfani zai iya gwada sake kunna BIOS. Wasu motherboards suna da madadin BIOS (wani lokacin ana kiranta da allon DualBIOS) don murmurewa daga cin hanci da rashawa na BIOS.
Farkon cutar ta BIOS ita ce BIOS Meningitis, wanda maimakon goge kwakwalwan BIOS ya cutar da su. BIOS Kwayar cuta ba ta da illa, idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayar cuta kamar CIH.
Cutar ta biyu ta BIOS ita ce CIH, wanda aka fi sani da “Cutar Chernobyl”, wacce ta sami damar goge abin da ke cikin filashin ROM ɗin a kan kwakwalwan kwamfuta masu jituwa. CIH ya bayyana a tsakiyar 1998 kuma ya fara aiki a watan Afrilu 1999. Sau da yawa, kwamfutocin da suka kamu da cutar ba za su iya yin taya ba, kuma dole ne mutane su cire filashin ROM IC daga motherboard su sake tsara shi. CIH ta yi niyya ga kwakwalwar kwakwalwar kwakwalwar Intel i430TX na lokacin sannan ta yi amfani da gaskiyar cewa tsarin aiki na Windows 9x, wanda kuma ya yadu a lokacin, ya ba da damar samun kayan aikin kai tsaye zuwa duk shirye-shirye.
Tsarin zamani ba shi da rauni ga CIH saboda nau'ikan chipsets da ake amfani da su waɗanda ba su dace da chipset na Intel i430TX ba, da ma sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan filashin ROM IC. Hakanan akwai ƙarin kariya daga sake rubutawa na BIOS mai haɗari a cikin nau'in tubalan taya wanda aka kiyaye su daga rubutaccen haɗari ko na biyu da tsarin sanye take da BIOS wanda zai iya, idan hadari, yayi amfani da madadin BIOS. Hakanan, duk tsarin aiki na zamani kamar FreeBSD, Linux, macOS, Windows NT -based Windows OS kamar Windows 2000, Windows XP da sabuwa, basa barin shirye -shiryen yanayin mai amfani don samun damar kayan aikin kai tsaye.
A sakamakon haka, kamar na 2008, CIH ya zama mara lahani, a mafi muni yana haifar da haushi ta hanyar cutar da fayilolin aiwatarwa da haifar da software na riga -kafi. Sauran ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na BIOS suna kasancewa, duk da haka; tunda yawancin masu amfani da gidan Windows ba tare da Windows Vista/7 na UAC suna gudanar da duk aikace-aikacen tare da gatan gudanarwa ba, ƙwayar cuta ta CIH ta zamani tana iya samun damar samun kayan aiki ba tare da fara amfani da amfani ba. Tsarin aiki na OpenBSD yana hana duk masu amfani samun wannan damar kuma grsecurity patch don Linux kernel shima yana hana wannan damar kayan aikin kai tsaye ta hanyar tsoho, bambancin kasancewa maharin da ke buƙatar mawuyacin matakin kernel amfani ko sake yin injin Cutar ta biyu ta BIOS wata dabara ce da John Heasman, babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na Babban Kwamitin Tsaro na Tsara na Burtaniya ya gabatar. A cikin 2006, a Taron Tsaro na Black Hat, ya nuna yadda ake ɗaukaka gata da karanta ƙwaƙwalwar jiki, ta amfani da hanyoyin ɓarna waɗanda suka maye gurbin ayyukan ACPI na yau da kullun da aka adana a ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Cutar ta uku ta BIOS wata dabara ce da ake kira "Ciwon BIOS mai ɗorewa." Ya bayyana a cikin 2009 a Taron Tsaro na CanSecWest a Vancouver, da kuma Taron Tsaro na SyScan a Singapore. Masu binciken Anibal Sacco da Alfredo Ortega, daga Fasahar Tsaro ta Core, sun nuna yadda ake saka lambar ɓarna a cikin ayyukan ɓarna a cikin BIOS, yana ba da damar kusan cikakken ikon sarrafa PC a farkon farawa, tun ma kafin a fara aiki da tsarin aiki. Tabbacin-ra'ayi baya amfani da aibi a aiwatar da BIOS, amma kawai ya ƙunshi hanyoyin walƙiyar BIOS na al'ada. Don haka, yana buƙatar samun dama ta zahiri ga injin, ko don mai amfani ya zama tushen. Duk da waɗannan buƙatun, Ortega ya jadadda babban tasirin abin da ya gano da Sacco: "Za mu iya facin direba don sauke cikakken tushen aiki. Har ma muna da ƙaramar lambar da za ta iya cirewa ko kashe riga -kafi. Mebromi trojan ne wanda ke kaiwa kwamfutoci da AwardBIOS, Microsoft Windows, da software riga -kafi daga kamfanonin China guda biyu: Rising Antivirus da Jiangmin KV Antivirus. Mebromi yana shigar da tushen tushe wanda ke cutar da rikodin Jagora A cikin tattaunawar Disamba 2013 tare da Minti 60, Deborah Plunkett, Daraktan Bayar da Bayanai na Hukumar Tsaro ta Amurka ta yi ikirarin cewa NSA ta bankado tare da dakile yuwuwar harin BIOS da wata kasar wata kasa, ta nufi tsarin hada -hadar kudi na Amurka. Shirin ya ambaci wasu majiyoyin da ba a san su ba suna zargin makircin China ne. Koyaya labarin da ke biye a The Guardian The Atlantic Wired da The Register karyata ikirarin NSA.
Sabbin dandamali na Intel suna da fasahar Intel Boot Guard (IBG), wannan fasahar za ta duba sa hannu na dijital na BIOS a farawa, kuma an haɗa maɓallin jama'a na IBG a cikin PCH motherboard. Masu amfani na ƙarshe ba za su iya kashe wannan aikin ba.
Madadin da magada A shekara ta 2011, legacy PC BIOS an canza shi da Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) a dayawan mashina. UEFI shi wani runtime na legacy BIOS. Tun farko Intel Itanium architecture ne suka kirkiro shi, UEFI yanzu ana samun sa don manhajan x86 da x86-64; kirkiran na musamman ya samo asali ne daga kampanin Unified EFI Forum, kamfanin Special Interest Group. EFI booting ya samo asli ne daga Microsoft Windows versions domin taimakawa GPT, shiko Linux kernel 2.6.1, da macOS a Intel-based Macs a shekara ta 2014, sabon hadwe na comfuta aka samar masu da UEFI firmware. Ma zanin rootkit safeguard yana iya kare komfuta canza wa mmai amfani da ita sobtwe, wanda hakkan na sa UEFI ya shiga ma wuyacin yanayi open hardware.
Sauran madadin ayyukan “Legacy BIOS” a cikin duniyar x86 sun haɗa da coreboot da libreboot Wasu sabobin da wuraren aiki suna amfani da Firmware mai zaman kansa na dandamali (IEEE-1275) dangane da yaren shirye-shirye na Forth; an haɗa shi da kwamfutocin SPARC na Sun, layin IBM na RS/6000, da sauran tsarin PowerPC irin su motherboards na CHRP, tare da tushen OL8 XO-1 na x86.
Aƙalla aƙalla 2015, Apple ya cire tallafin BIOS na gado daga kwamfutocin MacBook Pro. Don haka mai amfani da BIOS baya goyan bayan zaɓin gado, kuma yana buga "Yanayin Legacy ba a tallafawa akan wannan tsarin". A cikin 2017, Intel ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai cire tallafin BIOS na gado daga 2020. Tun daga shekarar 2019, sabon dandamali na Intel OEM PCs baya goyan bayan zaɓin gado.
Duba kuma Biyu taya
e820
Ƙarin Bayanin Kan Kan Tsarin Tsarin (ESCD)
Input/Output Control System
Babbar Kanfigareshi da Haɗin Wuta (ACPI)
Jerin katsewa Ralf Brown (RBIL)katsewa, kira, musaya, tsarin bayanai, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da adiresoshin tashar jiragen ruwa, da opcodes masu sarrafawa don gine -ginen x86
BIOS Management System (SMBIOS)
Haɗin Haɗin Firmware Mai Haɗawa (UEFI)
VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE)dubawa don amfani da allon bidiyo mai jituwa a manyan ƙuduri da zurfin bit, fiye da daidaitaccen tallafin BIOS
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
32963 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky%20Ford | Vicky Ford | Victoria Grace Ford (née Pollock (ranar haihuwa, 21 Satumba shekara ta 1967) yar siyasa ce ta Biritaniya, Memba ce a Majalisar (MP) na Chelmsford tun a shekarar 2017. Memba ce ta Jam'iyyar Conservative, tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar bankin saka hannun jari ce, 'yar majalisar gundumomi, kuma 'yar majalisar Turai ta Gabashin Ingila (2009 zuwa 2017).
Ford ta kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Yara tsakanin Fabrairu shekara ta 2020 da Satumba shekara ta 2021, kafin a nada ta a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka, Latin Amurka da Caribbean a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Commonwealth da Ci gaba yayin sake fasalin majalisar ministocin a ranar 16 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2021.
Kuruciya da aiki An haifi Victoria Grace Pollock a ranar 21 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1967 a Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland ta Arewa ga iyalin Anthony da Deborah Marion Pollock. Iyayenta duka likitocin Ingila ne. Tun tana karama, ta hadu da mahaifiyarta wajen yakin neman zabe tare da kungiyar zaman lafiya kuma mahaifinta ya tsaya a zaben kananan hukumomi na Alliance Party of Northern Ireland Ta halarci makarantar firamare da Omagh Academy da ke Arewacin Ireland, amma bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, ta tafi makarantu a Ingila. Ford ta yi karatu a Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta St Paul mai zaman kanta, Kwalejin Marlborough mai zaman kanta sannan ta karanci Maths da Economics a Kwalejin Trinity, Cambridge.
Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 da 2001, Ford tayi aiki da JPMorgan Chase. An kara mata girma zuwa mataimakiyar shugaba a sashin harkokin rance. A cikin shekara ta 2001, ta shiga Bear Stearns a matsayin manajan darakta na kasuwannin babban birnin lamuni inda ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 2003.
Siyasa Ford ta shiga Jam'iyyar Conservative a shekarar 1986. A shekarar 2006, an zaɓi Ford a matsayin ɗan majalisa, mai wakiltar Balsham Ward a Majalisar gundumar South Cambridgeshire. Ta kasance ‘yar takarar majalisa a babban zaben shekarar 2005 na mazabar Birmingham Northfield, amma ta sha kayi a hannun dan majalisar wakilai mai ci, Richard Burden. A shekara ta 2007, ta kasance babbar mai ba da shawarwari a Jam'iyyar Conservative ta sake duba harajin Burtaniya "Hukumar Gyaran Haraji".
Majalisar Tarayyar Turai An zabi Ford a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a Majalisar Turai na Gabashin Ingila a zaben Majalisar Turai da akayi a shekara ta 2009. Ta kasance mamba a ofishin kungiyar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da kawo sauyi a Turai, kuma mamba ce ta wakilan majalisar dokoki kan hulda da kasar Sin.
A matsayin ta na MEP, Ford ta kasance mai ba da rahoto ga Majalisar game da sauye-sauye da dokokin bindiga, tsaron mai da iskar gas da kuma tsarin tsarin kasafin kudi wanda ke neman kara bayyana gaskiya da rikon amana na kashe kudaden jama'a. Ta kasance jagorar mai shiga tsakani kan asusun Horizon 2020 don bincike da kan buƙatun babban bankin banki, tsarin garantin ajiya da jinginar gidaje.
Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2014 ta kasance memba a kwamitin majalisar Turai kan masana'antu, bincike da makamashi da kuma kwamitin majalisar Turai kan harkokin tattalin arziki da dukiya Daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2017 ta kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Kasuwancin Cikin Gida da Kariyar masu siyayya, kwamitocin tattalin arziki na majalisar, mai da hankali kan manufofin dijital da buɗe damar kasuwanci don ayyuka da kayayyaki.
A shekara ta 2016, Ford tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan mambobin majalisar Turai goma da suka fi tasiri ta hanyar Siyasa Turai, musamman don aikinta akan manufofin dijital.
'yar majalisa An zabi Ford a matsayin 'yar majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Chelmsford a babban zaben shekara ta 2017. A ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2017, Ford ta gabatar da jawabinta na farko a cikin muhawarar jawabin Sarauniya, farkon cin abinci na shekarar 2017 don yin hakan. A ofishin majalisar a shekara ta 2017 zuwa 2019 ta yi aiki a kan Kimiyya da Fasaha da Mata da Daidaita zabar kwamitocin.
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2018 ne aka nada Ford a matsayin Sakatare mai zaman kansa na majalisar wakilai ga tawagar ministocin Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth A watan Agustan shekara ta 2019, ta zama Sakatariyar Mai zaman kanta ta Majalisar Alok Sharma, Sakatariya ko Jiha don Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya.
An sake fasalin majalisar ministocin a watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2020, inda aka nada Ford a matsayin Ministan Yara Ƙarƙashin Sakataren Gwamnati na Majalisa a Sashen Ilimi, mai alhakin yara da iyalai.
A sake tsarin majalisar ministocin da akayi a watan Satumba na shekarar 2021, Ford ta daina aiki a matsayin Ministan Yara kuma ta zama sabuwar Mataimakiyar Sakatare na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Afirka a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Commonwealth da Raya Kasa. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta yi Allah wadai da juyin mulkin da aka yi a Burkinabe a shekara ta 2022.
Rayuwa Vicky ya auri Hugo Ford a shekara ta 1996. Suna da 'ya'ya uku tare. Ma'auratan sun hadu a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ta kasance daliba a Kwalejin Trinity shi kuma dalibi ne a Kwalejin Magdalene. Shi masanin cutar kansa ne kuma shi ne darektan sabis na cutar kansa a Asibitin Addenbrooke da ke Cambridge.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun 1967
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40543 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishin%20%C6%99asa | Kishin ƙasa | Kishin kasa ra'ayi ne kuma yunkuri ne da ke ra'ayin cewa al'ummar kasa ta dace da kasa. A matsayin yunkuri, kishin kasa yana kokarin inganta muradun wata al'umma (kamar yadda yake a cikin gungun jama'a), musamman da nufin samun da kuma kiyaye yancin al'umma (mulkin kai) a kan mahaifarta don samar da wata nation-state. Kishin kasa ya yi imanin cewa kowace al'umma ya kamata ta mallaki kanta, ba tare da tsoma baki daga waje ba (yancin kai), cewa al'umma ita ce tushen asali kuma manufa ta siyasa, kuma al'umma ita ce kawai tushen ikon siyasa. Yana kara da nufin ginawa da kiyaye asalin kasa daya, bisa ga hadaddiyar dabi'un zamantakewa kamar al'adu, kabilanci, wurin yanki, harshe, siyasa (ko gwamnati), addini, al'adu da imani a cikin tarihi guda daya, da kuma inganta hadin kan kasa ko hadin kai. Don haka kishin kasa na neman kiyayewa da raya al'adun gargajiyar al'umma. Akwai ma'anoni daban-daban na "al'umma", wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan kishin ƙasa daban-daban. Fuskokin biyu daban-daban sune Ethnic nationalism da civic nationalism.
Kishin kasa ya ci gaba a karshen karni na 18, musamman tare da juyin juya halin Faransa da kuma yada ka'idar ikon mallaka (ra'ayin cewa "mutane" su yi mulki). An yi amfani da manyan ka'idoji guda uku don bayyana bayyanar ta. Primordialism (perennialism) ya haɓaka tare da kishin ƙasa a lokacin lokacin soyayya kuma sun ɗauka cewa akwai ƙasashe koyaushe. Wannan ra'ayi tun da masana suka yi watsi da shi, kuma a yanzu ana kallon al'ummomi a matsayin gine-ginen zamantakewa da tarihi. Ka'idar zamani, a halin yanzu ka'idar kishin kasa da aka fi yarda da ita, ta ɗauki hanyar ginawa kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa kishin ƙasa ya samo asali ne saboda hanyoyin zamani, kamar haɓaka masana'antu, haɓaka birane, da ilimin jama'a, wanda ya sa fahimtar ƙasa ta yiwu. Magoya bayan wannan ka'idar sun bayyana kasashe a matsayin "al'ummomin da aka zayyana" da kuma kishin kasa a matsayin "al'adar da aka kirkira" wanda ra'ayi daya ya ba da wani nau'i na ainihi na gama kai da kuma haɗa mutane tare cikin haɗin kai na siyasa. Ka'idar ta uku, ethnosymbolism ya bayyana kishin kasa a matsayin samfurin alamomi, tatsuniyoyi, da al'adu, kamar yadda aka danganta da aikin Anthony D. Smith. Bugu da ƙari, yaduwar ƙungiyoyin kishin ƙasa a lokacin mulkin mallaka ya sa da yawa daga cikin masu ra'ayin ra'ayi nazarin rawar da manyan mutane ke takawa wajen tara al'umma don ci gaba da mulkinsu. Ƙimar ɗabi'a na kishin ƙasa, dangantakar dake tsakanin kishin ƙasa da kishin ƙasa, da kuma dacewa da kishin ƙasa da tsarin duniya duk batutuwa ne na muhawarar falsafa. Ana iya haɗa kishin ƙasa da manufa da akidu daban-daban na siyasa kamar ra'ayin mazan jiya (masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da ra'ayin dama) ko gurguzu (kishin ƙasa na hagu). A aikace, ana kallon kishin kasa a matsayin mai kyau ko mara kyau dangane da akida da sakamakonsa. Kishin kasa ya kasance siffa na ƙungiyoyi da 'yanci da adalci, an danganta su da farfaɗowar al'adu, kuma yana ƙarfafa girman kai ga nasarorin ƙasa. An kuma yi amfani da ita don halasta rarrabuwar kabilanci, kabilanci, da addini, murkushe ko kai hari ga tsiraru, da kuma tauye haqqoqin yan Adam da al’adun dimokuradiyya. Ƙaunar kishin ƙasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da ƙiyayyar launin fata shine babban dalilin Holocaust da Nazi Jamus ta yi.
Kalmomi An inganta amfani da kalmomi na "al'ummai", "sarauta" da ra'ayoyin da ke da alaƙa tare da rubuce-rubucen Hugo Grotius na De jure belli ac pacis a farkon karni na 17. Rayuwa a lokacin yakin shekaru tamanin tsakanin Spain da Netherlands da kuma yakin shekaru talatin tsakanin Katolika da Furotesta na Turai (Katolika Faransa yana cikin sansanin Furotesta), ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Grotius ya damu sosai game da al'amuran. rikice-rikice tsakanin al'ummomi a cikin mahallin adawa da suka samo asali daga bambance-bambancen addini. Kalmar al'umma kuma an yi amfani da ita da amfani kafin 1800 a Turai don komawa ga mazauna wata ƙasa da kuma ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda zasu iya haɗa da tarihin da aka raba, doka, harshe, 'yancin siyasa, addini da al'adu, a cikin ma'anar mafi kama da na zamani. tunani. Kishin kasa kamar yadda aka samo daga sunan da ke nuna ‘al’ummai’ wata sabuwar kalma ce; a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kalmar ta samo asali daga 1798. Kalmar ta fara zama mai mahimmanci a cikin karni na 19. Kalmar ta ƙara zama mara kyau a cikin ma'anarta bayan 1914. Glenda Sluga ta lura cewa "ƙarni na ashirin, lokacin da ake tsananin rashin jin daɗi da kishin ƙasa, shi ma babban zamanin duniya ne." Masana ilimin kimiyya sun bayyana kishin kasa a matsayin ka'idar siyasa da ta nuna cewa kasa da kasa su kasance tare. A cewar Lisa Weeden, akidar kishin kasa tana zaton cewa "mutane" da kuma jihar suna tare.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
35044 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Adu%20Boahen | Albert Adu Boahen | Albert Kwadwo Adu Boahen (24 ga Mayu 1932 24 ga Mayu 2006) malami ne, ɗan tarihi, kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Ghana. Ya kasance malami a Jami'ar Ghana daga 1959 zuwa 1990, daga 1971 zuwa gaba a matsayin farfesa. A matsayinsa na dan siyasa, ya kasance dan takara a zaben shugaban kasar Ghana a shekarar 1992, mai wakiltar babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta New Patriotic Party.
Aiki
Ilimi An haifi Boahen a Oseim ga iyayen Presbyterian, kuma yana da tushen kakanninsa a Juaben a yankin Ashanti. Ya halarci makarantun addini tsakanin 1938 zuwa 1947. Sannan ya yi shekaru uku a makarantar Mfantsipim kafin ya shiga karatun tarihi a Kwalejin Jami'ar Gold Coast da ke Legon. Ya sauke karatu a shekarar 1956. A 1959 ya sami digiri na uku na Ph.D. a cikin tarihin Afirka daga Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka a London, a matsayin ɗan Ghana na farko.
Ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Ghana a 1959, kuma Farfesa ne daga 1971 zuwa ritaya a 1990. Ya shugabanci Sashen Tarihi a can daga 1967 zuwa 1975, a matsayin dan Afrika na farko da ya taba yin haka, kuma ya kasance shugaban jami’a daga 1973 zuwa 1975. Ya kuma yi aiki a hukumar editocin The Journal of African History da aka buga ta Jami’ar Cambridge University Press, kuma malami ne mai ziyara a irin wadannan cibiyoyi kamar Jami'ar Kasa ta Ostiraliya a 1969, Jami'ar Columbia a 1970 da Jami'ar Jihar New York a 1990 da 1991. Tsakanin 1993 zuwa 1999, ya kuma yi aiki a cikin kwamitin UNESCO wanda ya buga littafin General History of Africa.
Siyasa Aikin ilimi na Boahen ya ketare cikin siyasa. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1988 ya gabatar da jawabai kan tarihin Ghana a bainar jama'a daga 1972 zuwa 1987. Saboda haka ne ake masa rade-radin karya abin da ake kira "al'adun shiru" wanda ke nuna gwamnatin Shugaba Jerry Rawlings, wanda ya ci gaba da yin hidima tun 1981. An buga laccocin, waɗanda aka fara gudanar da su a zauren Majalisar Burtaniya a Accra, a cikin 1998 a matsayin The Ghana Sphinx: The Contemporary History of Ghana 1972–1987.
A cikin 1990 ya kafa kungiyar Movement for Freedom and Justice, kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. An dage haramcin da aka sanya wa jam’iyyun siyasa a Ghana a shekarar 1992. A zaben shugaban kasa na 1992 da ya biyo baya, Boahen ya zama dan takarar New Patriotic Party (NPP), inda Roland Issifu Alhassan ya zama mataimakinsa a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa. Boahen ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Jerry Rawlings, amma ya sami kashi 30.4% na kuri'un. Saboda rashin gamsuwa da zargin tafka magudi a wancan zaben, Boahen ya kauracewa zaben ‘yan majalisa na 1992. A zaben shugaban kasa na 1996, John Kufuor ya tsaya a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar NPP kuma ya fi Boahen kyau, inda ya samu kashi 39.6% na kuri'un. A cikin 1998, Boahen yayi ƙoƙari ya dawo a matsayin sabon ɗan takarar shugaban kasa na New Patriotic Party, amma an zaɓi Kufour maimakon. Daga karshe, Kufour ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2000 kuma ya zama shugaban kasa.
Boahen yayi magana akan tarihin Marxist a farkon aikinsa. A siyasance, ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai sassaucin ra'ayi, mai imani da 'yancin kai, jin dadin jama'a, da kuma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da tattalin arzikin kasuwa".
Gado da mutuwa Boahen ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana, kuma a cikin 2003 an buga Festschrift mai suna Ghana in Africa and the World, wanda Toyin Falola ya gyara. UNESCO ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Azurfa ta Avicenna.
Boahen ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2006, yana da shekaru 74 da haihuwa. Ya bar matarsa Mary Adu Boahen da ‘ya’yansa biyar. Jerry Rawlings na daga cikin makokin da suka kai wa iyalansa ziyara. An karrama shi da jana'izar jana'izar, kuma a watan Yunin 2006 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Order of the Star of Ghana. John Kufour ya kaddamar da ranar karramawa ta kasa a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, kuma an baiwa wasu da dama lambar yabo. Tushensa za a iya samo shi daga Osiem, wani ƙauye a yankin Gabashin Ghana inda aka ba shi ginin majalisar yankin. Shugaban kasar Nana Addo Akufo-Addo ya nada dansa Charles Adu Boahen mataimakin ministan kudi a Ghana a shekarar 2017.
Bangaren littafi mai tsarki Britain, the Sahara and the Western Sudan 1788-1861. London/Oxford, 1964 (dissertation).
Topics in West African History. Harlow/London, 1966.
Ghana: Evolution and Change in the 19th and 20th Centuries. London, 1975.
The Revolutionary Years: West Africa Since 1800. Accra/London, 1975.
"Politics in Ghana, 1800–1874", in, J. F. Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder History of West Africa. London, 1977 (3rd edition), Vol. 2, pp. 167–260.
African Perspectives on Colonialism. Baltimore, 1987.
The Ghanaian Sphinx: Reflections on the Contemporary History of Ghana, 1972–1987. Accra, 1989.
Mfantsipim and the making of Ghana: A Centenary History, 1876–1976. Accra, 1996.
Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante British War of 1900–1. Accra, 2003.
Africa in the Twentieth Century: The Adu Boahen Reader. Trenton, NJ, 2005.
With J. B. Webster and H. O. Idowu: The Revolutionary Years: West Africa since 1800. London, 1980.
Manazarta Haifaffun 1932
Mutuwan |
27018 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastocin%20Finafinan%20Ghana | Fastocin Finafinan Ghana | Fastocin Fina-finan Ghana wani hoton fim ne da aka zana da hannu a Ghana da ake amfani da shi wajen tallata fina-finan da aka yi a Ghana da kuma fina-finan duniya Fastocin fina-finan Ghana, musamman fastocin da aka zana da hannu tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa 1990, sun zama abin lura saboda hasashe da fasaha na musamman. An baje su a ko'ina cikin duniya a cikin gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihin ,Los Angeles, New York, Hong Kong, San Francisco, Chicago, da gaba ɗayan Turai.
Los Angeles, New York, Hong Kong, San Francisco, Chicago, da ko'ina cikin Turai.
Tarihi A cikin shekarun 1980, godiya ga ƙirƙira na'urar rikodin bidiyo, ƙananan gidajen sinima na farko sun fito a Babban yankin Accra a Ghana. A waɗancan shekarun, gidajen sinima galibi suna ta hannu. Masu gudanar da aikinsu sun kasance suna zagayawa a duk faɗin yankin tare da zaɓin kaset ɗin fina-finai, TV, VCR, da janareta, suna tafiya daga ƙauye zuwa na gaba don nuna fina-finai. Don jawo hankali ga wasan kwaikwayon nasu, sun sanar da su da fatunan fina-finai masu ban sha'awa da hannu, galibi ana fentin su a kan buhunan fulawa da aka sake yin fa'ida. Masu rarraba fina-finai na cikin gida ne suka bayar da waɗannan zane-zanen hotuna waɗanda suka haɗa kai da ƙwararrun masu fasaha da masu zane-zane kamar Alex Boateng, Leonardo, Africatta, Muslim, Death is Wonder, Joe Mensah, DA Jasper, Stoger, Heavy J, Lawson Chindayen, Bright Obeng, Dan Nyenkumah, Sammy Mensah, da sauransu, waɗanda suka ƙera hotuna na musamman don jawo hankalin jama'a zuwa gidajen sinima na wayar hannu.
Fassarar shekarun zinare (tsakiyar 1980-2000) Tunda mutanen Ghana yanzu suna siya ko hayar fina-finansu ko sun fi son kallon su a gida, kuma da zuwan fasahar buga dijital zuwa Ghana a wajajen shekara ta 2000, al'adar hoton fim ɗin da aka zana da hannu ta canza har abada. Lokacin daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980 zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 1990 ana kallonsa azaman Zamanin Zinare na Fina-finan Ghana lokacin da al'adar ta kasance mafi ƙarfi da inganci. Yawancin gidajen fina-finai sun kasance a rufe a cikin ƴan shekarun nan, kuma 'yan kaɗan da suka rage ba za su iya samun damar yin amfani da hotunan fim na hannu ba, ta yin amfani da na'urar bugawa maimakon. Saboda haka, a yankin Greater Accra, da wuya a sami wasu gidajen sinima da har yanzu suke amfani da fololin fim ɗin da aka zana da hannu. Yawancin masu fasaha da suka kasance suna aiki ga masu rarraba fim sun juya zuwa wasu ayyuka. Suna zana alamun tituna da har yanzu suna da farin jini a Ghana, kuma a yankin Greater Accra wasu kuma suna taimakawa wasu masu fasaha kamar Paa Joe ko Kudjoe Afutu wajen zanen akwatin gawa na alama, palanquins da ƙananan sassaka. Wasu masu zanen alamar, irin su Heavy J., Moses, Jasper, Farkira ko Leonardo suma suna aiki a kasuwar fasaha ta duniya, inda ake nuna fastocin fina-finai na Ghana da kuma akwatuna na alama a nune-nunen fasahar zamani na Afirka inda suke karba. kara hankali.
Fastoci na yau da kullun (2001-yanzu) Bayan shekara ta 2000 da kuma buga Extreme Canvas, an fara baje kolin hotunan fina-finai na Ghana a duk duniya a matsayin babban fasaha a gidajen kallo. A lokaci guda, kasuwancin sinima ta wayar hannu ta canza ta yadda masu sauraron gida za su fi yawan kallon fina-finai a gida kuma gidajen fina-finai za su yi amfani da tallace-tallacen dijital mai rahusa mai yawa don fina-finai. Da sabuwar kasuwar duniya ta fastocin fina-finan Ghana, wasu masu zanen fina-finai sun ci gaba da yin fenti ba don masu kallon Ghana ba, amma na kasuwar fasaha ta duniya, yayin da wasu suka yi ritaya daga al'adar gaba daya.
A cikin shekarun 2010, an sami kasuwa don ba da izini ta hanyar intanet da kafofin watsa labarun, galibi ta hanyar ƙoƙarin Mujallar Prey Gallery a Chicago. Deadly Prey ya aika da fastocin da magoya baya suka bukaci a yi musu fentin da masu fasaha a Ghana. Wasu daga cikin masu fasaha da aka ba da izini sune masu fasaha na asali na al'ada tun kafin 2000, yayin da wasu sun kasance sababbi ga nau'in. Waɗannan sabbin fastocin sun ƙara ba da fifiko kan lurid, gory, da galibin abubuwan ban dariya na sinimar Amurka da TV, daga Star Wars zuwa Mrs. Shakku don Kashe Sha'awarku. Fastocin da aka ba da izini na zamani galibi suna nuna tashin hankali, ɓarna, da ban tsoro a cikin fina-finai waɗanda waɗannan abubuwan ba su bayyana a asali ba.
Tasirin salo
Asalin a matsayin masu zanen alamar Masu zane-zane sun fara kallon fina-finan da aka fi yin su a Ghana ko Najeriya, sannan suka kirkiro fosta na fim. Ga gidajen sinima na wayar hannu, waɗannan ayyukan dole ne su kasance masu ƙarfi, arha don samarwa, da nauyi mai nauyi saboda masu aikin silima sun zagaya da kayan. Saboda haka, masu zane-zane sun yi amfani da zanen auduga mai arha amma mai dorewa wanda suka samu daga buhunan fulawa na Ghana. Wannan rigar da aka saƙa ta manne sosai da mai da fentin su na acrylic ta yadda har ana iya rataye fosta a waje idan aka yi ruwan sama. Da kyakykyawan kalar nasu da hoton hoton da suka dace da masu kallo na Ghana, nan take wadannan zane-zane suka dauki hankulan jama'a, suka kuma sa sun fi zuwa gidajen sinima fiye da fastoci na yau da kullun da ake bugawa a Najeriya.
Salon bakin ruwa A bakin tekun a Accra, an sami wani salo mai cikakken bayani wanda Joe Mensah, Alex Boateng, Leonardo, Death is Wonder, da sauransu suka yi. Wannan salon sau da yawa yana ba da haske game da tsokar tsoka da sutura, da kuma almubazzarancin hotuna da fashe-fashe.
Salon Kumasi Ƙarin cikin ƙasa, a yankin tsakiyar Ghana, Kumasi, wani salo na daban da aka yi fentin na hannu ya fito. Masu yin wannan salon irin su Africatta, Babs, da Kwaku sun zana layi da adadi kamar an zana gashin iska don jaddada ƙarin cikakkun bayanai.
nune-nune 2012/13. Hors-champs Musée d'Ethnographie de Neuchâtel (MEN), Switzerland.
2013. Les Hors-champs de l'affiche Musée d'Ethnographie de Neuchâtel (MEN), Switzerland.
2011. Movie posters from Ghana Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich.
2011/12. 'Miracles of Africa', Hämeenlinna Art Museum, Hämeenlinna and Oulu Museum of Art, Grandma, Finland.
2005. Killers op canvas Affichemuseum Horn, The Netherlands.
2019/20 Hand-Painted Movie Posters from Ghana, Poster House, New York City
Wallafar Wolfe, Ernie III (2000): Extreme Canvas: Hand-painted Movie Posters from Ghana Los Angeles: Dilettante Press Kesho Press.
Wolfe, Ernie III (2012): Extreme Canvas 2. The Golden Age of Hand-painted Movie Posters from Ghana. Los Angeles: Dilettante Press Kesho Press.
Tschumi, Regula (2013): Hors-champs: genèse de l'affiche de l'exposition in: Gonseth Marc-Olivier et al. (ed.), Hors-champs. Eclats du patrimoine culturel immatériel. Musée d'Ethnographie Neuchâtel MNM, Neuchâtel: Atelier PréTexte, pp. 216–227.
Gilbert, Michelle (2003): 'Shocking Images: Ghanaian Painted Posters', in: Musée Dapper (ed.), Ghana Yesterday and Today. Paris: Edition Dapper, pp. 353–379.
Wendl, Tobias (2004): Filmplakate aus Ghana, in: In Kramer W. Schmidt (eds.), Plakate in Afrika. Frankfurt a.M., pp. 77–81.
Wendl, Tobias (2002): Try me! Advertising and Visual Culture in Africa in: Wendl, Tobias, (ed.), African Advertising Art. Wuppertal: Peter Hammer, pp. 12–27.
Manazarta Sinima a Ghana
Sinima a |
19659 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumi%20A%20Lokacin%20Ramadan | Azumi A Lokacin Ramadan | A lokacin daukan Azumin watan Ramadan, an wajabtawa musulmai, (Larabci sawm Farisanci rozeh a kowace rana daga fitowar alfijir zuwa faduwar rana (ko daga asuba zuwa dare a cewar wasu malamai). Azumi yana bukatar kamewa daga abinci da abin sha da kuma kusantar iyali. Azumin watan Ramadān an wajabta shi ne (wājib) a cikin watan Sha'aban, a cikin shekara ta biyu bayan da musulmai sun yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madīnah. Azumin watan Ramadana daya ne daga cikin manya-manyan Rukunnan Musulunci guda biyar..
Alkur'ani An ambaci azumin watan Ramadhan a cikin ayoyin Alkur'ani guda uku a jere Kamar haka :Yã ku wadanda suka yi !imani! An wajabta azumi a kanku kamar yadda aka wajabta shi a kan wadanda suka gabaceku, tsammaninku (ku koyi) kamun kai.
—Surah Baqarah 2: 183(Azumi) na adadin kwanaki; To, wanda ya kasance daga gare ku majinyaci, ko kuwa a kan tafiya, sai (adadin ya biya) daga kwanuka masu zuwa. Ga waɗanda suke iyawa (da wahala), fansa ce, ciyar da miskin. To, wanda ya yi kyauta, to, shi ne mafi alheri a gare shi. Kuma ku yi azumi (da alheri) a gare ku, idan kun kasance kuna sani.
Suratu Baqarah 2: 184.
Abinda aka Haramta a lokacin Ramadan Ba a yarda da ci, da sha, da jima'i ba tsakanin alfijir Sallan Alfijiri da faɗuwar rana maghrib Ana ɗaukar azumi a matsayin ibada ta kashin kai wacce musulmai ke neman samun kusancin Allah.
A lokacin Ramadan, ana sa ran Musulmai su kara himma wajen bin koyarwar Musulunci ta hanyar kauracewa tashin hankali, fushi, hassada, haɗama, muguwar sha'awa, zafin rai gulma, kuma ana nufin su yi ƙoƙarin zama da junansu fiye da na al'ada. Duk abubuwan batsa da na rashin addini dole ne a guje su saboda tsarkin tunani da aiki suna da mahimmanci.
Ko da yake azumi a watan Ramadan ne yake zama fard (wajibi), aka ware ake yi ga mutane musamman masu hali. Azumin watan Ramadān ba farilla bane ga wasu mutane da yawa waɗanda zai iya zama matsala mai yawa a gare su, daga cikinsu akwai mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya da tsofaffi.
Ba wajibi bane ga yara waɗanda basu balaga ba yin azumi, duk da cewa wasu sun zaɓi yin hakan, saidai an so su rinka jarabawa, kuma wasu ƙananan yara suna yin azumi na rabin yini don horar da kansu. Idan balaga ta yi jinkiri, azumi ya wajaba akan maza da mata bayan wani shekaru. Ciwon sukari da jinya ko mata masu ciki galibi ba a tsammanin su yi azumi. Kamar yadda yazo a wani hadisi, yin azumin Ramadana haramun ne ga mata masu haila.
Sauran mutanen da galibi ana ganin karɓaɓɓu ne ga waɗanda suke cikin yaƙi, da matafiya waɗanda ko dai suka yi niyyar ɗaukar ƙasa da kwanaki biyar daga gida ko kuma yin tafiyar sama da mil 50. Idan halin da ake ciki na hana Azumi na wani lokaci ne, ana bukatar mutum ya rama kwanakin da aka rasa bayan watan Ramadana ya wuce kuma kafin Ramadan mai zuwa ya zo. Idan halin ya kasance na dindindin ne ko na tsawan lokaci, ana iya samun sakamako ta hanyar ciyar da wani mabukaci domin kowace rana da aka rasa.
Idan mutum bai dace da kowane nau'i na kebewa ba kuma ya karya azumin saboda mantuwa, azumin har yanzu yana nan. Buya azumin da gangan yana tozarta shi, kuma dole ne mutum ya rama duk ranar daga baya. A yayin barkewar cutar shan-inna a shekarar ta 2013 a Somalia, an ba wa wasu kungiyoyin ma'aikatan agaji kebewar rigakafin cutar shan inna ta baki Sauran kebewa sun haɗa da:
Tsoho wanda baya iya azumi. Ya kamata su ba da gudummawar adadin abincin mutum na al'ada don kowace rana da aka rasa idan suna da ikon yin hakan.
Tsanani mai tsanani; dole ne a rama kwanakin da suka bata don rashin lafiya bayan samun sauki.
Wadanda suke da tabin hankali. Buda Bakin Azumi
Masallatai da yawa za su bayar da buda baki (a zahiri: karin kumallo) bayan faduwar rana don al'umma su zo su kawo karshen azuminsu gaba daya. Hakanan abu ne na yau da kullun ga irin wannan abinci a wuraren dafa abinci na miya na musulmai.Azumi ya baci tare da kwanan wata (idan zai yiwu) bisa al'adar Muhammadu, ko kuma da ruwa.
Addu'ar Buda Bakin Azumi
Addu'ar buda baki zahabaz zama'u wabtallatil uruq wa sabbatal ajru insha Allah.
ma'anar addu'ar buda baki shi ne: kishirwa ta tafi jijiyoyi sun yi danshi lada ya tabbata da izini Allah.
Illoli masu cutarwa Sashen ilimi na Berlin da Ingila sun yi kokarin hana dalibai yin azumin watan Ramadana, saboda suna ikirarin cewa rashin ci ko sha na iya haifar da matsalar maida hankali da kuma maki mara kyau. Hakanan an danganta azumin Ramadana da asarar aikin yi da kashi 35 zuwa 50%. Da yawa daga cikin fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da ake dangantawa da Azumin Ramadana kawai suna la'akari da ƙauracewa abinci yayin yin watsi da ƙarancin shan ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da cutarwa ko da a cikin lafiyayyun mutane. A cikin al'adu da yawa, ana danganta shi da abinci mai nauyi da shan ruwa a lokacin Suhur da lokutan buda baki, wanda hakan na iya yin lahani fiye da kyau. Azumin Ramadan lafiyayye ne ga masu lafiya in har da cewa yawan abinci da shan ruwa ya wadatar amma waɗanda ke da yanayin rashin lafiya ya kamata su nemi shawarar likita idan sun haɗu da matsalolin lafiya kafin ko lokacin azumi. Lokacin azumi yawanci ana haɗuwa da ƙananan nauyi, amma nauyi na iya dawowa daga baya. Binciken wallafe-wallafen da ƙungiyar Iran ta ba da shawarar yin azumi a lokacin Ramadan na iya haifar da rauni na koda ga marasa lafiya masu matsakaici (GFR 60ml min) ko cutar koda mai tsanani amma ba cutarwa ba ne ga marasa lafiyar dashen koda da aiki mai kyau ko mafi yawan marasa lafiya masu yin dutse Har ila yau, an nuna cewa, Ramadan azumi na iya kara hadarin for salivary gland shine yake kumburi Azumin Ramadana na iya zama da hadari ga mata masu juna biyu saboda yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haifar da nakuda da haifar da ciwon suga na ciki, kodayake bai bayyana yana shafar nauyin yaron ba. Ya halatta kada a yi azumi idan hakan yana barazana ga rayuwar mace ko na yaro, duk da haka, a wasu lokuta mata masu juna biyu na iya zama al'ada kafin ci gaban rikice-rikice. Hukunce-hukunce ga mai azumi A lugga, kalmar azumi a harshen larabci na nufin 'kamewa' (imsak) mara iyaka daga kowane aiki ko magana a kowane lokaci. Dangane da Tsarkakakken Doka, azumi aiki ne na:
kauracewa shiga komai a cikin ramin jiki. kauracewa shiga harkar jima'i;
kauracewa ayyukan lalata kamar su gulma;
daga lokacin da rana ta fara fitowa zuwa lokacin da rana ta fadi;
tare da niyyar azumi;
daga mutanen da aka halatta musu yin azumi.
'Kamewa daga yin jima'i' ya hada da ainihin yin jima'i da inzali sakamakon lalacewar gaba. 'Barin shiga komai a cikin ramin jiki' yana nufin ayyukan shigar da abinci, abin sha, ko magani a cikin rami na jiki, ba tare da la'akari da cewa wannan abu ne na yau da kullun wanda zai shiga cikin ramin jiki ba ko a'a. Shiga kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwa a cikin ramin jiki yana nufin abin ya shiga cikin maƙogwaro, hanji, ciki, ko ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar hanci, maƙogwaro, ɓangrorin sirri, ko kuma raunuka masu buɗewa. 'Ko da gangan ko kuma bisa kuskure' ya cire ayyukan ci da sha, ko yin jima'i. 'Daga lokacin da rana ta fara fitowa zuwa lokacin da rana ta fadi' tana nufin shigar gaskiya na lokacin Fajr zuwa shigar da lokacin Maghrib.'Tare da niyyar azumi' yana nufin cewa dole ne mutum ya yi niyyar yin azumi domin ya bambanta idan da gaske yana yin wata ibada ko a'a yayin da mutum ya kauracewa ci, sha, ko yin jima'i.Misali,idan kawai za a nisanta daga abinci,ko abin sha, ko saduwa ba da niyyar yin azumi ba, to wannan azumin ba shi da inganci kuma ba ya kidaya. 'Daga mutanen da aka halatta musu yin azumi' na nufin cewa dole ne mutum ya sami 'yanci daga halin da zai hana ingancin azumin mutum, kamar haila ko biki (jinin haihuwa bayan haihuwa).[Shurunbulali, Maraqi al-Falah; Ala al-Din Abidin, al-Hadiyya al-Alaiyya; Shurunbulali Imdad al-Fattah]. Baya ga yin jima'i ko dai tare da mata ko kuma kowane mutum, an kuma hana al'aura yayin azumi. Wannan aikin zai karya azumi,kuma mutumin da ya aikata wannan zai tuba ga Allah kuma ya kamata ya rufe wannan azumin a wani lokaci na gaba.
Bambancin Mazhaba Akasari, Sunni da Shi'a suna yin Ramadan dai-dai, amma akwai wasu bambance-bambance. Na daya, 'yan Sunni suna buda baki lokacin faduwar rana, da zarar rana bata sake gani ba, amma har yanzu da sauran haske a sama. Koyaya, ga yan Shia suna jira don karya bayan dare ya yi duhu. Musulmin Shi'a kuma suna yin wani biki wanda Ahlus-Sunnah ba sa yi. Suna yin biki na kwana uku (a ranakun 19, 20, da 21) don tunawa da Ali, surukin Manzon Allah Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) wanda 'yan tawaye suka yarda dashi. Sufi Musulmai suna da wasu bambance-bambance game da yadda suke azumtar watan Ramadan da abin da yake nufi a gare su. Suna bin qa'idodi iri daya yayin gudanar da azumi, amma suna karanta karin addu'o'i a tsakar dare. Aikin da suke yi ana kiransa Dhikr, inda suke rera sunan Allah sau 99. Ana yin hakan ne saboda suna son nuna kaunarsu ga Allah da neman alakar mutum da Allah, akasin tsoron fushin Allah.
Idi babba A Addini hutu na Eid al-Fitr yana nuna karshen azumin Addinin Musulunci na watan Ramadan.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Azumi Ramadhan: Kammalallen littafin kan layi
Duk game da Ramadan: Tarihi, Dalili, Dalilai, Addu'a da Hadisai Azumi
Watannin Musulunci
Azumi a musulunci
Watan Ramadan
Pages with unreviewed |
27611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Mafela | Joe Mafela | Joe Sdumo Mafela (an haife shi ranar 25 Yuni 1942 ya mutu a ranar 18 Maris 2017). ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Afirka ta Kudu, marubuci, furodusa, darekta, mawaƙa, kuma ɗan kasuwa.
Sana'a An haifi Mafela a Sibasa, Transvaal, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya girma a Kliptown da White City Jabavu, a cikin Soweto, kusa da Johannesburg, sannan danginsa sun kasance har zuwa shekara ta 1990 a cikin Garin Tshiawelo da aka keɓe don mutanen Venda a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata Ya fara fitowa a fina-finai tun yana dan shekara ashirin da biyu. Ya taka rawar edita a cikin fim din, Labaran Gaskiya Ya shiga kamfanin fina-finai na Afirka ta Kudu SA Films, kuma a cikin shekaru 20 da suka biyo baya ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da darakta da kuma jarumin fina-finai. Ya kuma jagoranci kungiyoyin rawa na kabilu daban-daban na Mzumba, Sangoma, da Gold Reef Dancers, wadanda suka yi a cikin fitattun fina-finai, da gidajen kallo, da otal-otal da suka fito a nahiyoyi hudu. A cikin 1974 Mafela ta yi tauraro a cikin fim ɗin baƙar fata na farko da aka yi a Afirka ta Kudu, a matsayin Peter Pleasure a Udeliwe Ya yi aiki tare da darekta Peter R. Hunt (wanda aka sani da fim din James Bond A kan Sabis na Sirrin Sarauniya a cikin fim ɗin 1976 Shout at the Devil. Tare da zuwan talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekara ta 1976, Mafela ya yi aiki kusan ci gaba a wannan matsakaicin. A cikin 1986 an jefa shi a matsayin mai masaukin baki S'dumo a cikin jerin barkwancin harshen Zulu 'Sgudi 'Snaysi. Nasarar Sgudi 'Snaysi ("Yana da kyau, Yana da kyau") wanda ya gudana zuwa sassa 78 akan SABC ya haifar da matsayi a cikin wasu jerin, wanda kamfanin Mafela na kansa ya samar da Penguin Films. Har ila yau, ya ƙarfafa Mafela ya shiga masana'antar talla, yana aiki a matsayin Daraktan Ƙirƙirar Sadarwar Baƙar fata a BBDO Afirka ta Kudu kuma, tun 1992, a matsayin darektan Tallace-tallace ta Sharrer a Johannesburg. Mafela yayi la'akari da alamar tauraro a farkon tallace-tallacen talabijin na Chicken Licken, kuma ya rubuta kamfanin "Yana da kyau, mai kyau, mai kyau, yana da kyau" jingle a lokacin yin tallace-tallace na Chicken Licken a shekara ta 1986. A cikin 1996, Gallo Records ta fitar da kundi na Shebeleza Fela, tare da mashahurin hit "Shebeleza (Congo Mama)". Ya kasance babbar nasara, kuma "Shebeleza" ta kasance waƙar jigo a lokacin gasar cin kofin Afrika a 1996. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Mafela ya yi rikodin kuma ya fitar da wasu albam masu yawa na waƙoƙin harshen Zulu. Wani lokacin ake kira "fuskar Afrika ta Kudu nisha", kuma "Afrika ta Kudu ta Bill Cosby", ya alamar tauraro a matsayin kwanan nan a matsayin shekarar 2011 a cikin mai ban sha'awa azãbar rãmuwa. Duk da haka, Mafela da ya tsufa ya koka a 2012 cewa yana da wahala a gare shi ya sami aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya ce an gaya masa cewa “ya tsufa da sanyi”. Ya yi hatsarin mota a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2017, a kan M1 arewacin Johannesburg, inda motoci biyu suka shiga. Nan take ya rasu ya bar matarsa da ‘ya’yansa hudu. An binne shi a ranar 29 ga Maris 2017 a makabartar Westpark a Johannesburg.
Kyauta A cikin shekara ta 2004 Mafela ya sami lambar yabo ta Duku Duku na musamman saboda ayyukan da ya yi a masana'antar talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 2005 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Gudanar da Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu lambar yabo ta Rayuwa a Naledi Theater Awards Finafinai Zulu (1964)
Tokoloshe (1971)
Ihu ga Iblis (1976)
Gudu daga Angola (1976)
Inyakanyaka (1977)
Wasan Vultures (1979)
Dole ne alloli su zama mahaukaci (1981)
Snaysi (1986) (TV)
Red Scorpion (1989)
Khululeka (1993) (TV)
Madam & Hauwa'u (2000) (TV)
Fela's TV (2004) (TV)
Tafiya! (1998) (TV)
Zamani: Gado (2015-2017)
Hotuna "Shebeleza Felas" (1995) "Fort E No. 4" (2007) "Mafi Girman Lokacin" (2015)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan Bayani na Jarumin TVSA
Snaparazzi Gallery
Fina-finan Afirka
Fina-finai
Fina-finan 1972
Marubutan Afirka
Sinima a |
6531 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar%20Tafawa%20Balewa | Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (An haife shi a watan Disamban 1912 15 Janairu 1966) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya zama firayim minista na farko kuma tilo a Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai. Anglophile mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya fi son ci gaba da kusanci da Burtaniya. A shekarun farko da ya yi yana mulki a matsayinsa na firaminista, Najeriya ta kasance tsarin mulkin tsarin mulki inda Elizabeth ta biyu ke sarauta a matsayin Sarauniyar Najeriya, har zuwa lokacin da Najeriya ta zama jamhuriya a shekarar 1963. Ya kasance mai kare muradu na musamman na Arewa kuma mai fafutukar kawo sauyi da hadin kan Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Abubakar Tafawa Balewa a watan Disambar shekara ta alif dari tara da sha biyu (1912) a jihar Bauchi a wancan zamanin, a yankin Arewacin Najeriya. Mahaifinsa, Balewa Yakubu Dan Zala, dan asalin Gere ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma Fatima Inna 'yar Gere ce kuma asalin ta Fulani ce. Mahaifinsa yana aiki a gidan hakimin garin Gere, gundumar cikin masarautar Bauchi.
Ilimi Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar Alqur’ani da ke Bauchi; a lokacin da masu mulkin mallaka na kudu suka fara yunkurin ilimantar da mutanen yankin Arewa, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa yana cikin yaran da aka tura makarantar Elementary ta Tafawa Balewa, bayan kammala karatun Alqur’ani. Daga nan ya wuce Makarantar Lardin Bauchi. Shima kamar sauran mutanen zamaninsa, ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Barewa wadda a lokacin ake kira da Katsina College, inda ya kasance dalibi mai lamba 145. Ahmadu Rabah, wanda daga baya aka fi sani da Ahmadu Bello, dalibi ne mai lamba 87, kuma yana da shekara biyu a sama, yayin da Abubakar Imam ke gabansa da shekara guda. Kwalejin dai na da tazarar kilomita da dama daga Bauchi kuma ba ta kusa da tashar jirgin kasa ko kuma zirga-zirgar jama'a. Lokacin hutu, wanda shine sau biyu a duk shekara, Abubakar Tafawa balewa yana yin tattaki ne zuwa gida, tafiyar fiye da kilomita 400. Ya kan yi tafiyar kilomita 40 a rana, kafin ya samu wurin hutawa a wani kauye da ke kusa, Wanda gaba daya tafiyar takan daukeshi kwanaki 10. Kwalejin Katsina na da malamai ‘yan kasar Birtaniya, wadanda da yawansu sun yi karatu a manyan makarantun Burtaniya sannan suka halarci Cambridge ko Oxford. An koyar da dalibai da Turanci, kuma magana wani muhimmin bangare ne na koyo ga daliban. Baya ga kwarewa a harshen Ingilishi wato Turanci, makarantar ta kasance filin horas da malamai da za a tura zuwa makarantun larduna da na tsakiya a cikin Lardunan Arewacin Najeriya. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya yi karatunsa na shekara biyar wanda a shekarar 1933 ya koma Bauchi inda ya koyar a makarantar Middle School. Yayi koyarwa a makarantar kuma ya tashi ya zama babban malamin makaranta. A shekarar 1941, ya samu sabani da wani matashi Aminu Kano, wanda aka tura shi makarantar a matsayin malami. Bayan tashin hankalin dalibai, binciken korafe-korafen daliban ya tuhumi shugaban makarantar, kuma a shekarar 1941 aka zabi Abubakar Balewa a matsayin sabon shugaban makarantar. A cikin shekarar 1944, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da wasu malamai masu ilimi a Lardunan Arewa aka zabi su yi karatu a kasashen waje a Cibiyar Ilimi ta Jami'ar London, wadda a yau ta zama wani bangare na Kwalejin Jami'ar London Bayan Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya dawo Najeriya ya zama Sufeto na Makarantun gwamnatin mulkin mallaka sannan kuma ya shiga siyasa.
Ayyukan siyasa An zabe shi a 1946 zuwa Majalisar Dokoki ta Arewa, da Majalisar Dokoki a 1947. A matsayinsa na dan majalisa, ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin Arewacin Najeriya. Ya goyi bayan jinkirin da Arewa ta samu na samun 'yancin kai,bisa bin yarda da cewa yankunan arewa da na kudu ba daidai suke ba. A Majalisar Arewa, ya nemi karin matsayi da nauyi a cikin Gwamnatin Native ga membobin masarautu masu ilimi. Tare da Alhaji Sir Ahmadu Bello, wanda ke rike da sarautar Sardaunan Sakkwato, sun ba da shawarar sauya Kungiyar al'adu, Jam'iyyar Mutanen Arewa, wanda ke nufin Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa (NPC) a Turanci, ta zama dandalin siyasa don amfani. a matsayin dandalin kamfen yayin zaben alif 1951. An zabi Balewa mataimakin shugaban sabuwar jam'iyyar sannan daga baya ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na shugaban makarantar sakandaren Bauchi.NPC ta sami rinjayen kuri'u ga Majalisar Dokokin yankin taalif 1951. Balewa yana cikin sabbin 'yan majalisar a Kaduna. A karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulki,Tsarin Macpherson na 1951, an aiwatar da tsarin kwalejin zaben inda aka zaɓi wasu 'yan majalisun yankin zuwa Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya a Legas, kuma a tsakanin' yan majalisar tarayya, membobi uku daga kowane yanki za a nada ministocin tarayya tare da fayil. Balewa yana cikin wadanda aka mika wa Legas kuma tare da Kashim Ibrahim da Muhammadu Ribadu aka ba su mukamin ministoci. Balewa ya shiga gwamnati ne a shekarar alif 1952 a matsayin Ministan Ayyuka,daga baya ya zama Ministan Sufuri a lokacin da Najeriya ke tafiya zuwa ga mulkin kai. A lokacin da yake aiki a ma'aikatar sufuri, dukkan sassan ruwa da na jirgin kasa an canza su zuwa kamfanoni kuma an tsara tsare -tsaren gadar kan Nijar kuma an tsara shirye -shiryen Dam din Kayinji. A shekarar 1957, NPC ta lashe kuri'u masu yawa a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya kuma Balewa ya zama Babban Minista kuma ya nada Fira Minista. A wani bangare na shirinsa na hada kan kasar zuwa yunkurin samun 'yancin kai a shekarar alif 1960, ya kafa gwamnatin hadaka tsakanin NPC da National Council of Nigeria da Cameroons (NCNC), karkashin jagorancin Nnamdi Azikiwe sannan kuma ya gayyaci Action Group (AG) an kafa majalisar ministocin alif 1957 a matsayin dukkan majalisar ministoci. Kodayake, Awolowo, shugaban AG kuma firaministan yankin Yammacin ya nuna shakku kan shirin, kwamitin zartarwa na kasa na jam'iyyar Action Group ya amince da Gwamnatin Kasa kuma Ayo Rosiji da Samuel Akintola sun zabi jam'iyyar. A cikin wannan lokacin, Balewa ya kulla kyakkyawar alaƙa da KO Mbadiwe daga NCNC da Akintola daga AG.
Fira Minista Balewa ya ci gaba da rike mukamin Firaministan Najeriya lokacin da Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a 1960, sannan aka sake zaban sa 1964. Kafin samun 'yancin kan Najeriya, taron tsarin mulki a shekarar 1954 ya amince da tsarin siyasar yankin na kasar, tare da baiwa dukkan yankuna yanci na siyasa. Yankuna ukun sannan sun kunshi kungiyoyin al'adu daban -daban. Shugabannin farko da wasu fitattun jagororin yankuna daga baya sun dauki manufar jagorantar yankunansu game da cin zarafin siyasa daga wasu shugabannin yankin. Daga baya, wannan yanayin siyasa ya yi tasiri ga gwamnatin Balewa. Wa'adin mulkinsa ya kasance mai cike da rudani, inda bangaranci na yanki ke yiwa gwamnatinsa barazana. Duk da haka, a matsayinsa na Fira Minista na Najeriya, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a mulkin 'yan asalin nahiyar. Ya kasance jagora mai mahimmanci wajen kafa kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka da kirkirar alakar hadin gwiwa tare da kasashen Afirka masu magana da Faransanci Ya kuma kasance mai taimakawa wajen tattaunawa tsakanin Moise Tshombe da hukumomin Kongo yayin Rikicin Kongo na 1960 -zuwa 1964. Ya jagoranci zanga -zangar adawa da kisan Sharpeville na 1960 sannan kuma ya shiga kawance da ministocin Commonwealth wadanda ke son Afirka ta Kudu ta bar Commonwealth a 1961. Duk da haka, tuhumar cin amanar kasa da kuma hukunta daya daga cikin shugabannin yankin yammacin, Obafemi Awolowo, ya haifar da zanga -zanga da yin Allah wadai daga dimbin magoya bayansa. Zaben 1965 a yankin daga baya ya haifar da munanan zanga -zanga. Ba da dadewa ba tarzoma da tashe-tashen hankula sun yi daidai da abin da ake ganin barna ce ta siyasa da kuma sakamakon zaɓe mai karfi ga abokan hamayyar Awolowo na yamma. A matsayin sa Fira Ministan Najeriya, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, daga 1960 zuwa 1961, ya ninka matsayin mai ba da shawara kan Harkokin Waje na Najeriya. A shekarar 1961, gwamnatin Balewa ta kirkiri mukamin minista mai kula da harkokin kasashen waje da hulda da kasashen Commonwealth don fifita Jaja Wachuku wanda ya zama, daga 1961 zuwa 1965, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Najeriya da hulda da Kasashen Commonwealth, wanda daga baya ake kira Harkokin Waje.
Juyin Mulki An yi masa juyin mulki kuma an kashe shi a wani juyin mulkin soja a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1966, da sauran shugabanni da dama, ciki har da tsohon abokin tafiyarsa Sir Ahmadu Bello Yanayin mutuwarsa har yanzu ba a warware su ba. An gano gawarsa a gefen titi kusa da Legas kwanaki shida bayan an kore shi daga mukaminsa. An binne Balewa a Bauchi Labarin kashe shi ya tayar da tarzoma a cikin Arewacin Najeriya kuma a karshe ya haifar da juyin mulki na jini na Yuli 1966. A yau, hotonsa yana dawata Bayanin Naira 5. An sakawa Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa da ke Bauchi suna don girmama shi.
Balewa's Shaihu Umar A shekara ta 1934, Balewa ya rubuta Shaihu Umar, wani labari game da Musulmin kirki don amsa buƙatun inganta adabin Hausa daga Rupert East, shugaban Ofishin Fassara na mulkin mallaka. An rubuta shi a cikin tsarin adabi, jarumi, Shaihu Umar, yana ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin rayuwarsa. Abubuwan da suka faru da jigogi a cikin sabon labari sun shafi cinikin bayi, alaƙar dangi da jigogin Musulunci na miƙa kai ga nufin Allah. An shirya Shaihu Umar a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo a shekarun 1970. An fara buga Shaihu Umar a shekarar 1955.
Darajoji A watan Janairun 1960, Mai Martaba Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II ta nada Abubakar Tafawa balewa a matsayin Kwamandan Daular Masarautar Burtaniya An ba shi lambar girmamawa ta girmamawa daga Jami'ar Sheffield a watan Mayu 1960. An kuma ba shi lambar girmamawa ta dokokin dokoki daga Jami'ar New York a watan Yuli 1961.
Rayuwar mutum An bayyana Balewa a matsayin mai tawali'u kuma mara son kai. A rasuwarsa, manyan kadarorinsa sun hada da gidansa da ke Bauchi da gona mai kadada 50 inda ya yi hutu lokacin da yake son shakatawa. Gidan gonar yana kan hanyar zuwa kauyen Tafawa Balewa kimanin mil tara a wajen Bauchi; an yanke shawara da yawa a hukumance yayin da suke ofis a gona. Balewa ya auri mata hudu da dasuka haifa masa yara goma sha tara.
Duba kuma Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta farko
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Manazarta Kalu Ezekiel;
James S. Olson, Robert S. Shadle; Kundin Tarihi na Masarautar Burtaniya, Greenwood Press, 1996
BIC Ijomah, The Enigma of Nigerian Nationalism, Gidan Buga Jami’ar Jihar Edo, 1996, Alh. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa ya kai ziyara Amurka a 25-28 ga Yuli 1961, |
41202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Nwawuba | Henry Nwawuba | Henry Nwawuba(an haifeshi ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, 1969) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa, ma'aikacin banki kuma ɗan agaji. Shi dan majalisar wakilai ne (Nigeria), mai wakiltar Mbaitoli Ikeduru Federal Constituency na jihar Imo. A yanzu haka yana wa’adinsa na biyu a Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa (Najeriya). An zabe shi a lokuta biyu a dandalin jam’iyyar PDP. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kwamitin majalisar kan yankin Neja Delta.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Henry Nwawuba a Aba, jihar Abia jihar Abia (tsohuwar jihar Imo), Najeriya ga Cif Henry Nwawuba (Snr) da marigayiya Christiana Nwawuba Nee Meniru daga Nawfia a jihar Anambra. Ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Ma’aikatan Jami’ar Bayero Kano da Sakandare a Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Aminu Kano da Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kano. Ya halarci Jami'ar Jos, Jihar Filato daga 1988 zuwa 1992 inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha. Daga nan sai ya wuce Ingila bayan hidimar matasa ta kasa a 1993, inda ya karanta Business Computing a digirin sa na biyu a Jami'ar Westminster.
Sana'a da rayuwar siyasa Henry Nwawuba kafin ya shiga harkokin siyasa ya samu bunkasuwar sana’a a matsayin ma’aikacin banki, inda ya kafa daya daga cikin manya-manyan bankunan masu karamin karfi a Najeriya, Fortis Micro Finance Banks Plc. Kasuwancin sa masu zaman kansu sun haɗa da harkar mai da iskar gas, yawon buɗe ido, sadarwa da sarrafa kayan gona. Ya kasance babban jami'in gudanarwa na NICNOC Nigeria Limited, wani kamfani mai kula da mai da iskar gas. Ya kuma zauna a kwamitin Capital Meat Ltd, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sarrafa nama a Najeriya da ke tasowa. Kafin nan, ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan gona na kwamfuta a City of London Colt Technology Services Telecommunications a London, Ingila.
Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 2006, Nwawuba ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman kan ayyuka na musamman ga gwamnan jihar Filato Mista Michael Botmang. Ya yi ritaya daga kasuwanci har zuwa 2015 lokacin da aka zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai (Nigeria) don wakiltar mazabar Mbaitoli Ikeduru na jihar Imo a karkashin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. An sake zaben shi don yin wa’adi na biyu a 2019. Bukatunsa na majalisa sun hada da Gyara da Ƙirƙiri a Tsarin Manufofi, Ci gaban Neja-Delta, abubuwan cikin gida, haɓaka jarin ɗan adam, mai da iskar gas, banki da fasahar sadarwa. Nwawuba ya jagoranci fafutuka da dama don ci gaban yankin Neja Delta wanda ke daukar nauyin ayyukan mai da iskar gas babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga a Najeriya. Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Neja-Delta kuma Shugaba/Kodinetan Tattaunawar Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya ta farko a kan Neja Delta. A cikin watan Maris 2020, ya jagoranci wasu 'yan majalisa daga Kudu maso Gabas (Nigeria) don neman gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta shigar da yankin cikin ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa da za a samu daga rancen dala biliyan 22 daga hukumomin kudi na kasa da kasa ya gabatar da koke-koke da ya gabatar daga Kudu maso Gabas Elite. A shekarar 2019, an nada shi mataimakin shugaban kwamitocin majalisar wakilai kan yankin Neja Delta. A Majalisar Dokoki ta 8 ya hada hannu da kudirin dokar kafa hukumar raya Kudu Maso Gabas wadda ta kai matakin karatu na daya da na biyu a zauren Green Chamber bayan da aka fara yi. Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitin fasaha kan zartar da dokar masana'antar man fetur (PIB) tsakanin 2018 da 2019. Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya ki amincewa da kudirin dokar a karshen shekarar 2019. An sake nada shi don yin aiki a kwamitin don nazarin amincewarsa a majalisa ta 9. A watan Mayu 2020, ya dauki nauyin kudirin "Bukatar Najeriya ta samar da hangen nesa na ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci" wanda majalisar wakilai ta amince da shi gaba daya. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta mayar da martani ta kaddamar da kwamitin gudanarwa karkashin jagorancin ministar kudi Zainab Ahmed da Atedo Peterside a watan Oktoban 2020 domin samar da wani tsari na ajandar Najeriya na 2050. Bayan barkewar cutar COVID-19, Majalisar Wakilai ta sake aiwatar da ajandarta na majalisa don daidaitawa da gaskiyar COVID-19. An tsara Henry Nwawuba don yin aiki a cikin kwamitin da ya sake rubuta takarda kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin wucin gadi kan aiwatar da ajandar majalisa na majalisa ta 9.
Nwawuba ya kasance cikin tawagogin majalisar dokokin kasa da kasa da dama a Najeriya, ciki har da tawagar kwararrun da aka aika zuwa Afirka ta Kudu domin nuna adawa da kyamar baki da 'yan Najeriya suka fuskanta a kasar a shekarar 2017 tare da shugaban masu rinjaye na lokacin (yanzu shugaban majalisar wakilai Femi Gbajabiamila Rayuwa ta sirri Henry Nwawuba ya auri Mrs. Leton Nwawuba (née Idemyor) wanda ta fito daga jihar Rivers kuma sun sami albarkar ‘ya’ya uku, Denzel Nwawuba, Nwakaego Chloe Zina Nwawuba, da Somtochukwu Henry Tedum Nwawuba.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Matsayin sarauta: Ogbuhuruzo na Amaukwu Orodo Yuli 2016
Jakadan Aminci
Majiɓinci, Ƙungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya
Memba, Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria
Grand Patron, Owerri Sports Club
Kyautar Sabis na Zinare Rotary Club
Labarai Neja Delta: Lokaci ya yi da za a ɗauki alhakin. Tafiya Zuwa Yanzu: Wasika zuwa ga Manyan Mambobina.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haifaffun 1969
Rayayyun mutane
Articles with hAudio microformats
Yan siyasan Najeriya
Yan majalisan wakilai
Yan jamiyyar |
28209 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Oyelowo | David Oyelowo | Articles with hCards
David Oyetokunbo Oyelowo OBE /oʊ j ɛ l oʊ w oʊ oh-YEL -oh-Woh an haifeshi a ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 1976 ya kasance dan wasan Birtaniya da Amurka kuma furodusa wanda ya ke da shedan zama dan kasa guda biyu a Birtaniya da kuma Amirka dan kasa. Abubuwan yabo nasa sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Zaɓaɓɓun Masu sukar, Kyautar Kyautar Guild Actors Allon, da kuma nadin na biyu na lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Emmy guda biyu A cikin shekara ta( 2016), an nada shi Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) don ayyukansa na wasan kwaikwayo.
Oyelowo ya yi fice a shirin da ya fito a matsayin Martin Luther King Jr. a cikin fim din wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa Selma (2014) da Peter Snowdin a cikin fim din HBO Nightingale (2014), dukansu sun ba shi babban yabo. Ya kuma sami yabo ga matsayinsa na Louis Gaines a cikin The Butler (2013), Seretse Khama a Burtaniya (2016) da Robert Katende a cikin Sarauniyar Katwe (2016). Ya kuma taka rawar tallafi a cikin fina-finan Rise of the Planet of the birai (2011), The Help (2011), Lincoln (2012), Red Tails (2012), da Jack Reacher (2012).
A talabijin, Oyelowo ya firo matsayin jami'in MI5 Danny Hunter a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Spooks (2002 2004) da Javert a cikin miniseries na BBC Les Misérables (2018). Ya kuma ba da muryar ga Agent Alexsandr Kallus a cikin jerin Lucasfilm Animation Star Wars Rebels (2014 2018).
Kuruciya An haifi Oyelowo a Oxford, Oxfordshire, Ingila, ga iyayen 'yan Najeriya. Mahaifinsa dan jihar Oyo ne, a yammacin Najeriya, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga jihar Edo, a Kudancin Najeriya. An rene shi a matsayin Baftisma. Ya girma a garin Tooting Bec, Kudancin London, har sai da ya kai shekaru shida, lokacin da danginsa suka ƙaura zuwa Legas, Nigeria, inda mahaifinsa Stephen yi aiki da kamfanin jirgin sama na kasa kuma mahaifiyarsa na kamfanin jirgin kasa. David ya halarci makarantar kwana na ''style style'' mai suna Lagos State Model College, Meiran "lokacin da suke girma a Lagos, Nigeria Sun dawo Landan lokacin da Oyelowo na da shekaru sha hudu, zauna a Islington Yayin da yake cikin karatunsa na wasan kwaikwayo a Kwalejin City da Islington, malaminsa ya ba da shawarar cewa ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Oyelowo ya yi rajista na tsawon shekara guda a cikin kwas na gidauniyar mai aiki, a Kwalejin Kiɗa da Waƙoƙi ta London (LAMDA). Ya kammala horonsa na shekaru uku a 1998. Ya kuma shafe lokaci tare da National Youth Theatre.
Sana'a
Mumbari Ya fara aikinsa na mataki a cikin 1999 lokacin da aka ba shi kakar wasa tare da Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare yana taka rawa a cikin Volpone na Ben Jonson, a matsayin taken taken a Oroonoko (wanda kuma ya yi a cikin daidaitawar rediyon BBC) da Shakespeare's Antony da Cleopatra 1999) tare da Guy Henry, Frances de la Tour da Alan Bates Duk da haka, an fi saninsa da wasan kwaikwayonsa na gaba a matsayin Sarki Henry VI a cikin 2001 na Kamfanin Royal Shakespeare na Shakespeare's trilogy na wasan kwaikwayo game da sarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na kakarsa Wannan Ingila: Tarihi A wani babban abin tarihi na wasan kwaikwayo na makafi mai launi, Oyelowo shi ne ɗan wasa bakar fata na farko da ya fara taka wa sarkin Ingila wasa a wani babban shiri na Shakespeare, kuma duk da cewa an fara sukar wannan zaɓen da wasu kafafen yada labarai suka yi, amma wasan Oyelowo ya samu yabo sosai kuma daga baya ya yi nasara. lambar yabo ta 2001 Ian Charleson don mafi kyawun aikin da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya yi a ƙasa da 30 a cikin wasan gargajiya.
A cikin shekara ta 2005, ya bayyana a cikin shirin Prometheus Bound, wanda aka sake farfado da shi a cikin birnin New York a cikin 2007. A cikin 2006, ya fara halarta a karon farko a kan samar da The White Iblis, wanda Inservice ya samar, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo a Brighton wanda ke aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Brighton Priyanga Burford, Israel Aduramo, Penelope Cobbuld, da matarsa, Jessica. Ya taka rawar gani a Othello a shekara ta 2016 a New York Theatre Workshop tare da Daniel Craig a matsayin Iago, wanda Sam Gold ya jagoranta.
Talabijin Oyelowo sananne ne a shirin da ya fito na MI5 Danny Hunter akan jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya Spooks (wanda aka sani a Arewacin Amurka kamar MI-5 daga 2002 zuwa 2004. Ya riga ya bayyana a cikin Gobe La Scala (2002), Maisie Raine (1998) da Brothers and Sisters (1998). Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙarshen lokacinsa akan Spooks Oyelowo shima ya bayyana a cikin abubuwan Kirsimeti guda biyu na Kamar yadda Lokaci ke tafiya By (2005). A cikin 2006, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin talabijin na Born Equal tare da Nikki Amuka-Bird a matsayin ma'auratan da ke tserewa zalunci a Najeriya su ma sun fito a cikin Shoot the Messenger (2006), da kuma a The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency (2008). miji da mata. Sauran cameos sun haɗa da Mayo (wanda aka yi tauraro a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2006) da fim ɗin talabijin Sweet Nothing in My Ear (2008, a matsayin lauyan tsaro Leonard Grisham), yayin da ya buga maimaitawa ko manyan haruffa akan Kwanaki biyar (2007) da The Passion. (2008, a matsayin Yusufu na Arimathea A cikin Disamba 2009, ya taka rawar jagoranci Gilbert a cikin karbuwar TV ta BBC na littafin Andrea Levy Small Island. A cikin Maris 2010, ya taka rawar Keme Tobodo a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na jini da mai Jarumin ya fito a tauraro a cikin fim din HBO na asali Nightingale (2014). Kwanan nan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da ViacomCBS.
Ayyukan murya Ya bayyana a matsayin Olaudah Equiano a cikin shirin Grace Unshackled Labarin Olaudah Equiano, wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo wanda ya dace da tarihin tarihin Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano An fara watsa wannan shiri a BBC 7 a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2007, tare da matarsa Jessica Oyelowo a matsayin Mrs. Equiano.
A cikin 2007, Oyelowo ya kasance mai karanta littadin The Mission Song na John le Carré Mujallar AudioFile ta bayyana cewa: “Ku yi tunanin David Oyelowo a matsayin mawaƙi ɗaya wanda ke buga dukkan kayan kida a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan shine ainihin abin da yake gudanarwa a cikin wannan hurarrun wasan kwaikwayo na littafin nan mai tuhuma na John le Carré. Shin da gaske ne mutum ɗaya ne kawai a cikin rumfar rikodi na mai ba da labari? Wannan aikin virtuoso yana sa hakan ya zama kamar ba zai yiwu ba." A cikin shekara ta 2015, an zaɓi shi don nuna James Bond a cikin sigar littafin mai jiwuwa na Trigger Mortis, wanda Anthony Horowitz ya rubuta he provides the voice of Imperial Security Bureau agent Alexsandr Kallus a jerin shirye-shiryen zane na Star Wars Rebels. Oyelowo voices the spirit of Scar, the main antagonist in season 2 of The Lion Guard. Oyelowo voiced the Tiger in a television adaptation of The Tiger Who Came to Tea which aired on Channel 4 for Christmas 2019.
Fim A 2012, Oyelowo ya bayyana a Middle of Nowhere. Marubuci-darektan Ava DuVernay ya kasance mai sha'awar aikinsa kuma ya yi tunanin tambayarsa ya ɗauki aikin, amma kafin ta iya, Oyelowo ya karɓi rubutun kwatsam daga wani abokin abokinsa DuVernay wanda ya kasance yana zaune kusa da shi akan gidan yanar gizon. jirgin sama kuma yana tunanin saka hannun jari a cikin aikin. An fara fim ɗin a bikin Fim na Sundance na 2012 zuwa raves mai mahimmanci. A wannan shekarar Oyelowo ya fito a cikin Lee Daniels The Paperboy, wanda ya fafata a gasar Palme d'Or a bikin Fim na Cannes na 2012 Oyelowo ya sake haduwa da Daniels a shekara mai zuwa a cikin The Butler A cikin shekara ta 2014, Oyelowo ya kafa kamfani mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, Yoruba Saxon Productions wanda ya hada fina-finai da suka hada da, Nightingale, Captive, Five Nights a Maine, kuma mafi kwanan nan, Ƙasar Ingila Ya sake yin aiki tare da DuVernay don Selma (2014), yana wasa mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Martin Luther King Jr. Fim ɗin, dangane da 1965 Selma zuwa Montgomery yancin jefa ƙuri'a, Lee Daniels an saita shi da farko, amma aikin ya ragu. by Daniels don haka ya iya mayar da hankali kan The Butler.
Ana shirin fito dashi matsayin tauraro tare da Lupita Nyong'o a cikin wani sabon fim ɗin da aka samar daga littafin Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie novel Americanah Labarin ya biyo bayan wasu matasa ‘yan ci-rani ‘yan Najeriya biyu da suka fuskanci gwagwarmayar rayuwa yayin da dangantakarsu ta dore.
A cikin Fabrairu 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Oyelowo ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Peter Rabbit tare da James Corden, Rose Byrne da Domhnall Gleeson suna mai da matsayinsu a matsayin taken taken, Bea da kuma Thomas McGregor don abin da ya biyo baya saboda fitowa a cikin Maris 2021. A cikin 2020, Oyelowo ya yi tauraro tare da George Clooney a cikin fim ɗin Netflix The Midnight Sky Kwanan nan, kamfaninsa na Saxon na Yarbawa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kallon farko tare da Disney. Fim na farko da zai fito daga yarjejeniyar zai kasance Komawar Rocketeer, Disney na musamman na fim din 1991 The Rocketeer, wanda Oyelowo zai samar tare da matarsa, Jessica, da Brigham Taylor. Ana kuma tunanin Oyelowo zai taka rawa a cikin fim din, wanda zai ta'allaka ne akan "wani mai ritaya Tuskegee Airman wanda ya dauki rigar Rocketeer".
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Domin hotonsa na Martin Luther King Jr. a Selma, Oyelowo ya sami lambar yabo ta NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award na farko don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Hotunan Motsi Wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da kuma ya karɓi lambar yabo don Kyautar Fim ɗin Zaɓuɓɓuka don Mafi kyawun Actor Har ila yau, a cikin 2014, don wasan kwaikwayonsa a Nightingale, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Movie Miniseries kuma an zabe shi a matsayin Firayim Minista Emmy Award don Fitaccen Jagoran Jagora a cikin Ƙirar Ƙarfafawa ko Fim, Kyautar Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Kyauta. Mai wasan kwaikwayo Miniseries ko Fim ɗin Talabijin, Kyautar Hoton NAACP don Fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Fim ɗin Talabijan, Mini-Series ko Na Musamman na Musamman da Kyautar Tauraron Dan Adam don Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Miniseries ko Fim ɗin Talabijin An nada Oyelowo Jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE) a cikin Sabuwar Shekarar Sabuwar Shekara ta 2016 don ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo.
Rayuwa ta sirri Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Jessica Oyelowo, tare da 'ya'ya hudu. Suna zaune a Los Angeles, California Kirista mai kishin addini, Oyelowo ya bayyana cewa ya yi imani Allah ya kira shi ya buga Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. A yayin da yake yin tsokaci a kan hotonsa na Sarki a cikin fim din Selma, Oyelowo ya bayyana cewa, “A koyaushe na san cewa idan na yi wasa da Dr. King, sai da Allah ya shige min gaba saboda idan ka ga Dr. King yana ba da wadancan. jawabai, ka ga yana motsi a baiwarsa”. ɗan ƙasa biyu, Oyelowo da matarsa sun zama ƴan ƙasar Amurka a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2016. Da yake yin haka ya bayyana cewa, “Na yi wani fim mai suna Selma kuma fim din ya shafi ‘yancin kada kuri’a kuma na zauna a nan kusan shekaru 10 yanzu kuma ina yawo ina yin fim game da ‘yancin kada kuri’a da kuma gaya wa mutane su yi zabe. zabe, kuma ba za ka iya zabe da kanka ba kadan munafunci ne. Na yanke shawarar lokaci ya yi da zan yi shi kuma ba lokaci mafi kyau fiye da yanzu." Oyelowo omoba (yarima ne na masarautar Awe, Nigeria, wani yanki na tsarin mulkin dattawa a Najeriya. Ya yi sharhi, "yana da amfani don samun kwanan wata amma mai yiwuwa ba wani yawa ba".
Fina-finai
Fim
Wasannin Talabijin
Duba kuma Black British elite
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje David Oyelowo at the TCM Movie Database
David Oyelowo at AllMovie
Manazarta Jarumin fim bakake na Burtaniya
Jaruman fim maza yarbawa
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1976
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20348 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Ngizim | Mutanen Ngizim | Mutanen Ngizim (Ngizmawa, Ngezzim) suna zaune ne a jihar Yobe, arewa maso gabashin Najeriya Ya zuwa shekarar 1993, an kiyasta Ngizim 80,000. Ƙabilar na zaune ne a garin Potiskum, babban birni a jihar Yobe kuma asalin garin Ngizim ne, da kuma yankunan gabas da kudancin garin. Jama'ar Ngizim sun kasance suna rayuwa a wasu sassan jihohin Borno da Jigawa, amma tun daga lokacin sun rasa asalinsu na al'ada bayan an haɗe su zuwa wasu ƙabilun. Ngizim suna magana da wani yaren Cadi wanda ake kira Ngizim.
Tarihi Kafin Jihadin Fulani na shekarata 1804, tarihin mutanen Ngizim yana da alaƙa sosai da ta Daular Bornu Zuwa shekarar 1472, lokacin da aka kafa babban birni na Daular Bornu, Birni Ngazargamu, Ngizim sun sami suna a matsayin manyan mayaƙa. Yayin da suka karfafa tasirinsu a kan wasu sassan jihar Yobe, ta yanzu babban garinsu na al'adu Potiskum ya zama cibiyar yanki. A farkon karni na 20, Ngizim suka yi tawaye ga Masarautar Fika, wacce hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ba ta ikon siyasa a kansu. Babban jami'in gundumar Birtaniyya ne ya jagoranci rundunonin yaƙi da Ngizim; Daga baya aka kashe Mai Agudum, shugaban ‘yan tawayen. Ba a sake dawo da masarautar Ngizim ba sai a shekarar 1993 lokacin da gwamnan jihar ya nada Mai Muhammadu Atiyaye. Shugaban Ngizim na yanzu, Mai Umaru Bubaram Ibn Wuriwa Bauya an sabunta shi zuwa matsayin Sarki mai daraja ta daya daga tsohon Gwamna Bukar Abba Ibrahim A bayanansa na "Tarihin shekaru goma sha biyu na farkon mulkin Mai Idris Alooma (1571-1583) na Imam Ahmad Ibn Furtua", HR Palmer ya bamu labarin kalmar Ngizim. "Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan sunan wanda duk da cewa an bambanta su da alama suna nuna mutane iri ɗaya ne N'gizim, N'gujam, N'gazar, N'Kazzar, N'gissam". A wani bangare na bayanan, ya gaya mana cewa Mai Ali Ghaji Dunamani ne ya kafa Birni N'gazargamu a kusan 1462, wanda ya sayi shafin daga "So" wanda ke zaune a yankin. "Sunan babban birnin daidai yadda ake rubuta shi da sunan N'gazargamu ko kuma N'gasarkumu. Kashi na farko na kalmar yana nuna cewa mazaunan yankin da suka gabata inda N'gazar ko N'gizim suke. Yankin baya na kalmar "Gamu" ko "Kumu" daidai yake da sashin farko na kalmar "Gwombe" kuma yana nufin ko dai (i) shugaba ko Sarki ko (ii) ruhun kakanni. Yin tafiya ta hanyar rarrabuwa game da N'gizim wanda zai iya tabbatar da iyakar yaduwar su a Yammacin Sudan Akwai batun N'gizim sannan kuma ƙabilar N'gizim a yammacin masarautar da ake kira Binawa. Binawa kuma ana kiranta da Mabani wanda ya tashi daga yankin Bursari yamma da Birni Gazargamu zuwa Katagum.
Tarihin Kanem-Bornu na farko Akwai bayanai daban-daban ga mutanen Ngizim a cikin tarihin Kanem-Bornu tun daga farkon yaƙin basasar Kanem a cikin 1396. Ana iya cewa mutanen Ngizim sun taka rawar gani wajen ƙaura da babban birnin masarautar daga Njimi zuwa N'gazargamu. Ya faɗi HR Palmer:
Daga wani tushe, mun sami bayanin Ngizim yana ɗaya daga cikin farkon ƙungiyoyin da suka yi ƙaura daga Kanem:
Harshe Ngizim yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Chadi guda biyar yan asalin jihar Yobe, sauran kuma sune Bade, Bole, Karai karrai, da Ngamo. Ngizim memba ne na West Branch of Chadic kuma saboda haka yana da dangantaka da Hausa, babban harshe a duk arewacin Najeriya Mafi kusancin dangin harshe Ngizim sune Bade, ana magana da shi a arewacin Potiskum a masarautar Bade (Bedde), da Duwai, ana magana da shi a gabashin Gashua Ba kamar wasu daga cikin sauran yarukan a jihar ta Yobe ba, Ngizim bashi da yarukan magana sosai.ref "humnet" Shugabannin gargajiya Basaraken gargajiyar mutanen Ngizim shi ne Mai Potiskum, wanda kujerun sa suke a Potiskum. Kamar yawancin sarakunan gargajiya a arewacin Najeriya, Mai Potiskum shima shine babban shugaban musulinci a tsakanin mutanen sa.
Garin Potiskum Game da tarihinsu na baya-bayan nan, lokacin Jihadin Fulan musamman a shekarar 1808, wani rukuni na N'gizim karkashin jagorancin Bauya sun bar Mugni sakamakon harin da ta'addar Fulani Jihadi suka kaiwa Birni N'gazargamu. Sun ɗauki hanyar kudu zuwa yankin Kaisala. Da isar su, Bauya da tawagarsa sun taimaka wa mazaunan Kaisala murƙushe wani hari da N'gazar (reshen Ngizim) na Daura (Dawura) ya kawo musu. Bayan kai wa garin Daura hari da mamayarsa, Bauya ya kafa nasa yanki ya kira shi "Pataskum" wanda Turawa suka gurbata shi zuwa "Potiskum". Kalmar "Pataskum" jumlar Ngizim ce ma'anar gandun daji na "Skum". "Pata" ma'ana gandun daji a cikin yaren Ngizim kuma "Skum" wani nau'in itace ne da aka samu wadatacce a yankin a lokacin da aka kafa garin Potiskum.
Sananne mutane Kursu Bin Harun (Grand Vizier na daular Borno a lokacin mulkin Mai Idris Alooma)
Nasr Bultu (Mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Ngizim ta yamma da gwamnatin Mai Idris Alooma)
Umaru Bubaram Ibn Wuriwa Bauya (Mai Potiskum)
Mamman Bello Ali (Gwamnan jihar Yobe daga 29 ga Mayu 2007 ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Janairun 2009)
Ƙara karantawa Abubakar MD (2013). Mutanen Ngizim da al'adunsu. Rubutun da ba a buga ba a Gidan Tarihi na Masarautar Pataskum, Potiskum, Jihar Yobe.
Kayan aiki daga mai kula da Gidan Tarihin Masarautar Pataskum, Ahmad Garba Babayo (2014).
Danchuwa AM (2013). Mutanen Ngizim. Rubutun da ba a buga ba a Gidan Tarihi na Masarautar Pataskum, Potiskum, Jihar Yobe. (Hakanan akwai a www.scribd.com).
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Aikin Binciken Harshen Yobe
Rahoton kabilanci: Ngizim Harsunan Nijeriya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
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27672 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Larabawa-Isra%27ila%201948 | Yaƙin Larabawa-Isra'ila 1948 | Yaƙin Larabawa da Isra'ila na 1948 (ko Farko) shine mataki na biyu kuma na ƙarshe na yakin shekara ta alif 1947-1949 na Falasdinu. Ya fara ne a bisa ka'ida bayan karshen wa'adin mulkin Birtaniya na Falasdinu da tsakar dare ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1948; A safiyar ranar 15 ga watan Mayu ne aka fitar da sanarwar samun ‘yancin kai na Isra’ila, kuma gamayyar sojojin kasashen Larabawa sun shiga yankin Falasdinu na Burtaniya da safiyar ranar 15 ga watan Mayu.
Mutuwar farko na yaƙin shekarar 1947-1949 na yakin Falasdinu ya faru ne a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban shekara ta alif 1947, a lokacin wani harin kwantan bauna da wasu motocin bas guda biyu dauke da Yahudawa. An yi ta samun tashe-tashen hankula da rikici tsakanin Larabawa da Yahudawa, da kuma tsakanin kowannensu da sojojin Birtaniya tun bayan sanarwar Balfour a shekara ta alif 1917, da kuma shekara ta alif 1920, da aka kafa na Birtaniya na Falasdinu. Manufofin Birtaniyya ba su gamsu da Larabawa da Yahudawa ba. Adawar Larabawa ta taso har zuwa shekara ta alif 1936-zuwa 1939, na tawayen Larabawa a Falasdinu, yayin da gwagwarmayar yahudawa ta ci gaba zuwa rikicin Yahudawa na shekara ta alif 1944 zuwa shekarar 1947, a Falasdinu. A shekara ta alif 1947, wadannan tashe-tashen hankulan da ake ci gaba da yi sun barke zuwa yakin basasa bayan amincewa da shirin raba kan Falasdinu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar ta alif 1947, wanda ya shirya raba Palastinu zuwa kasar Larabawa, kasar Yahudawa, da kuma tsarin mulki na musamman na kasa da kasa da ya kunshi biranen Kudus da kuma Baitalami.
A ranar 15 ga watan Mayun, shekara ta alif 1948, yakin basasa ya rikide zuwa rikici tsakanin Isra'ila da kasashen Larabawa bayan sanarwar 'yancin kai da Isra'ila ta yi a ranar da ta gabata. Masar, Transjordan, Syria, da sojojin bazuwa daga Iraki sun shiga Falasdinu. Dakarun mamaya sun kwace iko da yankunan Larabawa inda nan take suka kai farmaki kan sojojin Isra'ila da wasu matsugunan yahudawa. An shafe watanni 10 ana gwabzawa a mafi yawa a yankin Daular Birtaniyya da kuma yankin Sinai da kuma kudancin kasar Labanon, inda wasu lokuta da dama suka katse.
Sakamakon yakin kasar Isra'ila ne ke rike da yankin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara wa kasar yahudawa, da kuma kusan kashi 60% na yankin da aka tsara wa kasar Larabawa, ciki har da yankin Jaffa, Lydda, da Ramle, na Galili. wasu sassa na Negev, wani yanki mai faɗi tare da hanyar Tel Aviv-Jerusalem, da wasu yankuna a Yammacin Kogin Jordan. Isra'ila ta kuma karbe ikon yammacin birnin Kudus, wanda ke nufin zama wani yanki na kasa da kasa na birnin Kudus da kewaye. Transjordan ya karbe iko da gabashin birnin Kudus da sauran tsohon wa'adin mulkin Birtaniya, inda a shekara mai zuwa, sojojin Masar suka karbe ikon zirin Gaza. A taron Jericho a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba shekara ta alif 1948, wakilai Falasdinawa 2,000 sun yi kira da a hade Palastinu da Transjordan a matsayin wani mataki na samun cikakken hadin kan Larabawa. Rikicin ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi na al'umma a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kusan Falasdinawa Larabawa 700,000 sun gudu ko kuma an kore su daga gidajensu a yankin da ya zama Isra'ila, kuma sun zama 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu a cikin abin da suke kira Nakba ("masifun"). A cikin shekaru uku bayan yakin, Yahudawa kusan 700,000 ne suka yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila. Kimanin Yahudawa 260,000 suka ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila daga ƙasashen Larabawa lokacin da kuma bayan yaƙin.
Fage
Sojojin da ke yaki A watan Satumba, na shekara alif 1947, Haganah yana da "bindigogi 10,489, bindigogi masu haske 702, bindigogin submachine 2,666, manyan bindigogi 186, turmi mai inci biyu 672 da turmi 92 mai inci uku (76 mm).
Ana shigo da makamai A cikin shekara ta alif 1946, Ben-Gurion ya yanke shawarar cewa Yishuv zai yiwu ya kare kansa daga Larabawa Falasdinawa da kuma kasashe makwabta na Larabawa don haka ya fara "gaggarumin yakin neman makamai a yammacin duniya", kuma ya sami wasu da yawa a cikin 'yan watannin farko. na tashin hankali.
Sarki Abdullahi I na Transjordan Sarki Abdullah shi ne kwamandan rundunar Larabawa, sojojin Larabawa mafi karfi da suka shiga yakin a cewar Rogan da Shlaim a shekara ta 2007. Duk da haka, Morris ya rubuta a cikin 2008 cewa sojojin Masar sun kasance mafi karfi da kuma barazana. Rundunar Larabawa tana da sojoji kusan 10,000, wadanda jami’an Birtaniya suka horar da su kuma suke ba da umarni.
Har ila yau, Haganah ta yi nasarar samun hannun jari na makaman Birtaniyya saboda sarkakkiya na janyewar Birtaniyya, da kuma cin hanci da rashawa na jami'ai da dama.
Bayan tsagaitawar farko: A watan Yulin 1948, Isra’ilawa sun kafa rundunar sojan sama, da na ruwa, da kuma bataliyar tanka.
A ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1948, washegarin da sojojin Birtaniya na ƙarshe suka bar Haifa, wasu sojojin Birtaniya guda biyu masu tausaya wa Isra'ilawa sun sace tankokin yaƙi na Cromwell guda biyu daga ma'ajiyar makamai a yankin tashar jiragen ruwa na Haifa, inda suka farfasa su ta kofofin da ba a tsare, suka shiga cikin IDF tare da tankunan. Wadannan tankuna guda biyu za su zama tushen Rundunar Sojojin Isra'ila.
Bayan sulhu na biyu: Czechoslovakia ta ba da jiragen yaki na Supermarine Spitfire, wadanda aka yi jigilar su zuwa Isra'ila ta hanyar Luftwaffe da aka yi watsi da su a Yugoslavia, tare da yarjejeniyar gwamnatin Yugoslavia. Tashar safarar makamai ta sama daga Czechoslovakia an sanya mata suna Operation Balak.
Darasi na yakin A halin yanzu, shugabannin Larabawa da dama, don gujewa bala'i a asirce sun yi kira ga Burtaniya da su ci gaba da kasancewa a Falasdinu na akalla shekara guda.
Kashi na farko: 15 ga watan Mayu- 11 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alib 1948, Gaban Kudancin Negev Sojojin Masar, mafi girma a cikin sojojin Larabawa, sun mamaye daga kudu.
Yakin Latrun An gwabza kazamin fada a birnin Kudus da kuma kan hanyar Kudus Tel Aviv, tsakanin dakarun Larabawa na Jordan da sojojin Isra’ila. A wani bangare na sake tura dakarun na Masar gaba, Isra'ilawa sun yi watsi da katangar Latrun da ke kallon babbar hanyar zuwa birnin Kudus, inda nan take Dakarun Larabawa suka kwace. Sojojin Larabawa kuma sun mamaye gidan ibada na Latrun. Daga wadannan wurare, 'yan Jordan sun iya katse kayayyakin da suke ba wa mayakan Isra'ila da fararen hula a Kudus.
Isra'ilawa sun yi yunƙurin ɗaukar sansanin Latrun a jerin gwanon da aka yi tsakanin 24 ga watan Mayu zuwa 18 ga watan Yuli. Rundunar Larabawa ta rike Latrun kuma ta yi nasarar dakile hare-haren. A yayin yunkurin daukar Latrun, sojojin Isra'ila sun samu raunuka kimanin 586, cikinsu har da Mickey Marcus, Janar na farko na Isra'ila, wanda aka kashe ta hanyar musayar wuta. Kungiyar Larabawa ta kuma yi asara, ta yi asarar rayuka 90 sannan wasu 200 suka jikkata har zuwa ranar 29 ga watan Mayu.
Yaƙi don Urushalima 'Yan kasar Jordan a Latrun sun katse kayayyaki zuwa yammacin Kudus. Duk da cewa an jibge wasu kayayyaki, galibin alburusai zuwa cikin birnin, amma karancin abinci, ruwa, man fetur da magunguna ya yi kamari. Sojojin Isra'ila sun yi matukar karancin abinci da ruwa da harsasai.
Sarki Abdullah ya umarci Glubb Pasha, kwamandan rundunar Larabawa, ya shiga birnin Kudus a ranar 17 ga Mayu. Dakarun Larabawa sun harba makaman atilare 10,000 a rana, tare da kai hari a yammacin Kudus da harbin bindiga.
Arewacin Samariya Dakarun Iraqi da suka kunshi sojojin kasa biyu da kuma birgediya daya masu sulke sun tsallaka kogin Jordan daga arewacin Jordan, inda suka kai hari a matsugunan Gesher na Isra'ila da 'yar nasara. Bayan wannan shan kashi, sojojin Iraqi sun koma cikin dabarar triangle mai iyaka da garuruwan Nablus, Jenin da Tulkarm na Larabawa. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, suna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Netanya, lokacin da aka tsayar da su. A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, wani hari da Isra'ila ta kai kan 'yan Iraqin ya kai ga shafe kwanaki uku ana gwabza kazamin fada a kan Jenin, amma sojojin Irakin sun yi nasarar ci gaba da zama. Bayan wadannan fadace-fadace, sojojin Iraki sun tsaya tsayin daka, kuma aka kawo karshen shigarsu cikin yakin.
Gaban Arewa Tafkin Galili A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, ne kasar Siriya ta mamaye Falasdinu tare da runduna ta daya da ke samun goyon bayan wata bataliyar motoci masu sulke, da wani kamfani na tankokin yaki na Faransa R 35 da R 37, da wata bataliyar bindigu da sauran runduna. Shugaban kasar Syria, Shukri al-Quwwatli ya umurci sojojinsa da ke gaba, "da su ruguza sahyoniyawan". "Al'amarin ya yi muni sosai, babu isassun bindigogi, babu manyan makamai," Ben-Gurion ya fadawa majalisar ministocin Isra'ila. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, sojojin Siriya sun juya zuwa gabas da kudancin Tekun Galili, kuma suka kai hari a Samakh da ke makwabtaka da sansanin Tegart da matsugunan Sha'ar HaGolan, Ein Gev, amma suka fuskanci turjiya. Daga baya, sun kai hari Samakh ta hanyar amfani da tankuna da jiragen sama, kuma a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu sun yi nasarar cin nasara kan Samakh kuma suka mamaye Sha'ar HaGolan da aka yi watsi da su.
Sojojin Falasdinawa An ci gaba da yakin basasa tsakanin dakarun yahudawa da na larabawa da aka fara a shekara ta alif 1947, an gwabza fada tsakanin sojojin Isra'ila da dakarun sa kai na Falasdinawa, musamman a yankunan Lydda, al-Ramla, Jerusalem, da Haifa. A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, Brigade Alexandroni sun kwace Tantura, kudu da Haifa, daga sojojin Larabawa. A ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, an kashe kwamandan Sojojin Yakin Mai Tsarki Hasan Salama a wani yaki da Haganah a Ras al-Ein.
Ayyukan iska An sanya dukkan kadarorin jiragen sama na Yahudawa a ƙarƙashin ikon Sherut Avir (Sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama, wanda aka sani da SA) a cikin watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1947, kuma an fara ayyukan tashi a cikin wata mai zuwa daga ƙaramin filin jirgin sama na farar hula da ke wajen Tel Aviv mai suna Sde Dov, tare da aikin tallafin ƙasa na farko (a cikin RWD-13) wanda ke gudana a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba. An kafa Squadron na Galili a Yavne'el a cikin watan Maris, shekara ta alif 1948, kuma an kafa Rundunar Negev a Nir-Am a watan Afrilu. A ranar 10 ga watan Mayu, lokacin da SA ta sami hasarar yaƙi ta farko, akwai ƙungiyoyin tashi sama guda uku, ma'aikatan jirgin sama, wuraren kulawa da tallafin kayan aiki. A barkewar yakin a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, SA ta zama Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Isra'ila. Tare da ayarin jiragensa masu haske ba abin da ya dace da sojojin Larabawa a cikin 'yan makonnin farko na yakin tare da T-6s, Spitfires, C-47s, da Avro Ansons.
Ba da daɗewa ba ma'aunin wutar lantarki ya fara samun tagomashi ga rundunar sojojin saman Isra'ila bayan isowar 25 Avia S-199s daga Czechoslovakia, wanda na farko ya isa Isra'ila a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu. Abin ban mamaki, Isra'ila tana amfani da Avia S-199, ƙarancin ƙarancin Bf 109 da aka ƙera a Jamus na Nazi don yaƙar Spitfires da Birtaniyya ta kera da Masar. A cikin sauran yakin, Isra'ila za ta sami karin mayakan Avia, da kuma Spitfires 62 daga Czechoslovakia. A ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1948, Sherut Avir ya zama Rundunar Sojojin Isra'ila.
Yakin teku
Ƙarshen kashi na farko A cikin kwanaki masu zuwa, Larabawa sun sami iyakacin nasarori ne kawai saboda tsayin daka na Isra'ila, kuma cikin sauri suka fatattake su daga sabon mallakarsu ta hanyar kai hari.
A yayin da ake ci gaba da gwabzawa, dakarun na IDF sun yi nasarar tura dakaru fiye da na Larabawa. A cikin watan Yuli, shekara ta alif 1948, IDF tana da dakaru 63,000; a farkon bazara shekarar alif 1949, suna da 115,000. Sojojin Larabawa suna da kimanin dakaru 40,000 a cikin watan Yuli, shekara ta alif 1948, sun haura zuwa 55,000 a cikin watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif 1948, kuma kaɗan fiye da lokacin bazara na shekarar alif 1949.
Ƙarfafawa A lokacin tsagaitawar, Irgun ya yi yunƙurin kawo jigilar makamai na sirri a cikin wani jirgin ruwa mai suna Altalena. Da yake tsoron juyin mulkin da Irgun ya yi (a lokacin da IDF ke aiwatar da hadakar kungiyoyin siyasa daban-daban kafin samun 'yancin kai), Ben-Gurion ya ba da umarnin a kwace makaman da karfi. Bayan an yi musu rashin fahimta, sai Ben-Gurion ya umurci sojoji su nutsar da jirgin. An kashe 'yan kabilar Irgun da dama da sojojin IDF a fadan.
Mai shiga tsakani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Bernadotte Mai shiga tsakani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Folke Bernadotte da tawagar masu sa ido na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ta kunshi hafsoshin sojojin Belgium da Amurka da Sweden da kuma Faransa ne suka sanya ido kan tsagaita wutar. Babban taron ne ya kada kuri'a a Bernadotte don "tabbatar da amincin wurare masu tsarki, don kare lafiyar jama'a, da kuma inganta" daidaita yanayin zaman lafiya na Falasdinu a nan gaba".
Mataki na biyu: 8-18 Yuli 1948 ("Yaƙin Kwana Goma") A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli, washegarin wa'adin tsagaita wuta, sojojin Masar a karkashin Janar Muhammad Naguib sun sabunta yakin ta hanyar kai wa Negba hari. Washegari ne sojojin saman Isra'ila suka kaddamar da farmakin a lokaci guda a dukkan bangarori ukun da suka hada da Quneitra zuwa Arish sannan sojojin saman Masar sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a birnin Tel Aviv. A lokacin fadan, Isra'ilawa sun sami damar bude hanyar ceto ga kibbutzim da dama da aka yi wa kawanya.
An dai ci gaba da gwabza fada har na tsawon kwanaki goma har kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fitar da tsagaita wuta na biyu a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli. A cikin wadannan kwanaki 10, an mamaye fadan ne da manyan hare-hare na Isra'ila da kuma matakin kariya daga bangaren Larabawa.
Gaban Kudu A kudancin kasar, IDF ta kai hare-hare da dama, ciki har da Operation An-Far da Operation Death to the Invader. Aikin runduna ta 11 ta bataliya ta 11 da ke gefen kudu shi ne kame kauyuka, kuma aikin nata ya gudana cikin kwanciyar hankali, ba tare da turjiya ba daga cikin gida. A cewar Amnon Neumann, wani tsohon sojan Palmach na yankin Kudu, da kyar wasu kauyukan Larabawa da ke kudancin kasar suka yi fada da juna, saboda tsananin talauci na abin da suke da shi da kuma rashin makamai, aka kuma kori su. Wani ‘yar turjiya da aka yi, an kwantar da shi ne da wani bama-bamai da makami, daga bisani kuma aka kori mazauna kauyen tare da lalata gidaje.
Lydda da al-Ramla
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40864 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman%20Mai%20Girma | Suleiman Mai Girma | Suleiman I (Ottoman Turkish; 6 Nuwamba 14946 Satumba 1566), wanda aka fi sani da Suleiman Mai Girma a Yamma da Suleiman Mai Ba da Doka (Ottoman Turkish) a mulkinsa, shi ne Sarkin Musulmi na goma kuma mafi dadewa a kan daular Usmaniyya daga 1520 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1566. A karkashin gwamnatinsa, daular Usmaniyya ta yi mulki sama da akalla 25 mutane miliyan.
Suleiman ya gaji mahaifinsa, Selim I, a matsayin sarki a ranar 30 ga watan Satumbar 1520 kuma ya fara mulkinsa tare da yakin adawa da ikon Kirista a tsakiyar Turai da Bahar Rum. Belgrade ya fada masa a 1521 da tsibirin Rhodes a 1522-23. A Mohács, a cikin watan Agusta 1526, Suleiman ya karya ƙarfin soja na Hungary.
Suleiman ya zama fitaccen sarki a Turai a karni na 16, wanda ya jagoranci kolin daular Usmaniyya ta tattalin arziki, soja da siyasa. Suleiman da kansa ya jagoranci sojojin daular Usmaniyya wajen cin galaba a kan matsugunan Kiristoci na Belgrade da Rhodes da kuma mafi yawan kasar Hungary kafin a duba yakinsa a kewayen Vienna a shekara ta 1529. Ya mamaye gabas ta tsakiya da yawa a cikin rikicinsa da Safawiyawa da manyan yankuna na Arewacin Afirka har zuwa yammacin Aljeriya. A karkashin mulkinsa, rundunar Ottoman ta mamaye tekuna daga Bahar Rum zuwa Bahar Maliya da kuma ta Tekun Fasha. A jagorancin daula mai faɗaɗawa, Suleiman da kansa ya kafa manyan sauye-sauye na shari'a da suka shafi al'umma, ilimi, haraji da kuma dokokin laifuka. Gyaran da ya yi, wanda aka yi tare da babban jami'in shari'a na daular Ebussuud Efendi, ya daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin nau'o'i biyu na dokokin Ottoman: Sultan (Kanun) da na addini (Shari'a). Ya kasance fitaccen mawaki kuma maƙerin zinariya; ya kuma zama babban majibincin al'adu, yana kula da zamanin "Golden" na Daular Usmaniyya a fannin fasaha, adabi da raya gine-gine. Da yake karya al'adar Ottoman, Suleiman ya auri Hürrem Sultan, wata mace daga cikin 'ya'yansa, Kiristan Orthodox 'yar Ruthenia wanda ya karbi Musulunci, kuma wanda ya shahara a Yamma da sunan Roxelana, saboda jajayen gashinta. Ɗansu, Selim II, ya gaji Suleiman bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1566 bayan shekaru 46 yana mulki. Sauran magada Suleiman, Mehmed da Mustafa, sun rasu; Mehmed ya mutu a shekara ta 1543 daga cutar sankarau, kuma Mustafa an shake shi har lahira a shekara ta 1553 bisa umarnin sarkin musulmi. An kashe dansa Bayezid a 1561 bisa umarnin Suleiman, tare da ’ya’yan Bayezid hudu, bayan tawaye. Ko da yake malamai yawanci suna ɗaukar lokacin bayan mutuwarsa a matsayin tashin hankali da daidaitawa maimakon raguwa mai sauƙi, ƙarshen mulkin Suleiman ya zama ruwan dare a tarihin Ottoman. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan Suleiman, daular ta fara samun sauye-sauye na siyasa, hukumomi, da tattalin arziki, al'amarin da aka fi sani da Canji na Daular Ottoman.
Madadin sunaye da lakabi Sulaiman Mai Girma Muḥteşem Suleyman), kamar yadda aka san shi a Yamma, ana kuma kiran sa Suleiman na Farko Sulṭān Süleymān-ı Evvel), and Suleiman the Lawgiver Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Suleymān don gyara tsarin shari'ar Ottoman. Ba a san lokacin da ainihin kalmar Kanunî (Mai ba da doka) ta fara amfani da ita a matsayin abin koyi ga Suleiman ba. Ba ya nan gaba ɗaya daga tushen Ottoman na ƙarni na sha shida da na sha bakwai kuma yana iya kasancewa tun farkon ƙarni na 18. Akwai al’adar asalin yammaci, wanda a cewar Suleiman Mai Girma shine “Suleiman II”, amma wannan al’adar ta ginu ne a kan kuskuren zaton cewa za a amince da Suleyman Çelebi a matsayin halaltaccen sarki.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Suleiman a Trabzon a kudancin bakin tekun Black Sea zuwa Şehzade Selim (daga baya Selim I), mai yiwuwa a ranar 6 gawatan Nuwamba 1494, kodayake ba a san wannan kwanan wata da cikakkiyar tabbaci ko shaida ba. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Hafsa Sultan, musuluntar da ba a san asalinta ba, wadda ta rasu a shekara ta 1534. A lokacin yana dan shekara bakwai, Suleiman ya fara karatun kimiyya, tarihi, adabi, tiyoloji da dabarun soja a makarantun fadar Topkapı da ke Konstantinoful. Sa’ad da yake matashi, ya yi abota da Pargalı Ibrahim, bawan ƙasar Girka wanda daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mashawarta da ya fi amincewa da shi (amma daga baya aka kashe shi bisa umarnin Suleiman). Yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, an nada shi a matsayin gwamnan Kaffa na farko (Theodosia), sannan Manisa, tare da ɗan gajeren lokaci a Edirne.
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30359 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20siyasa | Ƴancin siyasa | 'Yancin siyasa (wanda kuma aka sani da ikon cin gashin kansa na siyasa ko hukumar siyasa muhimmin ra'ayi ne a tarihi da tunanin siyasa kuma daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwa na cikin al'ummomin dimokuradiyya An bayyana 'yancin siyasa a matsayin 'yanci daga zalunci ko tilastawa, rashin yanayin nakasa ga mutum da kuma cika sharuddan ba da damar, ko rashin yanayin rayuwa na tilastawa, Kamar misali tilascin tattalin arziki, sannan a cikin al'umma. Kodayake 'yancin siyasa ana yawan fassara su da kyau a matsayin' yanci daga haramtattun halaka na waje akan aiki, Hakanan yana iya batun aikin motsa jiki mai kyau, da damar da kuma damar da za su iya aiki da kai. Har ila yau, ra'ayin na iya haɗawa da 'yanci daga ƙuntatawa na ciki kan aikin siyasa ko magana (misali daidaituwar zamantakewa, daidaito, ko kuma halayen da ba su dace ba). Manufar 'yancin siyasa tana da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin ɗan adam, waɗanda a cikin al'ummomin dimokuradiyya galibi ana ba da kariya ta doka daga ƙasa Ra'ayi Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban tare da bakan siyasa suna da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da abin da suka yi imani ya ƙunshi 'yancin yin siyasa.
Falsafar siyasa ta hagu gabaɗaya tana haɗa ra'ayin 'yanci tare da kyakkyawar 'yanci ko baiwa ƙungiya ko wani mutum damar tantance rayuwarsu ko fahimtar iyawarsu. Kuma A wannan ma'anar, 'yanci na iya haɗawa da 'yanci daga talauci, yunwa, sannan kuma cututtuka da za a iya magance su, da zalunci da kuma 'yanci daga karfi da tilastawa, daga duk wanda za su iya.
Ma'anar 'yanci na gurguzu ("'yanci") kamar yadda masanin falsafa neoliberal kuma masanin tattalin arziki na Nobel Memorial Prize Friedrich Hayek ya gani shine "amfani da 'yanci' don bayyana ikon 'yancin yin abin da nake so', kuma ikon biyan bukatunmu., ko kuma iyakar zaɓin zaɓin da aka buɗe mana an inganta shi da gangan a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhawarar gurguzu an maye gurbin ra'ayi na ikon gama kai a kan yanayi da na 'yancin kai." Masu adawa da zaman jama'a suna ganin 'yanci mara kyau da tabbatacce a matsayin abubuwan da suka dace na 'yanci. Kuma Irin wannan ra'ayi game da haƙƙoƙin na iya buƙatar ciniki mai amfani, kamar sadaukar da haƙƙin samfurin aikin mutum ko 'yancin yin tarayya don ƙarancin wariyar launin fata ko ƙarin tallafin gidaje. Masu adawa da zamantakewar al'umma sun bayyana mummunan ra'ayi na 'yanci wanda tsarin jari-hujja ya amince da shi a matsayin "'yancin son kai". Anarcho-yan jari-hujja suna ganin haƙƙin mara kyau a matsayin tsarin da ya dace. Ayn Rand ya bayyana shi a matsayin "ka'idar ɗabi'a da ke bayyanawa da kuma ba da izini ga 'yancin yin aiki na mutum a cikin yanayin zamantakewa". Sannan Kuma Ga irin wannan sassaucin 'yan sassa,' yanci mai kyau yana da sabani tun lokacin da ake kira 'yancin halayyar wanda ta hanyar ma'anar maƙarƙashiyar wasu la'akari. Duk da wani haƙƙin da ake zargi wanda ke buƙatar sakamako na ƙarshe (misali gidaje, ilimi, sabis na kiwon lafiya da sauransu) waɗanda mutane suka samar a zahiri haƙƙi ne na bautar wasu.
Masanin falsafar siyasa Alasdair MacIntyre ya yi hasashen 'yanci dangane da dogaron mu na zamantakewa da sauran mutane. Masanin tattalin arziki na tunawa da Nobel Milton Friedman, ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa Capitalism and Freedom cewa akwai 'yanci iri biyu, wato 'yancin siyasa da 'yancin tattalin arziki, kuma idan ba tare da 'yancin tattalin arziki ba ba za a iya samun 'yancin siyasa ba.
A cikin kasidarsa mai taken "Me yasa Kasuwar ke Sauka Dimokuradiyya", Robin Hahnel ya yi tsokaci game da ra'ayin Friedman na 'yancin tattalin arziki, yana mai cewa za a samu tauye 'yancin wasu a duk lokacin da wani ya yi amfani da 'yancinsa na tattalin arziki. Kuma Ya yi jayayya cewa irin wannan cin zarafi yana haifar da rikice-rikicen da aka warware ta hanyar tsarin haƙƙin mallaka, sabili da haka yana da mahimmanci a yanke shawarar abin da ya fi kyau ko mafi muni tsarin haƙƙin mallaka, sannan kuma duk da haka Friedman kawai yana ɗaukan haƙƙin mallaka na yanzu kuma baya tambayar su. Masanin falsafar siyasa Nikolas Kompridis ya bayyana cewa neman 'yanci a wannan zamani za a iya raba shi gabaɗaya zuwa manufofi guda biyu masu zaburarwa, wato kuma 'yanci a matsayin 'yancin kai ko 'yancin kai da 'yanci a matsayin ikon haɗa kai tare da sabon mafari. An kuma yi la'akari da 'yancin siyasa a cikin adawa da kuma yanayin dangantakar iko, ko ikon aiki akan ayyuka, ta Michel Foucault Hakanan an gano shi tare da wasu nau'ikan ayyukan fasaha da al'adu ta Cornelius Castoriadis, Antonio Gramsci, Herbert Marcuse, Jacques Rancière da Theodor Adorno Masana muhalli sukan yi jayayya cewa 'yancin siyasa ya kamata ya haɗa da wasu ƙuntatawa akan amfani da yanayin Suna tabbatar da cewa babu wani abu, alal misali, 'yancin yin gurɓatacce ko ƴancin sare dazuzzuka idan aka yi la'akari da cewa irin waɗannan ayyukan suna haifar da mummunan yanayi, wanda ke keta 'yancin sauran ƙungiyoyi na kada a fallasa su ga gurɓata. Sannan An yi amfani da shaharar SUVs, golf da balaguron birni a matsayin shaida cewa wasu ra'ayoyin 'yanci da kiyaye muhalli na iya yin karo da juna. Wannan yana haifar da a wasu lokuta zuwa ga mummuna fashe-fashe da rikice-rikice na dabi'u da ke nunawa a yakin talla, misali na PETA game da Jawo John Dalberg-Acton ya ce: "Mafi tabbatacciyar jarrabawa da muke yanke hukunci kan ko da gaske kasa tana da 'yanci shi ne adadin tsaron da 'yan tsiraru ke samu." Gerald C. MacCallum Jr. ya yi magana game da sasantawa tsakanin 'yanci mai kyau da mara kyau, kuma yana mai cewa dole ne wakili ya sami cikakken 'yancin kai a kan kansa. Yana da triadic dangane da juna domin kusan abubuwa uku ne, wato wakili, takurawar da suke buƙatar 'yantar da su da kuma manufar da suke fata.
Tarihi Hannah Arendt ta bibiyi tushen ra'ayi na 'yanci zuwa tsohuwar siyasar Girka A cewar bincikenta, manufar 'yanci a tarihi ba ta rabu da ayyukan siyasa. Siyasa ba sai wanda ya ‘yantar da kansa daga bukatu na rayuwa domin su shiga cikin harkokin siyasa. SannanA cewar Arendt, ra'ayin 'yanci ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin Kirista na 'yancin son rai, ko 'yanci na ciki, a kusan karni na 5 AZ kuma tun daga lokacin an yi watsi da 'yanci a matsayin wani nau'i na aikin siyasa ko da yake, kamar yadda ta ce, 'yanci. shi ne "rayon d'être na siyasa". Arendt ya ce 'yancin siyasa a tarihi yana adawa da ikon mallaka ko ikon son rai tun a zamanin d Girka da Roma ra'ayin 'yanci ba ya rabuwa da aiki kuma bai taso ba a matsayin rikici tsakanin so da kai. Hakazalika, ra'ayin 'yanci a matsayin 'yanci daga siyasa ra'ayi ne da ya samo asali a zamanin yau. Wannan ya saba wa ra'ayin 'yanci a matsayin ikon "fara sabon abu", wanda Arendt yana gani a matsayin mai daidaitawa ga yanayin ɗan adam na halitta, ko kuma yanayin mu a matsayin "sabon farko kuma saboda haka mafari". A ra'ayin Arendt, aikin siyasa shine katsewar tsari na atomatik, na halitta ko na tarihi. 'Yancin da za a fara sabon abu, don haka fadada ne na "'yancin kiran wani abu a cikin halitta wanda ba a da, sannan wanda ba a ba da shi ba, ba ma a matsayin wani abu na fahimta ko tunani ba, wanda saboda haka, a zahiri, ba za a iya saninsa ba. Duba wasu abubuwana
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Alberto Abadie (Oktoba 2004). Talauci, ‘Yancin Siyasa, Da Tushen Ta’addanci” (PDF). Jami'ar Harvard da NBER.
"Taƙaitaccen bita na abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin canjin siyasa: 'yanci da rikici" "'Yanci: Babban Kyautar Yamma" Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
30246 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnyuk%20Sisters%20%28mawaka%29 | Telnyuk Sisters (mawaka) | Sisters Telnyuk Ukraine mawakan amo ne na Duona kasar Ukraine wanda ya hada Lesya da Halya Telnyuk. An ba su lambar yabo ta Vasyl Stus don kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun kasar Ukraine. An kuma ba su lambar yabo ta "People's Artist of Ukraine".
Kuruciya Lesya da Halya Telnyuk 'yan kasar Ukraine ne kuma sun fara yin waƙa tun suna da shekaru 13. Sun ƙirƙira ƙwallo na dutse, ƙawance, da waƙoƙi don wasan kwaikwayo na mawaƙa dangane da ayoyin mawaƙan Ukrainian na gargajiya. Sun fara ƙoƙari na farko mai tsanani don shirya nasu waƙoƙi tare da mawaki Alexander Melnyk. Daga nan suka fara sana’ar waka ta ƙwararru a cikin shekara ta 1986.
Tsarin lokutan aiki A shekarar 1987, shekara guda bayan fitiwarsu na farko, 'yan'uwa mãtã sun zama laureates na kasa gasar "New Names". Sun sami lambobin yabo da yawa a bikin na farko da na biyu na "Chervona Ruta" a cikin 1989 da 1991 tare da waƙoƙin da suka danganci ayar Pavlo Tychyna.
A farkon shekarun 1990, 'ya da kanwan' sun fito da kundin kundin Moment da Lesya da Halya, tare da haɗin gwiwar mawaki Andryj Shust ("Falcon"). Daga nan sai suka karɓi sabon sauti tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗan wasan pianist da mawaki Ivan Davydenko ("Take Laifin", "Karƙashin Ruwa", "Ophelia", "Gaba da Ku") kuma daga baya tare da Eugene Bortnychuk, Oleg Putyatin, da Igor Sereda, suna jagorantar. zuwa kundin "Silence and Thunder."
A cikin 1997,'yan uwan, tare da tsohon mawaƙin Rolling Stones Mick Taylor, sun yi rikodin waƙar "Ƙauna ta banza". A ranar 60th ranar tunawa da haihuwar mawaƙin Ukrainian Vasyl Stus, an halicci shirin "Swinging maraice ya karye har ma Yana da jerin wasanni na Raisa Nedashkivska tare da haɗin gwiwar ɗan mawaƙa Dmytro Stus da actress Halyna Stefanova, da mawaki Sergyi Moroz. Shirin "A Gefen", wanda aka sadaukar don tunawa da mawaƙin, daliban Kanada sun gani kuma sun ji.
A cikin 1998, ƙungiyar ta sami lambar yabo ta Vasyl Stus don kiyayewa da haɓaka al'adun Ukrainian. A farkon shekarun 2000, Telnyuks ya fara yin rawa a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo lokacin da aka shirya wasan kwaikwayo na UBN (Ukrainian Bourgeois Nationalist) a Lviv Drama Zankovetska Theater, wanda Fyodor Nikolayevich Strigun ya jagoranta kuma Myroslav Hrynyshyn ya jagoranci. An yaba Halyna Telnyuk da rubutun allo yayin da mawallafin kiɗan shine Lesya Telnyuk. An buga ainihin sigar UBN a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Lutsk Drama.
Shekaru da dama, sun yi aiki tare da Nina Morozevich, malami a Bandura a Odessa State Conservatory kuma shugaban uku Mallows a Odessa State Philharmonic. Tare suka yi aiki tare akan waƙoƙi da yawa.
A Kanada, 'yan uwan na Telnyuk sun saba da ɗan wasan Kanada Igor Polishchuk kuma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sun fito da "Above Us Sky", haɗuwa da kiɗa, shayari, da zane-zane. Wannan wasan kwaikwayo na multimedia ya kuma ƙunshi hotuna, waƙoƙi, da bidiyon da aka kunna a birane goma a Arewacin Amirka. The Star ya rubuta cewa yawon shakatawa "kaɗe-kaɗe da wasan kwaikwayo sun rushe shingen harshe". Duo ya shiga cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa irin su Lullabies na Ukrainian, Kruty: Concert don Mala'iku, Festival a Montreal. Live Voice of Vasyl Stus, da Kobzar 'Yan'uwan sun yi aiki tare da Dmitro Stus da Roman Semysal akan aikin 2008 Stusove Circle, game da Vasyl Stus. Sa'an nan a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, sun yi yawon shakatawa na Komu Vnyz. Shirin "Iskar Karni" an gani kuma an ji shi a Odesa, Kherson, Krivyj Rig, Kirovograd, Sumy, Kharkiv, da Dnipropetrovsk.
A cikin shekara ta 2009, yan uwan sun halarci Antonych Fest, bikin 100 na haihuwar B.-I. Antonych wanda masu fasaha da ƙungiyoyin matasa ke riƙe. Bugu da ƙari, wasan kwaikwayo a kan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, sun gabatar da CD mai suna Har abada: Bohdan-Ihor Antonych, tare da waƙoƙin fassarar guda biyar akan waƙar Antonych, da waƙoƙin harshen Ukrainian da Faransanci da aka rubuta tare da makada Dead Rooster, MS da Olexandr Melnyk.
A cikin 2010, an fara fim ɗin Telnyuk: na gwaji wanda ya fito. Ya ƙunshi rikodin maimaitawa kuma shine na farko a cikin Ukraine ta darekta Alexander Antennae a cikin shirin kide-kide na Sisters' Yellow Dandelion. 'Yan'uwan kuma sun fitar da albam din su na SONMO A cikin bazara sun zagaya garuruwa da dama a kusa da Ukraine, inda suka kammala da wani kade-kade a Kyiv Operetta wanda shugaban kasar Viktor Yushchenko ya halarta.
Yan uwan sun ƙirƙiri zane-zane da yawa na waƙoƙin bisa ga waƙoƙin Oksana Zabuzhko.
Wakoki
Albam
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje The Telnyuk Sisters The Telnyuk Sisters Albums akan www.umka.com.ua
Masu adawa a yau. Hira (ukr)
Mawaka daga Kyiv
Mawakan duos 'yan uwa
Mawaka duos mata
Mawakan rock na kasar Ukraine
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Albaniya | 'Yancin Addini a Albaniya | Kundin tsarin mulkin Albaniya ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Ba a sami rahoton cin zarafi ko wariya na al'umma ba dangane da imani ko aiki. A cikin bayanan da masana ilimin zamantakewa Brian Grim da Roger Finke Albania suka tattara sun yi ƙasa a kan Dokokin Gwamnati na Addini, Dokokin Zamantake Addini, Ƙaunar Gwamnati na Addini da Zaluntar Addini.
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati ta bayyana cewa gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin. Gwamnati ta bayyana rashin zaman lafiya. Babu addini a hukumance kuma dukkan addinai daidai suke; duk da haka, manyan al'ummomin addini (Musulmi Sunni, Bektashi, Orthodox, da Katolika) suna jin daɗin matsayin hukuma (misali, bukukuwan ƙasa) da matsayin zamantakewa dangane da kasancewarsu na tarihi a ƙasar. Hutu na hukuma sun haɗa da ranaku masu tsarki daga dukkan manyan addinai huɗu.
Duk kungiyoyin addini da suka yi rajista suna da hakkin su rike asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori da gine-gine. Ba a sanya takunkumi ga iyalai game da yadda suke renon yaransu dangane da ayyukan addini. Dangantaka ta aminci tsakanin addinai a cikin al'umma ta ba da gudummawa ga 'yancin addini.
Yin lasisi OfGwamnati ba ta buƙatar rajista ko lasisi na ƙungiyoyin addini; duk da haka, Kwamitin Ƙungiyoyi na Jiha yana kiyaye bayanai da ƙididdiga kan ƙungiyoyin addini na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke tuntuɓar ta don taimako. Babu wata kungiya da ta bayar da rahoton matsalolin yin rajista a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunshi. Duk kungiyoyin addini masu rijista suna da hakkin su mallaki asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori. Ƙungiyoyin addini na iya samun matsayin hukuma ta mai shari'a ta hanyar yin rajista tare da Kotun Lardi na Tirana a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai, wadda ta amince da matsayin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ba tare da la'akari da ko ƙungiyar tana da al'adu, nishaɗi, addini, ko halin jin kai ba. Dukkanin al’ummomin addini sun soki Gwamnati kan rashin amincewar ta na ba su matsayin da ba a biyan haraji. Tun shekara ta 2003 an keɓe masu wa'azi na addini na ƙasashen waje daga harajin izinin zama.
Kwamitin kula da al’adu na Jiha a karkashin ma’aikatar yawon bude ido, al’adu, matasa, da wasanni, tana da alhakin tsara dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da dukkanin mabiya addinai tare da kare ‘yancin yin addini da inganta hadin kai da fahimtar juna a tsakanin addinai. Kwamitin ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayanansa na ƙungiyoyin addini suna taimaka wa 'yan sanda ba da izinin zama ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje na ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban. Babu wata kungiya da ta yi ikirarin samun matsala wajen samun izinin zama a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Koyaya, a matsayin gama gari, an ba wa masu wa’azi na addini na ƙasashen waje izinin zama na shekara 1 kacal maimakon shekaru 5 da doka ta ba mazauna ƙasar fiye da shekaru 2. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa, kwamitin ya fara aiki da gwamnati kan sharudda da za su ba da izinin zama na tsawon shekaru har zuwa shekaru 5 ga ingantattun kungiyoyin addini masu alaka da kasar.
Babu wata doka ko ƙa’ida da ta tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin addini su sanar da Kwamitin ayyukansu; duk da haka, sashi na 10 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi kira da a samar da yerjejeniya daban-daban don daidaita dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da al'ummomin addinai. Cocin Katolika ta ci gaba da zama al’ummar addini tilo da suka kammala irin wannan yarjejeniya da Gwamnati. Kwamitin ya ba da umarnin yin shawarwari tare da sauran rukunoni uku da suka rage kuma sun kafa ƙungiyar aiki a watan Mayu 2006 don wannan dalili. An bayar da rahoton cewa kwamitin ya cimma yarjejeniya da kungiyoyi uku-Musulmi, Orthodox, da Muslim Bektashi al'ummomin. VUSH, wata ƙungiyar Furotesta, ta tuntuɓi Kwamitin dan tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin ƙasashen biyu amma ba ta sami amsa ba a ƙarshen lokacin rahoton.
Makarantun Addini Ma’aikatar ilimi ta kasar ta bayyana cewa makarantun gwamnati na kasar nan na boko ne, kuma dokar ta haramta koyar da akida da addini. Bisa kididdigar da hukuma ta bayar, kungiyoyin addinai, kungiyoyi, da gidauniyoyi sun gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi 101, wadanda 15 daga cikinsu makarantu ne masu alaka da addini, tare da dalibai sama da 2,600. A bisa doka dole ne ma’aikatar ilimi ta ba wa irin wadannan makarantu lasisi, kuma manhajoji dole ne su bi ka’idojin ilimi na kasa. Kungiyoyin Katolika da na Musulmai sun gudanar da makarantu da dama da ke da lasisin gwamnati kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ba su da wata matsala wajen samun sabbin lasisin sabbin makarantu. Cocin Orthodox da Bektashis suna gudanar da cibiyoyin koyarwa na addini don horar da malamai.
Da'awar dukiya ta addini Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da addini gabaɗaya kyauta; duk da haka, maido da kadarorin da tsohuwar gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace ya ci gaba da zama matsala. A bisa dokar da ta shafi maidowa da kuma biyan diyya irin wadannan kadarori, al’ummomin addini suna da hakki iri daya da na mutane masu zaman kansu dangane da abin da ya shafi mayar da kadarori ko diyya, amma kungiyoyin addini sun nuna shakku kan kayyade kadarori zuwa A lokacin rahoton, Gwamnati ba ta kafa wani asusu na musamman don biyan diyya ba, amma Ofishin Firayim Minista ya yi ƙoƙarin warware matsalolin kadarorin addini. Gwamnatin ta kuma sanar da shirin kawar da cikas da aka samu a hukumance da na doka wadanda suka kawo cikas wajen dawo da kadarorin da aka kwace ta hanyar kawar da bukatar kungiyoyin addini su samar da mukamai da takardu don tabbatar da mallakar asali. A lokacin mulkin gurguzu, ana yin rikodin kadarorin da gwamnati ta kwace gabaɗaya, kuma Gwamnati na ƙoƙarin ganin ta amince da waɗannan takaddun bayanan a matsayin daidai da sunayen kadarori, don haka ta fayyace mallakar filaye a wasu lokuta.
Dukkanin manyan al'ummomin gargajiya guda huɗu suna da ƙaƙƙarfan da'awar kadarorin da ba a warware su ba. A al’amuran da suka shafi komawar gine-ginen addini, gwamnati ta kasa mayar da filayen da ke kewaye da gine-ginen, wani lokaci saboda da’awar sake fasalin da wasu masu zaman kansu suka yi da suka fara nomansa ko amfani da shi dan wasu dalilai. Cocin Orthodox ya ci gaba da gina wani sabon babban coci a Tirana a kan wani yanki na fili da ta samu a matsayin diyya ga sauran filaye da gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace, amma ta yi ikirarin rashin daukar mataki kan wasu ikirari na kadarorin kasar a duk fadin kasar, da kuma wahala, dawo da gumaka na addini da rubuce-rubuce masu tamani. Cocin Orthodox da Cocin Katolika suna ƙoƙari su dawo da wuraren ajiyar da gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta kama kuma aka ajiye a cikin tarihin ƙasar.
Ko da yake Cocin Katolika na da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙayyadaddun ikirari, ta nuna cewa ba ta aiwatar da waɗannan abubuwan kuma ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinta a wasu wurare. Duk da haka, idan a ƙarshe za a biya diyya ga sauran ƙungiyoyin addini, za a sa ran samun diyya ma. Kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya da kuma Musulman Bektashis sun kuma bukaci gwamnati ta mayar da wasu kadarori. Kungiyar Islama ta yi nasarar samun lakabin wani babban fili a Tirana inda wani masallaci ya taba tsayawa. Sai dai ba ta samu takardar izinin gina sabon masallaci ba. A karkashin sabon tsarin kula da birane na Tirana, an kebe wani fili a Tirana, wanda kuma mallakin al'ummar musulmi ne saboda haka. Jama'ar Musulunci sun ki amincewa da wannan wurin da cewa ya yi kadan kuma sun ci gaba da fifita wurin na asali. Ba a warware matsalar ba a ƙarshen lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Har ila yau al’ummar Bektashi na neman gwamnati ta biya diyya ga wadanda aka zalunta da addini a lokacin mulkin gurguzu.
Batun zama dan kasa Dokar Cocin Orthodox ta shekarar 1954 ta ce dole ne babban Bishop ɗinta ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Albaniya; duk da haka, babban Bishop ɗan ƙasar Girka ne wanda ke neman zama ɗan ƙasar Albaniya. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya yi bayani, Gwamnati ba ta dauki mataki kan bukatarsa ta zama dan kasa ba, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2003.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya Gabaɗaya, Albaniya tana da rigima na addini kaɗan. Duk da haka, an sami wasu abubuwan da suka faru na musgunawa sakamakon imani na addini.
Tun a shekara ta 2001 an ci zarafin musulmin Albaniya da dama, ana nuna musu wariya da kuma tsanantawa saboda akidarsu. Jami’an Tsaron Albaniya sun tsare wani limamin Albaniya mai suna Artan Kristo, ba tare da wani tabbaci ba. Dangane da bayanan Artan Kristo da kuma bayanin wasu limaman Albaniya da kuma Dandalin Musulmi na Albaniya, an tsare Kristi ba bisa ka’ida ba, tun da bai yarda ya zama dan leken asiri na Hukumar Tsaro ta Albaniya ba.
Duk da cewa babu wata doka da ta hana nuna alaƙar addini a makarantun gwamnati, akwai lokutan da aka hana ɗalibai yin hakan a aikace. A watan Disambar 2003, an hana wani dalibi musulmi daukar hoton difloma saboda yana da gemu. A ƙarshe an ba ɗalibin izinin kammala karatun ta hanyar sa hannun ofishin Ombudsman (cibiyar gwamnati da ke da alhakin bincikar tuhume-tuhumen ƴan ƙasa na take haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kare yancinsu na asali).
A shekara ta 2002, wasu al'ummomin Bektashi da ke wajen Tirana sun fuskanci tsoratarwa, barna, da barazanar tashin hankali. Daga baya, hukumomin Albaniya sun gano wadanda ke da alhakin (wadanda ba Albaniya ba) kuma sun kore su saboda keta dokokin shige da fice. Babu wani sabon rahoton barna a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kawo. Shugabannin Bektashi sun yi imanin cewa tasirin addini na kasashen waje da ke neman kawo cikas ga kokarin kasar na wanzar da juriya da 'yancin addini su ne tushen wadannan abubuwa. Sauran shugabannin addinai sun bayyana irin wannan damuwar game da rawar da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini na kasashen waje ke takawa. An harbe babban sakataren kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya Sali Tivari a hedikwatar kungiyar a watan Janairun 2003. Babban mai gabatar da kara ya mayar da karar zuwa ga hukuma don ci gaba da bincike kuma har zuwa karshen wa'adin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa bai warware ba. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003, 'yan sanda sun kama Kastriot Myftari, marubucin littafin "Albaniya National Islamism" bisa zargin ingiza kiyayyar addini ga Musulunci. Littafin ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyin marubucin game da Musulunci da kuma yadda addinin ya yi tasiri ga rayuwar Albaniya. A cewar ofishin mai gabatar da kara, bayanai da dama a cikin littafin sun wulakanta Musulunci. Mai gabatar da kara ya bukaci kotun daurin watanni 6 ga marubucin. A watan Yuni ne dai kotun ta wanke Myftari daga zargin da ake masa. A shekara ta 2004, wakilan Cocin Orthodox na Gabas sun nuna damuwarsu cewa coci-coci, giciye, da wasu gine-gine an lalata su. A cikin watan Nuwamba 2005 wani jawabi daga shugaban Albania a London, ya tada zanga-zangar jama'a daga dandalin Muslim Forum na Albania wanda ya zargi shugaban da cin zarafin Musulunci. A cikin watan Afrilu 2008, wani labari daga dan majalisar gurguzu, Ben Blushi da yawa daga cikin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na musulmi sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin wariyar launin fata da kyamar Islama. A cewar marubucin NGO, marubucin ya nuna alamun wariyar launin fata ga Turkawa, Romawa da Musulman Albaniya a cikin littafin.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar. Babu rahotannin tilastawa addini.
Duba kuma Addini a Albaniya
Hakkin Dan Adam a Albaniya
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20516 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria%20Olympic%20Committee | Nigeria Olympic Committee | Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Najeriya NOC shine Kwamitin Wasannin Kasa na Najeriya, wanda ke da alhakin daidaitawa da tallafawa masu fafatawa a Najeriya a wasannin Olympics Hakanan ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin wakilcin Najeriya a wasannin Commonwealth Shugabanci Shugaban NOC har zuwa shekara ta 2011 shine Sani Ndanusa wanda ya kasance Ministan Wasanni daga ranar 17 ga watan Disamban shekara t 2008 zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010. Ndanusa ya fara cewa yana da burin zama Shugaban NOC a lokacin da yake Ministan Wasanni, amma a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009 kwamitin binciken NOC ya kuma soke shi bisa hujjar cewa takardun da ya gabatar ana zargin "na jabu ne, an kuma canza su kuma ba su kwanan wata".
Don samun cancanta ga Shugaban NOC dan takarar dole ne yayi aiki na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin shugaban zartarwa a tarayyar kungiyoyin wasanni na duniya. NOC ta ce har yanzu Ndanusa bai yi aiki ba na tsawon shekaru hudu a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban hadaddiyar kungiyar Tennis ta Afirka, kuma ya yi zargin cewa zaben nasa a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kwallon Tennis ta Najeriya bai dace ba tunda bai halarci zaben ba. Ndanusa ya mayar da martani ta hanyar dakatar da shugaban NOC mai ci Habu Gumel daga mukaminsa na shugaban kungiyar kwallon kwallon Volley ta Najeriya tare da kafa kwamitin bincike kan zarge-zargen. An zabe shi ne a watan Satumban 2010 domin maye gurbin tsohon shugaban kasa Habu Gumel, sannan an zabi Tunde Popola a matsayin Sakatare Janar da kuri’u 21 a kan kuri’u biyu na mai ci Banji Oladapo. Da farko, IOC ta bayyana cewa zaben bai inganta ba tunda Shugaban mai barin gado da Sakatare Janar na NOC ba su halarci taron ba. An gudanar da zabe na biyu inda Ndanusa ne kadai dan takarar kuma IOC ta amince da sakamakon.
Ayyuka Saboda karuwar kararraki a kotu da suka shafi wasanni a Najeriya, a watan Janairun 2011 NOC ta fara aiwatar da kafa wani reshe na kotun sasanta wasanni Injiniya Sani Ndanusa ya ce "Mun damu matuka da yawan kararraki a kotu da ake yi a wasannin Najeriya. Idan ba mu bincika wannan mummunan lamarin ba, wasannin Najeriya za su ruguzo zuwa kwarin A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2011, NOC ta sake jinkirta bikin rantsar da sabon shugaban hukumar kwallon Rugby ta Najeriya (NRFF) lokacin da manyan mambobin kwamitin NRFF suka kasa zuwa. A ranar 14 ga Yulin 2011 NOC a ƙarshe ta tattara ƙungiyoyin adawa na NRFF, ta ƙaddamar da sabon kwamiti. Magatakardar NOC, Honorabul Tunde Popoola ya share hawaye a wajen bikin. Najeriya ba ta taka rawar gani ba a wasannin Satumba na 2011 na Afirka a Maputo, Mozambique, ta zo ta uku bayan Afirka ta Kudu da Masar. Sai dai kuma mataimakin shugaban NOC na 1 Jonathan Nnaji ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda zabin abubuwan da mai shirya taron ya yi ba tare da son kai ba, ban da wasanni kamar daga nauyi, kokawa da dagawa wanda Najeriya ta yi fice a al’adance. Ya ce bai kamata a dauki sakamakon yana nuna irin rawar da kasar za ta taka a wasannin Olympics ba. A watan Oktoban 2011, an kori Super Eagles, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, daga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na 2012 da za a yi a Equatorial Guinea da Gabon. Sani Ndanusa, Shugaban NOC, ya yi kira da a kara samun horo sosai domin tabbatar da nasara a gasa nan gaba.
Gasar Olympics A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2011 NOC ta sanar da cewa ta zabi Jami'ar Loughborough a matsayin sansanonin horar da Team Nigeria gabanin wasannin Olympics na London na shekara ta 2012, wurin da kuma 'yan wasan na Japan za su yi amfani da shi. A watan Yunin 2011 NOC ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya don ƙungiyarta su horar a Jami'ar Surrey Da yake jawabi a wurin bikin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, Ndanusa ya ce Najeriya a shirye take ta tunkari Duniya. Ya ce "A wasannin Olympics da suka gabata, mun kasance muna shiga amma mun zo shekara ta 2012, za mu yi gogayya da sauran Kasashe". A watan Yulin 2011 aka nada Youdees Integrated Services Limited (YISL) a matsayin Kawancen Jami'ai na NOC don kula da shirin tallata Wasannin Olympics na 2012 Masu ba da shawara kan harkar kasuwanci sun kasance sun sake sanya matsayin kungiyar tare da samar da kudade don wasannin shekara ta 2012 a Landan. A waccan watan ne aka sanar da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Bankin Masana’antu da kwamitin Gasar Olympics na Najeriya. Manufar ita ce amfani da duk damar kasuwancin da za a samu kafin, lokacin da bayan Gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012. Shugabar Bankin, Evelyn Oputu, ta ce "Aikin zai samar da ayyukan yi, fallasa damar saka jari da kuma samar da sabon hoto da muke so ga Najeriya". A watan Agustan 2011 NOC ta ce tana da kasafin kudi na 220,000 tare da burin samun lambobin zinare 11 a Gasar Olympics ta shekara ta 2012. NOC ta ce 'yan wasa 11 kowannensu zai karbi 4,000 duk bayan watanni uku a kan gaba a wasannin, kuma wadannan kudaden sun fara ne a watan da ya gabata. Ba a ambaci sunayen 'yan wasan ba, amma an zabo su ne daga wasannin motsa jiki, daga nauyi, kwale-kwale da taekwando.
Crest
Haɗa kai NOC tana da alaƙa da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na duniya (IOC) kuma memba ne na ofungiyar kwamitocin wasannin Olympics ta ƙasa (ANOC) da ofungiyar kwamitocin wasannin Olympics ta Afirka (ANOCA). Kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa a Najeriya sun hada da: Tarayyar Dambe ta Amateur ta Najeriya
Tarayyar kokawa ta Tarayyar Najeriya
Leungiyar Wasanni ta Najeriya
Nigeria Baseball & Softball Federation
Hawan keke na Tarayyar Najeriya
Fungiyar Wasannin Zangon Najeriya
Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Gymnastics
Ballungiyar kwallon ƙwallon hannu ta Nijeriya
Tarayyar Hockey ta Najeriya
Tarayyar kwallon kafa ta Rugby ta Najeriya
Tableungiyar Wasannin Tebur ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Taekwondo ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Tennis ta Najeriya
Tarayyar Nauyin Nauyin Najeriyar
Rolungiyar Wasannin Roller ta Najeriya
Tarayyar kwallon raga ta Najeriya
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar gizo
Tarihin Najeriya
Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
2681 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankara | Sankara | Ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka da ke tattare da hadakar kwayoyin halitta (cell) mara kyau, tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yaduwa zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Wadannan sun bambanta da ciwace-ciwacen daji, wanda ba su yaduwa. Alamun cutar ya hada da dungulewa, zub da jini mara kyau, tari mai tsawo, rama da canji a cikin motsin hanji. Duk da yake wadannan cuwuka suna iya nuna akamun ciwon daji, suna iya wani cutan na daban. Akwai sama da nau'ikan ciwukan daji guda 100 da ke shafar mutane. Shan taba shine sanadin kusan kashi 22% na mace-mace ta hanyar cutar daji. Sauran kashi 10% kuma yana faruwa ne saboda kiba, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, rashin motsa jiki ko yawan shan barasa. Sauran abubuwan sun hada da wasu cututtuka, da fallasa hasken ionizing, da gurbataccen muhalli. A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, kashi 15 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji na faruwa ne saboda cututtuka irin su Helicobacter pylori, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human papillomavirus infection, Epstein-Barr virus da Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Wadannan abubuwan suna aiki, akalla, ta hanyar canza kwayoyin halittar tantanin halitta. Yawanci, ana bukatar yawan canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta kafin ciwon daji ya taso. Kusan kashi 5-10% na cututtukan daji na faruwa ne saboda illar gado. Ana kuma iya gano cutar sankara ta wasu alamu da alamomi ko gwaje-gwajen tantancewa. Sa'an nan yawanci ana cigaba da bincike ta hanyar hoton asibiti kuma ana tabbatar da shi ta hanyar biopsy. Ana iya rage hadarin habakar wasu cututtukan daji ta hanyar rashin shan taba, kiyaye lafiyar kiba, iyakance yawan shan barasa, yawan cin kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da cin sitaci, da dukan hatsi, rigakafi da wasu cututtuka masu yaduwa, iyakance cin nama da aka sarrafa da jan name, da iyakance yawan shiga hasken rana kai tsaye. Gano cutar da wuri ta hanyar dubawa yana da amfani ga ciwon daji na mahaifa da na launi. Akwai sabani dangane da muhammancin gwajin cutar sankarar nono. Yawancin lokaci ana bi da kansa tare da wasu hadewar maganin radiation, tiyata, chemotherapy da maganin da aka yi niyya Radadi da kulawa da alamu sune muhimmin sashi na kulawa. Kulawa da jin dadi yana da mahimmanci musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da cigaba. Damar tsira ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da girman cutar a farkon jiyya. A cikin yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 a lokacin ganewar asali, adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar a cikin duniya da suka cigaba yana kan matsakaicin 80%. Ga ciwon daji a Amurka, matsakaicin adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar shine 66%. A cikin 2015, kusan mutane miliyan 90.5 sun kamu da cutar kansa. Ya zuwa 2019, kusan sabbin maganganu miliyan 18 na faruwa a shekara. A kowace shekara, ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane miliyan 8.8 (15.7% na mace-mace Mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji a cikin maza sune ciwon huhu, ciwon prostate, ciwon daji, da ciwon ciki A cikin mata, nau'o'in da aka fi sani da shi sune ciwon nono, ciwon daji, ciwon huhu, da ciwon mahaifa. Idan ciwon daji na fata banda melanoma ya kasance cikin sabbin cututtukan daji kowace shekara, zai kai kusan kashi 40% na lokuta. A cikin yara, cutar sankarar bargo ta lymphoblastic da kuma ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa sun fi yawa, sai dai a Afirka, inda lymphoma ba Hodgkin ke faruwa sau da yawa. A cikin 2012, kimanin yara 165,000 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 sun kamu da ciwon daji. Haarin cutar kansa yana ƙaruwa sosai da shekaru, kuma yawancin cututtukan daji suna faruwa a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Yawan kudi yana karuwa yayin da mutane da yawa ke rayuwa har zuwa tsufa kuma yayin da canje-canjen salon rayuwa ke faruwa a cikin kasashe masu tasowa. A kudi halin kaka na ciwon daji aka kiyasta a 1,16 tiriliyan USD a kowace shekara Asalin kalma da ma'anoni Kalmar ta fito daga tsohuwar Girkanci ma'ana kaguwa da ƙari Likitocin Girka Hippocrates da Galen, da sauransu, sun lura da kamannin kaguwa da wasu ciwace-ciwacen daji masu kumbura. An gabatar da kalmar a Turanci a ma'anar likitancin zamani a kusa da 1600. Ciwon daji ya kunshi babban iyali na cututtuka wadanda suka hada da hadakar kwayar sel mara kyau tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yaduwa zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Suna samar da wani yanki na neoplasms Neoplasm ko kari wani rukuni ne na kwayoyin sel wadanda suka sami girma mara tsari kuma galibi za su samar da taro ko dunkule, amma ana iya rarraba su a fili. Duk kwayoyin kari suna nuna alamomi shida na ciwon daji Ana buƙatar waɗannan halaye don samar da kwayar cuta mara kyau. Sun hada da: Girman tantanin halitta da rarrabuwa ba su da sigina masu dacewa
Cigaba da girma da rarrabuwa har ma da aka ba da sigina sabani
Gujewa shirin mutuwar kwayar halitta
Mara iyaka na sassan sel
Haɓaka ginin magudanar jini
Mamaye nama da samuwar metastases Cigaba daga sel na yau da kullun zuwa sel waɗanda zasu iya samar da adadin da za'a iya ganowa zuwa kansa kai tsaye ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa da aka sani da cigaba mara kyau.
Alamomi da alamomi Lokacin da ciwon daji ya fara, ba ya haifar da alamun. Alamomi da alamomi suna bayyana yayin da taro ke girma ko ciwon ciki Sakamakon binciken ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da wurin da yake ciki. 'Yan alamun suna da takamaiman Yawancin lokuta suna faruwa a cikin mutane wadanda ke da wasu yanayi. Ciwon daji na iya zama da wahala a gano shi kuma ana iya daukarsa a matsayin babban mai koyi Mutane na iya zama cikin damuwa ko damuwa bayan an gano cutar. Hadarin kashe kansa a cikin mutanen da ke da ciwon daji ya kusan ninki biyu.
Alamomin gida Alamomin gida na iya faruwa saboda yawan kwayar cuta ko gyambonta. Alal misali, sakamako mai yawa daga ciwon huhu na huhu zai iya toshe bronchus wanda ke haifar da tari ko ciwon huhu Ciwon daji na esophageal zai iya haifar da kunkuntar esophagus, yana sa ya zama mai wuya ko mai radadi don hadiye; kuma ciwon daji na launi na iya haifar da raguwa ko toshewa a cikin hanji, yana shafar dabi'un hanji. Talakawa a cikin kirjin ko kwaya na iya haifar da kullu mai gani. Ulceration na iya haifar da zubar jini wanda zai iya haifar da alamomi kamar tari na jini (ciwon daji), anemia ko zubar da jini na dubura (ciwon daji), jini a cikin fitsari (ciwon mafitsara), ko zubar da jini na al'ada (endometrial ko cervical cancer). Kodayake ciwo na gida yana iya faruwa a cikin ciwon daji mai ci gaba, kwayar farko ba ta da zafi. Wasu ciwon daji na iya haifar da tarin ruwa a cikin kirji ko ciki Alamomin tsari Alamun tsarin na iya faruwa saboda amsawar jiki ga ciwon daji. Wannan na iya hadawa da gajiya, asarar nauyi ba da gangan ba, ko canjin fata. Wasu cututtuka na iya haifar da tsarin kumburi na tsarin da ke haifar da asarar tsoka da rauni mai gudana, wanda aka sani da cachexia Wasu nau'in ciwon daji kamar cutar Hodgkin, cutar sankarar bargo da ciwon daji na hanta ko koda na iya haifar da zazzabi mai tsayi Wasu bayyanar cututtuka na ciwon daji suna haifar da hormones ko wasu kwayoyin halitta da kwayar cuta ta haifar, wanda aka sani da paraneoplastic syndromes Ciwon daji na paraneoplastic na yau da kullun sun haɗa da hypercalcemia wanda zai iya haifar da canjin yanayin tunani, makarkashiya da bushewa, ko hyponatremia wanda kuma zai iya haifar da canjin yanayin tunani, amai, ciwon kai ko faduwa.
Metastasis Metastasis shine yaduwar cutar kansa zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Ciwace-ciwacen da aka tarwatsa ana kiran su da ciwace-ciwacen daji, yayin da na asali shi ake kira da ciwon farko. Kusan duk ciwon daji na iya metastasize. Mafi yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda ciwon daji wanda ya daidaita.
Metastasis na kowa a karshen matakan ciwon daji kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar jini ko tsarin lymphatic ko duka biyu. Da hankula matakai a metastasis ne gida mamayewa, intravasation a cikin jini, ko Lymph, wurare dabam dabam a cikin jiki, extravasation cikin sabon nama, yaduwa da kuma angiogenesis Daban-daban nau'ikan cututtukan daji suna yin kaura zuwa ga wasu gabobin, amma gabadaya wuraren da aka fi sani da metastases su ne huhu, hanta, kwakwalwa da kasusuwa Dalilai Babban labarin: Abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon daji Hoton GHS Hazard don abubuwan cutar kansa Rabon mutuwar ciwon daji da aka danganta da taba a cikin 2016. Yawancin ciwon daji, wasu kashi 90-95% na lokuta, suna faruwa ne saboda sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta daga abubuwan muhalli da salon rayuwa. Ragowar kashi 5-10 cikin 100 na gado ne. Muhalli yana nufin duk wani abu da ba a gada ba, kamar salon rayuwa, tattalin arziki, da halaye ba kawai gurbatacce ba[38]. Abubuwan muhalli na gama gari waɗanda ke haifar da mutuwar kansa sun haɗa da shan taba (25-30%), abinci da kiba (30-35%), cututtuka (15-20%), radiation (duka ionizing da rashin ionizing, har zuwa 10%). rashin motsa jiki, da gurbacewa.[3][39] Danniya na ilimin halin dan Adam baya bayyana a matsayin wani abu mai hadari ga farkon ciwon daji, ko da yake yana iya tsananta sakamako a cikin wadanda ke da ciwon daji. Ba a yiwuwa a gabadaya a tabbatar da abin da ya haifar da wani ciwon daji saboda dalilai daban-daban ba su da takamaiman alamun yatsa. Misali, idan mutumin da ke shan taba ya kamu da cutar kansar huhu, to mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar amfani da taba, amma da yake kowa yana da dan karamin damar kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu sakamakon gurbataccen iska ko radiation, ciwon daji na iya tasowa saboda daya daga cikin wadannan dalilai. Sai dai cututtukan da ba kasafai suke faruwa ba tare da masu juna biyu da masu ba da gudummawar gabobin jiki lokaci-lokaci, ciwon daji gabadaya ba cuta ce mai iya yaɗuwa ba, duk da haka abubuwan da ka iya haifar da ci gaban ciwon daji na iya yaduwa; irin su oncoviruses kamar hepatitis B, cutar Epstein-Barr da HIV.
Sinadarai Sinadaran bkrin bayani: Barasa da ciwon daji da shan taba da ciwon daji Yawan cutar kansar huhu yana da alaqa sosai da shan taba. An danganta bayyanar da wasu abubuwa na musamman da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji. Wadannan abubuwa ana kiran su carcinogens. Shan taba, alal misali, yana haifar da kashi 90% na cutar kansar huhu. Har ila yau yana haifar da ciwon daji a cikin makogwaro, kai, wuya, ciki, mafitsara, koda, esophagus da pancreas. Hayakin taba ya qunshi fiye da hamsin sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta, gami da nitrosamines da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Taba yana da alhakin kusan daya cikin biyar na mutuwar cutar kansa a duniya da kusan ɗaya cikin uku a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Yawan mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a Amurka ya yi kama da tsarin shan taba, tare da karuwar shan taba tare da karuwa mai ban mamaki a cikin adadin mutuwar cutar kansar huhu kuma, kwanan nan, raguwar yawan shan taba tun shekarun 1950 ya biyo bayan raguwar mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a cikin maza tun 1990. A Yammacin Turai, kashi 10% na ciwon daji na maza da kashi 3% na ciwon daji na mata ana danganta su da shan barasa, musamman ciwon hanta da na narkewar abinci. Ciwon daji daga bayyanar abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da aiki na iya haifar da tsakanin 2 zuwa 20% na lokuta, yana haifar da aƙalla mutuwar 200,000. Ciwon daji kamar kansar huhu da mesothelioma na iya fitowa daga shakar hayakin taba ko filayen asbestos, ko cutar sankarar bargo daga kamuwa da benzene. Fuskantar perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), wanda galibi ake amfani da shi wajen samar da Teflon, an san yana haifar da ciwon daji iri biyu.
Abinci Da Motsa Jiki Abinci da motsa jiki: Abinci da ciwon daji Abinci, rashin motsa jiki da kiba suna da alaka da kusan kashi 30-35% na mutuwar ciwon daji. A cikin Amurka, yawan nauyin jiki yana da alaqa da habaka nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa kuma yana da tasiri a cikin 14-20% na mutuwar ciwon daji.Wani bincike na Burtaniya wanda ya hada da bayanai kan mutane sama da miliyan 5 ya nuna mafi girman kididdigar jiki da ke da alaqa da akalla nau'ikan ciwon daji guda 10 kuma ke da alhakin kusan cututtukan 12,000 kowace shekara a cikin ƙasar. An yi imanin rashin aiki na jiki yana ba da gudummawa ga hadarin ciwon daji, ba kawai ta hanyar tasirinsa akan nauyin jiki ba har ma ta hanyar mummunan tasiri akan tsarin rigakafi da tsarin endocrine.[54]. Fiye da rabin abin da ke haifar da abinci yana faruwa ne saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki (cin abinci da yawa), maimakon cin kayan lambu da yawa ko wasu abinci masu lafiya. Wasu takamaiman abinci suna da alaqa da takamaiman cututtukan daji. Cin abinci mai yawan gishiri yana da alaka da ciwon daji na ciki. Aflatoxin B1, mai yawan gurɓatar abinci, yana haifar da ciwon hanta. Taunar goro na iya haifar da kansar baki. Bambance-bambancen kasa a cikin ayyukan abinci na iya yin bayanin bambance-bambance a cikin abin da ya faru na kansa. Misali, ciwon daji na ciki ya fi zama ruwan dare a Japan saboda yawan abinci mai gishiri yayin da ciwon hanji ya fi yawa a Amurka. Bayanan ciwon daji na bakin haure suna kwatanta na sabuwar kasarsu, sau da yawa a cikin tsara kaya.
Kamuwa Da Cuta Kamuwa da cuta: Abubuwan da ke kamuwa da cutar daji A duk duniya kusan kashi 18% na mutuwar kansa yana da alaqa da cututtuka masu yaduwa.[Wannan rabo ya tashi daga babban kashi 25% a Afirka zuwa kasa da kashi 10% a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba. Kwayoyin cuta sune cututtuka na yau da kullun waɗanda ke haifar da ciwon daji amma kwayoyin cutar kansa da kwayoyin cuta na iya taka rawa. Oncoviruses (kwayoyin cutar da za su iya haifar da ciwon daji) sun hada da papillomavirus na mutum (ciwon daji na mahaifa), cutar Epstein-Barr (cututtukan lymphoproliferative B-cell da nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (Kaposi's sarcoma da primary effusion lymphomas), hepatitis B da hepatitis C ƙwayoyin cuta. hepatocellular carcinoma) da kuma ɗan adam T-cell cutar sankarar bargo-1 (T-cell leukemias). Har ila yau ciwon ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kara hadarin ciwon daji, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin ciwon daji na Helicobacter pylori wanda ke haifar da ciwon ciki.[59][60]. Cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji sun hada da Schistosoma haematobium (squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder) da hanta flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini da Clonorchis sinensis (cholangiocarcinoma).
Radiation Radiation: Ciwon daji da ke haifar da radiation Fitar da hasken wuta kamar hasken ultraviolet da kayan aikin rediyo abu ne mai hadari ga kansa. Yawancin cututtukan daji waɗanda ba melanoma ba suna faruwa ne saboda hasken ultraviolet, galibi daga hasken rana.[63] Tushen ionizing radiation sun haɗa da hoton likita da radon gas.[63] Ionizing radiation ba mutagen mai karfi ba ne musamman.[65] Fuskantar wurin zama ga iskar radon, alal misali, yana da hadarin kansa iri daya kamar shan taba.[65] Radiation shine tushen ciwon daji mafi karfi idan aka haɗa shi da sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa, kamar radon da hayakin taba.[65] Radiation zai iya haifar da ciwon daji a yawancin sassan jiki, a cikin dukan dabbobi da kuma kowane shekaru. Yara suna da yuwuwar kamuwa da cutar sankarar bargo wanda ke haifar da radiation sau biyu kamar manya; Fitar da radiation kafin haihuwa yana da tasirin sau goma. Amfani da likitanci na ionizing radiation karami ne amma girma tushen cututtukan daji da ke haifar da radiation. Ana iya amfani da radiation ionizing don magance wasu cututtuka, amma wannan yana iya, a wasu lokuta, ya haifar da nau'i na ciwon daji na biyu.[65] Hakanan ana amfani da shi a wasu nau'ikan hoton likita.[66] Tsawaita bayyanar da hasken ultraviolet daga rana na iya haifar da cutar sankarau da sauran cututtukan fata.[67] Tabbatacciyar shaida ta tabbatar da hasken ultraviolet, musamman ma matsakaitan igiyar ruwa ta UVB, a matsayin sanadin mafi yawan cututtukan daji na fata wadanda ba melanoma ba, wadanda sune nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi sani a duniya.[67] Rashin ionizing mitar rediyo daga wayar hannu, watsa wutar lantarki da sauran makamantansu an bayyana su a matsayin yiwuwar cutar sankara ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya don Bincike kan Ciwon daji[68]. Hujja kuwa, ba ta goyi bayan wata damuwa ba. Wannan ya hada da cewa binciken bai sami daidaito tsakanin radiation wayar hannu da haɗarin ciwon daji ba
Gado Gado: Ciwon daji Mafi yawan ciwon daji ba na gado ba ne (na lokaci-lokaci). Ciwon daji na gado yana haifar da asali ne ta hanyar lahani na gado. Kasa da kashi 0.3 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a sune masu dauke da maye gurbi wanda ke da babban tasiri kan hadarin kansa kuma yana haifar da kasa da kashi 3-10 na cutar kansa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan cututtuka sun haɗa da: wasu maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta BRCA1 da BRCA2 tare da fiye da 75% hadarin ciwon nono da ciwon daji na ovarian, [71] da kuma ciwon daji na nonpolyposis colorectal (HNPCC ko Lynch syndrome), wanda ke cikin kusan 3. na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji, [72] da sauransu. Bisa kididdigar da ciwon daji ke haifar da mafi yawan mace-mace, hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar launin fata lokacin da aka gano dangi na farko (iyaye, dan'uwa ko yaro) yana da kusan 2.[73]. Hadarin dangi daidai shine 1.5 don kansar huhu, [74] da 1.9 don kansar prostate.[75]. Ga ciwon nono, haɗarin dangi shine 1.8 tare da dangi na farko wanda ya hadaka shi yana da shekaru 50 ko sama da haka, da 3.3 lokacin da dangin ya hadaka shi lokacin yana kasa da shekaru 50.[76]. Mutane masu tsayi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa saboda suna da ƙwayoyin sel fiye da gajerun mutane. Tunda tsayin daka ya kayyade ta hanyar gado mai yawa, mutane masu tsayi suna da haɓakar haɗarin cutar kansa.
Wakilan Jiki Wakilan jiki Wasu abubuwa suna haifar da cutar kansa ta hanyar zahiri, maimakon sinadarai.[78] Babban misali na wannan shine tsawaita bayyanar da asbestos, filayen ma'adinai da ke faruwa a zahiri wadanda sune babban dalilin mesothelioma (ciwon daji na serous membrane) yawanci serous membrane kewaye da huhu.[78] Sauran abubuwan da ke cikin wannan nau'in, ciki har da abubuwan da ke faruwa a zahiri da kuma sinadarai masu kama da asbestos na roba, irin su wollastonite, attapulgite, ulun gilashi da ulun dutse, an yi imanin suna da irin wannan tasirin.[78] Abubuwan da ba su da fibrous wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji sun haɗa da cobalt na karfe na karfe da nickel da silica crystalline (quartz, cristobalite da tridymite).[78]. Yawancin lokaci, carcinogens na jiki dole ne su shiga cikin jiki (kamar ta hanyar numfashi) kuma suna buƙatar shekaru masu yawa don haifar da ciwon daji.[78]. Rashin raunin jiki da ke haifar da kansa ba ya da yawa.[79] Da'awar cewa karya kasusuwa yana haifar da ciwon daji, misali, ba a tabbatar da hakan ba.[79] Hakazalika, ba a yarda da raunin jiki a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar mahaifa, ciwon nono ko kansar kwakwalwa.[79] Ɗaya daga cikin tushen da aka yarda shine akai-akai, aikace-aikacen dogon lokaci na abubuwa masu zafi zuwa jiki. Mai yiyuwa ne a ce yawan kone-kone da ake yi a sassan jiki guda, kamar wanda ake samar da na’urorin dumama na kanger da na kairo (masu dumin hannu na garwashi), na iya haifar da cutar kansar fata, musamman idan akwai sinadarai masu dauke da cutar sankara.[79] Yawan shan shayi mai zafi yana iya haifar da ciwon daji na hanji[79]. Gabadaya, an yi imanin cewa ciwon daji yana tasowa, ko kuma ana karfafa ciwon daji da ya riga ya kasance, yayin aikin warkarwa, maimakon raunin da ya faru kai tsaye.[79] Koyaya, maimaita raunin da aka samu ga kyallen takarda iri ɗaya na iya hadakar kwayoyin sel da yawa, wanda hakan na iya ƙara yuwuwar maye gurbi mai cutar kansa. An yi hasashen kumburi na yau da kullun don haifar da maye gurbi kai tsaye.[79][80] Kumburi na iya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwa, rayuwa, angiogenesis da ƙaura na ƙwayoyin cutar kansa ta hanyar tasiri microenvironment na tumor.[81][82]. Oncogenes suna gina microenvironment pro-tumorigenic mai kumburi.
Hormones Hormones Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna taka rawa wajen bunkasa ciwon daji ta hanyar inganta yaduwar kwayar halitta.[84] Abubuwan haɓaka kamar insulin da sunadaran da ke ɗaure su suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, bambance-bambance da apoptosis, suna nuna yiwuwar shiga cikin carcinogenesis.[85]. Hormones sune muhimman abubuwa a cikin cututtukan daji masu alaƙa da jima'i, kamar kansar nono, endometrium, prostate, ovary da testis da kuma ciwon daji na thyroid da kansar ƙashi.[84] Misali, 'ya'yan mata masu fama da ciwon nono suna da adadin isrogen da progesterone da yawa fiye da 'yan matan mata masu ciwon nono. Wadannan matakan hormone masu girma na iya yin bayanin haɗarin da ke tattare da cutar kansar nono, ko da idan babu kwayar cutar kansar nono.[84] Hakazalika, mazan kakannin Afirka suna da matakan girma na testosterone fiye da mazan zuriyar Turai kuma suna da mafi girman matakin cutar kansar prostate.[84] Maza daga zuriyar Asiya, tare da mafi karancin matakan testosterone-activating androstanediol glucuronide, suna da mafi ƙarancin matakan ciwon daji na prostate.[84] Sauran abubuwan da suka dace: masu kiba suna da matakan girma na wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji da kuma mafi girman adadin wadannan cututtukan.[84]. Matan da suke shan maganin maye gurbin hormone suna da babban hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar da ke da alaqa da wadannan kwayoyin cutar.[84] A gefe guda kuma, mutanen da suke motsa jiki fiye da matsakaici suna da kananan matakan waɗannan kwayoyin halitta kuma suna rage haɗarin ciwon daji.[84]. Osteosarcoma na iya haɓaka ta hanyar hormones girma.[84] Wasu jiyya da hanyoyin rigakafin suna yin amfani da wannan dalili ta hanyar rage matakan hormone ta hanyar wucin gadi da kuma hana cututtukan daji masu saurin kamuwa da hormone.[84]
Cututtukan autoimmune Akwai wata gungiya tsakanin cutar celiac da kara hadarin duk ciwon daji. Mutanen da ke fama da cutar celiac da ba a kula da su ba suna da haɗari mafi girma, amma wannan hadarin yana raguwa tare da lokaci bayan ganewar asali da kuma kulawa mai tsanani, mai yiwuwa saboda ƙaddamar da abinci marar yisti, wanda ke da alama yana da rawar kariya daga ci gaban malignancy a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar celiac. Duk da haka, jinkirin ganewar asali da farawa na cin abinci marar yisti yana ƙara haɗarin malignancies.[86] Yawan ciwon daji na gastrointestinal yana karuwa a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Crohn da ulcerative colitis, saboda kumburi na kullum. Har ila yau, immunomodulators da kwayoyin halitta da ake amfani da su don magance wadannan cututtuka na iya inganta hadakar cututtuka na hanji.
Pathophysiology Pathophysiology: Carcinogenesis Ciwon daji na faruwa ne sakamakon jerin maye gurbi. Kowane maye gurbi yana canza halin tantanin halitta kaɗan. Genetics Babban labarin: Oncogenomics Ciwon daji cuta ce ta asali cuta na tsarin girma na nama. Domin tantanin halitta ya canza zuwa kwayar cutar kansa, dole ne a canza kwayoyin halittar da ke daidaita girma da bambance-bambancen kwayar halitta.[88] Kwayoyin halittar da abin ya shafa sun kasu kashi biyu manya-manya. Oncogenes sune kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel da haifuwa. Kwayoyin da ke hana Tumor su ne kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke hana rarraba tantanin halitta da rayuwa. Mummunan canji na iya faruwa ta hanyar samuwar novel oncogenes, rashin dacewa kan-bayyanar da kwayoyin oncogenes na yau da kullun, ko ta hanyar bayyanawa ko naƙasa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana kari. Yawanci, ana buƙatar canje-canje a cikin kwayoyin halitta da yawa don canza tantanin halitta ta al'ada zuwa kwayar cutar kansa.[89] Canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa a matakai daban-daban kuma ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Riba ko asarar dukkanin chromosome na iya faruwa ta hanyar kurakurai a cikin mitosis. Mafi na kowa maye gurbi, wadanda canje-canje ne a cikin jerin nucleotide na DNA na genomic. Manyan maye gurbi sun hada da gogewa ko samun wani yanki na chromosome. Ƙwararrun kwayoyin halitta yana faruwa lokacin da tantanin halitta ya sami kwafi (sau da yawa 20 ko fiye) na ƙaramin wuri na chromosomal, yawanci yana ƙunshe da ɗaya ko fiye da oncogenes da kayan gado na kusa. Juyawa yana faruwa lokacin da yankuna biyu na chromosomal daban-daban suka zama masu haɗuwa da juna, sau da yawa a wani yanayi na musamman. Wani sanannen misalin wannan shine chromosome na Philadelphia, ko fassarar chromosomes 9 da 22, wanda ke faruwa a cikin cutar sankarar jini na myelogenous na kullum kuma yana haifar da samar da furotin BCR-abl fusion protein, wani oncogenic tyrosine kinase. Kananan maye gurbi sun hada da maye gurbi, gogewa, da sakawa, wanda zai iya faruwa a yankin mai tallata kwayar halitta kuma ya shafi maganganunsa, ko kuma yana iya faruwa a cikin jerin lambobin kwayar halittar da kuma canza aiki ko kwanciyar hankali na furotin. Har ila yau, rushewar kwayar halitta guda ɗaya na iya haifar da haduwa da kwayoyin halitta daga kwayar cutar DNA ko retrovirus, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar cututtuka na kwayar cutar kwayar cutar a cikin kwayar cutar da kuma zuriyarsa. Maimaita bayanan da ke cikin DNA na sel masu rai zai haifar da wasu kurakurai (maye gurbi). An gina hadadden gyaran kurakurai da rigakafi a cikin tsari kuma yana kiyaye tantanin halitta daga cutar kansa. Idan babban kuskure ya faru, tantanin da ya lalace zai iya lalata kansa ta hanyar tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta, wanda ake kira apoptosis. Idan tsarin sarrafa kuskuren ya gaza, to, maye gurbin zai tsira kuma a wuce tare da sel 'ya'ya. Wasu mahalli suna sa kurakurai su iya tasowa da yaduwa. Irin waɗannan mahalli na iya haɗawa da kasancewar abubuwa masu barna da ake kira carcinogens, maimaita rauni na jiki, zafi, ionizing radiation ko hypoxia.[90] Kurakuran da ke haifar da ciwon daji suna hadaka kai da hadakawa, misali: Maye gurbi a cikin injin gyara kura kurai na tantanin halitta na iya sa wannan tantanin halitta da 'ya'yanta su tara kurakurai cikin sauri. Ƙarin maye gurbi a cikin oncogene na iya haifar da tantanin halitta yin haifuwa da sauri da yawa fiye da takwarorinsa na yau da kullun. Karin maye gurbi na iya haifar da asarar kwayar kuma za ta iya rushe hanyar siginar apoptosis da kuma dawwama tantanin halitta. Ƙarin maye gurbi a cikin injin siginar tantanin halitta na iya aika sigina masu haifar da kuskure zuwa sel na kusa. Juyawa tantanin halitta ta al'ada zuwa ciwon daji yana kama da tsarin sarkar da ke haifar da kurakurai na farko, wanda ke hadawa zuwa manyan kurakurai, kowane ci gaba yana barin tantanin halitta damar tserewa ƙarin sarrafawa waɗanda ke iyakance haɓakar nama na yau da kullun. Wannan labari mai kama da tawaye shine tsira da ba a so na mafi dacewa, inda karfin juyin halitta ke aiki da tsarin jiki da aiwatar da tsari. Da zarar ciwon daji ya fara tasowa, wannan tsari mai gudana, wanda ake kira juyin halitta na clonal, yana haifar da ci gaba zuwa matakai masu yawa.[91]. Juyin Halitta na Clonal yana haifar da intra-tumour heterogeneity (kwayoyin ciwon daji tare da maye gurbi daban-daban) wanda ke dagula ƙira ingantattun dabarun jiyya. Halayen iyawar halayen da cututtukan daji ke haɓaka sun kasu kashi-kashi, musamman ƙauracewa apoptosis, wadatar kai a cikin siginar girma, rashin jin daɗi ga siginar haɓaka girma, ci gaba da angiogenesis, yuwuwar kwafi mara iyaka, metastasis, sake fasalin kuzarin kuzari da gujewa lalatawar rigakafi.
Epigenetics Epigenetics: Ciwon daji epigenetics Matsayin tsakiya na lalacewar DNA da lahani na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin carcinogenesis Ra'ayi na gargajiya game da ciwon daji wani nau'in cututtuka ne waɗanda ke haifar da ci gaba na rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka haɗa da maye gurbi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari da oncogenes da rashin daidaituwa na chromosomal. Daga baya an gano rawar da aka samu na sauye-sauye na epigenetic.[92] Canje-canjen Epigenetic gyare-gyaren da suka dace da aiki zuwa ga kwayoyin halitta wadanda ba sa canza jerin nucleotide. Misalan irin wadannan gyare-gyare sune canje-canje a cikin DNA methylation (hypermethylation da hypomethylation), gyare-gyaren histone[93] da canje-canje a cikin gine-ginen chromosomal (wanda ya haifar da rashin dacewa na sunadaran kamar HMGA2 ko HMGA1).[94]. Kowane bayan waɗannan sauye-sauye yana sarrafa maganganun kwayoyin halitta ba tare da canza jerin DNA na asali ba. Waɗannan canje-canjen na iya wanzuwa ta hanyar rarrabuwar sel, suna dawwama ga tsararraki masu yawa kuma ana iya daukar su azaman epimutation (daidai da maye gurbi). Canje-canje na Epigenetic yana faruwa akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji. Alal misali, binciken daya ya lissafa kwayoyin halittar sunadaran sunadaran da aka saba canzawa akai-akai a cikin methylation tare da ciwon daji na hanji. Wadannan sun hada da 147 hypermethylated da 27 hypomethylated genes. Daga cikin kwayoyin halittar hypermethylated, 10 sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin 100% na ciwon daji na hanji kuma wasu da yawa sun kasance hypermethylated a cikin fiye da 50% na ciwon daji na hanji.[95]. Yayin da ake samun sauye-sauye na epigenetic a cikin ciwon daji, sauye-sauye na epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin gyaran DNA, yana haifar da raguwar maganganun sunadarai na gyaran DNA, na iya zama mahimmanci. Ana tsammanin irin waɗannan sauye-sauyen suna faruwa da wuri kafin su ci gaba zuwa cutar kansa kuma suna iya zama sanadin rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halittar cututtukan daji.[96][97][98] Rage bayanin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran DNA yana rushe gyaran DNA. Ana nuna wannan a cikin adadi a mataki na 4 daga sama. (A cikin adadi, jajayen kalmomi suna nuna tsakiyar rawar lalacewar DNA da lahani a cikin gyaran DNA don ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji.) Lokacin da gyaran DNA ya gaza lalacewar DNA ya kasance a cikin sel a matakin sama fiye da yadda aka saba (mataki na 5) kuma yana haifar da kara yawan mitoci. maye gurbi da/ko epimutation (matakin 6). Adadin maye gurbi yana karuwa sosai a cikin ƙwayoyin da ba su da lahani a cikin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa na DNA[99] [100] ko a cikin gyaran hadin gwiwa (HRR).[101] Sabuntawar chromosomal da aneuploidy suma suna karuwa a cikin sel marasa lahani na HRR.[102] Mafi girman matakan lalacewa na DNA yana haifar da karar maye gurbi (gefen siffa na dama) da kara kazanta. Yayin gyaran DNA ninki biyu karya, ko gyara wasu lalacewar DNA, wuraren gyara da ba su cika cika ba na iya haifar da shiru na kwayoyin halitta.[103][104] Rashin bayyanar sunadaran gyaran DNA saboda maye gurbi na iya kara hadarin kansa. Mutanen da ke da nakasar gada a cikin kowane nau'in halittar DNA na 34 (duba labarin DNA gyara-rashi cuta) sun haɓaka haɗarin kansa, tare da wasu lahani suna tabbatar da damar 100% na ciwon daji (misali p53 maye gurbi).[105]. An lura da maye gurbi na gyaran layin DNA a gefen hagu na adadi. Duk da haka, irin wannan maye gurbi (wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji na ciwon daji) shine kawai ke haifar da kusan kashi 1 cikin dari na ciwon daji.[106] A cikin cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ƙarancin gyare-gyaren DNA na faruwa lokaci-lokaci ta hanyar maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar DNA amma galibi ana haifar da su ta hanyar sauye-sauyen epigenetic wadanda ke rage ko yin shuru na maganganun kwayoyin halittar DNA. An nuna wannan a cikin adadi a matakin 3rd. Yawancin binciken da aka yi na carcinogenesis mai nauyin ƙarfe mai nauyi ya nuna cewa irin waɗannan ƙananan karafa suna haifar da raguwa a cikin maganganun gyaran enzymes na DNA, wasu ta hanyar hanyoyin epigenetic. An ba da shawarar hana gyaran DNA don zama babbar hanyar da ke haifar da cutar sankara mai nauyi. Bugu da kari, akai-akai sauye-sauye na epigenetic na lambar jerin DNA don kananan RNAs da ake kira microRNAs (ko miRNAs). miRNAs ba sa kididdige sunadaran sunadaran, amma suna iya “nufa” ƙwayoyin furotin-coded kuma su rage maganganunsu. Ciwon daji galibi suna tasowa ne daga tarin maye gurbi da kwankwasa waɗanda ke ba da fa'idar zabin da ke haifar da haɓaka clonal (duba lahani na ci gaba zuwa kansa). Maye gurbi, duk da haka, bazai zama akai-akai a cikin cututtukan daji kamar sauye-sauyen epigenetic ba. Matsakaicin ciwon daji na nono ko hanji yana iya samun sauye-sauyen furotin da kusan 60 zuwa 70, wanda kusan uku ko hudu na iya zama maye gurbin “direba” sauran kuma na iya zama maye gurbin “fasinja”
Metastasi Metastasis: Metastasis Metastasis shine yaduwar cutar kansa zuwa wasu wurare a cikin jiki. Ciwace-ciwacen da aka tarwatsa ana kiran su da ciwace-ciwacen daji, yayin da na asali shi ake kira da ciwon farko. Kusan duk ciwon daji na iya daidaitawa.[35] Mafi yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda ciwon daji wanda ya karu.[36] Metastasis na kowa a karshen matakan ciwon daji kuma yana iya faruwa ta hanyar jini ko tsarin lymphatic ko duka biyu. Matakan al'ada a cikin metastasis sune mamayewa na gida, shiga cikin jini ko lymph, wurare dabam dabam ta jiki, haɓaka cikin sabon nama, yaduwa da angiogenesis. Nau'o'in ciwon daji daban-daban suna yin kazamin gabobin jikinsu, amma gabaɗaya wuraren da aka fi samun kazanta su ne huhu, hanta, ƙwaƙwalwa da kasusuwa.[35]
Metabolism Tumor metabolome Kwayoyin al'ada yawanci suna haifar da kusan kashi 30% na makamashi daga glycolysis, [108] yayin da yawancin ciwon daji ke dogara ga glycolysis don samar da makamashi (Tasirin Warburg).[109][110] [111] Amma tsirarun nau'ikan ciwon daji sun dogara da phosphorylation oxidative a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko, gami da lymphoma, cutar sankarar bargo, da kansar endometrial.[112] Ko da a wadannan lokuta, duk da haka, amfani da glycolysis a matsayin tushen makamashi da wuya ya wuce 60%.[108] Wasu 'yan ciwon daji suna amfani da glutamine a matsayin babban tushen makamashi, wani bangare saboda yana samar da nitrogen da ake bukata don hadin nucleotide (DNA, RNA).[113][108]. Kwayoyin ciwon daji sukan yi amfani da oxidative phosphorylation ko glutamine a matsayin tushen makamashi na farko.[114] Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa enzyme sirtuin 6 an zabi wanda ba a kunna shi ba a lokacin oncogenesis a cikin nau'ikan ƙari iri-iri ta hanyar haifar da glycolysis.[111] Wani sirtuin, sirtuin 3 yana hana ciwon daji wanda ya dogara da glycolysis, amma yana inganta ciwon daji wanda ya dogara da oxidative phosphorylation.[115]. An ba da shawarar rage cin abinci mai karancin carbohydrate (abinci na ketogenic) a wasu lokuta azaman maganin tallafi don maganin ciwon daji.
Bincike Bincike (Satumba 2021) aX-ray na kirji yana nuna kansar huhu a cikin huhu na hagu Yawancin ciwon daji ana gane su da farko ko dai saboda bayyanar alamu ko alamun cutar ko ta hanyar dubawa. Babu bayan wadannan da ke haifar da tabbataccen ganewar asali, wanda ke bugatar bincika samfurin nama ta hanyar likitan ilimin cututtuka. Ana bincikar mutanen da ake zargi da ciwon daji tare da gwaje-gwajen likita. Wadannan yawanci sun hada da gwaje-gwajen jini, X-rays, (contrast) CT scans da endoscopy. Binciken nama daga biopsy yana nuna nau'in tantanin halitta da ke yaduwa, darajar tarihinsa, rashin daidaituwa na kwayoyin halitta da sauran siffofi. Tare, wannan bayanin yana da amfani don kimanta tsinkaye da kuma zabar mafi kyawun magani. Cytogenetics da immunohistochemistry wasu nau'ikan gwaje-gwajen nama ne. Wadannan gwaje-gwajen suna ba da bayanai game da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta (kamar maye gurbi, kwayoyin halittar fusion da sauye-sauye na chromosome na lambobi) kuma yana iya nuna hasashen hasashen da mafi kyawun magani. Ciwon daji na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani da kuma shiga tsakani na zamantakewa, kamar maganin magana, na iya taimakawa mutane da wannan.[118]
Rabewa Karin bayani: Jerin nau'ikan ciwon daji da Jerin sharuddan da suka danganci oncology Ciwon daji ana rarraba su da nau'in tantanin halitta wanda kwayoyin tumor suke kama da shi don haka ana zaton shine asalin kwayar cuta. Waɗannan nau'ikan sun hada da: Carcinoma: Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel epithelial. Wannan rukunin ya qunshi yawancin cututtukan daji da aka fi sani kuma sun haɗa da kusan duka waɗanda ke cikin nono, prostate, huhu, pancreas da hanji. Sarcoma: Ciwon daji da ke tasowa daga nama mai haɗawa (watau kashi, guringuntsi, mai, jijiya), kowannensu yana tasowa daga kwayoyin halitta da suka samo asali a cikin kwayoyin halitta a waje da kasusuwa. Lymphoma da cutar sankarar bargo: Waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu suna tasowa ne daga ƙwayoyin hematopoietic (masu samar da jini) waɗanda ke barin bargo kuma sukan yi girma a cikin ƙwayoyin lymph da jini, bi da bi.[119] Ciwon ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta: Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel masu ƙarfi, galibi suna nunawa a cikin ƙwaya ko kwai (seminoma da dysgerminoma, bi da bi). Blastoma: Ciwon daji da aka samo daga sel "precursor" marasa girma ko nama na amfrayo. Ciwon daji yawanci ana kiransu ta hanyar amfani da -carcinoma, -sarcoma ko -blastoma a matsayin kari, tare da kalmar Latin ko Girkanci ga gabbai ko nama na asali a matsayin tushen. Misali, ciwon daji na parenchyma na hanta da ke tasowa daga sel epithelial masu cutarwa ana kiransa hepatocarcinoma, yayin da mummunan cutar da ke fitowa daga sel precursor na hanta ana kiransa hepatoblastoma kuma ciwon daji da ke fitowa daga kwayoyin kitse ana kiransa liposarcoma. Ga wasu cututtukan daji na yau da kullun, ana amfani da sunan gabobin Ingilishi. Misali, nau'in ciwon daji na nono da aka fi sani shine ake kira ductal carcinoma na nono. Anan, ductal na sifa yana nufin bayyanar cutar daji a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa, wanda ke nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a cikin magudanar madara. Ciwon daji mara kyau (wadanda ba ciwon daji ba) ana kiran su ta amfani da -oma azaman kari tare da sunan gabobin a matsayin tushen. Alal misali, kwayar tsoka mai santsi ana kiranta leiomyoma (sunan gama gari na wannan kwayar cuta mai saurin faruwa a cikin mahaifa shine fibroid). Abin mamaki, wasu nau'in ciwon daji suna amfani da -noma suffix, misalai ciki har da melanoma da seminoma. Wasu nau'in ciwon daji ana kiran su don girma da siffar sel a karkashin na'urar hangen nesa, kamar giant cell carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma da kananan-cell carcinoma. Wani ciwon daji na ductal carcinoma na nono (kodadden wuri a tsakiya) kewaye da spikes na farar tabo da nama mai launin rawaya. Ciwon daji mai kaifi mai launi (cibi na sama) a cikin samfurin colectomy Ciwon daji mai squamous-cell (burin farar fata) kusa da bronchi a cikin samfurin huhu. Wani babban ciwon daji na ductal carcinoma a cikin samfurin mastectomy
Rigakafi Rigakafi Babban labarin: rigakafin ciwon daji An bayyana rigakafin cutar kansa azaman matakan aiki don rage hadarin kansa.[120] Mafi yawan lokuta na ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda hadarin muhalli. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan muhalli zabin salon rayuwa ne masu iya sarrafawa. Don haka, ciwon daji gabaɗaya ana iya rigakafinsa[121]. Tsakanin kashi 70% zuwa 90% na cututtukan daji na yau da kullun suna faruwa ne saboda abubuwan muhalli don haka ana iya yin rigakafi.[122] Fiye da kashi 30 cikin 100 na mace-macen cutar daji za a iya kiyaye su ta hanyar guje wa abubuwan haɗari da suka haɗa da: taba, kiba mai yawa, rashin abinci mara kyau, rashin motsa jiki, barasa, cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i da gurɓataccen iska.[123] Bugu da ari, ana iya la'akari da talauci a matsayin wani abu mai hatsarin gaske a cikin cututtukan daji na ɗan adam.[124] Ba duk abubuwan da ke haifar da muhalli ba ne ake iya sarrafa su ba, kamar abubuwan da ke faruwa ta zahiri da kuma ciwon daji da ke haifar da cututtukan gado na gado don haka ba a iya yin rigakafi ta hanyar halayen mutum.
Abincin abinci Abincin abinci da ciwon daji Yayin da aka ba da shawarwarin abinci da yawa don rage haɗarin ciwon daji, shaidar da za ta goyi bayan su ba ta tabbata ba.[14][125] Abubuwan abinci na farko waɗanda ke habaka hadari sune kiba da shan barasa. Abincin da ke da ƙarancin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da jajayen nama suna da alaƙa da alaƙa amma sake dubawa da nazarin meta ba su kai ga daidaito ba.[126][127] Binciken meta-bincike na 2014 bai sami dangantaka tsakanin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da ciwon daji ba.[128] Kofi yana da alaƙa da raguwar haɗarin cutar kansar hanta.[129] Bincike ya danganta yawan shan ja ko naman da aka sarrafa da yawan kamuwa da cutar kansar nono, ciwon hanji da kuma ciwon daji na pancreatic, al’amarin da zai iya kasancewa saboda kasancewar carcinogens a cikin naman da ake dafawa a yanayin zafi.[130][131] A cikin 2015 IARC ta ba da rahoton cewa cin nama da aka sarrafa (misali, naman alade, naman alade, karnuka masu zafi, tsiran alade) kuma, zuwa karamin digiri, jan nama yana da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan daji.[132][133]. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun haɗa da ba da fifiko ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, hatsi gabaɗaya da kifi da kuma nisantar sarrafa nama da jan nama (naman sa, naman alade, rago), kitsen dabbobi, abincin da aka ɗora da ingantaccen carbohydrates.
Magani Magani Ana iya amfani da magunguna don hana ciwon daji a wasu yanayi kaɗan[134]. A cikin yawan jama'a, NSAIDs suna rage hadarin ciwon daji na launi; duk da haka, saboda illar cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, suna haifar da illa gaba daya idan aka yi amfani da su don rigakafi.[135] An gano aspirin yana rage hadarin mutuwa daga cutar kansa da kusan kashi 7%.[136] Masu hana COX-2 na iya rage yawan kwayar polyp a cikin mutanen da ke da polyposis adenomatous iyali; duk da haka, yana da alaka da illa iri ɗaya da NSAIDs.[137] Yin amfani da tamoxifen ko raloxifene kullum yana rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar kansar nono a cikin mata masu haɗari.[138] Amfani da cutarwa ga 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor kamar finasteride bai bayyana ba.[139] Karancin bitamin ba ya bayyana yana da tasiri wajen hana ciwon daji[140]. Yayin da ƙananan matakan bitamin D ke da alaƙa da haɓakar ciwon daji, [141] [142] [143] ko wannan dangantakar tana da dalili kuma ƙarin bitamin D yana da kariya ba a ƙayyade ba.[144][145]. Ɗaya daga cikin bita na 2014 ya gano cewa kari ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hadarin ciwon daji.[145] Wani bita na 2014 ya kammala cewa bitamin D3 na iya rage hadarin mutuwa daga ciwon daji (kananan mutuwa a cikin mutane 150 da aka yi wa magani sama da shekaru 5), amma an lura da damuwa game da ingancin bayanan.[146] Beta-carotene yana kara yawan ciwon daji na huhu a cikin wadanda ke da haɗari.[147] Kariyar folic acid ba ta da tasiri wajen hana ciwon daji na hanji kuma yana iya ƙara yawan polyps.[148] Ba a nuna ƙarin sinadarin selenium don rage haɗarin cutar kansa ba.[149]
Allurar Rigakafi An samar da alluran rigakafin da ke hana kamuwa da wasu kwayoyin cuta na carcinogenic.[150] Alurar rigakafin cutar papilloma na dan adam (Gardasil da Cervarix) suna rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar mahaifa.[150] Alurar rigakafin ciwon hanta na B na hana kamuwa da cutar hanta da kuma haka yana rage haɗarin ciwon hanta.[150] Ana ba da shawarar gudanar da rigakafin cutar papillomavirus da rigakafin hanta B a inda albarkatu suka ba da izini.
Nunawa Nunawa Babban labarin: Binciken cutar daji Ba kamar yunƙurin gano cutar da alamu da alamun likita ke haifar da shi ba, gwajin cutar kansa ya haɗa da ƙoƙarin gano kansa bayan ya taso, amma kafin bayyanar cututtuka da ake iya gani.[152] Wannan yana iya haɗawa da gwajin jiki, gwajin jini ko fitsari ko hoton likita.[152] Ba a samun gwajin cutar kansa don nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa. Ko da gwaje-gwajen suna samuwa, kila ba za a ba su shawarar ga kowa ba. Nunawa ta duniya ko tantanin jama'a ya ƙunshi tantance kowa.[153] Zaɓen tantancewa yana gano mutanen da ke cikin hadari mafi girma, kamar mutanen da ke da tarihin iyali.[153] An yi la'akari da abubuwa da yawa don tantance ko fa'idar tantancewar ta zarce kasada da kuma tsadar aikin tantancewar[152]. Wadannan abubuwan sun haɗa da: Lalacewar da za a iya samu daga gwajin nunawa: alal misali, Hotunan X-ray sun haɗa da fallasa zuwa radiation ionizing mai illa. Yiwuwar gwajin gano cutar kansa daidai Yiwuwar ciwon daji ya kasance: Binciken ba ya da amfani ga ciwon daji da ba kasafai ba. Matsalolin da za a iya samu daga hanyoyin biyo baya Ko akwai maganin da ya dace Ko ganowa da wuri yana inganta sakamakon jiyya Ko ciwon daji zai taɓa buƙatar magani Ko gwajin ya kasance karbuwa ga mutane: Idan gwajin gwajin ya yi nauyi (misali, mai tsananin zafi), to mutane za su ki shiga.[153]
Farashin Shawarwari Rundunar Tsaro ta Amurka gungiyar kwararru ta Amurka (USPSTF) ta ba da shawarwari ga cututtuka daban-daban: Yana ba da shawarar auna cutar kansar mahaifa ga mata masu jima'i kuma suna da mahaifa aqalla har zuwa shekaru 65.[154]. Ya ba da shawarar cewa a yi wa Amirkawa gwajin cutar kansar launin fata ta hanyar gwajin jini na facal, sigmoidoscopy, ko colonoscopy farawa daga shekara 50 har zuwa shekara 75.[155]. Shaidu ba su isa ba don bayar da shawarar don ko hana gwajin cutar kansar fata, [156] ciwon daji na baka, [157] kansar huhu, [158] ko ciwon gurguwar prostate a cikin maza a karkashin 75.[159]. Ba a ba da shawarar yin gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don ciwon daji na mafitsara, [160] kansar testicular, [161] cancer ovarian, [162] cancer pancreatic, [163] ko prostate cancer.[164] Yana ba da shawarar mammography don gwajin cutar kansar nono kowane shekara biyu daga shekaru 50-74, amma baya ba da shawarar ko dai a yi gwajin nono ko gwajin nono na asibiti.[165] Wani bita na Cochrane na 2013 ya kammala cewa gwajin cutar kansar nono ta hanyar mammography ba shi da wani tasiri wajen rage mace-mace saboda yawan bincike-bincike da wuce gona da iri.
Gwajin Kwayar Halitta Gwajin kwayoyin halitta Duba kuma: Ciwon daji Nau'in Ciwon Kansa BRCA1, BRCA2 Nono, kwai, pancreatic HNPCC, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2 Colon, uterine, kananan hanji, ciki, urinary fili gungiyoyin da ba na hukuma ba suna ba da shawarar gwajin kwayoyin halitta ga mutane masu hadari na wasu cututtuka. Masu dauke da waɗannan maye gurbi na iya yin ingantacciyar sa ido, maganin rigakafi, ko tiyata don rage hadarinsu na gaba.
Gudanarwa Gudanarwa: Gudanar da ciwon daji da ciwon daji Akwai zabubbukan magani da yawa don ciwon daji. Na farko sun hada da tiyata, chemotherapy, radiation far, hormonal far, niyya far da palliative kula. Wadanne magunguna ne ake amfani da su ya dogara da nau'in, wuri da matakin ciwon daji da kuma lafiyar majiyyaci da abubuwan da ake so. Manufar magani na iya ko ba ta zama magani ba.
Chemotherapy Chemotherapy Chemotherapy shine maganin ciwon daji tare da daya ko fiye cytotoxic anti-neoplastic kwayoyi (chemotherapeutic agents) a matsayin wani bangare na daidaitaccen tsari. Kalmar ta kunshi magunguna iri-iri, waɗanda aka raba su zuwa manyan nau'ikan kamar su alkylating agents da antimetabolites.[168] Magungunan chemotherapeutic na al'ada suna yin aiki ta hanyar kashe ƙwayoyin sel waɗanda ke rarraba cikin sauri, wani abu mai mahimmanci na yawancin kwayoyin kansa. An gano cewa samar da magungunan cytotoxic a hade ya fi magani guda; wani tsari da ake kira haɗin kai; wanda ke da fa'ida a cikin kididdigar rayuwa da martani ga ciwace-ciwacen daji da ci gaban cutar.[169] Wani bita na Cochrane ya kammala cewa hadin gwiwa ya fi tasiri don magance ciwon daji na nono. Koyaya, gabaɗaya ba tabbas ko haɗin chemotherapy yana haifar da ingantacciyar sakamako na lafiya, lokacin da aka yi la'akari da rayuwa da guba.[170] Maganin da aka yi niyya wani nau'i ne na chemotherapy wanda ke kaiwa takamaiman bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta tsakanin ciwon daji da kwayoyin al'ada. Magungunan da aka yi niyya na farko sun toshe kwayar mai karkar isrogen, yana hana ci gaban ciwon nono. Wani misali na yau da kullun shine nau'in inhibitors na Bcr-Abl, wadanda ake amfani da su don magance cutar sankarar bargo ta myelogenous (CML).[4] A halin yanzu, maganin da aka yi niyya ya wanzu ga yawancin nau'ikan ciwon daji na yau da kullun, gami da ciwon daji na mafitsara, kansar nono, kansar colorectal, ciwon koda, cutar sankarar bargo, kansar hanta, kansar huhu, lymphoma, kansar pancreatic, kansar prostate, kansar fata, da kansar thyroid kamar da sauran nau’in ciwon daji[171]. Amfanin chemotherapy ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da mataki. A hade tare da tiyata, chemotherapy ya tabbatar da amfani a cikin nau'in ciwon daji da suka hada da kansar nono, ciwon daji, ciwon daji na pancreatic, sarcoma osteogenic, ciwon daji na testicular, ciwon daji na ovarian da wasu cututtuka na huhu.[172]. Chemotherapy yana warkar da wasu cututtukan daji, kamar wasu cutar sankarar bargo, [173] [174] marasa tasiri a wasu ciwace-ciwacen kwakwalwa, [175] da rashin buqata a wasu, kamar yawancin cututtukan fata marasa melanoma.[176]. Amfanin chemotherapy sau da yawa yana iyakance ta hanyar guba zuwa wasu kyallen takarda a cikin jiki. Ko da chemotherapy bai ba da magani na dindindin ba, yana iya zama da amfani don rage alamun cututtuka kamar zafi ko rage girman kwayar kwayar cuta da ba ta iya aiki a cikin bege cewa tiyata zai yiwu a nan gaba.
Radiotion Radiation Jiyya na radiation ya kunshi amfani da ionizing radiation a kokarin ko dai magani ko inganta alamun cututtuka. Yana aiki ta hanyar lalata DNA na nama mai ciwon daji, yana kashe shi. Don adana kyallen takarda na al'ada (kamar fata ko gabobin, wanda radiation dole ne ya wuce ta don magance ciwon daji), nau'ikan radiyo masu siffa suna nufin daga kusurwoyi masu yawa don shiga tsakani a cikin kwayar cuta, suna samar da kashi mafi girma a can fiye da kewaye, nama mai lafiya. Kamar yadda yake tare da chemotherapy, ciwon daji ya bambanta a cikin martanin su ga maganin radiation.[177][178][179] Ana amfani da maganin radiation a kusan rabin lokuta. Radiation na iya zama ko dai daga tushen ciki (brachytherapy) ko waje na waje. Radiyon shine mafi yawan haskoki na X-ray marasa karfi don magance ciwon daji na fata, yayin da ake amfani da hasken X-ray mai karfi don ciwon daji a cikin jiki.[180] Radiation yawanci ana amfani dashi ban da tiyata da ko chemotherapy. Ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, kamar kansar farkon kai da wuyansa, ana iya amfani da shi kadai[181]. Don kashin kashi mai radadi, an gano yana da tasiri a kusan kashi 70% na marasa lafiya.[181]
Tiyata Tiyata ita ce hanyar farko ta jiyya ga mafi yawan kebantacce, kwararrun cututtukan daji kuma maiyuwa suna taka rawa wajen daidaitawa da tsawaita rayuwa. Yawanci wani muhimmin sashi ne na tabbataccen ganewar asali da matakan ciwace-ciwacen daji, kamar yadda ake bukatar biopsies yawanci. A cikin ciwon daji na gida, tiyata yawanci yana kokari ya cire gaba daya taro tare da, a wasu lokuta, kwayoyin lymph a yankin. Ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji wannan ya isa ya kawar da cutar kansa[172].
Kulawar Jin Dadi Kulawar jin dadi Kulawa da jin dadi magani ne wanda ke kokarin taimaka wa majiyyaci jin daɗi kuma ana iya hada shi tare da kokarin magance cutar kansa. Kulawa da jin dadi ya hada da aiki don rage damuwa ta jiki, tunani, ruhi da damuwa na zamantakewa. Ba kamar jiyya da ke nufin kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa kai tsaye ba, babban burin kula da jin dadi shine haɓaka ingancin rayuwa. Mutane a kowane mataki na maganin ciwon daji yawanci suna samun wani nau'i na kulawa. A wasu lokuta, gungiyoyin kwararrun likita suna ba da shawarar cewa marasa lafiya da likitoci su amsa cutar kansa kawai tare da kulawar jin dadi.[182] Wannan ya shafi marasa lafiya wadanda: [183] suna nuna karancin aiki, yana nuna iyakacin ikon kula da kansu[182]
1. bai sami fa'ida daga jiyya na tushen shaida ba
2. ba su cancanci shiga kowane gwaji na asibiti da ya dace ba
3. babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ke nuna cewa magani zai yi tasiri.
Kulawar jin dadi na iya rikicewa tare da asibiti don haka ana nunawa ne kawai lokacin da mutane suka kusanci karshen rayuwa. Kamar kulawar asibiti, kulawar jinya yana ƙoƙarin taimaka wa majiyyaci su jimre da buƙatun su na gaggawa kuma don haɓaka ta'aziyya. Ba kamar kulawar asibiti ba, kulawar kwantar da hankali baya bukatar mutane su daina jiyya da ke nufin cutar kansa. Jagororin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa da yawa sun ba da shawarar kulawa da wuri na gaggawa ga marasa lafiya wadanda ciwon daji ke haifar da alamun damuwa ko waɗanda ke buƙatar taimako don jure rashin lafiyarsu. A cikin marasa lafiya da aka fara gano cutar ta metastatic, ana iya ba da kulawa ta gaggawa nan da nan. Ana nuna kulawar jin daɗi ga marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da tsinkayar ƙasa da watanni 12 na rayuwa har ma an ba su magani mai tsauri.
Immunotherapy Ciwon daji immunotherapy An fara amfani da nau'o'in hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ta hanyar amfani da immunotherapy, karfafawa ko taimakawa tsarin rigakafi don yaki da ciwon daji, tun daga 1997. Hanyoyi sun haɗa da kwayoyin rigakafi, maganin bincike, da kuma canja wurin kwayar halitta.[187].
Maganin Laser Maganin Laser: Laser a cikin maganin kansa Laser farfesa Laser yana amfani da haske mai karfi don magance ciwon daji ta raguwa ko lalata ciwace-ciwacen daji ko ci gaba mai saurin kamuwa. An fi amfani da Laser don magance ciwon daji na sama wanda ke saman jiki ko kuma murfin gabobin ciki. Ana amfani da shi don magance ciwon daji na fata na basal cell da farkon matakan wasu kamar su mahaifa, azzakari, farji, vulvar, da kuma ciwon huhu mara karami. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi tare da wasu jiyya, kamar tiyata, chemotherapy, ko radiation far. Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT), ko interstitial Laser photocoagulation, yana amfani da Laser don magance wasu cututtuka ta hanyar amfani da hyperthermia, wanda ke amfani da zafi don rage ciwace-ciwacen kwayoyi ta hanyar lalacewa ko kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa. Laser sun fi dacewa fiye da tiyata kuma suna haifar da karancin lalacewa, zafi, zubar jini, kumburi, da tabo. Rashin lahani shine dole ne likitocin fida su sami horo na musamman. Yana iya zama mafi tsada fiye da sauran magunguna[188].
Madadin Magunguna Madadin Magungunan karfafawa da madadin maganin cutar kansa rukuni ne daban-daban na jiyya, ayyuka da samfurori waɗanda ba sa cikin magungunan al'ada.[189] “Maganin Ƙarfafawa” yana nufin hanyoyi da abubuwan da ake amfani da su tare da magungunan gargajiya, yayin da “maganin madadin” yana nufin mahadi da ake amfani da su maimakon magungunan gargajiya[190]. Yawancin magungunan da ke da alaqa da ciwon daji ba a yi nazari ko gwada su ta amfani da dabaru na al'ada kamar gwajin asibiti ba. An bincika wasu madadin jiyya kuma an nuna ba su da tasiri amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da tallata su da hadakawa. Wani mai bincike kan cutar daji Andrew J. Vickers ya bayyana cewa, "Lakabin 'wanda ba a tabbatar da shi ba' bai dace da irin waɗannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ba; lokaci ya yi da za a tabbatar da cewa yawancin hanyoyin maganin ciwon daji an 'bata'.
Hasashen Dubi Hasashen Dubi kuma: Yawan tsira da cutar daji, Jerin adadin mace-macen cutar kansa a Amurka, da masu tsira da ciwon daji Matakai uku na mace-macen cutar kansa ta duniya daga 1990 zuwa 2017[192] Yawan tsira ya bambanta da nau'in ciwon daji da kuma matakin da aka gano shi, kama daga rayuwa mai yawa zuwa cikar mace-mace shekaru biyar bayan ganewar asali. Da zarar ciwon daji ya sami metastasized, tsinkaya yakan zama mafi muni. Kimanin rabin marasa lafiya da ke samun maganin ciwon daji (ban da carcinoma a wuri da kuma ciwon daji na fata wanda ba melanoma ba) suna mutuwa daga wannan ciwon daji ko maganinsa.[23] Mafi yawan mutuwar ciwon daji na faruwa ne saboda ƙazamin kwayar cuta ta farko.[193] Rayuwa ya fi muni a kasashe masu tasowa, [23] wani bangare saboda nau'in ciwon daji da aka fi sani a can yana da wuyar magani fiye da wadanda ke da alaƙa da ƙasashen da suka ci gaba.[194] Wadanda suka tsira daga cutar kansa suna kamuwa da kansar farko na biyu da kusan ninki biyu na wadanda ba a gano su ba.[195] An yi imanin cewa haɓakar hadarin ya kasance saboda bazuwar damar haɓaka kowane ciwon daji, yuwuwar tsira daga cutar kansa ta farko, abubuwan haɗari iri ɗaya waɗanda suka haifar da cutar kansa ta farko, illolin da ba'a so na magance cutar kansa ta farko (musamman magungunan radiation), da kuma mafi kyawun yarda da nunawa.[195]. Hasashen tsira na ɗan gajeren lokaci ko na dogon lokaci ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa. Mafi mahimmanci sune nau'in ciwon daji da shekarun majiyyaci da lafiyar jiki gaba daya. Wadanda ke da rauni tare da wasu matsalolin kiwon lafiya suna da karancin rayuwa fiye da sauran mutane masu lafiya. Ba zai yi yuwuwa masu shekaru dari ba su rayu har tsawon shekaru biyar ko da an sami nasarar jiyya. Mutanen da suka ba da rahoton ingancin rayuwa suna dade da rayuwa.[196] Mutanen da ke da karancin ingancin rayuwa na iya shafar bakin ciki da sauran rikice-rikice da ko ci gaban cuta waɗanda duka biyun suna lalata inganci da adadin rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, marasa lafiya da ke da mummunan tsinkaya na iya zama cikin bakin ciki ko kuma ba da rahoton rashin ingancin rayuwa saboda sun fahimci cewa yanayin su na iya zama m. Mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji suna da haɗarin toshewar jini a cikin jijiyoyinsu wanda zai iya yin barazana ga rayuwa.[197] Yin amfani da magungunan kashe jini irin su heparin yana rage hadarin daskarewar jini amma ba a nuna cewa yana ƙara rayuwa ga masu ciwon daji ba.[197] Mutanen da ke shan magungunan kashe jini su ma suna da hadarin zubar jini.[197] Ko da yake yana da wuyar gaske, wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, ko da daga matakin ci gaba, na iya warkewa nan da nan. Wannan al’amari ana kiransa da gafara ba tare da bata lokaci ba.[198].
Epidemiology Epidemiology: Ilimin cututtukan daji na cutar kansa Duba kuma: Jerin kasashe ta adadin kansa Duba ko gyara bayanan tushe. Adadin mace-mace masu shekaru daga cutar kansa a cikin mutane 10,000.[199] An kiyasta cewa a cikin 2018, mutane miliyan 18.1 sun kamu da cutar kansa da kuma mutuwar mutane miliyan 9.6 a duniya.[200] Kimanin kashi 20% na maza da 17% na mata za su kamu da cutar kansa a wani lokaci yayin da kashi 13% na maza da kashi 9% na mata za su mutu daga gare ta.[200] A cikin 2008, an gano kimanin mutane miliyan 12.7 na ciwon daji (ban da ciwon daji na fata da ba na melanoma ba da sauran cututtukan da ba sa cutarwa) [23] kuma a cikin 2010 kusan mutane miliyan 7.98 sun mutu.[201]. Ciwon daji na kusan kashi 16% na mace-mace. Mafi yawan kamar na 2018 sune ciwon huhu (mutuwar miliyan 1.76), ciwon daji na launi (860,000) ciwon ciki (780,000), ciwon hanta (780,000), da ciwon nono (620,000).[2]. Wannan ya sanya cutar sankara ta zama babban sanadin mutuwar mutane a kasashen da suka ci gaba kuma na biyu a cikin kasashe masu tasowa.[23] Fiye da rabin lokuta suna faruwa a duniya masu tasowa.[23] Mutuwar cutar kansa ya kai miliyan 5.8 a 1990.[201] Mutuwar tana karuwa da farko saboda tsawon rayuwa da canje-canjen salon rayuwa a cikin kasashe masu tasowa[23]. Babban haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa shine shekaru.[202] Ko da yake yana yiwuwa ciwon daji ya buge kowane shekaru, yawancin masu fama da ciwon daji sun haura 65.[202] A cewar Robert A. Weinberg, mai binciken ciwon daji, "Idan mun rayu tsawon lokaci, ba dade ko ba dade dukanmu za mu kamu da ciwon daji." tsawon rayuwa[205] da canje-canje masu alaƙa da shekaru a cikin tsarin endocrine.[206] Tasirin tsufa akan kansa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar abubuwa kamar lalacewar DNA da kumburi da ke inganta shi da abubuwan kamar tsufa na jijiyoyin jini da canje-canjen endocrin da ke hana shi.[207]. Wasu cututtukan daji masu saurin girma suna da yawa musamman, amma galibi ba sa mutuwa. Nazarin autopsy a Turai da Asiya ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 36 cikin 100 na mutane ba a gano su ba kuma a fili ba su da cutar kansar thyroid a lokacin mutuwarsu kuma kashi 80% na maza suna kamuwa da kansar prostate ta hanyar shekaru 80.[208][209]. Kamar yadda wadannan cututtukan daji ba su haifar da mutuwar majiyyaci ba, gano su da zai wakilci cutar fiye da kima maimakon kulawar likita. Ciwon daji guda uku da aka fi sani da yara sune cutar sankarar bargo (34%), ciwan kwakwalwa (23%) da lymphomas (12%).[210]. A Amurka ciwon daji yana shafar kusan 1 cikin yara 285.[211] Adadin ciwon daji na yara ya karu da kashi 0.6% a kowace shekara tsakanin 1975 zuwa 2002 a Amurka[212] da 1.1% a kowace shekara tsakanin 1978 da 1997 a Turai.[210] Mutuwar cutar kansar yara ta ragu da rabi tsakanin 1975 da 2010 a Amurka.[211]
Tarihi Tarihi: Tarihin ciwon daji Yin zane tare da ra'ayoyi guda biyu na wata mace ta Holland wadda aka cire mata ciwon daji daga wuyanta a 1689 Ciwon daji ya wanzu ga dukan tarihin ɗan adam.[213]. Rubuce-rubuce na farko game da cutar kansa daga kusan 1600 BC a cikin littafin Edwin Smith Papyrus na Masar kuma ya bayyana kansar nono.[213] Hippocrates (c. 460 BC c. 370 BC) ya bayyana nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa, yana nufin su da kalmar Helenanci karkinos (kaguwa ko crayfish).[213]. Wannan suna ya zo ne daga bayyanar da aka yanke na wani kakkauran ciwon daji, tare da “jiyoyin da suka miqe ta kowane bangare kamar yadda dabbar kaguwa ke da kafafunta, daga nan ne aka samo sunanta”[214]. Galen ya bayyana cewa "ana kiran ciwon daji na nono ne saboda kamannin kamanni da kaguwa da aka yi ta hanyar tsawaitawar ciwace-ciwacen daji da jijiyoyin da ke kusa da su".[215]: 738 Celsus (c. 25 BC 50 AD) da aka fassara. karkinos zuwa cikin Latin kansa, kuma yana nufin kaguwa da shawarar tiyata a matsayin magani.[213]. Galen (karni na biyu AD) bai yarda da yin amfani da tiyata ba kuma ya ba da shawarar abin da ake amfani da shi a maimakon haka[213]. Wadannan shawarwarin sun tsaya tsayin daka tsawon shekaru 1000.[213] A karni na 15, 16, da 17, ya zama karbuwa ga likitoci su rarraba gawarwaki don gano musabbabin mutuwar.[216] Farfesan nan dan kasar Jamus Wilhelm Fabry ya yi imanin cewa ciwon nono na faruwa ne sakamakon wani gudanwar madara a cikin bututun mama. Farfesa dan kasar Holland Francois de la Boe Sylvius, mabiyin Descartes, ya yi imanin cewa dukkanin cututtuka sune sakamakon hanyoyin sinadarai kuma ruwan lemun tsami na acidic shine dalilin ciwon daji. Nicolaes Tulp na zamaninsa ya yi imanin cewa ciwon daji guba ne da ke yaduwa a hankali kuma ya kammala cewa yana yaduwa.[217] Likitan John Hill ya bayyana shakar taba a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar hanci a shekarar 1761.[216] Wannan ya biyo bayan rahoton a shekara ta 1775 na wani likitan fida dan kasar Biritaniya Percivall Pott cewa chimney yana shafan cutar sankarau, ciwon daji na kwankwasa, cuta ce da ta zama ruwan dare tsakanin sharar bututun hayaƙi.[218]. Tare da yaduwar amfani da na'urar hangen nesa a cikin karni na 18, an gano cewa 'dafin ciwon daji' ya yadu daga ƙwayar cuta ta farko ta cikin ƙwayoyin lymph zuwa wasu shafuka ("metastasis"). Wani likitan fiɗa na Ingila Campbell De Morgan ne ya fara tsara wannan ra'ayi na cutar tsakanin 1871 da 1874.
Al'umma Da Al'adu Al'umma da al'adu Duk da cewa cututtuka da yawa (kamar gazawar zuciya) na iya samun hasashen mafi muni fiye da mafi yawan lokuta na ciwon daji, ciwon daji shine batun tsoro da fargaba. Har ila yau ana amfani da lafazin “kananan rashin lafiya” na bayyana ciwon daji da ke haifar da mutuwa a cikin tarihin mutuwa, maimakon sanya sunan cutar a sarari, yana nuna wani abin kunya da ya bayyana.[220] Har ila yau, ciwon daji ana kiransa "kalmar C";[221] [222] [223] Macmillan Cancer Support yana amfani da kalmar don kokarin rage tsoro game da cutar.[224]. A Najeriya, wani sunan gida na kansa da ake fassarawa zuwa Turanci zuwa “cutar da ba za a iya warkewa ba”[225]. Wannan imani mai zurfi cewa ciwon daji dole ne mai wuyar gaske kuma yawanci cuta mai kisa yana nunawa a cikin tsarin da al'umma suka zaba don tattara kididdigar ciwon daji: mafi yawan nau'in ciwon daji-wanda ba melanoma ba, yana lissafin kusan kashi daya bisa uku na cututtukan daji a duniya, amma kadan kaɗan ne ke mutuwa[226][227]—ba a kebe su daga kididdigar ciwon daji musamman saboda ana samun saukin bi da su kuma kusan koyaushe ana warkar da su, sau da yawa a cikin hanya ɗaya, gajeriyar hanya.[228]. Tunanin yammacin duniya game da haƙƙin marasa lafiya ga mutanen da ke fama da cutar kansa sun haɗa da alhakin bayyana cikakken yanayin lafiyar mutum, da hakkin shiga cikin yanke shawara tare ta hanyar mutunta kimar mutum. A wasu al'adu, an fi son sauran hakkoki da ƙima. Misali, yawancin al'adun Afirka suna daraja iyalai gaba daya maimakon dabi'a. A wasu sassa na Afirka, an fi sanin cutar da a makara ta yadda ba za a iya samun magani ba, kuma idan ana samun magani, za ta yi saurin ruguza iyali. A sakamakon wadannan dalilai, masu ba da kiwon lafiya na Afirka sukan bar 'yan uwa su yanke shawara ko, lokacin da kuma yadda za a bayyana cutar, kuma suna yin hakan sannu a hankali da da'ira, yayin da mutum ya nuna sha'awa da kuma ikon jure wa mummunan labari. [225] Mutane daga kasashen Asiya da Kudancin Amurka suma sun fi son a hankali, rashin gaskiya wajen bayyanawa fiye da yadda aka tsara a Amurka da Yammacin Turai, kuma sun yi imanin cewa wani lokaci zai fi kyau kada a ba da labarin cutar sankara.[225] Gabadaya, bayyana cutar ta ya fi yawa fiye da yadda ake yi a karni na 20, amma ba a ba da cikakken bayanin hasashen ba ga yawancin marasa lafiya a duniya.[225] A Amurka da wasu al'adu, ana daukar cutar kansa a matsayin cuta da dole ne a "yaki" don kawo karshen "tashe-tashen hankula"; An ayyana Yaƙi akan Ciwon daji a Amurka. Misalai na soja sun zama ruwan dare musamman a cikin kwatancin illolin cutar kansa, kuma suna jaddada yanayin lafiyar majiyyaci da kuma buƙatar ɗaukar matakan gaggawa da kansa maimakon jinkirtawa, yin watsi ko dogara gaba ɗaya ga wasu. Ƙididdigar soja kuma suna taimakawa wajen tantance tsattsauran ra'ayi, magunguna masu lalata.[229][230] A cikin 1970s, wani sanannen madadin maganin ciwon daji a Amurka wani nau'i ne na maganin magana na musamman, bisa ra'ayin cewa mummunan hali ne ke haifar da kansa.[231] Mutanen da ke da "ɗabi'ar ciwon daji"-masu bakin ciki, dannewa, ƙiyayya da kuma tsoron bayyana motsin zuciyar su-an yi imani da cewa sun bayyana kansa ta hanyar sha'awar tunani. Wasu masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun ce maganin da zai canza tunanin majiyyaci game da rayuwa zai magance cutar kansa[231]. Daga cikin illolin, wannan imani ya baiwa al'umma damar zargin wanda aka azabtar da shi da ya haddasa cutar daji (ta hanyar "son" ta) ko hana maganinta (ta rashin zama cikakkiyar farin ciki, marar tsoro da ƙauna).[232]. Hakanan yana kara damuwa ga marasa lafiya, yayin da suka yi imani da kuskure cewa motsin rai na bakin ciki, fushi ko tsoro yana rage rayuwarsu.[232] Susan Sontag ta yi wa ra’ayin ba’a, wadda ta buga Illness as Metaphor yayin da take murmurewa daga maganin cutar kansar nono a 1978.[231]. Ko da yake ainihin ra'ayin yanzu gabaɗaya ana daukarsa azaman banza, ra'ayin wani kan pe
Tasirin Tattalin Arziki Tasirin Tattalin Arziki Jimillar kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya kan cutar daji a Amurka an kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 80.2 a shekarar 2015.[234] Ko da yake kashe kudin kula da lafiya da ke da alaqa ya karu da cikakkiyar ma'ana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, rabon kuɗin kiwon lafiya da aka keɓe don maganin cutar kansa ya kasance kusa da 5% tsakanin 1960s da 2004.[235][236]. An yi irin wannan tsari a Turai inda kusan kashi 6% na duk abin da ake kashewa na kula da lafiya ana kashewa wajen maganin ciwon daji[237][238]. Baya ga kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya da guba na kudi, ciwon daji yana haifar da farashi kai tsaye ta hanyar asarar yawan aiki saboda kwanakin rashin lafiya, rashin karfi na dindindin da nakasa gami da mutuwa da wuri a lokacin aiki. Ciwon daji yana haifar da farashi don kulawa na yau da kullun. Farashin kai tsaye da kuma farashin kulawa na yau da kullun ana kiyasta zai wuce ko daidai da kudin kula da lafiya na kansa.[239][238]
Wurin Aiki an hada ciwon daji a matsayin yanayin kariya ta Hukumar Daidaita Ayyukan Aiki (EEOC), musamman saboda yuwuwar cutar kansa da ke da tasirin wariya ga ma'aikata.[240] Wariya a wurin aiki na iya faruwa idan mai aiki ya yi imanin karya cewa mai ciwon daji ba zai iya yin aiki yadda ya kamata ba, kuma yana iya neman ƙarin izinin rashin lafiya fiye da sauran ma'aikata. Har ila yau, masu ɗaukan ma'aikata na iya yin yanke shawara na haya ko kora bisa rashin fahimta game da nakasa ciwon daji, idan akwai. EEOC yana ba da jagororin tambayoyi ga masu daukar aiki, da kuma jerin abubuwan da za a iya magance su don tantancewa da saukar ma'aikatan da ke fama da cutar kansa.[240]
Bincike Bincike: Jami'ar Binciken Ciwon daji na Asibitin Cancer na Florida Domin ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka, [241][242] da wuya a sami "maganin ciwon daji" fiye da yadda za a sami magani guda daya don dukkan cututtuka masu yaduwa.[243] An tada tunanin masu hana Angiogenesis ba daidai ba suna da yuwuwar a matsayin maganin "harsashi na azurfa" da ke dacewa da nau'ikan ciwon daji da yawa.[244] Ana amfani da masu hana Angiogenesis da sauran magungunan ciwon daji a hade don rage cutar kansa da mace-mace.[245]. Ana nazarin magungunan ciwon daji na gwaji a cikin gwaje-gwajen asibiti don kwatanta maganin da aka tsara zuwa mafi kyawun magani. Ana iya gwada magungunan da suka yi nasara a nau'in ciwon daji guda ɗaya da sauran nau'ikan.[246] Ana gudanar da gwaje-gwajen bincike don inganta ingantattun hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ga majiyyatan da suka dace, dangane da ilimin halittarsu daya[247]. Binciken ciwon daji yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa masu zuwa: Ma'aikata (misali kwayoyin cuta) da abubuwan da suka faru (misali maye gurbi) wadanda ke haifar ko saukake canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka kaddara su zama ciwon daji. Madaidaicin yanayin lalacewar kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halittar da ya shafa. Sakamakon wadancan canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta akan ilimin halitta na tantanin halitta, duka a cikin samar da ma'anar kaddarorin kwayar cutar kansa da kuma saukake ƙarin abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban cutar kansa. Ingantacciyar fahimtar ilmin kwayoyin halitta da ilmin halitta saboda binciken cutar kansa ya haifar da sabbin hanyoyin magance cutar kansa tun lokacin da shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon ya ayyana "Yakin Ciwon daji" a 1971. Tun daga wannan lokacin, kasar ta kashe sama da dala biliyan 200 kan binciken cutar kansa, ciki har da albarkatu daga sassa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu[248]. Adadin mutuwar ciwon daji (daidaita girman da shekarun yawan jama'a) ya ragu da kashi biyar tsakanin 1950 zuwa 2005.[249] Gasar don albarkatun kudi da alama ta danne kirkira, hadin gwiwa, hadarin hadari da tunanin asali da ake bukata don yin bincike na asali, ba tare da kin yarda da bincike mai karancin hadari cikin kananan hadaka havakawa sama da hadari, karin ingantaccen bincike. Sauran sakamakon gasa da alama karatu ne da yawa tare da ikirari masu ban mamaki waɗanda ba za a iya maimaita sakamakon su ba da kuma karkatattun abubuwan karfafawa wadanda ke karfafa cibiyoyin bayar da tallafi don hadaka ba tare da yin isassun jari a cikin ikonsu da wuraren aikinsu ba.[250][251][252][253] Virotherapy, wanda ke amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta, ana nazarin. Sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19, an sami damuwa cewa bincike da jiyya na cutar daji suna raguwa.[254][255]
Juna Biyu Ciwon daji na Ciwon daji yana shafar kusan 1 cikin 1,000 mata masu juna biyu. Mafi yawan ciwon daji da ake samu a lokacin daukar ciki iri daya ne da na ciwon daji da ake samu a cikin mata marasa ciki a lokacin haihuwa: kansar nono, kansar mahaifa, cutar sankarar mahaifa, lymphoma, melanoma, kansar kwai da kuma ciwon daji[256]. Gano sabon ciwon daji a cikin mace mai ciki yana da wahala, a wani bangare saboda duk wani alamun da aka saba dauka a matsayin rashin jin daɗi na yau da kullun da ke da alaqa da ciki. A sakamakon haka, ciwon daji yawanci ana gano shi a wani dan lokaci kadan fiye da matsakaici. Wasu hanyoyin hoto, irin su MRIs (hoton maganadisu na maganadisu), CT scans, duban dan tayi da mammograms tare da garkuwar tayin ana daukar lafiya yayin daukar ciki; wasu kamar su PET scans, ba su kasance ba.[256] Magani gabaɗaya iri daya ne da na mata marasa ciki. Duk da haka, ana guje wa radiation da magungunan rediyo yayin daukar ciki, musamman idan adadin tayin zai iya wuce 100 cGy. A wasu lokuta, ana jinkirta wasu ko duka jiyya har sai bayan haihuwa idan an gano ciwon daji a karshen ciki. Ana amfani da bayarwa da wuri don ciyar da farkon jiyya. Tiyata gabadaya ba ta da lafiya, amma tiyatar kashin gugu a farkon watanni uku na iya haifar da zubar da ciki. Wasu jiyya, musamman wasu magungunan chemotherapy da aka bayar yayin datsa na farko
Sauran Dabbobi Likitan dabbobi, wanda ya fi maida hankali kan kuliyoyi da karnuka, kwarewa ce mai girma a cikin kasashe masu arziki kuma ana iya ba da manyan nau'ikan jiyya na dan adam kamar tiyata da rediyo. Mafi yawan nau'ikan ciwon daji sun bambanta, amma nauyin kansar yana da alama aqalla yana da girma a cikin dabbobi kamar na mutane. Dabbobi, yawanci rodents, galibi ana amfani da su wajen bincike kan cutar kansa kuma nazarin cututtukan daji a cikin manyan dabbobi na iya amfanar bincike kan kansar ɗan adam.[257] A cikin wadanda ba mutane ba, an bayyana wasu nau'o'in ciwon daji masu yaduwa, inda ciwon daji ke yaduwa tsakanin dabbobi ta hanyar watsa kwayoyin ciwon daji da kansu. Ana ganin wannan al'amari a cikin karnuka masu ciwon sarcoma na Sticker (wanda kuma aka sani da canine transmissible venereal tumor), da kuma shaidanun Tasmania masu fama da ciwon fuska na shaidan (DFTD).
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Cigaba da karatu Cutar |
2716 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyautar%20Nobel | Kyautar Nobel | Da farko dai masanin nan dan kasar Sweden mai suna Alfred Nobel wanda ya kirkiri nakiya mai fashewa ta farko shi ne wanda ya kirkiri wannan kyauta ta Nobel da ta ke dauke da sunansa. An haifi Alfred Nobel ne a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1833 a birnin Stockholm, babban birnin kasar Sweden.
Tarihi
Wannan kyauta da kuma dalilin kirkiro ta a nan muna iya cewa sakamakon kirkiro wannan nakiya mai fashewa da wannan masani ya yi da kuma irin barnar da take yi sakamakon amfani da ita ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a lokacin yaki wajen kashe mutane saboda haka kafin mutuwarsa sai ya rubuta wata wasiyya wacce ya sanya mata hannu a ranar 27 ga Nuwamban shekarata 1895 inda a cikin wani bangare na wasiyyar ya bayyana cewar yana so a kowace shekara idan an sami wani mutum guda wanda ya yi wani kwazo a fagen ci gaban bil'adama a bashi kyauta daga dukiyar da ya mutu ya bari. To wannan shi ne dalilin kirkiro wannan kyauta da kuma tarihin yadda aka samo ta. An fara ba da wannan kyautar ne a shekarar 1901 kimanin shekaru biyar bayan mutuwarsa, don ya rasu ne a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba 1896 a fagagen ilimin kimiyya da adabi da Zaman Lafiya da sauran fagage irin su tattalin arziki wadanda aka shigo da shi a 1968. Cibiyar Nobel din tana da wani kwamiti a kasar Sweden wanda shi ne ya ke zama tun a farkon shekara don ya tara sunayen mutanen da suka cancanci kyautar ta wannan shekarar sannan kuma ya zabi wadanda suka dace a cikinsu wadanda ake sanar da sunayensu a cikin watan Oktoba, duk da cewa kwamitin kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya yana kasar Norway ne karkashin majalisar kasar.
Har ila yau a cikin wasiyyar tasa Alfred Nobel ya bukaci a kasa wannan kyauta da za a dinga bayarwa din kashi biyar, wato ga wadanda suka fi samun ci gaba a bangaren physics da bangaren kimiyya da bangaren ilmin halittar jikin dan Adam da ilmin aikin likita da bangaren ayyukan adabi da kuma ga wadanda suka taimaka wajen tabbatar da fahimtar juna tsakanin kasashe, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kuma yin watsi da yaki da amfani da karfi. A saboda haka ne aka raba kyautar kamar yadda muka yi bayani a sama, duk da cewa daga baya an shigo da bangaren tattalin arziki na kyautar.
To wannan dangane da tambayoyi biyu na farko na tambayar taki kenan Malama Hajara Abubakar.
To Malama Hajara idan kuma muka koma ga bangare na uku na tambayar ta ki da kike son sanin yadda ake gudanar da zaben wadanda suka cancanci wannan kyauta kuwa, to a nan muna iya cewa hanyar da ake bi wajen zaben wadanda suka ci kyautar nan ta Nobel ita ce, cibiyar nazarin ilmin kimiyya ta gidan sarautar kasar Sweden karkashin wani kwamiti mai mutane biyar ita ce take kula da zaben wadanda suka cancanci samun kyautar Nobel a bangaren Physics da chemistry da kuma ilmin tattalin arziki. Dangane da kyautar adabi kuwa cibiyar nazarin adabi ta kasar Sweden karkashin wani kwamiti mai membobi hudu zuwa biyar ita ce take da nauyin zaben wanda za a ba shi kyautar Nobel kan ayyukan adabi. Dangane da kyautar zaman lafiya kuwa alhalin zaban wanda ko kuma wadanda suka cancanta din yana wuyan wani kwamiti mai mutane biyar ne da majalisar kasar Norway za ta.
To dangane da yadda ake zabo sunayen wadanda ake ganin kowane guda daga cikinsu yana iya samun wannan kyauta kuwa to a nan wadanda suke da wannan alhaki a wuyansu su ne kwamitocin kula da kyaututtukan Nobel daban-daban (da muka yi bayaninsu a baya) da kuma muhimman jami'o'in duniya da shahararrun masana da masu ilmin kimiyya. To daga cikin wadannan mutane ne za a zabi wadanda suka cancanci wannan kyautar.
Bayan an zabi sunayen wadanda suka cancanci kyautar ta shekara a kan sanar da sunayensu ne watan Oktoba na kowace shekara sai dai kuma ba a lokacin ne za a ba su kyautar ba. Ana ba da kyaututtukan ne a wani buki da ake yi a dakin kade-kade da raye-raye na birnin Stockholm a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na ko wace shekara, wato ranar da shi Alfred Nobel ya mutu. Sarkin kasar Sweden ne ya ke ba da wannan kyautar ga wadanda suka samiu nasara. Kyautar kuwa ta hada ne da takardar shaida, lambar yabo ta zinari da kuma kudi.
Yana da kyau a san cewa ana iya ba da kyautar nobel din ga mutum guda ko mutane biyu ko uku, kamar yadda kuma ana iya ba da ita ga wata kungiya.
Idan kuma muka koma ga tambaya ta hudu daga cikin tambayoyin na ki Malama Hajara inda kike son sanin ko ya zuwa yanzu mata nawa ne suka sami wannan kyautar, to a nan muna iya cewa ya zuwa yanzu dai kimanin mata 40 ne da suka fito daga bangarori daban-daban na duniya da suka sami wannan kyautar. Mace ta farko da ta sami wannan kyauta ita ce masaniyar nan 'yar kasar Poland wacce daga baya ta zaman 'yan kasar Faransa Marie Currie wacce ta samu kyautar nobel din a bangaren ilimin physics a shekarar 1903. Ita dai wannan mata ta samu kyautar har sau biyu wato a shekarar 1903 da kuma 1911. Saboda haka mata 40 suka sami wannan kyauta, duk da cewa idan ana magana sau nawa ne aka ba wa mata wannan kyautar to a nan kan ana iya cewa sun samu sau 41 ne saboda ita wannan mace ta samu sau biyu ne. Mace ta karshe kuwa da ta samu wannan kyautar ita ce Elinor Ostrom 'yar kasar Amurka wacce ta sami kyautar ilimin tattalin arziki.
'Yar Afirka ta farko kuma wacce har ya zuwa yanzu ba a sami wata ba da ta ci wannan kyautar ita ce Madam Wangari Maathai 'yar kasar Kenya sakamakon irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen ci gaba da kuma kare demokradiyya da zaman lafiya kamar yadda aka bayyana.
To idan kuma muka koma ga tambayarki ta karshe Malama Hajara da kike son sanin ya zuwa yanzu sau nawa aka ba da wannan kyauta. To a nan muna iya cewa ya zuwa yanzu dai an ba da wannan kyauta har sau 829, wato sau 765 ga maza sannan kuma sau 41 ga mata sannan sau 23 ga kungiyoyi.
Wani abin da yake da muhimmanci a fahimta shi ne cewa a cikin wasiyyar shi Alfred Nobel ya bayyana cewar "wajibi ne a bayar da kyautar ga wadanda suka fi cancanta, ba tare da la'akari da kasashen da suka fito da launin fatansu da kuma addinan da suke bi ba', to amma abin da ke gudana a halin yanzu shi ne cewa an siyasartar da wannan kyautar ta yadda a lokuta da dama ba lalle ne ya zamanto wadanda suka dace din ne ake ba su ba, wato manyan kasashen duniya sun shigo cikin lamarin sun yi kane-kane ta yadda sai wanda suke so ne ake ba shi wato wanda ta hanyar hakan za su cimma manufarsu musamman ma dai bangaren zaman lafiya na wannan kyauta, lamarin da ya sanya ake ta sukan kyautar, misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne irin sukan da masana suka dinga yi dangane da kyautar da aka ba wa shugaban kasar Amurka Barack Obama wanda suke ganin bai cancanci kyautar ba.
Manazarta
Mukaloli marasa |
33110 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Krobo | Mutanen Krobo | Mutanen Krobo kabila ce a Ghana. An tattara su a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kabilanci ta Ga-Adangbe kuma su ne rukuni mafi girma na kabilun Dangme bakwai na Kudu maso Gabashin Ghana. Krobo mutane ne manoma da suka mamaye Accra Plains, Akuapem Mountains da Afram Basin.
Tarihi Krobos (lafazi krorbors) wasu ƴan zaɓaɓɓun mutane ne daga yankin Gabashin Ghana. An raba su zuwa Manya da Yilo. Ainihin kwanan watan da Krobos suka raba kansu zuwa Yilo da Manya ya kasance asiri. A shekarun baya Manya Krobo da gwamnatin Ghana ta kira Eastern Krobo, yayin da Yilo Krobo ake kira Western Krobo. Daga wannan ranar zuwa yau, an gudanar da Krobo a matsayin jihohi biyu daban-daban, wanda aka sanya wa suna a yau a matsayin Manya da Yilo Krobo.
Wuraren gargajiya na Krobo guda biyu an san su da asali da "Nɔwe" wato Mănya, ma'ana "gidan su", da we (Yilɔ). Sunan Manya ya fito ne daga kalmar "Maonya", a zahiri ma'ana "kare bakinka". Wannan yana tafiya tare da kalmar "nɔ bi nya me tee" a zahiri yana nufin "ba ya buƙatar yin magana game da duk abin da ya gani". Yilo kuwa, ya fito ne daga furcin “wa yilɔ”, ma’ana “ba mu ci wannan ba”. Wasu al'adun baka sun nuna cewa, lokacin da Yilo ya dawo daga Krobo Denkyera, sun rasa yawancin al'adun Krobo na asali; a sakamakon haka, an ɗauke su ta hanyar jerin ayyukan al'adu don samun karɓuwa a cikin al'umma. Wannan tsari ya ƙunshi daidaitawa don abincin da Krobos ya haramta. Yilo ya ci gaba da tabbatar da karbuwar abinci iri-iri da suka koya yayin da suke tare da Akan. Krobo mazaunin ya fara kiran su da kalmar wulakanci "Wa yilɔ", ma'ana "mun ce muku ba ma cin wannan".
Akwai wasu shaidun da ke nuni da cewa Krobos da sauran kungiyoyin Dangme sun fito ne daga arewa maso gabashin Afirka, musamman tsohuwar Masar da yankunan da ke kewaye da a yanzu ake kira Gabas ta Tsakiya. Krobos, kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙaura daga arewa-maso-gabashin Afirka, sun kasance waɗanda ke fama da jerin hare-hare a Masar daga 600 BC zuwa karni na 14 AD wanda ya haifar da ƙaura daidai a kowane mamaya (2,3,4). An tura kakanninmu zuwa yankin Chadi na kasar Sudan kuma suna daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka koma bakin kogin Nijar da ke yammacin Sudan inda suke cikin dauloli da suka bunkasa da kuma rugujewa, na baya-bayan nan shi ne daular Songhai da ta kafa daular Songhai. ya fadi a karshen karni na 16 (1591)(4,5). Hijira a ƙarshen daular Songhai ta dawo da su yankin tafkin Chadi. Daga nan suka wuce kudu zuwa Nijar sannan suka ratsa yammacin Najeriya zuwa Sameh tsakanin Najeriya ta yanzu da Benin (Dahomeh), inda suka yi tasha a Widah (Ouidah) da Huatsi, inda suka ci gaba da tafiya tare da sauran kungiyoyin Dangme. Yayin da suke wucewa ta wadannan wurare, sun bar baya tare da daukar dabi'un al'adu na yankunan da suka yi zamansu kuma suka wuce. Krobos suna ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin Ewe na Dahomeh da Togo a matsayin abokai don haka suna kiran Ewes "Wa hi", wanda ya lalatar zuwa li", ma'anar adabi na "abokanmu". Dole ne su ci gaba da tafiya, kuma a lokacin da suka tashi daga abokansu na Ewe ya bayyana akwai tashin hankali kuma suka kira wurin tashi Lorlorvor, ma'ana "ƙauna ta ƙare". Sun tsallaka kogin Volta ne kawai suka samu kansu a kewaye da mutanen Guans da Akan ta kowane bangare, don haka suke kiran mutanen Akan Ohieli, ma'ana mutane da yawa. Tsoron wannan sabon rukuni ya sa su haura wani katon dutsen da ke kan fili kusa da kogin Volta, wanda ake kira dutsen Krobo har zuwa yau. Sun isa Ghana ta yau a farkon karni na 17.
Krobos sune suka fi yawa a cikin mutanen Ga-Adangme. Suna cikin tsaunukan da ke kusa da gabar teku kuma su ne kabila ta hudu mafi girma a kasar. A cikin karni na 19 sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jihohin Gold Coast a cikin matakai masu tasowa na ci gaban siyasa da al'adu. Bayan tsakiyar karni na 19 sun kasance a fannin tattalin arziki da siyasa sun kasance daya daga cikin muhimman kungiyoyi a kasar saboda rawar da suke takawa wajen kasuwanci na samar da amfanin gona da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen ketare da kuma yin kwalliya.
Tafiya zuwa Dutsen Krobo Mutanen Dangme sun yi tafiya ne a matsayin rukuni, kuma sai da suka isa Ghana suka rabu zuwa rukuni bakwai na Dangme da aka sani a yau. Wurin da suka rabu an sake masa suna "Lɔlɔvɔ", kalmar Ewe da ke nufin "Ƙauna ta ƙare (ƙarewa)". Har yanzu wurin yana nan kuma ana kiransa da Filin Tagologo.
Kungiyoyin Dangme guda bakwai sune: Krobo, Ada, Prampram, Shai, Ningo, Osu-Doku, da Kpone. Mutanen Osudoku sun hau dutsen Osudoku, mutanen Ada sun tafi gabar tekun gabas, mutanen Shai, Prampram da Kpone sun yi tafiya cikin kasa. Mutanen Ningo kuma sun yi tafiya kudu zuwa bakin teku. Bayan rabuwar, mutanen Krobo suka matsa zuwa yamma har sai da suka ga wani dutse mai tsayin ƙafafu 1,108 tare da kwazazzabo (kwari) ya raba shi gida biyu marasa daidaito. Jama'a sun yi imanin cewa wannan wuri ne mai kyau don zama, domin hawan dutsen zai yi wuya, ma'ana zai kasance wurin zaman lafiya da kuma tunkude hare-hare daga kabilu da makiya. Manyan mafarauta biyu Aklo Muase (Aklo Natebi) da Madja firistoci ne suka aike su don tabbatar da dacewar dutsen don zama.
Rahoton da ya dawo ya tabbatar da cewa lallai wannan wuri ne mai kyau don zama kuma daga baya dutsen ya zama sananne da sunan "Klo yo" (Tundun Krobo). A hakikanin gaskiya sunan "Krobo" ya fito ne daga asalin Akan kuma ya samo asali ne daga kalmar "Kro-obo-so-Foɔ", ma'ana "Garin na dutse mazaunan dutse".
Rayuwa akan Dutsen Krobo Dutsen ya zama cibiyar al'adu da al'ada ga mutanen Krobo. Gari ne na gidajen dutse, labarai da yawa da dakuna da yawa wasu asusun sun ce akwai wasu gidaje masu dakuna 20-30. Hakika, masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje da suka ziyarci dutsen sun ce gine-ginen bai zama kamar wani abu da suka taɓa gani a Afirka ba. Krobo sun ɓullo da nasu tsarin shayarwa a kan dutsen don tallafawa karuwar yawan jama'ar su. Lokacin da yawan jama'a ya karu bayan dutsen, mutanen sun fara ba da lokaci mai yawa a yankunan da ke kewaye. A haƙiƙa, ta hanyar tsarin Krobo Huza na mallakar ƙasa mutanen Krobo sun sami nasarar mallakar filaye masu yawa a cikin yankunan da ke kewaye a cikin abin da Filin yake magana da shi a matsayin "mamaki marar jini". Dutsen Krobo ya ci gaba da zama cibiyar harkokin addini da al'adu har zuwa lokacin da aka kore su.
Soja na Krobo Daga karni na 17, tsaunin Krobo ya zama wuri na hare-hare da dama daga kabilu da makiya masu mamaye. Duk da haka al'ummar Krobo a ko da yaushe suna iya yakar abokan gaba kuma ta hanyar shigar da makaman roka da bindiga da turawan Ingila suka yi ne aka samu nasarar fatattakar Krobo.
Korar daga Dutsen Krobo Dutsen Krobo shine gidan ruhaniya da na zahiri na mutanen Krobo. Shi ne zama na farko da mutanen Krobo suka yi bayan rabuwa da sauran Ƙungiyoyin Dangme a Lɔlɔvɔ. An zabi dutsen ne saboda shi ne mafi kyawun kariya daga yakin da ake yi a lokacin. A gaskiya Krobos ya ci nasara da yawa yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar birgima duwatsu kawai wanda zai hana abokan gaba su fito su kashe da yawa daga cikinsu. Yayin da yawan jama'a ya karu, yawancin Krobos za su yi aiki a gonaki a yankunan da ke kewaye da dutsen. Dutsen, duk da haka, ya ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar al'adu, inda dukkanin muhimman al'adu suka faru. 'Yan matan da ke gudanar da ibada ta Dipo za su shafe shekaru daya zuwa uku a kan dutsen suna tafiya ta kwastan Dipo. An haramta wa Djemli (firistoci) barin dutsen dare ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da aka binne kakanninsu a gidajen iyali a kan dutse, dutsen ya zama gidan kakanni ba kawai a ruhaniya ba amma a zahiri.
Duk da haka, wannan ya zama matsala ga Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka saboda mutane suna da wuyar sa ido don haka suna da iko daga yankunansu na tsaunuka. Yawancin rahotanni sun dawo cewa keɓe dutsen ya ba da damar yin wasu ƙungiyoyin mayaka da kuma karya dokoki (misali binne gawarku kawai a cikin makabarta) ba tare da wani sakamako ba. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka na kallon dutsen a matsayin dutsen Fetish kuma lokacin da Gwamna Griffiths ya sami damar cire Krobo daga dutsen ya yi haka tare da Dokar Kwastam na 1892. Gwamnan ya baiwa mutanen kwana uku su bar dutsen. Yawancin mutanen Krobo suna zaune a yankunan da ke kewaye a gindin dutsen, suna aiki a gonakinsu, kuma, kamar yadda ake tsammani, ga waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin dutsen da kuma nesa (wasu har ma da 'yan kwanaki). Yana da wuyar tafiya zuwa dutsen, tattara kayan a saukar da su cikin iyakar kwanaki uku. Don haka mutane suna iya ɗaukar abin da za su iya kawai kuma an bar sauran a kan dutsen kuma daga baya aka lalata su. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta tura sojoji sun lalata komai, tun daga gidaje da wuraren ibada zuwa tukwane da ma tsofaffin bishiyoyi. Wannan lokaci ne na bakin ciki ga mutanen Krobo, kuma shi ya sa har wala yau, Manya da Yilo Krobos suke shirya aikin hajji a tsaunin a kowace shekara don tunawa da wannan rana. Wannan aikin hajji yakan auku ne a lokacin bukukuwan Ngmayem da Kloyosikplem.
Hotuna
Manazarta Kabilu a |
30858 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadurran%20Bakin%20Rafi | Hadurran Bakin Rafi | Hadurran Bakin Rafi
Harkokin noma kan sa darajar ruwa ta karu, ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko wajen dorewar harkokin noma a kan fakon da ake samun zaizayar asa. Dukan dattin da ruwan sama ya wanko, zuwa bakin rafi, da yadda bakin rafin kan zama tabkuna, da ma koguna da sauran tarkacen da ruwa kan kwaso, domin cike bakin rafin. Wannan na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, ya kuma hana madatsun ruwa yin aiki, yadda ya kamata. A dan lokacin, duk wadansu albarkatun dake gina jiki, kan rauraye, sai kuma shinfidar kasar dake fakon ta fara lalacewa. Yau da gobe, sai asar ta fara soyewa, ta kai ta fara wankewa. Idan zaizayar Kasar ta ci gaba, sai ta kai kasar ba ta sauran amfani. Wannan matsalar sai karuwa take yi, a duniya, inda fako ke ta wankewa, da kuma dankarewa. Matsin lambar yawan jama’a, da manufofin gwamnati, da bukatun kasuwanni da irin yadda kasar noma take lalacewa, na tilasta wa manoma, da su matsa, ya zuwa wurin da ya fi tudu. Al’amarin na biyu, na yin noma, da ruwa mai kyau, yana farawa ne, daga yin amfani da takin zamani, da kuma feshin magungunan kwari. Wadannan magungunan, na iya wanke ruwan damina, ya gangare, zuwa bakin tabkuna, da kuma teku. A nan Afrika, inda ba a faya yin amfani da takin zamani ba, dan Karin sinadarin inganta jiki, kan za ma da amfani, a gefen bakin tekun. A yankin Asia, kuma, inda ake rangwanta yin amfani da magungunan noma, koguna na iya kasancewa cike da magunguna. Wannan na iya kai mu ga tsabtace kazanta: Gamsa-kuka, ko sauran tsire-tsire, kan tsiro, da yawa, su kuma dagula tsarin albarkatu, ya kuma rage yawan iskar shaka, ko ya kashe kifaye. Idan takin zamani da magungunan kwari suka shiga cikin koramar kasa, da ake amfani da ita, domin sha, to, za a samu matsala kan kiwon lafiyar bil adama. Hukumar Kula da Gudanar da Harkokin kungiyoyin Zaizayar kasa, (MSEC), da aka faka, cikin shekarun 1990, domin magance rashin sanin kididdigar zagaen tabkuna, dake fadin Kudu maso Gabashin yankin Asia, ya gudanar da wani bincike, a wannan fannin. Gugun kungiyoyin, sun hada da na kasashen Indonesia, da Laos, da Philippines, da Thailand, da kuma Vietnam, tare da kuma hukumar IWMI, da ma Cibiyar Inganta Harkokin Bincike, ta kasar Faransa, French Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, (IRD). A lokacin aikin, na shekaru biyar, hukumar ta MSEC, ta tantance yawan wurin, da kuma sauran fakon da ya rage na noma, a wurare har 27, (na makwararar ruwan fadamar), da ma kananan wurare, a kasashe biyar. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa, farfado da yin amfani da asar wurin, na iya taimakawa, wajen rigakafin duk wata mugunyar illa, ga al’ummar dake gefen tekun. Mafita Harkokin Kimiyya Kididdigar ta nuna cewa, hanzarta canje-canjen kasar noman, sun shafi wuraren. Alal misali, lokacin da manoman suka nemi kara samun abun na masarufi, ta hanyar gitta wadansu iri, a garaken na rambutan, da itacen rogo, a daya daga cikin wuraren dake kasar Indonesia, sai sauran fakon ya fara Karuwa, da nauyin gram kusan uku, a kowace hekta, ya zuwa gram 13.1. Masana harkokin kimiyya, sun gano cewa, ci gaba da noman dake haddasa zaizayar kasar, (alal misali, bunkasa irin masarar dake da saurin yabanya, maimakon shinkafar). Daga bisani, sun gano cewa, aikin na iya taimaka wa rigakafin zaizayar kasar, irin na shuka itatuwan dake ‘ya’ya, ko shuka jerin ciyawa, a kan inda kasar noman ta yi shan-bante. An kuma ga ci gaban fakon, lokacin da manoman suka amince yin amfani da wadansu tsare-tsare na noman. Alal misali, lokacin da aka maye gurbin ciyayin da aka gitta, da itacen rogon, a garaken na yankin rambutan, dake kasar Indonesia, domin dabbobi, sai zaizayar fakon ta fara raguwa, a kowace shekara, da gram 13.1, a kowace hekta, ya zuwa gram 2.7. Bugu da kari, manoman dake yankin Laos, sun rage zaizayar farkon, daga gram 5.9, a kowane hekta, a shekara, ya zuwa gram 0.1, inda suka yi amfani da tsarin kuyoyin da suka kara wa kasar kwari.
Tunanin Yin Canji
A dukan duniya, manoma na yin nawar yin amfani da dabarun rage zaizayaar Kasar. Masana harkokin kimiyyar hukumar IWMI, sun yi imanin manoman na da karancin tunani. Masana harkokin kimiyyar, suna tantance wani tsari ne, na rarrabe alfanun dake tsakanin kasar noman dake fako, da ta kamfanonin dake samar da wutar lantarki, ke nomawa, a gefen madatsun ruwa. Manufar ita ce, kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarkin, waanda ke da wata sha’awar dorewar tara ruwan da ba shi da dandanon gishiri, za su biya manoman, domin su rage karfin zaizayar kasar. “Wannan yankin na da wani irin yanayin shimfi]ar kasa, kuma bisa ga irin yadda aka samu bunkasar tattalin arziki, suna da bukatar wutar lantarki,” in ji Pay Drechsel, shugaban fasalin inganta darajar ruwa, da harkokin kiwon lafiya da kuma muhalli, na hukumar IWMI. “An tsara ginin daruruwan madatsun ruwa, da dama.” Yin kuma amfani da wannan tunanin, na taimaka rage gurbacewar yanayi, daga takin zamani, da ma magunguna kwari, ba a nufin zai biya manoman ba, na da su yi amfani da ‘yan magungunan feshi; haka ma, tana bukatar a hari rangwanci, kwarai da gaske. Alal misali, idan har aka kai ga wani manzalin illar maganin farar wuta, phosphorus, da ake samu a yankin, to, zai yi amfani, a kawar da rangwamen, kan maganin na phosphorus, wanda ke dauke da wani sinadari, ko zai iya sanya tsadar magungunan, ko ya taimaka wa manoman, a su yi amfani da su, jefi-jefi. Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Albarkatun Ruwa, wata kungiyar ce, mai zaman kanta, da ba riba take bukata ba, kuma daya daga cikin cibiyoyin nazari har 15, da Rukunin Harkokin Bayar da Shawarwari Kan Binciken Aikin Noma na Duniya, (CGIAR), ke tallafa wa. Manufar hukumar IWMI, ita ta ta “inganta kula da kasar noma, da kuma albarkatun ruwa, domin samar da abinci, da harkokin rayuwa, da kuma muhalli.” Cibiyar na aiki ne, da wadansu takwarorinta na kasashen waje, domin taimaka wa gano hanyoyin da za a rage duk wata illar da za ta shafi yin amfani da kasar noma, da kuma habaka darajar ruwa, da harkokin rayuwa.
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57083 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Avanza | Toyota Avanza | Toyota Avanza da Daihatsu Xenia jerin motoci ne masu fa'ida da yawa (MPV) waɗanda Daihatsu suka ƙera kuma Toyota da Daihatsu suka yi kasuwa, galibi ana sayar da su tare da kujeru uku. An haɓaka Avanza da Xenia azaman matakin shigarwa MPV wanda aka sayar da shi musamman don Indonesiya da sauran kasuwanni masu tasowa, kuma galibi ana samarwa a Indonesia ta Astra Daihatsu Motar Magabacin ruhaniya na Avanza shine Kijang, wanda shirin samfurinsa ya rabu da shi zuwa nau'i daban-daban guda biyu (ɗayan kuma shine mafi girma Kijang Innova don fadada isa ga Toyota a cikin MPV.
Baya ga Indonesia, ana siyar da Avanza a ko'ina cikin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Mexico, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Caribbean, Masar, Afirka ta Kudu da sauran ƙasashen Afirka daban-daban. An siyar da sigar motar da aka gyara a China a ƙarƙashin alamar FAW har zuwa 2016. A cikin 2021, Avanza ya haifar da wani samfurin tagwaye mai suna Toyota Veloz, wanda a baya aka yi amfani da sunan "Veloz" don darajar darajar Avanza ga wasu kasuwanni tsakanin 2011 da 2021. Har ila yau, Avanza ya zama tushen tushen Perodua Alza na biyu, wanda aka gabatar a Malaysia a cikin 2022. Avanza ita ce motar fasinja mafi kyawun siyarwa a Indonesia tsakanin 2006 da 2019, sannan a cikin 2021. A kololuwar shahararsa a cikin 2013, Avanza ya samar da kashi 17 cikin 100 na yawan siyar da motoci a Indonesia (kashi 22 a hade tare da Xenia). Zuwa Nuwamba 2018, an sayar da kusan raka'a miliyan 2.75 na Avanza/Xenia a duniya.
Etymology Sunan Avanza ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Mutanen Espanya avanza wanda ke nufin 'fara motsawa' da kalmar Italiyanci avanzato, wanda ke nufin 'ci gaba'. Sunan Xenia ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci Xenia, ra'ayi na baƙi. An ɗauko sunan Veloz daga kalmar Ingilishi 'gudu' da kalmar Sipaniya velocidad, ma'ana 'sauri'.
Ci gaba Avanza da Xenia duka Toyota, Daihatsu da rassanta na Indonesiya ne suka haife su a cikin rikicin tattalin arzikin Asiya na 1997 A lokacin, farashin Kijang da aka fi siyar da shi ya yi tashin gwauron zabi, yayin da tattalin arzikin kasar ya farfado daga halin da ake ciki. An fara nazarin yuwuwar a cikin 1999 lokacin da Toyota-Astra Motar ta ba da shawarar samar da abin hawa mafi araha a ƙarƙashin Kijang don kasuwar Indonesiya. Kamfanin kera motoci na Toyota ya mikawa Motar Astra Daihatsu kerawa da kera motar saboda kwarewar Daihatsu akan motoci masu saukin farashi a Indonesia. Toyota da Daihatsu sun zuba jarin US$ domin gudanar da aikin. Kamfanin Toyota kuma ya kira aikin a matsayin aikin U-IMV (Under-IMV), mai nuni ga Innova wanda ke zaune a wani yanki sama da Avanza wanda ke hawa akan dandamalin IMV Ba kamar Kijang da Kijang Innova wanda ya gaje shi ba waɗanda dukkansu biyu suka yi amfani da cikakken chassis na jiki, ƙarni biyu na farko na Avanza Xenia sun yi amfani da chassis na rabin- rani inda rabin gaban chassis ɗin yayi amfani da ginin-kan-frame, yayin da raya rabin yi amfani da monocoque yi. Wannan nau'in chassis na ba da damar abin hawa ya ci gaba da riƙe shimfidar hanyar tuƙi ta baya daga al'ummomin da suka gabata na Kijang tare da ikon ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi. A cewar 'yan jarida, ya kuma zo da abubuwa da yawa kamar hawan da ba a daidaita ba yayin babban gudu da matakan NVH mara kyau. Samfurin ƙarni na biyu ya riƙe dandamali iri ɗaya kamar ƙirar asali kuma ya ɗauki shekaru 4 na haɓaka. Toyota da Daihatsu sun saka hannun jari Rp 900,000,000,000 don aikin. Samfurin ƙarni na uku ya jefar da chassis na rabin-unibody tare da shimfidar hanyar tuƙi ta baya don goyon bayan cikakken ginin uni-gine na Daihatsu Sabon Gine -gine na Duniya tare da shimfidar tuƙi na gaba A cewar Toyota da Daihatsu, an yi canjin ne yayin da ingancin kayayyakin more rayuwa ya inganta a Indonesiya, tare da inganci, aiki da kuma fa'idodin shimfidar tuƙi na gaba. An tara ƙarni na farko Avanza/Xenia a masana'antar Daihatsu ta Indonesia ta farko a Sunter, Jakarta Tsakanin 2008 zuwa 2011, Toyota ita ma ta kera motar a Karawang bisa kwangilar biyan bukatu da yawa. An haɗa samfurin ƙarni na biyu a shuka iri ɗaya da samfurin ƙarni na farko da kuma a shukar Daihatsu na biyu a Karawang, Yammacin Java, daga Afrilu 2013 zuwa wani lokacin da ba a bayyana ba. Don samfurin ƙarni na uku, ana rarraba samarwa a Indonesiya tsakanin shukar Daihatsu a Sunter don Avanza da Xenia, da kuma a masana'antar Toyota a Karawang don Avanza da Veloz. Hakanan kwangila ce ta haɗa a Malaysia ta Perodua don ƙirar ƙarni na farko da na uku da Toyota za ta siyar tare da badging Avanza da Veloz bi da bi. Ana kuma gudanar da taron Vietnamese na ƙirar ƙarni na uku ta hanyar CKD |
14786 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadarwa%20a%20Ghana | Sadarwa a Ghana | Sadarwar sadarwa a Ghana ta hada da rediyo, talabijin, wayoyi tsayayyu da na hannu, da Intanet.
Sadarwar ita ce babban fannin tattalin arzikin kasar Ghana bisa alkaluman kididdigar Babban Bankin Duniya saboda manufofin Ghana masu sassaucin ra'ayi game da fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa. Daga cikin manyan sassan saka hannun jari, 65% na ICT ne, 8% na sadarwa kuma kashi 27% sun kasu kashi biyu don gudanar da harkokin gwamnati.
Rediyo da talabijin A shekara ta 2007 Ghana ta kasance tana aiki da gidan Talabijin mallakar gwamnati guda daya, gidajen yanar sadarwar rediyo mallakar gwamnati; da yawa gidajen Talabijin masu zaman kansu da adadi mai yawa na gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu. Hakanan an samu wadatattun masu watsa shirye-shiryen duniya da kebul da yawa da sabis na biyan kuɗi TV. A shekarar 2010, akwai tashoshin rediyo da aka basu izini 140 wadanda suke aiki da kuma tashoshin talabijin 32 masu izini da kimanin 26 ke aiki. Masu watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin sun hada da First Digital TV (ATV, BTA, FAITH TV, CHANNEL D, STAR TV, FTV, SPORTS 24, CINIMAX, PLANET KIDZ) TV Africa, Metro TV, TV3, GTV, GH One TV da Viasat 1.
Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Gana (GBC) wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka a 1968 ita ce hukumar da ke samar da rediyo da talabijin na farar hula. An kirkireshi ne don ci gaban fannonin ilimi da nishaɗi da haɓaka ilimin mutanen Ghana.
'Yancin' yan jarida Bayan hambarar da zababbiyar gwamnatin da Jerry Rawlings ya yi a watan Disambar 1981, Provisional National Defense Council ta soke sauye-sauyen hanyoyin yada labarai na gwamnatocin da suka gabata, ta soke Tsarin Mulki na Uku da Hukumar 'Yan Jarida, da kuma zartar da dokokin da suka hana sukar gwamnati ko manufofinta, korarrun editocin da ke sukar Rawlings ko majalisar wucin gadi, Dokar Kariya da lasisin Jarida wacce ta ba da damar tsare ‘yan jarida ba tare da an yanke musu hukunci ba, da kuma Dokar lasisin Jarida wacce ta dakile ci gaban kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu. An sake dawo da 'yancin' yan jaridar na Ghana tare da fitar da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a 1992, zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 1992, zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisar dokoki a watan Nuwamba da Disamba 1992, da kuma komawa mulkin dimokiradiyya mai yawa a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993.
Kafafen watsa labaran Ghana a yau suna daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Afirka, inda Ghana ta zama ta uku mafi 'yanci a Afirka kuma ta 30 a duniya a kan Fitar da' Yancin 'Yan Jaridu ta Duniya daga 2013 daga masu ba da rahoto ba tare da iyaka ba. Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ghana ya ba da tabbaci ga 'yancin' yan jarida da sauran kafofin yada labarai, 'yancin magana da bayyana ra'ayi, tunani, da bayanai.
Wayoyi Lambar share fage na Ghana don kiran ƙasashen duniya itace +233.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2012 akwai tsayayyun layukan tarho 285,000 da ake amfani da su, na 120 a duniya, da layukan wayoyin salula miliyan 25.6, na 42 a duniya.
Tsarin tarho yayi tsufa, tare da ingantattun hanyoyin ingantaccen layin waya wanda aka maida hankali sosai a Accra da wasu madafun hanyar waya mara waya da aka sanya, akwatunan cikin gida da farko suna amfani da relay microwave. Akwai tashoshin duniyar tauraron dan adam 4 Intelsat (Tekun Atlantika). Rediyon Microwave relay ya danganta Ghana zuwa ga maƙwabta (2009).
SAT-3/WASC, Main One, GLO-1, da ACE igiyoyi masu zurfin gani da ido na ƙasa da ƙasa na ACE suna ba da haɗin kai zuwa ƙasashe a gefen yammacin Afirka da Turai da Asiya.
A cikin 2010 an ba da layin waya biyu da kamfanoni shida na wayar hannu don yin aiki a Ghana wanda 5 ke aiki, 13 masu ba da tauraron dan adam an ba da izinin 8 na aiki, Masu ba da sabis na VSAT 176 an ba da izini daga cikinsu 57 na aiki, kuma an ba da izinin cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a na jama'a da masu zaman kansu 99 waɗanda 25 ke aiki. Kamfanonin sadarwa masu izini sun hada da Mobile Telecommunications Networks (MTN), Vodafone Ghana wacce ta sayi Telecom Ghana, Tigo wanda ya maye gurbin Mobitel (Millicom International Cellular), Bharti Airtel da Zain wanda ya sami Western Telesystems Ltd (Westel), Glo Mobile Ghana Limited, da kuma Expresso Telecom wanda ya sami Kasapa Telecom. A cikin 2017, Tigo Ghana da Airtel Ghana sun haɗu sun zama AirtelTigo.
Gasa tsakanin masu samarda-wayoyin salula da yawa sun haifar da ci gaba, tare da wayar salula a cikin 2009 fiye da 80 cikin 100 kowane mutum kuma yana tashi. An ƙara farashin wayoyin hannu ta haraji kusan 38%.
Intanet Babban yankin Ghana shine .gh.
Ghana ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe na farko a Afirka da suka fara amfani da Intanet. Tare da matsakaicin saurin saukar da gidaje na 5.8 Mbit/s Ghana ta kasance ta uku mafi sauri a cikin nahiyar Afirka kuma ta 110 mafi sauri daga cikin kasashe 188 na duniya a cikin watan Fabrairun 2014.
A shekarar 2009 yawan masu amfani da Intanet ya kai miliyan 1.3, 93rd a duniya. A shekarar 2012 yawan masu amfani da Intanet ya kai miliyan 4.2 (kashi na 69 a duniya) ko kuma 17.1% na yawan jama'a (na 149 a duniya).
A cikin 2012 akwai tsayayyun 62,124 (109th a duniya; 0.3% na yawan jama'a, 156th a duniya) da kuma mara waya mara waya ta 8.2 (27th a duniya; 33.3% na yawan jama'a, 49th a duniya) rajistar broadband.
A shekarar 2012 akwai masu karbar bakuncin Intanet 59,086 da ke aiki a Ghana, na 93 a duniya, kuma an baiwa Ghana kaso 332,544 IPv4, 102 a duniya, da kasa da 0.05% na duka duniya, da adireshi 13.2 cikin mutum 1000.
A cikin 2010 akwai masu ba da sabis na Intanet 165 waɗanda 30 ke aiki.
Tantance yanar gizo da sa ido Babu takunkumin da gwamnati ta yi wa intanet ko rahotannin da gwamnati ke sa ido a kan imel ko ɗakunan hira ta Intanit ba tare da sa idon shari'a ba. Kowane mutum da kungiyoyi suna yin maganganun cikin lumana ta hanyar Intanet, gami da imel.
Kodayake tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da kuma' yan jaridu, wani lokacin gwamnati na ta tauye wa] annan 'yancin. 'Yan sanda ba da gangan suka kame' yan jarida. Wasu 'yan jaridar na yin takunkumin kansu. Tsarin mulki ya hana kutsa kai cikin sirri, dangi, gida, ko wasika, kuma gwamnati na mutunta wadannan abubuwan a aikace.
A cikin 2002 gwamnatin Ghana ta binciki kafofin yada labarai ta Intanet game da rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin Ghana.
Duba Kuma Ghana Internet Exchange (GIX)
New media in Ghana
Media in Ghana
Terrestrial optical fibre cable projects in Ghana
Internet in Ghana
Latest Short Codes For MTN Ghana
Africa Digital Awards
Kara karantawa
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37336 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrygo | Rodrygo | Rodrygo Silva de Goes ɗan Fotigal na Brazilian Portuguese: dɾigu siwvɐ dʒi gɔjs] an haife shi ne a ranar 9 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2001), wanda aka fi sani da Rodrygo, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar La Liga ta Real Madrid da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil.
Ya fara aikinsa da Santos, inda ya buga wasanni 80 kuma ya zira kwallaye 17 kafin €45 2019 zuwa Real Madrid. A matakin kasa da kasa, Rodrygo ya fara bugawa Brazil wasa a shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 18 kacal.
Aikin kungiya
Santos An haife shi a Osasco, São Paulo, Rodrygo ya shiga saitin matasa na Santos a cikin shekarar 2011 yana da shekaru goma, da farko an sanya shi ga ƙungiyar futsal A cikin watan Maris 2017, tare da tawagar farko na yau da kullum a Peru don wasan Copa Libertadores da Sporting Cristal, an kira shi zuwa tawagar farko ta mai sarrafa Dorival Júnior don kammala horo. A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2017, Rodrygo ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrunsa na farko, bayan ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, an ciyar da shi zuwa babban tawagar ta rikon kwarya Elano Rodrygo ya sanya tawagarsa ta farko da Série A halarta a karon a ranar 4 ga watan nuwanba shekara ta 2017, yana zuwa a matsayin marigayi maye gurbin Bruno Henrique a nasarar 3-1 a gida da Atlético Mineiro A ranar 25 ga watan Janairu ne ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a raga, inda ya ci nasara a minti na karshe a wasan da suka tashi 2-1 Campeonato Paulista da Ponte Preta Rodrygo ya fara buga gasar Copa Libertadores a ranar 1 ga watan Maris shekarar 2018, ya maye gurbin Eduardo Sasha a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da Real Garcilaso yana da shekara 17 da kwana 50, ya zama matashin dan wasan Santos da ya fito a gasar. Bayan kwana goma sha biyar ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a gasar, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu ta kungiyarsa ta hanyar kokarin mutum daya a wasan da suka doke Nacional da ci 3–1 a filin wasa na Pacaembu yana da shekaru 17 da watanni biyu da kwana shida, ya zama dan Brazil mafi karancin shekaru da ya zura kwallo a gasar kafin ’yan uwansa matasa Santos da suka kammala karatunsu suka karya tarihinsa Kaiky da Ângelo Rodrygo ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a babban rukunin kwallon kafa na Brazil a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2018, inda ya jefa ta karshe a wasan da suka doke Ceará da ci 2-0. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, ya zura kwallo a raga sannan kuma ya taimaka wa Gabriel a ragar karshe a ragar Vitória da ci 5-2 a gida. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2018, Rodrygo ya canza lambar rigarsa daga 43 zuwa 9 (lambar da ya riga ya saka a lokacin Libertadores). Don yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekarar 2019, ya sake canza lambobi, yanzu zuwa riga 11, wanda abokin karatunsa na matasa Neymar ke sawa a baya.
Real Madrid A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2018, Real Madrid ta cimma yarjejeniya da Santos don canja wurin Rodrygo, tare da dan wasan ya koma Los Blancos a watan Yuni shekarar 2019 kuma ya sanya hannu har zuwa 2025. Kudin jita-jita shine 45 miliyan, tare da Santos yana karɓar 40 miliyan kamar yadda kulob din ya mallaki kashi 80% na hakkinsa tare da sauran na wakilan Rodrygo. A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2019, Rodrygo ya fara buga wasansa na farko kuma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a kan Osasuna a cikin minti daya. Ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko, kasancewa cikakkiyar hat-trick, kuma ya ba da taimako ga kulob din a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 301, da Galatasaray a ci 6-0 a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2019–20 kakar. Matashi na biyu da ya taba cin kwallo hat-tric a gasar, shi ne dan wasa na farko da aka haifa a karni na 21 da ya zura kwallo a gasar. A kakar wasansa ta farko, ya yi nasarar buga wasanni 19, yayin da ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a lokacin gasar, yayin da Real Madrid ta lashe gasar La Liga ta 2019-20 A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Rodrygo ya zira kwallon da ya ci nasara a ci 3-2 a kan Inter Milan a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2020-21 A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, 2022, bayan da ya maye gurbinsa a wasa na biyu na 2021 22 UEFA Champions League wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da Chelsea, ya zira kwallaye tare da karewa don aika wasan zuwa karin lokaci, inda Karim Benzema ya ci kwallo. wanda ya ci kwallon da kai, wanda hakan ya baiwa Real Madrid damar tsallakewa zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, Rodrygo ya taimaka wa Real ta lashe gasar La Liga ta 35 bayan ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka ci Espanyol 4-0 a Bernabéu A ranar 4 ga Mayu, yayin da yake biye da 0–1 (3–5 a jimillar jimlar) a wasa na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai wasan kusa da na karshe da Manchester City, ya zira kwallaye biyu tsakanin mintuna 89 da 91st don daidaitawa da aika wasan. cikin karin lokaci. Benzema ya zura bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida inda ya lashe wasan da ci 3-1, wanda hakan ya baiwa Real Madrid damar tsallakewa zuwa wasan karshe da Liverpool da jimillar kwallaye 6-5 sannan kuma ta lashe gasar. Biyo bayan nasarar da suka yi da City da sauran gudunmawar nasara a minti na karshe, an yaba da tasirin Rodrygo a kungiyar duk da karancin shekarunsa kuma cikin sauri ya zama gwarzon kungiyar asiri a Madrid.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa A ranar 30 ga watan Maris 2017, an kira Rodrygo zuwa Brazil 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 don gasar Montaigu na shekara Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Turai inda ya zura kwallo daya tilo da kungiyarsa ta samu a wasan da suka doke Denmark da ci 2-1, sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Kamaru da Amurka A ranar 7 ga watan Maris 2018, Rodrygo da abokin wasan Santos Yuri Alberto an kira su har zuwa 20s, amma an yanke su daga cikin tawagar bayan kwanaki shida bayan bukatar shugaban kulob din. A cikin watan Nuwamba 2019, an kira Rodrygo a karon farko zuwa babban tawagar Brazil, don Superclásico de las Américas da abokan hamayyar Argentina a Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cikin asarar 1-0 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, ya maye gurbin Willian na mintuna 20 na ƙarshe.
Rayuwa ta sirri Mahaifin Rodrygo, Eric, tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. A dama baya, ya taka leda a da dama tiers na Brazilian kwallon kafa, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu shi ne Série B Hotuna
Kididdigar sana'a
Kungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen Brazil.
Girmamawa Real Madrid
La Liga 2019-20, 2021-22 Supercopa de España 2019-20, 2021-22 UEFA Champions League 2021-22 UEFA Super Cup 2022 Mutum
Campeonato Paulista Mafi Sabo: 2018 Goal.com NxGN: 2020 IFFHS Matasan Maza (U20) Ƙungiyar Duniya 2020, 2021
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Real Madrid profile
Un1que Football profile Bayanan martaba na Santos FC Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 2001
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