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30466 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Kuwait | Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Kuwait | Haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam a Kuwait wani batu ne mai matukar damuwa. Musamman ma, yadda Kuwait ke tafiyar da rikicin Bedoon na rashin zaman lafiya ya fuskanci babban suka daga ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce ƙasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. Har ila yau Kuwait na fuskantar babban suka game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ƴan kasashen waje, mata, da mutanen LGBT Ko kuma da yake dokar Kuwaiti (ciki har da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kuwait a ka'idar ta yi alkawarin kare duk 'yancin ɗan adam; Hanyoyin aiwatar da ayyukan da aka tsara don taimakawa kare haƙƙin ɗan adam suna da iyaka sosai a Kuwait.
Yarjejeniyoyi Kuwait jam'iyya ce ga yawancin yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya, ciki har da. Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu
Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa
Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariyar launin fata
Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata
Ƙarin Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Bauta, Cinikin Bayi, da Cibiyoyi da Ayyuka makamantan Bauta
Yarjejeniya Ta Yakar Cin Hanci da Jama'a da Cin Hanci da Karuwancin Wasu.
Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa
Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara
Yarjejeniya Game da Hani da Matakin Gaggawa don Kawar da Mafi Mummunan Siffofin Yin Aikin Yara
Yarjejeniya game da Tilastawa ko Aikin Tilas
'Yancin Ƙungiya da Kare Haƙƙin Shirya Yarjejeniya
Soke Yarjejeniyar Ma'aikata Ta Tilas
Yarjejeniyar Wariya (Aiki da Sana'a).
Yarjejeniyar Yaki da Wariya a Ilimi
Badon
Tarihi Ƙasar Kuwait ce ta fi kowacce kasa yawan mutanen da ba su da jiha a ɗaukacin yankin. Mafi akasarin Bedoon na Kuwait marasa galihu na ƙabilar Arewa ne, musamman ƙungiyar Al-Muntafiq Wasu tsirarun Bedoon marasa jiha a Kuwait na cikin al'ummar Ajam Ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan Dokar Ƙasa ta Kuwait 15/1959, duk Bedoon a Kuwait sun cancanci zama ɗan ƙasar Kuwait ta hanyar zama ɗan ƙasa. A aikace, an yi imanin cewa Ahlus-Sunnah na zuriyar Farisa ko kuma Saudiyya na kabila za su iya samun zama na Kuwaiti cikin hanzari yayin da Bedoon na zuriyar ƙabilar Iraqi ba zai iya ba. Sakamakon haka, Bedoon da yawa a Kuwait suna jin an matsa musu su ɓoye tarihinsu.
Daga shekara t 1965 har zuwa shekara ta 1985, Bedoon ana kula da su a matsayin ƴan ƙasar Kuwaiti kuma an ba su tabbacin zama ɗan ƙasa: suna da damar samun ilimi kyauta, kiwon lafiya da duk sauran gata na zama ɗan ƙasa. Bedoon mara ƙasa ya ƙunshi 80-90% na Sojojin Kuwaiti a cikin shekara ta 1970s da shekara ta 1980s har zuwa Yaƙin Gulf.
A cikin shekara ta 1985 a tsayin yaƙin Iran-Iraki, Bedoon an sake sanya su a matsayin "mazauna ba bisa ka'ida ba" kuma an hana su zama 'yan ƙasa na Kuwaiti da kuma abubuwan da ke tare da shi. Yakin Iran-Iraki ya yi barazana ga zaman lafiyar cikin Kuwait kuma hukumomi na fargabar asalin kungiyar Bedoon maras kasa. Batun Bedoon a Kuwait "ya ci karo da abubuwan tarihi game da tasirin Iraqi a cikin Kuwait", tare da da yawa daga cikin waɗanda aka hana 'yan asalin Kuwaiti an yi imanin sun fito ne daga Iraki. The Iran–Iraq War threatened Kuwait's internal stability and the authorities feared the sectarian background of the stateless Bedoon. The Bedoon issue in Kuwait “overlaps with historic sensitivities about Iraqi influence inside Kuwait”, with many of those denied Kuwaiti nationality being believed to have originated from Iraq.
A cikin 1985, sarki Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, ya tsallake rijiya da baya a yunkurin kisa Bayan yunkurin kisan gillar, gwamnati ta canza matsayin Bedoon daga na mazauna doka zuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba A shekara ta 1986, Bedoon an cire su gaba ɗaya daga haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin na ƴan Kuwaiti. Tun 1986, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta ƙi ba da kowane nau'i na takaddun shaida ga Bedoon, gami da takaddun haihuwa, takaddun mutuwa, katunan shaida, takaddun aure, da lasisin tuƙi. Bedoon kuma yana fuskantar hani da yawa a aikin yi, balaguro da ilimi. Ba a ba su izinin koyar da 'ya'yansu a makarantun jiha da jami'o'i.
A cikin shekara ta 1995, Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai Bedoon 300,000 da ba su da ƙasa, kuma gwamnatin Burtaniya ta maimaita wannan adadin a hukumance. A cewar wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, kasar Kuwait na aikata kisan kiyashi na kabilanci da kuma kisan kiyashi ga Bedoon mara kasar. Rikicin Bedoon na Kuwaiti yayi kama da rikicin Rohingya a Myanmar A shekara ta 1995, an ba da rahoto a majalisar dokokin Burtaniya cewa, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun kori Bedoon 150,000 da ba su da jiha zuwa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin hamadar Kuwaiti da ke kusa da kan iyakar Iraki da karancin abinci, rashin isasshen abinci da matsuguni, kuma an yi musu barazanar kisa. idan sun koma gidajensu a birnin Kuwait. Sakamakon haka, da yawa daga cikin Bedoon da ba su da ƙasa sun yi gudun hijira zuwa Iraki, inda har yau suke zama marasa gida. Ana kuma zargin gwamnatin Kuwaiti da yunkurin karya kasarsu a cikin takardun hukuma. An samu rahotannin bacewar tilas da manyan kaburburan Bedoon. Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 1995 ya ce:“Jimillar abin da ake yi wa Bedoons ya yi daidai da manufar mayar da su zama kamar wariyar launin fata a cikin ƙasarsu. Manufar gwamnatin Kuwaiti na cin zarafi da tursasawa Bedoons da hana su yancin zama na halal, aiki, tafiye-tafiye da motsi, ya saba wa ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ƙin zama ɗan ƙasa ga Bedoon a fili ya keta dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Hana Bedoons ‘yancin kai ƙarar kotu don ƙalubalantar hukuncin gwamnati game da iƙirarinsu na zama ɗan ƙasa da zama na halal a ƙasar ya saba wa ’yancin duniya na bin doka da daidaito a gaban doka.” Dan majalisar dokokin Burtaniya George Galloway ya ce:“Daga cikin duk ta’asar da ake ta’addancin da ‘yan uwa masu mulki suka yi a kasar Kuwait, mafi muni kuma mafi girma shi ne wanda aka fi sani da Bedoon. Akwai Bedoons sama da 300,000 kashi ɗaya bisa uku na al'ummar ƙasar Kuwait. Rabin su—150,000—aka kai su sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke cikin hamadar da ke kan iyakar Iraqi da gwamnatin ta bar su su gasa su kuma su rube. Sauran 150,000 ba a kula da su a matsayin masu aji na biyu ko ma ƴan aji biyar, amma ba kamar kowane ɗan ƙasa ba. Ba su da wani hakki. Abin kunya ne cewa kusan babu wani a duniya da ya damu da halin da mutane 300,000 ke ciki, 150,000 daga cikinsu sun kori daga ƙasar da suka zauna a cikinta [lokacin da] da yawa suka zauna a yankin Kuwaiti shekaru da yawa. A shekara ta 2004, Bedoon ya kai kashi 40% na Sojojin Kuwaiti, babban raguwa daga kasancewarsu a shekarun 1970 da 1980. A shekara ta 2013, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kiyasta cewa akwai 110,729 ''takardu'' Bedoon a Kuwait, ba tare da bayar da jimillar kiyasin ba, amma lura da cewa duk mutanen da ba su da kasa a Kuwait na ci gaba da fuskantar barazanar tsanantawa da take hakin bil'adama. An rarraba Bedoon gabaɗaya zuwa rukuni uku: kabilu marasa jiha, ƴan sanda/soja marasa jiha da kuma yaran matan Kuwaiti waɗanda suka auri maza Bedoon. A cewar gwamnatin Kuwait, akwai "Bodocument" 93,000 a Kuwait. A cikin 2018, gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta yi iƙirarin cewa za ta ba da Bedoon har 4,000 marasa jiha a kowace shekara amma ana ganin hakan ba zai yuwu ba. A cikin 2019, ofishin jakadancin Iran a Kuwait ya sanar da cewa yana ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Iran ga Bedoon wanda ba shi da ƙasa na zuriyar Iran. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan kashe kansa a tsakanin Bedoon ya karu sosai.
Injiniyan alƙaluma Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma ɗaukaka ƙarar su na zama ɗan ƙasa. Duk da cewa waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan ƙasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba, gami da waɗanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa ƙididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne ‘yan Shi’a kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na Bahrain A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” Rashin ikon tsarin shari'ar Kuwaiti na yanke hukunci kan zama dan kasa ya kara dagula rikicin Bedoon, wanda hakan ya sa Bedoon ba shi da damar zuwa bangaren shari'a don gabatar da shaidu da kuma daukaka karar su na zama dan kasa. Duk da cewa wadanda ba 'yan kasar ba su ne kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwaiti, dangin da ke mulkin Al Sabah sun ci gaba da kin amincewa da zama dan kasa ga mafi yawan wadanda ba 'yan ƙasar ba, gami da wadanda suka cika sharuddan neman zama dan kasa kamar yadda aka tanada a cikin dokar ƙasa. Bisa kididdigar da ba a hukumance ba, kashi 60-80% na Bedoon na Kuwait Musulmi ne ‘yan Shi’a kuma, a sakamakon haka, an yi imani da cewa batun Bedoon a Kuwait shine. mazhaba a yanayi. Hukumomin Kuwaiti sun ba da izinin ƙirƙira ɗaruruwan dubban ɗaruruwan dalilai na siyasa yayin da suke hana Bedoon zama ɗan ƙasa a lokaci guda. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, masu fafutukar siyasa, malamai, masu bincike har ma da dangin Al Sabah ne suka lura da abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wani nau'i na injiniyan alƙaluma da gangan kuma an kwatanta shi da manufofin ba da izini na siyasa na Bahrain A cikin }asashen GCC, ana kiran manufofin ba da ha}i}a na siyasa da ake kira “Nationalization” Masu neman mafaka a Turai Yawancin Bedoon marasa gida a kai a kai suna ƙaura zuwa Turai a matsayin masu neman mafaka. Ƙasar Ingila ita ce mafi shaharar makoma ga masu neman mafakar Bedoom. A cewar ma'aikatar cikin gida Kuwait ita ce ƙasa ta takwas mafi yawan masu neman mafaka da ke tsallakawa tashar Ingilishi a kan kananan jiragen ruwa Yan uwa musulmi yan shia A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, 'yan Shi'a da yawa sun ba da rahoton shari'o'in azabtarwa, bacewar tilastawa, shari'ar rashin adalci, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, hukuncin kisa, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun soki yadda hukumomin Kuwaiti ke mu'amala da abin da ake kira Abdali Cell. Tun daga Nuwambar shekara ta 2021, Kuwait ta tsare fiye da tsofaffi maza 'yan Shi'a Kuwaiti 18 ba bisa ka'ida ba ba tare da wani tuhuma ba.
'Yan ƙasashen waje Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama suna yawan sukar kasar Kuwait saboda take Haƙƙin dan adam da ake yi wa 'yan ƙasashen waje. 'Yan ƙasashen waje ke da kashi 70% na yawan al'ummar Kuwait. Tsarin kafala yana barin ’yan kasashen waje da dama da yin amfani da su. Korar gwamnati ta zama ruwan dare a Kuwait saboda ƙananan laifuffuka, gami da ƙananan keta haddi. Kuwait na daya daga cikin kasashen da suka fi aikata laifukan safarar mutane a duniya. Dubban daruruwan 'yan kasashen waje ne ake fuskantar cin zarafi da dama na cin zarafin bil'adama da suka haɗa da rashin aikin yi na rashin son rai daga ma'aikata a Kuwait. Ana cin zarafinsu ta jiki da ta jima'i, rashin biyan albashi, rashin aikin yi, barazana, tsare gida, da hana fasfo don tauye musu 'yancin yin motsi. Masu cin zarafi da aka yi ta maimaitawa sun hada da MA Al-Kharafi & Sons da reshensa na Kharafi National wanda ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama da rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta Kasa kan Hakkokin Dan Adam suka gabatar ga Kuwait. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama sun zargi Kuwaiti da manufofin wariyar launin fata ga 'yan kasashen waje. Ana daukar Kuwait ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka fi kyamar baki a duniya.
Rikicin diflomasiyya A cikin shekara ta 2018, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Philippines saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Philippines a Kuwait. Akwai kusan 241,000 Filipinos a Kuwait. Yawancin ma'aikatan baƙi ne, kuma kusan kashi 60% na Filipinos a Kuwait ana ɗaukarsu aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan gida A cikin watan Yulin 2018, 'yar fashionista 'yar Kuwaiti Sondos Alqattan ta fitar da wani faifan bidiyo mai cike da cece-kuce yana sukar ma'aikatan gida daga Philippines. Da yawa daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun yi gaggawar tsine mata. A shekara ta 2020, an sami rikicin diflomasiyya tsakanin Kuwait da Masar saboda musgunawa ma'aikatan Masar a Kuwait. A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Ma'aikacin Ƙasashen waje na Masar Samih Maurice Bowles ya shigar da ƙararrakin hukuma game da Kuwait a gaban Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin tausayi ko wulakanci ko azabtarwa don azabtarwa, bacewar tilastawa, tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauran cin zarafin bil'adama..
Raƙumi jockey Wasan tseren raƙuma shahararriyar wasa ne a yawancin ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya. A da, ana ɗaukar yara aikin ’yan wasa kuma an ɗauke su da kyau kamar dabbobi.
Yaƙin Gulf A cikin shekara ta 1990, Iraki ta mamaye Kuwait; Sojojin Iraqi sun aikata laifukan take hakin bil adama da dama akan 'yan kasar Kuwaiti, Bedoon, da 'yan ƙasashen waje a Kuwait. An mayar da wasu zuwa Iraki kuma aka sake su daga baya.
Haƙƙoƙin mata Ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin dan adam sun ci gaba da sukar rashin daidaiton matsayin mata a Kuwait. Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadi game da shingayen dagewa, na doka da kuma a aikace, kan turbar neman mata na samun cikakken daidaito. Alda Facio da Kamala Chandrakirana kwararu a fannin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce duk da gagarumin nasarorin da aka samu, ana ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata a cikin doka da kuma a aikace, musamman ta fuskar dokokin iyali da kabilanci, bisa tunanin dogaro da mace ga maza, wanda ya saba wa doka. ka’idar daidaito”. Ana cin zarafin mata musulmi a Kuwait a ƙarƙashin dokar iyali Yaran da mahaifiyar Kuwaiti suka haifa, kuma uba wanda ba dan Kuwaiti ba, ba sa samun shaidar zama dan kasar Kuwait, sai dai idan ministan cikin gida ya zartar da doka. Matsayin Kuwait a cikin kima na duniya ya bambanta a tsawon shekaru. A cikin 2014, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 113 na 142 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya na Gender, ƙasar ta inganta matsayinta saboda karuwar yawan adadin kuɗin shiga. A cikin 2015, Kuwait ta kasance a matsayi na 117 daga cikin 145 a duniya a cikin Ƙididdigar Jinsi ta Duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2020, Kuwait ta kasance matsayi na 122 cikin 153 na duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya. Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ta yi matsayi na 142 na 152 akan ƙarfafa siyasa 143 na 153 akan lafiya da rayuwa, 120 na 153 akan damar tattalin arziki, da 57 na 153 akan samun ilimi. A cikin 2021, Kuwait ta kasance 143 cikin 156 a duniya a cikin Rahoton Gap na Duniya Game da GGGR subindex, Kuwait ya zabi 153 na 156 kan karfafa siyasa, 94 na 156 kan lafiya da rayuwa, 137 na 156 kan damar tattalin arziki, da 59 na 156 kan samun ilimi. A cikin 2013, 53% na matan Kuwaiti sun shiga aikin ma'aikata. Matan Kuwait sun zarce maza a ma'aikata.
Hakkin LGBT Mutanen LGBT da ke zaune a Kuwait suna fuskantar dokokin wariya da halayen jama'a. Dokar hukunta laifuka ta ƙunshi wasu ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya game da lalata da lalata waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don hukunta mutanen LGBT.
Mataki na 193 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka ya ladabtar da "mummunan jima'i tsakanin maza da suka cika shekaru (daga shekaru 21)" tare da daurin shekaru har zuwa shekaru bakwai. Mataki na 198 ya haramta fasikanci na jama'a. A shekara ta 2008, an faɗaɗa dokar zuwa kuma ta haramta "koyi kamannin kamannin ɗan jinsi" tare da tara ko ɗauri. Ana fitar da 'yan kasashen waje da suka kamu da cutar kanjamau.
Yancin yada labarai Ka'idar Muryar Intanet ta halatta a Kuwait. A cewar wani rahoto na 2009 daga Reporters without Borders, Kuwait ta tsunduma cikin aikin tacewa ta Intanet da kuma zaɓin zaɓi a wuraren tsaro. Babban manufar tacewa ta Intanet shine batsa. Ma’aikatar Sadarwa ta Kuwait ce ke sarrafa ISPs, inda ta sa su toshe hotunan batsa da gidajen yanar gizo na hana tsaro.
Duba kuma Siyasar Kuwait
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Latsa a Kuwait IFEX
Kiwon Lafiyar Kuwait Inganta gyaran lafiya
Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam Ta Kare Ma'aikatan Kasashen Waje a Kuwait Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki
Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya
Ƴancin muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51617 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal%20Gaddafi | Hannibal Gaddafi | Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1976) shi ne ɗan biyar na tsohon shugaban Libya Muammar gaddafi da matarsa ta biyu, Safia Farkash Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Gaddafi a Tripoli a cikin ko dai 1975 ko 1976. Ya fara aikinsa na teku ta hanyar shiga Kwalejin Marine na Nazarin Maritime Libya a 1993 a matsayin Deck Cadet Ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1999, a matsayin jami'in kiyaye tsaro tare da digiri na BSc a cikin kewayawar ruwa.
Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya fara aikinsa na teku a cikin nau'ikan jiragen ruwa na GNMTC a kan mukamai daban-daban, ya sami nasarar samun babban jami'in da kuma cancantar Master Mariner daga Kwalejin Kimiyya, Fasaha da Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa ta Larabawa a Alexandria a shekara ta 2003.
Gaddafi shine mai ba da shawara na farko ga Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Babban Kamfanin Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa na Kasa (GNMTC) na Libya. An nada shi a wannan mukamin a shekara ta 2007, bayan ya sami digiri na MBA a fannin Tattalin Arziki da Daidaitawa daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Copenhagen.
Gaddafi ya auri Aline Skaf, tsohuwar kirista ta Lebanon, tare da ita yana da 'ya'ya uku. Wani yaro, Carthage Hannibal (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2008), an kashe shi a harin bam na gidan iyali a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2011.
Batutuwan Shari'a A shekara ta 2008, hukumomin Switzerland sun kama Gaddafi da matarsa, Aline Skaf, kan zargin "raunin jiki, barazanar halayyar da tilasta," bayan wani abin da ya faru da ya shafi ma'aikatan su biyu a otal din Gaddafis a Geneva. Daga baya aka sauke tuhumar, amma dangantakar da ke tsakanin Libya da Switzerland ta yi muni. A shekara ta 2009, an tsare 'yan kasar Switzerland guda biyu, Max Goeldi da Rachid Hamdani, a Libya; gwamnatin Switzerland ta tabbatar da cewa an tsare su ne a matsayin ramuwar gayya a kansu saboda kama Gaddafi.
Har ila yau, a cikin 2008, Gaddafi ya rasa karar da ya kawo a Denmark a kan jaridar Danish, Ekstra Bladet Jaridar ta ruwaito cewa a shekara ta 2005, Gaddafi, wanda a lokacin dalibi ne a Copenhagen, ya ba da umarnin sace da kuma doke dan kasar Libya a gidan wakilin Libya a Gentofte. Gaddafi ya kasa bayyana a kotu don gabatar da bangarensa na shari'ar, kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa shaidun da ke akwai sun goyi bayan labarin abubuwan da suka faru na Ekstra Bladet.
A shekara ta 2009, an kira 'yan sanda zuwa Otal din Claridge a Landan don mayar da martani ga rahotanni na wata mace da ke kururuwa. Lokacin da suka isa, an kulle ɗakin kuma an kama masu tsaron gida uku saboda hana shiga. An gano matar Gaddafi, Aline Skaf, a cikin dakin tana zubar da jini sosai kuma an kai ta asibiti inda aka kula da ita saboda raunin fuska.
Jirgin sama daga Libya A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta bayan 'yan tawaye sun shiga Tripoli, Gaddafi da matarsa sun tsere daga Libya zuwa Aljeriya tare da sauran dangin Gaddafi. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012 sun bar wani wuri a Aljeriya don zuwa Oman, inda aka ba su mafaka ta siyasa. Daga baya ya koma Siriya tare da matarsa da 'ya'yansa.
Shweyga Mullah, mai kula da yara ta Habasha wacce ta kula da 'yar ma'auratan da ɗanta 'yan tawaye sun same su sun watsar da su a cikin ɗaki a ɗaya daga cikin gidajen alatu na iyali a yammacin Tripoli. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa Aline Skaf ta kai ta gidan wanka, ta ɗaure ta, ta ɗaura bakinta kuma ta fara zuba ruwan tafasa a kanta bayan ta rasa fushinta lokacin da Mullah ta ki doke 'yarta wacce ke kuka. Sa'an nan kuma an hana Mullah barci, abinci da ruwa na kwana uku. Wani memba na ma'aikata, wanda bai so ya ba da sunansa ba, ya tabbatar da labarin Mullah kuma ya ce an yi masa duka a kai a kai kuma an yanke shi da wuƙaƙe.
Bautar da aka yi a Lebanon A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, wani rukuni mai dauke da makamai ya sace Hannibal kuma ya tsare shi a takaice a Lebanon wanda ke neman bayani game da bacewar Shi'a Imam Musa al-Sadr, Sheikh Muhammad Yaacoub, da ɗan jarida Abbas Badreddine, amma daga baya aka sake shi a birnin Baalbek. An yi zargin cewa dangin Yaacoub ne suka jagoranci kungiyar.
Gwamnatin Lebanon ta ba da izinin kama shi game da bacewar al-Sadr kuma an kama shi. Gwamnatin Lebanon ta ki amincewa da bukatar da gwamnatin Siriya ta yi na dawo da Gaddafi a kan dalilin cewa shi ɗan gudun hijira ne na siyasa saboda shi mutum ne da ake nema a Lebanon don hana bayanai game da bacewar al-Sadr. A watan Agustan 2016, dangin al-Sadr sun shigar da kara a kan Gaddafi game da rawar da ya taka wajen bacewar Imam duk da cewa bacewar Sadr a 1978 ya faru ne lokacin da Hannibal ke da shekaru biyu. A cikin 2019, Rasha, wacce ta haɓaka dangantaka ta kusa da ɗan'uwan Hannibal Saif al-Islam, ana zargin ta tura don sakin Hannibal kuma ta ba shi mafaka a Moscow.
Hannibal ya ambaci shekarunsa a lokacin taron a matsayin tabbacin rashin laifi. Ya kuma bayyana cewa mahaifinsa Muammar bai sadu da Sadr a watan Agustan 1978 ba kamar yadda yake a Sirte. Maimakon haka, Firayim Ministan Libya Abdessalam Jalloud ne ya shirya Sadr da magoya bayansa a Tripoli. Babban ɗan'uwansa Saif al-Islam yana tattaunawa game da sakin sa a bayan fage ta hanyar matsakaici, ciki har da ɗan kasuwa na Lebanon Mohammed Jamil Derbah (tsohon abokin marigayi ɗan fashi na Burtaniya John Palmer), ɗan fafutukar Faransa-Algeria Tayeb Benabderrahmane, da ɗan kasuwa Faransa-Iraqi Souha al-Bedri Gwamnatocin kasashen waje da yawa, ciki har da Turkiyya, sun kuma yi kira ga sakin Hannibal, amma kokarin su ya sami cikas a matakin mafi girma daga ƙungiyar Amal da Hezbollah da ke da rinjaye Shia. Abokan tsohon shugaban Faransa Nicolas Sarkozy, ciki har da paparazzi Michèle Marchand da ɗan kasuwa Noël Dubus, an yi zargin suna da hannu a cikin wani makirci don 'yantar da Hannibal don musayar shaidar Hannibal da ta wanke Sarkozy a cikin abin da ake zargi na kudi na Libya a cikin abin kunya na zaben shugaban Faransa na 2007. BBC ta ruwaito a watan Yunin 2023 cewa Hannibal ya tafi yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da tsare shi na dogon lokaci a Lebanon.
Yayinda ake tsare Hannibal a Lebanon, matarsa Aline Skaf tana zaune a babban birnin Siriya Damascus tare da 'ya'yansu. A watan Janairun 2021, an zarge ta da buga motarta a kan 'yan sanda da masu tafiya a wani hari a kan hanya a Damascus.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1975
Mutanen Libya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17288 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar%20al-Mukhtar | Omar al-Mukhtar | Omar al-Mukhtar Muhammad bin Farhat al-Manifī (Larabci: an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1858 16 ga Satumba 1931), wanda ake kira Zakin Hamada, wanda aka sani tsakanin Turawan mulkin mallaka a matsayin Matari na Mnifa, shi ne jagoran gwagwarmaya na asali a Cyrenaica Gabashin Libya a yau) a ƙarƙashin Senussid, a kan Italiyanci mulkin mallaka na Libya Babban malami ya juya zuwa janar, Omar shima fitaccen ɗan gwagwarmaya ne na ƙungiyar Senussi, kuma ana masa kallon jarumin ƙasar Libya kuma alama ce ta tsayin daka a duniyar Larabawa da Musulunci Farawa a cikin 1911, ya shirya kuma, kusan shekaru ashirin, ya jagoranci gwagwarmayar Libya akan daular mulkin mallaka na Italia a lokacin Bala'in Libya Bayan an yi ƙoƙari da yawa, Sojojin Italiya sun sami nasarar kama Al-Mukhtar kusa da Solonta kuma sun rataye shi a cikin Shekaran 1931.
Rayuwar farko 'Omar Al-Mukhtar an haife shi ne a cikan shekarar 1858 a wani gida a garin Zanzur kusa da Tobruk, a yankin Ottoman Cyrenaica, na 'yan Senussi (waɗanda ake gani kamar Ashrafs na Libya ɗan dangin Larabawa ne kamar Sarki ko Sarki Idris es Senussi, daga ƙarshe ya zama shugaba ko shugaban dangi. Tun yana yaro Omar ya rasa mahaifinsa tun da wuri, kuma ya yi ƙuruciyarsa a cikin talauci, wani babban malami ya karɓe shi, kuma ya kasance abokai ga ɗan gidan Hussein Ghariani, Sharif al Geriani. Kawun nasa ya kasance shugaban addini-na siyasa a Cyrenaica, kuma ya yi karatunsa na farko a masallacin yankin, kafin ya ci gaba da karatunsa na shekara takwas a jami'ar Senussi da ke Jaghbub, birni mai tsarki na Senussi Tariqa, Ya zama sananne. masani kan Al-Qur'ani kuma limami, wanda ya hada kai da sirrin Senussi, shi ma ya samu kyakkyawar sanarwa game da tsarin zamantakewar al'ummarsa, tunda aka zabe shi don sasanta rikice-rikicen tsakanin kabilu.
Mukhtar ya kulla kyakkyawar alaka da ƙungiyar Senussid a tsawon shekarun da yacika Jaghbub, a shekarar 1895, Al-Mahdi Senoussi ya yi tafiya tare da shi kudu zuwa Kufra, a wani lokaci kuma ya kara kudu zuwa Karo da ke Chadi, inda aka nada shi a matsayin shehun Zawiyat Ayn Kalk, lokacin da Daular Faransa ta kutsa kai cikin Chadi a shekarar 1899 sai aka tura shi cikin wasu 'Yan Senussites don taimakawa kare Chadi daga Turawan Faransa, kamar yadda Senussi ya dauki fadadarsu mai hadari ne saboda ayyukansu na mishan a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka. A cikin 1902, an tuno da Omar a arewa bayan mutuwar Al-Mahdi, sabon shugaban Senussi Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi ya nada shi a matsayin Shehun Malaman Zawiyat Laqsur a Arewacin Cyrenaica.
Mamayar Italiya A watan Oktoba 1911, a lokacin Yaƙin-Turkawa, Regia Marina (Royal Navy na Italiya) ƙarƙashin jagorancin Admiral Luigi Faravelli sun isa gabar Libya, sannan yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Ottoman Babban hafsan ya bukaci gwamnatin Ottoman da rundunonin soja su ba da yankinsu ga Italiyanci ko kuma su halaka birnin Tripoli da Benghazi nan take 'Yan Ottoman da kawayensu na Libya sun koma karkara maimakon mika wuya, kuma' yan Italiya din sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a biranen har na tsawon kwanaki uku, sannan suka yi shelar 'yan Tripoli din da cewa' sun sadaukar kuma sun hada kansu da Italia Wannan shine farkon jerin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Italiya da na Libya masu adawa da makamai a Cyrenaica Yaƙin basasa Mukhtar malamin koyar da Alkur'ani ne kuma ya kware a dabaru da dabarun yakin sahara Ya san labarin ƙasa sosai kuma ya yi amfani da wannan ilimin don cin nasara a yaƙe-yaƙe da Italiya, waɗanda ba su saba da yaƙin hamada ba. Mukhtar ya ci gaba da jagorantar kananan kungiyoyin sa, wadanda ke fadakarwa sosai wajen kai hare-hare kan Turawan, bayan haka kuma za su koma cikin jeji. Sojojin Mukhtar sun yi amfani da gwaninta wajen kai hari a kan rundunonin sojoji, suka yiwa sojoji kwanton bauna, suka datse hanyoyin isar da sako da sadarwa. Regio Esercito (Sojan Sojan Italiya) ya kasance yana cike da mamaki da kunya game da dabarun yaƙinsa. A yankin tsaunuka na Jebel Akhdar ("Karayen Tsaunuka") a shekarar 1924, gwamnan Italia Ernesto Bombelli ya kirkiro da wata kungiyar 'yan tawaye wacce ta haifar da mummunan koma baya ga sojojin' yan tawayen a watan Afrilun 1925. Daga nan Mukhtar ya gyara dabarun nasa cikin sauri kuma ya iya dogaro da ci gaba da taimako daga Masar A watan Maris, 1927, duk da mamayar Giarabub daga watan Fabrairun 1926 da kuma ƙara tsananta mulki a ƙarƙashin Gwamna Attilio Teruzzi, Mukhtar ya ba sojojin Italiya mamaki a Raheiba Tsakanin 1927 da 1928, Mukhtar ya sake tsara ayyukan sojojin Senus, wadanda 'yan Italia ke ci gaba da farautar su. Koda Janar Teruzzi ya fahimci halaye irin na Omar na "tsayin daka da karfin iko." Marshal Pietro Badoglio, Gwamnan Libya daga watan Janairun 1929, bayan tattaunawar da aka yi ta sasantawa da Mukhtar (waɗanda Italiyan ta bayyana a matsayin cikakkiyar sallamarsa) kwatankwacin yarjejeniyar Ital-Senusite da ta gabata. A karshen Oktoba, 1929, Mukhtar ya yi tir da sulhu kuma ya sake kafa hadin kai a tsakanin sojojin Libya, yana shirya kansa don fuskantar babban rikici da Janar Rodolfo Graziani, kwamandan sojojin Italiya daga Maris 1930. Wani mummunan farmaki a cikin Yuni a kan sojojin Mukhtar ya gaza, Graziani, bisa cikakkiyar yarjejeniya da Badoglio, Emilio De Bono (Ministan Kasashe), da Benito Mussolini, sun fara wani shiri na karya Mujāhideen na Libya: Za a sauya mazaunan Jebel Akhdar 100,000. zuwa sansanonin da ke bakin teku, kuma za a rufe iyakar Libiya da Masar daga gabar da ke Giarabub, ta hana duk wani taimako na kasashen waje ga mayaka tare da hana su tallafi daga ‘yan asalin kasar. Wadannan matakan, wanda Graziani ya fara a farkon 1931, ya ci nasara a kan tsaurin Senusid. An hana 'yan tawayen taimako da karfafawa, da leken asirin, jirgin saman Italiya ya buge, kuma sojojin Italiya suka bi sawunsu a ƙasa tare da masu ba da sanarwar na gida da masu haɗin gwiwa. Mukhtar ya ci gaba da gwagwarmaya duk da ƙarin wahala da haɗari, amma a ranar 11 ga Satumbar 1931, an yi masa kwanton bauna kusa da Slonta Babban abokin gaba na Mukhtar, Janar din kastar Italiya Rodolfo Graziani, ya ba da bayanin shugaban Sanatan wanda ba shi da rashi girmamawa: An baiwa Omar hankali da saurin fahimta; ya kasance masani a cikin lamuran addini, kuma ya bayyana halayyar kuzari da hanzari, rashin son kai da sassauci; kyakkyawan, ya zauna sosai addini da matalauta, ko da yake ya kasance daya daga cikin alama mafi muhimmanci ta Senusis. Kamawa da aiwatarwa Gwagwarmayar Mukhtar na kusan shekaru ashirin ta zo ƙarshe a ranar 11 ga Satumbar 1931, lokacin da aka ji masa rauni a yaƙi a kusa da Slonta, sannan sojojin Italiya suka kama shi. A ranar 16 ga Satumban 1931, bisa umarnin kotun Italiya tare da fatan Italia cewa juriya ta Libya za ta mutu tare da shi, an rataye Mukhtar a gaban mabiyansa a fursuna Suluq na sansanin yaki yana da shekaru 73 a duniya.
Girmamawa An kafa Jami'ar Omar Al-Mukhtar ne a 1961.
Tun daga 1971, fuskar Mukhtar ta bayyana a takardar Libya ta cinikin dinari goma.
An nuna shekarunsa na ƙarshe a fim ɗin Lion of the Desert (1981), tare da Anthony Quinn, Oliver Reed, da Irene Papas Hakan ya ta'allaka ne akan gwagwarmayar da Mukhtar yayi da sojojin Rodolfo Graziani Wata sanarwa da mutumin da aka yi amfani da ita a fim din ya kame harsuna da kunnuwa miliyoyin Musulmai, Mu mutane ne da ba za mu mika wuya ba, mu ci nasara ko mu mutu. A shekarar 2009, shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi ya sanya hoton Mukhtar a hannun wadanda ake tsare da shi a kirjinsa a lokacin da yake ziyarar aiki a Rome, sannan ya taho da tsohon dan Mukhtar a yayin ziyarar.
Tare da yakin basasar Libya da ya fara a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2011, Omar Mukhtar ya sake zama wata alama ta hadin kai, Libya mai 'yanci kuma an zana hotonsa a kan tutoci da fastoci daban-daban na' yancin Libiya. Dakarun 'yan tawaye sun sanya wa daya daga cikin bataliyar su sunan "brigade na Omar Mukhtar" a bayan sa. An sanyawa wani masallaci sunan Mukhtar a Tampa, Florida, Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da Masjid Omar Al Mokhtar.
An sanya wa tituna sunan Mukhtar a cikin:
Kuwait City, Kuwait (titin Omar Al-Mukhtar)
Garin Gaza Titin Omar Mukhtar Alkahira, Misira (Titin Omar Al Mukhtar)
Yankin Yammacin Bay na Doha, Qatar (Omar Al Mukhtar Street)
Bizerte, Tunisia
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Hanyar Omar Al Mukhtar)
Irbid, Jordan
Tangier, Maroko (Avenue Omar Mokhtar)
Hotuna
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mamayar Italiya da juriya
Shari'ar sirri a shari'ar Benghazi
Dalilin da ya sa Libya ke tunawa da 'Ranar Baƙin'
Zakin |
49145 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoran%20Franc | Comoran Franc | Faransanci alamar: FC ISO 4217 code: KMF kudin hukuma ne na Comoros An raba shi da sunan shi zuwa santimita 100, kodayake ba a taɓa fitar da adadin santimita ba.
Tarihi Faranshi na Faransa ya zama kudin Comoros bayan tsibiran sun zama kariyar Faransa a 1886. A shekara ta 1891, Sultan Said Ali bin Said Omar na Grande Comore Ngazidja ya fitar da tsabar kudi da suka kai centimi da francs wadanda ke yawo tare da kudin Faransa. A cikin 1912, Comoros ya zama lardin Madagascar, wanda kuma mallakar Faransa ne. An rarraba takardun banki na Faransa da tsabar kudi a cikin mulkin mallaka. Baya ga batun gaggawa na ƙananan bayanan canje-canje a cikin 1920, kuɗin Faransa yana yaɗa shi kaɗai har zuwa 1925.
A ranar 1 ga Yulin 1925, gwamnatin Faransa ta kulla yarjejeniya da Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas don ƙirƙirar Banque de Madagascar, hedkwata a birnin Paris, kuma ta ba ta wani yanki mai zaman kansa don ba da kuɗi ga mulkin mallaka na Madagascar. Malagasy franc (Faransanci: franc malgache yayi daidai da franc na Faransa kuma tsabar kudin Faransa sun ci gaba da yaduwa yayin da Madagascar ba ta da tsabar kanta har zuwa 1943.
Lokacin da Comoros ta zama wani yanki na Faransa dabam a cikin 1945, an canza sunan bankin da aka ba da shi zuwa Banque de Madagascar et des Comores (har yanzu yana da hedikwata a Paris). An buɗe ofishin reshe a Comoros a shekara ta 1953. Yayin da aka canza takardun banki don nuna sabon matsayi na Comoros, tsabar kudi ba a canza ba kuma suna dauke da sunan Madagascar kawai. A ranar 26 ga Disamba 1945, an kafa CFA franc na Madagascar-Comores kuma an ƙayyadadden ƙimarsa a kan 1.7 Faransa francs Tsofaffin tsabar kudi da takardun banki na Madagascar sun ci gaba da yawo a matsayin wannan sabon kudin. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 1948, an ƙara darajar CFA franc zuwa francs 2 na Faransa.
A cikin 1950, gwamnatin Faransa ta karɓi mafi yawan ikon mallakar Banque de Madagascar et des Comores. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1960, an sake fasalin Faransanci, tare da tsofaffin francs 100 ya zama sabon franc 1. (Décret n°59-1450 du 22 décembre 1959) Sabon canjin canjin shine 1 Madagascar-Comores CFA franc 0.02 francs Faransa (50 Madagascar-Comores CFA francs 1 franc Faransa).
A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1960, Madagascar ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa, kuma an ƙirƙiri Institut d'Émission Malgache (mai hedkwata a Antananarivo don ba da kuɗi ga Madagascar kawai. Madagascar ta bar yankin CFA daga ranar 1 ga Yuli 1973.
A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1979, gwamnatin Comoros ta rattaba hannu kan Yarjejeniyar de coopération monétaire entre la République Française et la République fédérale islamique des Comores, yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar kuɗi tare da Faransa, wanda ya mai da Comoros wani ɓangare na yankin franc (amma ba wani ɓangare na yankin CFA franc ba). Wannan yarjejeniya ta tanadi kafa tsarin daidaita daidaito tsakanin Faransa Franc da Comorian franc da canji kyauta tsakanin kudaden biyu, wanda babban bankin Comorian ya ba da garantin bude asusun gudanar da ayyuka compte d'operation a Faransa. Baitul mali Trésor jama'a don sarrafa duk ma'amaloli na musayar. Kashi 65 cikin 100 na asusun ajiyar waje na Comoros ana gudanar da shi ne a cikin Yuro a cikin wannan asusun. Wannan asusun yana kama da adibas na dare tare da Baitul Malin Faransa: yana iya ɗaukar riba kuma yana iya, a cikin yanayi na musamman, sanya ma'auni mara kyau. Duk da haka, don hana wannan asusun daga nuna wani abu mai ɗorewa, an kafa matakan rigakafi da dama.
An kafa kwanciyar hankali na Comorian franc akan tsauraran tsarin kuɗi da tsarin bashi, wanda takamaiman matakan tsaro guda biyu ke ƙulla: ana buƙatar babban bankin ya kiyaye murfin musanya na waje na 20% na alhakin gani, kuma ba a yarda gwamnati ta zana fiye da Kashi 20% na rasit na kasafin kudin shekarar da ta gabata daga asusun babban bankin su. Ministocin kudi na yankin franc (Faransa, yankin CFA da Comoros) suna ganawa duk shekara. Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Faransa da Comoros ta kasance daidai da yarjejeniyar da Faransa ta yi da yankin CFA. Ci gaba ne na dangantakar hadin gwiwa ta kudi tsakanin kasashen biyu da ta wanzu sama da karni guda.
Har zuwa 1994, Comorian franc yana da alaƙa da franc na Faransa akan ƙimar Comorian franc 50 zuwa franc 1 na Faransa. An canza wannan a ranar 12 ga Janairu 1994, lokacin da aka rage darajar kudin tare da rage darajar CFA franc duk da haka, an rage darajar Comorian franc zuwa sabon farashin 75 na Comorian franc na Faransa 1, yayin da sabon farashin CFA franc ya kasance 100 CFA francs zuwa franc 1 na Faransa. Tare da ƙirƙirar Yuro a cikin Janairu 1999, Comorian franc ya kasance mai ƙima, a ƙimar sa, zuwa sabon kudin. Canjin musanya yanzu 491.96775 Comoran franc zuwa 1 Yuro.
Tarayyar Turai Monetary Union A cikin 1998 a cikin tsammanin Tarayyar Kuɗin Kuɗi na Turai, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yi magana game da yarjejeniyar kuɗi da Faransa ta yi da yankin CFA da Comoros kuma ta yanke hukuncin cewa:
Yarjejeniyar ba ta da yuwuwa su yi wani tasiri na kayan aiki akan tsarin kuɗi da musayar kuɗi na yankin Yuro
a halin da ake ciki yanzu da kuma jihohin aiwatar da su, da wuya yerjejeniyoyi za su iya kawo cikas ga tafiyar da harkokin tattalin arziki da lamuni.
Babu wani abu a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da za a iya fassara azaman nuna wajibci ga Babban Bankin Turai (ECB) ko kowane babban bankin ƙasa don tallafawa canjin CFA da Comorian francs.
gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyoyin da ake da su ba za su haifar da kowane wajibai na Tsakiyar Turai ko kowane babban bankin ƙasa ba
Baitul malin Faransa zai ba da garantin canjin kyauta a daidaitaccen daidaito tsakanin Yuro da CFA da kuma Comorian francs.
Hukumomin Faransa masu cancanta za su sanar da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, Babban Bankin Turai da Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki da Kuɗi game da aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyin da kuma sanar da kwamitin kafin canje-canjen daidaito tsakanin Yuro da CFA da Comorian francs.
duk wani canji ga yanayi ko iyakokin yarjejeniyoyin zai bukaci amincewar majalisa bisa shawarar hukumar da tuntubar ECB
Babban Bankin Dokokin Babban Bankin Comoros Banque Centrale des Comores Al-Bank al-Markazi al-Qomori ya bayyana cewa kwamitin gudanarwarsa zai kasance da mambobi takwas da za a zaba daga gwamnatin Comoriya, babban bankin Faransa. Banque de France da gwamnatin Faransa Matsayin mataimakin darektan babban bankin Comoros yana hannun wani jami'in Banque de France, wanda ke da alhakin manufofin kuɗi Tun daga ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1999, duk kuɗin aikin babban bankin an daidaita shi zuwa Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Daren dare na Yuro EONIA wanda ke haifar da daidaita bambance-bambancen ƙimar riba tare da Yuro. BCC tana aiwatar da tsarin ajiyar tilas (30% na ajiya) da tsarin sa ido na banki. Hedkwatar tana cikin Moroni, kuma gwamnan bankin na yanzu Mer Said Ahmed Said Ali.
Tsabar kudi A cikin 1890, Sultan Said Ali na Bambao, Ngazidja ya ba da tagulla 5 da centimi 10 da azurfa 5 francs. An buga tsabar kuɗin a Paris zuwa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kuɗin da aka yi daidai da kuɗin Faransa. Tsabar kudi guda uku sun daina aiki a ka'idar a cikin 1912 amma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu suna ci gaba da haɓaka gabaɗaya a ƙarshen 1930. Ana yawan amfani da tsabar tagulla guda biyu don dalilai na sihiri-addini. uku suna ɗauke da irin wannan rubutun, ciki har da kwanan watan 1308 bayan Hijira, wanda ya yi daidai da kalandar miladiyya 1890/91 AD A cikin 1920s, ƙarancin tsabar kudi ya haifar da samar da alamun masu zaman kansu daga babban kamfanin mulkin mallaka a Ngazidja da kuma shukar sukari a kan Mayotte Ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da 25 da 50 centimes da 1 da 2 francs. An yi amfani da aluminum da tagulla a cikin waɗannan alamun.
A cikin 1964, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kuɗi musamman don amfani a cikin Comoros, wanda ya maye gurbin tsabar Madagascar da ake amfani da su a baya. Aluminum 1 FC, 2 FC, da 5 FC da aluminum-bronze 10 FC da 20 An ba da tsabar kudi FC. A cikin 1975, an ƙaddamar da nickel 50 francs, sannan nickel 100 ya biyo baya. FC a 1977 da nickel 25 FC 1981. Nickel-plated-karfe ya maye gurbin nickel bayan 1990. Cibiyar ta Institut d'Émission des Comores ta ba da tsabar kudi tsakanin 1975 zuwa 1977, yayin da babban bankin ya fitar da tsabar kudi tun 1981.
Har zuwa 1975, Faransanci kawai ya bayyana akan tsabar kudi na Comorian. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an kuma yi amfani da Comorian Monnaie de Paris ya kasance yana hakowa gabaɗayan tsabar tsabar Comorian. Ana nuna wannan ta alamar mint na cornucopia akan tsabar kudi, ana iya gani zuwa hagu na kwanan wata, kodayake an cire wannan daga 1994 50. FC yanki bisa bukatar gwamnatin Comorian. Ana kera tsabar kuɗin a wurin su a Pessac, Gironde.
Na 5 FC tsabar kudin ana lakabi reali, yana nufin ainihin Mutanen Espanya ta 2 FC coin ana laƙabi da nusu, ma'ana "rabi", da kuma 1 FC tsabar kudin "robo", ma'ana "kwata". Na 1 FC, 2 FC, 5 FC da 10 FC tsabar kudi ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba saboda ƙarancin darajarsu. Na 25 FC da 100 FC tsabar kudi sun ƙunshi kalmar "Augmentons la production alimentaire" Bari mu ƙara yawan samar da abinci Na 5 FC coin ya ƙunshi kalmar "Conférence Mondiale sur les Pêches" Taron Duniya akan Kamun kifi Duk waɗannan kalmomin guda biyu suna nuni ne ga shirye-shiryen Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Comoros na daya daga cikin kasashe 114 da suka ba da tsabar kudi na FAO. Ana iya samun ƙarin bayani akan tsabar kudi na FAO anan.
Bayanan banki An ba da kuɗin takarda na Comorian na farko a cikin 1920. Ya ƙunshi batun gaggawa na tambarin gidan waya na Madagascar da aka sanya a cikin kati don ba su damar yawo a matsayin kuɗi. An ba da ƙima na centimes 50 da franc 1.
Loi ordinaire 62-873 da 31 ga watan Juillet 1962, Mataki na 12, ya baiwa Banque de Madagascar et des Comores damar ci gaba da bayar da bayanan kula a Comoros bayan da Madagascar ta fara fitar da kudinta, amma tun daga 1 ga Afrilu 1962, sun sami COMORES a kan su. Ƙungiyoyin 50 FC, 100 FC, 500 FC, 1,000 FC da 5,000 An bayar da FC. Kamar yadda a cikin Decret 64-1038 du 07 Oktoba 1964, takardun banki ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba sun daina kasancewa takardar doka a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1964.
Rubutun da aka wuce gona da iri sun yada har zuwa 1976, lokacin da 500 FC, 1,000 FC da 5,000 An gabatar da FC ta Institut d'Émission des Comores, 50 FC da 100 Ana maye gurbin bayanan FC da tsabar kudi. Babban bankin ya karbi aikin samar da kudin takarda a shekarar 1984. 2,500 FC da 10,000 An gabatar da bayanin kula na FC a cikin 1997, sannan 2,000 suka biyo baya FC a 2005. 2,500 FC bayanin kula da aka demonetized a kan 31 Janairu 2007.
Banque de France ne ke buga takardun banki na Comorian a masana'antar takarda a Vic-le-Comte da ayyukan buga su a Chamalières, duka a Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne Na 500 FC, 1,000 FC, 2,000 FC, 5,000 FC, da 10,000 Bayanan FC na 2005 da 2006 sun ƙunshi ƙungiyar tauraro na EURion, tare da wasu ingantattun hanyoyin tsaro don sa su zama masu wahala ga jabu.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Banque Centrale des Comores official site
Text of the 1979 Comorian Agreement of Monetary Cooperation at Banque de France
Council Decision of 23 November 1998 concerning exchange rate matters relating to the CFA Franc and the Comorian Franc
Franc zone information at Banque de France Franc zone information at Banque de France (in French, but more extensive than the English version)
Central Bank of Madagascar Images of Comorian banknotes at Islamic Banknotes
Numismatics of Comoros
Numismatics of Comoros by Dr Iain Walker
Coins of Comoros
Comoros at Ben's FAO Coins collection
La fabrication des monnaies utilisées par les Comoriens
"Les Monnaies à Madagascar", Louis Molet
A table of conversion rates between the euro and the Comorian franc
Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Komoros
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
47754 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Annabawa%20da%20Sarakuna | Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna | Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk wanda aka fi sani da Tarikh al-Tabari ko Tarikh-i Tabari ko The History of al-Tabari Persian tarihi ne na harshen Larabci wanda masanin tarihin musulmi Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (225-310 AH, 838-923 AD) ya kammala a shekara ta 915 miladiyya. Ya fara da halitta, kuma ya zayyana tarihin musulmi da na Gabas ta Tsakiya tun daga tatsuniyoyi da kuma tatsuniyoyi masu alaƙa da tsohon alkawari har zuwa tarihin zamanin Abbasiyawa, har zuwa shekara ta 915. Shafi ko ci gaba, Abu Abdullah b. Ahmad b. Ja'afar al-Farghani, daliɓin al-Tabari.
Bugawa Bugu daban-daban na Annals sun haɗa da:
Bugu da aka buga a ƙarƙashin editan MJ de Goeje a cikin jeri uku da suka ƙunshi juzu'i na 13, tare da ƙarin juzu'i biyu masu ɗauke da fihirisa, gabatarwa da ƙamus Leiden, 1879-1901).
Bugu da aka buga a ƙarƙashin editan Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim (1905-1981) a cikin juzu'i 10 Alkahira Dar al-Ma'arif, 1960-1969. Fassarar Farisa na wannan aikin, wanda masaninSamanid al-Bal'ami ya yi a cikin shekarar 963, wanda Hermann Zotenberg ya fassara zuwa Faransanci (vols. i.-iv., Paris, 1867-1874).
Fassarar Turanci a cikin juzu'i na 39 (da fihirisa), wanda Jami'ar Jiha ta New York Press ta buga daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 2007. Editoci daban-daban da masu fassara 29. (hc), (pb), Marubuci: Tabari (masu fassara daban-daban), Mawallafi: SUNY Press
Juzu'i na fitowar SUNY Vol. 01 Gabaɗaya kuma daga Halitta zuwa Tufana Franz Rosenthal Vol. 02 Annabawa da Ubanni (William Brinner)
Vol. 03 Bani Isra'ila (William Brinner)
Vol. 04 Masarautar Tsohuwar (Moshe Perlmann)
Vol. 05 Sassanids, Rumawa, Lakhmids, da Yemen CE Bosworth Vol. 06 Muhammad a Makka W. Montgomery Watt da MV McDonald)
Vol. 07 Foundation of the Community Muhammad at al- Madina, AD 622-626 (MV McDonald)
Vol. 08 Nasarar Musulunci (Michael Fishbein)
Vol. 09 Shekarun Ƙarshen Annabi: Samuwar Jiha, AD 630-632-AH 8-11 Ismail Poonawala Vol. 10 The Conquest of Arabia, AD 632-633 AH 11 Fred M. Donner Vol. 11 Ƙalubalen Daular Khalid Blankinship Vol. 12 Yakin al-Qadisiyyah da yaƙar Sham da Palastinu Yohanan Friedmann Vol. 13 Yaƙin Iraƙi, Kudu maso Yammacin Farisa, da Masar: Tsakanin Shekarun Khalifancin Umar, AD 636-642-AH 15-21 GHA Juynboll Vol. 14 Yaƙin Iran, AD 641-643 AH 21-23 (G. Rex Smith)
Vol. 15 Rikicin Halifancin Farko: Mulkin Uthman, AD 644-656 AH 24-35 R. Stephen Humphreys Vol. 16 An Raba Al'umma: Halifancin Ali I, AD 656-657-AH 35-36 (Adrian Brockett)
Vol. 17 Yaƙin Basasa na Farko: Daga Yaƙin Siffin zuwa Wafatin Ali, AD 656-661-AH 36-40 GR Hawting Vol. 18 Tsakanin Yaƙin Basasa: Halifancin Mu'awiyah 40 AH, 66 AD-60 AH, 680 AD Michael G. Morony Vol. 19 Halifancin Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah, AD 680-683 AH 60-64 (IKA Howard).
Vol. 20 Rugujewar Hukumar Sufyani da Zuwan Marwaniyyawa Khalifofin Mu'awiyah II da Marwan I (GR Hawting)
Vol. 21 Nasara Marwanid, AD 685-693-AH 66-73 (Michael Fishbein)
Vol. 22 Mayar da Marwanid: Halifancin Abd al-Malik AD 693-701 AH 74-81 Everett K Rowson Vol. 23 Zenith na Gidan Marwanid: Shekarun Karshe na Abd al-Malik da Khalifancin al-Walid AD 700-715-AH 81-95 Martin Hinds Vol. 24 Daular Canji: Halifancin Sulaiman, Umar, da Yazid, AD 715-724-AH 96-105 (Stephan Powers).
Vol. 25 Ƙarshen Faɗawa: Halifancin Hisham, AD 724-738-AH 105-120 (Khalid Blankinship)
Vol. 26 Zaman Halifancin Umayyawa: Gabatarwa zuwa Juyin Juya Hali, AD 738-744 AH 121-126 Carole Hillenbrand Vol. 27 Juyin juya halin Abbasid, AD 743-750 AH 126-132 (John Alden Williams)
Vol. 28 Hukumar Abbasiyawa ta tabbatar: Farkon shekarun al-Mansur Jane Dammen McAuliffe Vol. 29 Al-Mansur dan al-Mahdi, AD 763-786-AH 146-169 Hugh N. Kennedy Vol. 30 Halifancin Abbasiyawa A Daidaito: Halifancin Musa al-Hadi da Haruna Al-Rashid, AD 785-809 AH 169-192 (CE Bosworth).
Vol. 31 Yaƙi Tsakanin Yan'uwa, AD 809-813 AH 193-198 (Michael Fishbein)
Vol. 32 The Absolutists in Power: Halifancin al-Ma'mun, AD 813-33 AH 198-213 (CE Bosworth)
Vol. 33 Guguwa da Damuwa Tare da Iyakokin Arewa na Halifancin Abbasid (CE Bosworth)
Vol. 34 Incipient Decline: Halifancin al-Wathig, al-Mutawakkil da al-Muntasir, AD 841-863-AH 227-248 (Joel L Kraemer)
Vol. 35 Rikicin Halifancin Abbasiyawa George Saliba Vol. 36 Tawayen Zanj, AD 869-879 AH 255-265 (David Waines)
Vol. 37 Farfadowar Abbasiyawa: Yaƙin Zanj Ya Kare (Philip M Fields)
Vol. 38 Komawar Halifanci Bagadaza: Halifancin al-Mu'tadid, al-Muktafi da al-Muqtadir, AD 892-915 (Franz Rosenthal)
Vol. Tafsirin Sahabban Annabi 39 da Magadansu: Al-Tabari 's Qarfafa Tarihinsa (Ella Landau-Tasseron)
Vol. 40 Index (Alex V Popovkin ya shirya a ƙarƙashin kulawar Everett K. Rowson Abun da ke ciki Babbar manufar Tabari ita ce rubuta tarihi bisa ga ilimin riwaya. Wato ya kawo riwaya ba tare da tsoma baki ta kowace fuska ba. Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata Daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikinsa ana iya samunsu:
Hadisin alƙalami da takarda
Bayani a kan Zaid al-Khayr
Bayani a kan Utbah ibn Ghazwan
Bayanin Ka'ab al-Ahbar
Muhammad bn Abi Bakr shi ne farkon wanda ya kai hari wajen kashe Usman Wasu hadisi dangane da shekarun Aisha a wajen aure.
Bawan Zanj tawaye Tabari a wasu lokuta yana zana a kan Romance na Syriac Julian Duba kuma Jerin malaman tarihi na musulmi
Jerin littafan Sunna
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40797 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kiyashi%20a%20Baga%2C%202015 | Kisan kiyashi a Baga, 2015 | Kisan kiyashin na Baga na shekarar 2015 wani jerin kashe-kashe ne da ƙungiyar ta'addanci ta Boko Haram ta kai a garin Baga da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a jihar Borno, tsakanin 3 ga watan Janairu zuwa 7 ga watan Janairun 2015.
An fara kai harin ne a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu lokacin da ƴan Boko Haram suka mamaye wani sansanin soji da ke hedikwatar rundunar hadin gwiwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa da ke ɗauke da dakaru daga Chadi, Nijar da Najeriya. Daga nan ne mayakan suka tilastawa dubban jama'ar yankin, inda suka yi ta kashe-kashen jama'a wanda ya kai ga ranar 7 ga wata.
An ba da rahoton asarar rayuka “dayawa” amma ba a san iyakarsu ba. Kafofin yaɗa labarai na Yamma sun ruwaito cewa an kashe "sama da mutane 2,000" ko kuma "ba a ji duriyarsu ba", amma kafofin yada labaran cikin gida sun ba da rahoton mutuwar "a kalla mutum dari", yayin da ma'aikatar tsaron Najeriya ta ce ƙasa da mutane 150 ne aka kashe, ciki har da maharan. Jami’an gwamnati da dama sun musanta cewa adadin waɗanda suka mutu ya yi yawa kamar yadda aka ruwaito, wasu ma na ikirarin cewa ba a taba yin kisan gilla ba ko kuma sojojin Najeriya sun fatattaki ‘yan bindigar daga yankin, lamarin da jami’an yankin da waɗanda suka tsira da ransu (daga harin), da kafofin watsa labarai na duniya suka musu ta iƙirarin na jami'an gwamnatin.
Garin Baga da aƙalla wasu garuruwa 16 ana tunanin an ruguza su, yayin da aka ce sama da mutane 35,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu, inda ake fargabar wasu da dama sun nutse a lokacin da suke kokarin tsallakawa tafkin Chadi da wasu da suka maƙale a tsibirai a tafkin. Hare-haren an ce sun yi sanadin kai hare-haren Boko Haram zuwa sama da kashi 70% na jihar Borno, yayin da shugaban ƙungiyar, Abubakar Shekau, ya ɗauki alhakin kisan kiyashin a wani sakon faifan bidiyo, yana mai cewa "ba su da yawa" kuma kungiyar ta tawaye "ba zasu daina ba".
Wai-wa-ye Garin Baga, a jihar Borno, ya kasance wurin da wani sansanin sojojin Najeriya da ke zama hedikwatar rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), rundunar ƙasa da ƙasa ta sojojin Najeriya da Nijar da kuma Chadi da aka kafa a shekarar 1994 domin tunkarar kan iyakar boda, matsalolin tsaro da kuma a baya-bayan nan, yakar ta’addancin yan ƙungiyar Boko Haram. A saboda haka ne ake kyautata zaton garin na da muhimmiyar ma'ana ga ƙungiyar Boko Haram, kasancewar shi ne babban gari na karshe a Arewacin jihar Borno da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Najeriya, kuma wani muhimmin sansanin soji na dakarun gwamnati da na ƙasa da ƙasa.
Kisa da hare-hare An fara kai hare-haren ne a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, lokacin da Mayaƙan Boko Haram da dama suka kwace garin Baga suka mamaye hedikwatar MNJTF da sansanin soji da ke garin.
An kai hari hedikwatar MNJTF A cewar Sanata Ahmed Zanna, wanda ke wakiltar gundumar Borno ta tsakiya, sojojin gwamnati duk da kasancewar hedkwatar hadin gwiwa, sojojin Najeriya ne kawai suke a can a lokacin sun yi tir da 'yan ta'addan, waɗanda suka "kai hari daga kowane bangare", na tsawon sa'o'i. amma daga karshe "sun saje cikin fararen hula da ke tserewa cikin daji". Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa sun kwace makamai da motoci da dama kamar yadda Zanna ta bayyana.
A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan harin, mayakan sun tilastawa mazauna garin Baga shiga ƙauyukan da ke kewaye. A yammacin ranar Talata, 6 ga watan Janairu, wasu mazauna yankin biyu sun ba da rahoton cewa Mayaƙan sun fara ƙona gine-ginen yankin ta hanyar amfani da bama-baman fetur da bama-bamai, kuma a cewar waɗanda suka tsira sun ci gaba da kashe mutanen da suka rage. A ranar 9 ga watan Janairu, wani mazaunin garin, ya bayyana girman barnar da aka yi ta hanyar bayar da rahoton cewar, "Babu wani gida ɗaya da ke tsaye a wurin (ba'a rushe ko lalata shi ba)." A cewar Musa Bukar, shugaban karamar hukumar Kukawa, an lalata dukkanin kauyuka 16 na karamar hukumar, kuma ko dai an kashe mazaunansu ko kuma an tilasta su, sun gudu.
Yawan mace-mace Har yanzu dai ba a san girman kisan ba, kuma rahotanni (da aka haɗa) sun bambanta.
A cewar Human Rights Watch:
Ba a san ainihin adadin mutanen da suka mutu a Baga da wasu kauyuka 16 da ke kewaye ba, inda aka yi kiyasin “da dama” zuwa 2000 ko sama da haka. "Babu wanda ya tsaya ya kirga gawarwakin," wani mazaunin yankin ya shaida wa Human Rights Watch. "Dukkanmu muna gudu ne domin mu fice daga garin a gaban mayakan Boko Haram da suka karɓe iko da yankin".
Bukar ya bayyana cewa an kashe sama da mutane dubu biyu. Zanna ya ce dubu biyu “ba a ji duriyarsu ba”; wasu majiyoyin sun ce an kashe “da dama” ko kuma “fiye da ɗari”. Aƙalla mutane 100 ne suka mutu a harin farko na ranar 3 ga watan Janairu, a cewar Baba Abba Hassan, hakimin gundumar, daga baya ya ƙara da cewa "har yanzu akwai ɗaruruwan gawarwaki birjik a kan titunan garin" kuma mata da yara da dama na daga cikin waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su. bayan da Mayaƙan suka bi su cikin daji.
Sai dai Hassan, ya musanta cewa harin na ranar 7 ga watan Janairu bai taɓa faruwa ba, kuma adadin waɗanda suka mutu 2,000 "abin takaici ne". Wasu majiyoyin gwamnati da dama sun yi watsi da ikirarin adadin mace-macen da aka yi, wanda ke nuna cewa ya ragu sosai. Sai dai gwamnatin Najeriyar ta yi watsi da yawan hare-haren da ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta kai a baya-bayan nan, kuma a lokuta da dama, ciki har da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a garin Baga a shekarar 2013, inda mayakan Boko Haram da sojojin Najeriya ke da hannu wajen kashe fararen hula sama da mutane 200.
Bayan nan, da Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira Amnesty International ta fitar da hotunan tauraron dan adam da aka ɗauka a ranakun 2 da 7 ga watan Janairu wanda ke nuna cewa a Garin Baga, mai girman ƙasa da murabba'in kilomita biyu, kusan gine-gine 620 ne suka lalace ko kuma aka lalata su gaba ɗaya. A Doron Baga, mai nisan kilomita 2.5, jiragen kamun kifi da suke a rana ta 2 ba a gamsu ba a yanzu, kuma "fiye da gine-gine 3,100 ne suka lalace ko kuma aka lalata sakamakon gobara da ta shafi mafi yawan garin mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita 4."
Daniel Eyre, wani mai bincike na kungiyar Amnesty International a Najeriya ya bayyana cewa: “Harin Baga da garuruwan da ke kewaye da shi, da alama zai iya zama mafi muni da ƙungiyar Boko Haram ta kai a cikin jerin munanan hare-hare da ƙungiyar ke kai wa. Idan ta tabbata rahotanni da aka bayar na yawan gidaje da aka lalata a yankin gaskiya ne to suma ɗaruruwan da aka kashe ko ma fararen hula dubu biyu ne aka kashe shima gaskiya ne, wannan ya nuna tashin hankali da zubar da jini na hare-haren da Boko Haram ke ci gaba da kai wa fararen hula.”
Maina Maaji Lawan, tsohon gwamnan jihar Borno, kuma Sanata mai wakiltar yankin Borno ta Arewa a yanzu, ya yi tambaya kan dalilin da ya sa aka ce sojoji sun tsere daga sansanin, yana mai cewa: “Lallai akwai wani abu da ba daidai ba da ya sa sojojin mu suka yi watsi da mukamansu a kowanne lokacin da aka kai hari daga Boko Haram.” Wannan ya biyo bayan yawaitar sojojin Najeriya da yawansu ya kai ɗari, waɗanda suka tsere daga filin daga a yaƙin da suke da mayaƙan Boko Haram a yakin. A cewar Lawan, harin na nufin kashi 70% na jihar Borno a yanzu za su kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Boko Haram.
Rikicin 'yan gudun hijira
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, mai magana da yawun gwamnati ya bayyana cewa an yiwa ‘yan gudun hijira 1,636 rajista bayan harin. A cewar rahotanni masu zaman kansu da jami’an yankin, an yi tunanin aƙalla mutane dubu 35,000 sun tsere daga yankin. "Gawawwakin sun bazu a kan tituna", a cewar waɗanda suka tsira, yayin da ake tunanin daukacin al'ummar Baga sun gudu, wasu zuwa Kamaru da Cadi. Kimanin mutane dubu 20,000 ne suka nemi mafaka a sansanin da ke kusa da Maiduguri, babban birnin jihar Borno, da kuma wasu 10,000 a Monguno suna jiran a kai su (can sansanin). Bukar ya ce a yanzu garin ya kasance “kusan babu shi. Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin bil’adama na yankin sun bayyana cewa wasu mata da suka tsere daga garin sun shaida musu cewa an yi garkuwa da ‘ya’yansu mata, wasu ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 10.
Firaministan kasar Cadi Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet ya bayyana cewa aƙalla ƴan Najeriya dubu 2,500 da ƴan kasar Chadi su 500 ne suka nemi mafaka a makwabciyar ƙasar sakamakon hare-haren, wasu daga cikinsu dake ƙoƙarin tsallake tafkin Chadi cikin kwale-kwalen sun lodi fiye da kima. Yawancin waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tsallakawa tafkin ana fargabar sun nutse, yayin da ɗaruruwan wasu sama da dari biyar suka maƙale a mabanbanta tsibiran da ke cikin tafkin. A cewar jami'an yankin da suka yi magana da ƴan gudun hijira ta wayar tarho, ƴan gudun hijirar suna "mutuwar rashin abinci, sanyi da zazzabin cizon sauro" a ɗayan "tsibirin da sauro yayi wa ƙawanya".
Martani da Suka
Masu sharhi da dama sun soki abin da suke ganin rashin isassun rahotannin kisan kiyashi a kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa newsmedia, lamarin da ke nuni da yadda ake nuna son kai ga al'amuran da suka shafi nahiyar afirka. Wasu kuma sun yi Allah-wadai da matakin da gwamnatin Najeriya da kafafen yaɗa labarai na cikin gida suke yi ko kuma suka yi watsi da hare-haren, inda suka ƙara da cewa rashin jin daɗin jama'ar ƙasar ne a karshe ya haifar da irin kulawar da ƙafafen yaɗa labarai na kasashen waje suka ɗauka kan kisan gilla. An yi la'akari da martanin da jami'an gwamnati suka bayar na da alaƙa da zaɓen shugaban ƙasar da aka yi kaca-kaca da shi a Wannann shekara, (2015).
Da farko jami'an tsaron gwamnati sun bayyana cewa "dakarun sansani sun awaken da aka aje su" kuma cikin sauri suka musanta cewa an kai hari a Baga. Wata jarida mai goyon bayan gwamnati, ta nakalto wani masunta na yankin, ta yi ikirarin cewa a maimakon haka sojojin Najeriya sun yi wa ƴan Boko Haram ‘mummunan illa’ a garin Baga, kuma garin na ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati. Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojoji, Air Marshal Alex Badeh, da farko ya musanta cewa an karɓe iko da hedikwatar MNJTF amma daga baya ya yarda cewa an kwace iko da wurin.
Wurin da aka kai harin a jihar Borno mai nisa da ke arewa maso gabashin ƙasar, wanda mafi yawansa ke hannun ƴan Boko Haram, da kuma “kamar yadda tashe-tashen hankulan Najeriya ke faruwa a kai a kai ya ragu” dangane da rashin ingancin labarin kisan kiyashin. Masana sun yi nuni da cewa an danne kafafen yaɗa labarai a jihar Borno, inda a lokuta da dama shaidun da ke da bayanai ba su da alaƙa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sannan kuma maganganun da sojoji ke yi ba su da inganci. Ana kuma ganin jaridun Najeriya ba su bayar da cikakken labarin harin da aka kai a Baga ba. Wani kwararre ya ce: "Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida sun ɗauki labarin ne kawai bayan da BBC ta ba da labarin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ana ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula a cikin shekarar da ta gabata kuma mutane suna ƙara ruɗewa."
Jaridu da yawa ba su bayar da rahoton kisan gilla kwata-kwata ba, kuma waɗanda suka yi, a lokuta da dama, ko dai sun yi nuni da harin farko na farko a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu kuma sun ba da alƙaluma da yawa fiye da waɗanda ke yawo a wasu wurare. Wani kanun labarai na wata jarida ya bayyana cewa "BBC ta yi ƙarya" wajen bayar da rahoton cewa an kai hari na biyu na 7 ga Janairu.
Goodluck Jonathan
Masu sharhi da dama sun soki kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa da ƙasa kan rashin bayar da labarin kisan kiyashin, musamman idan aka kwatanta da na harin da aka kai a birnin Paris na hare haren Charlie Hebdo (wanda bama akasar ya faru ba), a kwanaki kaɗan da suka gabata. Sai dai kuma, shugaba Goodluck Jonathan, a lokacin da yake kamfen ɗin sake tsayawa takara a Enugu da jam’iyyarsa ta Peoples Democratic Party a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, da kansa ya yi Allah wadai da abubuwan da suka faru a birnin Paris a matsayin “mummunan harin ta’addanci”, tare da ƙauracewa yin wani sharhi kan kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Baga. Rashin yin tsokaci kan hare-haren da Jonathan ya yi ya janyo masa suka bama a iya kasar ba, a duniya baki ɗaya; Julius Malema, shugaban jam'iyyar Economic Freedom Fighters ta kasar Afirka ta Kudu mai ra'ayin riƙau, kuma tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar matasan jam'iyyar Youth League mai mulki, ya tozarta Jonathan, yana mai cewa:
A ranar 14 ga watan Janairu, Goodluck, tare da babban hafsan tsaron kasa Badeh, mai baiwa shugaban ƙasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro, Sambo Dasuki, da wasu manyan kwamandojin soji da dama, sun kai ziyarar bazata a birnin Maiduguri, inda suka gana da gwamnan Borno, Kashim Shettima, a filin jirgin saman birnin, a wuri da aka tsaurara tsaro. Ziyarar ta kasance cikin sirri "kuma Jonathan bai ce uffan ba game da ziyarar tasa ko hare-haren da aka kai a wurin. A ranar 16 ga watan Janairu, mambobin ƙungiyar Young Global Leaders, World Economic Forum|of the World Economic Forum, ciki har da Hafsat Abiola-Costello, ɗiyar marigayi zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa M.K.O. Abiola, ya wallafa wata budaddiyar wasiƙa a cikin jaridar The Guardian zuwa ga Jonathan inda ya buƙace shi da ya daina yin shiru kan hare-haren, yana mai cewa “ya gamu da bala’i da rashin sanin makamar aiki”, martani na kama da martanin da ya yi akan sace ‘yan matan makarantar Chibok.
Manazarta
2015 Kashe-kashe a |
39854 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiu%20Adebayo%20Ibrahim | Rafiu Adebayo Ibrahim | PhD, FCIB Rafiu Adebayo Ibrahim (An haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 1966) ɗan majalisar dattawa ne a tarayyar Najeriya daga jihar Kwara. Ya wakilci mazabar Kwara ta Kudu a majalisar wakilai ta 8. Sanata Ibrahim ya kasance shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan harkokin banki, inshora da sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi, sannan kuma ya kasance memba a kwamitocin majalisar dattawa kan kasafin kudi, da dabi’un gwamnatin tarayya da harkokin gwamnatoci, da harkokin yada labarai da al’umma.
Ibrahim ya fara siyasa ne a karkashin jam’iyyar PDP, a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokokin jihar Kwara a shekarar, 2009, sannan kuma aka zabe shi a watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2011 don wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Ifelodun/Offa/Oyun a majalisar na Wakilan Najeriya na Majalisar Dokoki ta 7. Ibrahim ya zama Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya a shekarar 2015 lokacin da aka zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan majalisar dattawan jihar Kwara ta Kudu a majalisar dattawan Najeriya Ya sha kaye a zaɓen shekara ta, 2019 na 2019 na sake tsayawa takara a majalisar tarayya ta 9 a hannun Lola Ashiru na jam’iyyar APC.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Ibrahim a garin Ojoku da ke ƙaramar hukumar Oyun a jihar Kwara a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 1966 a cikin dangin Alhaji Ibrahim Ayinla Kajogbola da Alhaja Rafatu Adunni Ibrahim. Ibrahim ya fara karatunsa ne a makarantar Ojoku Grammar School inda ya yi jarrabawar shaidar kammala sakandare ta yammacin Afirka a shekarar, 1985. Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Kwara State Polytechnic inda ya kammala a shekarar, 1987. Ya yi digirinsa na biyu a Jami’ar Ado Ekiti ta Jihar Ekiti, inda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci a shekarar, 2000 sannan ya yi digirin digirgir, PhD a fannin harkokin kasuwanci a Jami’ar Lead City a shekarar, 2009. Har ila yau Ibrahim yana makarantar Harvard Kennedy don Innovation for Economic Development a cikin Afrilu shekarar, 2016 da Jagoranci na 21st Century: Chaos, Conflict and Courage a shekarar, 2018. A halin yanzu yana karatun Shari'a a Jami'ar Lead City, Ibadan.
Sana'a Ibrahim ya shiga harkar Banki ne a shekarar 1990 kuma ya zama mataimaki na Cibiyar Bankin Najeriya ta Chartered a shekarar, 1995. An kuma ba shi lambar yabo da Fellow of Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (FCIB) a shekarar, 2009 kuma ya kasance shugaban reshen Kwara na CIBN a wannan shekarar har zuwa shekarar, 2010. Ibrahim gogaggen ma’aikacin banki ne kuma kwararre kan harkokin kuɗi da ya shafe shekaru 15 a harkar banki, ya kware a fannin Zuba Jari, Gudanar da Baitulmali da Kuɗi na Ayyuka. Kwarewarsa a cikin harkokin kasuwanci ya yanke sassa daban-daban tare da sha'awar shawarwarin kuɗi ayyuka, tallace-tallace, bugu na tsaro, masana'antu, gine-gine da haɓaka ayyukan, rangwame-airing da gudanarwa. Kafin ya shiga siyasa, ya kasance Manajan Darakta kuma Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa na Kamfanin Ibrafunds Limited.
Yakin siyasa da mulki Ibrahim ya zama kwararre ɗan siyasa mai taimakon talakawa A matsayin wanda ya kirkiri gidauniyar Rafiu Ibrahim Foundation, an sanshi da bada tallafi wa ilimi ta koyarda sana'a ga matasa da mata.A watan Oktoba shekarar, 2017, gidauniyar tayi haɗin gwiwa kungiyar shugabanci da koyar da sana'o'i ta Afirika wato African Leadership Forum and the Entrepreneurship Development Center (EDC) da Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) don koyar da matasa, 200 daga kananan hukumomi 7 na yankin kwara ta kudu don koyarda sana'o'i da koyar da ilimin harkar kudade.
Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya An zaɓi Ibrahim a matsayin dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya a karkashin jam’iyyar APC daga jihar Kwara ta Kudu a watan Maris na shekarar, 2015. Ya lashe zaɓen kuma an rantsar da shi a matsayin Sanata a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekara ta, 2015. Daga nan kuma aka naɗa shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattawa kan harkokin banki, inshora da sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi, sannan kuma mamba a kwamitocin majalisar dattawa akan kasafin Kuɗi, halayyar tarayya da harkokin gwamnatin tarayya, da kafafen yada labarai da hulda da jama’a. A matsayinsa na shugaban kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan harkokin banki, inshora da sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi, ana yaba masa ne saboda daukar nauyin kudirin gyara sau biyu (Credit Reporting Act a shekarar, 2017 and Secured Transactions in Movable Assets Act a shekara ta, 2017 wadanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban Najeriya. akan Fihirisar "Samun Kiredit" daga lamba 44 zuwa lamba 6. Gaba daya, ya dauki nauyin kudirori 6 tare da kula da wasu 8 a matsayinsa na shugaban kwamitin a majalisar wakilai ta 8 Membobi da kulake Cibiyar Gudanarwa, Cibiyar Kasuwanci Masana'antu ta Legas
Memba, kungiyar tsofaffin daliban Makarantun Kasuwancin Legas
Memba, Ikoyi Club 1938
Patron, Junior Chamber International, Jami'ar Ilorin
Memba, Ojoku Descendant Progressive Association
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
5312 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk | Novosibirsk | Novosibirsk ta uku mafi yawan kuma goma sha biyu cikin sharuddan yankin birnin a Rasha, na da matsayi na birnin gundumar. A Gudanarwa tsakiyar Siberian Tarayya District, Novosibirsk yankin, da kuma kunshe a da membobinsu da Novosibirsk yankin. kamar yadda birnin yake tsakiyar Novosibirsk agglomeration mafi girma a Siberia.
Kasuwanci, harkokin kasuwanci, al'adu, masana'antu, sufuri da kuma kimiyya cibiyar tarayya muhimmanci.
Kafa a 1893, da matsayin birnin samu a 1903.
ɓangaren da Novosibirsk is located a kudu maso gabashin ɓangare na West Siberian Bayyana a kan likitan mata tudu m ga likitan mata River kwarin, kusa da tafki kafa Dam Novosibirsk GES, a mahada daga cikin gandun daji da kuma steppe zones. Hagu banki na birnin ne lebur, dama bankin yayi wani iri-iri bim, ridges kuma ravines, domin a nan zai fara miƙa mulki ga dutsen taimako Salair Ridge. Birnin da kuma m Zaeltsovskiy Kudryashovsky gandun daji, Novosibirsk tafki.
Gani Novosibirsky Jihar ilimi Opera da rawa gidan wasan kwaikwayo (na daya yi ya faru a watan Mayu 12, 1945) Rasha ta mafi girma a gidan wasan kwaikwayo gini, da abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmancin, alama ce birnin.
Tashar tashar jirgin "Novosibirsk-Main" (izini a 1939), da ginin da ake dimbin yawa kamar racing gabas kore locomotive.
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral na farko da dutse gini a cikin birnin, bayan da tsarkake kawai 6 bayan shekara da matabbatarsu. Kusa da babban coci fara babban titi na Novosibirsk Red Avenue.
Birane kasuwanci gidaje (yanzu Novosibirsk Yanki Museum) (yi kammala a shekarar 1911) wani gine-gine abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmancin, tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wasar kwaikwayo ta waka da kuma wasan kwaikwayo ta rawa gungu dokoki ne babban square na birnin Lenin Square.
City shopping kungiyar soja (yanzu Novosibirsk Yanki Museum) (yi kammala a shekarar 1911) wani gine-gine abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmancin, tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wasar kwaikwayo ta waka da kuma wasan kwaikwayo ta rawa gungu dokoki ne babban square na birnin Lenin Square.
Stokvartirny gidan (yi kammala a 1937) wani gida gina ta shahara m AD Kryachkova, wani gine-gine abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmanci gidan su. Lenin (yanzu Novosibirsk kungiyar) (yi kammala a 1925) An gina a ƙwaƙwalwar na shugaban Oktoba juyin juya halin na 1917 a kasa da watanni 6. Domin wannan aikin da aka bayar katunan tare da image na asali ce ta ginin, wanda mutane da ake kira "tubalin" (kudin daya katin da aka 10 aninai kudin daya bulo a lokaci). Katunan an sayar da mutane a mafi guntu yiwu lokaci.
Commercial Building gamuwa (gyara gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Red Tocilan") wani gine-gine abin tunawa, mai ban mamaki gina a shekara ta 1914 by Alexander D. Kryachkova.
Novosibirsk Museum of Railway kayan aiki The gidan kayan gargajiya ƙunshi babban tarin tururi locomotives, dizal locomotives, lantarki locomotives da motoci, kazalika da Soviet motoci. Jimlar tsawon da fairground ne game da uku kilomita. Sauna locomotive abin tunawa FD21-3000 NALunin, kafa a ƙwaƙwalwar na ƙ ir ƙ iro na dogo kai Novosibirsk metro gada a fadin likitan mata River, shi ne mafi tsawo gada jirgin karkashin kasa a duniya da tsawon 2145 m Novosibirsk tafki (likitan mata Sea, cike a 1957-1959) a rare biki makõma kuma daban-daban gasa, jimlar fannin 1,082 Novosibirsk Zoo, wanda yana da tarin fiye da 700 jinsunan (kusan 11 000 mutanen da 1 Janairu 2012);
Tsakiya Siberian Botanical Garden mafi girma a cikin Asiya na Rasha (wurin a kan 1,000 kadada);
Yara Railway tsawon mafi girma daga 5 km, located in Zaeltsovsky gandun daji, kuma yana da 5 tashoshin.
Sun Museum Rasha ta kawai gidan kayan gargajiya sadaukar domin da alamu da alamomin da rana.
Museum Alexander Pokryshkin Rasha ta kawai tashar jirgin karkashin kasa a gidan kayan gargajiya sadaukar domin Air Marshal kuma sau uku Hero na Tarayyar Soviet Alexander Pokryshkin.
Monument zuwa Alexander III a wurin shakatawa "Urban Home» likitan mata River. A bude akwai babban-jikan Sarkin sarakuna Bulus Kulikovskii Danish jama'a.
Novosibirsk Akademgorodok
A abin tunawa ga Vladimir Lenin a kan Square. Lenin. Ya bude Nuwamba 5, 1970 Bronze. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwa na al'adu gãdon tarayya muhimmancin. Multi-adadi abun da ke ciki: da dama daga cikin abin tunawa ga Vladimir Lenin uku Figures ma'aikata, sojoji da peasants alamar da tuki sojojin na juyin juya halin, hagu da adadi boys da 'yan mata da yula-qazanta kunnuwa, daidai da cin gaba na zamaninsu. Sculptor JF Brodsky, gine-ginen IG Pokrovsky, SP Skoblikov, GN Burhanov.
Kai Novosibirsk most kai cibiya na Siberia: ratsa shi Trans-Siberian Railway, hanyar jirgin kasa da hanyõyi. A Novosibirsk, located iko da yamma Siberian Railway. Novosibirsk ya haɗu Siberia, Far East, Central Asia da Turai yankuna na Rasha. Human da ciniki gudana muhimmanci taimakawa wajen ci gaban birnin. Novosibirsk ne a bangaren kogin tashar jiragen ruwa.
Manazarta
Biranen |
43382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shraddha%20Kapoor | Shraddha Kapoor | Shraddha Kapoor (an haife ta a 3 Maris din shekarar 1987 ko 1989 yar wasan kwaikwayon Indiya ce wacce ta fara aiki a fina-finan Hindi .tana daya daga cikin jaruman masana'antar shirya fina-finan indiya da suka fi samun albashi, Kapoor ta fito a cikin jerin sunayen shahararru 100 a Forbes India tun daga shekara 2014 kuma Forbes Asia ce ta bayyanata a cikin jerin 30 'yan kasa 30 na 2016.
Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
Diyar jarumi Shakti Kapoor ce, ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne da gajeriyar rawar da ta taka a cikin fim din sata mai taken Teen Patti na 2010,sannan ta fito a matsayin babbar jaruma a wasan kwaikwayo na matasa mai taken Luv Ka The End (2011). Kapoor ta sami nasara a fim din soyayya na Aashiqui 2 (2013), wanda ta sami lambar yabo ta Filmfare Award for Best Actress A shekara mai zuwa, ta nuna wani hali bisa Ophelia a cikin babban wasan kwaikwayo na Vishal Bhardwaj Haider (2014). Kapoor ta kafa kanta tare da rawar gani a cikin fim mai ban sha'awa na soyayya Ek Villain (2014), wasan kwaikwayo na rawa ABCD 2 (2015) da kuma fim din Baaghi (2016). Bayan jerin fina-finan da ba a samu nasara ba, fitowar ta mafi girma da aka fitar sun zo tare da ban dariya mai ban tsoro Stree (2018), mai ban sha'awa Saaho (2019), da wasan kwaikwayo-Chhichhore (2019).
Baya ga fitowa a fina-finai, Kapoor takan rera wakokinta a fina-finai da dama. Ita ce mai ba da goyon baya ga shahararrun masana'antu da samfura da yawa, a cikin Shekarar 2015, ta ƙaddamar da nata gun tufafin.
Rayuwar farko da asali An haifi jaruma Kapoor kuma ta girma a Mumbai A bangaren mahaifinta, Kapoor 'yar Punjabi ce, kuma a bangaren mahaifiyarta, ita yar zuriyar Marathi ce. Kakan mahaifiyarta Pandharinath Kolhapure, (dan kanin Deenanath Mangeshkar ya fito daga Kolhapur kuma kakarta ta fito daga Panaji, Goa Iyalan Kapoor sun hada da mahaifinta Shakti Kapoor da mahaifiyarta Shivangi Kapoor, babban yayanta Siddhanth Kapoor, kannen mahaifanta Padmini Kolhapure da Tejaswini Kolhapure duk 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ne a gidan kallo na Indiya Ita ce babbar yar Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Meena Khadikar, Usha Mangeshkar da Hridaynath Mangeshkar Wanda ta fito daga dangin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, Kapoor tana son zama ƴar wasan kwaikwayo tun tana ƙarama. Tana sanya kayan iyayenta, ta kuma rika bitar waƙoƙin fina-finai da rawar waƙoƙi irinta jaruman fim din a gaban madubi. Ta kuma raka mahaifinta zuwa wuraren daukar fim daban-daban a lokacin kuruciyarta. A yayin daukar daya daga cikin faifan bidiyon David Dhawan, Kapoor ta yi abota da jarumi Varun Dhawan, don yin wasa da shi, kuma sun rike fitila suna nuna kamar kamara ne yayin da suke isar da layin fim ga junansu, da Haka kuma suna ta rawa da wakokin fim na Govinda Kapoor ta yi karatunta ne a Makarantar Jamnabai Narsee kuma tana da shekaru 15, ta koma Makarantar Bombay ta Amurka A wata hira da <i id="mwdw">jaridar The Times of India</i>, Shetty ya bayyana cewa dukkansu sun kasance suna shiga gasar rawa. Da yake ta yi imanin cewa ta kasance mai fafatawa tun tana 'yar shekara 17 a duniya, Kapoor ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon hannu yayin da take tunanin waɗannan wasannin suna da ƙalubale sosai. Lokacin da jaridar Hindustan Times ne ta yi hira da su a cikin shekarar 2016, Kapoor da Shroff sun yarda da cewa sun shaku da juna a makaranta, amma ba su taba neman junansu ba. Daga nan Kapoor ta shiga Jami’ar Boston inda ta yi karatunta na digiri a fannin ilimin karanatar halayyar dan adam, amma ta bar shekararta ta farko don fitowa a fim dinta na farko bayan da furodusa Ambika Hinduja ya gan ta a fezbuk, wanda ya jefa ta a matsayin Teen Patti A wata hira datayi da Filmfare, Shakti Kapoor ta bayyana cewa Kapoor bai cika shekara 16 ba a lokacin da aka ba ta fim dinta na farko, mai sa'a: No Time for Love (2005) na shahararran jarumin masana'an tar shirya fim ta indiya wato Salman Khan, bayan ya ga daya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo a makarantarta. amma ta yi watsi da shawarar yayin da take burin zama masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. An horar da Kapoor a matsayin mawaƙiya tun lokacin ƙuruciyarta a matsayin kakanta na uwa kuma mahaifiyarta mawaƙiya ce na gargajiya.
Sana'a
Gwagwarmayar aiki da ci gaba (2010-2016) Kapoor ta fara fitowa ta farko a cikin 2010 a tallar <i id="mwpw">Teen Patti</i>, tare da Amitabh Bachchan, Ben Kingsley da R. Madhavan Ta taka rawa a matsayin 'yar jami'a. Fim ɗin ya sami ra'ayi mara kyau gaba ɗaya, kodayake aikinta ya fi karɓuwa. Preeti Arora, wanda ke rubutawa ga Rediff.com ya bayyana cewa: "ko da yake dan kadan ne, tana da damar da yawa." Nikhat Kazmi ta sake bitar: "Shraddha Kapoor ta fara fitowa mai ban sha'awa a matsayin matashiya mai taurin kai wacce ta zubar da ƙayyadaddun bayananta don sleaze, tare da access." Fim din ya kasa yin kyau a akwatin ofishin; duk da haka rawar da Kapoor ta yi ya sa ta samu nasarar lashe kyautar Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut Bayan fitowarta ta farko, ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fina-finai uku tare da Yash Raj Films kuma ta fito a cikin 2011 matashiya mai ban dariya a shirin wasan kwaikwayon Luv Ka The End, tare da Taaha Shah Kapoor ta bayyana matsayin wata matashiya daliba da ta yi wa saurayinta makirci bayan ya yaudare ta. Fim ɗin bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba a ofishin akwatin kuma ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban daga masu suka. Duk da haka, aikin Kapoor ya sami kyakkyawan bita mai mahimmanci. Taran Adarsh ya rubuta: "Shraddha wahayi ne, yana kama ku ba tare da saninsa ba tare da kwarin gwiwa. Ta kasance mai ban sha'awa a cikin lokacin da ta rushe bayan ta san ainihin manufar masoyinta." Don aikinta, Kapoor ta sami lambar yabo ta Stardust Searchlight Award don Mafi kyawun Jaruma Daga baya an ba Kapoor kyautar jagorar mata a cikin Aurangzeb (2013) a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyarta da Yash Raj Films. Duk da haka, ta sanya hannu a cikin Vishesh Films Aashiqui 2 (2013) a maimakon haka, ta yadda ta soke kwangilar fina-finai uku da Yash Raj Films. A shekara ta 2013, Kapoor ta taka babbar rawa a cikin fim ɗin soyayya na Mohit Suri Aashiqui 2, mabiyin fim ɗin Aashiqui na 1990. An jefa ta a matsayin Aarohi Keshav Shirke, mawaƙiyar ƙaramin gari wanda ta zama ƙwararren mai yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da taimakon mashahurin mawaƙi na maza (wanda Aditya Roy Kapur ya buga). Fim din ya kasance nasara a ofis tare da kudaden shiga na duniya na 1.09 biliyan Anupama Chopra mai sukar fina-finai ta kira Kapoor a matsayin "nasara ta gaske" kuma ta kara da cewa "fuskar ta na da lahani mai ban tsoro." Koyaya, Vinayak Chakravorty ta Indiya A Yau ta rubuta cewa "tayi kyau duk da cewa ta kasa ƙara walƙiya." Kapoor ta sami nadi da yawa a cikin mafi kyawun jarumai, ciki har da ta farko a Filmfare Awards A wannan shekarar, ta kuma fitowa a matsayin bakuwa a wasan kwaikwayon barkwanci na soyayya Gori Tere Pyaar Mein, wanda ta fito a matsayin budurwar Imran Khan Gwagwarmayar sana'a (2016-2017) Fitar Kapoor na ƙarshe a cikin 2016 shine wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗan rock Rock On 2, mabiyi na 2008's Rock On!! An jefa ta tare da Farhan Akhtar, Arjun Rampal da Prachi Desai Ta taka rawar Jiah Sharma, wata mawaƙiya ce da ta fito kuma mai buga madanni, wacce ke fama da rashin kula da mahaifinta. Don yin shiri, ta ɗauki lokaci tana karanta littattafai a keɓe kuma ta ɗauki horon murya a ƙarƙashin mawaƙa Samantha Edwards Namrata Joshi ta Hindu ba ta son fim ɗin kuma ta ɗauki aikin Kapoor a matsayin "tawali'u da biyayya". Rock On 2 bai dawo da miliyan 450 ba zuba jari, don haka fitowa a matsayin gazawar kasuwanci a ofishin akwatin.
Sauran aikin da hoton watsa labarai Bugu da kari kuma bayan a fina-finai, Kapoor ta tallafa wa ƙungiyoyin agaji, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo da kuma rera waƙa a cikin fina-finanta. Ta kuma yi tafiya a cikin Makon Kaya na Lakme don masu zanen kaya iri-iri kuma ta kasance abin koyi ga mujallu da yawa. Kapoor shine jakadan alama na samfurori da yawa, ciki har da Lakmé, Veet, Lipton, Marico 's Hair Care da sauran su. Bollywood Hungama ta sanya mata suna "daya daga cikin sunayen da ake nema" a masana'antar talla. Daga baya, a cikin Maris 2015, ta kaddamar da nata layin tufafi ga mata, mai suna Imara, tare da haɗin gwiwar Amazon.com A cikin 2021, ta saka hannun jari a cikin alamar abin sha na Shunya.
Filmography
Fina-finai
Bidiyon kiɗa
Hotuna
Yabo
Manazarta
GUHanyoyin haɗi na waje Shraddha Kapoor on Instagram
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamun%20Cutar%20Daji | Alamun Cutar Daji | Alamun ciwon daji shine canje-canje a cikin jiki wanda ke haifar da kasancewar ciwon daji. Yawanci suna faruwa ne sakamakon illar da ciwon daji ke yi a sassan jiki inda yake girma, duk da cewa cutar na iya haifar da wasu alamomi na gaba daya kamar rage kiba ko kasala. Akwai nau'ikan ciwon daji sama da 100 daban-daban tare da alamu da alamu masu yawa waɗanda zasu iya bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Alamu da Alamomi Ciwon daji rukuni ne na cututtuka da ke tattare da hadakar kwayoyin cuta mara kyau tare da yuwuwar mamayewa ko yadasu zuwa wasu sassan jiki. Ciwon daji na iya zama da wahala a gano shi saboda alamunsa da alamunsa galibi ba takamaimai bane, ma'ana suna iya zama al'amura na gaba daya wadanda ba su nuna kai tsaye ga takamaiman tsarin cutar ba.
A cikin magani, alamar wani yanki ne na hadinkai na bayanai wanda za'a iya aunawa ko a iya gani, kamar a cikin zafin jiki mai girma (zazzabi), kurji, ko rauni. Alamar alama, ta bambanta, ita ce kwarewa ta zahiri wanda zai iya nuna cuta, rashin lafiya ko rauni, kamar zafi, dizziness, ko gajiya. Alamu da alamun ba su bambanta da juna ba, misali za a iya lura da yanayin zafin jiki a matsayin alamar ta amfani da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio wanda ke yin rikodin babban karatu.
Saboda yawancin alamun cutar kansa suna sannu a hankali a farkon kuma gabadaya a yanayi, gwajin cutar kansa (wanda ake kira sa ido kan kansa) shine babban fifikon lafiyar jama'a. Wannan na iya hadawa da aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, gwaje-gwajen jiki, samfuran nama, ko gwaje-gwajen hoto wanda gungiyar kwararrun ke ba da shawarar a gudanar da su a tsaka-tsakin kayyadaddun adadin jama'a. Bincike na iya gano ciwon daji kafin bayyanar cututtuka su bayyana, ko farkon yanayin cutar. Ana iya kare wasu cututtukan daji da alluran rigakafin kwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da su (misali, rigakafin HPV a matsayin rigakafin kansar mahaifa).
Bugu da kari, ilimin hakuri game da alamun damuwa wadanda ke budatar karin kimantawa shine mahimmanci don rage cututtuka da mace-mace daga ciwon daji. Alamun da ke haifar da damuwa mai yawa, alamun da ke ci gaba ko ba a bayyana su ba, da/ko bayyanar alamu da yawa tare musamman suna garantin kimantawa ta kwararrun lafiya.
Alamomin Ciwon Daji Da Alamun Ciki Makanikai
Ciwon daji na iya haifar da alamu ta daya ko fiye daga cikin hanyoyi masu zuwa:
Tasirin taro Rashin hadakar nama, ko kari, na iya damfara tsarin da ke kusa, haifar da ciwo, kumburi ko rushewar aiki. Ba duka ciwon daji ke haifar da ciwace-ciwace ba. Ko da ciwon daji (wadanda ba su daidaita ba, ko bazuwa zuwa wasu kyallen takarda) na iya samun sakamako mai tsanani idan sun bayyana a wurare masu hadari, musamman zuciya ko kwakwalwa. Kananan toshewar hanji sakamakon haɓakar ƙari a cikin tsarin narkewar abinci wani misali ne na sakamakon 'sararin samaniya' sakamakon ciwon daji.
Asarar Aiki: Kwayoyin Tumor na iya rage sel na al'ada na iskar oxygen da abubuwan gina jiki, don haka ya rushe aikin wata mahimmanci. Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace da yawa suna haifar da sabbin hanyoyin samar da jini wanda ke yin hidima don samar da kari maimakon na yau da kullun, lafiyayyen nama. Ayyukan da ba a saba ba na kwayoyin cutar kansa da rage aikin sel na al'ada a cikin wata gabobin da aka bayar na iya haifar da gazawar gabobin.
Haɓaka Samar da Lactate: Tasirin Warburg ya bayyana cewa kwayoyin cutar kansa a gaban iskar oxygen da glucose suna daukar hanyar samar da makamashi daban-daban, suna karkatar da kuzari don samar da kwayoyin halitta don tallafawa hadakar dari. Wannan nau'in kwayar cuta ta musamman na kwayoyin kansa yana bude kofofin don yiwuwar jiyya na kansa ciki har da niyya lactate dehydrogenase da samar da tsaka-tsakin TCA.
Paraneoplastic Syndromes Wasu ciwon daji suna samar da hormones "ectopic", musamman lokacin da ciwace-ciwacen daji ke tasowa daga kwayoyin neuroendocrine, suna haifar da rashin daidaituwa iri-iri na endocrin. Misalai sun haɗa da samar da hormones na parathyroid ta hanyar ciwace-ciwacen parathyroid ko serotonin ta hanyar ciwan carcinoid. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, nau'ikan tantanin halitta waɗanda ke samar da wadannan kananan kwayoyin cuta suna yaduwa da mugunta kuma suna rasa yadda suke da martani ga mummunan ra'ayi. Saboda hormones suna aiki a kan kyallen takarda mai nisa daga wurin samarwa, alamun paraneoplastic da alamun bayyanar cututtuka na iya bayyana nesa da ciwon daji na asali.
Venous Thromboembolism: Marasa lafiya tare da wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji suna cikin haɗarin ƙumburi na jini saboda wuce gona da iri na abubuwan da ke hada su. Wadannan gudan jini na iya rushe wurare dabam dabam a cikin gida ko kuma su rabu da tafiya zuwa zuciya, huhu, ko kwakwalwa, kuma yana iya zama m. Alamomin daskarewar jini na iya hadawa da zafi, kumburi, dumi da kuma a karshen matakai, rashin karfi, musamman a hannu da ƙafafu. Wasu magungunan ciwon daji na iya ƙara haɓaka wannan hadarin.
Effusions: Ciwon daji na iya tayar da motsin ruwa a cikin jiki kuma ya haifar da tarin ruwa na waje. Ciwon nono da huhu, alal misali, yakan haifar da zubar da jini, ko tarin ruwa a cikin rufin huhu. Ciwon daji na ciki, gami da ciwon daji na ovarian da na mahaifa, na iya haifar da tarin ruwa a cikin kogon ciki.
Alamomin tuhuma Alamun ciwon daji na iya zama sauye-sauye na musamman ga jin dadin jin dadin jikin mutum (alamomin tsarin mulki), ko kuma na iya kasancewa zuwa wani tsarin gabobin jiki ko yanki na jiki.
Alamomin da ke biyo baya na iya zama bayyanar cutar kansa mai tushe. A madadin, za su iya yin nuni ga hanyoyin cututtukan da ba na kansa ba, ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, ko ma kasancewa cikin kewayon ilimin lissafi na al'ada. Suna iya bayyana a farkon wurin ciwon daji ko kuma zama alamun ciwon daji metastasis, ko yaduwa. Ana bukatar karin aiki ta kwararren kiwon lafiya don gano cutar kansa.
Alamomin Tsarin Mulki
Rage nauyin da ba a bayyana ba: Rage nauyi wanda ba a yi niyya ba kuma ba a bayyana shi ta hanyar abinci ba, motsa jiki ko wasu cututtuka na iya zama alamar gargadi na nau'in ciwon daji da yawa.
Ciwon da ba a bayyana ba Ciwon da ke ci gaba, ba shi da wani dalili mai mahimmanci, kuma baya amsa magani yana iya zama alamar gargadi na nau'in ciwon daji da yawa.
Gajiya ko gajiya da ba a bayyana ba: kunkarar da ba a sani ba kuma na ci gaba na iya nuna rashin lafiya, ciki har da ciwon daji na jini kamar cutar sankarar bargo ko lymphoma.
Zufan dare ko zazzabi da ba a bayyana ba: Wadannan na iya zama alamun cutar kansar tsarin rigakafi. Zazzabi a cikin yara ba kasafai ke nuna rashin lafiya ba, amma yana iya dacewa da kimantawa.
Alamomin gida
Alamomin Ciwon daji: Aikin Likita Kwararrun kiwon lafiya na iya bin aikin bincike na yau da kullun don tantance alamun cutar kansa. Gwaje-gwajen da aka ba da umarnin za su dogara da nau'in ciwon daji da ake zargi. Wadannan na iya haɗawa da:
Basic Metabolic Panel
Barium enema
Biopsy
Duban kashi
Burin kasusuwan kasusuwa da biopsy
MRI na nono
Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, da/ko Endoscopy
Cikakken kididdigan Jinin Jini da/ko Shafar Jini na Wuta
Kwamfuta Tomography (CT) Scan
Jarrabawar Dubura ta Dijital
Electrocardiogram (EKG) da kuma Echocardiogram
Gwaje-gwajen Jini na Farko
Hoto Resonance Magnetic (MRI)
Mammogram
MUGA Scan
Gwajin Pap
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
Gwajin Alamar Tumor
Ultrasound
Alamun Jiyya da Na Biyu Jiyya na ciwon daji na iya hadawa da tiyata, chemotherapy, radiation far, hormonal far, niyya far (ciki har da immunotherapy kamar monoclonal antibody far da kuma roba mutuwa, mafi yawanci a matsayin jerin raba jiyya (misali chemotherapy kafin tiyata). Wasu daga cikin waɗannan magungunan ciwon daji na iya haifar da alamun jiyya, ko na biyu, gami da:
Ciwo
Ciwon daji na iya haifar da ciwon daji ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta da kanta tana damfara sassan da ke kusa, dage jijiyoyi, ko haifar da amsa mai kumburi. Hakanan ana iya haifar dashi ta hanyar hanyoyin kwantar da hankali kamar radiation ko chemotherapy. Tare da ingantaccen kulawa, ana iya kawar da ciwon daji ko kuma sarrafa shi sosai a cikin 80% zuwa 90% na lokuta, amma kusan 50% na masu fama da ciwon daji a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suna samun ƙasa da kulawa mafi kyau. A duk duniya, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon daji suna samun ɗan magani kaɗan ko babu. Ciwon daji a cikin yara da kuma mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ba a yi musu magani ba.
Kamuwa da cuta
Zurfin Jijiya Thrombosis
Ciwon huhu
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Ciwon tsoka
Alamomin da ke bukatar magani na gaggawa sun haɗa da:
Zazzabi wanda shine 100.4 °F (38 °C) ko mafi girma
Girgizawa yayi
Ciwon kirji ko karancin numfashi
Rudani
Ciwon kai mai tsanani tare da taurin wuya
Fitsari mai jini
Manazarta Cutar daji
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
58325 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim%20bin%20Attar | Chaim bin Attar | Chaim bin Attar ko kuma Hayim ben Moshe ibn Attar b. 7 ga Yuli 1743) wanda kuma aka sani da Or ha-Ḥayyim bayan shahararren sharhinsa akan Attaura, Talmudist da kuma Kabbalist. Ana iya cewa shi daya ne daga cikin fitattun malamai na Maroko, kuma ana girmama shi sosai a addinin Yahudanci Hassidic.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haife shi a Salé, Morocco a cikin shekarar 1696, Chaim ɗan Rabbi Moshe Ben-Attar ne kuma jikan Rabbi Chaim Ben-Attar (Dattijo),wanda ya koya ilimi daga gare shi a farkon shekarunsa. Sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara tara, iyalinsa suka gudu zuwa Meknes, a ƙasar Maroko, suna tserewa wasiƙar antisemitic na gida. Ba da daɗewa ba ya auri wata ‘yar uwarsa, mai suna Fatzunyah, mahaifinta ya goyi bayansa, ya bar shi ya yi karatun Attaura ba tare da nauyin taimakon gida ba; bai samu haihuwa da ita ba, don haka daga baya ya auri mata ta biyu mai suna Esther Bibas, wadda yake da ’ya mace tilo da ita. Yakan yi karatun tafsiri da su duk daren Juma'a sashin Attaura na mako tare da bayanin da aka rubuta kuma aka inganta shi zuwa shahararren sharhinsa 'Ko ha-Hayyim al ha-Torah'. Lokacin da surukinsa ya mutu a shekara ta 1724, yanayin samunsa ya tsananta, kodayake nauyin tallafi ya koma ga mahaifinsa. A wannan lokacin, yana kuma gudanar da yeshiva a Salé. Lokacin da fari ta afkawa kasar Moroko, ya yanke shawarar barin ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, ya zauna a ƙasar Isra'ila, a lokacin wani ɓangare na Daular Usmaniyya ta Siriya. A kan hanyarsa, attajiran Yahudawa sun tsaida shi kuma suka kafa masa yeshiva a Livorno. Wannan ya kasance a cikin 1739. Yawancin almajiransa daga baya sun zama fitattu kuma suka ba shi kuɗi don buga littafinsa Or ha-Ḥayyim (Harshen Chaim ya samu karbuwa sosai a duk inda ya je saboda yawan ilimi da basirarsa. Kafin ya zauna na dindindin a ƙasar Isra'ila, ya tafi Algiers inda ya ɗauki ɗalibai don yeshiva da yake shirin buɗewa a ƙasar Isra'ila. Ba da daɗewa ba ya isa tashar jiragen ruwa na Acre a ƙasar Isra'ila tare da matansa biyu da ɗalibai talatin. Duk da haka bai iya kai tsaye zuwa Urushalima ba, saboda annoba. A tsakiyar 1742 ya isa Urushalima, inda ya kafa Yeshivat Knesset Isra'ila Ɗaya daga cikin almajiransa akwai Chaim Yosef David Azulai, wanda ya rubuta game da girman ubangijinsa: "Zuciyar Attar ta girgiza da Talmud; ya tumɓuke duwatsu kamar rafi maras ƙarfi, tsarkinsa na mala'ikan Ubangiji ne, da ya raba duka duka. alaka da al'amuran duniya." A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 1743, kasa da shekara guda da isowarsa Urushalima, Chaim ya rasu; ya kasance a ranar Asabar An ce a wannan makon a Turai, Baal Shem Tov yana zaune a Seudah shlishit, kuma kafin kowa a yankin ya sami labarin mutuwar Chaim, ya ce, “An kashe hasken Yamma!” An binne shi a makabartar Yahudawa ta Dutsen Zaitun da ke Kudus, Isra'ila.
Ayyuka Ḥefetz Hashem (ƙarin Allah), Amsterdam, 1732—rubutu a kan littattafan Talmudic guda huɗu Berakhot, Shabbat, Horayot, da Ḥullin.
Ko ha-Ḥayyim (Hasken Rayuwa), Venice, 1742 sharhin Pentateuch bayan hanyoyin huɗu da aka sani tare da Pardes an sake buga shi sau da yawa. Sunansa ya dogara ne akan wannan aikin, wanda ya shahara a wurin Hasidim Peri Toar (Beautiful Fruit), novellae on the Shulchan Aruch Yoreh De'ah musamman tare da sharhin Hiskiah de Silva Peri Ḥadash, Amsterdam, 1742; Vienna da Lemberg, 1810.
Rishon le-Zion, Constantinople, 1750—wanda ya ƙunshi litattafai zuwa littattafan Talmudic da yawa, akan wasu sassa na Shulḥan Arukh, akan kalmomin Maimonides, akan Megillot biyar, akan Annabawa da kuma Karin Magana A ƙarƙashin wannan take an buga shi a Polna, 1804, bayaninsa akan Joshua Alƙalai Sama'ila da Ishaya Duba kuma Shugaban Joseph David Azulai
Ha-Chaim Synagogue
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki Michael, Ko ha-hayyim, No. 894;
Benjacob, Otzar ha-Sefarim, p. 541;
Luncz, a Urushalima, i.122 (epitaphs);
Nacht, Mekor Chayim, tarihin rayuwar Ibrananci na 'Attar, Drohobycz, 1898;
Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim Franco, Histoire des Israélites d'Orient
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ko haHayyim: Halittu, Al'ada, da Sufanci a cikin Tafsirin Attaura na R. Hayyim bn Attar.
Littafin Ohr ha-Chaim a cikin fayilolin rubutu a cikin |
18667 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Quincy%20Adams | John Quincy Adams | John Quincy Adams (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 1767 ya mutu a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1848) shi ne Shugaban Amurka na shida. Shine shugaban ƙasa na farko wanda yake ɗan Shugaban ƙasa. Hakanan, Adams shine shugaban ƙasa na farko da aka ɗauki hoto, maimakon zanen fenti.
Adams ya kasance ɗan Tarayya ne kuma ya yi aiki a gwamnatocin duk shuwagabannin da suka gabace shi. Ya kasance Sakataren Gwamnati a karkashin James Monroe, wanda ya gabace shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. Ya fara aikinsa ne yana ɗan shekara 27 a shekarar 1794 lokacin da Shugaba Washington ya nada shi Ministan Amurka zuwa Netherlands.
Adams ya jagoranci yaƙi da bautar a cikin Majalisa. A cikin 1838, yana da shekara 71, yayi magana game da bayin Afirka na jirgin bawa na Amistad Ya yi nasara a shari’ar. Ya kuma kalubalanci tsarin mulki na Dokar Gag a Majalisa kuma ya ga cire shi a cikin shekarar 1844 bayan shekaru takwas na gwagwarmaya da shi.
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a shekarar 1767 a Braintree, Massachusetts Tun yana yaro ya kalli yakin Bunker Hill, yakin Yakin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, daga gonar danginsa. Lokacin da mahaifinsa, John Adams, ya yi tafiya zuwa Turai, John Quincy ya tafi tare da shi a matsayin sakataren sa. Ya kware a iya magana da wasu yarukan. Baya ga Ingilishi, ya kuma iya Turanci da Faransanci sosai, kuma yana da ɗan sanin yaren Dutch, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Italiyanci, Sifen, da Rasha.
Ilimi Ya tafi Harvard College ya zama lauya Yana dan shekara 26, aka nada shi Minista a Netherlands sannan ya tafi Berlin A shekarar 1802, an zabe shi a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka Shekaru shida bayan haka, Shugaba James Madison ya nada shi Ministan Rasha A matsayinsa na Sakataren Gwamnati lokacin da James Monroe yake Shugaban ƙasa, Adams ya tsara haɗin gwiwa na Oregon tare da andasar Ingila kuma ya taimaka samun Florida daga Spain. Ya kuma taimaka wajen yin koyarwar Monroe Mai Tsarkaka A cikin shekarar 1830s, bautar ya zama wani batun da ke haifar da rikice-rikice a Amurka. Ya dade yana adawa da bautar, Adams ya yi amfani da sabon matsayinsa a Majalisar don yakarsa, kuma ya zama fitaccen shugaban kasa da ke adawa da bautar. Bayan daya daga cikin nasarorin sake zaben nasa, ya ce dole ne ya "kawo ranar da aka yi annabcin da za a kori bayi da yaƙi daga doron ƙasa." Ya rubuta a cikin jaridarsa mai zaman kansa a cikin shekarar 1820:Tattaunawa game da wannan tambaya ta Missouri ya ci amanar asirin rayukansu. A cikin abin da ba a yarda da shi ba sun yarda cewa bautar mugunta ce, sun ƙi shi, kuma suka ɗora ta duka a kan kafaɗar Burtaniya. Amma lokacin da aka gwada su da sauri, sai su nuna a ƙasan rayukansu girman kai da girman kai a cikin yanayin shugabancin su. Suna kallon ƙasƙanci game da ɗabi'ar Yankee, saboda ba shi da ɗabi'a na wuce gona da iri irin nasu kuma ba zai iya ɗaukar marasa kulawa kamar karnuka ba. Yana daga cikin sharrin bautar da ya ɗora tushen asalin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a. Yana kafa ƙididdigar ƙarya na nagarta da mugunta: don me zai iya zama mafi ƙarya da rashin zuciya fiye da wannan koyarwar wacce ke sanya farkon farkon kuma mafi kyawun 'yancin ɗan adam ya dogara da launin fata?A cikin 1836, a wani ɓangare dangane da yadda Adams yake gabatar da ƙararraki na dan kasa wanda yake neman a soke bautar a Gundumar Kolombiya, Majalisar Wakilai ta sanya "dokar gag" wacce take gabatar da duk wata bukata game da bautar. 'Yan jam'iyyar Democrats da Kudancin Whigs sun fi son mulkin amma yawancin Whigs na Arewa sun ƙi shi kamar Adams.
A ƙarshen shekarar 1836, Adams ya fara kamfen don izgili ga masu mallakar bayi da dokar gag. Ya yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa don gabatar da buƙatun yaƙi da bautar, sau da yawa ta hanyoyin da ke haifar da da martani mai ƙarfi daga wakilan Kudancin. Kodayake dokar ta baci ta kasance a wurin, tattaunawar ta ɓarke da ayyukanshi da yunƙurin da wasu suka yi don kwantar masa da hankali ya haifar da tambayoyi game da haƙƙin koke, da 'yancin yin muhawara kan doka, da kuma ɗabi'ar bayi. Adams yayi gwagwarmaya sosai da mulkin gag na wasu shekaru bakwai, daga ƙarshe ya motsa ƙudurin da ya haifar da soke shi a cikin shekarar 1844.
A cikin shekarar 1841, bisa bukatar Lewis Tappan da Ellis Gray Loring, Adams ya shiga shari'ar Amurka v. Amistad din Adams ya je Kotun Koli a madadin bayin Afirka da suka yi tawaye suka kwace jirgin ruwan Spain Amistad Adams ya bayyana a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu,shekarar 1841, kuma yayi magana na tsawon awanni hudu. Hujjarsa ta yi nasara; Kotun ta yanke hukuncin ne kan 'yan Afirka, wadanda aka ayyana su a matsayin' yanci kuma suka koma gidajensu.
Shugabancin kasa Majalisar Wakilan Amurka ce ta zaɓi Adams a matsayin shugaban ƙasa bayan zaɓen shugaban kasar Amurka na shekarar 1824 da bai baiwa kowa rinjayen kuri'un zabe ba. Mutanen da suke son Andrew Jackson ya yi nasara sun ce akwai wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Adams da Kakakin Majalisar Henry Clay Adams ya sanya Clay sakataren Gwamnatin sa Adams ya gabatar da doka don ci gaban Amurka a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da ya kira "Tsarin Amurka." Wannan yana nufin ya kirkiro hanyoyi, magudanan ruwa, kuma yayi amfani da babban harajin s, ko haraji kan shigo da kaya. Daga bada shawarwari sun halittar kasa jami'a, wani sojan ruwa makarantar kimiyya, kuma a kasa astronomical Observatory Adams ya yi yaƙi da majalisa sau da yawa kamar yadda yawancin magoya bayan Andrew Jackson ba su son goyon bayansa ga bankin ƙasa da haraji.
Adams ya faɗi zaɓen shekarar 1828 ga Jackson. An lura da zaben saboda harin kai harin da ‘yan takarar suka kaiwa juna.
Daga baya rayuwa Adams ya dawo Massachusetts na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan da ya ɓace. Ya sake komawa Washington DC a shekarar 1831 bayan an zabe shi a Majalisar Wakilan Amurka. Ya kasance babban mai adawa da bautar Ya kasance a Majalisar har zuwa ranar mutuwarsa a ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1848.
Mutuwa A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1848, Adams ya sha wahala a bugun jini a cikin ɗakin majalisar. Ya faɗi ya mutu a cikin Gidan kwana biyu bayan haka a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1848. Yana da shekara tamanin. Ya kasance na 7 (kuma ana iya cewa mafi mahimmanci) mutuwar shugaban Amurka.
Manazarta Shugaban Kasa
Shugabanni
Shugabannin Amurka
Pages with unreviewed |
34580 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaki | Akaki | Akaki Oromo Aqaaqii yanki ne a yankin Oromia, Habasha Wani yanki na shiyyar musamman Oromia da ke kewaye da Finfinne, Akaki yana da iyaka da shiyyar Kudu maso yamma da shiyyar Shewa ta Kudu maso Yamma, daga yamma kuma tana iyaka da Sebeta Hawas, daga arewa maso yamma da Addis Ababa, daga arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da Bereh, daga gabas kuma tana iyaka da shiyyar Shewa ta gabas Cibiyar gudanarwa na wannan gundumar ita ce Dukem Dubawa Tsayin wannan yanki ya kai mita 1500 zuwa 2300 sama da matakin teku. Dutsen Yerer, da ke kan iyaka da Ada'a Chukala, shi ne mafi tsayi a garin Akaki; wasu fitattun kololuwa sun hada da Guji, Bilbilo da Bushu. Koguna sun hada da Akaki, Dukem, da Awash Muhimman dazuzzukan sun hada da dajin Yerer da gwamnati ke karewa da kuma dazuzzukan Addis Baha. Binciken da aka yi a wannan yanki ya nuna cewa kashi 72.2% na noma ne ko kuma ana nomawa, kashi 7.6% makiyaya ne, kashi 4.4% na gandun daji, sauran kashi 15.8 kuma ana daukarsu a matsayin fadama, gurɓatacce ko kuma ba za a iya amfani da su ba. Lentils, chickpeas da fenugreek sune mahimman amfanin gona na kuɗi. Masana'antu a gundumar sun hada da masu hakar ma'adinai 3 masu lasisi, kananan masana'antu 11 masu daukar mutane 71, da kasuwanci masu rijista 694 da suka hada da dillalai 44, dillalai 139 da masu samar da sabis 115. Akwai kungiyoyin manoma 25 da membobi 10,853 da kuma kungiyar masu yiwa manoma hidima 13 da mambobi 8549. Akaki yana da tsawon kilomita 85 na bushewar yanayi da titin duk yanayin yanayi 35, don matsakaicin yawan titin kilomita 210 a cikin murabba'in kilomita 1000. Kimanin kashi 16% na yankunan karkara 100% na birane da kashi 23% na yawan jama'a suna samun ruwan sha Tarihi Alamar wurin ita ce Oda Nabi, wanda shine inda ƙungiyoyin Machaa da Tulama suka gudanar da taron masu dafa abinci tare kafin Macha su ketare kogin Guder a lokacin Robale Gadaa (1570-1578) kuma Oda Nabi ya yi nisa don tafiya kowace shekara ta takwas. Ana cikin gundumar Akaki ne cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Aba Samuel, wacce aka sanya wa sunan wani coci da ke kusa. Rukunin ginin ya hada da dam na farko da aka gina a kwarin Awash, duk da cewa yana kan kogin Akaki, wanda Italiyanci suka gina a shekarar 1939, kuma tafkin da madatsar ruwan ya samar yana da karfin ajiyar mita 40,000. Asali 6,600 Kamfanin wutar lantarki na kW, an fadada shi a farkon shekarun 1950 ta yadda ya samar da kWh miliyan 20 a shekara ta 1955. A farkon shekarun 1940, turawan ingila sun yi yunkurin kwashe muhimman sassa na na'urar samar da wutar lantarki, amma an dakatar da su bayan wani fafatawa na 'yan mintuna da 'yan sandan Addis Ababa.
Alkaluma Kididdiga ta kasa ta shekara ta 2007 ta bayar da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 77,836, wadanda 40,241 maza ne, 37,595 kuma mata; 6,670 ko 8.57% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne. Yawancin mazaunan sun ce suna yin addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha, tare da 85.86% na yawan jama'a sun ba da rahoton cewa sun lura da wannan imani, yayin da 10.56% na yawan jama'ar Furotesta ne, kuma 3.34% na yawan jama'ar Musulmai ne Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta fitar a shekarar 2005, wannan gundumar tana da adadin yawan jama'a 74,020, daga cikinsu 38,092 maza ne, 35,928 kuma mata ne. An kiyasta fadin fadin kasa murabba'in kilomita 571.41, Akaki tana da yawan jama'a 129.5 a kowace murabba'in kilomita wanda bai kai matsakaicin yanki na 181.7 ba. Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 1994 ta ba da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 53,886, waɗanda 27,902 maza ne da mata 25,984; Babu wani dan birni a wannan gundumar a lokacin. Manyan kabilu uku da aka ruwaito a Akaki sune Oromo (81.24%), Amhara (17.1%), da Werji (0.81%); duk sauran kabilun sun kasance kashi 0.85% na yawan jama'a. An yi amfani da Oromiffa a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 81.42%, kuma kashi 18.14% na magana da Amharic sauran 0.44% sun yi magana duk sauran yarukan farko da aka ruwaito. Mafi yawan mazaunan mabiya addinin kirista ne na Habasha Orthodox, tare da kashi 96.66% na yawan jama'a sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi imani, yayin da 1.83% na yawan jama'ar suka ce su Musulmai ne, kuma 1.03% sun yi imani na gargajiya.
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29895 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Rights%20Group | Open Rights Group | Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙididdiga ORG ƙungiya ce ta Birtaniya da ke aiki don kiyaye haƙƙin dijital da yancin kai ta hanyar yin kamfen kan batutuwan haƙƙin dijital da kuma haɓaka al'umma na masu fafutuka na asali. Yana yaƙin neman zaɓe akan batutuwa da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da sa ido na jama'a, tacewa ta intanit da sahihanci, da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha.
Tarihi Danny O'Brien ne ya fara ƙungiyar, Cory Doctorow, Ian Brown, Rufus Pollock, James Cronin, Stefan Magdalinski, Louise Ferguson da Suw Charman bayan wani taron tattaunawa a Open Tech 2005. O'Brien ya ƙirƙira jingina akan PledgeBank, wanda aka sanya akan 23 Yuli 2005, tare da ranar ƙarshe na 25 Disamba 2005: "Zan ƙirƙiri tsari na tsaye na fam 5 a kowane wata don tallafawa ƙungiyar da za ta yi yaƙin neman yancin dijital a Burtaniya amma kawai idan sauran mutane 1,000 ma za su yi." Alkawarin ya kai mutane 1000 a ranar 29 ga Nuwambar shekara ta 2005. An ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙididdiga a wani taron "sayarwa" a Soho, London. O'Brien created a pledge on PledgeBank, placed on 23 July 2005, with a deadline of 25 December 2005: "I will create a standing order of 5 pounds per month to support an organisation that will campaign for digital rights in the UK but only if 1,000 other people will too." The pledge reached 1000 people on 29 November 2005. The Open Rights Group was launched at a "sell-out" meeting in Soho, London.
Aiki Ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da bincike ga Ƙungiyar Intanet ta Duk Jam'iyyar (APIG) game da sarrafa haƙƙin dijital An girmama ƙungiyar a cikin 2008 Privacy International Big Brother Awards tare da No2ID, Liberty, Genewatch UK da sauransu, a matsayin amincewa da ƙoƙarin da suke yi na ci gaba da sa ido kan jama'a na jihohi da na kamfanoni. A cikin 2010 ƙungiyar ta yi aiki tare da Digiri na 38 don adawa da gabatarwar Dokar Tattalin Arziki na Dijital, wanda aka zartar a cikin Afrilu 2010. Kungiyar ta yi adawa da matakan da ke cikin daftarin dokar Tsaro ta Yanar Gizo da aka gabatar a shekarar 2021 wanda take kallo a matsayin cin zarafin ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma sakaya suna a kan layi.
Burin Don yin aiki tare da wasu haƙƙoƙin dijital da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa.
Don raya al'ummar sa kai masu fafutuka, tun daga masu fafutuka na asali zuwa masana fasaha da shari'a.
Don adanawa da haɓaka 'yancin ɗan adam na gargajiya a duniyar dijital.
Don samar da gidan watsa labarai, haɗa ƴan jarida tare da masana da masu fafutuka.
Don wayar da kan jama'a a kafofin watsa labarai na cin zarafin dijital.
Wuraren sha'awa Ƙungiyar, ko da yake ta mai da hankali kan tasirin fasahar dijital kan 'yancin ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya, tana aiki tare da fa'ida da yawa a cikin wannan rukunin. Abubuwan sha'awa sun haɗa da:
Samun ilimi Haƙƙin mallaka
Ƙirƙirar Commons
Kyauta da buɗaɗɗen software software
Yankin jama'a
Haƙƙin mallaka na Crown
Gudanar da Ƙuntatawar Dijital
Halayen software
'Yancin magana da sharhi Tace Intanet
Haƙƙin yin magana
s. 127 Sadarwa Dokar 2003
Gwamnati da dimokuradiyya Zaɓen lantarki
Dokokin 'yancin bayanai
Keɓantawa, sa ido da ƙima Bibiyar Mota ta atomatik
Riƙe bayanan sadarwa
Gudanar da shaida
Tsakanin Yanar Gizo
Bayanan kiwon lafiya na marasa lafiya na NHS
Bayanan DNA na 'yan sanda
RFID
Tsarin ORG yana da ma'aikacin da ake biya, wanda membobinsa sun haɗa da: Jim Killock (Mai Gudanarwa)
Javier Ruiz Diaz (mai yakin neman zabe)
Tsoffin ma'aikatan sun hada da Suw Charman-Anderson da Becky Hogge, Dukkan Daraktocin Gudanarwa, Mai Gudanar da Zabe na e-Voting Jason Kitcat, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Peter Bradwell, mai yakin neman zabe Katie Sutton da shugaba Katerina Maniadaki. Majiɓincin ƙungiyar shine Neil Gaiman Ya zuwa Oktoba 2019 kungiyar tana da magoya baya sama da 3,000 da ke biyan albashi.
Majalisar shawara da kwamitin gudanarwa Baya ga ma’aikata da masu aikin sa kai, akwai kwamitin ba da shawara mai mambobi sama da talatin, da kwamitin gudanarwa, wanda ke kula da ayyukan kungiyar, ma’aikata, tara kuɗaɗe da manufofin ƙungiyar. Mambobin hukumar na yanzu sune kamar haka:
A cikin Janairu 2015, Ƙungiyar Buɗaɗɗen Haƙƙin Ƙungiyoyin ta sanar da kafa Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Scotland wacce za ta gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi haƙƙin dijital da kamfen na Scotland. Majalisar Shawara ta ƙunshi:
Daga Majalisar Ba da Shawarwari ta Burtaniya:
Judith Rauhofer
Keith Mitchell ne adam wata
Lilian Edwards
Wendy Grossman
Kuma daga Budaddiyar Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama:
Milena Popova
Owen Blacker
Simon Phipps
Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan farko shine ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da adawa ga Database Identity na Scotland.
ORGCON ORGCON ita ce taro na farko da aka sadaukar don haƙƙin dijital a cikin Burtaniya, an tallata shi azaman "Tsarin haɗari a haƙƙin dijital". An gudanar da shi a karon farko a cikin shekara ta 2010 a Jami'ar City da ke Landan kuma ya hada da manyan jawabai daga Cory Doctorow, 'yan siyasa da kungiyoyin matsa lamba irin su Liberty, NO2ID da Big Brother Watch An gudanar da ORGCON a cikin shekara ta 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017, da 2019 inda Edward Snowden ya ba da mahimmin bayani.<ref></ref
Duba kuma Yakin Yakin Cece-kuce
Tace a Burtaniya
Binciken Intanet
Open Genealogy Alliance
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haƙƙoƙi
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
56990 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Temple-Wood | Emily Temple-Wood | Emily Temple-Wood (an haife shi a watan Mayu 24, 1994) likitan Ba'amurke ne kuma editan Wikipedia wanda ke da sunan Keilana akan rukunin yanar gizon. An san ta da ƙoƙarin da take yi na magance illolin da kuma abubuwan da ke haifar da nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi a Wikipedia, musamman ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kasidu game da mata a fannin kimiyya An ayyana ta a matsayin mai karɓar haɗin gwiwa na lambar yabo ta Wikipedian na shekarar 2016, ta Jimmy Wales, a Wikimania a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2016. Temple-Wood ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Loyola Chicago da Jami'ar Midwestern Ta yi aikin likita a Chicago.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Temple-Wood ya halarci Makarantar Avery Coonley a Downers Grove, Illinois A 2017 Wired labarin ya bayyana ta a matsayin "nau'in makarantar sakandare wanda ya ƙi tsayawa ga Alkawarin Amincewa, saboda ta yi tunanin ra'ayin sa yara ya rantse rantsuwar aminci ya kasance abin ban mamaki." Ta ci 2008 DuPage County Spelling Bee. Wannan nasarar ta kai ta shiga cikin Scripps National Spelling Bee a wannan shekarar, inda ta dade har zuwa matakin kwata fainal kuma ta kare a matsayi na 46. Bayan gasar, a watan Yuni 2008 ta samu karramawa daga lokacin Laftanar gwamna na Illinois, Pat Quinn, tare da sauran yanki haruffa zakarun kudan zuma. Ta ci gaba da zuwa Downers Grove North High School, inda ta kasance memba na tawagar magana. Wannan ƙungiyar ta sami lambobin yabo huɗu, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine na farko, a taron 2011 Illinois High School Association a Peoria A matsayinta na babbar jami'a, an ba ta suna a cikin "manyan kashi biyu" a cikin 2012. A watan Mayun 2016, ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Loyola Chicago da digiri a kan ilmin kwayoyin halitta da Larabci da karatun Islama. Ta fara karatun likitanci a Jami'ar Midwestern ta Chicago a cikin bazara na 2016. Tun daga 2020, ta kammala karatun digiri na likita kuma likita ce a Chicago.
Yi aiki akan Wikipedia Temple-Wood ya sami ɗaukar hoto na ƙasa don ƙirƙirar labaran Wikipedia game da masana kimiyya mata, da kuma yunƙurinta na ƙara wakilcin su akan Wikipedia. Ta fara gyara ta zuwa Wikipedia a cikin 2005, tana da shekara 10. Ta fara ba da gudummawa ga rukunin yanar gizon tun tana ɗan shekara 12, kuma a lokacin tana 12 ne aka fara tursasa ta a kan layi sakamakon gudummawar da ta bayar a Wikipedia. Ta fara ƙoƙarinta game da mata masana kimiyya lokacin da take makarantar sakandare. A cikin 2007, ta zama mai gudanarwa akan Wikipedia kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin sasantawa daga 2016 zuwa 2017. Ta haɗu da haɗin gwiwar masana kimiyyar mata na WikiProject na Wikipedia a cikin 2012; tun daga lokacin, ta rubuta ɗaruruwan shafukan Wikipedia game da mata masana kimiyya. Gyarawa a ƙarƙashin sunan mai amfani "Keilana", ta fara ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan labaran lokacin da ta lura cewa mata kaɗan waɗanda ke cikin Royal Society suna da labarin Wikipedia. Ta shaida wa gidauniyar Wikimedia cewa lokacin da ta fara lura da hakan, sai ta ji haushi ta rubuta labarin a daren. A zahiri na zauna a cikin falon gidan har zuwa karfe 2 na safe na rubuta mata na farko a labarin kimiyya." Labarin da ta fi alfahari da ita ita ce a kan Rosalyn Scott, mace ta farko Ba-Amurke da ta zama likitar thoracic. Temple-Wood ya kuma shirya edit-a-thon a gidajen tarihi da dakunan karatu da nufin haɓaka wakilcin mata masana kimiyya akan Wikipedia. A watan Oktoban 2015, ta gaya wa jaridar The Atlantic cewa ta gano masana kimiyya mata 4,400 da ba a rubuta labarin Wikipedia game da su ba duk da cewa kowannen su ya yi fice sosai da daya ya rufe. A cikin Maris 2016, ta sami hankalin kafofin watsa labaru na duniya saboda yadda ta bi ta hanyar cin zarafi ta yanar gizo da ta samu: ga kowane irin imel ɗin da ta samu, ta yi shirin ƙirƙirar labarin Wikipedia game da wata mata masanin kimiyya. A wannan watan, ta gaya wa BuzzFeed News cewa game da yin hakan, "Burina shi ne in ba da takaicin da nake ji daga ana tursasa ni zuwa wani abu mai amfani." A cikin Mayu 2016, ta gaya wa The Fader "A matsayina na Wikipedian, martani na na halitta don ganin gibi a cikin ɗaukar hoto shine fara aiki, don haka abin da na yi da aikin mata masana kimiyya ke nan. Maza ne suka mamaye labarin tarihin, kuma tabbatar da cewa an haɗa tarihin rayuwar mata a cikin Wikipedia zai iya zama hanyar mu ta rubuta mata a cikin wannan labarin." Ayyukanta sun kai ga sunanta a matsayin haɗin gwiwar Wikipedian na shekara a cikin 2016, tare da Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Matsayi Temple-Wood memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Wikimedia DC, Gundumar Columbia yanki na ƙungiyar Wikimedia. Ita ma memba ce ta hukumar Wiki Project Med Foundation, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Wikipedian a Mazauni a Cibiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa ta Kasa Tasirin Keilana Wata takarda, "Interpolating Quality Dynamics in Wikipedia da Nuna Tasirin Keilana", game da wani al'amari mai suna bayan aikin Temple-Wood, Aaron Halfaker ya gabatar da shi a OpenSym '17, Taron Taro na kasa da kasa kan Bude Haɗin kai. Wannan binciken ya sami maƙasudin juzu'i a cikin ingancin labarai ga masana kimiyyar mata a ƙarshen 2012, lokacin da Temple-Wood, aka User:Keilana, ya motsa ƙoƙarin al'umma akan hakan.
Ayyuka Reprinted in The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2017. Jahren, Hope, editor. Boston. OCLC 1004672002.
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42354 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20Hadji | Yusuf Hadji | Youssouf Hadji an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar alif 1980), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari. Ya yi fice sau uku a ƙungiyar AS Nancy ta Faransa, kuma yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin ɗin kungiyar, inda ya buga wasanni 378 kuma ya zura kwallaye 95 a kungiyar. A matakin kasa da kasa, ya wakilci tawagar kasar Morocco inda ya buga wasanni 64 kuma ya zura ƙwallaye 16. Yana kuma rike da fasfo na kasar Faransa.
Ƙanin tsohon ɗan wasan Morocco Mustapha Hadji ne kuma kawun dan wasan gaba Samir Hadji. A watan Mayun shekarata 2016, ya ci 2015-2016 Ligue 2 tare da AS Nancy.
Aiki
Nancy Hadji ya fara aikinsa a AS Nancy a Ligue 1 ƙarƙashin jagorancin László Bölöni Nancy ta koma Ligue 2 a shekara ta 2000, amma Hadji ya ci gaba da kasancewa da aminci kuma ya ci gaba da taka leda har na tsawon shekaru uku.
Bastia da kuma Rennes A cikin shekarar 2003, Hadji ya koma Corsica don bugawa SC Bastia a Ligue 1 Bayan da aka koma tsohuwar ƙungiyar sa a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta biyu a can, ya sake haduwa da Bölöni a Rennes A Brittany, bai kasance mai farawa na yau da kullum ba amma ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga kakar su tare da 3 a raga da 3 taimako.
Komawa Nancy A ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 2007, Hadji ya sake shiga AS Nancy daga Rennes akan £1.2m.
Rennes A kan 31 Agusta shekarar 2011, bayan shekaru hudu a Nancy, Hadji ya koma Rennes, na kakar wasa daya tare da tawagar Ligue 1.
Qatar Hadji ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kungiyar Al-Arabi ta Qatar a ranar 26 ga Yunin shekarar 2012. Ya yi waje da shi saboda raunin da ya samu a mafi yawan lokutan kakar wasa, ya dakatar da kwantiraginsa bayan kakar wasa daya kacal ya buga wasanni 8 kacal a duk gasa.
Turkiyya Hadji ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da Elazığspor amma a watan Fabarairu ya soke kwantiraginsa bayan matsalar kuɗi a kungiyar da ta hana shi karbar albashi. Ya dawo horo tare da kulob din garinsu Nancy don samun lafiya.
Na uku tare da Nancy
2014-2015 Ligue 2 A cikin Mayu shekarar 2014, Hadji ya dawo zuwa Nancy, yana mai da shi karo na uku tare da tawagarsa ta farko. Ya bayyana cewa yana son taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta sake hayewa zuwa Ligue 1 kuma ya yi ritaya a kulob ɗin garinsu.An nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar a karawar da suka yi da Stade Brest kuma tun daga nan ya ci gaba da zama kyaftin. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da US Orléans a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2014. Burinsa na biyu shi ne wanda ya daidaita a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Nîmes Olympique Ya zura kwallaye biyun ne a wasan da suka doke Stade Brest da ci 2-1 a gida, nasara ta farko da kungiyar ta samu tun watan Nuwamba shekarar 2014. Hadji ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Sochaux da ci 2-0 a waje sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke LB Châteauroux da ci 6-0 duk da yake wasa na mintuna 60 kacal a wasan kafin a sauya shi. AS Nancy ta samu nasara sau uku a jere kuma ta samu maki 11 daga cikin 15 da za a iya samu a wasanni biyar da ta yi, inda ta koma matsayi biyar ta zama ta 6 a gasar Ligue 2 2015-2016 Ligue 2 A ranar 3 ga Agustan shekarar 2015, Hadji ya fara kakar wasa ta biyu na wasansa na uku a AS Nancy tare da 0-0 da suka tashi da Tours FC Ya taimaka a raga a ci 3-0 gida da Stade Brest Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a bayyanarsa ta shida a gasar a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a Stade Marcel Picot da Chamois Niortais Again ya rubuta na biyu taimako a kan 2 Oktoba a 3-0 nasara da AC Ajaccio Ya koma zura kwallo a ragar Dijon FCO a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida, sannan kuma a waje da Evian Thonon Gaillard a filin wasa na Parc des Sports, Annecy ta taimaka wa Nancy tsalle zuwa saman teburin Ligue 2 Ya zura ƙwallaye biyu a ragar Nîmes Olympique a watan Janairun shekarar 2016. A ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016, Nancy ta samu kambi a matsayin zakaran gasar Ligue 2 ta 2015-16 bayan ta doke Sochaux da ci 1-0. Bayan nadin sarautar, Hadji ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara da Tours FC da ci 2-0, amma kafin a sake yin wani taimako da Evian Thonon Gaillard wanda ya koma 2016-2017 Championnat National godiya ga wannan burin. Hadji dai ya kammala kakar wasan ne da kwallaye 9 sannan ya taimaka 3 a wasanni 33 da ya buga.
2016-2017 Ligue 1 Tun lokacin da aka mayar da kungiyar zuwa Ligue 1 tun daga karshe a kakar 2012-2013, an nada Hadji a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar na kakar 2016-2017 Ligue 1 Ya bayyana a wasanni 26 galibi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, amma ya kasa zura kwallo a lokacin gasar. A ranar 10 ga Satumbar 2016, ya rubuta taimako guda ɗaya a kan FC Lorient a cikin minti na 31st. Ya zura kwallo daya kacal a kan Besançon FC a minti na 58 a cikin nasara da ci 3-0 yayin wasan Coupe de la Ligue na 2016-2017 A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Nancy ta samu matsayi na 19 a kan teburin gasar kuma an sake komawa gasar Ligue 2.
2017-2018 Ligue 2 da kuma kakar da ta gabata A ranar 25 ga Yuli, Hadji ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa na wani kaka duk da cewa an yi imanin cewa zai yi ritaya a karshen kakar wasa ta 2016-2017 Ligue 1 Ya zira kwallaye 4 a wasanni 5 da suka buga da FC Sochaux-Montbéliard, Stade Brestois 29, Valenciennes FC da Football Bourg-en-Bresse Péronnas 01 bi da bi. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, ya ci hat-trick akan LB Châteauroux a ci 4–1. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Tours FC watanni uku bayan haka. sannan bai zura kwallo a raga ba har sai wasannin 2 na karshe na kakar wasa, na farko a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2–1 a waje da Paris FC da na biyu kuma na karshe a cikin rayuwarsa a wasan da suka doke US Orléans da ci 3-0 a gida daga bugun fanareti. Ya samu karramawa daga magoya bayan AS Nancy.
Rayuwa ta sirri Kanin Youssouf Mustapha ya kasance dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Morocco, wanda ya samu nasara a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa, kafin ya kare aikinsa a shekarar 2010. Mustapha ya taba taka leda a fitattun kungiyoyi irin su Coventry City, Sporting da Deportivo La Coruña Yana auren mai gyaran gashi Behcia Hadji, suna da 'ya'ya mata 2 tare.
Ƙididdigar aiki
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne suka jera ƙwallayen da Morocco ta ci a farkon, ginshiƙi na nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Hadji.
Girmamawa Nancy
Ligue 2 2015-16
Mutum
Wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Ligue 2 2014-15 da kwallaye 13
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40869 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa%20Kamal%20Atat%C3%BCrk | Mustafa Kamal Atatürk | Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, ko kuma Mustafa Kemal Pasha har zuwa 1921, da Ghazi Mustafa Kemal daga 1921 har zuwa 1934 1881 10 Nuwamba 1938) ya kasance babban malamin Turkiyya, ɗan siyasa mai juyi, marubuci, kuma uban kafa Jamhuriyar Turkiyya, wanda ya zama shugabanta na farko daga 1923 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1938. Ya gudanar da gyare-gyare na ci gaba, wanda ya zamanantar da Turkiyya ta zama kasa mai cin gashin kanta, mai masana'antu. A akida mai kishin addini kuma mai kishin kasa, manufofinsa da ka'idojin zamantakewa da siyasa sun zama sunan Kemalism. Saboda nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na siyasa, ana daukar Atatürk a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin siyasa na karni na 20. Atatürk ya yi fice saboda rawar da ya taka wajen tabbatar da nasarar da Turkiyya ta samu a yakin Gallipoli (1915) a lokacin yakin duniya na daya. Bayan shan kaye da rugujewar Daular Usmaniyya, ya jagoranci kungiyar gwagwarmaya ta Turkiyya, wadda ta yi fatali da rabe-raben da Turkiyya ta yi tsakanin kasashen kawancen da suka ci nasara. Ya kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi a Ankara babban birnin kasar Turkiyya a yau (wanda aka fi sani da Ingilishi a lokacin da ake kira Angora), ya yi galaba a kan sojojin da kawancen kasashen duniya suka tura, inda ya samu nasara daga abin da daga baya ake kira yakin 'yancin kai na Turkiyya. Daga nan ya ci gaba da kawar da rugujewar daular Usmaniyya tare da shelanta kafuwar Jamhuriyar Turkiyya a madadinta.
A matsayinsa na shugaban sabuwar jamhuriyar Turkiyya, Atatürk ya kaddamar da wani shiri mai tsauri na siyasa, tattalin arziki, da gyare-gyaren al'adu da manufar gina kasa ta zamani, mai ci gaba da zaman kanta. Ya sanya karatun firamare kyauta kuma ya zama wajibi, inda ya bude dubban sabbin makarantu a fadin kasar nan. Har ila yau, ya gabatar da haruffan Turkanci na Latin, wanda ya maye gurbin tsoffin haruffan Turkanci na Ottoman. Matan Turkiyya sun sami daidaiton hakkin jama'a da na siyasa a lokacin shugabancin Atatürk. Musamman mata an baiwa mata ‘yancin kada kuri’a a zaben kananan hukumomi bisa doka mai lamba. 1580 a ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu 1930 da ƴan shekaru baya, a cikin 1934, cikakkiyar zaɓe ta duniya. Gwamnatinsa ta aiwatar da manufofin Turkification, tare da ƙoƙarin samar da daidaito, haɗin kai kuma sama da dukkanin al'ummar da ba ruwansu da addini karkashin tutar Turkiyya. A karkashin Atatürk, an nemi 'yan tsiraru a Turkiyya da su yi magana da Turkawa a bainar jama'a, amma kuma an ba su damar kula da nasu harsunan a lokaci guda; An ba da umarnin toponyms da ƴan tsiraru waɗanda ba na Turkiyya ba da su sami sunan sunan Baturke kamar yadda aka fassara a Turanci. Majalisar dokokin Turkiyya ta ba shi sunan Atatürk a shekara ta 1934, wanda ke nufin "Uban Turkawa" saboda irin rawar da ya taka wajen gina jamhuriyar Turkiyya ta zamani. Ya rasu a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 1938 a Fadar Dolmabahce da ke Istanbul, yana da shekaru 57; An karrama shi a matsayin shugaban kasa ta hannun firaminista İsmet İnönü na tsawon lokaci kuma an karrama shi da state funeral.
A cikin 1981, shekaru ɗari na haifuwar Atatürk, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da UNESCO sun girmama tunawa da shi, wanda ya ayyana shi Shekarar Atatürk a Duniya kuma ya amince da kuduri kan karni na Atatürk, yana bayyana shi a matsayin "shugaban gwagwarmaya na farko da aka yi wa adawa da shi. mulkin mallaka da mulkin mallaka" da kuma "mai ban mamaki mai inganta fahimtar juna tsakanin al'ummomi da zaman lafiya mai dorewa tsakanin al'ummomin duniya da kuma cewa ya yi aiki a duk tsawon rayuwarsa don ci gaba da jituwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'ummomi ba tare da bambanci ba". Ana kuma yabawa Atatürk saboda zaman lafiyarsa a manufofin ketare mai ra'ayin duniya da kuma abokantaka da kasashe makwabta irin su Iran, Yugoslavia, Iraki, da Girka, da kuma samar da yarjejeniyar Balkan wadda ta bijirewa hare-haren wuce gona da iri na Fascist Italiya da Tsarist. Bulgaria.
Suna An haifi Atatürk Mustafa. Sunansa na biyu Kemal (ma'ana "kammala" ko "balaga" a Larabci) malamin lissafinsa Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi ne ya ba shi suna. A cewar Afet İnan, malaminsa ya ba da wannan suna "a cikin sha'awar iyawar [Atatürk] da balaga." A cewar wasu majiyoyin, malamin nasa ya so ya bambanta Atatürk da wani dalibi wanda shi ma ake kira Mustafa. Andrew Mango ya nuna cewa watakila ya zabi sunan da kansa a matsayin girmamawa ga mawaki Namık Kemal. A cewar Alkan, Atatürk da alama ya rungumi sunan Kemal a shekarun da ya yi soja. Bayan samun sunan Atatürk a katin shaidarsa na farko a 1934, sunan da aka ba shi ya bayyana a matsayin Kemal Atatürk, yayin da sunan Mustafa ya ɓace gaba ɗaya. A cikin Fabrairu 1935, Atatürk ya fara amfani da sunan da ake zaton "na asali" Kamâl. A cewar Tarama Dergisi (1934), kamal yana nufin “kariya”, “gida”, “sojoji”, da kuma “garkuwa”. A ranar 4 ga Fabrairun 1935, kamfanin dillancin labarai na gwamnati Anadolu Agency ya ba da bayanin kamar haka: Duk da haka, Atatürk ya koma tsohuwar rubutun Kemal daga Mayu 1937 zuwa gaba. Don yin sauƙi mai sauƙi, ya guje wa amfani da sunan gwargwadon iyawarsa, ko dai ta hanyar rashin amfani da shi kwata-kwata ko kuma ta sanya hannu a kan takardu a matsayin 'K. Atatürk'. Ba a taɓa yin bayani a hukumance ba. Duk da haka, a bayyane yake cewa batun sunan Atatürk yana da alaƙa da sake fasalin harshen Turkiyya.
Ƙuruciya Daya ne kawai daga cikin ’yan’uwan Mustafa, wata ‘yar’uwa mai suna Makbule (Atadan) ta tsira da rayukansu. ta rasu a shekara ta alif 1956. A cewar wasu kafofin, ita Bayahudiya ce (Scholem,a shekarar 2007) ko Bulgarian (Tončeva,a shekarar 2009). Mahaifiyarsa ta so ya koyi sana’a, amma ba tare da tuntubarsu ba, Atatürk ya yi jarrabawar shiga makarantar Soja ta Salonica Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi a shekara ta alif 1893. A cikin shekarata alif 1896, ya shiga Makarantar Soja ta Monastir (a Bitola ta zamani, Arewacin Macedonia A ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekarata alif 1899, ya yi rajista a Kwalejin Sojan Ottoman da ke unguwar Pangaltı a cikin gundumar Şişli na babban birnin Ottoman Constantinople Istanbul na zamani) kuma ya kammala karatunsa a shekarata alif 1902. Daga baya ya sauke karatu daga Kwalejin Soja ta Ottoman a Konstantinoful a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekarata alif 1905.
Ƙuruciya An haifi Atatürk ko dai a unguwar Ahmet Subaşı ko kuma a wani gida (wanda aka kiyaye shi azaman gidan kayan gargajiya) a Titin Islahhane (yanzu titin Apostolou Pavlou) a unguwar Koca Kasım Pasha a cikin Salonica (Selanik), Daular Usmaniyya (Thessaloniki a halin yanzu-) ranar Girka Iyayensa su ne Ali Rıza Efendi, wani jami'in soja dan asalin Kodžadžik, magatakarda kuma mai sayar da katako, da Zübeyde Hanım. Daya ne kawai daga cikin ’yan’uwan Mustafa, wata ‘yar’uwa mai suna Makbule (Atadan) ta tsira da rayukansu. ta rasu a shekara ta 1956. Da'awa da ka'idoji game da zuriyar Atatürk sun bambanta sosai kuma sun bambanta. A cewar Andrew Mango, danginsa musulmi ne, masu magana da Turanci kuma masu matsakaicin matsayi. Ana kyautata zaton mahaifinsa Ali Rıza dan kasar Albaniya ne daga wasu marubuta; duk da haka, a cewar Falih Rıfkı Atay, Vamık D. Volkan, Norman Itzkowitz, Müjgân Cunbur, Numan Kartal da Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, kakannin Ali Rıza Turkawa ne, daga ƙarshe sun fito daga Söke a lardin Aydı. Anatoliya.
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53492 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhtar%20Aly%20Kureshy | Akhtar Aly Kureshy | Akhtar Aly Kureshy (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1963) lauya ɗan Pakistan ne, mai ba da shawara kuma babban mai ba da shawara na Kotun Koli ta Pakistan wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Lauyan Pakistan Ya kasance Mataimakin Lauyan Janar Punjab, kuma Mai Ba da Shawarar Shari'a ga Majalisar Lardi na Punjab speaker1Akhtar Aly Kureshy
Shi memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin kotun koli na Pakistan har abada. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Kwalejin Ma'aikata ta Jama'a a matsayin Mai ba da Shawarar Syndicate don koyarwa da horar da jami'an gwamnati na Babban Sabis na Babban Ma'aikata (CSS). Ya kasance mai tasiri a kafofin watsa labarai, mai kishin matafiyi kuma yana da sha'awar wasanni.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Kureshy a cikin dangin kasuwanci, kuma ya girma a Lahore. Mahaifinsa da yayyensa ’yan kasuwa ne masu nasara. Ya kasance ma'aikacin zamantakewa a lokacin dalibinsa kuma ya kasance sakatare na haɗin gwiwa sannan kuma Babban Sakatare na Social Welfare Society na Lahore. Ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Punjab a shekara ta, 1986. Ya sami Bachelor of Laws (LL. B.) digiri daga Punjab Law College a shekara ta, 1990 don zama lauya. Shi ne na farko a cikin iyalinsa don shiga aikin lauya a matsayin lauya. Yarinyarsa Aman Anus ta bi shi har ta zama lauya. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga jami'ar Punjab a shekarar, 1992 da difloma a fannin shari'ar aiki da dokar mallakar fasaha Ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Amurka (Library) Lahore inda ya kammala karatun tarihin Amurka a shekara ta, 1992 daga Cibiyar Amurka, Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka Islamabad Aikin shari'a A shekara ta, 1992, Kureshy ya shiga cikin Lauyan Ijaz Husain Batalvi, lauya, wanda shi ne mai gabatar da kara a shari'ar kisan kai ga tsohon Firayim Minista Zulfikar Ali Bhutto kuma mai ba da shawara kan tsaro a shari'ar satar jirgin tsohon Firayim Minista Nawaz Sharif bayan tawayen Janar Pervez Musharraf a Pakistan a shekara ta, 1999 kuma ya kasance tare da Batalvi har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 7 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2004. Kureshy ya yi rajista a matsayin Lauya ga Babban Kotun Lahore a shekara ta, 1992 kuma Mai ba da shawara ga Kotun Koli na Pakistan a shekara ta, 2005. Ya ci gaba da zama a Member Executive of Lahore High Court Bar Association Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Pakistan kuma mai ba da shawara ga Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Kazakhstan, Lahore. Ya kasance yana da alaƙa da Babban Kwalejin Shari'a, Jami'ar Babban Jami'a, A halin yanzu, yana ba da lacca a SOL (Makarantar Shari'a).
Kureshy yana aiwatar da ayyukansa a cikin dokar tsarin mulki, dokar gudanarwa, dokokin banki, batutuwan shari'ar kamfanoni da shari'o'in laifuka An nada shi kuma ya kammala ayyuka daban-daban na Kotun Koli, kuma babbar kotun Lahore ta nada shi a matsayin mai ba da izini na hukuma, mai gwanjon kotu da kwamishinan karamar hukuma don yin aiki a madadin Kotun don warware batutuwan da ke kan gaba.
Ofishin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati Shugaban Pakistan ya nada shi a matsayin mataimakin babban lauyan Pakistan a watan Yunin shekara ta, 2014 inda ya yi mu'amala kuma ya kasance memba na Attorney Janar na Pakistan Salman Aslam Butt, Ashtar Ausaf Ali Attorney General na Pakistan, Naseer Ahmed Bhutta Ƙarin Attorney Janar. Ya bayyana kuma ya gudanar da lambobi na manyan shari'o'in da ke wakiltar Tarayyar Pakistan kamar: Tsarin Rubutun Tsarin Mulki, ICA (Inter Court Appeal), ECL (Exist Control List), NADRA, Passport, Levy Levy, Anti Ta'addanci, Civil Aviation, Federal Ombudsman.
Lauyan Janar Punjab A cikin Afrilu shekara ta, 2003, Gwamnan Punjab ya nada Kureshy a matsayin Mataimakin Advocate Janar Punjab don wakiltar Gwamnatin Punjab a Babban Kotun Lahore da Kotun Koli ta Pakistan inda ya bayyana a lokuta da yawa waɗanda kuma aka ruwaito a cikin Law General PLD SCMR, PLJ da CLC, da MLD. da kasancewa tare da manyan Lauyoyi daban-daban kamar Aftab Ahmad, Khawaja Haris da Raza Farooq. Ya halarci taron karawa juna sani da tarukan da kotun kolin Pakistan ta shirya.
Mashawarcin Majalisa An nada shi mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Lardi na Punjab a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta, 1998 zuwa 2000, Babban Majalisar lardin da Pakistan. Tun da farko babu irin wannan mukamin kuma shi ne ya fara zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a. Ya yi mu’amala da ‘yan Majalisa, Ministoci, Sakatarorin Majalisa, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar da Shugaban Majalisar. Ya wakilci shari'o'in Majalisar a babban kotun Lahore da Kotun Koli na Pakistan kuma ya ba da ra'ayi kan batutuwan shari'a. Kureshy ya samu damar taimakawa shugaban majalisar Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi a kan batun hukuncin da kakakin majalisar ya yanke saboda hukuncin da kakakin majalisar ya yi daidai da hukuncin manyan kotuna da kotun koli. A watan Oktoban shekara ta, 1999, Janar Pervez Musharraf ya kafa dokar Marshal wanda ya sa duk Majalisun Dokoki da Majalisar Dattawan Pakistan suka wargaje kuma an gama aikin sa na mai ba da shawara kan shari'a.
Adjunct Professor of Law Kureshy ya bi sawun Ijaz Batalvi don koyar da doka ta hanyar shiga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Punjab a shekara ta, 1998 zuwa 2001.sannan Lahore Law College a shekara ta, 2004 zuwa 2007 Tun daga shekarar, 2007, shi malami ne a fannin shari'a a Babban Kwalejin Shari'a, Babban Jami'ar, inda yake koyar da kundin tsarin mulki da tarihin tsarin mulki na Pakistan akai-akai.
Ƙungiyoyi Kureshy memba ne na, kuma mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙwararru da yawa. Yana ba da gudummawa ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da na duniya, da ƙungiyoyi, kamar Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya, London; Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Commonwealth, London; memba na LAWASIA Moot, Ostiraliya; Mai da hankali Pakistan, da Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Pakistan Wanene Wanene A Duniya Kureshy ya fito a cikin bugu na 18 na Marquis Wanene a Duniya a cikin shekara ta, 2001. Haɗa suna yana iyakance ga mutanen da suka nuna nasarori masu kyau a fagagen ayyukansu kuma waɗanda, saboda haka, sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban al'umma ta wannan zamani. A cikin wannan fitowar kuma an bayyana sunan shugaban Pakistan Janar Parvaiz Musharaf Kureshy ya kasance yana da alaƙa a matsayin Mai ba da Shawarar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Lahore a shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2909 don yin hulɗa da horar da sababbin jami'an gwamnati da aka nada na Babban Manyan Ma'aikata na Pakistan Akwai gungun dalibai hudu zuwa takwas da suka ba da wani aiki na musamman na bayar da shawarwarin shari’a a jarrabawarsu ta karshe, don ba da shawara da kuma gabatar da sahihin hanyar warware matsalar kasa ta hanyar hazaka da hikimarsu karkashin jagorancin Mai ba su shawara na kungiyar da ke ba da shawara don zaburar da su don samun kwarewa. Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
40279 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirista%20Onoh | Kirista Onoh | Christian Chukuwuma Onoh, wanda aka fi sani da CC Onoh, (27 Afrilu 1927 5 May 2009) dan kasuwa ne kuma lauya ɗan Najeriya wanda ya zama gwamnan jihar Anambra a shekarar 1983 a karshen jamhuriya ta biyu ta Najeriya Shi ne kuma surukin Emeka Ojukwu Fage An haifi Onoh a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1927 a Enugu Ngwo, a cikin ƙasar kwal da ke jihar Enugu a yanzu Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana da shekaru 8 a duniya, kuma dan uwansa Donald Oji ya rene shi. Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1940, ya yi aiki a matsayin dan kwangila, sannan ya samar da insifeto sannan kuma mai sayar da dabbobi. Ta hanyar amfani da kuɗin da aka samu daga waɗannan kamfanoni, ya ba da kuɗin karatunsa a Ƙasar Ingila, inda ya sami digiri na shari'a daga Jami'ar Wales a Aberystwyth a 1957. A 1958, an zaɓi Onoh dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Enugu. Daga baya ya yi murabus domin ya zama shugaban ‘yan asalin kasar na farko na hukumar kula da kwal ta Najeriya Daga 1961 zuwa 1966 ya kasance a hukumar kula da layin dogo ta Najeriya. A lokacin yakin basasa, an nada Onoh a matsayin mai kula da babban birnin Enugu. A 1970 ya koma rayuwa ta sirri a matsayin mai sayar da katako. Ya kasance memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Club 13, wacce ta rikide zuwa jam’iyyar People’s Party (NPP), amma daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar NPN. Ya yi yakin neman zaɓen gwamnan jihar Anambra a jam’iyyar NPN a shekarar 1979. Daga nan aka nada shi shugaban hukumar ma’adanai ta Najeriya, sannan a shekarar 1982 ya zama shugaban kamfanin ma’adinai na Associated Ore Mines.
Gwamnan jihar Anambra An zaɓi Onoh a matsayin gwamnan jihar Anambra a watan Oktoban 1983 a dandalin jam'iyyar NPN, inda ya doke ɗan takarar jam'iyyar NPP mai ci Jim Nwobodo Zaɓen dai ya fuskanci tursasawa da tashin hankali da kuma magudin zaɓe. An tafka muhawara a zaben, amma daga ƙarshe ya yanke hukuncin a gaban kotun koli. Watanni uku bayan zaben, wato ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1983, sojoji suka karbi ragamar mulki a ƙarƙashin Janar Muhammadu Buhari da Onoh, tare da dukkan sauran gwamnonin farar hula.
Daga baya aiki Onoh ya ci gaba da tayar da jijiyar wuya a samar da wata kasa ta daban ga mutanen Waawa, kuma hakan ya samu a ƙarshe lokacin da gwamnatin soja ƙarƙashin Janar Ibrahim Babangida ta ƙirkiro jihar Enugu a shekarar 1991 Tsohon alkalin kotun kolin Anthony Aniogulu ya ce "Christian Onoh... ya kasance ko da yaushe kuma yana yaki da rashin adalci. Amma ba zai damu da yin amfani da hanyar zalunci don yakar zalunci ba.”
Rayuwa ta sirri Ƴarsa, Nuzo Onoh, ita ce mashahurin marubucin Birtaniya kuma majagaba na Horror na Afirka, yayin da dayar sa, Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu, ta zama sarauniyar kyau, mashawarcin shugaban ƙasa, daga bisani kuma jakadiyar Najeriya a Masarautar Spain. Ana kuma tunawa da ita game da cece-kuce da aurenta da Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Ikemba na Nnewi kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Biafra, wanda ya haura shekaru talatin a duniya. Soyayyarsu ta kasance abin magana a cikin ƙasa a farkon shekarun 1990s. Wata ƴar mai suna Lilian Onoh ita ce jakadiyar Najeriya a Namibiya a halin yanzu. Shi ma dansa Josef Onoh ya shiga harkokin siyasa ya zama shugaban kwamitin majalisar dokokin jihar Enugu kan kudi da kasafin kudi. Josef Onoh kuma shine mamallakin shahararren otal na musamman, The Arriba (Voodoo Lounge) Enugu kuma mai bawa gwamnan jihar Enugu shawara na musamman. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Raya Babban Birnin Enugu kuma yana neman takarar Gwamnan Jihar Enugu a karkashin Jam’iyyar PDP Christian Onoh ya rasu ne a ranar 5 ga Mayu 2009 yana da shekaru 82 a duniya.
Yara Dr. Josephine Onoh {An haife: 2 Afrilu 1959, Ta rasu: 28 Nuwamba 1983 a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a Enugu, Nigeria}, Gabriel Onoh, Nuzo Onoh {Marubucin Burtaniya, wanda aka fi sani da "The Queen of African Horror", Stella Ani, Ambassador Lilian Onoh, Ambasada Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Christian Chinyelugo Onoh (Jnr) Ya rasu: 29 Maris 1991}, Dr. Ken Josef Umunnakwe Onoh Dan siyasa kuma dan kasuwa, a halin yanzu shugaban babban birnin Enugu}
Jikoki Onoh na da jikoki goma sha tara daga cikinsu akwai Candice Onyeama, wadda ta samu lambar yabo ta Birtaniya furodusa, marubuci, kuma darakta kuma diyar Ministan Harkokin Wajen Najeriya, Geoffrey Onyeama Christian C Onoh Jnr (111) Chineme Odumegwu-Ojukwu da Jija Carmen Orka-Gyoh.
Mutuwan 2009
Haifaffun |
23905 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radin%20Sunayen%20Guguwa | Radin Sunayen Guguwa | Guguwar Tropical da guguwa mai guguwa ana kiran su ta cibiyoyin gargaɗi daban -daban don sauƙaƙe sadarwa tsakanin masu hasashe da sauran jama'a game da hasashen, agogo da gargaɗi. sunayen ake nufi don rage rikice a taron na lokaci guda hadari a cikin wannan kwari Da zarar hadari ya haɓaka saurin iska mai ƙarfi sama da galibi ana sanya musu sunaye daga jerin abubuwan da aka ƙaddara, dangane da kwarin da suka samo asali. Wasu ambaliyar ruwa na wurare masu zafi ana kiransu a Yammacin Pacific; yayin da wurare masu zafi cyclones dole ne dauke da wani gagarumin adadin gale -force iskõki, kafin su mai suna a cikin Southern Hemisphere Kafin ya zama aikin yau da kullun don ba da sunaye na farko (na farko) ga guguwa mai zafi, an sanya musu suna bayan wurare, abubuwa, ko ranakun idi na tsarkaka wanda suka faru. Kyauta don fara amfani da sunaye na mutum don tsarin yanayi gaba ɗaya ana ba wa masanin ilimin sararin samaniya na Gwamnatin Queensland Clement Wragge, wanda ya ambaci tsarin tsakanin 1887 zuwa 1907. Lokacin da Wragge ya yi ritaya, aikin ya faɗi cikin rashin amfani na shekaru da yawa har sai an sake farfado da shi a ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II don Yammacin Pacific. Daga baya an yi amfani da tsare -tsaren suna da jerin sunayen don manyan guguwa a Gabas, Tsakiya, Yammaci da Kudancin Pacific, da yankin Ostiraliya, Tekun Atlantika da Tekun Indiya Tarihi Kafin fara fara yin suna, galibi guguwa ana kiran su da wurare, abubuwa, ko ranakun idi na tsarkaka da suka faru. Daraja don fara amfani da sunaye na mutum don tsarin yanayi gaba ɗaya ana ba da ita ga masanin yanayi na Gwamnatin Queensland Clement Wragge, wanda ya ambaci tsarin tsakanin 1887 zuwa 1907. Wannan tsarin na sanya tsarin yanayi daga baya ya zama ba a amfani da shi shekaru da yawa bayan Wragge ya yi ritaya har sai an farfado da shi a karshen Yaƙin Duniya na II don Yammacin Pacific. Daga baya an gabatar da tsare -tsaren sunaye na asali don Arewacin Atlantika, Gabas, Tsakiya, Yammaci da Kudancin Pacific da yankin Australia da Tekun Indiya. A halin yanzu, daya daga cikin cibiyoyin gargadi goma sha daya ne ke ba da sunan guguwa mai zafi a hukumance kuma suna riƙe sunayensu a duk tsawon rayuwarsu don sauƙaƙe ingantaccen sadarwa na hasashe da haɗarin hadari ga jama'a. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman lokacin da guguwa mai yawa ke faruwa lokaci guda a cikin kwarin teku guda. Gaba ɗaya ana ba da suna don tsari daga jerin abubuwan da aka ƙaddara, da zarar sun samar da saurin iska guda ɗaya, uku, ko minti goma fiye da Koyaya, ƙa'idodi sun bambanta daga kwari zuwa kwari, tare da wasu tsarin da aka sanya wa suna a Yammacin Tekun Pasifik lokacin da suka haɓaka cikin matsanancin yanayi ko shiga yankin PAGASA na alhakin. A cikin Southern Hemisphere, tsarin dole ne a halin da wani gagarumin adadin gale -force iskõki faruwa a kusa da cibiyar, kafin su suna. Duk wani memba na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya, guguwar iska da kwamitocin guguwar yanayi na iya neman a yi ritaya ko kuma a janye sunan mahaukaciyar guguwar daga wurare daban-daban. Sunan ya yi ritaya ko janyewa idan yarjejeniya ko akasarin membobi sun yarda cewa tsarin ya sami wani sananne na musamman, kamar haifar da adadi mai yawa na mace -mace da adadi mai yawa, tasiri, ko wasu dalilai na musamman. Bayan haka an miƙa sunan maye gurbin ga kwamitin da abin ya shafa kuma aka zaɓa, amma ana iya ƙin waɗannan sunaye kuma a maye gurbinsu da wani suna saboda dalilai daban-daban: waɗannan dalilan sun haɗa da haruffa da furta sunan, kamanceceniya da sunan guguwa mai zafi na kwanan nan. ko a wani jerin sunaye, da tsawon sunan don tashoshin sadarwa na zamani kamar kafofin sada zumunta. PAGASA kuma ta yi ritaya sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi lokacin da suka haddasa aƙalla lalace ko sun haddasa aƙalla 300 mutuwar.
Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa A cikin Arewacin Tekun Atlantika, Cibiyar Hurricane ta Ƙasar Amurka (NHC/RSMC Miami) ta kira sunan guguwa mai zafi ko ƙasa mai zafi, lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa suna da isasshen iskar na minti 1 na aƙalla Sunan da aka zaɓa ya fito ne daga ɗaya daga cikin jerin haruffan haruffa guda shida na sunaye ashirin da ɗaya, waɗanda Kwamitin Guguwar RA IV na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta duniya (WMO) RA IV ke kula da su. Waɗannan jerin sun tsallake haruffan Q, U, X, Y da Z, suna juyawa daga shekara zuwa shekara kuma suna canzawa tsakanin sunayen maza da mata. Sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya daga jerin, tare da zaɓi sunan maye a taron na gaba na Kwamitin Guguwar. Har zuwa shekarar 2021, idan an yi amfani da duk sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen na shekara -shekara, za a ba da ƙarin hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi tare da haruffan Helenanci A cikin Maris 2021, WMO ta ba da sanarwar duk wani ƙarin hadari zai karɓi suna daga jerin mataimaka, don guje wa rudani da sunayen haruffan Girka suka haifar.
Gabashin Tekun Pasifik A cikin Tekun Pasifik na Gabas, akwai cibiyoyi biyu na gargaɗi waɗanda ke ba da sunayen ga guguwa mai zafi a madadin Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta duniya lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa sun ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar akalla Guguwar Tropical da ke kara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin gabar tekun Amurka da 140 W shine Cibiyar Hurricane ta Kasa (NHC/RSMC Miami) ta kira, yayin da guguwa mai zafi da ke kara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin 140 W zuwa 180 ta tsakiyar Pacific Cibiyar Guguwa (CPHC/RSMC Honolulu). Muhimman guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya sunayensu daga jerin sunayen da sunan wanda aka zaba wanda aka zaɓa a Kwamitin Guguwa na Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta duniya mai zuwa.
North Pacific (gabas na 140 W) Lokacin da bacin rai na wurare masu zafi ya mamaye cikin guguwa mai zafi zuwa arewacin layin Equator tsakanin gabar tekun Amurka da 140 W, NHC zata sa masa suna. Akwai jerin sunayen guda shida waɗanda ke jujjuyawa kowace shekara shida kuma suna farawa da haruffan A -Z da aka yi amfani da su, tsallake Q da U, tare da kowane suna suna canzawa tsakanin sunan namiji ko na mace. Sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya daga jerin, tare da zaɓi sunan maye a taron na gaba na Kwamitin Guguwar. Idan ana amfani da duk sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen shekara -shekara, duk wani ƙarin hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na ƙasa zai sami suna daga jerin mataimaka.
Tsakiyar Tekun Pacific ta Tsakiya (140 W zuwa 180 Lokacin da ɓacin rai na wurare masu zafi ya ƙaru zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi zuwa arewacin layin Equator tsakanin 140 W zuwa 180 CPHC ta sa masa suna. Hudu lists na Hawaiian sunayen suna kiyaye ta duniya meteorological kungiyar ta guguwa kwamitin, juyawa ba tare da game da shekara, tare da na farko sunan ga wani Sabuwar Shekara zama na gaba sunan a jerin cewa ba amfani baya shekara. Sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi sun yi ritaya daga jerin, tare da zaɓi sunan maye a taron Kwamitin Guguwar na gaba.
Yammacin Tekun Pacific (180 100 E) Guguwar Tropical da ke faruwa a Arewacin Hemisphere tsakanin anti-meridian da 100 E Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan ce ta sanya musu suna a hukumance lokacin da suka zama guguwa mai zafi. Ko yaya, PAGASA kuma yana ba da sunayen guguwa masu zafi waɗanda ke faruwa ko haɓaka cikin raunin yanayi a cikin yankin da aka ayyana na kansu tsakanin 5 N-25 N da 115 E-135 E. Wannan yakan haifar da guguwa mai zafi a yankin da ke da sunaye biyu.
Sunaye na duniya Guguwar Tropical a cikin Yammacin Pacific an sanya sunayen ƙasashen duniya ta Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan lokacin da suka zama guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar guguwa na mintuna 10 na aƙalla Ana amfani da sunayen a jere ba tare da la’akari da shekara ba kuma an ɗauko su daga jerin sunayen guda biyar waɗanda Kwamitin Typhoon na ESCAP/WMO ya shirya, bayan kowane memba 14 ya gabatar da sunaye 10 a 1998. An ƙaddara umarnin sunayen da za a yi amfani da su ta hanyar sanya sunan membobin Ingilishi cikin jerin haruffa. An yarda membobin kwamitin su nemi yin ritaya ko maye gurbin sunan tsarin idan ya haifar da rugujewa ko saboda wasu dalilai kamar adadin mace-mace.
Kasar Philippines Tun daga shekarar 1963, PAGASA ta gudanar da tsarin kanta na suna don guguwa mai zafi da ke faruwa a cikin Yankin alhakin Filifin da ya bayyana kansa. An ɗauko sunayen daga jerin jeri huɗu daban-daban na sunaye 25 kuma an sanya su lokacin da tsarin ya shiga ko haɓaka cikin matsanancin damuwa a cikin ikon PAGASA. Jerin sunayen guda huɗu ana jujjuya su kowace shekara huɗu, tare da sunayen manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi da suka yi ritaya idan sun haddasa aƙalla a cikin lalacewa da/ko aƙalla 300 mutuwa a cikin Philippines; maye gurbin sunayen da suka yi ritaya an ɗauko su daga jerin sunayen hukumar. Idan jerin sunaye na shekara guda sun ƙare, ana ɗaukar sunayen daga jerin mataimaka, goma na farko ana buga su kowace shekara.
Tekun Indiya ta Arewa (45 E 100 E) A cikin Tekun Indiya ta Arewa tsakanin 45 E -100 E, Sashen Kula da Yanayin Indiya (IMD/RSMC New Delhi) sun ambaci mahaukaciyar guguwar wurare masu zafi lokacin da aka yanke musu hukunci cewa sun ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai ƙarfi tare da saurin iska na minti 3 na aƙalla Idan guguwar guguwa ta shiga cikin kwarin daga Yammacin Pacific, to za ta riƙe sunan ta na asali. Ko yaya, idan tsarin ya raunana zuwa cikin baƙin ciki mai zurfi kuma daga baya ya sake sabuntawa bayan ƙaura zuwa yankin sannan za a sanya masa sabon suna. A watan Mayun 2020, sunan Cyclone Amphan ya gajeshi asalin jerin sunayen da aka kafa a 2004. An shirya sabon jerin sunayen kuma za a yi amfani da shi cikin jerin haruffa don hadari bayan Amphan.
Kudu maso Yammacin Tekun Indiya (Afirka 90 E) A cikin Tekun Indiya ta Kudu maso Yammaci a Kudanci tsakanin Afirka da 90 E, an ambaci wani tashin hankali na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi lokacin da aka yanke hukunci cewa ya ƙara shiga cikin guguwa mai zafi tare da iskar akalla An bayyana wannan a matsayin kasancewa lokacin da ake lura da raƙuman ruwa ko aka kiyasta yana nan kusa da wani muhimmin sashi na cibiyar. Ana kiran suna tare da Météo-France Reunion ta Météo Madagascar ko Sabis ɗin Yanayi na Mauritius. Idan hargitsi ya kai matakin ba da suna tsakanin Afirka da 55 E, to Météo Madagascar ya sa masa suna; idan ya kai matakin ba da suna tsakanin 55 E da 90 E, to Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Mauritius ta sanya mata suna. Ana ɗauke sunayen daga jerin sunayen uku da aka riga aka ƙaddara, waɗanda ke jujjuyawa akan shekaru uku, tare da cire duk wani sunayen da aka yi amfani da su ta atomatik. Daga nan sai a maye gurbin waɗannan sunaye da Kwamitin Guguwar Yankuna na RA I na WMO, tare da sunayen membobin ƙasashe.
Yankin Ostiraliya (90 E 160 E) A cikin yankin Australiya a Kudancin tsakanin 90 E 160 E, ana ambaci guguwa mai zafi lokacin da lura ko bincike mai ƙarfi na Dvorak ya nuna cewa tsarin yana da ƙarfi ko iska mai ƙarfi kusa da tsakiyar wanda ake hasashen zai cigaba. Meteorologi na Indonesiya Badan, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika sunaye tsarin da ke haɓaka tsakanin Equator da 10 S da 90 E da 141 E, yayin da Sabis ɗin Sabis na Yanayin Kasa na Papua New Guinea sunaye tsarin da ke haɓaka tsakanin Equator da 10 S da 141 E da 160 E. A waje da waɗannan yankuna, Ofishin Jakadancin Australiya sunaye tsarin da ke haɓaka zuwa guguwa mai zafi. Domin baiwa ƙananan hukumomi da alummominsu damar ɗaukar mataki don rage tasirin guguwa mai zafi, kowanne daga cikin cibiyoyin faɗakarwa yana da haƙƙin kiran tsarin da wuri idan yana da babban damar da za a ambaci sunansa. Idan an ba da suna ga guguwa mai zafi wanda ke haifar da asarar rai ko babbar asara da rushewar hanyar rayuwar al'umma, to sunan da aka sanya wa wannan guguwar ya yi ritaya daga jerin sunayen yankin. Sannan ana mika sunan maye gurbin zuwa taron Kwamitin Guguwar Guguwar Yanayi na Ƙasashen Duniya na RA V Tropical Cyclone.
Indonesia Idan wani tsari ya tsananta zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin Equator 10 S da 90 E 141 E, Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika (BMKG/TCWC Jakarta). Ana sanya sunayen a jere daga jerin A, yayin da jerin B cikakkun bayanai sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye a jerin A waɗanda suka yi ritaya ko aka cire su saboda wasu dalilai.
Papua New Guinea Idan wani tsari ya tsananta zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi tsakanin Equator 10 S da 141 E 160 E, sannan za a kira ta da Papua New Guinea National Weather Service (NWS, TCWC Port Moresby). Ana sanya sunaye a jere daga jerin A kuma ana yin ritaya ta atomatik bayan an yi amfani da su ba tare da la'akari da lalacewar da aka haifar ba. Jerin B ya ƙunshi sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye a jerin A waɗanda suka yi ritaya ko aka cire su saboda wasu dalilai.
Ostiraliya Lokacin da wani tsari ya taso zuwa cikin guguwa mai zafi da ke ƙasa 10 S tsakanin 90 E zuwa 160 E, to Ofishin Meteorology na Australiya (BoM) zai sa masa suna. An sanya sunayen cikin jerin haruffa kuma ana amfani da su a jujjuyawar tsari ba tare da la'akari da shekara ba.
Kudancin Tekun Pacific (160 E 120 W) A cikin kwarin Kudancin Pacific a Kudancin tsakanin 160 E 120 W, ana ambaci guguwa mai zafi lokacin da lura ko bincike mai ƙarfi na Dvorak ya nuna cewa tsarin yana da ƙarfi ko iska mai ƙarfi kusa da tsakiyar wanda ake hasashen zai cigaba. Tsarin suna na Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) wanda ke tsakanin Equator da 25 S, yayin da New Zealand MetService tsarin (tare da FMS) waɗanda ke haɓaka zuwa kudu na 25 S. Domin ba wa ƙananan hukumomi da alummominsu damar ɗaukar mataki don rage tasirin guguwa mai zafi, FMS tana da haƙƙin kiran tsarin da wuri idan tana da babban damar da za'a ba ta suna. Idan mahaukaciyar guguwa ta haddasa asarar rayuka ko gagarumar barna da rushewar hanyar rayuwar al'umma, to sunan da aka baiwa wannan guguwar ya yi ritaya daga jerin sunayen yankin. Daga nan sai a miƙa sunan maye gurbin zuwa taron Kwamitin Guguwar Ruwa na Ƙasashen Duniya na RA V na Ƙungiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. An ƙaddara sunan mahaukaciyar guguwa ta hanyar amfani da Lists A D a cikin tsari, ba tare da la'akari da shekara kafin a sake farawa da Jerin A. Jerin E ya ƙunshi sunaye waɗanda za su maye gurbin sunaye akan AD lokacin da ake buƙata.
Kudancin Tekun Atlantika Lokacin da hadari na wurare masu zafi ko na wurare masu zafi ya wanzu a cikin Tekun Atlantika ta Kudu, Sabis ɗin Yanayin Ruwa na Ruwa na Ruwa na Brazil yana kiran tsarin ta amfani da jerin sunayen da aka ƙaddara. An sanya sunayen cikin jerin haruffa kuma ana amfani da su a jujjuyawar tsari ba tare da la'akari da wata shekara ba. wani suna "Kurumí" ya maye gurbin "Kamby" a cikin shekarar 2018 ba tare da amfani da na ƙarshe ba.
Duba kuma Tropical cyclone ma'auni
Lokacin guguwa na Atlantic
Kudancin Tekun Atlantika mai zafi
Lokacin guguwa na Pacific
Lokacin guguwar Pacific
Kudancin Pacific na wurare masu zafi
Guguwar ruwan zafi ta Tekun Indiya ta Arewa
Kudancin Yammacin Tekun Indiya ruwan zafi mai zafi
Sunan guguwa mai tsananin sanyi a Burtaniya da Ireland
Guguwar guguwar yankin Australia
Cibiyar Tsinkayar Yanayi ta Yanki
Bayanan kula
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje AskBOM: Ta yaya guguwa mai zafi ke samun sunayensu?
Cibiyar Hurricane ta Amurka RSMC Miami
Cibiyar Hurricane ta Tsakiyar Amurka RSMC Honolulu
Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan RSMC Tokyo
Sashen Kula da Yanayi na Indiya RSMC New Delhi
Météo-Faransa RSMC La Reunion
Indonesia Badan Meteorologi Geofisika TCWC Jakarta
Ofishin Jakadancin Australia TCWC Perth, Darwin, Brisbane Sabis na Yanayi na Fiji RSMC Nadi
Sabis na Yanayi na New Zealand TCWC Wellington
Cibiyar Hydrography ta Sojojin Ruwa ta Brazil Sabis na Yanayin Ruwa
Filin Filibi na Philippine, Gudanar da Sababbin Ayyuka da Gudanar da Ayyuka Taron 53rd na Kwamitin Guguwar ESCAP/WMO
Jerin sunayen guguwowin
Jerin mahaukacyar guguwa
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44264 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur%20Ibrahim%20Sokoto | Mansur Ibrahim Sokoto | An haifi shehin malamin a birnin Sokoto ranar Litinin 13 ga watan Zulqidah shekara ta 1388 bayan Hijira, daidai da 2 ga Maris din 1969.
Ya yi karatun Ƙur'ani a gidansu a wajen mahaifiyarsa Modibbo Hafsatu, wacce ke da makarantar koyar da yara da matan aure.
Ya sauke Ƙur'ani yana da shekara takwas a lokacin yana aji uku na firamare.
Bayan sauke Ƙur'ani sai Ya fara karatun saniN Fiƙihu a wajenta inda ya karanta littattafai irin su Usul-din da Ishmawi da Ahlari.
Daga nan sai ya koma wajen mahaifinsa ya ci gaba da karatun Babus Sahwi ya kuma karatun Iziyya.
Bayan anaɗa mahaifinsa limancin ƙauyensu sai ya kasance ba ya samu lokacinsa, sai ya koma makarantar Malam Abbakar Makera Bakane.ya ci gaba da karatun Iziyya.
Daga bisani ya koma wajen Malam Aliyu Muhammad Gidan Kanawa ya karanci littattafai irin su Riyadus Salihin da na Fiqihu kamar Risala, sannan ya kammala da Askari.
Ya kuma yi karatu a makaratantar Malam Muhammad Isa Talata Mafara ya karanta littattafai irin su Ihyaus Sunna da wasu littattafan Sheikh Dan Fodio da kuma wasu kamar Alburda da sauransu.
Malam ya yi karatu a wajen wasu malaman da dama.
Karatu
A ɓangaren boko ya yi firamare a makarantar Magajin Gari One, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1980, sai ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Technical da ke Rinjin Sambo ya koyi fasaha da ƙere-ƙere.
"Ina iya cewa sau uku na yi sakandire saboda yanayin sauyin karatu," in ji malam.
"Bayan kammala karatu na je na samu horo a wani kamfanin motoci inda na fara aikin kanikanci har aka dauke ni aiki a UTC Kaduna 1985.
"Daga nan ne na samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Minna don karantar ilimin kimiyyar komfuta da kuma wani gurbin a Kaduna Polytechnic, a cewar malam.
Sai dai sha'warsa ta koma wa karatun addinin Musulunci ta sa ya bar guraben inda ya ya koma makarantar marigayi Malam Bashir Yusuf a Talata Mafara.
Yana can ne sai ya samu gurbin karatu a Islamic African Center Khartoum da ke Sudan kan shari'a.
"Sai na ce ni makarantar sakandare nake son komawa, abin har ya zo ya zama rigima, da ƙyar aka amince. Wannan ya sa sau uku kenan ina yin sakandare daga SS1 zuwa SS3."
A shekarar 1990 sai ya samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar Islamiyya Madina inda ya yi Kwalejin Hadisi daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1994.
Daga nan ya komwa gida Najeriya ya fara aiki da KwalejinKimiyya ta jihar Sokoto a lokacin, State Poly kenan a yanzu, ya yi shekara biyu har da hidimar ƙasa, daga nan ya koma Jami'ar Usman Danfodi a 1996.
Malam ya yi digiri na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannin Hadisi duk a Danfodio. Yanzu haka ya zama farfesa a ilimin Hadisi a watan Janairun 2019.
Tambaya mai Sarkakiya
Kamar yadda aka sani malamai kan Sha fama da amsa tambayoyi, to shi ma Farfesa Mansur haka abin yake gare shi.
"Ana samun tambayoyi masu sarƙaƙiya sosai. Sai dai ni ina da samun shakkar fatwa, idan har ina da shakku sai na ce a ban lokaci na yi bicike ko na tura wajen wani malamin.
"Akwai wata tambaya da aka min tun a shekarun 1990. Wasu matan aure su biyu mijinsu na zuwa ci rani Lagos. Gudar na da ilimi dayar kuma ba ta da shi.
"To lokacin babu waya mijin kan aiko da saƙo ne ta hanyar wasiƙa. Ita uwargida ita ce ta iya karatu ita ke karantawa idan an aiko saƙo.
"Rannan sai ya aiko da wasika uwargida na karantawa sai ta dubi amarya ta ce "me ki kai wa maigida ne?" Me ya faru ya sake ki saki uku?"
"Suka sha koke-kokensu amarya ta tafi gidansu ba wanda ya nemi ganin takarda. Ta yi zaman idda har ta yi aure.
"Mijin nan bai tashi zuwa Sokoto ba har sai da ta haifi yara biyu. Da ya dawo sai ya tarar amarya ba ta nan, ya gane abin da ya faru.
"To a gaskiyar magana da aka kawo batun wajena sai da na tura su kotu aka warware a can, don abin na da sarƙaƙiya da yawa," malam ya ce.
Da'awa
Farfesa ya ce ya tashi tare da 'yan da'awa. Yana hulda da su Adamu Badullahi da Malam Bello Dan Malam. Tun yana ƙaramar sakandare a shekara 13.
Ya buɗe makarantarsa ta farko a 1983, cikin ɗalibansa har da fitattun ƴan siyasa da manyan ƴan kasuwa.
Amma fara da'awa haƙiƙa sai bayan da ya kammala digiri a Jami'ar Madina bayan da ya buɗe makarantar Hadisi a gidansu. Makarantar na ci gaba har yanzu.
Ya ce "Na fara tafsirin Ƙur'ani a shiyyar Tsamiyar Dila."
Littatafai
Malam ya rubuta littattafai da dama tun yana ɗalibi a Madina. Sannan ya rubuta cikin harshen Hausa da Larabci.
Wasu daga cikin na Hausan sun haɗa da:
Alkaki da Ruwan Zuma na tarihin Manzon Allah SAW
Ƙaddara ta Riga Fata
Abin da ya faru a Ƙarbala
Aƙidun Shi'a a Ma'aunin Shari'a
Su waye masoyan Ahlul Baiti?
Duniya Makaranta
Abokin hira
Malam ya fi son abincin gargajiya musamman tuwon shinkafa da miyar kuka da kuma kwaɗon ƙanzo.
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31044 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cure%20Salee | Cure Salee | Cure Salée Faransanci "Cire Gishiri"), ko "bikin makiyaya", taro ne na shekara na al'ummar Buzaye da Wodaabe a garin Ingall na arewacin Nijar Bikin dai ya nuna karshen lokacin damina, kuma yawanci yana faruwa ne a cikin makonni biyu na karshen watan Satumba. Gwamnatin Nijar ta fara daukar nawuyin bikin ne a shekara ta 1990, inda ta kayyade ranar da za a gudanar a kowace shekara (a shekara ta 2006: 11 ga Satumba), da tsawon (kwana uku) da kuma kawo manyan baki da masu yin wasa da masu yawon bude ido.
Al'adu Ƙarshen damina wani lamari ne mai makutar muhimmanci a rayuwar makiyayan sahara. Kabilan Buzaye sun taru a gidajen gishiri da wuraren tafkuna da ke kusa da Ingall don su wartsake garken shanu da na awaki, da kuma shirin tafiya kudu domin su tsira daga rani. An kuma yi imanin cewa, Cure Salée, za ta amfanar da jama’ar yankin, kuma magungunan da ake amfani da su, na daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi bikin.
Koyaya, Cure Salée yana da mahimmanci kamar taron jama'a. Bayan wani lokaci a cikin ƙungiyoyin dangi da suka tarwatse, akwai damar musayar labarai, kasuwanci, da sabunta abokantaka a ciki da kuma cikin ƙabilanci.
Ga al'ummar Buzaye da Wodaabe, Cure Salée ita ce lokacin zawarcin gargajiya da aure. Shahararrun Hotunan bikin sune al'adar Wodaabe ta Gerewol, inda samari ke fafutukar ganin an kula da mata masu neman mazaje. raye-rayen raye-raye da gwaje-gwaje na fasaha sun ƙare a cikin maza waɗanda ke ba da kayan ado na gargajiya, rigar kai, da ƙayatattun kayan shafa.
A cikin al'ummar Buzaye, mata suna neman kulawar mazajen aure, yayin da mazan da ba su da shekaru daban-daban ke nuna gwanintarsu a matsayin mahaya, masu fasaha, raye-raye, mawaƙa da masu sana'a. Babban fareti na mahayan raƙumi Buzaye ne aka buɗe bikin, wanda ke ci gaba da tsere, waƙoƙi, raye-raye, da ba da labari. Yayin da aka takaita bikin a hukumance zuwa kwanaki uku, bukukuwan na iya daukar tsawon makonni yayin da kungiyoyin makiyaya ke ci gaba da zama a yankin.
Canza Yayin da Cure Salée ke gudana tsawon shekaru ɗari da dama, samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa a cikin shekara ta 1960 ya kawo shigar tsakiya daga Yamai, da yunƙurin tsara shi a matsayin bikin ƙasa da kuma jan hankalin yawon buɗe ido. A lokacin karshe a cikin dogon layi na Buzaye (Dubi: Tawayen Buzayen adawa da gwamnatin tsakiya, daga shekara ta 1990 zuwa shekara ta 1995, InGall ya kasance babban sansanin sojojin Nijar ne, kuma babu wani jami'in Cure Salee da aka gudanar. A cikin watan Satumba ahekara ta 2000, wani biki na "Harshen Zaman Lafiya 'Kona Makamai' da 'yan tawaye da sojojin gwamnati a Agadez suka tilasta wa Cure Salée na farko bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta ƙarshe an sake tsarawa cikin gaggawa. A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2001, an gudanar da taron tunawa da Buzaye da aka fi sani da mutanen da aka kashe a harin 11 ga watan Satumba a Amurka.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, gwamnatin Nijar ta yi ƙoƙari inganta Cure Salée, ta samar da bikin yawon bude ido (wanda manyan kamfanoni na kasa da kasa kamar Coca-Cola suka dauki nauyin gudanarwa) ga baƙi na yammacin Turai, da kuma amfani da al'adun kabilu na Cure Salée don inganta "biki". na hadin kan al'umma a Nijar". Wannan al'amari ya fito fili ne bayan shekara ta 2000. Shiga cikin hukuma ya kuma ba da fifiko ga al'adu gama-gari ga sauran al'ummar Nijar: wasannin kade na lantarki, gasa mai kiyau da kuma tilastawa wasu lokutan al'ada. A shekara ta 2005, sojojin Nijar na dauke da makamai sun aiwatar da dokar hana raye-rayen gargajiya da ke kwaikwayi kaciya.
Kamfanin dillancin labaran AFP ya ambato wani mutumin Wodaabe :Yana da ƙari kuma na circus. Gwamnati ta sanya ranar ta hanyar wucin gadi, ta yanke shawarar wanda zai yi, kuma ta samar da wani tsari wanda babu daya daga cikin mu ya gane.Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke yaki da cutar kanjamau, UNICEF, da gwamnatin Nijar sun fara amfani da Cure Salée wajen bayar da agaji wajen dakile kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, da kuma zazzabin cizon sauro, tsutsar ciki, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da kuma karfafa yin amfani da alluran rigakafin cututtuka da za a iya magance su. Alurar riga kafi da kula da dabbobi, da dama da ke daure ga mafi yawan jama'a a kudancin Nijar, gwamnati ce ta ba da umarni. Fari da yunwa a shekara ta 2004 zuwaa shekara ta 2006 a yawancin Nijar kuma sun mayar da hankali kan tallafin abinci a gidan sayar da abinci na Cure.
Magana www.agadez-niger.com niger-tourism.com Ingal at virtualtourist.com Na farko lissafin asusun daga baƙi zuwa bikin 2005, tare da hotuna.
NIGER: Sarakunan gargajiya sun amince da yada sakonnin HIV/AIDS labarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan shigar da shirin hadin gwiwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan cutar kanjamau (UNAIDS) a bikin 2003.
Labarin rayuwar wani makiyayi na AFP ya ba da labarin tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa a bikin a 2005.
Carol Beckwith, Angela Fisher, Nomads of Niger Masu daukar hoto na Yamma sun yi littafin kan mutanen Wodaabe, suna nuna hotunan bikin Gerewol a Cure Salée.
rosemarysheel.com: Hotunan Gerewol
projectexploration.org: akan Gerewol
inu.org: zuwa
Jami'an zaman lafiya na Amurka sun shaida bukukuwan zaman lafiya na kawo karshen ta'addancin Abzinawa a Agadez da kuma maganin Salee. Peace Corps Adventures: a cikin Sahara By JR Bullington, 2001 kuma a nan Times Online (London) Yuli 04, 2004 Bikin Dandy Gerewol na Nijar: "Mai ban sha'awa, mai ban sha'awa, kyakkyawa: a bikin Gerewol na Nijar, kyawun jiki shine abin da ya dace," in ji Iain Gately
Bikin Makiyaya Cure Salée Kwarewa da hotunan Cure |
51531 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin%20Mekki%20Medani | Amin Mekki Medani | Amin Mekki Medani (2 Fabrairu 1939 31 Agusta 2018) Larabci lauya ne dan Sudan, jami'in diflomasiyya, mai ƙare 'yancin dan adam kuma dan gwagwarmayar siyasa. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin jama'ar Sudan, mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar farar hula, kuma shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Sudan (SHRM). Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam (OHCHR) a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakili na musamman na babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. Shi ne wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Human Rights Watch a 1991 don sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ta 1991, da kuma mai karɓar 2013 don lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai.
Ƙuruciya An haife shi a cikin 1939 a Wad Madani, Al Jazeera, Anglo-Masar Sudan, Medani ya fito ne daga asalin gata. Mahaifinsa ya kasance karamin sakatare na ma'aikatar ban ruwa dan kasar Sudan na farko, sannan kuma dan jam'iyyar Umma Party ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar uwa ce ga tsohon shugaban kasar Sudan, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad. Shi ma kani ne ga mawaƙin Sudan Ibrahim El-Salahi, da Mamban Majalisar Sarauta Aisha Musa el-Said.
Ilimi Bayan kammala karatun sakandare na Hantoub mai daraja, Medani ya karanta shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, inda ya sami LL. B. tare da (Honours). Sannan a shekarar 1964 ya samu Dipl dinsa. Civ. L. (Civil Law) daga Jami'ar Luxembourg. Daga nan ya ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu LLM tare da bambanci a Jami'ar London a 1965, kuma a ƙarshe a 1970, ya sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'a na Criminal Law daga Jami'ar Edinburgh.
Sana'a A cikin 1962 bayan samun LLB, ya fara aiki a matsayin majistare a sashin shari'a na Sudan. A shekarar 1966, bayan ya dawo daga Landan bayan kammala karatun digirinsa na farko, ya shiga fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Khartoum, a matsayin babban malami kuma malami har zuwa 1971. Bayan haka, ya zama wakilin riko na hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Tanzaniya, kuma ya ci gaba da aiki da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, daga baya ya zama daya daga cikin manyan lauyoyin bakar fata na farko a bankin duniya da ke Washington DC. A cikin 1976, bayan ya koma Khartoum, Medani ya fara aiki a bankin Larabawa don bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afirka, a wannan lokacin kuma ya kara tsunduma cikin fafutukar inganta mulkin dimokradiyya, 'yancin dan Adam, da bin doka a Sudan. Bayan boren jama'a na 1985 wanda ya hambarar da mulkin kama-karya na Nimeiry, ya yi aiki a gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Sudan a matsayin ministan kwadago, zamantakewa, zaman lafiya da ci gaban gudanarwa, har zuwa lokacin zaben demokradiyya na tsohon Firayim Minista Sadiq al-Mahdi. A shekarar 1991, an kama Medani bayan juyin mulkin da ya kawo Omar al-Bashir kan karagar mulki, sannan gwamnati ta kore shi daga Sudan, lamarin da ya sa ya yi hijira zuwa Alkahira da aiki a kungiyar lauyoyin Masar. Medani ya taba zama shugaban ofishin babban kwamishinan kare hakkin bil adama (OHCHR) a yammacin kogin Jordan da Gaza, Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin na OHCHR a Zagreb, Croatia, mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga wakilin musamman na babban sakataren MDD Iraki da kuma Afganistan, da kuma wakilin yanki na OHCHR a Beirut, Lebanon. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a Bagadaza, Medani ya shaida kuma ya ji rauni a harin da aka kai a Otal din Canal wanda ya kashe tsohon kwamishinan kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma wakili na musamman a Iraki, Sérgio Vieira de Mello.
Elkarib Medani Amin Mekki Medani ya kafa kamfaninsa na lauyoyi a shekarar 1978 tare da Eltigani Elkarib, kuma kamfanin lauyoyin yanzu ya fi samun nasara a kasar. Wasu daga cikin abokan cinikinta sun haɗa da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya, Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa, Ofishin Jakadancin Kanada, da Bankin Khartoum
"Sudan Call" A watan Disamba na 2014, bayan dawowa daga rattaba hannu kan kiran Sudan da aka gudanar a Addis Ababa, an kama Medani, wanda ya sanya hannu kan takardar a matsayin shugaban kungiyar farar hula, tare da Farouk Abu Eissa, shugaban kungiyar hadin kan kasa, da sauransu. a lokacin da dimbin ma’aikata daga jami’an hukumar leken asirin kasar Sudan (NISS) suka isa gidansa da ke birnin Khartoum da tsakar daren ranar Asabar 6 ga watan Disamba. Ko da yake ba a sanar da iyalansa dalilan da suka sa aka kama shi ba, amma ana kyautata zaton an kama shi ne saboda sanya hannu, wata sanarwa mai dauke da sa hannun wakilan jam'iyyun siyasa da na 'yan adawa masu dauke da makamai a fadin kasar, na kokarin kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula a kasar. Sudan a Darfur, Kudancin Kordofan da Blue Nile da kuma gina harsashi don dorewar dimokuradiyya bisa daidaiton 'yan kasa da cikakken zaman lafiya. An tsare shi a wani wuri da ba a sani ba har zuwa ranar 21 ga Disamba 2014, lokacin da Medani ya koma kurkukun Kober a Khartoum. A ranar 22 ga Disamba, a ƙarshe an ba Medani izinin ganawa da lauyoyinsa kuma bayan kwana biyu tare da iyalinsa. A ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2015, an tuhume shi a karkashin doka ta 50 (na zagon kasa ga tsarin mulkin kasa) da kuma sashi na 51 (ya yaki da kasa) a cikin kundin laifuffuka na 1991. An fara shari'arsa a gaban wata kotu ta musamman da aka kirkira a karkashin dokar yaki da ta'addanci ta 1991 a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu An sake shi bayan watanni biyar a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2015.
Mutuwa A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2018, bayan hana shi barin kasar da gwamnati ta yi kuma ya sha fama da ciwon zuciya da ciwon koda, Medani ya rasu. An yi alhinin mutuwarsa a matsayin rashi na ɗan gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam da dimokuradiyya. Gwamnatocin Amurka, Birtaniya, Faransa, da Kanada, da sauran hukumomin duniya daban-daban da na shiyya-shiyya da wasu jama'a sun buga bayanan alhinin rashinsa.
Amin Mekki Medani Foundation A cikin 2018, jim kadan bayan mutuwar Medani, an kafa gidauniyar Amin Mekki Medani. Gidauniyar tana mai da hankali kan masu fafutuka masu tallafawa da karfafa bin hakkin bil'adama, 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa, gwagwarmayar dimokuradiyya, da sauran batutuwa masu yawa. Gidauniyar tana samun goyon bayan kungiyoyi da gwamnatoci da dama na kasa da kasa da fatan taimakawa wajen yada tabbatar da adalci a Sudan.
Nassoshi 1. a b c "Amin Mekki Madani" dspcf.org Retrieved 2018-10-02.
2. "Amin Mekki Medani Bio, News,
Photos" Washington Times Archived from
the original on 2019-02-02. Retrieved
2018-10-02.
3. a b c "Dr. Amin Mekki Medani" Tom
Lantos Human Rights Commission US
Congress. 2015-09-23. Retrieved
2018-10-02. This article incorporates text
from this source, which is in the public
domain 4. a b "EU: The upcoming elections cannot
produce a credible result with legitimacy
throughout the country Sudanese Human
Rights Activists Norway Part 72" sudanhr.org Retrieved 2018-10-02.
5. Mekki Medani, Amin. "European
Parliament" (PDF). European Parliament 6. "EL KARIB MEDANI ADVOCATES" www.karibandmedani.com Retrieved
2018-10-02.
Mutuwan |
30433 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20ingancin%20ruwa | Gurbacewar ingancin ruwa | Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi, wani lokacin ana kiransa "ƙaddamar da thermal", shine lalata ingancin ruwa ta kowane tsari da ke canza yanayin ruwan zafi Gurbacewar yanayi shine tasowa ko faɗuwar zafin jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa. Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi, ba kamar gurɓatar sinadarai ba, yana haifar da canjin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Kuma Dalilin gama gari na gurɓacewar yanayi shi ne amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya ta masana'antun wutar lantarki da masana'antu. Guguwa a cikin birni guguwa ruwan da ke fitarwa zuwa saman ruwa daga saman rufin gidaje, tituna da wuraren ajiye motoci kuma tafkunan ruwa na iya zama tushen gurɓacewar yanayi. Hakanan ana iya haifar da gurɓacewar yanayi ta hanyar sakin ruwa mai tsananin sanyi daga gindin tafki zuwa koguna masu dumi.
Lokacin da aka mayar da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai sanyaya zuwa yanayin yanayi a mafi girman zafin jiki, canjin zafin jiki ba zato ba tsammani yana rage isar da iskar oxygen kuma yana shafar tsarin muhalli Kuma Kifi da sauran halittun da suka dace da kewayon zafin jiki za a iya kashe su ta hanyar canjin yanayin zafi na ruwa (ko dai saurin karuwa ko raguwa) wanda aka sani da girgizar zafi". Ruwan sanyi mai dumi yana iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci akan zafin ruwa, yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki na ruwa, gami da ruwa mai zurfi. Yanayin yanayi yana tasiri yadda waɗannan zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa ana rarraba su cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa. Sannan Ruwan daɗaɗɗen yanayin zafi yana rage matakan iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya kashe kifin da canza tsarin sarkar abinci, rage bambancin halittu, da haɓaka mamayewar sabbin nau'ikan thermophilic Tushen da sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi
Ruwan sharar masana'antu A Amurka kusan kashi 75 zuwa 80 cikin 100 na gurbacewar yanayin zafi ana samun su ne ta hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Sauran sun fito ne daga hanyoyin masana'antu irin su matatun mai, ɓangaren litattafan almara da injina na takarda, masana'antar sinadarai, masana'antun ƙarfe da masu aikin tuƙa Za a iya sarrafa ruwan zafi daga waɗannan hanyoyin da:
tafkuna masu sanyaya, jikunan ruwa da mutum ya ƙera don sanyaya ta hanyar evaporation, convection, da radiation
Hasumiya mai sanyaya, waɗanda ke canja wurin sharar da zafi zuwa yanayi ta hanyar evaporation da/ko canja wurin zafi
cogeneration, wani tsari inda ake sake yin amfani da zafin sharar gida don dalilai na dumama na gida da ko masana'antu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga gurɓataccen zafi shine sau ɗaya ta hanyar sanyaya tsarin (OTC) waɗanda ba sa rage zafin jiki yadda ya kamata kamar tsarin da ke sama. Babban tashar wutar lantarki na iya janyewa da fitar da adadin galan miliyan 500 a kowace rana. Wadannan tsarin suna samar da ruwa mai zafi 10 C a matsakaici. Misali, tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Potrero a San Francisco (an rufe a shekarata 2011), ta yi amfani da OTC kuma ta fitar da ruwa zuwa San Francisco Bay kusan 10. °C (20 °F) sama da yanayin yanayin zafi. Sama da wurare 1,200 a Amurka suna amfani da tsarin OTC tun daga shekarar 2014. Za a iya ɗaukar yanayin zafi ta hanyar dabarun gano nesa don ci gaba da lura da gurbatar tsirrai. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen ƙididdige takamaiman tasirin kowane tsire-tsire, sannan kuma yana ba da damar ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idojin gurɓataccen yanayi.
Canza wurin aiki daga sau ɗaya ta hanyar sanyaya zuwa tsarin rufaffiyar madauki na iya rage gurɓatar yanayin zafi da ake fitarwa sosai. Waɗannan tsarin suna sakin ruwa a yanayin zafi mafi kwatankwacin yanayin yanayi.
Tafkunan ruwa Yayin da ruwa ke dagulewa a cikin madatsun ruwa da mutum ya yi, zafin jiki a kasa yana raguwa sosai. Kuma Ana gina madatsun ruwa da yawa don sakin wannan ruwan sanyi daga ƙasa zuwa tsarin halitta. Ana iya rage wannan ta hanyar zana madatsar ruwa don sakin ruwan zafi maimakon ruwan sanyi a kasan tafki.
Ruwan ruwa na birni A lokacin dumin yanayi, zubar da ruwa a birane na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci na zafi a kan ƙananan rafuka. Yayin da ruwan guguwa ke wucewa a saman rufin rufin zafi, wuraren ajiye motoci, tituna da tituna yana ɗaukar wasu zafi, tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane Sannan Kuma Wuraren kula da ruwa na guguwa wanda ke sha ruwa mai gudu ko kai shi cikin ruwan karkashin kasa, kamar tsarin bioretention da kwano na infiltration, kuma rage waɗannan tasirin thermal ta hanyar ƙyale ruwan ƙarin lokaci don sakin zafi mai yawa kafin shiga cikin yanayin ruwa. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu alaƙa don gudanar da kwararar ruwa su ne ɓangarorin faɗaɗa tsarin ƙirar birane wanda aka fi sani da kayan aikin kore Tafkunan da ake riƙewa tafkunan ruwa na guguwa) ba su da tasiri wajen rage yawan zafin ruwa, saboda ana iya dumama ruwan da rana kafin a watsar da shi zuwa magudanar ruwa.
Tasiri
Tasirin ruwan dumi Maɗaukakin zafin jiki yawanci yana rage matakin narkar da iskar oxygen da na ruwa, saboda iskar gas ba sa narkewa a cikin ruwa masu zafi. Wannan na iya cutar da dabbobin ruwa kamar su kifi, amphibians da Kuma sauran halittun ruwa. Gurbacewar yanayi na iya ƙara yawan adadin dabbobin ruwa, a matsayin aikin enzyme, wanda ya haifar da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna cin abinci mai yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da idan ba a canza yanayin su ba. Ƙara yawan adadin kuzari na iya haifar da ƙarancin albarkatu; mafi daidaita kwayoyin da ke motsawa a ciki na iya samun fa'ida akan kwayoyin da ba a amfani da su zuwa zafin zafi. Kuma Sakamakon haka, sarƙoƙin abinci na tsohon da sabbin mahalli na iya lalacewa. Wasu nau'in kifaye za su guje wa sassan rafi ko yankunan bakin teku kusa da magudanar zafi. Za a iya rage bambancin halittu a sakamakon haka. Babban zafin jiki yana iyakance watsawar iskar oxygen zuwa ruwa mai zurfi, yana ba da gudummawa ga yanayin anaerobic Wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka matakan ƙwayoyin cuta yayin da ake samun wadataccen abinci. Sannan Kuma Yawancin nau'ikan ruwa za su kasa haifuwa a yanayin zafi mai tsayi. Masu kera na farko (misali shuke-shuke, cyanobacteria ruwan dumi yana shafar su saboda yawan zafin jiki na ruwa yana ƙara haɓakar shuka, Kuma yana haifar da ɗan gajeren rayuwa da yawan yawan jama'a Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na iya canza ma'auni na girma na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ciki har da adadin algae blooms wanda ke rage narkar da iskar oxygen. Canjin yanayin zafi ko da digiri ɗaya zuwa biyu na ma'aunin celcius na iya haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin metabolism na kwayoyin halitta da sauran illolin ilimin halitta na salula .Kuma Babban canje-canje mara kyau na iya haɗawa da mayar da bangon tantanin da ba zai iya jujjuyawa ba zuwa ga dole osmosis, coagulation na sunadaran tantanin halitta, da kuma canza yanayin metabolism na enzyme Waɗannan tasirin matakin salon salula na iya yin illa ga mace-mace da haifuwa Babban ƙaruwa a cikin zafin jiki na iya haifar da ɓatawar enzymes masu tallafawa rayuwa ta hanyar rushe hydrogen da haɗin disulphide a cikin tsarin quaternary na enzymes. Sannan Rage aikin enzyme a cikin halittun ruwa na iya haifar da matsaloli kamar rashin iya rushe lipids, wanda ke haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na ruwa yana iya ƙara narkewa da motsa jiki na karafa, wanda zai iya ƙara yawan karafa mai nauyi ta hanyar kwayoyin ruwa. Wannan na iya haifar da sakamako mai guba ga waɗannan nau'ikan, kazalika da haɓaka ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin matakan trophic mafi girma a cikin sarkar abinci, haɓaka bayyanar ɗan adam ta hanyar cin abinci. A cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayi, ruwan dumi yana da ɗan illa mai lalacewa kuma yana iya haifar da ingantacciyar aiki na karɓar muhallin ruwa. Kuma Ana ganin wannan al'amari musamman a cikin ruwan yanayi. Wani matsanancin hali ya samo asali ne daga halayen tarawa na manatee, wanda sau da yawa yana amfani da wuraren fitar da wutar lantarki a lokacin hunturu. Hasashen sun nuna cewa yawan jama'ar manatee za su ragu bayan cire waɗannan fitar da su.
Ruwan sanyi Sakin ruwan sanyi da ba a saba da shi ba daga tafkunan ruwa na iya canza kifaye da dabbobin rafuka da yawa, da rage yawan amfanin kogin. A Ostiraliya, inda koguna da yawa ke da tsarin yanayin zafin jiki, an kawar da nau'in kifin na asali, kuma dabbobin macroinvertebrate sun canza sosai. Sannan Yawan rayuwa na kifaye ya ragu zuwa kashi 75 cikin dari saboda sakin ruwan sanyi.
Thermal girgiza Lokacin da tashar wutar lantarki ta fara buɗewa ko rufewa don gyarawa ko wasu dalilai, kifaye da sauran kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka dace da yanayin zafi na musamman na iya kashe su ta hanyar canjin yanayin zafi na ruwa ba zato ba tsammani, ko Kuma dai karuwa ko raguwa, wanda aka sani da "Thermal shock".
Tasirin biochemical Tasirin ɗumamar ruwa, sabanin tasirin sanyaya ruwa, an fi yin nazari akan tasirin biochemical .Kuma Yawancin wannan bincike ya shafi tasirin makamashin nukiliya na dogon lokaci a kan tabkuna bayan da aka kawar da tashar nukiliya. Gabaɗaya, akwai tallafi ga gurɓataccen yanayi wanda ke haifar da haɓakar yanayin ruwa. Lokacin da matattarar wutar lantarki ke aiki, ɗan gajeren lokaci zafin ruwa yana ƙaruwa da alaƙa da buƙatun lantarki, tare da Kuma ƙarin sakin ruwa mai sanyaya yayin watannin hunturu. Hakanan ana ganin ɗumamar ruwa yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tsarin na dogon lokaci, koda bayan an cire tsire-tsire. Lokacin da ruwan dumi daga injin sanyaya fitar da wutar lantarki ya shigo cikin tsarin, sau da yawa yana haɗuwa yana haifar da haɓaka gabaɗayan zafin ruwa a cikin ruwa, gami da zurfin sanyaya ruwa. Musamman a cikin tafkuna da makamantansu na ruwa, sannan ƙaddamarwa yana haifar da tasiri daban-daban akan yanayin yanayi. A lokacin rani, ana ganin gurɓataccen yanayi don ƙara yawan zafin jiki mai zurfi fiye da ruwan saman, kodayake har yanzu ana samun rarrabuwa, yayin da a cikin hunturu yanayin zafi na ruwa yana ganin karuwa mai girma. Ana rage ƙaddamarwa a cikin watanni na hunturu saboda gurɓataccen yanayi, sau da yawa yana kawar da thermocline. Wani binciken da ke kallon tasirin tashar nukiliyar da aka cire a tafkin Stechlin, Jamus, ya gano karuwar 2.33 C ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ruwa a lokacin hunturu da kuma karuwar 2.04 C a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a lokacin rani, tare da karuwa mai yawa a ko'ina cikin lokacin rani. ginshiƙin ruwa a duka hunturu da bazara. Bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi da ruwa saboda gurɓataccen yanayi yana da alaƙa da hawan sinadarai na phosphorus da nitrogen, kamar yadda sau da yawa raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar fitar da sanyaya zuwa ketare za su juya zuwa eutrophiation Kuma Ba a sami cikakkun bayanai kan wannan ba, saboda yana da wahala a bambanta tasiri daga sauran masana'antu da noma. Hakazalika da tasirin da ake gani a tsarin ruwa saboda dumamar yanayi na ruwa a wasu sassan duniya, an kuma ga gurbacewar yanayi na kara yanayin zafi a lokacin rani. Sannan Kuma Wannan zai iya haifar da yanayin zafi na saman ruwa wanda ke haifar da sakin iska mai dumi zuwa cikin yanayi, ƙara yawan zafin iska. Don haka ana iya kallonsa a matsayin mai taimakawa wajen dumamar yanayi. Yawancin illolin da ke tattare da muhalli za su kasance da sauye-sauyen yanayi su ma, yayin da yanayin zafin jikin ruwa ya tashi. Abubuwan sararin samaniya da yanayi na iya yin tasiri ga tsananin ɗumamar ruwa saboda gurɓacewar yanayi. Babban saurin iska yana haifar da ƙara tasirin gurɓataccen yanayi. Koguna da Kuma manyan jikunan ruwa suma suna rasa tasirin gurɓataccen yanayi yayin da suke ci gaba daga tushen. Koguna suna ba da matsala ta musamman tare da gurɓataccen yanayi. Yayin da yanayin zafi ya ƙaru zuwa sama, tashoshin wutar lantarki na ƙasa suna samun ruwan dumi. Kuma An ga shaidar wannan tasirin tare da kogin Mississippi, yayin da ake tilasta masu amfani da wutar lantarki su yi amfani da ruwan dumi a matsayin masu sanyaya su. Wannan yana rage ingancin tsire-tsire kuma yana tilasta tsire-tsire su yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa da kuma samar da karin gurɓataccen yanayi.
Duba wasu abubuwan Ruwa sanyaya
Gurbacewar ruwa
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
42382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Zidan | Muhammad Zidan | Mohamed Abdallah Muhammad Zidan (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1981), wanda aka fi sani da Mohamed Zidan, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.
Aikin kulob
Farkon aiki An haifi Mohamed Zidan a Port Said, Masar, ga dangin Masar. Aikinsa ya fara ne a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga kulob ɗin El Masry na garinsu a shekarar 1998. Al-Masry ya ajiye Zidan ne saboda rashin iya wucewa da ya kai iyalinsa zuwa Denmark. A cikin shekararsa ta farko a Denmark, yayin da yake atisaye da B93 kan kwantiragi, ya buga wasanni kaɗan a kulob ɗin Danish-Turkish FC Anatolien, yanzu Kokkedal BK, a Nivå a Arewacin Zealand. Kulob ɗin Danish Superliga Akademisk Boldklub (AB) ne ya leko Zidan a lokacin da yake juggling ƙwallo a wurin shakatawa na Danish a shekarar 1999. A cikin watan Yunin 2003, ya koma fafatawa a gasar FC Midtjylland (FCM), kamar yadda AB ya fuskanci matsalar kudi. A FCM, ya zama babban mai zura ƙwallaye a gasar a kakar 2003–04, kuma an ba shi kyautar Rookie na shekara, ya zama dan wasa na shekara a kakar wasa ta gaba. Gabaɗaya, ya zira kwallaye 30 a wasanni 47 da ya buga wa FC Midtjylland, musamman ma kwallaye tara a cikin wasanni uku na farko na sabon filin wasa na FCM da aka gina SAS Arena, ya sanya filin wasan da ake kira "Zidan Arena".
Werder Bremen da Mainz 05 Ayyukan Zidan a gasar Danish League ya haifar da manyan kungiyoyin Turai da dama suna sha'awar sayen dan wasan. A cikin hutun hunturu na kakar 2004-2005, ƙungiyar Jamus Werder Bremen ta ba shi aro don ragowar 2004-2005, tare da zaɓi don siye a lokacin rani. A lokacin rani na shekarar 2005 Werder ya saye shi akan farashin da aka yi imanin ya kai kusan Yuro miliyan 3.5. A ranar 31 ga Agustan 2005, an ba da Zidan aro zuwa Mainz don kakar 2005–2006 Ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 26, bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Mainz. A cikin wasannin sada zumunci na 2006-2007 pre-season, ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Werder Bremen, yana farawa shida daga cikin wasanni bakwai da ya buga kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu. Kwallon da Zidan ya yi a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar DFB-Ligapokal ta 2006 da Hamburger SV a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2006, ciki har da zura kwallo a raga a minti na 50, ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa tare da tabbatar wa kulob dinsa damar zuwa gasar cin kofin. Duk da haka, bayan raunin raunin da ya faru, Zidan yana kan samun ƙarshen lokacin wasa. Bayan watanni na hasashe, bayan ƙarancin lokacin wasa da raunin da ya faru, Werder Bremen ya sanar a ranar 16 ga Janairu 2007 cewa Zidan za a canja shi zuwa Mainz a kan rahoton kuɗi na Euro miliyan 2.8, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi girma da aka taɓa saya a tarihin kulob din. Ya rasu a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2007. Ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 5 na farko tare da sabon kulob dinsa, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar daga karshe, zuwa matsayi na 10 a ranar 1 ga Maris 2007 da maki 27. Kwararren dan kasar Masar ya kuma samu kashi 50% na kuri'un da mujallar Kicker ta fitar, kuma ya samu lakabin "Dan wasan watan" a watan Fabrairu a Jamus, yayin da Mainz ya zama "Team of the Month" a gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus.
Magoya bayan Mainz na son Zidan tun lokacin da ya yi lamuni da jar rigar da ya yi nasarar ba su basira da basirarsa da burinsa. Mafi shaharar baje kolin hazaka shi ne wasan da suka yi da Bayern Munich a lokacin kakar 2005–06. Zidan ya samu kyautar gwarzon dan wasa lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar Philipp Lahm kuma ya ci Oliver Kahn Yayin da aka ba Mainz aro, Zidan ya zura kwallo a ragar kulob din da aka yi masa kwangilar, Werder Bremen, cikin dakika 14. Wannan ya nuna a matsayin kwallo mafi sauri da aka zura a raga a kakar wasan Bundesliga kuma tana matsayi na shida a matsayin wanda ya fi saurin zura kwallaye a tarihin Bundesliga.
A wata hira da Bild a Jamus, Zidan ya yarda cewa yana da babban buri kuma yana da burin taka leda a ko dai Barcelona, Real Madrid, Liverpool ko Manchester United Ya bayyana cewa yana so ya yi wasa da Barcelona a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa don yin wasa tare da dan wasan Brazil Ronaldinho ko Liverpool don yin wasa tare da Steven Gerrard A lokacin kakar 2007 Zidan ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye masu ban sha'awa, amma ya kasa ceto Mainz daga faduwa. Kulob din ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye 34 ne kawai a kakar wasa ta bana, 13 daga cikinsu, duk da bai wuce rabin kakar wasa ba, sun fito ne daga kafar dan wasan gaban Masar. Abin baƙin cikin shine ƙwazon aiki na Zidan da gudunmawar solo mai kima bai wadatar ba don hana Mainz daga zurfin yanke ƙauna na sake komawa rukuni na biyu. Duk da haka, an lura da aikin Zidan ta yawan manyan kungiyoyin da aka kafa a Spain, Faransa da Ingila da kuma zakarun Jamus VfB Stuttgart Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje EgyptianPlayers news items
SoccerEgypt profile
Danish career statistics at Danmarks Radio Mohamed Zidan at fussballdaten.de (in German)
Haifaffun 1981
Rayayyun |
20690 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Anioma | Mutanen Anioma | Anioma sune ƙabilun Ibo a jihar Delta Sun mamaye gundumar sanata mai wakiltar Delta ta Arewa, wanda ya ƙunshi Enuani (Oshimili Aniocha), Ika, da shiyyoyin ilimin Ukwuani Ndokwa na jihar Delta Anioma na nufin "Landasa Mai Kyau" a cikin yaren Igbo kuma tana da kimanin mutane kusan miliyan 1.8.
Labarin ƙasa Anioma yana cikin yankin Yammacin Basin Kogin Neja, kudu maso kudu a cikin jihar Delta ta Nijeriya ta yanzu, ya kewaye filin da yakai kimanin 6,300 km 2 A lamuran siyasa na jihar, ana kiran Anioma a matsayin Delta ta Arewa kamar sauran mutanen da aka sani da Delta ta Kudu da Delta ta Tsakiya a cikin wannan jihar. Anioma ya haɗa kan Gabas da jihar Anambra, kudu maso gabas da jihohin Imo da Ribas, kudu maso gabashin Bayelsa, kudu maso yamma da Isoko, yamma da mutanen Urhobo, arewa maso yamma da jihar Edo da arewa da jihar Kogi Don haka ana iya ɗaukar Anioma a matsayin mai matukar damuwa ga ƙabilun maƙwabta da yawa. Mutanen sun sami gogewa sakamakon karyar da ta shafi wasu garuruwa, al'ummomi da jihohi wadanda ke nuna Anioma a matsayin daya daga cikin yankuna mafi zaman lafiya a ƙasar.
Harsuna Kyakkyawan yare ne na yaren Ibo, Enuani] [Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni harshe Ukwuani da Ika, sune manyan yarukan asali. Hakanan akwai ƙananan lambobin Olukumi, Ozzara da Igala waɗanda ke magana.
Sananne mutanen Anioma Joseph "Hannibal" Achuzie
Phillip Asiodu, tsohon Ministan Tarayya
Maryam Babangida, matar Janar Ibrahim Babangida
Farfesa Joseph Chike Edozien, Asagba na Asaba
Tony Elumelu, Shugaban Kamfanin Bankin Hadin Kan Afirka, Transcorp kuma wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Tony Elumelu
Air-Marshal Paul Dike, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaron Najeriya NASA
Buchi Emecheta, haifaffen Nijeriya ɗan littafin marubutan Ingila
Godwin Emefiele, Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya na yanzu Elizabeth Isichei, fitacciyar masaniyar tarihi
Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu, ƙaramin Ministan Mai
Stephen Okechukwu Keshi, tsohon kyaftin din Super Eagles kuma Kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Mali
Demas Nwoko, mashahurin Mai Sassarar Nijeriya
Nduka Odizor, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon Tennis na Lawn
Joy Ogwu, tsohuwar Daraktan Mangaging na Cibiyar Harkokin Duniya ta Nijeriya
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Manajan Daraktan Bankin Duniya na yanzu
Ifeanyi Okowa, tsohon Sanatan Najeriya kuma Gwamnan Jihar Delta a yanzu
Austine "Jay-Jay" Okocha, tsohon Kyaftin din Super Eagles na Najeriya
Sunday Oliseh, tsohon Kyaftin din Super Eagles na Najeriya
Dennis Osadebe, ɗan siyasa, mawaƙi, ɗan jarida kuma tsohon firaminista na rusasshiyar yankin Mid-Western na yanzu, wanda ya ƙunshi Edo da Delta a yanzu.
Jim Ovia, M D Zenith Bank
Zulu Sofola, mace ta farko da aka buga a Najeriya kuma marubuciya kuma masaniyar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mace ta farko Farfesa a Fasahar Gidan Wasan kwaikwayo a Afirka.
Nduka Ugbade, tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya kuma dan Afirka na farko da ya daga kofin duniya
Patrick Utomi, Dan takarar Shugaban kasa kuma Wanda ya kirkiro Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Legas
Sam Obi, tsohon mukaddashin gwamnan jihar Delta kuma tsohon kakakin majalisar dokookin jihar Delta.
Faze, Mawaƙin Najeriya
Duba kuma Yaren Igbo
Harsunan Igboid
Forungiyar Ci Gaban Al'adun Anioma (OFAAC)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sake farkawa a Delta ta Arewa
https://web.archive.org/web/20150330003905/http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/nmwpg1HarunaIgboMassacre.html
Asaba.com
Anioma Amurka
Kara karantawa 9042022299
Ikime O. (ed). Tarihin tarihin Najeriya. Heineman littattafan ilimi (Nigeria) PLC, Ibadan, 1980: 89-121.
Onwuejeogwu MA. Wayewar Ibo: Masarautar Nri da sarauta; London, Ethnographica, 1981.
Obi Efeizomor II (Obi na Owa). Ci gaban al'umma a masarautar Owa yanayin Najeriya. Jami'ar Benin latsa; Benin City-Najeriya; 1994: 303.
Harsunan Nijeriya
Kabila
Al'ummomi
Al'ummomin |
8355 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadisi | Hadisi | Hadisi ko Hadith: (da Larabci a musulunci ana nufin dukkannin abubuwan da Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) ya yi ko ya sa a yi ko aka yi a gabansa bai ce komi ba, ko bai hana ba. Kuma aka tattarashi a rubuce wannan shi ne Hadisi.
Ma'anar Hadisi
Hadisi na da ma’anoni guda biyu,ma’anarsa a luggance da kuma ma’anarsa a isdilahance. To abinda ya shafemu anan shi ne ma’anarsa a isdilahance, wato ma’anarsa a mahanga ta malaman Hadisi. A wajensu ma’anar Hadisi shi ne Hakaito Fadar Manzon Allah[S.A.W] Aikinsa da kuma Tabbatarwarsa. Wato ya ga abu ko ya ji abu bai ce komai ba.Wannan a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Ahlul Sunnah wato Sunni Islam. Amma a Ta’arihi na malaman hadisi na Shi'a, hadisi yana nufin Hikaito Fadar Ma’anarsu,Aikinsa da kuma tabbatarwarsa.Wato abinda aka hikaito daga Manzon Allah[S] da kuma A'imma na Ahlul bait[AS]Anan saboda Iiti}adin da mabiya Ahlul-bait suke da shi na cewa Aimma na Ahlul bait Ma’asumaine, saboda haka dukkan zantukansu da ayyukansu da kuma tabbatarwarsu sunna ne. Shi yasa a wannan darasi na Hadisi da za’a dunga gabatarwa lokaci bayan lokaci zamu ga Hadisai masu yawan gaske da aka ruwaito daga wajensu.To tambaya anan menene banbanci tsakanin sunna da hadisi? Sunna ita ce ainihin fadar Manzon Allah,aikinsa ko tabbatarwarsa, ko kuma na daya daga cikin Iimaman Ahlul- bait. Shi ko hadisi shi ne hikaitowa ko ruwaito fadin ko aikin ko kuma tabbatarwar.
Tarihin Rubuta Hadisi
Tarihin rubuta Hadisi a mahangar shi’a da sunnah.Tarihin rubuta hadisi wani abu ne da Malaman sunnah suka yi bayanai da kuma rubuce-rubuce a kai,kuma ko wannensu da nashi mahangar.Domin a Ahlus-sunnah an soma rubutawa da kuma tattara hadisai a lokacin khalifancin Umar dan Abdul-Aziz, ya yi khalifanci a bayan hijira ta 99 zuwa 101.wannan kuma ya faru ne a kan asasin umarninsa da yin hakan.Amma khalifofin da suka gabace shi sun hana,ba wai kawai sun hana rubutawa ba, a’a har hana yada hadisai aka yi.Ta yiyu wasu su sha mamaki akan haka,amsa anan shi ne su karanci Tarihi zasu ga haka dama fiye da haka.domin zasu ga wadanda suka rubuta hadisai a lokacin Manzon Allah[S] da kuma bayansa aka sa su gogesu,wasu ma konawa suka yi,kai ta kai ma akwai sahabban da aka tsare a madina,aka hana su fita madinar saboda gudun kada su je su yada hadisai.Su wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki hujjarsu ita ce wai kada mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alkur’ani ba.kuma shi wannan yunkuri na hana rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah[S.A.W],tun Manzon Allah yana duniya aka fara shi,alal misali akwai wani sahabi mai suna Abdullahi dan Amru da yake rubutawa amma wasu suka hana shi,har ya kai maganar ga Manzon Allah[S].Kuma idan mutum duk bai san ire-ire wadannan ba,ai akwai abin da ya auku gab da rasuwar Manzon Allah[S.A.W] da ya bukaci a kawo masa takarda da tawada ya rubuta abinda in an bi shi ba za’a bace ba a bayansa,sai wani daga cikin sahabban da ke wajen ya ce kada a kawo, littafin Allah ya ishemu,to mu duba fa Manzon Allah ne zai rubuta da kansa amma aka hana to ina ga wani.Saboda haka a zahirance ana nunawa cewa wai ka da mutane su shagaltu da wani abu in ba Alqur’ani ba,amma a badinance wadanda suka dauki wannan mataki na hana rubutawa ko yada Hadisai na Manzon Allah suna tsoron hadisai da suke bayanin khalifanci ko kuma fifikon Ahlul-bait,domin idan zata bayyana ma mutane ai ga wadanda Manzon Allah [S.AW] ya bayyana a matsayin khalifofi a bayansa a cikin hadisai to masu khalifanci a lokacin zai kasance ba hujja ga yin khalifcinsu.Shi ya sa a lokacin Mu’awiya ya fito da abun baro-baro yaba da umarnin cewa duk wani hadisi da aka samo daga Imam Ali ko yake bayani dangane da Ahlul bait ko falalarsu kada a yada shi,kuma duk wanda aka samu ya sabama wannan umarni zai dauki mataki a kansa,mutum ya tambayi tarihi zai bashi amsar irin abubuwan da ya yi. Shi ya sa a lokacin idan isnadin hadisi ya tuke ga Imam Ali[AS] sai ka ji an ce,an wane,an wane……daga baban Zainab ko baban Hassan ya ji daga Manzon Allah,wato ba a bayyana sunan Imam Ali,saboda gudun abind a zai biyo baya,kai wasu ma malaman hadisan ko baban Zainab ko Hasan basa fadi,sai dai su ce daga wani mutum ya ji daga Manzon Allah,kuma wani abun mamaki har yanzu a littafan hadisai na Ahlus-sunnah idan mutum na karantawa jefi-jefi zai ci karo da irin wadannan hadisai wanda a karshen isnadin ka ga an ce daga wani mutum ko baban Zainab ya ji daga Manzon Allah.Kuma in mutum ya duba tarihi zai ga cewa lokacin da khalifan Abbasawa mai suna Mansur ya bukaci Malik dan Anas wato shugaban mazhabar malikiyya da ya rubuta littafi na hadisi,wanda da ya rubuta ya sa masa suna muwaddha,to daga cikin sharadin da ya gindaya masa shi ne kada ya kawo hadisai da aka samo daga Imam Ali,mutum na iya bincika muwaddha ya ga hadisai guda nawa ne aka samo daga Imam Ali.Saboda haka tattara hadisai da rubuta su a matsayin littafi bai auku ba a Ahlus-sunnah sai a cikin karni na biyu,kuma in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga cewa mafi yawan malaman Ahlus-sunnah sun bayyana cewa littafin Hadisi na farko da aka soma rubutawa shi ne Muwa]]a.To amma idan muka juya a bangaren shi’a zamu ga akasin haka in mutum ya yi bincike zai ga yadda A'imma na Ahlul bait suka rubuta kuma suka karfafa mabiyansu ga rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah[S].Farkon wanda ya soma rubuta hadisai na Manzon Allah[S] da kuma tattara su shi ne Sayyadina Aliyu AS. kana ya yi haka ne da umarnin Manzon Allah[S].Akwai ma manyan littafai na hadisai guda biyu da A'imma[AS] suka gada daga wajen Imam Ali[AS] mai son ganin sunayen littafan da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa,ya duba littafi mai suna “Ma’alimul-madrasataini” juz’i na biyu.Bayan haka kuma akwai Mus’hafi Fatima wanda abin da ke cikinsa shi ne Hadisai da sayyida Fadima[AS] ta ji,musamman ma na abubuwan da za su auku,amma abun mamaki daga wasu sashen Musulmi na rashin adalci da kuma jahiltar me ake nufi da mushafi Fatima,sai suna kazafin cewa wai mus’hafi Fatima wani Al-kur’ani ne.Na farko duk wanda zai ce maka wasu na da wani Al-kur'ani,wannan ya nuna lalle bai fahimci ayar da take cewa, “Mune muka saukar da Ambato kuma lalle mune masu kare shi”Allah[T] ya kare Alkur’ani ta kowace fuska,wato na kayi masa kari ko ragi ballantana kuma wai a kirkire shi. Mai wannan tunanin, haka ya nuna jahilcinsa da kuma wautarsa.Na biyu wasu kalmomi a larabci wani lokaci ana amfani da su a ma’anarsu ta lugga ko isdilahi,saboda haka ya danganta,misali anan mus’hafi fadima,Mus’haf anan da nufin ma’anarsa ta lugga ba wai isdilahi ba.Saboda haka idan mutum yaji ko ya karanta ire-iren wadannan kalmomi sai ya bincika ana nufin ma’ana ta lugga ko isdilahi.Ba gashi an yi bayanin ma’anar hadisi da sunnah a isdilahin malaman hhadisi ba amma in da za a duba ma’anarsu a luggace zamu ga ai ba haka bane,misali ma’anar sunnah a luggace shi ne hanya,ma’anar kuma hadisi a luggace shi ne Labari.Na ukku idan zaka yi hukunci ga wasu mutane kan wani abu da aka jingina masu,to adalci da kuma ilimi shi ne ka bincika littafansu ka ga haka ne?Shi ya sa anan muna kira ga yan’uwanmu musulmi Ahlus sunnah na duk wani abu da suka ji ko suka karanta wadanda aka jingina ma shi’a da su bincika a littafan shi’ar su ga haka ne ko ba haka ba. Ko wannan mus’hafi Fadima ga mai bukatar bayani akansa ya duba littafin ma’alim da aka ambata a sama.zai ga yadda malamin ya kawo wani hadisi daga Imam Sadiq [AS] dangane da mus’hafi Fatima,ya ke cewa, “Acikinsa babu wata aya ta Alkur’ani,ko hukunce-hukunce na halal da haram,abinda ke cikinsa ilimi ne na abubuwan da za su kasance, har ya cika da cewa wallahi ba Alkur’ani bane.”Haka nan kuma Imam Ali[AS] shi ne farkon wanda ya tattara Alkur’ani a waje guda,in mutum ma ya bincika zai ga cewa abinda Imam Ali ya soma yi bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S] shi ne tattara Alkur’ani amma mu duba yadda a daya bangaren aka jirkita abun aka mai da shi lokacin Usman dan Affan (AS) abubuwa da yawa makamantan haka sun faru,wasu aka jirkita su wasu kuma aka boye,wanda sai mutum ya bincika a bangaren Ahlul bait zai ga hakika. A kwai wani hadisi a cikin muwaddha Malik mai ban tsoro kuma abin tsokaci ga masu tunani,Hadisin shi ne bayan yakin Uhud sahabban da suka yi shahada bayan an kammala jana’izarsu sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce ga su shuhada na uhud:Wa]annan zan yi masu shaida'u sai Sayyidina Abubakar (RA) ya ce ya Manzon Allah mu ba yan’uwansu bane,mun musulunta kamar yadda suka musulunta,mun yi jihadi kamar yadda suka yi jihadi?sai Manzon Allah[S] ya ce haka ne, sai dai ban san me zaku yi a bayana ba,jin haka sai Abubakar ya fashe da kuka, cikon hadisin yake cewa zamu kasance a bayan ka ne.To idan mutum ya duba sharhin muwadda mai suna Tanwirul-Hawalik,wajen sharhin wadannan zan yi masu shaida sai malamin ya ce: Ai zan yi masu shaida ga Imani sahihi da kuma rashin canzawa da kuma rashin gogoriyo ga neman duniya,da makamantansu.Idan mutum na son ya ga wannan Hadisi cikin muwaddha sai ya duba Kitabul-jihad fasalin da ya ke Magana kan shuhada’u fi sabilillah.Wannan hadisi ya nuna abubuwa za su faru bayan wafatin Manzon Allah[S],kuma lalle sun faru musammam ga Ahlu baitinsa da kuma mabiyansu,kai da ma Hadisan Manzon Allah[S].Da mutum zai yi bincike kan irin jarabawowin da wasu daga cikin masu ruwaito hadisai suka fuskanta a hannun masu tafi da iko a daular bani umayya da Abbasawa dama gabanin haka ta fuskoki dabam-dabam da ya sha mamaki. A takaice dai mabiya Ahlul bait sun riga mabiya Ahlus sunnah wajen rubuta hadisai,Wato saboda hani da su Ahlus-sunnah suka bi daga masu tafi da iko na hana rubuta hadisai da kuma yada su. Wai saboda hujjar kada a hada wani abu da Alqur’ani,alhali in mutum ya duba zai ga cewa ba yadda za’a yi ka fahimci Alqur’ani in ba tare da hadisi ba,domin hadisi shi ya ke fassara abubuwan da suke dunkule na cikin Alkur'ani.
Manazarta |
38952 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khami | Khami | Khami, (wanda kuma aka rubuta shi da Khame, Kame ko Kami birni ne da ya lalace wanda ke da nisan kilomita, 22 yamma da Bulawayo, a cikin Zimbabwe. Ya taba zama babban birnin, masarautar Butwa,na daular Torwa. Yanzu abin tunawa ne na kasa, kuma ya zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a 1986.
Magana Matsalolin da muke gani a yau wani ci gaba ne na tsarin gine-ginen da ya bayyana a Great Zimbabwe,a karni na 13 AD da kuma al'adun, damisa na gida wanda ya gina dandamali na bangon bango wanda za a gina gidaje a kansu. Khami ya nuna wani sabon abu wanda ya gane yanayin da aka gina.Yankin da ke kusa' da Khami, kasancewar kogin, yana da zafi kuma yana da matsala. da zazzabin cizon sauro. Dutsen da aka samu a Khami (laminar granite) ya bambanta da waɗanda aka samu a wasu yankunan Zimbabwe (biotite). Tare da cakuda dolerite, wannan dutse ya fi wuya a fashe kuma ya samar da dutsen gini mara siffa. Ana iya ƙiyasin cewa sama da kashi 60% na dutsen da aka samar a waɗannan, kaddarorin ba zai zama ingancin gini ba. Tushen ginin don haka yana buƙatar a yi su, amma ko da a lokacin duwatsun ba su dace da gina bangon busasshiyar dutse ba. Don haka magina sun yi gyare-gyare kuma suka samar da bangon riƙo. Abu na biyu, dandali na ginin ya sanya gidajen su yi sanyi fiye da na wuraren da ke ƙasa. Ya kuma kawar da matsalar zazzabin cizon sauro ga ‘yan gidan sarautar da suka zauna a wuraren da aka gina. Ganuwar bango ne mai riƙe nauyi wanda aka gina ba tare da turmi ba. Ba kamar na Babban Zimbabwe ba, wasu bangon da ke Khami suna da tushe da aka gina tare da manyan tubalan da aƙalla mutane huɗu za su ɗaga. Binciken da aka yi ya nuna wasu gine-ginen da aka tsara musamman a rukunin Hill Complex, wanda sarki ya mamaye. An fara gina hadadden ginin ta hanyar samar da filaye na bangon bango. An rufe waɗannan tsayayyun ganuwar ta hanyar bango mai inganci na tubalan dutse. An yi wa kowane filin ƙawanya sosai tare da ko dai ƙirar allo, herringbone, ko ƙirar igiya. Filayen sun jingina ciki don kada nauyi ya haifar da rushewa. Filayen da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar jingina a ciki suna da sandunan katako mai yiwuwa masu gadi su riƙe yayin da suke tafiya tare da manyan katanga masu tsayi da tsayi.
Tarihi Khami shi ne babban birnin daular Torwa kusan shekaru 200 daga kusan shekara ta 1450 kuma da alama an kafa shi ne a lokacin bacewar jihar a Great Zimbabwe Bayan haka (lokacin gargajiya shine 1683), Changamire Dombo ya ci nasara da shi wanda ya jagoranci rundunar 'yan tawayen Rozvi daga Mwenemutapa ("Monomotapa") Jahar. Binciken da aka yi ya nuna cewa ba a mamaye wurin ba bayan da Rozvi ya karbi ragamar mulki. Rozvi ya yi wani wurin lokaci na Khami, Danamombe (Dhlo-Dhlo), sabon babban birninsu. A cikin 1830s Nguni da ke magana da mahara Ndebele mahara sun kori su daga Khami da da yawa daga cikin wuraren da suka kafa.
Wurin Khami ya bayyana wasu gine-gine guda bakwai da dangin sarki suka mamaye tare da buɗaɗɗen wurare a cikin kwarin da talakawa suka mamaye. Rukunin ya ƙunshi madauwari, wani lokacin filaye, dandali na wucin gadi wanda ke lullube da busasshiyar bangon dutse. Katangar da aka yi wa ado mai tsayi mai tsayi 6m mai tsayi mai tsayi 68m na dandali mai tsauri yana dauke da zanen allo tare da tsawonsa duka. Matakan da ke tashi sama da mita 2-7 a sama, suna ɗauke da bukkoki na dhaka (laka) da tsakar gida inda waɗanda suke da ƙananan matsayi suke rayuwa. Ana iya ganin ragowar bukkoki na shanu da bukkoki na talakawa a ƙasan Dutsen Complex. Rushewar ta haɗa da shingen sarauta ko Hill Complex, wanda dole ne ya kasance a kan ƙasa mafi girma fiye da sauran gine-gine, ganuwar dutse da dandamalin bukka, da kuma giciye na Kirista da aka yi imanin cewa ɗan mishan na zamani ya sanya shi. Haka kuma akwai kango a gabashin kogin Khami. An yi imanin sauran dandamalin dabbobin shanu ne da kuma bangon da aka ajiye tare da sifa. Abubuwan da aka tono na baya-bayan nan (2000-2006) sun bayyana cewa bangon sassan yammacin Dutsen Complex duk an yi musu ado da chequer, herringbone, igiya, da kuma bambance-bambancen tubalan dutse.
Kiyayewa A farkon shekarun 2000, gidajen tarihi da abubuwan tarihi na kasar Zimbabwe sun kaddamar da wani shiri na kiyayewa da na rikodi wanda manufarsa ita ce mayar da hankali kan kiyayewa da dawo da katangar dutse. Ya zuwa yau, manyan nasarorin da aka samu sune daidaitawa da dawo da katangar terrace akan dandamalin Babban, Cross da Arewa.
Gallary
Duba kuma Ziwa
Jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya a Afirka
Damisa Kopje
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hotunan Khami Ruins, Bulawayo Zimbabwe
Hanyar Hanyar Khami Ruins, Bulawayo Zimbabwe
Khami Ruins National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Center
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22344 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Nan%20Gaba%20Ta%20Duniya | Majalisar Nan Gaba Ta Duniya | Majalisar Nan gaba ta Duniya WFC kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a Hamburg, Jamus, a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2007. "An kirkiro ta ne don yin magana a madadin hanyoyin magance manufofi wadanda suke biyan bukatun al'ummomi masu zuwa ya hada da mambobi masu aiki a cikin hukumomin gwamnati, kungiyoyin farar hula, kasuwanci, kimiyya da fasaha. Babban abin da WFC ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne tsaron yanayi, inganta dokoki kamar su sabunta harajin samar da makamashi Majalisar nan ta Duniya ta gaba tana da matsayi na musamman na shawarwari tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki Makomar kungiyar a Duniya ta kasance wani ɓangare na kungiyar Tattalin Arziki na Platform F20, cibiyar sadarwar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi masu taimako.
Tarihi Kungiyar Makomar Duniya ta gaba ta kasance marubucin ɗan Sweden kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya Jakob von Uexkull An fara gabatar da ra'ayin kafa majalisar duniya ne a gidan rediyon Jamus a shekarar, 1998. A watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2004 kungiyar ta fara a Landan tare da kudade daga masu ba da gudummawa masu zaman kansu a Jamus, Switzerland, Amurka da Burtaniya. Tun shekara ta shekara ta, 2006, hedikwatar kungiyar tana Hamburg, inda Majalisar Duniyar Gabas ta Duniya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta a siyasance kuma tana aiki kuma an yi mata rajista a matsayin gidauniyar agaji. Arin ofisoshin suna London, Geneva da Windhoek. Majalisar tana haduwa sau daya a shekara a Babban Taron shekara-shekara.
Kira na gangami don Aiki Kira gangami zuwa wasaukakawa ɗaukacin yan Majalisa sun amince da shi gabaɗaya a wurin Kafuwar Majalisar –asa ta Duniya, 9–13 Mayu na shekara ta, 2007. Ya yi kira da a kiyaye muhalli da lafiyar al'ummomi, gabatar da "tsarin da cibiyoyi bisa daidaito da adalci", kiyaye hakkokin kabilu na gargajiya, kare karnuka na yanzu da masu zuwa daga laifukan yaki da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, a samar da kayayyaki mai dorewa, kasuwanci, tsarin kudi da tsarin kudi, farfado da tsarin dimokiradiyya na cikin gida da tattalin arziki, da kuma hana amfani da makamin nukiliya da makaman uranium da suka rage, alburusai da nakiyoyi. Tana da nufin samar da tallafi na gwamnati ga fasahohin makamashi masu sabuntawa, kare gandun daji da tekuna, samun lafiyayyen abinci da samar da ruwa, tsaron muhalli, kiwon lafiya, ilimi da muhalli, da kuma karfafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ayyuka
Kyautar Manufofin Gaba Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba (FPA) na murna da manufofi waɗanda ke haifar da kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa don al'ummomin yanzu da masu zuwa. Manufar bayar da kyautar ita ce a wayar da kan duniya game da wadannan kyawawan manufofin da kuma hanzarta aiwatar da manufofi ga al'ummomin adalci, ci gaba da zaman lafiya. Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ita ce kyauta ta farko da ke nuna manufofi maimakon mutane a matakin duniya. Kowace shekara Majalisar Futureasashen Duniya na gaba suna zaɓi batun guda ɗaya wanda ci gaban manufofi yake da gaggawa musamman. A cikin shekara ta, 2009, Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ya nuna kyawawan manufofi game da wadatar abinci A cikin shekara ta duniya kan bambancin halittu, Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ta shekarar, 2010 tayi bikin mafi kyawun manufofin halittu daban-daban a duniya. A cikin shekarar dazuzzuka ta duniya, Kyautar Manufofin Gaba ta shekarar, 2011 ta yi bikin manufofi masu nasara waɗanda ke karewa, haɓakawa da ci gaba da amfani da gandun daji don mutane, don haka ke ba da gudummawa ga kyakkyawan duniya. A cikin shekara ta, 2012, Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba ta yi bikin manyan manufofi na duniya masu ban sha'awa, masu ban sha'awa da tasiri a kan kare tekuna da gabar teku. A cikin shekara ta, 2013 tambaya ita ce wace siyasa ce ta ɓarna da ke akwai ke ba da gudummawa sosai don cimma zaman lafiya, ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da tsaro? A cikin shekara ta, 2014 Kyautar Manufofin Gaba an sadaukar da ita ga manufofin da ke magance ɗayan matsalolin cin zarafin ɗan adam da ya zama ruwan dare cewa ɗan adam yana fuskanta: tashin hankali ga mata da 'yan mata. Kyautar Manufofin Nan gaba a cikin shekarar, 2015 ta himmatu ga manufofin da suka ba da gudummawa don karewa da ƙarfafa haƙƙin yara maza da mata. An ba da lambar yabo ta Ka'idar nan gaba ta shekarar, 2017 ne ga manufofin da suka dace da yadda za a magance lalacewar kasa da kasa, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da hadari ga tsaron abinci da hanyoyin rayuwa, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da makoma mai dorewa ta adalci ga mutanen da ke rayuwa a yankunan busassun duniya. A cikin shekara ta, 2018, FPA wanda ake kira "Oscar akan kyawawan manufofi" ana bikin mafi kyawun manufofin duniya don haɓaka Agroecology Kasar Sikkim ta Indiya an ba ta Zinare.
Kammnin cigaban kungiyar Yanar gizan gidan yanar gizon futurepolicy.org yana gabatar da hanyoyin siyasa kuma yana taimakawa masu yanke shawara wajen haɓakawa da aiwatar da manufofin adalci na gaba. Tashar bayanai ce ta yanar gizo wacce aka tsara don masu tsara manufofi don sauƙaƙa raba hanyoyin wadatar da ingantattun hanyoyin magance matsalolin manyan matsaloli da gaggawa na duniya. Yanzu ya ƙunshi manufofi, misali kan kuzari na sabuntawa, ingantaccen makamashi, birane masu ɗorewa da samar da abinci a zamanin canjin yanayi, waɗanda aka inganta su a cikin littattafan WFC, fina-finai da sauraro.
Taron Kare Hakkin Yara na Duniya na Zanzibar Daga 28 zuwa 30 ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta, 2017, Majalisar Duniya mai Kula da Rayuwa ta Duniya ta shirya taron kasa da kasa game da hakkin yara a Zanzibar don nazarin tasirin kwarai na Dokar Yara ta Zanzibar da kuma bayar da labaran nasarori kan kariyar yara, adalci na abokantaka da sa hannu daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Dokar Yaran Zanzibar ta sami lambar yabo ta Gabar Gobe gaba a shekarar, 2015. Fiye da kwanaki uku, sama da mahalarta 100 suka shiga cikin jerin jadawalin bita daban-daban, gabatarwa da ziyarar gani da ido kan yadda ake fassara dokokin haƙƙin yara a cikin takarda cikin shirye-shiryen ƙasa da na wuri wanda ke inganta ƙwarewar yara da matasa a ƙasa da kuma magance yadda ya kamata cin zarafin yara, sakaci, da kuma amfani da su. An kira taron ne tare da goyon bayan Janina Özen-Otto, Gidauniyar JUA, da Gidauniyar Michael Otto. Taron ya rufe da sanarwar Zanzibar kan kare hakkin yara, wanda ya samu sa hannun wakilai sama da 50 da masu tsara manufofi daga kasashen Ghana, Indonesia, Laberiya, Najeriya, Seychelles, Somaliland, Afirka ta Kudu, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zanzibar, da kuma masana kan hakkokin yara da wakilai daga kungiyoyin farar hula, ciki har da Gertrude Mongella da Auma Obama Tsarin Aiki na Manufofin Duniya Tsarin Aikace-aikacen Manufofin Duniya (GPACT) tsari ne na 22 masu hade da juna, tabbatar da sauye-sauyen manufofi wadanda tare, gina ci gaba, zaman lafiya, da al'ummomin adalci da kuma taimakawa wajen tabbatar da alkawurran duniya, gami da Manufofin Cigaba Mai Dorewa (SDG). Manufofin "mafi kyawu" waɗanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gaba ta gano sune waɗanda suka haɗu da Ka'idoji guda bakwai don Yin Doka don Yin Shari'a Nan Gaba Kyakkyawan jagorar ingantacciyar manufa wacce ke tattare da aiki da sabbin hanyoyin kirkirar manufofi da kuma kayan aiki masu amfani da gaba.
Aiwatar da Dokokin Harajin Kuɗi An gabatar da dokokin ciyar da abinci (FIT) don hanzarta samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a kasashe da dama misali Burtaniya, Ostiraliya, jihohi da yawa na Amurka, daga cikinsu akwai California, da kuma a Ontario (Kanada), tare da goyon bayan Makomar Duniya Majalisar. A cikin kawancen Hadin gwiwar samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa, Majalisar Duniya mai Kula da Makomar Duniya ta kirkiro wani kawancen don yada karfin kuzari tare da ba da gudummawa wajen aiwatar da Kudin Haraji a Amurka.
Gangamin don gudanar da Tsararraki masu zuwa WFC ta fara Kamfen don Masu Koyon Bayanai don Tsararraki Masu zuwa akan dukkan matakan shugabanci. Don taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ci gaba mai dorewa, ko 'Rio 20' a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a watan Yunin shekara ta, 2012 WFC ta yi kira da a kafa Ombudspersons don Tsararraki Masu zuwa, a matsayin babbar mafita a ƙarƙashin taken na biyu na Babban Taron Tsarin hukumomi don Cigaba mai Dorewa Kansiloli Kungiyar nan gaba ta Duniya (WFC) ta kunshi fitattun masu kawo canji na duniya 50 daga gwamnatoci, majalisu, kungiyoyin jama'a, makarantun kimiyya, fasaha, da kuma duniyar kasuwanci. Tare suna samar da murya don haƙƙin al'ummomi masu zuwa a duk nahiyoyi biyar.
Kansiloli masu girma
Bincike da wallafe-wallafe Miguel Mendonça, David Jacobs da Benjamin K. Sovacool (2009). Ingarfafa Tattalin Arzikin Tattalin Arziki: Littafin Kuɗi na Tsarin Kuɗi, Earthscan Herbert Girardet da Miguel Mendonça (2009). Duniya mai sabuntawa: Makamashi, Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa, Daidaito, Litattafan Kore, Herbert Girardet (edita) (2008). Rayuwa da Karni: Fuskantar Rikicin Yanayi da Sauran Kalubalen Duniya, Duniya Herbert Girardet (2008). Cities People Planet: Cities masu rayuwa don Duniya mai ɗorewa, Wiley, Miguel Mendonça (2007). Tariffs-in Tariffs: Saurin tura kayan sabuntawar makamashi, Earthscan, Jakob von Uexkull da Herbert Girardet (2005). Shirya makomarmu: Kirkirar Majalisar Duniya mai zuwa, Green Books World Future Council Initiative,
Duba kuma
Manazarta Tarihi
Kansiloli
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Majalisar Duniya Ta Gaba
Pages with unreviewed |
6631 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Iwobi | Alex Iwobi | Alexander Chuka Iwobi ih WOH ih- bee (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu,shekara ta 1996) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a kulob ɗin Premier League na Everton da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.
Iwobi ya fara taka leda a Arsenal, inda ya buga wasanni 149 kuma ya ci kwallaye 15, ya kuma lashe kofin FA a shekara ta, 2017. A watan Agustan shekara ta, 2019, ya koma Everton kan farashin fam miliyan 28 na farko.
Iwobi ya wakilci Ingila har zuwa matakin kasa da 18. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a Najeriya a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015, kuma yana cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta, 2018 da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar, 2019 da shekara ta, 2021, inda ya zo na uku a gasar shekara ta, 2019.
Rayuwar farko da ta sirri An haifi Iwobi a Legas kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru hudu, bayan dan takaitaccen zama a Turkiyya, kuma ya girma a Newham, London. Kawun mahaifiyarsa tsohon ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Jay-Jay Okocha.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Arsenal Iwobi ya koma Arsenal ne tun yana makarantar firamare, a shekarar, 2004, kuma kulob din ya kusa sake shi yana dan shekara 14 kuma yana da shekara 16. Ya fara shiga cikin wasan farko a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan gasar cin kofin League da West Bromwich Albion a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar, 2013. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dogon lokaci tare da Arsenal a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015. A ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2015, Iwobi ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar, inda ya fara a wasan da suka doke Sheffield Laraba da ci 3-0 a zagaye na 16 na gasar cin kofin League. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar Premier kwanaki hudu bayan nasarar da suka yi da Swansea City da ci 3-0 a filin wasa na Liberty, a matsayin maye gurbin Mesut Ozil. Iwobi ya fara buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ne a minti na 85 da ya buga wasan da suka buga da Bayern Munich da ci 5-1. Iwobi ya fara ne a rukunin farko na gasar cin kofin FA na shekarar, 2015 zuwa 2016 zagaye na 3 da na 4 a gida da Sunderland da Burnley. Bayan da aka fara gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na farko a wasan da suka doke Barcelona da ci 3-1, Iwobi ya cigaba da zura kwallaye biyu a gasar Premier biyu na farko da ya yi nasara a kan Everton, da Watford, bi da bi. A kakar wasa ta gaba, Iwobi ya canza lambar tawagarsa daga 45 zuwa 17, bayan Alexis Sánchez ya dauki lamba 7 daga tashi Tomáš Rosický. Ya cigaba da taka leda a duk lokacin kamfen din cin kofin FA na Arsenal na shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, inda ya ci 2-1 da Chelsea a wasan karshe. Ya cigaba da samun nasara tare da Arsenal a gasar "Community Shield" na shekara ta, 2017, inda Arsenal ta doke Chelsea a bugun fenareti. A watan Janairun shekarar, 2018, an fitar da wani faifan bidiyo da ake zargin Iwobi ya nuna a wajen wani shagalin dare sa’o’i 36 kafin a buga wasa. A watan Mayun shekarar, 2018, bayan da kocin Arsenal, Arsène Wenger ya bayyana cewa zai bar kungiyar, Iwobi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wani abin burgewa kuma ya ce abin bakin ciki ne amma abin burgewa. A cikin watan Agusta shekara ta, 2018, ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragi na dogon lokaci tare da kulob din, wanda aka ruwaito har zuwa shekara ta, 2023. A cikin watan Janairu shekara ta, 2019, Iwobi ya kasance batun wariyar launin fata daga 'yar wasan Indiya Esha Gupta, jakadiyar Arsenal. A watan Yulin shekarar, 2019, bayan gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar, 2019, ya ce yana fata komawa buga kwallon kafa tare da Arsenal.
Everton A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2019, Iwobi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar tare da Everton. A cewar BBC, Arsenal ta karbi kudin farko na fam miliyan 28, wanda ya kai fam miliyan 34 tare da ywuwar karawa. Kwanaki goma sha biyar bayan sanya hannu, Iwobi ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin sa'a na karshe a maimakon Gylfi Sigurðsson a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-0 a Aston Villa. A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin EFL, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Everton a ci 4–2 a Lincoln City. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a ranar 1 ga Satumba a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 3–2, kuma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyu da aka ware domin yabo daga kociyan kungiyar Marco Silva daga baya.
Ayyukan kasa Iwobi wanda ya cancanci wakilcin Ingila ko kuma ƙasar haihuwarsa Najeriya, Iwobi ya fara buga wa Ingila wasa a matsayin matasa, wanda tare da wanda ya lashe Garkuwan Nasara a shekarar, 2011. Iwobi ya buga wa Ingila wasanni 11 a matakin kasa da kasa, amma ya cigaba da bayyana wa Najeriya a shekarar, 2015. A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba ne ya buga wasansa na farko a Super Eagles, inda ya maye gurbin Ahmed Musa a minti na 57 a wasan sada zumunci da DR Congo da ci 2-0 a Visé na kasar Belgium. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar, 2016 Ba ya cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 18 na karshe. A watan Agustan shekarar, 2017 Iwobi ya fice daga cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya da za su buga wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na watan saboda rauni. A watan Oktoban shekarar, 2017, Iwobi ne ya ci wa Najeriya kwallo a wasan da ta doke Zambia da ci 1-0 wanda hakan ya sa Super Eagles ta samu gurbi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Ya kasance cikin ‘yan wasa 23 da Najeriya ta buga a gasar kuma ya buga wasanni ukun da Super Eagles ta yi waje da su a matakin rukuni. A watan Afrilun shekarar, 2019, ya ce yana so ya yi koyi da kawunsa Jay-Jay Okocha ta hanyar lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika. An saka shi cikin ‘yan wasan Najeriya da za su buga gasar shekara ta, 2019. A gasar ya ce ba zai yi watsi da sanya Najeriya a matsayin wadda ta fi so ba. Bayan kammala gasar ya ce yana fatar komawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Arsenal. An saka sunan Iwobi a cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya da za su taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekara ta, 2021 da aka jinkirta a shekarar, 2022. An ba shi jan kati mintuna biyar bayan da ya shigo wasan a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka buga da Tunisia, wasan da Najeriya ta yi rashin nasara da ci 0-1.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 23 Janairu 2022. Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallaye a ragar Najeriya.
Girmamawa Arsenal
Kofin FA 2016-17 FA Community Shield 2015, 2017 Gasar cin Kofin EFL 2017-18 UEFA Europa League ta biyu: 2018-19 Ingila U16
Garkuwar Nasara 2011 Najeriya
Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Matsayi na uku 2019 Mutum
Gwarzon dan wasan matasa na CAF 2016 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2016 (a madadin)
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Alex Iwobi at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Rayayyun mutane
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26678 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20pandemic%20in%20Angola | COVID-19 pandemic in Angola | Annobar cutar COVID-19 a Angola wani bangare ne na cutar sankarau ta duniya ta 2019 COVID-19 wacce ke haifar da mummunan cutar numfashi ta coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta bazu zuwa Angola a ƙarshen Maris 2020, inda aka tabbatar da bullar cutar guda biyu a ranar 21 ga Maris.
Fage A ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta tabbatar da cewa wani sabon labari na coronavirus ne ya haifar da cutar numfashi a cikin tarin mutane a birnin Wuhan na lardin Hubei na kasar Sin, wanda aka ba da rahoto ga WHO a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2019
The hali fatality rabo ga COVID-19 ya kasance yawa ƙananan fiye da SARS na 2003, amma baza ta kasance da muhimmanci mafi girma, tare da wani gagarumin total wadanda suka mutu. Simulations na tushen samfur na Angola sun nuna cewa tazarar amincewar kashi 95% na adadin haifuwa mai canzawar lokaci R t ya wuce 1.0 har zuwa Satumba 2020 amma tun daga nan ya ragu zuwa kusan 1.
Maris 2020 A ranar 19 ga Maris, wani faifan bidiyo na WhatsApp game da wani lamari da ake zargi ya shiga hoto, wanda daga baya aka musanta.
Daga ranar 20 ga Maris, an rufe dukkan iyakokin Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Shugaba João Lourenço ya haramtawa duk masu isa zuwa filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama tare da dakatar da jiragen ruwa na fasinja zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Angola na tsawon kwanaki 15. Duk waɗannan haramcin za su kasance har zuwa 4 ga Afrilu.
A ranar 21 ga Maris, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta tabbatar da sabbin maganganu biyu na COVID-19 na farko shari'o'in biyu sun dawo daga Portugal Shari'ar farko ita ce ma'aikacin Sonangol wanda ya tashi daga Lisbon zuwa Luanda Shari'ar ta biyu ta fito ne daga Porto kuma tana karkashin kulawa a Luanda. An rufe dukkan makarantu a Angola a ranar 24 ga Maris. A ranar 29 ga Maris, an yi rikodin mutuwar farko guda biyu masu alaƙa da coronavirus, yayin da adadin waɗanda aka tabbatar sun karu zuwa bakwai.
A ranar 30 ga Maris, an yi rikodin shari'ar murmurewa ta farko daga COVID-19. A karshen watan an sami kararraki 7 da aka tabbatar, 1 murmurewa da mutuwar 2, wanda ya bar lokuta 4 masu aiki.
Afrilu 2020 A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a saki mutane 1900 da ake tsare da su kafin a yi musu shari'a domin hana yaduwar cutar korona a gidajen yarin kasar.
A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, an ba da rahoton cewa mutane 2582 da aka tsare a Luanda a karkashin dokar ta-baci yanzu an mayar da su lardin Zaire A cikin watan an sami sabbin kararraki 20, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 27. Adadin wadanda suka mutu bai canza ba. Marasa lafiya bakwai sun murmure, sun bar lokuta 18 masu aiki a ƙarshen Afrilu.
Mayu 2020 A cikin watan an sami sabbin kararraki 59, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 86. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 4. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka murmure ya karu zuwa 18, yana barin lokuta 64 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata.
Yuni 2020 A cikin watan Yuni an sami sabbin kararraki 198, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 284. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 13. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 93, yana barin lokuta 178 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata (178% fiye da a ƙarshen Mayu).
Yuli 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 864 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 1148. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya rubanya zuwa 52. Adadin wadanda aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 437, yana barin lokuta 659 masu aiki a karshen wata (270% fiye da a karshen watan Yuni).
Agusta 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 1476 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 2624. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya ninka zuwa 107. Yawan lokuta masu aiki a ƙarshen wata sun ninka fiye da ninki biyu daga ƙarshen Yuli, zuwa 1475.
A ranar 25 ga Agusta, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton cewa tsakanin Maris da Yuli, wata rundunar gwamnati da ke aiwatar da dokar hana kulle-kullen ta kashe a kalla maza da yara maza bakwai.
Satumba 2020 A ranar 1 ga Satumba, wani likita ya mutu a hannun 'yan sanda bayan da aka tsare shi saboda rashin sanya abin rufe fuska, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar a shafukan sada zumunta da kuma a Luanda.
A ranar 18 ga Satumba, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Nelson da Luz ya gwada ingancin COVID-19 An samu sabbin kararraki 2281 a cikin watan Satumba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 4905. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 179. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 1833, inda ya bar lokuta 2893 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Oktoba 2020 Vietnam ta ba da rahoton shari'o'in COVID-19 guda shida da aka shigo da su daga Angola waɗanda 'yan asalin Vietnam ne aka dawo da su a cikin jirgin jin kai a ranar 20 ga Oktoba. An samu sabbin kararraki 5900 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 10805. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 284. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 4523, inda ya bar lokuta 5998 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Nuwamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 4334 a watan Nuwamba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 15139. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 348. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7851, wanda ya bar lokuta 6940 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Disamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 2,294 a cikin watan Disamba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 17,433. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 405. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 10,859, inda ya bar lokuta 6,169 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Janairu 2021 Bambancin da aka fara gano a Indiya an gano shi ne a Angola a ranar 14 ga Janairu, sannan a ranar 15 ga Janairu ta hanyar bambance-bambancen da aka fara gano a Burtaniya An samu sabbin kararraki 2,363 a cikin watan Janairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 19,796. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 466. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 18,035, inda ya bar lokuta 1,295 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Fabrairu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 1,011 a watan Fabrairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 20,807. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 508. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 19,322, wanda ya bar lokuta 977 masu aiki a watan.
Maris 2021 An fara allurar rigakafin a ranar 10 ga Maris.
Bambancin da aka fara gano a Afirka ta Kudu an gano shi a Angola a ranar 29 ga Maris.
An sami sabbin kararraki 1,504 a cikin Maris, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 22,311. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 537. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 20,493, inda ya bar lokuta 1,281 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Afrilu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 4,120 a cikin Afrilu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 26,431. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 594. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 23,606, inda ya bar lokuta 2,231 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Mayu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 8,120 a watan Mayu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 34,551. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 766. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 28,079, inda ya bar lokuta 5,706 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Yuni 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 4,298 a watan Yuni, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 38,849. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 900. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 33,242, inda ya bar lokuta 4,707 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Yuli 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 3,797 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 42,646. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1008. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 36,708, inda ya bar lokuta 4,930 masu aiki a karshen wata. Adadin wadanda aka yiwa cikakken rigakafin ya kai 700,871.
Agusta 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 4,898 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 47,544. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1217. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 43,421, inda ya bar lokuta 2,906 masu aiki a karshen wata.
Satumba 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 9,703 a watan Satumba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 57,247. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1548. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 47,950, inda ya bar lokuta 7,749 masu aiki a karshen wata.
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43816 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen%20Robben | Arjen Robben | Arjen Robben Dutch pronunciation: ɑrjən rɔbə(n)] an haife shi ne a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da hudu1984A.c) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda yake taka leda a matsayin winger wanda ya iya cin nesa ana mai laqabi ne da mai lauje An san shi da basirar iya yanke yanke, gudun, sarrafa ƙwallo da harbi mai tsayi. Ana daukar Robben a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa na zamaninsa kuma ana yaba masa a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wiwi a duniya a lokacinsa.
Robben ya fara yin fice dasaninshi a tare da Groningen, wanda shi ne gwarzon shekara ta dubu biyunxuwa dubu biyu da daya a qasar nezaland na shekarar, 2000 zuwa 20001 Eredivisie kakar. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya rattaba hannu kan PSV aqasar nezaland din, inda ya zama matashin dan wasa na shekara na qasar Netherlands kuma ya lashe taken Eredivisie A kakar wasa ta gaba manyan kungiyoyi ne suka bi sa hannun kwamtiragin matashin dan wasan a lokaci Robben, kuma bayan tsawaita tattaunawar canja wuri, ya koma dake nan birnin landan a qasar burtaniya Chelsea a shekara ta, 2004. An jinkirta wasan farko na Robben na Chelsea ta hanyar rauni, amma bayan dawowarsa cikin koshin lafiya, ya taimaka wa Chelsea ta kawo kofunan gasar Premier biyu a jere, kuma shi ne Gwarzon dan wasan Premier a watan Nuwamba a shekarar dubu biyu da biyar, 2005. Bayan kakar wasa ta uku a Ingila wanda ya samu rauni, Robben ya kulla yarjejeniya da Real Madrid tana qasar sipaniya a kan kudi Yuro miliyan talatin da biyar 35.
A watan Agustan shekarar dubu biyu da tara 2009, Robben ya koma Bayern Munich akan farashin kusan Yuro miliyan ashrin da biyar. A kakarsa ta farko a Munich a qasar jamus, Bayern ta lashe gasar lig, wanda Robben ya lashe a karo na biyar cikin shekaru takwas. Robben ya zira kwallayen nasara a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta inda uska yasamu gasar cin wasan a shekarar, 2013 na karshe, ana kiransa shi ga Squad of the Season. A cikin shekara ta, 2014, an ba shi suna zuwa FIFPro World XI da UEFA Team of the Year, da kuma matsayi na hudu a cikin gasar dan yan qwallo da sukafi kowane a shekrai Ballon d'Or A Jamus, ya lashe kofuna 20, gami da taken Bundesliga takwas da DFB Pokals biyar. A cikin dogon lokaci da ya yi a Bayern, Robben kuma an san shi da kyakkyawar haɗin gwiwa tare da ɗan wasan winger Franck Ribery tare ana kiran su da ƙauna da sunan barkwanci A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2021, Robben ya ba da sanarwar yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa. Robben ya fara ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarai dubu biyu da goma, 2010, wanda Nezaland din ta sha kashi a hannun spaniya daci daya mai ban haushi. Ya bayyana a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta shekarar, 2004 da 2008 da 2012 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekarar, 2006 da 2010 da 2014 A karshen, ya lashe Bronze Ball kuma an kira shi ga All-Star Team Rayuwar farko An haifi Robben a Bedum, a arewa maso gabashin qasar nezaland. Ya dauki kwallon kafa tun yana dan karamin yaro, ya zama mai bin tafarkin Coerver Ƙwarewar Robben yana daya daga cikin yan wasa masu saurin sarrafa qwallo ƙafa da ƙwallon ƙafa ya sa ya zama ɗan wasa mai mahimmanci, kuma ya sa hannu da sauri daga kulob din FC Groningen Anan, ya haɓaka salonsa na musamman na yanke ciki daga dama zuwa ƙafarsa na hagu don zura wasu ƙwallaye masu ban mamaki. Groningen ya sanya Robben a cikin tawagar farkon yan wasa sha daya daxasu fara bugawa don kakar shekarar, 1999 zuwa 2000 Ya zura kwallaye har guda uku a wasan gasa da suka fafatar. mai horaswai mai suna Jan van Dijk ya kara da winger a cikin tawagar farko kafin Groningen na Nuwamba shekarai dubu biyu, 2000 a waje wasan da Twente, amma bai buga ba sai 3 ga watan Disamba a shekarar, 2000 da RKC Waalwijk a madadin Leonardo dos Santos da ya ji rauni ciwo a cikin minti na sabai'n da tara 79. A lokacin hunturu, Robben ya gudanar da wasa da kansa a cikin farawa A cikin 18 ya fara don Groningen a kan kakar shekarar, 2000 zuwa 2001, ya zira kwallaye biyu. Robben an nada shi dan wasa mafi kyawun shekara a kakar wasa ta farko tare da kulob din, kuma tare da abokin wasansa Jordi Hoogstrate, ya nuna ƙarfin makarantar matasa na Groningen. Robben ya zauna tare da Groningen kuma ya inganta sosai a lokacin kakar shekarar, 2001 zuwa 2002, yana wasa a cikin 28 wasanni da zura kwallaye shida. Robben ya koma PSV akan €3.9 miliyan kafin lokacin shekara ta, 2002 zuwa 2003 A lokacin kakarsa wasan sa ta farko a qungiyar dake nezaland PSV, kakar dubu biyu xuwa dubu biyu da uku 2002 zuwa 03, Robben ya buga 33 matches kuma ya ci 12 raga. An kira shi a "PSV aqasar nezaland ya anshi wanda yafi kowa oya qwallo a shekara ta a qasar co-player of the year" tare da dan wasan gaba Mateja Kežman, wanda ya kulla kawancen kai hari har yanzu magoya bayan PSV ta qasar nezaland suna kiransa "Batman da Robben". Ya taimaka wajen jagorantar qungiyar da nasarori PSV zuwa taken qasar Holland na sha bakwai 17, kuma ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan shekara. Bayan wannan kyakkyawan farawa, PSV ba zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da abokiyar hamayyar Ajax ba kuma an tilasta shi cikin yaƙi don matsayi na biyu a cikin Eredivisie Robben ya tafi Landan ya gana da kocin Manchester United Sir Alex Ferguson Tayin da Ferguson ya yi ya zo da rahusa sosai ga PSV da Robben; Shugaban PSV Harry van Raaij ya shaida wa Manchester United mafi yawan cewa su €7 tayin miliyan zai saya musu riga ce mai rubutun Robben. Kusan nan take mai Chelsea Roman Abramovich ya yi tayin €18 miliyan 12.1 miliyan), kuma PSV ta yarda. Sauran kakar wasansa tare da PSV ya kasance abin takaici: ya ji rauni sau biyu kuma ya rasa wasanni da yawa. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Robben ya zura kwallaye biyar cikin 23 Eredivisie matches. Robben bai yi gasa halarta sa ba ta karan a karon ga Chelsea har zuwa watan Nuwamba a shekara ta, 2004, kamar yadda ya ji rauni a har na qarshen-kakar sada zumunci wasa da a qasar italiya Roma, karya wani metatarsal kashi a cikin kafar dama a kalubale daga Olivier Dacourt A wannan lokacin, ya gaya wa likitocin qungiyar din cewa ya lura da wani girma da ba a sani ba a daya daga cikin ƙwanƙwasa. Da sauri tawagar likitoci yi gwaje-gwaje don duba ga testicular ciwon daji, amma daga baya aka ba shi gaba daya bayyananne. Robben ya tabbatar da zaman sa dan wasa mai mahimmanci don kakar shekarai dubu biyu da hudu zuwa da biyar 2004 zuwa 2005 a watan Nuwamba shekarar dubu biyu da hudu, 2004, an ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasan frimiya a qasar burtaniya na watan Robben ya ƙare kakar shekarar, 2004 zuwa 2005 da kwallaye guda bakwai, jimlarsa na biyu mafi girma na ƙwararrun yan wasa. Ya aka zaba domin dan wasan dayafi kowa oya qwallo cikin yara matasa a lokacin PFA Young Player of the Year, amma Wayne Rooney na Manchester United ya doke shi Robben ya ji rauni sosai a wasan Premier da suka tafi Blackburn Rovers kuma an tilasta masa zama daga gasar cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa ta shekarar, 2005, gasar cin kofin Chelsea da ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA Komawa dacewa don shekarar, 2005 zuwa 2006, Robben ya kasance wani ɓangare na ɓangaren hagu na Chelsea. A cikin 28 Wasanni, Robben ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye shida yayin da Chelsea ta lashe gasar Premier karo na biyu a jere, kofunan farko na baya-baya ga kulob din na yammacin London. Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1984
Articles with hAudio |
57843 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agba%20Nojie%20of%20Uromi | Agba Nojie of Uromi | Agba lit. Allah na Yaƙi a cikin harshen Esan na Uromi, wanda asalinsa ake kira Agba, shine sarkin mutanen Esan daga 1483 AD har zuwa 1507 AD. Shi ne mai mahimmanci ('sarki' ko 'sarauta') a cikin tarihin mutanen Esan. Ya taka rawar gani wajen ‘yencin Esanland daga tsohuwar daular Benin Ya dakatar da biyan haraji daga Enijies a Esanland ga Oba na Benin, kuma ya dakatar da duk wani karar da ake ɗauka daga Esanland zuwa Fadar Oba don sake shari'a a lokacin Ozolua n'Ibarmoi ('Ozolua the Conqueror').
Tarihi Agba N'Ojie ya gaji sarautar Uromi bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa Onojie Ijesan, Onojie na Uromi na farko.Ya so ya 'yantar da danginsa daga hannun tsohuwar daular Benin Da farko dai al'ummar masarautar Esan sun kaura daga birnin Benin a lokacin mulkin Oba Ewuare. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙauyuka sun faɗaɗa ta hanyar ci gaban cikin gida da rubuce-rubucen motsi daga Benin kusan ƙarni biyar da suka gabata. Irin wannan motsi cikin yankin na iya faruwa kafin wannan kwanan wata.’Yan sara-suka ne suka kora su, shugabanni,masu laifi da sauran su wadanda suka bar garin Benin zuwa daji da babu kowa kafin mulkin Ewuare kamar yadda Oba ya fara a 1460.This was done either through the self-centeredness and outrages of a portion of the Obas, ko bin yaƙe-yaƙe na gama-gari a kan maye gurbi.
Batun ƙaura daga birnin Benin ya faru ne a zamanin mulkin Oba Ewuare a ƙarni na goma sha biyar lokacin da Oba ya rasa ’ya’yansa biyu tare da yin wasu dokoki na rashin gafartawa waɗanda ke hana abubuwan da suka shafi dafa abinci, wanke-wanke,ko yin jima’i na tsawon lokaci,Oba ya buƙaci ya yi amfani da shi. hazaka don mayar da su karkashin mulkin Benin.Ya yi maraba da majagaba Esan ko kuma wakilansu zuwa Benin don ƙoƙartawa .Ya kasance a shirye ya gane da kuma girmama baƙonsa da lakabin Onojie,wanda ke nufin sarki.Babu wani tarihin wasu da suka karɓi gayyatar kuma suka yi watsi da ita.
Sun bace daga tarihi.A nan gaba,Esan ya dora wa mutanen da suka je Benin suka dauki taken Onojie.Mahaifin Agba yana ɗaya daga cikin majagaba da Oba Ewuare ya ƙaddamar a 1463 a matsayin Onojie na farko na Uromi.A lokacin da Agba ya karbi ragamar mulki a matsayin Onojie bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa,Onojie Ijesan ya gano yadda Oba Ewuare ya yi amfani da hankali da magudi wajen mayar da mutanen Esan karkashin mulkin Bini,inda ya zabi kawo karshen mulkin Bini a kan Esan.mutane. Lokacin da Oba Ozolua ya mika hannun sada zumunci ga Agba Nojie na Uromi, Sarkin Uromi,a fili kuma ya ki amincewa da abota da Oba,yana mai cewa ba abota ce ta gaskiya ba kuma alama ce wacce asalinsu ya mutu a isowa.Hakika,hakan ya yi wa Oba Ozolua raini,kuma aka yi shelar yaƙi tsakanin janar-janar biyu,Oba Ozolua na Benin da Onojie Agba Nojie na Uromi, daga ƙarshe ya zama Yaƙin Bini Bini War A cikin karni na 16,yakin Uzea,wanda kuma aka sani da yakin Bini–Esan,ya faru tsakanin masarautar Uromi da Masarautar Benin.Yakin dai ya kwashe shekaru da dama ana yi saboda kin abota daga Oba Ozolua na Benin daga Onojie Agba N'ojie na Uromi.Mutanen Esan sun ayyana shi a matsayin Allah na Yaƙi kuma ana bauta masa a yau a ƙarƙashin itacen kapok mai tsayi.An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Esan da Binis,wanda Esan ke kira Anyi wannan kuma an rufe shi ta hanyar dasa itace da jingina da rantsuwa, ...",wanda aka fi sani da a yau ma'ana Esan ba zai sake kai hari Binis ba.Masarautar Esan za su ba da rancen sojoji ga Masarautar Benin,kamar lokacin Yaƙin Idah na 1515-1516,kuma a lokuta uku da aka hana wasu Obas na Benin sarautarsu,sun gudu zuwa Esanland kuma jarumawan Esan suka jagorance su.Benin su kwato sarautar su Oba.Misalin wannan shine Oba Osemwende(1816-1848).
Mutuwa da gado Agba N'Ojie na Uromi ba a taba tabbatar da ainihin ranar mutuwarsa ba saboda ya bace cikin daji Ahojie a Uromikuma ba a sake ganinsa ba.
Ana ɗaukar Alu-Agba a matsayin allahntaka—allahn yaƙi—da mutanen Esan .Wurin bautarsa yana ƙarƙashin wata doguwar itacen Ceiba pentandra,ko kapok,inda ake bauta masa a kowace ranar kasuwa ta Uromi.Sun yi imanin Agba N'Ojie yana da ikon kare su a lokacin yaƙi da lokutan wahala.
Duba kuma Ogbidi Okojie
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24546 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansanin%20Ruychaver | Sansanin Ruychaver | Sansanin Ruychaver, shima Sansanin Ruijghaver, gidan kasuwanci ne na Dutch a cikin gandun dajin Gold Coast, a Ghana ta zamani. Ya wanzu tsakanin 1654 da 1660 a bakin Kogin Ankobra. Sunan mukamin ya koma ga Jacob Ruijghaver, darektan kamfanin Dutch West India na Kamfanin Gold Coast, wanda ya ba da umarnin kafa ta.
Manufar wurin ciniki ita ce ta inganta cinikayyar gwal, saboda yankin da ke kewaye da sansanin ya shahara a cikin gida don ma'adanan zinari. Rarraba gidan ciniki a matsayin mai ƙarfi shine samfurin adabin zamani. Wataƙila ba a ƙarfafa matsayin ciniki ba kamar yadda kalmar ''sansanin'' ke nufi, kuma mai yiwuwa ya ƙunshi madaidaicin masauki da wasu ƙananan bukkoki.
Wuri A cikin wallafe -wallafen, an bayar da wurare guda biyu don sansanin. Taswirar tana nuna duka waɗannan wurare.
Wataƙila yiwuwar ita ce Sansanin Ruychaver yana gefen dama na Kogin Ankobra, daura da Kogin Bonsa, a Yankin Egwira. Doorman, da sauransu, ya kasance daga wannan makarantar.
Sauran ka'idar, da farko Daaku ke ba da shawara, tana ɗaukar shigarwar diary na Darakta-Janar Valckenburg a matsayin wurin tashi. Shigarwa ya ce tashar kasuwancin tana da nisan mil 30 daga bakin tekun. Kamar yadda mil mil na Amsterdam yayi daidai da mita 5,754.53, wannan yana nufin wurin sansanin shine kilomita 173 a cikin ƙasa. A wannan tazara ("kamar yadda kukan ke tashi") hakika wani mazaunin da ake kira Sanaya yana nan, inda a cewar Daaku ya taɓa tsayawa Sansanin Ruychaver.
A wurare biyu, akwai filayen zinare da suka ƙare, waɗanda kuma sune cibiyoyin samar da gwal a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Da alama yana da wuya, duk da haka, Yaren mutanen Holland sun bi ta manyan filayen zinare don kafa sansanin kilomita 173 a cikin ƙasa.
Tarihi Tarihin gidan ciniki ya kasance mai ban mamaki kamar yadda ya daɗe. Yaren mutanen Holland sun yi nasarar sarrafa yankin da ke kusa da Fort Santo Antonio a Axim daga 1642 zuwa gaba, musamman bayan sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Axim tare da Karamar Hukumar Axim a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu na shekarar. Tare da Axim a matsayin tushen su, Mutanen Holland sun yi ƙoƙarin yada tasirin su a cikin ƙasa, don samun kyakkyawar damar shiga filin zinare a can.
Wannan ƙoƙarin ba koyaushe yake samun nasara sosai ba, ba kaɗan ba saboda tsayayyar yawan jama'ar ƙasa. Gasar Faransa a cikin yankin zinira na gundumar Egwira ya sanya Dutch yanke shawara a cikin 1654 don kama wuraren kasuwancin Faransa da ƙauyuka, wanda ya haɗa da wurin kasuwanci kusa da Sansanin Ruychaver na gaba.
Tabbas mutanen ƙasar ba su yaba da kasancewar Dutch a cikin mahaifarsu da yawa ba, amma a lokaci guda sun yi maraba da yuwuwar kasuwanci tare da ikon Turai. Mutanen Holland sun yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya mai ɗorewa da ke wanzu a wannan lokacin ta hanyar aika 'yan kasuwar gishiri na Afirka daga Axim zuwa sansanin don yin ciniki tare da Egwira na gida.
Zaman lafiya bai dade ba. A cikin 1659, jami'an Dutch a Axim sun lura cewa an toshe hanyoyin sufuri da sadarwa zuwa sansanin, kuma a farkon 1660, saƙo ya isa cewa mazauna yankin sun lalata sansanin, tare da fitar da 'yan kasuwar Axim. Ƙoƙarin da Holland ta yi na sarrafa cinikin zinare ya ci tura.
Mutanen Holland kawai sun sabunta ƙoƙarin su a ƙarshen 1830s, a lokacin suna ƙoƙarin kafa ma'adinan zinare na kansu.
Bayanan kula
Manazarta Meredith, Henry (1812). An Account of the Gold Coast of Africa: with a brief history of the African Company, London.
Cruickshank, Brodie (1855). Ein achtzehnjähriger Aufenthalt auf der Goldküste Afrika's, Leipzig.
Doorman, J. G. (1898). Die Niederländisch-West-Indische Compagnie an der Goldküste, In: Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Batavia), 40 (5/6), pp. 387–496.
Daaku, Kwame Yeboa (1970). Trade and politics on the Gold Coast 1600–1720 A Study of the African Reaction to European Trade, |
14931 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20Audu | Judith Audu | Judith Emike Audu-Foght, wacce aka fi saninta da Judith Audu,ta kasance yar shirin fim din Najeriya ce kuma ma'aikaciyar TV, mai-shiri,model,blogger,da tsara fina-finai.Anfi saninta da rawar da ta taka amatsayin Mofe a Najeriya television series Emerald,tare da Joseph Benjamin, Carol King, Lilian Esoro da Femi Branch. An kuma santa sosai ta fim din ta wato Just Not Married, FlippeddaThe Sessions.A shekarar 2019, an sanya ta cikin YNAIJA 100 most Influential Nigerians acikin Film..
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Judith Audu a Navy Town, Ojo ga mahaifi tsohon sojan Navy a Najeriya; Audu Ali Audu da mahaifiyarta; Gift Salamat Audu. Mahaifiyarta mai kasuwancin restaurateur da entrepreneur wacce ta mallaki shugunan dafa abinci da dama da kuma tsarin bukukuwa. Judith nada yan'uwa biyu, yayanta Franklin Audu da kaninta Abdulmalik Audu. Itace ta biyu kuma kadai mace. Sun yan'asalin Auchi ne na Jihar Edo dake kudancin Najeriya.
Judith Audu tayi makarantar Navy Town Primary School, Ojo, daga shekarar 1988 zuwa shekara ta 1993, sannan ta cigaba zuwa Navy Town Secondary School daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1999, inda ta karanci fannin adabi. Ta kuma koma makarantar Nigerian French Language Village, Badagry a shekarar 2001 kuma ta samu Diploma Wanda tayi amfani dashi amatsayin Direct Entry zuwa Jami'ar Lagos a shekarar 2002.
A shekara ta 2005, Judith Audu ta kammala digirin ta na B.A a French daga Jami'ar Lagos. After her National Youth Service (NYSC) In Kebbi State in 2006/2007, She went back to the University of Lagos and applied for master's degree course in Public and International Affairs from 2008 to 2010, where she graduated with a degree in Masters of Public and International Affairs (MPIA)..
Aiki
Sanda take Jami'ar Lagos,Judith Audu ta shiga kungiyar dalibai yan'wasan theater masu suna Campus Playhouse. Daga nan ne Audu ta samu fara ayyukan ta na shirye-shiryen drama tare da wasu fitattun yan'wasa kamar su; Denrele Edun, actor/comedian Koffi da Darekta Wole Oguntokun.
A shekarar 2004, sanda Jami'ar Lagos sanda Jami'ar ta tafi yajin-aiki na tswon watanni goma, Audu was invited by her colleague Denrele Edun to Alpha Vision Company where she auditioned for and got her first role on the small screen in Tajudeen Adepetu's TV Series, One Love. In the same year, Audu officially registered herself as an actor with the Actor's Guild of Nigeria and began attending auditions, through which she got a role in a Ghetto film by Femi Ogedegbe titled Tears of the Ghetto (Life is beautiful). At the end of the University strike, Audu went back to school and took a hiatus from acting, sannan ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen yara wato, Funtime, inda ta fito amatsayin Vanessa.
Lokacin gudanar da aikin ta na bautar kasa National Youth Service, ta kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a gidan TV na Kebbi State Television sunan shirin ta French For Beginners da kuma Drama Troupe Director.
A shekarar 2011, bayan kammala master's degree dinta,Judith Audu ta halarci audition dan samun matsayi a television drama, Tinsel tasamu matsayin ta a gynaecologist, she has since been part of several Television Series like Emerald, Seekers, Burning Spears, Tinsel, Huzzel, 4 Walls, Comfort Zone, Rush, Funtime, Life is Beautiful, Case File, House Apart da Queens Drive.
A shekarar 2014,Judith Audu ta samar da film dinta na farko, wani gajeren fim akan cin-zarafin mata a gida mai suna 'Not Right', wanda Omowunmi Dada, Ani Iyoho, Philip Festus da Judith Audu.
A shekarar 2014, Judith Audu ta fara watsa shiri a rediyo na yanar gizo, Igroove Radio tagged sunan shirin Meet the Actor With Judith Audu wanda a shirin take tattaunawa da shahararrun yan'wasan fina-finai.
A Watan Mayun shekarar 2016, Judith Audu ta samar kuma ta shirya, film mai-tsawo, karkashin kamfanin ta na, Judith Audu Productions. An sanyawa fim din suna Just Not Married features Stan Nze, Rotimi Salami, Ijeoma Agu, Obutu Roland, Brutus Richard, Gregory Ojefua, Judith Audu and Perpetua Adefemi. The movie enjoyed rave reviews and topped cinema ratings across Nigeria in the first few weeks of its release.
Rayuwarta
Judith Audu tana da aure taré da Morten Foght a 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2011.
Audu ta kasance blogger ce
Kyauta da gabatarwa
A shekarar 2013, an gabatar da ita ga Best Female Actor Award shekara ta 2013 a Nigerian Broadcasting Merit Award.
A Disamba 2014, Audu ta lashe kyautar Best Actress a In-Short International Film Festival 2014 domin rawar da ta taka a gajeren fim din, Alpha Mom.
Gajeren shirin fim din Judith Audu Not Right, wanda ta samar kuma ta fito aciki a shekara ta 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards amatsayin 'Best Short Film', the film was also nominated at the Best of Nollywood Awards, Nollywood Movie Awards and at the Abuja International Film Festival in 2014.
A shekarar 2016,Judith Audu ta kwashe kyautar Best Actress a Best of Nollywood kyautar Dan fim din Just Not Married. Audu yayi nasarar ne dan Best Actress in a Supporting Role (African Film in English) na fim din Obsession at the 22nd African Film Awards a UK a watan Nuwamba 2018, as well as at the Toronto International Nollywood Film Festival for her role in the movie Unfinished Business.
A watan February shekarar 2020, United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) sun ba Audu matsayin "high profile supporter" na "Telling the Real Story" (TRS) project.
Fina-finai
Fim da ya fito aciki
Fina-finan da ya shirya
2019 The Sessions 2019 The Family
2019 Diary of the Damned
2018 MIRABEL 2018 FLIPPED 2018 MORNING FIX 2018 Heart Break 2018 Like Dominoes 2018 Bedroom Points
Duba kuma
List of Nigerian bloggers.
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50429 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charizard | Charizard | Charizard rd ),wanda aka sani a Japan kamar Lizardon,Pokémon ne a cikin Nintendo da kuma Game Freak 's Pokémon ik1pon amfani da sunan kamfani.Atsuko Nishida ne ya ƙirƙira, Charizard ya fara fitowa a cikin wasannin bidiyo <i id="mwIA">Pokémon Red</i> and <i id="mwIQ">Blue</i>( <i id="mwIw">Pokémon Red</i> da <i id="mwJA">Green</i> a Japan) da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo baya.Daga baya sun bayyana a cikin kayayyaki daban-daban,taken spinoff da raye-raye da bugu na karbuwar ikon ikon amfani da sunan kamfani.An san shi da Pokémon Flame. Shin-ichiro Miki,ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya yi magana da James a cikin asalin Jafananci na Pokémon anime,ya yi muryar Charizard a cikin nau'ikan Jafananci da Ingilishi na anime.Lemu, Pokémon mai ɗorewa,Charizard shine asalin halittar Charmeleon kuma juyin halitta na ƙarshe na Charmander. Hakanan yana da nau'ikan Mega Evolved guda biyu,Mega Charizard X da Y, waɗanda wataƙila duka biyun suka tsara su ta hanyar Tomohiro Kitakaze, wanda ya tsara Mega Charizard X,kuma ba su dawwama kuma koyaushe suna komawa ga tsarin Charizard na yau da kullun da zarar yaƙi ya cika.Hakanan yana da nau'in Gigantamax a cikin Takobin Pokémon da Garkuwa,wanda ke canza kamanni da girmansa don juyawa 3,har sai an buga shi,har sai an dawo,ko kuma har sai an gama yaƙin.
An nuna Charizard a cikin jerin anime <i id="mwLw">Pokémon</i> tare da mafi yawan maimaita kasancewa daga babban hali Ash Ketchum.An nuna shi a cikin gyare-gyaren da aka buga irin su Pokémon Adventures,a cikin mallakar Blue,ɗaya daga cikin manyan haruffa.Charizard ya bayyana a cikin Pokémon Origins tare da babban hali Red a matsayin mai horar da shi.A cikin wannan jerin,Charizard shine wurin hutawa,saboda shine farkon Pokémon zuwa Mega Evolve cikin Mega Charizard X kuma ya taimaka doke Mewtwo. Charizard ya sami kyakkyawar liyafar daga kafofin watsa labarai,tare da GamesRadar yana kwatanta shi a matsayin"hannaye ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun Pokémon a can".Charizard shine nau'in mascot na Pokémon Red da nau'ikan FireRed,kuma yana bayyanuwa akan wasan dambe na Pokémon Stadium, Pokémon Ranger,Pokémon Mystery Dungeon:Red Rescue Team,Pokémon Mystery Kurkuku:Masu bincike na sama,da Pokémon Super Mystery Kurkuku.Ya bayyana a cikin kowane shigarwa na Super Smash Bros.jerin,a cikin ƙarfin da ba za a iya bugawa ba a cikin wasanni biyu na farko kafin ya zama hali mai iya wasa daga Super Smash Bros.Fada a gaba. Charizard kuma ya bayyana a cikin fim ɗin mai rai-aiki mai raye-raye Detective Pikachu Ra'ayi da halaye Atsuko Nishida ne ya tsara Charizard don ƙarni na farko na wasannin dodanni na Pocket Red da Green,waɗanda aka keɓe a waje da Japan azaman <i id="mwUw">Pokémon Red</i> da <i id="mwVA">Blue</i>.An tsara Charizard kafin Charmander,na karshen yana dogara ne akan tsohon.Asalin da ake kira "Lizardon"a cikin Jafananci,Nintendo ya yanke shawarar bai wa nau'in Pokémon daban-daban"sunaye masu wayo da kwatance"masu alaƙa da kamanninsu ko fasalinsu lokacin fassara wasan ga masu sauraron yammacin duniya a matsayin hanyar sanya haruffan su kasance masu dacewa da yaran Amurka.A sakamakon haka,an canza musu suna"Charizard",hoton hoton kalmomin"gawai"ko "char"da"kadan zuma".A yayin wata hira,Shugaban Kamfanin Pokémon Tsunekazu Ishihara ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran Charizard ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron Arewacin Amurka saboda fifikon su ga masu ƙarfi,masu ƙarfi.
Bayanin jiki zanen Charizard yana da wahayi daga dodanni,musamman dodanni na Turai Ko da yake Charizard ya sami nau'in na biyu na Flying maimakon nau'in Dragon a kan haɓakawa,yana cikin rukunin Dragon Egg Group,yana koyon motsin Dragon kamar Dragon Claw,kuma yana da nau'in Flying ɗinsa wanda Dragon ya maye gurbinsa a cikin sigar"Mega Charizard X". Wasannin bidiyo sun bayyana Charizard a matsayin mai fuka-fuki da zai iya ɗaukar su kusa da tsayin 4,600.ƙafa (1,400 m), yana shawagi da girman kai a sararin sama kuma koyaushe yana neman abokan adawa masu ƙarfi don yin yaƙi da su.Suna iya hura wuta mai tsanani wanda zai iya narkar da kowane abu, amma ba za su taɓa kunna maƙiyi mafi rauni ba. Idan Charizard ya fusata, harshen wuta a ƙarshen wutsiya zai iya tashi da launin fari-shuɗi.Saboda halin rashin kulawa,Charizard an san su da haifar da gobarar daji ba da gangan ba. Duk da yake Mega Charizard X sananne ne da baƙar fata,jiki mai launi, zafi mai zafi da kuma nau'in Dragon, Mega Charizard Y ana ɗaukarsa gabaɗaya saboda bajintar tashi,tare da zargin yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 10,000.yayin tashi. A cikin Pokémon Go, Charizard ya kasance a cikin nau'i biyu, nau'i na asali tare da jikin orange da faci mai launin kirim a cikinsa,da siffarsa mai sheki, wanda shine jiki mai launin toka mai launi iri ɗaya a cikin cikinsa.Siffa mai kyalli na Charizard ya fara fitowa a cikin Pokémon Zinare da Azurfa,yayin taron Ranar Al'umma'Pokémon Go wanda ke nuna Charmander.A yayin taron Ranar Jama'a, ana iya saduwa da Charmander mai sheki, wanda za'a iya samunsa zuwa Charmeleon mai sheki,kuma bi da bi, ya zama Charizard mai sheki. A cikin Generation VIII,Charizard yana da ikon Gigantamaxing,wani nau'in Dynamaxing na musamman wanda ke canza fasalin Charizard gaba ɗaya.Lokacin da Gigantamaxed,cikin Charizard duk yana haskakawa,fuka-fukansa suna lullube da wuta,kuma wutar wutsiya ta girma. Idan Charizard ya san duk wani motsi na lalata nau'in Wuta,za a canza su zuwa G-Max Wildfire,wanda ke magance lalacewa har sau biyar.Gigantamax Charizard an fi gani a lokacin fadace-fadace tare da Galarian Champion Leon.Mai kunnawa zai iya samun Gigantamax Charizard ta hanyar samun Charmander a cikin Poke Ball a gidan Leon (Poke Ball yana cikin ɗakin kwanansa) kuma ya canza shi zuwa Charizard.
Yaƙin gasa Daga fitowar sa a cikin ƙarni na farko zuwa ƙarni na biyar,Charizard ya kasa yin babban tasiri a fagen gasa,har zuwa lokacin da"ba a gan shi a cikin wasan gasa mai tsanani ba"kuma ya kasance"halaka.a manta."Wannan rashin iyawa na dangi,haɗe tare da shahararsa mara ƙarfi,ya ba shi"sunan Pokémon wanda ke wakiltar fanboys" mara kyau.A cikin VGC (Gasar Wasan Bidiyo) tsarin gasa na hukuma na Pokémon tsari ne na ninki biyu wanda ya fara a cikin Generation IV,kuma Charizard bai fara kasancewa da yawa ba har sai ya sami nau'in Mega Charizard Y a cikin 2014 da 2015 inda ikonsa ya kafa Fari. Rana wanda zai iya tallafawa membobin ƙungiyar ta hanyar kunna iyawa kamar Solar Power da Chlorophyll da raguwar lalacewa daga hare-haren ruwa yayin da kuma ke haɓaka motsin nau'in Wuta mai ƙarfi, yayin da kuma ba shi damar yin amfani da motsin Solar Beam a lokaci ɗaya, lokacin da ya saba ɗauka.biyu,zai iya taimakawa ƙungiyarsa har ma da Tailwind. Koyaya, a cikin 2016 ya faɗi daga amfani kamar yadda Primal Groudon ya zarce shi azaman madaidaicin rana da nau'in wuta. A cikin 2017 mega juyin halitta ba a ba da izini ba kuma a cikin 2018 ya sake samun amfani da yawa har sai Primal Groudon ya sake zaɓe shi a cikin 2019. A cikin juyin halittar mega na 2020 bai kasance a cikin sabbin wasanni ba, Pokémon Sword da Garkuwa,kuma ya zuwa yanzu ya kasance mai ban mamaki tare da fasalin Gigantamax mai ban mamaki tare da motsi G-max Wildfire wanda ke ba shi babban tasiri mai lalacewa, har ma da cin nasarar Yankunan Dallas Ya sami ma fi kyau tare da ɓoye ikonsa da aka ba da izini tare da tsarin Gigantamax yana sa shi yin 50% ƙarin lalacewa lokacin da rana ta tashi wanda ya fi sauƙi tare da Torkoal don sa Charizard ya kara lalacewa. Mega Charizard X bai kusan zama mai kyau a cikin VGC tsawon shekaru tare da ikonsa ba shi da amfani kuma yana da rauni ga iyawar gama gari Tsoro duk da haka har yanzu ya ga wasu nasara tare da mutane kamar Jamie Boyt ya lashe yanki tare da wannan. A cikin marasa aure,lokaci-lokaci yana samun abubuwan more rayuwa, kamar tare da haɓaka motsi Belly Drum, amma haɗarin shigar ƙarni na huɗu Stealth Rock ya gurgunta shi,wanda ya cire rabin lafiyar sa yayin shiga yaƙi yayin da yake aiki. Ƙarni na shida sun ceci matsayin gasa na Charizard ta hanyar gabatar da siffofin Mega Charizard X da Mega Charizard Y,suna mai da shi "barazana babba"na daidaitaccen matakin Smogon.Tare da fitowar Generation VIII da Pokémon Sword da Garkuwa a cikin 2019,Charizard ya sami ƙarin shahara tare da sabon abu"Takalma mai nauyi",wanda ya yi watsi da tasirin Stealth Rock,a baya an ambaci babban batun.
Bayyanuwa
A cikin wasannin bidiyo Charizard ya fara wasansa na bidiyo a cikin 1996 tare da sakin Jafananci na <i id="mwrA">Pokémon Red</i> and <i id="mwrQ">Blue</i>. Yana samuwa ne kawai ta hanyar juyin halittar Pokémon daga mai farawa Pokémon Charmander .A cikin <i id="mwtw">Pokémon Zinariya</i>, <i id="mwuA">Azurfa</i>,da <i id="mwug">Crystal</i>,da kuma sake yin su <i id="mwvA">Pokémon HeartGold</i> da <i id="mwvQ">SoulSilver</i>, Charizard yana amfani da Red,wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban karshe na wasanni.Charizard yana ɗaya daga cikin Pokémon da yawa a cikin <i id="mwwg">Pokémon X</i> da <i id="mwww">Y</i> wanda ke iya amfani da sabon makanikin juyin halitta na Mega,ya zama ko dai Mega Charizard X ko Mega Charizard Y. An ba shi Mega Juyin Juyin Halin kusan shekaru ɗaya da rabi cikin haɓakawa.Pokémon X da Y. Charmander (tare da Bulbasaur da Squirtle) an ƙara su zuwa wasan a cikin muhimmiyar rawa don ba da damar 'yan wasa su fuskanci Juyin Halitta na Charizard's Mega. Hakanan yana iya samun sabon nau'i <i id="mwyw">Pokémon Sword</i> da <i id="mwzA">Garkuwa</i> mai suna Gigantamax form. Champion Leon yana da shi a matsayin babban Pokémon a cikin waɗannan wasannin kuma.
Charizard ya fito a cikin sauran wasannin Pokémon da yawa.Ya bayyana a cikin <i id="mwzw">Pokémon Mystery Dungeon:Blue Rescue Team</i> da <i id="mw0A">Red Rescue Team</i> a kan wata ƙungiya tare da Alakazam da Tyranitar, waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin labarin.A cikin Pokémon Ranger, Charizard shine maigidan Pokémon wanda ya zama mai haɗe da halayen ɗan wasan kuma yana taimaka masa ko ta duk lokacin wasan. Charizard ya dawo a cikin Pokémon Ranger:Alamomin tsaro a matsayin wani hali na shugaba, da Pokémon Rumble.Har ila yau yana daya daga cikin Pokémon mai daukar hoto a cikin Pokémon Snap,da kuma halin da ba a iya wasa ba a cikin PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure da mabiyinsa, PokéPark 2:Abubuwan Al'ajabi Bayan.
Charizard ya bayyana sau da yawa a cikin jerin Super Smash Bros.Charizard ya fara bayyana azaman hali mara wasa a cikin Super Smash Bros.da Super Smash Bros. Melee,a matsayin daya daga cikin Pokémon wanda zai iya bayyana idan mai kunnawa ya jefa Poké Ball.A cikin Super Smash Bros.Brawl,Charizard ana iya kunnawa yayin da yake ƙarƙashin umarnin mai horar da Pokémon.Mai Koyarwa yana da Squirtle da Ivysaur,duka ukun da za a iya canzawa tsakanin;ba kamar sauran mayakan ba,waɗannan Pokémon sun gaji kuma saboda haka sun yi rauni, kuma dole ne a canza su tsawon lokaci don murmurewa.Matakan Charizard sun haɗa da Rock Smash,Flamethrower,da Fly. Charizard ne playable a matsayin standalone hali a cikin <i id="mw-A">Super Smash Bros. ga Nintendo 3DS</i> da <i id="mw-Q">Wii U</i>,inda ya sami motsi Flare Blitz da sabon Final Smash nasa yana canzawa zuwa Mega Charizard X. Charizard ya dawo a Super Smash Bros.Ultimate,inda yake kuma yana ƙarƙashin umarnin Mai horar da Pokémon tare da Squirtle da Ivysaur. Charizard kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mayaki mai iya wasa a gasar Pokén. da Pokémon Unite.
A cikin anime A cikin wasan anime,sanannen Charizard shine Ash Ketchum wanda yake da shi tun yana Charmander wanda tsohon mai shi Damian ya watsar. Ash's Charmander ya samo asali zuwa Charmeleon bayan yaki da sojojin Exeggutor,kuma halinsa ya canza gaba daya,ya zama Pokémon mai rashin biyayya da girman kai da fada lokacin da yadda ya yarda.Charmeleon ya samo asali ne lokacin da Ash ya kira shi don kariya daga Pokémon prehistoric; Lokacin da Aerodactyl ya kai masa hari kuma ya dauke Ash,Charmeleon ya samo asali don yakar Aerodactyl kuma ya ceci Ash.Charizard har yanzu bai yi biyayya ga Ash ba,ya fi son yin barci,kuma kawai ya yi yaƙi da Pokémon wanda zai haifar da ƙalubale,amma Charizard ya taimaka wa Ash ya kai ga burinsa, musamman a kan Shugaban Gym Blaine.Rashin biyayyar da Charizard ya yi wa Ash ya jawo masa hasarar Indigo League saboda Charizard ya zabi barci maimakon fada.
Charizard ya zama mai aminci a lokacin tsibirin Orange bayan Ash ya yi yaƙi da mai horo tare da Poliwrath kuma Charizard ya daskare sosai.Saboda Ash ya taimaka wa Charizard ya narke,ya fara biyayya ga Ash kuma ya ci Poliwrath a karawar.Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar Ash kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga nasarorin da ya samu a gasar Orange League.da sassan Johto.A ƙarshe ya zauna a baya a cikin kwarin Charizific,wurin ajiyar inda Charizard daji ke yaƙi da horarwa don samun ƙarfi.Wataƙila hakan ya faru ne saboda saduwa da Charla,mace Charizard wacce ya sami sha'awarta.
Charizard,kamar wasu Pokémon na Ash, yana dawowa kan ɗan lokaci don yin yaƙi a gefen Ash yawanci lokacin da Ash yana fuskantar Pokémon mai ƙarfi. Charizard ya ceci rayuwar Ash fiye da sau daya,kamar yadda aka gani a cikin fim din Spell of the Unown,inda ya fafata da Entei bayan da ya isa da wuri don hana Ash da Pikachu fadawa cikin mutuwarsu, bayan da ya taso daga Charizific.Valley bayan da ya fara ganin watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na Ash yana gudana bayan Entei wanda ya yi garkuwa da mahaifiyar Ash, Delia Ketchum. Charizard ya dawo a lokacin Johto Pokémon League kuma ya ci Gary's Blastoise,wanda ke da fa'ida iri ɗaya akan Charizard.Charizard kuma ya dawo don yaƙin farko na Ash's Battle Frontier,inda ya ɗauki Articuno a masana'antar yaƙi kuma ya ci nasara saboda dabarun da ba na al'ada ba. A lokacin jerin <i id="mwATQ">Mafi kyawun Fata</i>, Charizard a hukumance ya koma ƙungiyar Ash (maye gurbin Ash's Unfezant,wanda aka aika zuwa Lab ɗin Farfesa Oak a cikin tsari),yayin da Ash ke binciken Unova. Bayan ya sake haduwa da Ash,ya baiwa mai horar da shi Flamethrower a fuska sosai ga mamakin kowa.Har ila yau Charizard ya ci gaba da hamayya mai tsanani tare da Iris's Dragonite har duka Ash da Iris sun yarda su yi yaƙi.A lokacin yakin wanda aka fara a kasa amma daga baya ya haura sama lokacin da Pokémon biyu suka hau sama,an nuna cewa Charizard ya koyi Wing Attack,Slash,da Dragon Tail amma duk da Pokémon guda biyu suna da wani abu mai tsananin hamayya da daya.wani,N kuma nan da nan ya kira yakin bayan ya fahimci cewa Dragonite ya ji rauni a hannun dama. Charizard ya zauna tare da duk Pokémon na Ash ba tare da Pikachu ba a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Farfesa Oak lokacin da Ash ya sake barin Kanto zuwa yankin Kalos mai nisa.
A cikin Generation VIII,Charizard yana da ikon Gigantamaxing,nau'in Dynamaxing na musamman wanda ke canza fasalin Charizard gaba ɗaya.Lokacin da Gigantamaxed,cikin Charizard duk yana haskakawa,fuka-fukansa suna lullube da wuta,kuma wutar wutsiya ta girma.Idan Charizard ya san duk wani motsi na lalata nau'in Wuta,za a canza su zuwa G-Max Wildfire,wanda ke magance lalacewa na juyawa biyar.Gigantamax Charizard an fi gani a lokacin fadace-fadace tare da Galarian Champion Leon.
A cikin gyare-gyaren da aka buga A cikin Pokémon:Pikachu Shocks Back, wanda ya yi daidai da layin labarin anime, Ash ya kama Charmander,kuma a ƙarshe ya zama Charizard kuma ya yi yaƙi a gasar Pokémon League.Duk da kama shi,yana da matsala wajen sarrafa shi.Ash yana kawo Charizard zuwa tsibirin Orange kuma yana horar da shi sosai tun lokacin bala'i.Daga nan sai ya yi amfani da shi don yaƙar Dragonite a wasan karshe tare da shugaban ƙungiyar motsa jiki na Orange Crew Drake.
A cikin Pokémon Adventures manga,Blue yana karɓar Charmander daga kakansa Farfesa Oak.Yana tasowa zuwa Charmeleon,kuma lokacin da Gastly ya mallaki Blue a cikin Hasumiyar Lavender, haka ma Charmeleon.Daga karshe an sako Blue's Charmeleon daga mallakarsa sai kawai wani Arbok,mallakar Koga ya fuskanci.Charmeleon ya yaudari Koga ta hanyar amfani da aljan Psyduck don karkatar da Acid Arbok kafin a zahiri ya yanka Arbok rabin da wutsiya.Blue daga baya ya bayyana tare da ingantaccen Charizard kuma ya sami damar zuwa Saffron City ta hanyar taimakawa wajen kashe shingen da Mista Mime ya kirkira. Daga baya, Red da Blue suna fuskantar Koga's Articuno kuma Ice Beam sun daskare su,amma a ƙarshe sun ci nasara da Ƙungiyar Rukunin Rukunin tare da Charizard's Flamethrower.Sannan ya haɗu tare da Red's newly evolved Venusaur,Saur,and Green's Blastoise, Blasty,don kayar da dodo na Sabrina Pokémon.Sun kawo karshen ikon Team Rocket na Saffron City,suna raba tsuntsaye uku a cikin tsari.
Blue's Charizard ya sake bayyana yayin wasan karshe na gasar Pokémon na tara, da abokin hamayyarsa Red.Duk da irin fa'idar,Charizard ya yi yaƙi da Saur kuma an kusa fidda shi.Yayin da yaƙin ke ci gaba,masu horarwar biyu sun aika da Pokémon na farko don yin yaƙi kuma, lokacin da Saur ya ɗaure Charizard daga kai hari.Nan da nan,tsawa ta tashi daga hare-haren Poli da Pika,kuma Saur ya nutsar da itacen inabi a cikin gajimare, ya girgiza Charizard kuma ya buga shi. Lokacin da ƙarar"FireRed da LeafGreen" na manga ya fara manyan jarumai na asali Red,Blue,da Green sun dawo don yaƙar sabuwar ƙungiyar Rocket da Deoxys a ƙarƙashin ikonsu.Masu horo uku sun zama tarko a cikin Hasumiyar Trainer a cikin Sevii Islands,suna fafatawa da babbar kwamfutar ginin da Deoxys Divides.Bayan gwagwarmaya don daidaitawa Blasty,Saur,da Charizard,masu horarwa guda uku suna gudanar da mayar da hankali kan kusurwar hare-hare uku masu karfi- Blast Burn,Hydro Cannon,da Frenzy Plant- don 'yantar da Mewtwo, wanda kuma ya lalata Hasumiyar Trainer. Charizard ya bayyana a matsayin babban Pokémon a cikin ɗan gajeren labari, Charizard Go!Tracey West ya daidaita shi, sabon littafin ya sake ba da labarin tafiyar Ash tare da Charmander,kuma ya kai kololuwa yayin da Ash da Charizard ke fafatawa a Pokémon League a Indigo Plateau da abokinsa nagari Ritchie. Labarin ya shafi Ash da sahabbansa sun gano Charmander da aka watsar,yakin da Charmeleon bai saurari Ash ba,da yakin Charizard da Blaine's Magmar.Charizard Go!shine labari na shida a cikin jerin Littattafan Babi na Pokémon. Wani babi labari,All Fired Up:Pokémon Johto Journeys,wanda Jennifer Johnson ya daidaita, ya ƙunshi ɓangaren tafiyar Ash kusa da Violet City da kuma Kwarin Characific.A cikin littafin,Ash yana mamakin ko Charizard ya bar tawagarsa har abada;ya ƙunshi kama Ash's Cyndaquil,sabuwar wuta Pokémon.
liyafar An nuna Charizard a cikin layi na kayan wasan kwaikwayo masu laushi da adadi na aiki a cikin ikon amfani da sunan Pokémon,wanda Hasbro ya yi,da Tomy. A shekara ta 2004,"Charizard Medium Plush"ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban abin tunawa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo 13 masu kyau saboda kuskuren masana'antu inda aka samo tukwici na allura tare da shaƙewa. Wannan ya ba Tomy damar maye gurbin kayan wasan yara tare da diyya ko maye gurbinsu.Charizard yana bayyana sau da yawa a cikin Wasan Kasuwancin Pokémon,musamman a cikin jerin'sakin farko.Katunan da ke nuna halayen an bayyana su sune mafi yawan abubuwan da ake so a cikin jerin,suna tashi cikin sauri zuwa farashi mai yawa tsakanin masu tarawa da dillalai. A cikin 2005,injin bincike Yahoo!ya ruwaito Charizard a matsayin"daya daga cikin manyan binciken yanar gizo masu alaka da Pokémon".David Caballero na Screen Rant ya jera Charizard a matsayin mafi kyawun Pokémon na Ash Ketchum daga kowane yanki.Kevin Slackie na Manna ya lissafa Charizard a matsayin na huɗu na mafi kyawun Pokemon,kuma ya ƙara da cewa Charizard na iya zama kamar babban dodo mai ban tsoro,amma ga mutane da yawa wannan shine Pokémon na farko da suka taɓa ƙauna. Dale Bishir na IGN ya bayyana Charizard a matsayin Pokémon mafi mahimmanci wanda ya shafi tarihin ikon amfani da sunan kamfani,sannan ya kara da cewa Charizard ya yi nasara sosai a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata,yana bayyanuwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, bayyanuwa a cikin wasannin Smash daban-daban guda uku,har ma da kowane iri.na siffofin,daga Gigantamax zuwa Mega Juyin Halitta. Steven Bogos na The Escapist ya jera Charizard a matsayin na biyu na Pokémon da suka fi so,yana kwatanta shi a matsayin"mai ban sha'awa a all kaddarorin ikon ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani".
Kafofin watsa labaru sun bayyana shi a matsayin"dogon rago,mai zafin rai,mai hura wuta sumul,mai ƙarfi,da ɓarna,an lura Charizard a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mafi shaharar"haruffan ikon amfani da sunan kamfani.Dillalai sun danganta yawan tallace-tallacen kayayyaki da suka shafi halayen ga shaharar ƙirar dodo mai kama da yara. Yaran da aka zanta da su sun bayyana irin haka;sun danganta abin da ya burge shi da kamanninsa mai “kyau”da kuma danganta hali da“ka’idojin taurin kai da mulki”. Littafin Rebuilding Attachments With Traumatized Children ya ce likitocin masu tabin hankali sun yi amfani da wannan hali a matsayin abin da ya dace da yara wadanda suka kasance magoya bayan jerin Pokémon za su iya danganta su. Littafin Pikachu's Global Adventure:The Rise and Fall of Pokémon ya ambaci Charizard a matsayin "sanannen"tare da tsofaffin yara maza waɗanda suke da sha'awar sha'awar haruffan"tauri ko ban tsoro",kuma idan aka kwatanta da juyin halitta daga Charmander zuwa Charizard tare da asarar.na"cuteness"kamar yadda mutum ya bar ƙuruciya.
Editan IGN"Pokémon of the Day Chick"da ake kira Charizard"tabbas shine mafi mashahuri kuma watakila mafi daidaituwa na kowane Pokemon farawa na yanzu". GamesRadarBrett Elston ya bayyana Charizard a matsayin"hannaye ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun Pokémon a can",yana yaba ƙirar halayensa tare da kiransa "ɗayan mafi kyawun"ƙira na gabaɗayan jerin. Editan GamesRadar Raymond Padilla ya ce"Charizard ya kasance babban Pokemon a zamanin da kuma har yanzu kyakkyawan zaɓi ne fiye da shekaru goma bayan an gabatar da shi." UGO.com ya bayyana Charizard a matsayin"mai fuka-fuki,mai kama da dodo"wanda ke iya"iya hura wuta kuma ya farfasa abokan adawar a cikin ja-gefen ja", amma ya bayyana cewa a cikin Brawl, yana da"hankali kamar Bowser" kuma "rashi ne.yanayin sanyi na Mario's arch-nemesis". Ben Skipper na International Business Times ya yaba da zane-zane na Charizard,kuma ya kira shi babban zane, amma ba shi da kyau kamar Blastoise. Charizard ya kasance matsayi na 19 a cikin Complexs"Mafi kyawun Pokemon Har zuwa Pokemon Crystal", tare da Iliya Watson yana cewa Charizard yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun waje. Masu karatun IGN sun zabi Charizard a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun dodon aljihu,yana karbar kashi 86.3% na kashi na nasara.
Marubuta Tracey West da Katherine Noll sun kira Charizard"mafi kyawun nau'in Pokémon na Wuta"da"Pokémon na uku mafi kyau".Sun rubuta cewa"babu wani abu da ya fi dacewa da wannan wuri" kuma "ya lashe zukatansu kuma ya sa [su] su yi farin ciki don ƙarin." Editan 1UP Kat Bailey ya nuna damuwa game da abin da Pokémon zai iya bi mai kunnawa a cikin <i id="mwAdY">Pokémon HeartGold</i> da <i id="mwAdc">SoulSilver</i>, yana mai cewa"ba da izinin shahararrun mashahuran kamar Charizard zai wuce da kyau". Editan Cardinal na Daily Kyle Sparks ya kira Charizard"mafi rinjaye Pokémon a cikin dukan sararin samaniya, karfi mai karfi". A cikin zaben da IGN ya gudanar,an zabe shi a matsayin"mafi kyawun Pokémon",inda ma'aikatan suka yi sharhi game da tunawa da tsagewa tsakanin zabar Blastoise da Charizard a farkon wasan. A zaben da Official Nintendo Magazine,Charizard aka zabe a matsayin"mafi kyau Fire-type Pokémon". Sun ce,"Ba wai kawai Charizard shine Pokémon da kuka fi so ba,amma yana iya zama ɗayan shahararrun'mon na kowane lokaci". Editan Kotaku Patricia Hernandez ya soki Juyin Juyin Halitta na Charizard na Y Mega saboda bai bambanta sosai da ainihin ƙirar Charizard ba, yayin da yake yabon Mega Charizard X don canza launi,da kuma juya Charizard zuwa nau'in dragon. Game Informer ya sanya Charizard a matsayin"Pokémon mafi kyau a cikin 151 na asali",yana siffanta shi a matsayin"Mai ƙarfi,gigantic, kuma mai girma".Sun kara da cewa "Pikachu na iya zama wanda kuka gane, amma Charizard shine kuke so." Laura Grey na Screen Rant ta bayyana cewa Charizard ya yi yawa a kan ikon amfani da sunan kamfani,kuma ya haifar da matsaloli daga magoya baya, shahararriyar kuma ta hana sauran Pokémon samun damar tabo.
Charizard ya kasance sanannen hali a tsakanin masu karɓar katin Pokémon.A cewar eBay,katin Pokémon na Charizard shine wanda ake siyar da shi galibi, musamman lokacin da aka siyar da tambarin holographic na 1st na 1999 na Charizard akan $350,100.A cikin Oktoba 2020,mashahurin YouTuber kuma mai tasiri Logan Paul ya sayi katin saiti na Charizard akan $150,000.Daga baya a cikin Disamba 2020,wani tushe saitin katin Charizard wanda aka sayar akan rikodin $369,000.A cikin 2021,An siyar da katin da ba na hukuma ba wanda ake kira"thicc Charizard"azaman NFT akan $30,000.
Nassoshi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
52791 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub%20Ibn%20As-Sikkit | Yaqub Ibn As-Sikkit | Articles with hCards
Abū Yūsuf Ya'qūb Ibn as-Sikkīt[n 1] Bloom ya kasance mai koyar da ilimin harshe ga ɗan Khalifa Abbasid Al-Mutawakkil kuma babban masanin ilimin lissafi da masanin shayari na makarantar al-Kūfah. An hukunta shi bisa umarnin Khalifa kuma ya mutu tsakanin 857 da 861.
Rayuwa Shi dan al-Sikkīt ne, masanin ilimin harshe na makarantar Kūfī, mutum ne na kimiyya, kuma abokin malaman al-Kisā"ī da al-Farrā. Inda mahaifin ya yi fice a cikin shayari da ilimin harshe, dan ya yi ficewa a cikin harshe. Mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga ƙauyen Dawraq, Ahwaz Khuzestan (Iran),
Ya'qūb masanin Baghdād ne, wanda ya bi al'adar makarantar Kūfī a cikin harshe, kimiyyar Alkur'ani da shayari. Ya yi karatu kuma ya rubuta harshen Larabci mai tsabta daga Larabawa na hamada. Ya koyar da 'ya'yan al-Mutawakkil, wadanda suka kasance Al-Muntasir da Al-Mu'tazz.
Sunan mahaifiyar Ya'qūb shine Abū Yūsuf kuma dansa, Yūsuf, abokin kotu ne kuma yana kusa da Khalifa al-Mu'taḍid.
Ya kasance almajirin Abū 'Amr al-Shaybānī, Muḥammad ibn Muhanna, da Muḥammad Ibn Subh ibn as-Sammāq Ya koyar da ilimin i, Abū Ubaidah, da al-Farrā Isḥāq al-Nadīm ya rubuta cewa shi dalibi ne na Naṣrān al-Khurāsāni. Naṣrāān ya ba da waƙoƙin al-Kumayt tare da 'Umar ibn Bukayr da Ibn al-Sikkīt, waɗanda suka haddace littattafan Naṣrân suna da mummunan rashin jituwa game da koyarwar Naṣrī tare da masanin Kūfī, al-Ṭūsī. Labarin al-Sikkīt, wanda al-Nadim ya danganta ta hanyar tsarin tushen na gargajiya, ya ambaci sarkar mai ba da labari na Abū Sa'īd, Abū Bakr ibn Durayd[n 7] da al-Riyāshī,[n 8] a cikin wani labarin da ya kwatanta musayar ilimi tsakanin makarantu biyu na Baṣrah da Kūfah a karni na 9. Wani rukuni na wārraqūn[n 9] na al-Kūfah sun taru don karantawa da babbar murya ta warrāq na al-Baṣrah, na Littafin Ma'ana na Ibn al-Sikkīt. Al-Riyāshī ya kasance a taron kuma ya tabbatar da cewa Ibn al-Sikkīt ya gaya masa, cewa ya koyi yarukan Kudancin 'Irāq daga Ḥarashat al-Ḍibāb da Aklat al-Yarābī, [2] kuma sun samo nasu daga mutanen al-Sawād. Ya ambaci misalai na kalmomi kamar "akalah al-kuwāmīkh" da "al-shawārīz".
Gwaje-gwaje na kishi tsakanin makarantu an kwatanta su a wani labarin da al-Nadim ya bayar, wanda aka fada a matsayin wani nau'i na labarin gargadi. Lokacin da al-Athram, wani matashi masanin daga al-Baṣrah, ya kalubalanci Ya'qūb ibn al-Sikkīt, babban masanin makarantar al-Kūfah, a kan aya ta mawaki al-Rā"ī, a bayyane ya karya ka'idar ladabi wanda koyaushe ke sanya matsayi sama da ƙarami.
Ayyuka[17][18] Al-Alfāz ('Sunayen', ko 'Dialects'); Iṣlāh al-Mantiq ('Gazantar da Ma'ana'); Ibn al-Maghribī ya taƙaita, kuma Yaḥyā ibn Alī al-Tibrīzī Ibn as-Sīrāfi [3] ya sake duba shi.
Az-Zibrij ('Kayan ado'); Al-Bath ('Bincike'
Al-Amthāl ('Littafin Misalai'); al)
Al-Maqṣūr wa al-Mamdūd ('The Shorted and the Longtened'); Al-Muḍakkar wa al-Mu'annath ('Maza da Mata');
Al-Ajnās Kabīr ('Babban Littafin, Categories');
Al-Farq ('Bayanin bambanci'); As-Sarj wa al-Lijām ('Saddle and Bridle'); Fa'ala wa-Af'ala; (kambabu da ALBUR)
Al-Ḥašarāt ('Littafin Insects'); ('Muryoyi');
Al-Aḍdād ('Ma'aurata"); An-Nabāt wa aš-Šajar ('Tarsuna da Shuke-shuke'); Al-Wuḥūš ('Dabbobin daji'); Al-Ibil ('Rama'); An-Nawādir ('Halitta Masu Rare'); Ma'ānī aš-Ši'r al-Kabīr ('Babban Littafin, Ma'anar Waƙoƙi'); Ma'ānī aš-Ši'r as-Ṣigar ('Ƙananan littafi, Ma'anar Waƙoƙi'); Futart)
Saraqāt aš-Šu'arā" wa mā Ittafaqū 'alaihi ('Plagiarisms da Yarjejeniyar Waƙoƙi'); Too Too Al-Qalb wa'l-Abdāl ('Tsarin da Canji [a cikin harshe]"; Al-Maṭnān wa'l-Mabnan wa'l'Mukannan ('The Dual, the Indeclinable, and the Surnamed'); Al-Ayyām wa'l-Layālī ('Kwanaki da Dare'); "Abin da ke faruwa a cikin Waƙoƙi da Abin da aka share";
Duba kuma Jerin masana kimiyya da malamai na Larabawa
Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Bayani
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20526 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olufunke%20Adeboye | Olufunke Adeboye | Olufunke Adeboye 'yar Najeriya ce kuma farfesa ce a fannin Tarihin Zamani a Sashen Tarihi da Dabarun Nazari na Jami'ar Legas, Najeriya. Marubuciya ce dake da lambar yabo, ita ce mai rike da mukamin shugabancin Tsangayar Fasaha na Jami'ar Legas. A shekarar 2013 ta lashe lambar yabo ta Gerti Hesseling da AEGIS (Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies) don kyawun mukalar da ta rubuta wanda wani masanin Afirka ya wallafa a mujallar Nazarin Afirka ta Turai.
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Olufunke Adeboye (née Òjó) a garin Ibadan, Najeriya. Ta kammala makarantar sakandare a makarantar 'Our Lady's High School', Ile-Ife, Jihar Osun, Najeriya a shekarar 1983. Ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Ibadan, Najeriya inda ta sami digiri na farko na Arts (BA), digiri na biyu (MA), da digirin digirgir (PhD.) A Tarihi a cikin shekarar 1988, 1990, da 1997 bi da bi. Ta fara aikin koyarwa ne a matsayin Mataimakiyar Malama a Jami’ar Jihar Ogun (a yanzu ta zama Jami’ar Olabisi Onabanjo Ago Iwoye, Najeriya a shekarar 1991. A shekarar 1999, ta kuma tsallaka zuwa sashen tarihi na jami’ar Legas na wancan lokacin a matsayin Malama mai daraja ta I, inda matsayinta yayi ta ƙaruwa har aka ayyana ta a matsayin cikakkiyar Farfesa a watan Maris din shekarar 2011.
Ayyuka
Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe “Framing Female Leadership on Stage and Screen in Yorubaland: Efunsetan Aniwura Revisited”, Gender History 30, no.3, (October 2018): 666-681. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.12396
“Explaining the Growth and Legitimation of the Pentecostal Movement in Africa”, in Adeshina Afolayan, Jumoke Yacob-Haliso and Toyin Falola (eds.), Pentecostalism and Politics in Africa (Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 25-40. https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9783319749105
“Home Burials, Church Graveyards and Public Cemeteries: Transformation in Ibadan Mortuary Practice, 1853-1960”, Journal of Traditions and Beliefs (Cleveland State University, Ohio, USA), 4 (2016) https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060&context=jtb
"‘A Church in a Cinema Hall?’: Pentecostal Appropriation of Public Space in Nigeria," Journal of Religion in Africa 42, no. 2 (2012): 145-171. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12341227
Adeboye, O. “Reading the Diary of Akinpelu Obisesan in Colonial Africa”, African Studies Review 51, no. 2 (2008): 75-97. https://doi.org/10.1353/arw.0.0074
“‘Iku Ya J’Esin’: Politically Motivated Suicide, Social Honor and Chieftaincy Politics in Early Colonial Ibadan”, Canadian Journal of African Studies 41, no. 2 (2007): 189-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2007.10751356
“The Changing Conception of Elderhood in Ibadan, 1830-2000”, Nordic Journal of African Studies 16, no. 2 (2007): 261-278. https://njas.fi/njas/article/view/70/63
“Arrowhead of Nigerian Pentecostalism: The Redeemed Christian Church of God, 1952-2004”, Pneuma: Journal of the Society of Pentecostal Studies 29, no. 1 (Spring 2007): 23-56. https://doi.org/10.1163/157007407X178238
“Diaries as Cultural and Intellectual Histories” in Toyin Falola and Ann Genova (eds.), Yoruba Identity and Power Politics (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2006), 74-95. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7722/j.ctt81p3p/8-Adeboye
Manazarta Mutanen Najeriya
Mata Yan Najeriya
Mata
Mutane daga Jihar Ibadan
Rayayyun |
57384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Stinger | Kia Stinger | Kia Stinger Korean wani matsakaicin girman liftback mai sauri ne wanda Kia ya kera tsakanin 2017 da 2023.
Dubawa Stinger ya bibiyi tushen sa zuwa GT Concept daga Nunin Mota na Frankfurt na 2011 da Kia GT4 Stinger daga Nunin Mota na Ƙasashen Duniya na Arewacin Amurka na 2014 Peter Schreyer da Gregory Guillaume (Babban Designer na Kia ne suka jagoranci aikin ƙira a ɗakin studio na Turai na Kia da ke Frankfurt kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Injiniya na BMW M Albert Biermann ya tsara shi, an buɗe motar a 2017 North American International Nunawa ta atomatik Biermann yanzu shine mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na haɓaka ayyukan haɓakawa da manyan abubuwan hawa na ƙungiyar motocin Hyundai Gwajin motar ta shafi fiye da a Koriya ta Duniya da kuma nisan a Nürburgring Nordschleife.
Ayyukan aiki Stinger yana amfani da gajeriyar sigar Hyundai Genesis injin gaba-gaba, dandali mai motsi na baya tare da ƙarin ƙarfafa ƙarfe kuma ana ba da shi tare da zaɓi na injuna biyu: 2.0-lita turbocharged huɗu-Silinda wanda ke samar da 188 kW (255 PS; 252 hp) da da injin twin-turbo V6 wanda ke samar da 272 kW (370 PS; 365 hp) a 6,000 rpm da na juzu'i daga 1,300-4,500 rpm don bambance-bambancen AWD Ga kasuwannin Turai da Koriya, ana ba da Stinger tare da tushen dizal 2.2-lita CRDis I4 wanda ke samar da 149 kW (202 PS; 199 hp) da Bambance-bambancen GT suna sanye da birki na Brembo da tayoyin Michelin Watsa tafin kafa shine atomatik mai sauri 8 tare da yanayin tuƙi guda biyar tare da madaidaicin magudanar ruwa. Kia yayi iƙirarin cewa Stinger yana haɓaka daga sifili zuwa 100 km/h (62 mph) a cikin 7.7, 6 da 4.9 na dizal mai lita 2.2, man fetur 2.0 da man fetur 3.3-lita bi da bi. An ba da rahoton cewa Schreyer ya tuka wani samfurin Stinger GT da aka riga aka yi a cikin babban gudun 269 km/h (167 mph) a kan Autobahn A yayin gwajin Mota da Direba, GT 3.3T na Amurka mai tuƙi tare da tayoyin Michelin Pilot Sport 4 sun sami a cikin dakika 4.6 akan waƙar, ya kai 0.91 g akan faifan skid kuma ya sami damar tsayawa daga a cikin Bisa ga wannan ɗaba'ar, ana sarrafa mafi girman saurin samfurin Amurka a a kowace Kia. A cikin gwaje-gwajen da Motoci suka yi, ƙayyadaddun silinda huɗu na Amurka Stinger 2.0 RWD akan tayoyin Bridgestone Potenza sun kai a cikin dakika 6.6, ya kammala<span typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Convert","href":"./Template:Convert"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"1/4"},"2":{"wt":"mi"},"3":{"wt":"1"}},"i":0}}]}" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" id="mweA"></span> gudu a cikin dakika 15 kuma ya tsaya daga a cikin Matsakaicin hanzari na gefe da aka rubuta a gwajin waƙa shine 0.85 g.
Sabon Samfari A watan Agusta 2020, Kia ya buɗe wani sabon salo na Stinger wanda aka ci gaba da siyarwa a Koriya ta Kudu a kashi na uku na 2020 kuma a duniya a ƙarshen shekara. Sabunta salo sun haɗa da fitilun mota da aka gyara da fitilun wutsiya, sabon allon infotainment inch 10.25 da ƙarin ƙirar dabaran. Kia kuma ya kara da wani zaɓi na 2.5-lita Smartstream FR G2.5 T-GDi injin samar da 304 PS (224 kW; 300 hp) da kuma mai canzawa zuwa Lambda II RS T-GDi mai 3.3-lita wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin da 3 PS (2.2 kW; 3.0 hp) da An sabunta Kia Stinger don kasuwar Biritaniya a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2021, yayin da aka sabunta ƙirar Arewacin Amurka a ranar 16 ga Maris 2021, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin motocin farko da ke ɗauke da sabon tambarin Kia a wannan yankin, tare da Carnival Samfurin Mexican daga baya ya zo a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2021, kuma yana wasa da sabon tambarin Kia. A cikin Disamba 2022, Kia ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a daina Stinger a cikin 2023. Tare da sanarwar sun fitar da Stinger Tribute Edition. Dangane da Stinger 3.3 petrol turbo GT trim, yana da keɓaɓɓen launuka na ciki da na waje da ƙayyadaddun ƙira, kuma yana iyakance ga raka'a 200 a Koriya ta Kudu da raka'a 800 a ketare. Ƙafafun 19-inch, madubai na waje, da calipers baƙar fata ne, kuma cikin ciki yana da terracotta launin ruwan kasa mai keɓanta ga Ɗabi'ar Tribute. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da kayan ƙirar carbon a saman na'urar wasan bidiyo da kayan ado na kofa.
Jirgin wutar lantarki
Tallatawa An nuna Stinger GT a cikin jerin 2 kashi na 3 na Babban Yawon shakatawa, inda mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen James May ya yi tsere da mahaya biyu masu tsayi a kan titin dutse a Majorca, tare da motar da ke hawan tudu da skateboarders zuwa ƙasa. A kan 4 Fabrairu 2018, Kia ya saki tallace-tallace biyu na Stinger yayin Super Bowl LII Na farko kasuwanci fasali direban tsere Emerson Fittipaldi Na biyu ya ƙunshi mawaƙin jagoran Aerosmith Steven Tyler yana tuka motar a kan wata hanya mai ban sha'awa a baya har ya zama ƙarami shekaru 40. A cikin Janairu 2019, Kia ta ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar 'yan matan K-pop Blackpink don haɓaka Stinger. A cikin Yuni 2021, alƙalan Amurka sun isa wurin nunin a cikin biyu Kia Stinger GT2 2022.
Tsaro Sakamakon gwajin NCAP na Yuro na LHD, 2.2-lita CRDi GT-Line 5-kofa mai sauri a kan rijistar 2017:
Amfani da 'yan sanda A cikin 2018, Sabis na 'yan sanda na Queensland da 'yan sanda Tasmania a Ostiraliya sun zaɓi Stinger 330SI a matsayin sabuwar motar 'yan sanda ta hanya, tare da maye gurbin motocin 'yan sanda Ford Falcon da Holden Commodore da aka dakatar. Tun daga 2019, sassan 'yan sanda na SPEED suna amfani da bambance-bambancen V6 na Stinger a Poland Ana amfani da motocin da ba a lakafta su ba don sanya ido kan tsaro a kan hanyoyin; ana kuma amfani da su azaman ababen hawa. A cikin 2021, 'yan sandan Merseyside sun fara amfani da Stinger. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
48371 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasirin%20muhalli%20na%20ma%27adinai | Tasirin muhalli na ma'adinai | Tasirin muhalli na ma'adinai na iya faruwa a ma'auni na gida, yanki, da duniya ta hanyar ayyukan hakar ma'adinai kai tsaye da kaikaice. Tasirin na iya haifar da yashwa, nutsewar ruwa, asarar nau'in halittu, ko gurɓatar ƙasa, ruwan ƙasa, da ruwan saman ta hanyar sinadarai da ke fitowa daga hanyoyin haƙar ma'adinai. Wadannan matakai kuma suna shafar yanayi daga fitar da carbon da ke da kuma tasiri kan ingancin lafiyar dan adam da bambancin halittu. Wasu hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai (ma'adinin lithium, hakar ma'adinan phosphate, hakar kwal, hakar ma'adinan dutse, da hakar yashi na iya samun tasirin muhalli da lafiyar jama'a wanda ake buƙatar kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai a wasu ƙasashe su bi tsauraran ka'idojin muhalli da gyara don tabbatar da cewa ma'adinan. yankin ya koma matsayinsa na asali.
Zaizayar kasa Rushewar tsaunin tuddai, juji na ma'adinai, madatsun ruwa na wutsiya da sakamakon dazuzzuka na magudanun ruwa, koguna da koguna na iya shafar yankunan da ke kewaye da su sosai, babban misali shi ne babban ma'adinan Ok Tedi a Papua New Guinea. Zaizayar ƙasa na iya rage samun ruwa don haɓaka tsiro, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin yanayin shukar. Yazayar kasa na faruwa ne saboda yawan ruwan sama, rashin sarrafa kasa da kuma bayyanar da sinadarai daga hako ma'adinai. A cikin jeji, hakar ma'adinai na iya haifar da lalata yanayin muhalli da wuraren zama, kuma a wuraren noma na iya dagula ko lalata kiwo mai albarka da filayen noma.
Ramin rami Ruwan nutsewa a ko kusa da wurin hakar ma'adinan yawanci yana faruwa ne daga gazawar rufin ma'adinan daga hakar albarkatu, nauyi mai nauyi ko yankewar kasa. Nauyin nauyi a wurin hakar ma'adinan na iya haifar da ramuka a cikin ƙasan ƙasa ko dutse, wanda zai iya cika da yashi da ƙasa daga saman da ke sama. Waɗannan kogon da ke cikin nauyin nauyi suna da yuwuwar a ƙarshe su komo ciki, su samar da rami a saman. Rashin gazawar ƙasa ba zato ba tsammani yana haifar da babban baƙin ciki a saman ba tare da faɗakarwa ba, wannan na iya zama haɗari sosai ga rayuwa da dukiya. Za a iya rage matsuguni a wurin hakar ma'adinan tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ababen more rayuwa kamar tallafin hakar ma'adinai da ingantacciyar ginin bango don haifar da shinge a kusa da wurin da ke da kusanci da ramuka. Ana iya yin cika-baya da goge-goge don daidaita ayyukan da aka yi watsi da su.
Gurbacewar ruwa Haƙar ma'adinai na iya yin illa a kan saman da ke kewaye da ruwan ƙasa. Idan ba a dauki matakan da suka dace ba, yawan adadin sinadarai da ba bisa ka'ida ba, irin su arsenic, sulfuric acid, da mercury na iya yaduwa a kan wani yanki mai mahimmanci na ruwa ko ƙasa. Yawan ruwan da ake amfani da shi don magudanar ruwa na nawa, sanyaya nawa, hakar ruwa da sauran hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai na kara yuwuwar wadannan sinadarai su gurbata ruwa na kasa da na sama. Yayin da hakar ma'adinai ke samar da ruwan sha mai yawa, hanyoyin zubar da ruwa suna iyakance saboda gurɓataccen ruwan sha. Guduwar da ke ɗauke da waɗannan sinadarai na iya haifar da lalacewar ciyayi da ke kewaye. Zubar da ruwa a cikin ruwan saman ko a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa shine zaɓi mafi muni. Don haka, ana ɗaukar zubar da wutsiyar ruwa a matsayin mafi kyawun zaɓi (idan an zubar da sharar zuwa zurfin zurfi). Ajiye filaye da sake cika ma’adinan bayan ya kare ya fi kyau, idan ba a buqatar dazuzzukan da za a ajiye tarkace. Gurbacewar magudanar ruwa da ke haifar da zubewar sinadarai shima yana da tasiri ga lafiyar al'ummar yankin. A cikin ingantattun ma'adanai masu kyau, masana kimiyyar ruwa da masu nazarin yanayin ƙasa suna yin taka-tsan-tsan auna ruwa don yin taka tsantsan don ware duk wani nau'in gurɓataccen ruwa da ayyukan ma'adinan ke iya haifarwa. Ana aiwatar da rage lalacewar muhalli a cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na Amurka ta hanyar dokokin tarayya da na jihohi, ta hanyar hana masu aiki don biyan ka'idoji don kariya daga sama da ruwan ƙasa daga gurɓata. Ana yin wannan mafi kyau ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin cirewa mara guba a matsayin bioleaching Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska na da mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban shuka, da farko ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da tarin albarkatu. Da zarar ganye suna da kusanci da yanayi, yawancin gurɓataccen iska, irin su O3 da NOx, suna shafar aikin haɓakar ganyen kuma suna tsoma baki tare da daidaitawar carbon ta hanyar ɗigon shuka. Gurbacewar iska da aka fara jibawa a ƙasa, kamar ƙarfe masu nauyi, da farko suna shafar aikin tushen kuma suna tsoma baki tare da kama albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar shuka. Wadannan ragi na kama albarkatun (samar da carbohydrate ta hanyar photosynthesis, cin abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai da ruwa daga ƙasa) zai shafi ci gaban shuka ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin rabon albarkatu zuwa nau'ikan tsire-tsire. Lokacin da damuwa da gurɓataccen iska ke haɗuwa tare da wasu matsalolin, misali damuwa na ruwa, sakamakon akan girma zai dogara ne akan hadadden hulɗar matakai a cikin shuka. A matakin yanayin halittu, gurɓataccen iska na iya canza daidaiton gasa tsakanin nau'ikan da ke akwai kuma yana iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin al'ummar shuka. A cikin tsarin agroecosystem, waɗannan canje-canje na iya bayyana a cikin raguwar yawan amfanin tattalin arziki.
Acid dutse magudanar ruwa Ma'adinan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa yakan ci gaba a ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa, don haka dole ne a rika fitar da ruwa daga cikin ma'adinan don hana ambaliya. Sa’ad da aka yi watsi da ma’adinan, aikin famfo ya daina, kuma ruwa ya mamaye ma’adinan. Wannan gabatarwar ruwa shine matakin farko a mafi yawan yanayin magudanar ruwan acid.
Magudanar ruwan acid na faruwa ne ta zahiri a cikin wasu mahalli a matsayin wani bangare na yanayin yanayin dutsen amma yana dada ta'azzara ta hanyar manyan rikice-rikicen kasa na hako ma'adinai da sauran manyan ayyukan gini, yawanci a cikin duwatsun dake dauke da ma'adinan sulfide Wuraren da ƙasa ta rikice (misali wuraren gine-gine, rarrabuwa, da hanyoyin sufuri) na iya haifar da magudanar ruwan acid. A cikin yankuna da yawa, ruwan da ke zubowa daga hannun gawayi, wuraren sarrafa kwal, wuraren wankin gawayi, da sharar sharar kwal na iya zama mai yawan acidic, kuma a irin wannan yanayi ana daukarsa a matsayin magudanar ruwa na acid mine (AMD). Irin wannan nau'in halayen sinadarai da matakai na iya faruwa ta hanyar hargitsi na ƙasan acid sulfate da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin bakin teku ko esturine bayan babban matakin teku na ƙarshe, kuma ya ƙunshi irin wannan haɗarin muhalli.
Manyan fasahohin fasaha guda biyar da aka yi amfani da su don sa ido da sarrafa kwararar ruwa a wuraren ma'adinai sune tsarin karkatar da ruwa, tafkuna, tsarin bututun ruwa na kasa, tsarin magudanar ruwa a karkashin kasa, da shingen karkashin kasa. Game da AMD, gurɓataccen ruwa gabaɗaya ana zubar da shi zuwa wurin magani wanda ke kawar da gurɓataccen abu. Wani bita na 2006 na maganganun tasirin muhalli ya gano cewa "Hasashen ingancin ruwa da aka yi bayan la'akari da tasirin ragewa ya fi yin la'akari da tasirin gaske ga ruwan ƙasa, tsutsa, da ruwan saman".
Karfe masu nauyi Karfe masu nauyi abubuwa ne da ke faruwa a zahiri waɗanda ke da nauyin atom ɗin mai girma da yawa aƙalla sau 5 fiye da na ruwa. Abubuwan masana'antu da yawa, na gida, aikin gona, likitanci da fasaha sun haifar da rarraba su cikin yanayi; da nuna damuwa kan illar da suke da ita ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli.
Karafa masu nauyi da ke faruwa a zahiri ana nuna su cikin sifofin da ba su da saurin isa ga tsire-tsire. A al'ada ana nuna su a cikin sifofin da ba za a iya narkewa ba, kamar a cikin tsarin ma'adinai, ko a cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi ko hadaddun sifofi waɗanda ba su da sauri don ɗaukar shuka. Yawancin karafa masu nauyi da ke faruwa suna da ma'auni mai ban sha'awa a cikin ƙasa don haka ba su da saurin isa ga halittu masu rai. Matsakaicin kuzarin da ke faruwa tsakanin karafa masu nauyi da ƙasa na yau da kullun yana da girma na musamman idan aka kwatanta da wanda ke da tushen ɗan adam.
Rushewa da jigilar karafa da ƙarfe mai nauyi ta hanyar gudu da ruwa na ƙasa wani misali ne na matsalolin muhalli tare da hakar ma'adinai, irin su Britannia Mine, tsohon ma'adinan tagulla kusa da Vancouver, British Columbia Tar Creek, wurin hakar ma'adinai da aka yi watsi da shi a Picher, Oklahoma wanda yanzu ya zama wurin Superfund na Hukumar Kare Muhalli, kuma yana fama da gurɓataccen ƙarfe. Ruwa a cikin mahakar ma'adinan mai dauke da narkar da karafa masu nauyi kamar gubar da cadmium ya zubo cikin ruwan karkashin kasa, ya gurbata shi. Adana dogon lokaci na wutsiya da ƙura na iya haifar da ƙarin matsaloli, saboda ana iya busa su cikin sauƙi daga wurin ta hanyar iska, kamar yadda ya faru a Skouriotissa, ma'adinan jan karfe da aka watsar a Cyprus Canje-canjen muhalli kamar ɗumamar yanayi da ƙara yawan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na iya ƙara abun ciki na karafa masu nauyi a cikin rafi.
Tasiri akan bambancin halittu Dasa ma'adinan babban gyare-gyaren wurin zama, kuma ƙananan rikice-rikice suna faruwa akan sikeli mafi girma fiye da wurin cin abinci, ragowar sharar ma'adanan nawa misali. Za'a iya lura da illolin da ba daidai ba bayan ƙarshen aikin ma'adinan. Rushewa ko gyare-gyare mai tsauri na asalin wurin da sakin abubuwa na ɗan adam na iya yin babban tasiri akan bambancin halittu a yankin. Rushewar wurin zama shine babban ɓangaren hasara na biodiversity, amma guba kai tsaye lalacewa ta hanyar abin da aka cire nawa, da guba ta kai tsaye ta hanyar abinci da ruwa, kuma na iya shafar dabbobi, ciyayi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Gyaran wurin zama kamar pH da canjin yanayin zafi suna damun al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Dabbobin da ke da alaƙa suna da mahimmanci musamman, tunda suna buƙatar takamaiman yanayin muhalli. Lalacewa ko ƴan gyare-gyaren mazauninsu ya sa su cikin haɗarin halaka Za a iya lalata wuraren zama idan babu isassun samfuran ƙasa da kuma samfuran da ba na sinadarai ba, kamar manyan duwatsu daga ma'adinan da aka jefar da su a cikin yanayin da ke kewaye ba tare da damuwa ga tasirin muhallin halitta ba.
An san abubuwan da ke tattare da karafa masu nauyi suna raguwa tare da nisa daga ma'adinan, da kuma tasiri akan bambancin halittu suna bin tsari iri ɗaya. Tasirin na iya bambanta da yawa dangane da motsi da kuma bioavailability na gurɓataccen abu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su kasance marasa ƙarfi a cikin muhalli yayin da ƙwayoyin hannu masu yawa za su shiga cikin wani ɗaki cikin sauƙi ko kuma kwayoyin halitta su ɗauke su. Alal misali, ƙayyadaddun karafa a cikin sediments na iya canza yanayin rayuwarsu, kuma ta haka gubarsu ga halittun ruwa.
Biomagnification yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gurɓataccen wuraren zama: tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan bambance-bambancen halittu, tsammanin cewa matakan maida hankali ba su da girma don kashe kwayoyin da aka fallasa kai tsaye, ya kamata ya fi girma ga nau'in da ke saman sarkar abinci saboda wannan lamari.
Mummunan illar hakar ma'adinai a kan halittu masu rai sun dogara sosai kan yanayin gurɓataccen abu, matakin maida hankali a cikin muhalli, da yanayin yanayin yanayin da kanta. Wasu nau'ikan suna da tsayayya da rikice-rikice na anthropogenic, yayin da wasu za su ɓace gaba ɗaya daga gurɓataccen yanki. Lokaci kaɗai ba ze ƙyale mazaunin ya warke gaba ɗaya daga gurɓataccen abu ba. Ayyukan gyaran gyare-gyare suna ɗaukar lokaci, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta ba zai ba da damar dawo da bambance-bambancen asali ba kafin aikin hakar ma'adinai ya faru.
Ƙwayoyin ruwa Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai na iya yin tasiri ga bambancin halittun ruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanya ɗaya na iya zama guba kai tsaye; mafi girman haɗari ga wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da gurɓataccen abu ke tafi da ruwa a cikin ruwa ko kuma babu ruwa a cikin ruwa. Magudanar ruwa na na iya canza pH na ruwa, yana da wahala a bambanta tasiri kai tsaye akan kwayoyin halitta daga tasirin da canje-canjen pH ke haifarwa. Ana iya lura da tasirin duk da haka kuma an tabbatar da cewa gyare-gyaren pH ya haifar. Hakanan gurɓatawa na iya shafar halittun ruwa ta hanyar tasirin jiki: rafukan da ke da yawan adadin da aka dakatar da iyakataccen haske, don haka yana rage ƙwayoyin algae biomass. Ƙarfe oxide jijiya na iya iyakance biomass ta hanyar shafa algae ko abin da ke cikin su, don haka hana mulkin mallaka. Abubuwan da ke tasiri ga al'ummomi a wuraren magudanar ruwa na ma'adinan acid sun bambanta na ɗan lokaci da na lokaci: zafin jiki, ruwan sama, pH, salinization da adadin ƙarfe duk suna nuna bambancin akan dogon lokaci, kuma suna iya yin tasiri sosai ga al'ummomi. Canje-canje a cikin pH ko zafin jiki na iya shafar narkewar ƙarfe, kuma ta haka ne adadin da ake samu wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye ga kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, gurɓatawa yana ci gaba a cikin lokaci: shekaru casa'in bayan rufewar ma'adinan pyrite, pH na ruwa har yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai kuma yawancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun ƙunshi yawancin kwayoyin acidophil Wani babban binciken da aka yi la'akari da shi mai guba ga halittun ruwa shine gurbataccen yanayi da ya faru a Minamata Bay Kamfanin sinadarai na masana'antu ya saki Methylmercury cikin ruwan datti kuma an gano wata cuta mai suna Minamata a Kumamoto, Japan. Wannan ya haifar da gubar mercury a cikin kifaye da kifin harsashi kuma yana gurɓata nau'ikan da ke kewaye da shi kuma da yawa sun mutu daga gare ta kuma yana shafar duk wanda ya ci gurɓataccen kifin.
Ƙwayoyin halitta Al'ummomin algae ba su da bambance-bambance a cikin ruwan acidic wanda ke ɗauke da babban sinadarin zinc, da damuwa na magudanar ruwa na rage yawan samar da su na farko. Al'ummar Diatoms suna canzawa sosai ta kowace irin canjin sinadarai, pH phytoplankton assemblage, da babban taro na ƙarfe yana rage yawan nau'in planktonic. Wasu nau'in diatoms na iya girma a cikin ɓangarorin ƙarfe-ƙarfe. A cikin sediments kusa da saman, cysts suna fama da lalata da kuma rufi mai nauyi. A cikin gurɓataccen yanayi, jimillar biomass na algae ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, kuma al'ummar diatom ɗin planktonic sun ɓace. Hakazalika ga phytoplankton, al'ummomin zooplankton suna canzawa sosai a lokuta inda tasirin hakar ma'adinai ya yi tsanani. Idan akwai ƙarin aiki, duk da haka, yana yiwuwa phytoplankton da taro na zooplankton sun kasance barga.
Macro-kwayoyin halitta An gyare-gyaren ƙwarin ruwa da al'ummomin crustacean a kusa da mahakar ma'adinai, yana haifar da ƙarancin yanayin zafi kuma maharan sun mamaye al'ummarsu. Duk da haka, bambancin halittu na macroinvertebrates na iya kasancewa mai girma, idan an maye gurbin jinsuna masu mahimmanci da masu haƙuri. Lokacin da aka rage bambance-bambance a cikin yankin, wani lokaci babu wani tasiri na gurɓataccen rafi akan yawa ko ƙwayoyin halitta, yana ba da shawarar cewa nau'ikan juriya waɗanda ke cika aikin iri ɗaya suna maye gurbin jinsuna masu ma'ana a cikin gurɓatattun wurare. Ragewar pH baya ga haɓakar ƙarfin ƙarfe na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri akan halayen macroinvertebrates, yana nuna cewa guba kai tsaye ba shine kawai batun ba. Kifi kuma yana iya shafar pH, bambancin zafin jiki, da yawan adadin sinadarai.
Ƙwayoyin halitta
Tsire-tsire Za a iya gyaggyara nau'in ƙasa da abun cikin ruwa sosai a cikin wuraren da ba su da damuwa, yana haifar da sauye-sauyen tsire-tsire a yankin. Yawancin tsire-tsire suna da ƙarancin juriya ga karafa a cikin ƙasa, amma hankali ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan. Bambance-bambancen ciyawa da jimillar ɗaukar hoto ba su da tasiri sosai ta yawan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu fiye da ganyaye da ciyayi Ana iya samun abubuwan sharar ma'adinan da aka ƙi ko ganowa saboda ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a kusa da ma'adinan, wani lokacin nesa da tushen. Tsire-tsire da aka kafa ba za su iya kawar da damuwa ba, kuma za su mutu a ƙarshe idan mazauninsu ya gurɓata da manyan karafa ko metalloids a wani taro wanda ya fi girma ga ilimin halittarsu. Wasu nau'ikan sun fi juriya kuma za su tsira daga waɗannan matakan, kuma wasu nau'ikan da ba na asali ba waɗanda za su iya jure wa waɗannan ƙima a cikin ƙasa, za su yi ƙaura a cikin ƙasashen da ke kewaye da ma'adinan don mamaye yanayin muhalli Wannan kuma zai iya barin ƙasa ta zama mai rauni ga yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa, wanda zai sa ta zama ta ga tsirrai. Ana iya shafar tsire-tsire ta hanyar guba kai tsaye, misali abun ciki na ƙasa arsenic yana rage bambancin bryophyte Hakanan ana iya gurbata ciyayi daga wasu karafa kamar su nickel da tagulla. Rashin acidification na ƙasa ta hanyar rage pH ta hanyar gurɓatar sinadarai kuma zai iya haifar da raguwar adadin nau'in. Masu gurɓatawa na iya canzawa ko dagula ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka canza wadatar abinci mai gina jiki, haifar da asarar ciyayi a yankin. Wasu tushen bishiyar suna karkata daga zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi don guje wa gurɓataccen yanki, don haka rashin tushe a cikin zurfin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar kawar da iska lokacin da tsayin su da harbin nauyi ya karu. Gabaɗaya, binciken tushen yana raguwa a cikin gurɓatattun wurare idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da gurɓatacce. Bambancin nau'in tsire-tsire zai kasance ƙasa da ƙasa a wuraren da aka kwato fiye da wuraren da ba su da damuwa. Dangane da takamaiman nau'in hakar ma'adinai, ana iya cire duk ciyayi da farko daga wurin kafin a fara haƙar ma'adinai na ainihi. Noman amfanin gona na iya zama matsala kusa da ma'adinai. Yawancin amfanin gona na iya girma a wuraren da ba su da rauni, amma yawan amfanin gona gabaɗaya ya yi ƙasa da yadda yake a cikin yanayin girma na yau da kullun. Tsire-tsire kuma sukan tara karafa masu nauyi a cikin gabobin su na iska, mai yiyuwa kai ga cin mutum ta hanyar 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. Cin gurɓataccen amfanin gona na yau da kullun na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya da ke haifar da dogon lokaci da ƙarfe. Sigari da aka yi daga shukar taba akan gurɓataccen wuraren yana iya yin illa ga yawan ɗan adam, saboda taba yana ƙoƙarin tara cadmium da zinc a cikin ganyen sa.
Dabbobi Rushewar matsuguni na ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. An lalata manyan wuraren zama na yanayi a lokacin aikin ma'adinai da kuma amfani da su, wanda ya tilasta wa dabbobi barin wurin. Ana iya cutar da dabbobi kai tsaye ta samfuran nawa da sauran abubuwan nawa. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsire-tsire ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin da suke ci na iya haifar da guba: dawakai, awaki da tumaki suna fallasa su a wasu wurare zuwa yuwuwar tattarawar jan ƙarfe da gubar a cikin ciyawa. Akwai ƙarancin nau'in tururuwa a cikin ƙasa mai ɗauke da manyan matakan tagulla, a kusa da ma'adinan tagulla. Idan an sami ƴan tururuwa kaɗan, to akwai yuwuwar cewa sauran halittun da ke zaune a kewayen suna da tasiri sosai da babban matakan tagulla. Tururuwa suna da kyakkyawan hukunci ko yanki ya saba yayin da suke rayuwa kai tsaye a cikin ƙasa kuma don haka suna da damuwa ga rushewar muhalli.
Kwayoyin halitta Kwayoyin halitta suna da matuƙar kula da gyare-gyaren muhalli, kamar pH da aka gyara, canjin yanayin zafi ko yawan sinadarai saboda girmansu. Misali, kasancewar arsenic da antimony a cikin ƙasa sun haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙasa gabaɗaya. Kamar yadda ruwa ke da hankali, ƙaramin canji a cikin ƙasa pH na iya haifar da gyare-gyaren gurɓataccen abu, baya ga tasirin kai tsaye ga ƙwayoyin pH masu hankali.
Kwayoyin halitta suna da nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta iri-iri a tsakanin yawan jama'arsu, don haka akwai damar da za a iya rayuwa na nau'in saboda tsayin daka ko juriya a cikin abin da wasu yankuna suka mallaka, gyare-gyaren ba su wuce iyaka ba. Duk da haka, rayuwa a cikin waɗannan yanayi zai nuna babban hasara na bambancin jinsi, wanda zai haifar da raguwar yuwuwar daidaitawa ga canje-canje masu zuwa. Ƙasar da ba ta ci gaba ba a cikin gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi na iya zama alamar rage ayyukan ƙasa microfauna da microflora, yana nuna raguwar adadin mutane ko raguwar ayyukan. Shekaru 20 bayan tashin hankali, ko da a yankin gyarawa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna raguwa sosai idan aka kwatanta da mazaunin da ba su da damuwa.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi suna da damuwa musamman ga kasancewar sinadarai, kuma ƙasa a wasu lokuta takan damu sosai ta yadda ba za su iya haɗawa da tsire-tsire ba. Duk da haka, wasu fungi suna da ƙarfin tattara gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da ikon tsaftace ƙasa ta hanyar canza yanayin ƙazanta masu ƙazanta, wannan na iya kare tsire-tsire daga yuwuwar lalacewar da sinadarai za su iya haifarwa. Kasancewarsu a cikin gurɓatattun wuraren zai iya hana asarar ɗimbin halittu saboda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ma'adinai, ko ba da izinin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta, kawar da sinadarai da ba a so daga gurɓataccen ƙasa. Akasin haka, wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya lalata muhalli: wanda zai iya haifar da haɓakar SO4 a cikin ruwa kuma yana iya haɓaka samar da ƙwayoyin cuta na hydrogen sulfide, guba ga tsire-tsire na ruwa da yawa.
Kayan sharar gida
Wutsiya Hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai suna haifar da wuce haddi na kayan sharar gida da aka sani da wutsiya Abubuwan da suka rage bayan sun kasance sakamakon raba juzu'i mai mahimmanci daga rashi maras ƙarfi na ma'adinai. Waɗannan ɓangarorin da yawa sune cakuda ruwa, yashi, yumbu, da ragowar bitumen. Ana adana wutsiya da yawa a cikin tafkunan wutsiya waɗanda aka yi daga kwaruruka na zahiri ko manyan injinan madatsun ruwa da tsarin dyke. Tailings tafkunan na iya zama wani ɓangare na aiki na ma'adinai na tsawon shekaru 30-40. Wannan yana ba da damar ajiyar wutsiya don daidaitawa, ko don ajiya da sake amfani da ruwa.
Wutsiya na da babban yuwuwar lalata muhalli ta hanyar sakin karafa masu guba ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na acid ko ta lalata namun dajin ruwa; waɗannan duka suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai da kuma kula da ruwan da ke wucewa ta dam. Koyaya, babban haɗarin tafkunan wutsiya shine gazawar dam. Yawancin tafkunan wutsiya ana yin su ne ta hanyar cikewar gida (ƙasa, sharar ƙasa, ko nauyi daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da wutsiya) kuma galibi ana gina bangon dam ɗin don ɗaukar wutsiya masu yawa. Rashin ƙa'ida don ƙirar ƙira na tafkunan wutsiya shine abin da ke jefa muhalli cikin haɗari don ambaliya daga tafkunan wutsiya.
Tushen lalacewa Tulin ganima tulin nauyi ne wanda aka cire daga wurin hakar ma'adinai yayin hakar gawayi ko tama. Waɗannan kayan sharar sun ƙunshi ƙasa na yau da kullun da duwatsu, tare da yuwuwar gurɓata da sharar sinadarai. Lalacewar ta bambanta da wutsiya, domin ana sarrafa ta da kayan da ke saura bayan an fitar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci daga tama. Konewar ƙonawa na iya faruwa sau da yawa kamar yadda, tsofaffin nasihun ganima sukan zama sako-sako kuma suna kan gefen tari. Kamar yadda ganimar ta ƙunshi abu ne na carbonaceous da ke da zafi sosai, ana iya kunna shi da gangan ta hanyar kunna wuta ko kuma toka mai zafi. Tushen ɓarna na iya kama wuta sau da yawa kuma a bar shi yana ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko cikin tarin ganima na shekaru da yawa.
Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, ciki har da bincike, bincike, ginawa, aiki, kiyayewa, fadadawa, watsi, ƙaddamarwa da sake fasalin ma'adinai na iya tasiri ga tsarin zamantakewa da muhalli a cikin kewayon hanyoyi masu kyau da mara kyau, da kuma kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye hanyoyi.
Illar gurbacewar nawa akan mutane Haka ma hakar ma’adinai na shafar mutane. Akwai cututtuka da yawa da za su iya fitowa daga gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke fitowa cikin iska da ruwa yayin aikin hakar ma'adinai. Misali, yayin aikin narkewar abubuwa masu yawa na gurɓataccen iska, kamar su gurɓataccen abu da aka dakatar, SO, arsenic particles da cadmium, suna fitarwa. Karfe ana fitar da su a cikin iska kamar yadda kuma. Hakanan akwai haɗarin lafiyar sana'a da yawa waɗanda masu hakar ma'adinai ke fuskanta. Yawancin masu hakar ma'adinai suna fama da cututtuka daban-daban na numfashi da na fata kamar asbestosis, silicosis, ko cutar huhu.
Bugu da ƙari kuma, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɓangaren ma'adinai da ke tasiri ga mutane shine gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa da ke ƙarewa a cikin ruwa, wanda ke haifar da rashin ingancin ruwa. Kimanin kashi 30 cikin 100 na duniya na da damar samun ruwan da za a iya sabuntawa wanda masana’antu ke amfani da su da ke samar da ɗimbin sharar da ke ɗauke da sinadarai a wurare daban-daban waɗanda ake sakawa cikin ruwan. Damuwar sinadarai masu aiki a cikin ruwa na iya haifar da babban haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam saboda yana iya taruwa a cikin ruwa da kifi. Akwai wani bincike da aka yi kan mahakar da aka yi watsi da ita a kasar Sin, ma'adinan Dabaoshan kuma wannan ma'adanin ba ta yi aiki ba tsawon shekaru da yawa duk da haka tasirin yadda karafa ke taruwa a cikin ruwa da kasa ya kasance babban abin damuwa ga kauyukan makwabta. Sakamakon rashin kulawa da kayan sharar gida an kiyasta kashi 56% na yawan mace-mace a cikin yankunan da ke kusa da wannan wuraren hakar ma'adinai, kuma da yawa sun kamu da ciwon daji na esophageal da ciwon hanta. Ya haifar da cewa wannan ma'adanin har zuwa yau yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar amfanin gona kuma a bayyane yake cewa akwai buƙatar ƙarin matakan tsaftacewa a kewayen yankunan da ke kewaye.
Tasirin dogon lokaci da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen iska suna da yawa ciki har da asma na yau da kullun, ƙarancin huhu, da mace-mace na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. A cewar wani binciken ƙungiyar Sweden, da alama ana haifar da ciwon sukari bayan bayyanar gurɓataccen iska na dogon lokaci. Bugu da ƙari kuma, gurɓataccen iska yana da alama yana da illolin rashin lafiya iri-iri a farkon rayuwar ɗan adam, kamar su na numfashi, da jijiyoyin jini, da tabin hankali, da na mahaifa, wanda ke haifar da mace-macen jarirai ko cututtuka na yau da kullun a cikin tsufa. Tattaunawa gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu yana shafar waɗanda ke zaune a cikin manyan yankuna na birane, inda ɓarkewar tituna ke ba da gudummawa kan gaba wajen lalata ingancin tattaunawa. Haka kuma akwai barazanar tabarbarewar injina, inda yaduwar hazo mai cutarwa ka iya yin illa ga al'ummar yankunan da ke kewaye. Ana yanke shawarar warwatsa guba ta sigogi da yawa, mafi kyawun sautin barometric da iska.
sare itatuwa Tare da buɗaɗɗen ma'adinan simintin gyare- gyare, nauyin nauyi, wanda zai iya rufewa a cikin gandun daji, dole ne a cire shi kafin a fara hakar ma'adinai. Ko da yake saran gandun daji saboda hakar ma'adinai na iya zama kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da jimillar adadin zai iya haifar da ɓarnawar jinsuna idan akwai babban matakin ƙarancin gida. Rayuwar ma'adinan gawayi na daya daga cikin mafi kazanta da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka saboda yawan guba, da kuma karafa masu nauyi da ke fitar da muhallin kasa da ruwa. Ko da yake sakamakon hakar kwal yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don yin tasiri ga muhalli kona gawayi da gobara da za su iya ƙone har shekaru da yawa na iya sakin toka mai tashi tare da ƙara yawan iskar gas Musamman cire ma'adinai wanda zai iya lalata shimfidar wurare, dazuzzuka, da namun daji da ke kusa da wuraren. Bishiyoyi, tsire-tsire da ƙasa na sama suna sharewa daga yankin ma'adinai kuma wannan na iya haifar da lalata ƙasar noma Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da ruwan sama ya faru, toka da sauran kayan ana wanke su cikin koguna da za su iya cutar da kifi. Har ila yau waɗannan tasirin na iya faruwa bayan an kammala wurin hakar ma'adinan wanda ke damun kasancewar ƙasar kuma maido da sare itatuwa yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da yadda aka saba saboda ingancin ƙasar ya lalace. Haƙar ma'adinai na shari'a, duk da cewa an fi sarrafa muhalli fiye da hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba, yana ba da gudummawa ga wani kaso mai tsoka ga sare gandun daji na ƙasashe masu zafi.
Tasirin da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman nau'ikan hakar ma'adinai
hakar kwal Abubuwan muhalli na masana'antar kwal ba wai kawai suna yin tasiri ga gurɓataccen iska, sarrafa ruwa da amfani da ƙasa ba amma har ma suna haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiya ta hanyar kona gawayi. Gurbacewar iska na karuwa a adadin gubobi kamar su mercury, gubar, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides da sauran karafa masu nauyi. Wannan yana haifar da al'amurran kiwon lafiya da suka shafi matsalolin numfashi kuma yana tasiri namun daji a kewayen yankunan da ke buƙatar iska mai tsabta don tsira. Har yanzu ba a san makomar gurɓacewar iska ba yayin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta yi ƙoƙarin hana wasu hayaƙi amma ba ta da matakan kula da duk tsiron da ke haƙar kwal. Gurbacewar ruwa wani abu ne da ke lalacewa a duk tsawon wannan tsari na hakar gawayin, tokar kwal yawanci ana kwashewa a cikin ruwan sama wanda ke ratsawa zuwa manyan wuraren ruwa. Yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa shekaru 10 don tsaftace wuraren ruwa waɗanda ke da sharar gida da yuwuwar lalata ruwa mai tsafta na iya sa tacewa ta fi wahala kawai.
Ma'adinan teku mai zurfi Zurfafawar hakar ma'adinan teku don nodules na manganese da sauran albarkatu sun haifar da damuwa daga masana kimiyyar ruwa da kungiyoyin muhalli game da tasirin yanayin yanayin teku mai rauni. Ilimin tasirin tasiri yana da iyaka saboda iyakataccen bincike kan rayuwar teku mai zurfi.
Lithium ma'adinai Lithium baya faruwa a matsayin karfe ta halitta tun da yake yana da karfin gaske, amma ana samunsa a hade a cikin kadan kadan a cikin duwatsu, kasa, da jikunan ruwa. Ana iya fallasa fitar da lithium a sigar dutse zuwa iska, ruwa, da ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar batura a duniya don ƙunshi lithium dangane da masana'antu, sinadarai masu guba da lithium ke samarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mutane, ƙasa, da nau'in ruwa. Yawan samar da lithium ya karu da kashi 25 cikin 100 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2007 don amfani da batura, kuma ana samun manyan hanyoyin lithium a cikin ma'adinan tafkin brine. Ana gano Lithium kuma ana fitar da shi daga ma'adanai 150, yumbu, brines da yawa, da ruwan teku, kuma kodayake hakar lithium daga nau'in dutsen yana da tsada sau biyu daga na lithium da aka ciro daga brines, matsakaicin ajiyar brine ya fi idan aka kwatanta da matsakaita. lithium hard rock ajiya.
Phosphate ma'adinai Ana hako duwatsu masu ɗauke da phosphorus don samar da phosphorus, wani muhimmin abu da ake amfani dashi a masana'antu da noma. Tsarin hakar ya haɗa da kawar da ciyayi na saman, ta yadda za a fallasa duwatsun phosphorus zuwa yanayin yanayin ƙasa, yana lalata yankin ƙasa tare da fallasa phosphorus, yana haifar da zazzagewar ƙasa. Abubuwan da aka fitar daga ma'adinan phosphate sun kasance sharar gida, da wutsiya, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar ɗan adam ga ƙwayoyin cuta daga gurɓataccen wutsiya ta hanyar inhalation da abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke tasiri lafiyar ɗan adam Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu da Pb Haƙar ma'adinan mai Oil shale dutse ne mai ruɗi wanda ke ɗauke da kerogen wanda za'a iya samar da sinadarin hydrocarbons. Haƙar ma'adinan man da ke haƙar ma'adinai na yin tasiri ga muhallin da zai iya lalata ƙasa da yanayin halittu. Thermal dumama da konewa yana haifar da abubuwa da yawa da sharar gida wanda ya haɗa da carbon dioxide da iskar gas Yawancin masana muhalli suna adawa da samarwa da amfani da shale mai saboda yana haifar da yawan iskar gas. Daga cikin gurɓataccen iska, gurɓataccen ruwa shine babban al'amari musamman saboda shal ɗin mai yana hulɗa da iskar oxygen da hydrocarbons. Akwai canje-canje a cikin shimfidar wuri tare da wuraren hakar ma'adinai saboda hakar ma'adinan mai da kuma samarwa ta amfani da samfuran sinadarai. Matsalolin ƙasa a cikin yankin ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa matsala ce mai tsayi saboda yana haifar da wuraren da ba a daidaita ba. Ma'adinan karkashin kasa yana haifar da sabon tsari wanda zai iya dacewa da wasu tsiro, amma ana iya buƙatar gyarawa.
Cire haƙar ma'adinai daga saman dutsen Aikin hakar ma'adinai na tsaunin tsaunuka (MTR) yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka sare bishiyu, kuma ana cire kutukan kwal da injina da abubuwan fashewa. Sakamakon haka shimfidar wuri ta fi saurin kamuwa da ambaliyar ruwa da haifar da gurɓatawar sinadarai. Yankin da ke da matukar damuwa da kawar da tsaunin dutse ya haifar da lalacewar ingancin ruwan rafi zuwa ga yanayin magudanar ruwa da na kasa don haka hakar ma'adinai ta saman tsaunuka tana shafar tasirin ruwa da magudanan ruwa na dogon lokaci.
Yashi hakar ma'adinai Hakar ma'adinan yashi da tsakuwa na haifar da manyan ramuka da fissures a saman duniya. A wasu lokuta, hakar ma'adinai na iya fadada sosai har ya shafi ruwan ƙasa, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, da teburin ruwa. Manyan barazanar ayyukan hakar yashi sun hada da lalata gadon tashoshi, samuwar kogi da zaizayar kasa. Hako ma'adinan yashi ya haifar da karuwar turbayawar ruwa a mafi yawan gabar tafkin Hongze, tafkin ruwa na hudu mafi girma a kasar Sin.
Ragewa Don tabbatar da kammala aikin sakewa, ko maido da ma'adanan don amfani da su a nan gaba, gwamnatoci da yawa da hukumomi a duniya suna buƙatar kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai su sanya jinginar da za a gudanar da su ba tare da izini ba har sai an tabbatar da ingancin ƙasar da aka kwato, ko da yake idan hanyoyin tsaftacewa sun fi yawa. tsada fiye da girman haɗin gwiwa, za a iya watsar da bond ɗin kawai. Tun daga 1978 masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta kwato fiye da kadada miliyan 2 (8,000) km 2 na kasa a Amurka kadai. Wannan fili da aka kwato ya sabunta ciyayi da namun daji a wuraren hakar ma'adinai na baya kuma ana iya amfani da su wajen noma da kiwo.
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20802 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahad%20Al-Muwallad | Fahad Al-Muwallad | Fahad Mosaed al-Muwallad An haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Satumban shekara ta 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudiyya da ke buga wa ƙungiyar Al-ittihad. Ya fara aikin sa da Al-Ittihad yana ɗan shekara goma sha shida (16). A ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011 ya zura kwallo na biyu manufa domin Saudi Arabia da Croatia a shekarar 2011 U-20 gasar cin kofin duniya a Colombia, wanda alama ta farko da taba duniya burin a shekaru 16. A cikin shekara ta 2012 yayin da yake taka leda a ƙungiyar Al-Ittihad, ya shiga wasan ne a matsayin mai sauyawa a cikin mintuna 10 da suka gabata kuma ya ci kwallon da ta ci Guangzhou Evergrande FC don cancantar tare da tawagarsa zuwa Semi-final na AFC Champions League. Tare da Saudi Arabia, ya kuma ci kwallon da ta ci China a wasan cancantar cin Kofin Asiya. Allyari da kuma musamman ya kuma zura ƙwallo wanda ya tura Saudi Arabiya zuwa Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2018 a Rasha,kuma an san shi da samun saurin kowane ɗan Asiya har abada..
Rayuwar farko da nasara An haifi Fahad Al-Muwallad a Jidda,a kasar Saudi Arabiya kuma tun yana ƙarami ya zama sananne sosai a matsayin shahararren ɗan wasan kwallon ƙafa a yankin. Daga nan sai wani ɗan wasan ƙungiyar ta Barcelona ya tunkareshi bayan ya ganshi ya sanya kyawawan halaye. Ya yi watsi da tayin sannan ya ci gaba da shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Al-Ittihad daga shekara 6, ya yi aiki a kan sahu ya fara samun kulawar kafofin yaɗa labarai na ƙasa lokacin da ya fara atisaye tare da ƙungiyar farko a lokacin yanada shekaru 15. A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, yana ɗan shekara 16, Fahad al-Muwallad ya yi fito na fito da Al-Raed Bayan buga ƙarin wasanni akai-akai a Saudi Professional League, Fahad ya shahara da saurin gudu da kuma ƙwarewar fasaha yayin nuna kwalliya a gaban raga.
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Al-Ittihad
Lokacin 2012–13 Fahad ya ci gaba da burgewa kuma a ranar 2 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, Fahad ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a kan Al-Raed a wasan da aka tashi 2-2. A lokacin kakar wasan shekara ta 2012/13, Fahad ya fara shahara a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hazikan ƙwallon ƙafa na Asiya, bayan ya zira ƙwallaye da yawa ga Al-Ittihad daga reshe. Daga baya Fahad ya ƙara ɗaga hankalin kasashen duniya yayin da, yana ɗan shekara 17, ya zura ƙwallaye a raga a wasan kusa dana ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun turai da ƙungiyar Marcelo Lippi ta Guangzhou Evergrande wacce ta tura Al-Ittihad zuwa wasan kusa dana ƙarshe. Haka kuma Fahad ya haskaka gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai inda shi, na farko, ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa dana karshe da Al-Ittihad ta doke Al-Fateh sannan kuma ya ci a wasan karshe a wasan da suka tashi 4-2 akan Al-Shabab da aka buga a gaban sama da 50,000 a filin. Filin wasa na Duniya Fahd Daga baya an zabi Fahad a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai MVP (Mafi Ingantaccen Dan wasa) saboda haddar da yake yi a filin kwallon kafa a duk gasar. Fahad ya kammala kakar 2012/13 da kwallaye 10 masu ban sha'awa a wasanni 26 a duk gasa.
Lokacin 2013-14 Fahad ya bude asusun sa na sabuwar kaka a wasan El-Clasico na Saudi Arabiya a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki, inda ya saka Al-Ittihad a gaba bayan wayo ta hanyar kwallo daga hannun Saud Kariri Koyaya Al-Ittihad ta ci wasan 5-2 a filin wasa na King Fahd International amma fahad din Fahad ya sami yabo daga manajan Al-Ittihad Beñat San José da masana. Daga baya Fahad ya zira kwallaye a muhimmiyar wasa da Al-Ettifaq, inda ya buda hanya da karfin tsiya zuwa saman kusurwar hagu na raga, ya bar mai tsaron gidan Al-Ettifaq Mohammad Sharifi mara motsi. Duk da haka wasan ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi ga Al-Ittihad kamar yadda Hasan Kadesh ya rama wa Al-Ettifaq, wanda ya haifar da kammala wasan a cikin kunnen doki 1-1. Fahad shima yayi matukar burgewa a gasar cin kofin zakarun turai na AFC akan wasu manyan kungiyoyi a duk fadin Asiya. A ranar 13 ga Mayun shekara ta 2014, Fahad ya ci kwallaye 2 masu ban mamaki a karawar karshe 16 da ya yi da takwaransa na Saudiyya Al-Shabab da aka buga a filin wasa na King Fahd International Stadium.Bayan wucewar wayo daga Mukhtar Fallatah, Fahad ya ruga da gudu tare da saurin wucewa, ya doki mai tsaron gidan zuwa kwallon sannan kuma ya buga kwallon a gaban sa don aikawa da jama'a cikin fyaucewa.Daga baya Fahad ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan inda ya zira kwallaye a ragar mai tsaron gidan Al-Shabab Waleed Abdullah Al-Ittihad ta ci nasara 3-1.Fahad ya kammala kaka da kwallaye 5 a wasanni 36 a duka wasannin.Fahad ya sami yabo daga manajan Al-Ittihad Khalid Al Koroni saboda inganta wasan sa a wannan kakar ta hanyar samun karin taimako kuma ya bayyana Fahad a matsayin "gwanin ban mamaki".
Lokacin 2014-15 Fahad ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a sabon kamfen a wasan da suka doke Al-Faisaly da ci 2-1 a filin wasa na King Abdul Aziz saboda ana ci gaba da aikin gine-gine a sabon filin wasa na Al-Ittihad King Abdullah Sports City Stadium wanda aka shirya gudanar da shi. damar sama da 60,000. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2014, Fahad ya ci kwallon nasara a wasan da suka doke Al-Khaleej da ci 2-1 wanda ya jefa kwallon kusa da kusa da gidan golan Al-Khaleej Moslem Freej. Wannan ita ce kwallon farko da Fahad ya ci a sabon filin wasa na King Abdullah Sports City A ranar 21 ga Maris din 2015, Fahad ya ci kwallo a ragar Al-Khaleej tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Moslem Freej. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2015, Fahad ya ci fanareti wanda ya zama silar yanke hukunci a nasarar da suka samu kan 1-0 a kan Hajer, Fahad ya kware a bugun fenariti a saman kusurwar hagu ta kafar da ta wuce mika hannu na tsohon Al -Shine mai tsaron ragar Ittihad Mustafa Malayekah A ranar 22 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2015, a wasan zagaye na 16 na Kofin Zakarun Turai, Fahad ya fito daga benci don ya jefa kwallaye biyu a raga a ragar Al-Fateh a wasan da ci 4-1 da aka buga a filin wasa na Prince Abdullah bin Jalawi Manajan Al-Ittihad Victor Pițurcă ya bayyana makasudin burin Fahad a matsayin "jarumtaka" kuma ya ce "Fahad yana samun ci gaba a kowace rana, idan ya ci gaba da yin wasa kamar yadda yake, zai yi nisa, yana da duniyar a kafa". 27 ga Afrilun shekara ta 2015, Fahad ya ci kwallon sihiri a wasan da Al-Ittihad ta doke Al-Taawon da ci 4-3. A 25th minti na wasan, Jamal Bajandouh Squared da ball to Fahad a gefen yankin, Fahad sa'an nan shãfe shi, sama da buga wani ferocious bicycle harbi da cewa ya tashi da Al-Taawon golan Sultan Al-Ghamdi a cikin mayar da net Fahad ya kuma ci fanareti a wasan daya buga inda ya kware wajen tura Sultan Al-Ghamdi zuwa inda bai dace ba yayin da yake sanya kwallo a daya bangaren na raga. A ranar 15 ga Mayun shekara ta 2015, Fahad ya sake zira kwallo mai ban mamaki a cikin "Derby of Jeddah" wanda ya ci kwallon farko a minti na 84 bayan ya yanke ciki ya kuma harba wata iska mai karfin gaske a saman kusurwar dama ta raga da ta wuce mara taimako Abdullah Al-Maiouf a cikin raga ta Al-Ahli Ko yaya dai Salman Al-Moasher ya yi nasarar wuce gona da iri a minti na 89 don daure lamuran, wasan ya kare 1-1. A ranar 31 ga Mayun shekara ta 2015, Fahad ya ci kwallo a wasan El-Clasico na Saudiyya, a wasan kusa da na karshe na Kofin Zakarun Turai a filin wasa na King Fahd International Stadium, inda ya harba kwallon daga bugun fanareti, inda ya soke budewar daga mai tsaron baya na Al-Hilal Digão Koyaya wasan ya ƙare cikin rashin jin daɗi ga Al-Ittihad yayin da suka ci gajiyar wasan suka ƙare da nasarar da ci 4-1 ga Al-Hilal Fahad ya kammala kakar wasan 2014/15 da kwallaye 10 a wasanni 24, yayin da ya samu yabo daga masana kan wasu wasanni da suka gabata a Saudi Arabia League da kuma Kofin Zakarun Turai Ayyukan duniya A watan Mayun shekara ta 2018, aka raɗa masa suna a Saudi Arabia ta farko tawagar ga 2018 gasar cin kofin duniya a Rasha Koyaya, rawar da ya taka a gasar cin kofin duniya an dauke shi a matsayin babban abin takaici, saboda rashin iyawarsa da kuma shirun nasa a wasu lokuta masu mahimmanci. Daga karshe Saudi Arabiya ta fado daga wasan rukuni-rukuni, bayan da ta sha kashi 0-5 a hannun Rasha da kuma 0-1 a hannun Uruguay Kididdigar aiki
Kulab
Na duniya Kididdigar da ta dace daidai da wasa ta buga 5 Yuni 2021.
Manufofin duniya Sakamako da sun lissafa burin Saudi Arabia da farko. Daraja Al Ittihad
Kofin Sarakuna 2013, 2018
Kofin Yarima mai Sarauta 2016–17
Saudi wacce ta zo ta biyu a gasar: 2013, 2018
Kowane mutum
Kofin Sarki na Gwanayen Mafi Kyawun Valan wasa: 2013
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Saudiyya
Wasannin FIFA
Wasanni
Wasa
Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
Rayayyun mutane
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10316 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima%20al-Fihriya | Fatima al-Fihriya | Fatima bint Muhammad Al-Fihriya Al-Qurashiya (larabci| ita balarabiya ce kuma musulma, ita ce kuma macen da ta kafa cibiyar bayar da ilimi na farko wadda ake bada shaidar digiri mafi dadewa a duniya, kuma har yanzu yana nan yana aiki, wato jami'ar Al Quaraouiyine dake Fes, a kasar Morocco a shekara ta 859 CE.. Ana kuma san ta da ("Uwar Yara"). Al-Fihriya ya rasu a wajen shekara ta 880 miladiyya. Daga baya masallacin al-Qarawiyyin ya zama cibiyar koyarwa, wadda ta zama jami'ar al-Qarawiyyin ta zamani a shekarar 1963. Ibn Abi Zar' (d. tsakanin 1310 zuwa 1320) ne ya ba da labarinta a gidan Aljannar Shafuka (Rawd al-Qirtas) a matsayin wanda ya assasa masallacin. Tun lokacin da aka fara ambatonta shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwarta, labarinta ya yi wuya a iya tabbatar da ita kuma wasu masana tarihi na zamani suna shakkar ta wanzu.
Labari bisa ga mahangar gargajiya Ba a san komai game da rayuwarta ba, sai dai abin da masanin tarihin karni na 14 Ibn Abi-Zar' ya rubuta. An haifi Fatima a shekara ta 800 miladiyya a garin Kairouan da ke kasar Tunisia a yau Ita kuwa balarabe ce daga zuriyar Kuraishawa, saboda haka nisba “al-Qurashiyya”, ‘Qurayshi’. babban ƙaura zuwa Fez daga Kairouan. Kodayake danginta ba su fara arziki ba, mahaifinta, Mohammed al-Fihri, ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai nasara. Lokacin da ya rasu, wannan dukiyar Fatima ce, da ‘yar uwarta Maryam. Da wannan kudin ne suka ci gaba da barin gadon su. Al-Fihriya ta yi aure, amma mijinta da mahaifinta sun rasu jim kadan bayan daurin auren. dukiyarsa ga Fatima da 'yar uwarta, 'ya'yansa tilo. Ita da ‘yar uwarta Maryam sun yi karatu mai kyau kuma sun yi karatun Fiqhu da Hadisi, ko kuma tarihin Annabi Muhammad. Dukansu sun ci gaba da samun masallatai a Fes: Fatima ta kafa Al-Qarawiyyin kuma Maryam ta kafa Masallacin Al-Andalusiyyin Wannan tunani ya taso ne saboda yadda duk musulmin da suke gudun hijira kamar Fatima da iyalanta, duk suna tara bakin haure ne masu ibada masu kishin koyi da nazarin imaninsu. Tare da yawan baƙi kamar yadda akwai, akwai cunkoso kuma babu isasshen sarari, kayan aiki, ko malamai don ɗaukar su.
Tarihi Wasu masana tarihi na wannan zamani sun yi tambaya game da tarihin wannan labari waɗanda ke ganin alamar wasu ƴan'uwa mata biyu da suka kafa manyan mashahuran masallatai biyu na Fes a matsayin mafi dacewa kuma mai yiwuwa ya samo asali daga almara. Ibn Abi Zar shi ma masana tarihi na wannan zamani sun yi la’akari da shi a matsayin tushen da ba shi da tabbas. Masanin tarihi Roger Le Tourneau ya nuna shakku kan gaskiyar labarin al'ada na Fatima ta gina masallacin Qarawiyyin da 'yar uwarta Maryam ta gina masallacin Andalusiyyin. Ya lura cewa kamanceceniya ta ’yan’uwa mata biyu da masallatai biyu ya yi kyau ba za a iya zama gaskiya ba, kuma mai yiwuwa almara ce ta addini. Jonathan Bloom, masanin gine-ginen Islama, ya kuma lura da rashin yiwuwar kamala. Ya bayyana cewa labarin kafuwar masallacin na gargajiya ya fi tatsuniya fiye da tarihin ilimi kuma ya nuna cewa babu wani bangare na masallacin a yau da ya wuce karni na goma. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke tattare da labarin na gargajiya shi ne wani rubutu na tushe da aka sake ganowa yayin da ake gyare-gyare a masallacin a ƙarni na 20, wanda a baya an ɓoye shi a ƙarƙashin filasta tsawon ƙarni. Wannan rubutu, wanda aka sassaƙa a jikin katakon itacen al'ul kuma an rubuta shi cikin rubutun Kufik mai kama da rubutun tushe a cikin ƙarni na 9 na Tunusiya, an same shi a jikin bangon da ke sama da yiwuwar ginin mihrab ɗin na asali na masallacin (kafin ginin ginin daga baya). Rubutun, wanda Gaston Deverdun ya rubuta kuma ya fayyace shi, ya shelanta kafuwar "wannan masallacin" na Dawud bn Idris (dan Idris na biyu wanda ya jagoranci wannan yanki na Maroko a lokacin) a Dhu al-Qadah shekara ta 263 bayan hijira (Yuli-Agusta na shekara ta 877 miladiyya Deverdun ya ba da shawarar cewa rubutun na iya fitowa daga wani masallacin da ba a san ko wanene ba kuma an tura shi nan a wani lokaci na gaba (watakila karni na 15 ko na 16) lokacin da aka sake farfado da martabar Idrisid a Fes kuma irin wadannan kayan tarihi sun kasance suna da isasshen mahimmancin addini don sake amfani da su a wannan. hanya. Sai dai kuma, malami Chafik Benchekroun ya yi jayayya a baya-bayan nan cewa, bayanin da ya fi dacewa shi ne, wannan rubutun shi ne ainihin rubutun harsashin ginin masallacin Qarawiyyin da kansa kuma mai yiwuwa an rufe shi a karni na 12 kafin zuwan Almohad a birnin. Bisa ga wannan hujja da kuma yawan shakku game da labarin Ibn Abi Zar, ya yi nuni da cewa Fatima al-Fihriya ta yiyuwa wata fitacciyar jaruma ce ba ta tarihi ba.
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20459 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber | Uber | Uber Technologies, Inc., wanda aka fi sani da Uber, kamfani ne na fasaha a Amurka. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ha-hailing, isar da abinci (Uber Eats), isar da kaya, masinjoji, jigilar kayayyaki, kuma, ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Lime, keken lantarki da kuma motar haya. Kamfanin yana tushen San Francisco ne kuma yana da aiki a cikin manyan yankuna 900 na duniya. Yana ɗayan manyan kamfanoni a cikin tattalin arziƙi.
Uber an kiyasta yana da sama da miliyan 93 masu amfani a kowane wata a duk duniya. A Amurka, Uber yana da kaso 71% na kasuwa don raba-hawa da kuma kashi 22% na kasuwa don isar da abinci. Uber ya yi fice sosai a cikin tattalin arzikin raba cewa canje-canje a cikin masana'antu daban-daban sakamakon Uber an kira su uberisation, kuma yawancin farawa sun bayyana abubuwan da suke bayarwa a matsayin "Uber don X".
Kamar kamfanoni makamantan haka, an soki Uber saboda yadda ake bi da direbobi a matsayin ‘yan kwangila masu zaman kansu, katsewar kasuwancin‘ yan tasi, da kuma karuwar cunkoson motoci. An soki kamfanin saboda wasu halaye marasa kyau da kuma yin biris da dokokin gida, musamman a karkashin jagorancin tsohon Shugaba Travis Kalanick.
Siffar Gudanarwa Uber tana tantance kudade da sharuddan da direbobi ke safarar mahaya. Kamfanin yana karɓar kashi 25% na kowane kuɗin da aka gabatar ta hanyar “abokan” Uber. Uber yana amfani da samfurin farashi mai tsauri. Farashi yana canzawa gwargwadon wadatar gida da buƙata a lokacin sabis. Abokan ciniki suna ƙididdigar kuɗin a gaba.
Ana samun damar sabis gaba ɗaya ta hanyar wayar hannu. Masu amfani suna saita bayanan sirri tare da suna, lambar waya, sauran bayanai, da fifikon biyan kuɗi, wanda zai iya zama katin kuɗi, tsarin biyan kuɗi na e-commerce ko, a wasu lokuta, tsabar kuɗi. Bayan sabis ɗin ya kammala, ana iya ba abokin ciniki zaɓi don ba da kyauta ga direba, wanda kuma aka biya shi zuwa hanyar biyan abokin ciniki.
Matsayin direbobi a matsayin yan kwangila masu zaman kansu shine batun da ba'a warware ba. Direbobi suna ba da abin hawa, wanda zai iya mallakar, haya, ko haya. Dole ne direbobi su cika sharuɗɗa na shekaru, lafiya, shekarun mota da nau'ikan su, suna da lasisin tuƙi da wayoyin komai da ruwanka, kuma ƙila a buƙaci ya wuce binciken ƙasa. A cikin birane da yawa, motoci dole ne su wuce duba lafiyar shekara-shekara kuma ko dole ne a sanya tambari a cikin taga fasinja. Wasu biranen kuma suna buƙatar direbobi su sami lasisin kasuwanci. Zai yiwu akwai masauki ga direbobin da ke fama da matsalar rashin ji. Ana iya sanar da direbobi kafin su yarda da tafiya idan zai fi minti 45. Bayan kowace ma'amala, direbobi da kwastomomi na iya kimanta juna kuma ana iya kashe masu amfani da ƙimar kimantawa.
Zaɓuɓɓukan Gudanarwa UberX shine matakin sabis na asali. Ya haɗa da hawa na sirri a cikin mota tare da direba har zuwa fasinjoji huɗu. Dogaro da wurin, Uber yana ba da wasu matakan sabis a farashi daban daban da suka haɗa da: motocin baƙar fata masu alatu, sababbi ko na hawa masu daraja, motoci da kujerun fata, motocin amfani na motsa jiki, ƙaramar mota, motocin hawa, hatchbacks, motocin lantarki, motocin haɗin kai, babura, mota rickshaws, ainihin motocin haya, jigilar farashi mai rahusa tare da sauran fasinjojin da ke tafiya a kan hanya guda ɗaya (an dakatar da ita yayin annobar COVID-19), kujerun tsaro na yara, jigilar dabbobi, tabbas direbobin da ke magana da harshen Spanish, ƙarin taimako ga tsofaffi da fasinjoji. tare da nakasa ta zahiri, da kuma motocin hawa na keken hannu.
Mutanen da ke da dabba na sabis na iya amfani da kowane irin sabis na Uber, kamar yadda doka ta tanada.
Ta hanyar kawance da lemun tsami, masu amfani zasu iya yin hayar kekunan keke masu tsalle da babura masu babura.
Uber tana ba wa kwararrun masana kiwon lafiya a Amurka sabis mai dacewa da HIPAA ga marasa lafiya masu zuwa-da-daga alƙawarinsu. Marasa lafiya ba tare da wayoyin komai da komai ba na iya karɓar bayanan karba ta hanyar saƙon rubutu ko kuma ta ofishin ƙwararrun lafiyar.
Uber Freight ta yi daidai da masu jigilar kaya da masu dakon kaya ta irin salon da ya dace da fasinjoji da direbobi.
Tare da haɗin gwiwar masu aiki na gida, Uber yana ba da jigilar jirgin ruwa a wasu wurare a wasu lokuta na shekara.
Tarihi A cikin 2009, Uber an kafa shi a matsayin Ubercab ta Garrett Camp, masanin shirye-shiryen komputa kuma wanda ya kirkiro StumbleUpon, da Travis Kalanick, wanda ya siyar da kamfanin Red Swoosh na farawa akan dala miliyan 19 a 2007.
Bayan Camp da abokansa sun kashe 800 haya wani direba mai zaman kansa, yana son neman hanyar rage farashin sufuri kai tsaye. Ya fahimci cewa raba farashi tare da mutane na iya sanya shi mai sauki, kuma ra'ayin sa ya koma Uber. Kalanick ya shiga Camp ya ba shi "cikakken yabo game da ra'ayin" na Uber. Samfurin ya gina ne ta hanyar Camp da abokansa, Oscar Salazar da Conrad Whelan, tare da Kalanick a matsayin "babban mai ba da shawara" ga kamfanin.
A watan Fabrairun 2010, Ryan Graves ya zama ma'aikacin Uber na farko. Kabbarori sun fara aiki a matsayin babban manaja kuma an ba shi suna Shugaba jim kaɗan bayan ƙaddamarwa. A watan Disambar 2010, Kalanick ya gaji Graves a matsayin Shugaba. Kabbarori sun zama babban jami'in gudanarwa (COO). Zuwa 2019, Graves ya mallaki hannun jari miliyan 31.9.
Bayan ƙaddamar da beta a cikin Mayu 2010, ayyukan Uber da wayar hannu a hukumance an ƙaddamar da su a San Francisco a cikin 2011. Asali, aikace-aikacen ya ba masu amfani damar kawai su yaba wata motar alfarma ta baki kuma farashin ya ninka na taksi sau 1.5. A shekarar 2011, kamfanin ya canza suna daga UberCab zuwa Uber bayan korafe-korafe daga masu gudanar da haraji na San Francisco.
Hayar kamfanin da wuri sun hada da masanin ilmin kimiyar nukiliya, masanin kimiyyar lissafi, da kuma masanin injiniyoyi wadanda suka yi aiki kan hasashen bukatar direbobin motocin haya masu zaman kansu. A watan Afrilu 2012, Uber ya ƙaddamar da sabis a cikin Chicago inda masu amfani suka sami damar neman taksi na yau da kullun ko direban Uber ta hanyar wayar hannu.
A watan Yulin 2012, kamfanin ya gabatar da UberX, wani zaɓi mai rahusa wanda ya ba mutane damar yin amfani da motocin da ba na alfarma ba, gami da motocinsu na kashin kansu, bisa tsarin binciken baya, inshora, rajista, da matsayin abin hawa. A farkon 2013, sabis ɗin yana aiki a cikin birane 35.
A watan Disambar 2013, USA Today ta sanya wa kamfanin Uber kamfanin kere kere na shekarar.
A watan Agusta 2014, Uber ya ƙaddamar da UberPOOL, sabis na jigilar kaya a cikin Yankin San Francisco Bay. Ba da daɗewa ba aka ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin a wasu biranen duniya.
A watan Agusta 2014, Uber ta ƙaddamar da Uber Eats, sabis na isar da abinci.
A watan Agusta 2016, yana fuskantar gasa mai wahala, Uber ya sayar da ayyukansa a China ga DiDi don musayar kashi 18% a cikin DiDi. DiDi ta yarda ta saka dala biliyan 1 a Uber. Uber ta fara aiki a China a shekarar 2014, da sunan (Yōubù). A watan Agusta 2017, Dara Khosrowshahi, tsohon Shugaban Kamfanin Expedia Group, ya maye gurbin Kalanick a matsayin Shugaba. A watan Yulin 2017, Uber ta sami darajar sirrin tauraruwa biyar daga Gidauniyar Electron Frontier Foundation, amma kungiyar ta soki su da kakkausar magana a watan Satumbar 2017 saboda wata siyasa mai rikitarwa ta bin diddigin wuraren kwastomomi ko da bayan an gama hawa, tilasta wa kamfanin zuwa juya tsarinta.
A watan Fabrairun 2018, Uber ya hada ayyukansa a Rasha, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia da Kazakhstan tare da na Yandex.Taxi kuma sun saka dala miliyan 225 a harkar. A watan Maris na 2018, Uber ya haɗu da ayyukanta a kudu maso gabashin Asiya tare da na Grab a musayar hannun jarin mallakar kashi 27.5% a cikin Grab. Uber Rent, wanda aka yi amfani da shi ta Getaround, ya kasance sabis ne na hada-hada tsakanin abokai da keke ga wasu masu amfani a San Francisco tsakanin Mayu 2018 da Nuwamba 2018. A watan Nuwamba 2018, Uber ya zama memba na zinare na Linux Foundation.
A ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2019, Uber ya zama kamfanin jama'a ta hanyar bayar da tayin jama'a na farko. Bayan IPO, hannun jarin Uber ya ragu da kashi 11%, wanda ya haifar da babbar asara ta ranar farko ta tarihin IPO a tarihin Amurka. Bayan wata daya duka COO Barney Harford da CMO Rebecca Messina suka sauka. Uber ya sanya asarar dala biliyan 1 a farkon kwata na 2019, da asarar dala biliyan 5.2 na kwata na biyu.
A watan Yulin 2019, sashen tallace-tallace ya ragu da kashi na uku, tare da sallamar mutane 400 yayin ci gaba da asara. Hayar Injiniya ta daskarewa. A farkon watan Satumbar 2019, Uber ya kori ƙarin ma'aikata 435 tare da 265 da suka zo daga ƙungiyar injiniyoyi da kuma wasu 170 daga ƙungiyar samfuran.
A watan Janairun 2020, Uber ta sami Careem na dala biliyan 3.1.
A cikin wannan watan, Uber ya sayar da aikin Indiya na Uber Eats ga Zomato, a madadin 9.99% na Zomato.
Hakanan a cikin Janairu 2020, Uber ya gwada fasalin da ya bawa direbobi damar zuwa tashar jirgin saman Santa Barbara, Sacramento, da Palm Springs don saita farashi bisa la'akari da yawan farashin Uber na tafiye-tafiyen UberX da UberXL.
A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2020, yayin annobar COVID-19, Uber ta sanar da shirin sallamar ma’aikata 3,700, kusan kashi 14% na ma’aikatan ta.
A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2020, an ba da ƙarin yanke aiki 3,000 kuma an sanar da rufe ofisoshi 45.
A watan Yunin 2020, Uber ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai gudanar da buƙatun manyan motocin hawa na Marin Transit, wata motar bas ɗin jama'a a Marin County, California. Wannan haɗin gwiwa shine haɗin US na SaaS na farko.
A watan Yulin shekarar 2020, Uber tare da hadin gwiwar babban kamfaninta na Cornershop, suka gabatar da sabis na isar da kayan masarufin Uber a Latin Amurka, Canada, Miami, da Dallas.
A cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2020, Uber ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya yi asarar dala biliyan 5.8.
A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2020, Uber ta sami matesan gidan waya na dala biliyan 2.65.
A farkon watan Fabrairun 2021, Uber ya ba da sanarwar sayan sabis ɗin isar da giya na Boston mai suna Drizly a kan dala biliyan 1.1 a cikin tsabar kuɗi da hannun jari.
Hakanan a cikin watan Fabrairun 2021, Uber ya sanar da cewa zai haɗu tare da gidajen sayar da magani na Walgreens don bayar da tafiye-tafiye kyauta zuwa ɗakunan ajiya da asibitoci suna ba da rigakafin COVID-19 ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ba su da tsaro.
A watan Afrilu na 2021, Uber ta ce ana sa ran ma'aikatanta za su dawo ofis kafin 13 ga Satumba kuma su yi aiki aƙalla kwana uku a kowane mako daga ofishi. [98] Daga baya a cikin watan, Uber ta sanar da cewa za ta fadada kan kayan isar da abinci don kara hada su da aikinta na hawa don saukar da jama'a masu rigakafin. Za a sauƙaƙe alƙawarin allurar rigakafi ta hanyar aikace-aikacen kuma.
Ayyukan da suka gabata
Motoci masu tuka kansu Techungiyar Technologies mai ci gaba (Uber ATG) tana haɓaka motoci masu tuka kansu. Asusun tsiraru ne na Softbank Vision Fund, Toyota, da Denso.
A farkon shekarar 2015, kamfanin ya dauki hayar kimanin mutane 50 daga sashen fasahar kere-kere na jami'ar Carnegie Mellon.
A ranar 14 ga Satumbar, 2016, Uber ta ƙaddamar da sabis na motar tuki na farko don zaɓar abokan ciniki a Pittsburgh, ta amfani da motocin Ford Fusion. Kowane abin hawa an sanye shi da kyamarori 20, lasers bakwai, Tsarin Matsayi na Duniya, lidar, da kayan aikin radar
A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2016, Uber ta fara aikin tuka kanta da Volvo XC90 SUVs a garinsu na San Francisco. A ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2016, Ma'aikatar Motocin Kalifoniya ta soke rajistar motocin da Uber ke amfani da ita don gwajin kuma ta tilasta shirin dakatar da aiki a California. Bayan watanni biyu, Uber ya koma shirin zuwa Arizona, inda motocin ke iya daukar fasinjoji, kodayake, a matsayin kariya, injiniyoyi biyu na Uber koyaushe suna kan gaban kujerun kowace abin hawa. A watan Maris na shekarar 2017, wata motar da ke tuka Uber da kanta ta buge ta juye ta a gefe ta wani abin hawa wanda ya kasa bayarwa. A watan Oktoba 2017, Uber ya fara amfani da matukin gwajin guda ɗaya kawai.
A watan Nuwamba na 2017, Uber ya ba da sanarwar wani shirin ba dauri ba don sayen motocin Volvo XC90 SUV har 24,000 da aka tsara don karɓar fasaha mai zaman kansa, gami da wani nau'in tuƙi da birki daban-daban da na'urori masu auna sigina.
A watan Maris na shekarar 2018, Uber ta dakatar da gwajin tuki na tuka kanta bayan mutuwar Elaine Herzberg a Tempe, Arizona. A cewar ‘yan sanda, motar Uber ce ta buge matar yayin da take kokarin tsallaka titi, yayin da injiniyan da ke cikin jirgin ke kallon bidiyo. Uber ya zauna tare da dangin wanda aka kashe. Hukumomin yankin ba su yi sabani ba kan ko motar ko Herzberg din suna da laifi. A watan Disambar 2018, bayan karɓar amincewar gida a Pittsburgh da Toronto, Uber ya sake fara gwaji, amma kawai a lokutan hasken rana da cikin saurin gudu. A watan Maris na 2019, Ofishin Babban Mai Shari'a na Yankin Yavapai bai same Uber da laifi ba saboda mutuwar Herzberg. Kamfanin ya canza hanyar sa, yana gayyatar duka Waymo da General Motors "unitungiyar motar motsa jiki mai tafiyar da kai don yin aiki da ababen hawa a kan hanyar sadarwar Haber." A watan Fabrairun 2020, Uber ta dawo da lasisin tuki na tuka kanta kuma ta ba da sanarwar shirin ci gaba da gwaji a San Francisco.
A farkon shekarar 2019, Uber ya kashe dala miliyan 20 a kowane wata kan bincike da ci gaban motoci masu cin gashin kansu; amma, wata majiya ta ce kudaden da aka kashe kan shirin abin hawa kai tsaye sun kai dala miliyan 200 a kowane kwata.
A watan Janairun 2021, Uber ATG ya samu ta hanyar farawa da ke sarrafa kansa Aurora Innovation na dala biliyan 4 kuma Uber ta saka hannun jari dala miliyan 400 a cikin Aurora, ta ɗauki hannun jarin 26%.
Manyan Motoci masu aiki da kansu Bayan kashe sama da dala miliyan 925 don bunkasa manyan motoci masu zaman kansu, kamfanin Uber ya soke shirin tuka kansa mai tuka kansa a watan Yulin 2018. Uber ta sami Otto ne kan 625 miliyan a shekarar 2016. Dangane da karar da Waymo ta gabatar a watan Fabrairun 2017, tsohon ma'aikacin Google Anthony Levandowski ana zargin "ya zazzage 9.7 GB na Waymo sosai sirrin sirri da sirrin kasuwanci, gami da zane-zane, fayilolin zane da kuma bayanan gwaji" kafin murabus don gano Otto, wanda Uber ta saya. Hukuncin da aka yanke a watan Mayu 2017 ya bukaci Uber ya mayar da takardu zuwa Waymo. An fara shari’ar a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2018. An ba da sanarwar sulhu a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2018 inda Uber ta ba Waymo dala miliyan 244 a cikin daidaiton Uber kuma ta amince kada ta keta hurumin ilimin Waymo.
Ayyukan iska A watan Oktoba 2019, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da HeliFlight, Uber ya fara bayar da sabis na taksi mai saukan ungulu tsakanin Manhattan da John F. Kennedy International Airport. Aikin HeliFlite ne, Uber Copter ya bayar da jiragen jirgi masu saukar ungulu na mintuna 8 tsakanin Manhattan da John F. Kennedy International Airport na kimanin dala 200 ga kowane fasinja.
Eleungiyar Elevment na Uber tana haɓaka UberAir, wanda zai samar da gajeren jirage ta amfani da jirgin VTOL. A watan Disamba na 2020, Joby Aviation ya sami Uber Elevate.
Ayyukan Uber A watan Oktoba 2019, Uber ya ƙaddamar da Uber Works don haɗa ma'aikatan da ke son ayyukan wucin gadi da kasuwanci. An fara samun aikin ne kawai a cikin Chicago kuma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa Miami a cikin watan Disambar 2019. An rufe sabis ɗin a cikin Mayu 2020.
Sukar
Kula da Lafiyar Direbobi
Rabawa azaman yan kwangila masu zaman kansu Sai dai in doka ta buƙata in ba haka ba, direbobi galibi 'yan kwangila ne masu zaman kansu ba ma'aikata ba. Wannan nadi yana shafar haraji, lokutan aiki, da fa'idodin lokacin aiki. Lauyoyi sun shigar da kara a gaban kotu suna masu zargin cewa suna da hakki da kuma maganin da ake daukarsu a matsayin "ma'aikata" a karkashin dokar aiki. Koyaya, direbobi suna karɓar wasu sassauƙa waɗanda ba kasafai ake samun su ba tsakanin ma'aikata.
A cikin O'Connor v. Uber Technologies, karar da aka shigar a Kotun Lardin Amurka na Gundumar Arewacin California a ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2013, direbobin Uber sun roki cewa bisa ga Dokar Kodago ta California ya kamata a sanya su a matsayin ma'aikata kuma a biya su kuɗaɗen kasuwanci kamar su gas da farashin abin hawa. A watan Maris na 2019, Uber ya yarda ya biya dala miliyan 20 don daidaita batun.
A ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2016, game da batun Aslam v Uber BV, kotun kula da daukar aiki ta Central London ta yanke hukuncin cewa direbobin Uber "ma'aikata" ne, ba masu zaman kansu ba, kuma suna da 'yancin mafi karancin albashi a karkashin Dokar Mafi qarancin Albashi ta Dokar 1998, an biya. hutu, da sauran hakkoki. Direbobin Uber biyu sun kawo karar gwajin zuwa kotun daukar aiki tare da taimakon GMB Union, a madadin kungiyar direbobi a London. Uber ta daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya; a cikin watan Fabrairun 2021, kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa a sanya direbobi a matsayin ma'aikata ba masu aiki da kansu ba. Direbobin Uber sun sami damar samun mafi karancin albashi, na hutu, da kariya daga nuna bambanci a cikin hukuncin. Bayan da aka kayar da kararraki uku da suka gabata a kotu, kamfanin ya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Koli, yana mai cewa direbobinsa ‘yan kwangila ne masu zaman kansu.
A watan Maris na 2018, Ma’aikatar Tattalin Arziki, Ilimi da Bincike ta Switzerland ta yanke hukunci cewa a sanya direbobi a matsayin ma’aikata. A watan Afrilun 2018, Kotun Koli ta Kalifoniya ta yanke hukunci a Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Babbar Kotun cewa Dynamex, kamfanin isar da sakonni, ya fasalta direbobin bayar da shi a matsayin 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu maimakon ma'aikata. Wannan ya haifar da zartar da doka ta California mai lamba 5 (AB5) a ranar Satumba 11, 2019, tare da gwaji don tantance ko dole ne a sanya mai ɗawainiya a matsayin ma'aikaci kuma ya karɓi mafi ƙarancin kariyar albashi da fa'idodin rashin aikin yi. A watan Disambar 2019, Uber da Postmates sun kai ƙara California, suna masu cewa AB5 ya saba wa tsarin mulki. A shekarar 2020, sun kashe dubunnan miliyoyi don yin kamfen don nuna goyon baya ga kudurin Kalifoniya na 22, wanda ya zartar, yana ba su wata keɓe ta musamman ga Majalisar Dokoki ta 5 ta hanyar rarraba direbobinsu a matsayin "'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu", keɓance wa ma'aikata daga samarwa fa'idodi ga wasu direbobi
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, Ma’aikatar kwadago da Ci gaban ma’aikata ta New Jersey ta yanke shawarar cewa ya kamata a sanya direbobi a matsayin ma’aikata tare da cin tarar Uber 650 miliyan saboda rashin aiki da harajin inshorar nakasa da ya wuce lokaci.
A watan Maris na 2021, Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya ta yanke hukunci cewa Uber dole ne ta rarraba duk direbobinta ba kamar 'yan kwangila masu zaman kansu ba amma a matsayin ma'aikata, kammala tare da daidaitattun fa'idodi. Wannan ya haɗa da mafi ƙarancin albashi da na hutu tare da sauran fa'idodi masu fa'ida dangane da kwangilar.
Amincewa da dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi A wasu yankuna, ana ba direbobi tabbacin mafi ƙarancin albashi, kamar a cikin New York City, inda direbobi dole ne su sami 26.51 awa kafin kashewa ko 17.22 awa bayan an biya. Nazari ya nuna cewa, idan babu wadannan dokokin, yawancin direbobi ba su samun abin da ya gaza mafi karancin albashin da aka bayyana. Wani rahoto na watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018 da Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta fitar ya gano matsakaicin albashin direbobi na kusan 9.21. An buga rahotanni na karancin albashi a cikin Profil, Trend, and The Guardian. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2017 ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi 4% na duka direbobin Uber suna ci gaba da aiki kamar wannan shekara guda bayan farawa, da farko saboda ƙarancin albashi.
Koyaya, binciken 2019 ya gano cewa "direbobi suna samun rarar sama da sau biyu da zasu samu a cikin shirye-shirye marasa sassauƙa."
Matsalolin Tsaro Laifukan da direbobin kera kaya suka aikata haka nan kuma da wasu mutane wadanda suke yinsu a matsayin direbobin rideshare wadanda ke jan hankalin fasinjojin da ba su sani ba zuwa ga motocinsu ta hanyar sanya tambari a motarsu ko kuma da'awar cewa su direban da ake sa ran fasinja ne. Wannan karshen ya haifar da kisan Samantha Josephson da gabatar da Dokar Sami. Lauyoyin na da'awar cewa kamfanonin sayar da kaya ba su dauki matakan da suka dace ba don hana cin zarafin mata. Kamfanonin gwamnati sun ci tarar kamfanonin Rideshare saboda karya doka a cikin tsarin bincikensu na bayan fage. Harbe-harben Kalamazoo na 2016 a watan Fabrairun 2016, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane shida a Kalamazoo, Michigan, wani direban Uber ne ya aikata shi. Kodayake an soki Uber saboda tsarin bincikensa na baya, amma direban ba shi da rikodin aikata laifi, kuma binciken bayan fage bai haifar da da mai ido ba.
A watan Nuwamba na 2017, Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Colorado ta ci Uber dala miliyan 8.9 bayan gano cewa direbobi 57 a cikin jihar suna da take hakki a bincikensu na baya, ciki har da mai laifi wanda ya sami izinin tuki don Uber ta hanyar amfani da sunan laƙabi. Kudin tarar yayi daidai da 2,500 kowace rana da wani direban da bai cancanta ya yi aikin tuki ba.
A watan Satumba na 2017, Uber ta nemi sabon lasisi a Landan ta hanyar Transport for London (TfL) ta ƙi amincewa saboda tsarin kamfanin da halayen da suka gabata ya nuna rashin haƙƙin kamfanoni game da binciken asalin direba, samun takaddun likita da kuma bayar da rahoton manyan laifuka. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019, Sufuri don Landan sun sanar da cewa ba za su sabunta lasisin Uber don yin aiki a Landan ba bisa dalilin cewa Uber ya kasa magance matsalolin yadda ya kamata game da rajistar direbobi, inshora, da aminci. Wani ɓangare na dalilin TfL don cire lasisin Uber ya kasance hujja cewa direbobi marasa izini sun yi amfani da asusun matukin Uber. A cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2019, Sufuri don London ba su sabunta lasisin Uber don yin aiki ba saboda ikon mutane zuwa jabun bayanan asali da amfani da asusun wasu direbobi, ta hanyar bin tsarin binciken baya.
Domin yana kara yawan mutanen da suke hawa motoci maimakon motocin sufuri masu aminci, wani bincike da aka gudanar daga Cibiyar Becker Friedman a Jami’ar Chicago ya danganta ne da hauhawar yawan hatsarin da ke tattare da zirga-zirga, gami da mace-macen masu tafiya a kafa.
Hakanan an soki Ridesharing don ƙarfafawa ko buƙatar amfani da waya yayin tuki. Don karɓar kuɗin tafiya, dole ne direbobi su taɓa allon wayar su, yawanci a cikin sakan 15 bayan karɓar sanarwa, wanda ba shi da doka a wasu yankuna tunda yana iya haifar da jan hankali.
Motocin da ke kan hanya a birane da yawa kan hana hanyoyin keke yayin daukar fasinjoji ko sauke su, lamarin da ke yin hatsari ga masu tuka keke.
Babu tabbaci idan motocin haya suna da ƙasa ko aminci fiye da haraji. Manyan biranen Amurka ba su da bayanai da yawa kan abubuwan da suka shafi taksi. Koyaya, a Landan, direbobin tasi suna da alhakin ninki 5 na yawan abin da ya faru na fyade idan aka kwatanta da direbobin Uber.
Canje Canjen Farashi da Zargin Kayyadadden Farashin Saboda samfurin farashi masu tsauri, farashin hanya ɗaya zai iya bambanta dangane da wadata da buƙatar hawa a lokacin da aka nemi tafiyar. Idan hawainiya suke da matukar bukata a wani yanki kuma babu wadatattun direbobi a irin wannan yankin, farashin ya karu domin samun karin direbobi zuwa wannan yankin. A wasu lokuta, wannan yana haifar da ƙarin ƙarin biyan kuɗi a lokacin gaggawa kamar Hurricane Sandy, rikicin rikodin 2014 na Sydney, da harin gadar London London 2017.
A Amurka, direbobi ba su da wani iko kan kudin da suke karba; kararraki sun yi zargin cewa wannan hana doka ce kan kasuwanci wanda ya keta dokar Sherman Antitrust Act na 1890.
Rashin Samun Dama An soki Ridesharing saboda samar da wadatattun matakan isa ga nakasassu idan aka kwatanta da hanyar da jama'a ke fitarwa.
A wasu yankuna, doka ta buƙaci abin hawa don kamfanonin haya su sami adadin motocin hawa na keken hannu (WAVs) masu amfani da su. Koyaya, yawancin direbobi basu mallaki WAV ba, wanda hakan ke wahalar bin dokokin.
Yayinda kamfanoni ke da tsauraran ƙa'idodi don jigilar dabbobin sabis, an soki direbobi saboda ƙin safarar dabbobin sabis, wanda, a cikin Amurka, ya saba wa Dokar Nakasassu na Amurkawa. A wani yanayi, wannan ya haifar da kara, wanda aka mayar da shi zuwa sasantawa. Daga karshe an zartar da hukuncin ne saboda marawa fasinja baya, Lisa Irving, inda aka umarci Uber da ya biya ta dala miliyan 1.1.
Zargin Rashin Yadda akan Kayadadden Farashi Uber ya kasance batun bincike na cin amana da yawa. Dokar cin amana gabaɗaya ta riƙe cewa ayyukan ƙayyade farashi ya halatta a cikin kamfanonin kasuwanci, amma ya hana su ƙetare iyakoki. Uber ba ya ba da sabis ga masu amfani kai tsaye. Madadin haka, kamfanin yana haɗa mahaya da direbobi, saita sharuɗɗan sabis, da karɓar kuɗaɗe. Keɓe dokar ƙauracewar amintaccen doka ya shafi ƙungiyoyin da kamfani ke sarrafa kai tsaye, kamar ma'aikata. Uber ta yi nasarar kaucewa shigar da ƙara duk wata matsala ta cin amana. Ya sami damar tursasa shari'ar Meyer v. Uber Technologies, Inc. don a shigar da ita cikin sasantawa.
A cikin shari'ar cin amana ta 1951 Amurka da Richfield Oil Co., kotu ta yanke hukunci ga gwamnati saboda kamfanin Richfield Oil Co. ya gudanar da iko a kan "'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu," wanda ya saba wa dokokin cin amana, duk da cewa su ba ma'aikatan kamfanin ba ne. Wannan ya zama tushen iyakancewa tsakanin ɓangarorin aiki da cin amana: idan ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙasa "'yan kasuwa ne masu zaman kansu" kuma ba ma'aikata ba, doka ba ta da iko. Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta tabbatar da irin wannan ka’idar game da tilasta wa wadanda ba ma’aikata ba ta hanyar kwangilar samar da kayayyaki a tsaye a shari’ar 1964 Simpson v. Union Oil Co. na California.
Kasuwannin kan layi na Microlabor kamar Uber, Lyft, Handy, Amazon Home Services, DoorDash, da Instacart sun kammala tsari inda ma'aikata ke hulɗa da juna tare da ayyukan da ma'aikata ke bayarwa wanda ba ya ɗaukar nauyin aikin kwastomomi daidai, yayin da dandalin ke aiki da kasuwar kwadago don amfanin kansa abin da wani masanin cin amana ya kira "zauren haya don riba."
Saboda direbobin Uber ba ma'aikata bane kuma Uber tana tsara sharuɗan da zasu yi ma'amala dasu tare da kwastomomi, gami da farashin, ana zargin Uber da keta dokar hana takunkumin kasuwanci a cikin dokar Sherman Antitrust Act na 1890. Har yanzu wannan batun bai zama ba warware a fitina. Uber ta bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa: "mun yi imanin cewa doka tana tare da mu kuma hakan ne" don me a cikin shekaru hudu babu wata hukumar adawa da ta tayar da wannan a matsayin batun kuma babu irin wannan karar kamar ta a Amurka.
Rigima
Ka'idar Fuskanta Yayin da Traber Kalanick ke jagorantar Uber, kamfanin yana da wata dabara mai ma'ana don magance matsaloli, gami da masu mulki. A cikin 2014, Kalanick ya ce "Dole ne ku sami abin da na kira adawa mai akida." Dabarun Uber gaba daya shi ne fara ayyukan cikin gari ba tare da la'akari da dokokin gida ba. Idan ta fuskanci hamayya ta tsarin mulki, Uber ta yi kira ga goyon bayan jama'a don hidimarta kuma ta ci gaba da kamfen na siyasa, wanda masu ba da shawara ke goyan baya, don canza ka'idoji. Misali, a watan Yunin 2014, Uber ya aika da sanarwa ga mahaya tare da adreshin imel da lambar waya na wani kwamishina a Virginia wanda ya yi adawa da kamfanin kuma ya gaya wa mahaya cewa su zazzage jami’in, wanda ya karbi daruruwan korafe-korafe. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017, Shugaba Dara Khosrowshahi ya yi shelar kawo karshen dabarun "cin nasara ta kowane hali" da aiwatar da sabbin dabi'u ga kamfanin, gami da "mun yi abin da ya dace". Mataimakin yayi jayayya cewa martanin Uber ga lissafin California AB 5 a 2019 ya nuna cewa "dabarun Uber na yin watsi da ko yaƙi da ka'idoji ya kasance kamar yadda ya saba.
Hari akan Abokan Cinikayya Uber ta ba da uzuri a ranar 24 ga Janairun, 2014 bayan bayanan da aka fallasa suna da'awar cewa ma'aikatan Uber a cikin New York da gangan sun ba da umarnin hawa daga Gett, wani mai gasa, amma kawai ya soke su daga baya. Dalilin wannan umarnin na bogi shi ne bata lokacin direbobi da kuma jinkirta yi wa halattattun kwastomomi sabis.
Bayan fadada Lyft zuwa cikin New York City a watan Yulin 2014, Uber, tare da taimakon TargetCW, ya aika imel yana ba da “babbar damar hukumar” ga ‘yan kwangila da yawa dangane da“ shakuwar mutum ”ta mahalarta. Waɗanda suka amsa roƙon an ba su ganawa tare da manajan kasuwanci na Uber waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar "ƙungiyar titi" don tattara bayanan sirri game da shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da Lyft da ɗaukar direbobinsu. An ba masu daukar ma'aikata iPhones mai dauke da Uber guda biyu (daya a madadin idan Lyft ya gano mutumin) da kuma jerin ingantattun lambobin katin kiredit don kirkirar asusun Lyft. An bukaci mahalarta su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da sanarwa.
A watan Agusta 2014, Lyft ya ba da rahoton cewa ma'aikatan Uber 177 sun ba da umarnin kuma sun soke kusan 5,560 Lyft hawa tun Oktoba 2013, kuma cewa ya samo hanyoyin zuwa ga masu karɓar Uber ta hanyar sake fasalin lambobin wayar da ke ciki. Rahoton ya gano fasinjan Lyft daya fasa fasa 300 daga 26 ga Mayu zuwa 10 ga Yuni, 2014, kuma wanda aka gano a matsayin mai daukar Uber ta wasu direbobin Lyft bakwai. Uber bai nemi gafara ba, amma ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙoƙarin daukar ma'aikata ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu da ke ƙoƙarin neman kuɗi.
Direbobi masu yaudara A watan Janairun 2017, Uber ya yarda ya biya dala miliyan 20 ga gwamnatin Amurka don warware zargin da Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya ta yi na yaudarar direbobi game da kudaden da za su samu.
Ana zargin gajeren canjin direbobi A cikin 2017, an shigar da kara a aji a madadin dubban direbobin Uber, suna zargin cewa manufar "farashin farko" ta Uber ba ta bai wa direbobi kaso 80% na kudin da suka cancanta ba.
A watan Mayu 2017, bayan Kungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Ma'aikatan New York (NYTWA) ta shigar da kara a gaban kotun tarayya da ke New York, Uber ta amince da biyan diyyar direbobin New York dubun miliyoyin daloli sama da shekaru 2.5 ta hanyar kirga kwamitocin direbobi a kan raga. adadin. Uber ta yarda ta biya bashin da ake binsu tare da ruwa.
Yin aiki yayin yajin aikin yan tasi A ƙarshen watan Janairun 2017, GrabYourWallet ya yi niyya ga Uber don karɓar kuɗaɗe yayin yajin aikin Tasi na Birnin New York don nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Zartarwa ta 13769. Uber ta cire farashin tashin daga filin jirgin saman JFK, inda aka tsare 'yan gudun hijirar lokacin shiga. An yi niyyar Uber ne saboda Kalanick ya shiga majalisar ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki. Wani kamfen na kafofin sada zumunta da aka fi sani da #DeleteUber wanda aka kirkira a cikin zanga-zanga, wanda ya jagoranci kimanin masu amfani da 200,000 don share manhajar. Bayanin daga baya an yi masa wasika ta hanyar imel ga tsofaffin masu amfani da shi wadanda suka goge asusunsu, inda suka tabbatar da cewa kamfanin zai taimaka wa ‘yan gudun hijirar, kuma kasancewar membobin Kalanick ba amincewar gwamnati ba ce. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2017, Kalanick ya yi murabus daga majalisar.
Guji ayyukan tilasta bin doka
Greyball Farawa a cikin 2014, Uber yayi amfani da software ta Greyball don kaucewa ba da hawa ga wasu mutane. Ta hanyar nuna "motocin fatalwowi" da direbobin bogi ke tukawa ga wadanda aka yi niyya a cikin manhajar wayar hannu ta Uber, kuma ta hanyar ba wa direbobi na hakika wata hanya ta soke hawan da wadancan mutane suka nema, Uber ta iya kauce wa bayar da hawa ga sanannun jami'an tsaro a wuraren da hidimarta ta saba doka. Wani rahoto na New York Times a ranar 3 ga Maris, 2017, ya nuna yadda Uber ta yi amfani da Greyball a bainar jama'a, tana mai bayyana ta a matsayin wata hanya ta guje wa jami'an tilasta bin doka a Portland, Oregon, Australia, Koriya ta Kudu, da China. Da farko, dangane da rahoton, Uber ta bayyana cewa Greyball an tsara shi ne don musanta tafiye-tafiye ga masu amfani da ke keta ka'idojin aikin Uber, gami da wadanda ke da hannu a ayyukan harbi. A cewar Uber, Greyball na iya "ɓoye daidaitaccen tsarin aikace-aikacen birni don ɗayan mahaya, wanda ke ba Uber damar nuna wannan mahayi daban-daban". Rahoton Uber ya yi amfani da Greyball don gano jami'an gwamnati ta hanyar lura ko mai amfani da shi yakan buɗe aikace-aikacen a kusa da ofisoshin gwamnati, ta amfani da bayanan masu amfani da kafofin watsa labarun don gano ma'aikatan tilasta bin doka, da lura da katunan kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da asusun Uber.
Ranar 6 ga Maris, 2017, Birnin Portland, Oregon ya ba da sanarwar bincike kan ko Uber ya hana aiwatar da dokokin gari. Binciken da Ofishin Sufuri na Portland (PBOT) ya gudanar ya gano cewa: "Uber ta yi amfani da software ta Greyball don ganganci ta guje wa jami'an PBOT daga 5 ga Disamba zuwa 19 ga Disamba, 2014 kuma ta ki amincewa da bukatar neman hawa 29 daban da jami'an tsaro na PBOT suka yi." Biyo bayan sakin na binciken, kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na Portland ya ba da shawarar cewa takardar sammacin birnin Uber ta tilasta wa kamfanin juya bayanan yadda Uber ke amfani da software don guje wa jami’an hukumar. Ranar 8 ga Maris, 2017, Uber ta yarda cewa ta yi amfani da Greyball don dakile masu kula da gwamnati kuma ta yi alƙawarin daina amfani da sabis ɗin don wannan dalilin. A watan Mayu 2017, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta bude binciken aikata laifi kan yadda Uber ya yi amfani da Greyball don kauce wa ayyukan tilasta bin dokokin cikin gida.
Ripley Bayan wani samame da ‘yan sanda suka kai wa ofishin Uber da ke Brussels, wani rahoto na Janairu 2018 na Bloomberg News ya ce“ Uber ta saba amfani da Ripley don dakile hare-haren ’yan sanda a kasashen waje.” Tana ba da tsarin “maballin tsoro”, wanda da farko ake kira “baƙon baƙon baƙi to" Ripley An kulle shi, an kashe shi kuma an canza kalmomin shiga kan kwamfutocin ma'aikata lokacin da aka kai samame. Ana zargin Uber da amfani da wannan maɓallin aƙalla sau 24, daga bazarar 2015 har zuwa ƙarshen 2016.
Zargin cin zarafi don yin iskanci da girgizan sashen gudanarwa a shekarar (2017) A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2017, tsohuwar injiniyar Uber Susan Fowler ta bayyana cewa wani manaja ne ya ci zarafinta ta hanyar lalata kuma daga baya ta yi barazanar dakatar da wani manajan idan ta ci gaba da ba da rahoton abin da ya faru. An zargi Kalanick da cewa yana sane da korafin.
Fowler ya kwatanta al'adun Uber da Game of Thrones, wanda a cikin sa ma'aikatan Uber ke tsananin neman mulki da cin amana ya zama ruwan dare.
Uber ta dauki hayar tsohon atoni janar Eric Holder don gudanar da bincike kan ikirarin sannan Arianna Huffington, memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na Uber, ita ma ta sa ido kan binciken.
A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2017, an tilasta Amit Singhal, Babban Mataimakin Shugaban Injiniya na Uber yin murabus bayan ya kasa bayyana ikirarin cin zarafin mata da aka yi a kansa wanda ya faru yayin da ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Binciken Google.
A watan Yunin 2017, Uber ta kori sama da ma'aikata 20 sakamakon binciken. Kalanick ya ɗauki hutu mara izini mara izini. Dangane da matsin lamba daga masu saka hannun jari, ya yi murabus a matsayin Shugaba na mako guda bayan haka.
A cikin 2019, Kalanick ya yi murabus daga shugabancin daraktocin kamfanin kuma ya sayar da hannun jarinsa.
Abun kunya da bacewar Emil Michael A wata liyafar cin abinci na kashin kansa a watan Nuwamba na 2014, babban mataimakin shugaban kasa Emil Michael ya ba da shawarar cewa Uber ta dauki hayar kungiyar masu binciken adawa da ‘yan jarida, tare da kasafin kudi na dala miliyan, don“ tona datti ”kan rayuwar mutane da kuma bayanan mutanen da suka bayar da rahoto mara kyau game da Uber. Musamman, ya nufi Sarah Lacy, editan PandoDaily, wanda, a cikin labarin da aka buga a watan Oktoba 2014, ya zargi Uber da lalata da misogyny a cikin tallansa. Michael ya bayar da gafara ga jama'a kuma ya nemi gafara ga Lacy a cikin imel na sirri, yana mai cewa Uber ba za ta taba aiwatar da shirin a zahiri ba. Bayan ƙarin abin kunya da ya shafi Michael, ciki har da wata badakalar rakiya-karaoke a Seoul da kuma tambayar bayanan likitancin wanda aka yi wa fyaɗe a Indiya, ya bar kamfanin a watan Yunin 2017 lokacin da Kalanick, wanda aka ba da rahoton yana kare Michael, ya yi murabus.
Daidaitawa tare da wadanda abin ya shafa A watan Agusta 2018, Uber ya amince ya biya jimillar dala miliyan 7 ga ma'aikata 480 don daidaita ikirarin nuna wariyar jinsi, tursasawa, da yanayin aikin adawa.
Allah duba da damuwa na sirri A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2014, sa’annan Sanata Al Franken na Amurka, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa na Majalisar Dattawa a kan Sirri, Fasaha da Shari’a, ya aika wasika zuwa Kalanick dangane da sirri. An nuna damuwa game da rashin amfani da bayanan kamfanin, musamman, ikon ma'aikatan Uber na bin diddigin motsin kwastomominsa, wanda aka sani da "God View". A cikin 2011, wani ɗan jari-hujja ya bayyana cewa ma'aikatan Uber suna amfani da aikin don bin sahun 'yan jarida da' yan siyasa tare da yin amfani da fasalin ta hanyar shakatawa. Membobin ma'aikata sun kalli bin Uber a matsayin kyakkyawan tunani game da halayen batun. Wani mai hira da kamfanin Uber ya ce an ba shi damar ba shi damar shiga aikin bin sahun abokan huldar a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin tattaunawar.
Bayyanar da bayanan da aka ɓata A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2015, Uber ya yarda cewa ya sha wahala ƙetaren bayanai fiye da watanni tara da suka gabata. Sunaye da bayanan lambar lasisi daga kimanin direbobi dubu hamsin an bayyana ba da gangan ba. Uber ta gano wannan kutsen ne a watan Satumbar 2014, amma sai da aka shafe sama da watanni biyar kafin a sanar da mutanen da abin ya shafa.
Wata sanarwa da aka fitar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2017 ta nuna cewa a shekarar 2016, wata matsalar data daban ta bayyana bayanan sirri na direbobi 600,000 da kuma kwastomomi miliyan 57. Wannan bayanan sun hada da sunaye, adiresoshin email, lambobin waya, da kuma bayanan lasisin direbobi. Masu fashin kwamfuta sun yi amfani da sunayen masu amfani na ma'aikata da kalmomin shiga da aka lalata a ɓarna na baya (hanyar "takaddama") don samun damar zuwa wurin ajiyar GitHub mai zaman kansa wanda masu haɓaka Uber ke amfani da shi. Masu fashin bayanan sun gano takaddun shaida na datastore na Kamfanin Yanar gizo na Kamfanin a cikin fayilolin ajiya, kuma sun sami damar samun damar yin amfani da bayanan asusun masu amfani da direbobi, da kuma wasu bayanan da ke cikin buckets sama da 100 na Amazon S3. Uber ya biya fansa 100,000 ga masu satar bayanan a kan alkawarin za su goge bayanan da suka sata. Daga baya an soki Uber saboda ɓoye wannan ɓataccen bayanan. Khosrowshahi ya nemi afuwa a bainar jama'a. A watan Satumbar 2018, a cikin mafi yawan sasantawa tsakanin jihohi da yawa, Uber ta biya dala miliyan 148 ga Hukumar Kasuwanci ta Tarayya, ta yarda da cewa iƙirarinta cewa samun bayanan sirri na masu amfani da shi ana sa ido sosai a kan ci gaba yana karya, kuma ya bayyana cewa ta kasa cika alƙawarin da ta yi na samar da tsaro mai ma'ana ga bayanan masu amfani. Hakanan a watan Nuwamba 2018, Ofishin Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai ya ci tarar divisions 385,000 (ya rage zuwa 8 308,000) na Uber ta rukunin Burtaniya.
A cikin 2020, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da sanarwar tuhumar aikata laifuka kan tsohon Babban Jami'in Tsaro Joe Sullivan don toshe adalci. Korafin mai aikata laifin ya ce Sullivan ya shirya, tare da sanin Kalanick, don biyan kudin fansa game da cin zarafin na 2016 a matsayin "kyautar alfarma" don boye hakikanin yadda take, kuma masu satar bayanan sun yi karya kan yarjejeniyar ba da bayanan don su ce ba su samu wani bayanai ba.
Amfani da kamfanonin waje don rage girman harajin A watan Nuwamba 2017, Aljanna Papers, jerin takaddun lantarki na sirri masu alaƙa da saka jari a ƙasashen waje, ya bayyana cewa Uber ɗayan ɗayan kamfanoni ne da suka yi amfani da kamfanin waje don rage haraji.
Nuna Bambanci ga makaho abokin ciniki A watan Afrilu 2021, wani mai yanke hukunci ya yanke hukunci akan Uber a shari'ar da ta shafi Lisa Irving, makaho Ba'amurke abokin ciniki tare da kare kare wanda aka hana hawa hawa a lokuta 14 daban. An umarci Uber da ya biya dalar Amurka miliyan 1.1, wanda ke nuna dala 324,000 na diyya da fiye da 800,000 a matsayin kudin lauya da kuma kudin kotu.
Shari'ar Kotun Amsterdam a kan 'kararrakin robo' A watan Afrilu 2021, kotun Amsterdam ta yanke hukuncin cewa Uber dole ne ya dawo da direbobi shida da aka yi zargin an dakatar da su ne kawai bisa tsarin algorithms kuma ta biya su kudin diyya. Aikin korar ma'aikata ta hanyar sarrafa kansa ya saba wa Mataki na 22 na GDPR, wanda ya danganci yanke hukunci na atomatik da ke haifar da "tasiri na doka ko mahimmaci". Uber ta kalubalanci hukuncin, tana mai cewa ba ta san da shari'ar ba kuma an kawo hukuncin ne ba tare da an sanar da kamfanin ba. Wani wakilin kotu ya ce za a tabbatar da hukuncin kuma yanzu an rufe shari’ar.
Bayanai
Harkokin Abokan Cinikayya Masanin tattalin arziki John A. Jerin yayi nazarin bayanan kamfanin don bincika tasirin matsalolin abokin ciniki da kuma amsar kamfanin akan umarnin abokin ciniki na gaba. Misali, algorithms na Uber na iya sanar da mahayi cewa tafiya zata ɗauki mintuna 9, yayin da a zahiri yana ɗaukar minti 23. Binciken ya gano cewa mutanen da ke da mummunan ƙwarewa daga baya sun kashe har zuwa 10% ƙasa da Uber. Jerin sannan ya lura da yadda amsoshin kamfani daban-daban game da kwarewar da ta shafi amfanin gaba. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da "uzuri na gaske", shigar da kamfanin ya gaza, ƙaddamar da "tabbatar da cewa wannan ba zai sake faruwa ba" da ragi a kan hawa na gaba. Ba da gafara ba shi da tasiri wajen riƙe abokan ciniki. Takardar rangwamen rangwamen dala 5 ya rage asara. Maimaita mummunan abubuwan da aka biyo baya tare da neman gafara ya ƙara nisantar abokan ciniki.
Banbancin Kudin Shiga na Namiji da Mace Nazarin bayanai ya gano cewa direbobin maza suna samun kusan kashi 7% fiye da mata; an sami maza suna tuki a kan matsakaita 2.5% cikin sauri, yana ba su damar hidimtawa ƙarin abokan ciniki. Mata fasinjoji sun ba da tukwici kimanin 4%, yayin da maza suka ba da 5%; amma mata direbobi sun sami ƙarin shawarwari-muddin ba su kai shekara 65 ba.
Bayani
Fadada Karatu Takardun malamai
Littattafai
Ishaku, Mike. Super Pumped: Yaƙin Uber New York, NY. ISBN 978-0393652246 OCLC 1090686951 Fadada Bincike Nunin Talabijin na PBS: WASA DA Dokoki: DABI'A A AIKI: Lokaci na 3 Kashi na 1: Gudun
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tashar yanar |
28121 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiza%20Mafira | Tiza Mafira | Tiza Mafira yar fafutukar kare muhalli ce daga Jakarta, Indonesia. Ta qaddamar da manufar biyan kuɗin robobin da aka aiwatar a manyan kantuna a ko'ina cikin Indonesiya, da kuma Indonesiya Plastic Bag Diet Movement tare da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban don wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin buhunan robobi guda ɗaya. Mafira ta sami lambar yabo ta Jaruman Teku daga Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.
Ilimi Mafira ta yi digirin farko a fannin shari'a a Jami'ar Indonesiya, inda ta yi digiri a fannin shari'a ta duniya. Bayan haka, ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Harvard, wanda ya kware a fannin Shari'a, Canjin yanayi, Kasuwancin Carbon.
Aiki Mafira ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya na kamfani na tsawon shekaru shida a kamfanin lauyoyi na Makarim Taira S., a fannin albarkatun kasa da dokar gandun daji, kafin ta sauya zuwa manufofin muhalli.
Ta shiga Tsarin Ka'idodin Yanayi a cikin 2014 a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta, wanda ke zaune a Indonesiya Ita ce kuma babban darektan Gangamin Kamfen ɗin Abincin Jaka na Indonesiya. Mafira ita ce baƙo malami a Jami'ar Pelita Harapan a Kasuwanci, Muhalli, da Canjin Yanayi.
Mafira ta zama daya daga cikin masu fafutukar kare muhalli guda biyar daga kasashe biyar (Indonesia, Indiya, United Kingdom, Thailand da Amurka) wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Jaruman Teku daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2018.
Yakin neman zabe Dangane da karuwar amfani da robobi, Mafira ta fara kamfen din cin abinci na jakar filastik ta Indonesiya a watan Oktobar 2010. Wannan kamfen ya gayyaci jama'a da su fara rage amfani da buhunan robobi, ta hanyar kawo nasu buhunan sayayya ko kuma sake amfani da buhunan robobi. Gangamin yana aiki tare da wani dillali a cikin manyan biranen 6, wanda a ƙarshe zai iya rage buhunan robobi guda 8,233,930 kuma za su iya karɓar kuɗi na sa kai daga masu amfani da rupiah miliyan 117 don ayyukan tsaftace birni daga buhunan filastik a Bogor, Yogyakarta, Surabaya da Bali.
Mafira ta yi imanin cewa ana buƙatar manufofi don haɓaka manyan canje-canjen salon rayuwa game da amfani da jakunkuna.
A farkon 2013, Mafira tare da ƙungiyoyi masu kunna al'amurran jakar filastik irin su Change.org, Cibiyar Ciliwung, Sa'ar Duniya Indonesia, Greeneration Indonesia, Leaf Plus, Indorelawan, Si Dalang, Shagon Jiki, da wakilai da yawa sun ƙaddamar da wani motsi na kasa da ake kira. the Indonesia Plastic Bag Diet Movement (Gerakan Indonesia Diet Kantong Plastik, ko GIDKP). Manufar haɗin gwiwar ita ce ƙara haƙƙin jama'ar Indonesiya a matakin daidaikun mutane da hukumomi, da kuma haɗa kai da tasirin yaƙin neman zaɓe. A wannan shekarar, Mafira ta ƙirƙiri takardar koke ta 'Biyan Buƙatun Filastik' inda ta nemi 'yan kasuwa da masu siyar da su daina ba da buhunan robobi kyauta, wanda mutane 70,000 suka sanya hannu.
A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 2016 ne aka fara aiwatar da shari'ar tsarin buhunan roba da aka biya a birane 23 na kasar Indonesia. Sakamakon haka, an samu raguwar amfani da buhunan leda da kashi 80 cikin dari. Sai dai shari'ar ba ta dade ba, saboda yawancin bangarori ba su amince da aiwatar da manufar ba. Wasu 'yan kasuwa sun nuna damuwarsu cewa abokan ciniki za su tafi idan ba a ba da jaka kyauta ba. Bugu da ƙari, masu kera robobi sun damu da cewa hana yin amfani da robobi guda ɗaya zai haifar da asarar ayyuka da sauran tasirin tattalin arziki; Mafira ta ce bukatar sake amfani da su na iya taimakawa tattalin arzikin ta hanyar sana'o'in gida. Ko da yake da yawa ba su yarda da wannan tilastawa ba, gwamnatin Indonesiya tana goyon bayan manufar amfani da jakar filastik.
Mafira kuma ita ce ke jagorantar gangamin ‘Fashi Buhun Filastik’, inda ‘yan sa kai da suka shirya suka tunkari jama’a a kan titi tare da bayar da musayar buhunan su na robobin da za a sake amfani da su, tare da ba da damar wayar da kan jama’a da wayar da kan jama’a.
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8698 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman%20Dan%20Fodiyo | Usman Dan Fodiyo | Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo An haife shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta alif ɗari bakwai da hamsin da huɗu, 1754 a garin Marratta, a yankin Agadez, Jamhurriyar Nijar
Ya rasu a ranar 20, ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif ɗari takwas da goma sha bakwai, 1817 a cikin garin Sokoto.
Sunan Shehun malamin Usman bin Fodiyo da Fodiyo kalmar fullanci ce wato Mujaddadi. Sunan mahaifin sa Malam Muhammadu, mahaifiyar sa kuma mai suna malama Maimunatu.
Yana da yara sama da ashirin da bakwai da matan da ya aura hudu (ba a samu bayanin yadda ya auri mata sama da hudu Ƴaƴayen sa biyu wadanda aka fi sani sune, ɗan sa namiji mai suna Muhammadu Bello da kuma ƴarsa mai suna Nana Asma'u. Ana masa laƙabi da Mujaddadi ko Shehu. Shine kuma jagoran jihadi na jaddada addinin Musulunci a ƙasar Hausa. Tunda ya taso yaga an daɗe da musulunci a wajen sama da shekara 400 kafin a haife shi amma a dede wannan lokacin Alummar kasar hausa suna surka addinin musulunci da gargajiya. Domin karin bayanin kakaranta littafinsa na Wasikatul Ikhwan. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo Malamin addinin Musulunci ne, Marubuci, kuma wanda ya kafa Daular Musulunci cikin ƙasar Hausa a Sakkwato.Ya kasance malamin Fulani, malamin addini, mai son kawo sauyi, kuma shine ya kafa ƙungiyar Khalifancin Sakkwato..
Dan Fodio ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wayayyun mutane a cikin Fulani na farko. Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo malamin Sunnah ne mabiyin koyarwa akan tsarin Babban Malamin nan wato Imam Malik wanda ake ƙira da Maliki. Yayi duk rayuwarsa ne a ƙasar Najeriya. Ana masa laƙabi da Amir-al-mumin
Usman Ɗan Fodiyo kuma Sultan na Sakkwato na farko. A matsayinsa na malamin addinin musulunci kuma mai karantarwa akan Mazhabar Malikiyya ya rayu a garin Gobir har zuwa alif dubu daya da dari takwas da biyu 1802, ya zama Sarkin Gobir Bawa Jangwarzo ya riƙe shi tamkar ɗan da ya haifa.. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi yaki a tsakanin shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da huɗu 1804 har zuwa alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari takwas da sha biyu 1812, ya fito ne daga ƙabilar Toronkawa na fulani.. Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kasance daga zuriyar ɗaya daga cikin dangin (Toronkawa) na ƙabilar Fulanin dake zaune a cikin Masarautun Hausa tun daga farkon shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari hudu 1400. A yankin da ke arewacin Najeriya a yanzu, ya kasance yana bin karantarwar Malikiyya makaranta ta fiƙhu (Islamic fikihu) da kuma nuni wajen bin tsarin Musulunci hakana kuma yana bin ɗarikar ƙadiriyya a ɗarikun sufaye.
Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littattafai sama da ɗari waɗanda suka shafi addini musulunci, mulki, al'adu, da kuma zamantakewar al'umma. Bayan haka Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya ci gaba da sukar manyan musulman Afirika da ke akwai saboda abin da ya gani a matsayin son zuciyarsu da maguzanci da keta dokokin Shari'a da amfani da haraji mai yawa.. Ya ƙarfafa karatu ga mata har da maza, saboda haka 'ya'yansa mata da yawa sun zama malamai marubuta. An ci gaba da kawo rubuce-rubucensa Usman Dan Fodiyo ne da kuma maganganunsa a yau. Wasu mabiyan suna daukar Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a matsayin mujaddadi mai wahayi daga Allah "mai gyara addinin Islama" har suna neman kai shi matsayin annabawa saboda jahilci.
Tashin ci gaban Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yayi wani yunkuri ne da aka bayyana a matsayin masu jahadi na Fulani a ƙarni na goma sha bakwai da sha takwas har zuwa na sha tara. Ya biyo bayan jahadi cikin nasara da akayi a Futa Bundu, Futa Tooro da kuma Futa Djallon a tsakanin shekarar alif 1650 zuwa alif 1750, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar waɗannan ƙasashe guda uku na Islama. A nasa bangaren Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi wa wasu da dama daga cikin jahadin Afirika ta yamma wanda daga baya, ciki har da na Shehu Ahmadu, wanda ya kafa daular Massina da Umar Sa'idu Tall, wanda ya kafa daular Toucouleur wanda ya auri ɗaya daga cikin jikokin ɗan Fodiyo da kuma Modibo Adama wanda ya kafa ta, a masarautar Adamawa cikin Najeriya. [ana bukatar hujja]
Farkon rayuwa An haifi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ne a cikin garin Maratta a (garin gobir) a ranar lahadi 29 ga watan Safar a shekarar alif 1168 H.J wanda yayi dai-dai da ranar 15 ga watan Disamban shekarar alif 1754, kuma ya fito ne daga cikin tsatson Fulanin Jakolo ne. Ya kasance Fikihu ne kuma Ɗan ɗariƙa ne a farkon rayuwarsa, Bayan haka kuma yana bin mazahaban malikiyya ne a fannin ilimi na addini da Fikihu.
Ilimi Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya haddace Qur'ani yana da ƙananan shekaru a rayuwarsa a ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifinsa.Ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malamai irinsu: Shaykh Jibril B.Umar, Shaykh Uthman Biddur ibn Al-ammin, Shaykh Ahmad ibn Muhammad da kuma Shaykh Al-Hajj Muhammad Raj.Ɗan Fodiyo ya fara karantarwa ne yana da kimanin shekara 20 a rayuwarsa. Ɗan Fodiyo yana bin ɗarikancin Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir Al-jaylani, wanda shine ya samar da ɗarikar Ƙadiriya.
Jihadin Fulani Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi jihadi ne ta hanyar ƙira zuwa ga Musulunci, da kuma yaƙan sarakunan Haɓe, bayan Sarkin Gobir mai suna Yumfa ya yi masa barazanar kawar da shi saboda da'awar da yake yi zuwa ga Musulunci, hakan ne ya tirsasa Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yin hijira zuwa wani guri, Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yi yaƙi da Yumfa Sarkin Gobir na wancan lokacin a shekarar alif 1804 a watan (Yuli miladiya) wanda Abdullahi ne ya kasan ce kwamandan yaƙin, an karya mulkin Yumfa ne a ranar 3 ga watan Oktobar alif 1808, inda aka ci garin da yaki aka kuma ƙwace garin Alƙalawa, wanda a lokacin garin Alƙalawa shine babban birnin Gobir. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya yaƙi garin na Gobir a dalilin tabbatar da addinin Musulunci a shekarar alif 1804.(p249) Bayan shekara takwas, yawancin ƙasashen Hausa Fulani sun cisu da yaƙi. Masu sarauta ƴan Haɓe Fulani sun karɓa mulki daga gurinsu. An yaƙi Gobirawa ne a tafkin kwatto, shi yasa ake kiran yaƙin da yaƙin kwato ko kwatto..
Kano Fulanin Kano sun wakilta Ɗan Zabuwa na ƙabilar Fulani na Daneji. Da yaje Sakkwato ya karɓo tuta, an bashi tuta amman ba a wakilta sarki ba. A wannan lokacin sarkin Haɓe na Kano mai suna Alwali an yaƙe shi a Ɗan Yahaiya, wani gari ne mil 25 arewa dake garin kano, sai Alwali ya gudu Zaria, da yaga bai samu matsugunni ba sai ya gudu Burum, a inda aka kai masa farmaki aka kashe shi. Mallam Jemo ne ya hallaka shi, bayan mutanenshi ƙabilar Fulani suka je gurin Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo suka buƙace shi da ya naɗa sarki a Kano, sai Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya naɗa musu Suleiman Ɗan Modibawa a matsayin sarki a shekarar alif 1809. Bayan rasuwarsa ne aka naɗa Mallam Jemo, wanda sananne ne kuma mayaƙi, wanda yake da ɗa mai suna Ibrahim Dabo.
A ƙarni na goma 10th wasu mafarauta sun zauna a Dutsen Dala, Gwauron Dutse, Magwan da Fanisau. Waɗannan mutanen suna yin tsafi ne da kuma bautawa aljana ko gunki mai suna Tsunburbura, Barbushe shi ne babban malamin wannan bauta. Duk farkon shekaran kalandan Hijira, Barbushe yana shiga cikin wannan gidan tsafin yazo ma mutane da sabon saƙo, inda jama’a suke taruwa kewaye da gidan suna jiran saƙo, idan aka gaya musu saƙon, sai suyi yanke-yanke na akuyoyi da karnika ga Tsunburbura. Wata rana sai Barbushe ya fito yace ma jama’a za ayi wani lokaci da wani zai yaƙe mu yaci garinmu da yaƙi ya gina masallatai ya kawo Musulunci.
Katsina A Katsina kuma sai Shehu ya naɗa Ummarun Dallaje shugaban Fulani a matsayin mariƙin tutar Musulunci kuma sarki. Magaji Halidu shine sarkin Haɓe na ƙarshe, wanda Malam Ummaru Dallaje ya amsa garin Katsina a gurinshi a shekarar alif 1807. Bayan rasuwar Ummaru a shekarar alif 1835, wani ɗan tsatsan ƙabilar Haɓe mai suna Ɗan Mari ya haɗa kai da Rumawa, domin ƙwace garin Katsina, inda ya kafa tantinsa a Matazu, amman an yaƙe shi.
Daura Sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu sarki ne na Haɓe a shekarar alif 1800 a masarautar Daura, a shekarar alif 1805 har zuwa Shekarar alif 1807, sarkin Daura Gwari Abdu ya gudu ya bar Daura saboda samame da Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya kawo a Daura. Hakan yasa aka samu sabon sarki mai suna Malam Ishi'aku, Abdu Gwari ya gudu ne tare da tawagarsa, inda ya ɓoye a cikin Ƙasar Hausa, da niyyar zai dawo ya ƙwace ƙasar Daura daga hannun Fulani. Daga baya sai ya zauna a Yekuwa.
Mulki
Iyali da dangi Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tsatson Musa Jakolo ne.. An bayyana cewa Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya wuce ƙafa shida tsawo, ya yi kama da mahaifiyarsa Sayda Hauwa Hisan, dan uwansa Abdullahi Ɗan Fodiyo (1761-1829) shi ma ya wuce ƙafa shida a tsayi kuma an bayyana shi da kamannin mahaifinsu Muhammad Fodiyo, tare da launin fata mai duhu da kuma kyakkyawar ma'amala a rayuwarsa. A cikin Rawd al-Janaan (Makiyayan Aljanna), Waziri Gidado Ɗan Laima (1777-1851) ya lissafa matan Ɗan Fodiyo kamar haka:
Ta farko Maimuna wacce ta haifa masa yara 11, ciki har da Aliyu (1770s-1790s) da tagwayen Hasan (1793- Nuwamba 1817) da Nana Asma'u (1793-1864). Maimuna ta rasu wani lokaci bayan haihuwar ƙaramar yarta.
Aisha ƴar Muhammad Sa'ad. An kuma san ta da suna "Gaabdo" (Farin Ciki a Fulfulde) da kuma "Iyya Garka" (Uwar gida). Iyya Garka ta shahara ne saboda ilimin addinin Musulunci da kasancewarta 'yar dangi. Ta haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. Daga cikin wasu, ita ce mahaifiyar:
Muhammad Sa'ad (1777-kafin 1804). Babban ɗan Shehu ɗan Fodiyo da ya rage, an san shi da neman ilimi.
Khadija (c.1778-1856). Mai kula da yar' uwarta Asma'u da Aisha al-Kammu, matar ɗan uwanta Muhammad Bello. Ta auri Malam Mustafa (c.1770-1855), babban sakataren Shaykh Usman ɗan Fodiyo. Itace mahaifiyar Sheikh Abdul Qadir ɗan Tafa (1803-1864), Sufi, malamin addinin Musulunci kuma masanin tarihi.
Muhammad Sambo (c.1780-1826). Babban malamin Ɗarikar Sufanci na Kadiriyya, Sambo shi ne na farko da yayi mubaya'a ga ƙanensa Bello lokacin da ya zama Khalifa a 1817.
Muhammad Buhari (1785-1840). Buhari ya kasance masani kuma Laftana ga Sarakunan Sakkwato. Ya kasance Sarkin hamayyar Tambuwal, kuma ya shahara da kamfen a Nupe tare da Sarakunan Gwandu. Muhammad Buhari shine kakan Sarkin Musulmi Ibrahim Dasuki.
Hauwa, wacce aka fi sani da "Inna Garka" (Uwar Gida a Hausance) da Bikaraga. An bayyana ta a matsayin mai saukin kai ga ina Zuhudu. Daga cikin ‘ya’yanta akwai:
Muhammad Bello (1781-1837), Sarkin Musulmi na biyu. Mawallafin littafin tarihin Jihadin Fulani (Infaq al-Maysur) kuma shahararren malami.
Abu Bakr Atiku (1783-1842), Sarkin Musulmi na uku. An san Atiku saboda ya gaji yawancin sirrin mahaifinsa. Ya yi mulki tsakanin 1837 da 1842 kuma ya mutu biyo bayan haɗari a tsibiri.
Fatima (1787-1838), wacce aka fi sani da "Mo 'Inna" ('yar Inna, don rarrabe ta da wata Fatima). Ta auri Sarkin Yaƙi Aliyu Jedo, janar na sojojin Sokoto
Hajjo, wanda mahaifinsa ne ya yi wa Abdulqadir (1807-1836) wanda aka fi sani da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawaqan Sakkwato. AbdulQadir ya mutu ne sakamakon raunin da ya samu a lokacin yaƙin neman zaɓen Sultan Bello, a Zamfara. An binne shi a Baraya Zaki.
Shatura, wanda ya kasance shi ne mahaifin Ahmadu Rufa'i (1812-1873). Rufa'i shi ne Sarkin Silame sannan daga baya ya zama Sarkin Musulmi (1867-1873).
Ta wurin ƙwaraƙwaran sa Mariyatu, Sheykh Ɗan Fodiyo ya haifi:
Amina
Ibrahim Dasuki
Hajara
Uwar Deji Maryam (c.1808- fl. 1880s). Maryam ƴan Shehu malama ce kamar 'yar uwarta Khadija, Fatima da Asma'u. Bayan rasuwar waɗannan, ta jagoranci kungiyar 'Yan Taru wacce ta bunƙasa ilimin mata. An fara aurenta da Muhammad Adde ɗan Waziri Gidado, wanda ta haifa masa 'ya'ya mata biyu. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, ta auri Sarkin Kano Ibrahim Dabo (r. 1819-1846). Ba ta da yara a cikin ƙungiyarta ta biyu. Maryam tayi tasiri sosai bayan dawowarta Sokoto a cikin shekarun 1840s. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga ƴaƴanta wadanda suka zama Sarakuna, kuma galibi tana aiki a matsayin mai tuntuɓar mu'amala da Kano. A shekarun 1880 lokacin mulkin Sarkin Musulmi Umar ɗan Ali dan Bello (r. 1881-1892), ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga ɗan uwanta Sarkin Kano Muhammad Bello (r. 1883-1893) na Kano, tana mai yin tir da abin da ɗan uwanta Hayatu ya yi, ɗan Sai'd ɗan Sultan Bello (1840-1898), wanda ke tallata yawan kaura zuwa Adamawa, a matsayin "amil" na Sudan din Muhammad Muhammad Ahmad.
Malam Isa (1817-c.17070), wanda ya kasance ɗan ƙarami kuma ɗan Shaykh Ɗan Fodiyo.Tare da Asma'u, ya fassara cikin harsunan Hausa da Larabci, yawancin ayyukan mahaifinsa waɗanda aka rubuta da Fulfulde. Shi ma Malam Isa ya kasance ɗan uwansa Sultan Bello ya sanya masa suna Yamma. Ya mutu wani lokaci a lokacin mulkin Sultan Rufa'i (1867-1873).
Ayyuka Shehu Usman Ɗan fodiyo ya wallafa littatafai da yawa, musamman domin karantar da mutane haƙiƙanin addinin musulunci. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa kuma ya umurci mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai, akan addini da kuma tarihinsu. Daular Usman Ɗan Fodiyo tayi mulki ne na tsawon shekara Ɗari (100), daga shekarar alif 1804 zuwa shekarar alif 1903, bayan Zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka. A garin Alƙalawa dake masarautar Gobir ne inda Usman yake zuwa domin ganin Bawa. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo ya rubuta littatafai da yawa, kuma yana umurtar mutanensa da su rubuta littatafai. A ƙarni na 20 musulman ƙasar Hausa sun samu tsaiko da naƙasu a kan ilmantar da mata, bayan Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo a ƙarni na 19 ya nuna muhimmancin bama mata ilimi, a inda ya fara kira ga neman ilimi. Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana cewa, “shaidancin Illar barin mata a cikin jahilci, ba tare da sun samu ilimi akan kawunansu ba har ma ya zamana cewa basu san addini kwata-kwata ba, yafi girman munin shaiɗanci fiye da cakuɗasu tare da maza.” Shuehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo yana da littatafai kimanin 73.
Karatu Writings of Usman dan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, (page:233-236)
Asma'u, Nana. Collected Works of Nana Asma'u.Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack,eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
Omipidan Teslim Usman Dan Fodiyo (1754–1817) OldNaija
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Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624
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Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Dan Fodio's Teachings (1774–1804)
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate. A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995.
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland, (1996).
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B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978.
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Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469–472
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Hugh A.S. Johnston Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966.
J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959.
'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Dan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110).
Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, Afro-American History University of Massachusetts. (1986).
Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub 2007) F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48.
M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies,Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77).
David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L.Pouwels (eds).The History of Islam in Africa Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000.
Bunza
Bibiliyo Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmud.(2006). The Sokoto Caliphate: history and legacies, 1804-2004, 1st Ed. Kaduna, Nigeria:Arewa House. ISBN 978-135-166-7
Hamman, Mahmoud, 1950- (2007). The Middle Benue region and the Sokoto Jihad, 1812-1869 the impact of the establishment of the Emirate of Muri. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University. ISBN 978-125-085-2. OCLC 238787986.
Asma'u, Nana, 1793-1865. (1999). The collected works of Nana Asma'u, daughter of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, (1793-1864). Boyd, Jean., Mack, Beverly B. (Beverly Blow), 1952- (Nigerian ed ed.). Ibadan, Nigeria: Sam Bookman Publishers. ISBN 978-2165-84-0. OCLC 316802318.
Staudinger, Paul. (1990). In the heart of the Hausa states. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. ISBN 0-89680-160-8. OCLC 21559544.
Writings of Usman ɗan Fodiyo, in The Human Record: Sources of Global History, Fourth Edition/ Volume II: Since 1500, ISBN 978-12858702-43 (page:233-236)
Asma'u, Nana. Collected Works of Nana Asma'u. Jean Boyd and Beverly B. Mack, eds. East Lansing, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1997.
Omipidan Teslim Usman Ɗan Fodiyo (1754-1817) OldNaija
Mervyn Hiskett. The Sword of Truth: The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman Ɗan Fodiyo. Northwestern Univ Pr; 1973, Reprint edition (March 1994). ISBN 0-8101-1115-2
Ibraheem Sulaiman. The Islamic State and the Challenge of History: Ideals, Policies, and Operation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Mansell (1987). ISBN 0-7201-1857-3
Ibraheem Sulaiman. A Revolution in History: The Jihad of Usman ɗan Fodio.
Isam Ghanem. The Causes and Motives of the Jihad in Northern Nigeria. in Man, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 623–624
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Tradition of Tajdeed in West Africa: An Overview International Seminar on Intellectual Tradition in the Sokoto Caliphate Borno. Center for Islamic Studies, University of Sokoto (June 1987)
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Contents, Methods and Impact of Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodiyo's Teachings (1774-1804)
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. The Jihad of Shaykh Usman Ɗan Fodiyo and its Impact Beyond the Sokoto Caliphate. A Paper read at a Symposium in Honour of Shaykh Usman Dan Fodiyo at International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan, from 19 to 21 November 1995.
Usman Muhammad Bugaje. Shaykh Uthman Ibn Fodiyo and the Revival of Islam in Hausaland, (1996).
Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Nigeria: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
B. G. Martin. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa. 1978.
Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister, Nana Asma'u, 1793–1865: Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader.
Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014. pg 469-472
Nikki R. Keddie. The Revolt of Islam, 1700 to 1993: Comparative Considerations Relations to Imperialism. in Comparative Studies in Society History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1994), pp. 463–487
R. A. Adeleye. Power and Diplomacy in Northern Nigeria 1804–1906. 1972.
Hugh A.S. Johnston Fulani Empire of Sokoto. Oxford: 1967. ISBN 0-19-215428-1.
S. J. Hogben and A. H. M. Kirk-Greene, The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, Oxford: 1966.
J. S. Trimgham, Islam in West Africa, Oxford, 1959.
'Umar al-Nagar. The Asanid of Shehu Ɗan Fodiyo: How Far are they a Contribution to his Biography?, Sudanic Africa, Volume 13, 2002 (pp. 101–110).
Paul E. Lovejoy. Transformations in Slavery A History of Slavery in Africa. No 36 in the African Studies series, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-78430-1
Paul E. Lovejoy. Fugitive Slaves: Resistance to Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate, In Resistance: Studies in African, Caribbean, Afro-American History. University of Massachusetts. (1986).
Paul E. Lovejoy, Mariza C. Soares (Eds). Muslim Encounters With Slavery in Brazil. Markus Wiener Pub 2007) ISBN 1-55876-378-3
F. H. El-Masri, "The life of Uthman b. Foduye before the Jihad", Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (1963), pp. 435–48.
M. A. Al-Hajj, "The Writings of Shehu Uthman Dan Fodiyo", Kano Studies, Nigeria (1), 2(1974/77).
David Robinson. "Revolutions in the Western Sudan," in Levtzion, Nehemia and Randall L. Pouwels (eds). The History of Islam in Africa. Oxford: James Currey Ltd, 2000.
Bunza
Lapidus, Ira M.(2014) A History of Islamic Societies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Reserch and Documentation Directors Government House, Kano.Kano Millennium:100 years in History. ISBN: 978-881-0958-6
Miles, William F. S. (1994). Hausaland divided colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3. OCLC 624196914.
·Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710
·The Sokoto Caliphate history and legacies, 1804-2004. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. ISBN 978-135-166-7. OCLC 156890366.
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20664 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Budden | Joe Budden | Joseph Anthony Budden II (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin Shekarar 1980A.c) ya kasance Ba'amurke ne mai watsa labarai, mai sukar al'adu, halin kafofin watsa labarai, kuma tsohon mawaƙi. Ya fara samun karbuwa a matsayin mai rera waka kuma an fi saninsa da shahararren kundin wakokinsa na shekarar 2003 mai suna Pump It Up kuma a matsayinsa na memba na kungiyar hip hop supergroup Sla Slahouse. A shekarar 2018, ya yi ritaya daga rap, da kuma samu nasarar a matsayin watsa shiri, ciwon yawa publicized gudu kamar wata co-rundunar kan Yau da kullum jihadi a Complex. A halin yanzu yana karbar bakuncin Joe Budden Podcast, ana fitar da shi sau biyu a mako ta hanyar Spotify da YouTube, da Jihar Al'adu akan Tawaye An bayyana shi a matsayin Howard Stern na Hip-Hop Farkon Rayuwa An haife shi ne ga Joseph Budden da Fay Southerland a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1980, a cikin Spanish Harlem a cikin babbanbirnin New York. Ya koma Jersey City, New Jersey yana da shekara goma sha uku tare da mahaifiyarsa da babban ɗan'uwansa, inda ya halarci Lincoln High School. Mahaifin Budden bai kasance tare dashi ba a tsawon yarintarsa, batun da daga baya zai yi magana a cikin waƙarsa. Budden ya kasance matashi mai matsaloli kuma an aika shi zuwa Cibiyar Laurinburg, makarantar kwana a North Carolina, inda ya fara haɓaka ƙwarewar sa a matsayin mai waƙa. Bayan ya dawo Jersey, ya fara gwaji da kwayoyi, yana haɓaka buri da hodar ibilis. Bayan wani rikici da ya yi da mahaifiyarsa, Budden da son ransa ya koma gidan jiya a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 1997, don a ba shi damar halartar babban wajan nasa. Budden bai sami difloma ba, kuma ya haifi ɗa tare da babbar mace da shekara 20 Tare da ɗansa a hanya, Budden ya fara ɗaukar waƙa da muhimmanci. A cikin shekara ta 2001, ya haɗu tare da furodusa Dub-B, wanda aka fi sani da White Boy, kuma ya fara sakin abubuwan hada-hadar sa da gwajinsa na farko, ɗayan ya ƙare a hannun mai watsa shiri na Hot 97 da kuma lakabin Desert Storm Records head DJ Clue.
Daukaka, Farkon Fara Kaurin Suna (2002-03) Da wuri Budden ya zama mawakin asali, kuma ya kulla babbar yarjejeniya tare da Rikodi na Jam Jam a shekara ta 2002. Ya fara samun kulawa ta hanyar tallan tallan daya ne "Focus", wanda ya kwashe makwanni goma sha bakwai akan taswirar US Billboard Hot R & B Hip-Hop Songs, inda yake kan 43. Ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2003, Budden ya fito da Pump It Up a matsayin jagorar waƙoƙimsa masu tahowa da yake zuwa. Waƙar, wacce Just Blaze ta kuma samar, ta kasance nasarar kasuwanci, an tsara ta a 16 a kan US Billboard Hot R & B Hip-Hop Songs, da kuma Hot R & B Hip-Hop Airplay a lamba 18. Waƙar ta kai kololuwa a 38 a kan <i id="mwZA">taswirar Billboard</i> Hot 100 ta Amurka, 10 a kan taswirar Hot Rap Songs da 39 a kan taswirar Waƙoƙin Rediyo. An kuma nuna waƙar a waƙoƙin waƙoƙi don finafinan da aka buga kamar su 2 Fast 2 Furious (2003) da You Got Served (2004), da kuma wasannin bidiyo Madden NFL 2004, Def Jam Vendetta, Def Jam Fight for NY, inda Budden ya bayyana kamar hali mai kyau. Waƙar ta karɓi kyautar Grammy Award don Mafi Kyawun Rapwararrun Rapwararrun atwararrun atwararru a 46addamarwar Grammy 46th Annual
A ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2003, Budden ya fitar da faifan fim ɗin sa na farko Joe Budden An fara aiki dashi a 8 akan USboard Bill 200, ana siyar da raka'a 95,000 a satinsa na farko, kuma ana ci gaba da siyar da kofi sama da 420,000 a Amurka. Its biyu guda, wutã (a, a y'all) featuring bako maher da American rapper Lucenzo, peaked a 18 a Amurka Allon tallace-tallace Hot R & B Hip-Hop Airplay ginshiƙi da kuma 48 akan taswirar Hot R & B Hip-Hop Wakoki. Budden yayi remix wanda yake dauke da Paul Kayinu da Fabolous, wanda ya bayyana a wajan hadakar na karshen, mai taken More Street Dreams, Pt. 2: Akwatin Mixtape A ƙarshen shekara ta 2003, Budden ya fito a cikin R. Kelly ya samar da waƙa, Clubbin na Marques Houston, wanda ya ƙaru a 39 a kan US Billboard Hot 100 da kuma a 15 a kan jadawalin BPI na Burtaniya.
Mastalolin lakabi, Jadawalin Muzik Mood (2003-08) Yayinda yake kan Def Jam, Budden ya fito da faifai guda biyu, Mood Muzik: Mafi munin Joe Budden a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2003, da Mood Muzik 2: Shin Zai Iya Zama Mafi Muni? a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2005. Dukanin wakokinsa sun sami yabo sosai tare da Compleaddamar da rikitarwa mai suna Mood Muzik 2 a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun kayan haɗi na kowane lokaci. A wannan lokacin, kundin sa na biyu da yayi niyya, 'The Growth', ya gamu da jinkiri na ci gaba, saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin Joe da jami'an zartarwa na Jam Jam kan shugabanin kundin. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2005, Joe ya fito da Gangsta Party wanda ke nuna Nate Dogg a matsayin waƙoƙin farko na kundin. Daga ƙarshe an dakatar da Girman kuma an saki Budden daga Def Jam. A watan Disambar shekara ta 2007, Budden ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kundin faya-fayai tare da Amalgam Digital, Fitar da ya fara yi a kan lakabin ita ce Mood Muzik 3: Kundin a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2008, sigar da aka yi ta tallan littafinsa na Mood Muzik 3: Don Inganta ko don Mafi muni, wanda aka fitar a baya a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2007. Kodayake an sayar da shi da talauci, kundin ya sami yabo daga duniya daga masu sukar, waɗanda suka yaba da yardar Budden don tattauna batutuwan mutum.
Faya-fayen Halfway House, Slaughterhouse, Padded Room, Escape Route (2008–12) A ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2008, Budden ya fitar da faifan sa na uku, Halfway House, musamman cikin tsarin dijital Shi ne na farko a cikin jerin kundin fayafayan da aka haɗa. Sanarwarta ta nuna farkon dawowar Budden zuwa <i id="mwzA">Billboard</i> 200 a cikin shekaru biyar, tare da kimanin zazzagewa 3,000 da aka siyar a makon farko na fitarwa. Kundin ya kunshi "Mayanka", hadin gwiwa na farko tsakanin Budden, Crooked I, Royce da 5'9 da Joell Ortiz Kyakkyawar liyafar waƙar ta zaburar da huɗun don kafa ƙungiya, suna mai suna Mafarauta bayan waƙar. Bayan jinkiri na farko, ya sake album na huɗu, Padded Room a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2009, ana yin saiti a lamba 42 a kan taswirar Billboard 200 ta Amurka da kuma 2 a kan jadawalin Top Independent Albums, tare da kofi 13,451 da aka sayar a makon farko na saki. Faifan Budden na biyar, Hanya Tserewa, ya biyo baya a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2009, kuma ya sadu da kyakkyawar tarba daga masu sukar. A wannan rana, gidan mayanka sun fitar da kundi na farko mai taken, mayanka, ta hanyar E1 A ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2010, Budden ya fitar da Mood Muzik 4: A Juya 4 mafi munin Gidan mayanka ya shirya kundi na biyu don fitarwa a cikin shekara ta 2010, wanda aka tsara mai taken Babu Muzzle Koyaya, Royce da 5'9 "ya tabbatar da tattaunawa tsakanin ƙungiyar da Eminem 's Shady Records, kuma yana jin ya kamata a fitar da kundin waƙoƙin su na biyu a kan babbar alama. Bayan wasu matsaloli tare da E1 da Amalgam, Mayanka a hukumance sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da Shady Records a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2011. A ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2011, mayanka ya fitar da wani wasan kwaikwayo mai taken kansa.
A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2012, 'slaughterhouse' sun fitar da kundin waƙoƙin su na biyu Barka da zuwa: Gidan mu, wanda ya fara a kan 2 akan <i id="mwAQg">Billboard</i> 200 da 1 akan Billboard Top Rap Albums, suna sayar da kwafi 52,000 a satin farko. An riga an fara amfani da faifan waka, On The House, wanda aka sake shi a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2012.
Wakokin No Love Lost, All love Lost, Rage The machine (2013-16) A Ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2012, Budden ya fito da Ba ta Sanya shi ba wanda ke nuna Lil Wayne da Tank Waƙar ita ce jagorar waƙoƙi daga kundin faifan studio na shida mai zuwa. Ya fara ne a lamba 96 akan <i id="mwARU">Billboard</i> Hot 100, yana nuna farkon bayyanar Budden akan jadawalin kusan shekaru goma tun farkon wasan sa na farko Pump It Up A watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, Budden ya shiga cikin masu wasa na VH1 's Love & Hip Hop: New York a cikin yanayi na uku. Zai dawo a karo na huɗu a ƙarshen shekarar.
A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2013, Budden ya saki Babu Loaunar Lost, wanda ya fara a 15 akan <i id="mwAR8">Billboard</i> 200 yana siyar da kwafi 30,000 a cikin makon farko. Ya zuwa watan Maris 20, shekara ta 2013, kundin ya sayar da kwafi 60,000. An riga an fara amfani da faifan mix A Quarter Quarter, wanda aka fitar a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2012. A ranar 26 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2013, Budden ya fitar da waƙoƙin waƙoƙin na biyu, "NBA (Kada a sake sakewa)", wanda ke nuna Wiz Khalifa da Faransa Montana Ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2014, Budden ya halarci Kashe Kashe, wani taron yaƙin rap da ke adawa da Hollow Da Don, babban mai fashin yaƙi da tasiri a cikin yaƙin. Alkalai sun baiwa Hollow nasara ta hanyar yanke hukunci baki daya. Asara saboda nuna halin da ake ciki na rikice-rikice game da yankin yaƙin rap, da kuma Shady records, da kuma fita kai tsaye daga yaƙin, wannan ya fara ɓarkewar ƙarshen shekara 2 ga aikin Budden kuma ya nuna farkon zuwa miƙa mulki daga mai rapper zuwa blogger.
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2015, Budden ya fara sakin kwastan na mako-mako tare da Rory Farrell da Marisa Mendez, sannan aka sani da suna Zan Sanya Wannan Podcast Daga baya A ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2015, Budden ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙin sa na bakwai, Duk Loveaunar da Aka stata, don yabon duniya daga masu sukar. An riga an gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo mai tsawo, Wasu Loveaunar da Aka Loveata, a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2014, da kuma maraƙin "Broke" da "Sla Slamomouse".
Budden ya sanar da kwanakin rangadin sa na karshe a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2016. A ranar 2 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 2016, Budden ya fitar da hanyar waƙa, "Yin Mutum Kashe Na", da farko an yi shi ne don ɗan rajin Kanada Drake, kodayake shi ma yana ɗaukar hoto a Meek Mill a cikin waƙar. Daga baya ya bayyana cewa ra'ayoyin ba na mutum ba ne, an yi shi ne don gasa da wasanni, kuma ba shi da wata ma'amala da kowane mai zane. Bayan tashin hankalin, Jamil "Mal" Clay ya maye gurbin Mendez a cikin kwasfan Budden, bayan haka wasan ya zama sananne da The Joe Budden Podcast A ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 2016, Budden ya fitar da kundin waƙoƙin sa na takwas kuma na ƙarshe, Rage & The Machine, wanda gabaɗaya AraabMUZIK ya samar An fara faifan faifan a kan 40 a kan <i id="mwAU0">Billboard</i> 200, ana sayar da kwafi 11,341 a Amurka.
Aikin watsa shirye-shirye (2017 present) A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2017, Budden ya fara haɗin gwiwar Gwagwarmaya ta Yau da kullun, wasan kwaikwayon safe na yau da kullun don Hadaddiyar, tare da DJ Akademiks da Nadeska Alexis. A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2017, yayin gabatar da bikin nuna kyautuka na BET, Budden da masu masaukin baki sun gudanar da wata hira da kungiyar Migos ta Atlanta rap, inda rikici ya kaure tsakanin Budden da mamban Migos Takeoff bayan da DJ Akademiks ya yi tambaya game da rashin zuwan sa a Migos '2016 da aka buga guda Bad da Boujee. Budden ya tashi daga saiti kuma an ɗan taƙaitawa tsakaninsa da ƙungiyar. Memba na Migos Quavo ya yi ishara da Joe Budden a cikin wakar Ice Tray yana cewa "Idan dan nigga ya kira shi Joe Budden". Budden ya bar wasan kwaikwayon a cikin watan Disamba shekara ta 2017. A ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2018, Budden ya ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa tare da Sean Combs da kamfaninsa na watsa labarai Revolt, ƙirƙirar da kuma samar da shirin nuna Jiha na Al'adu wanda aka fara a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 2018. Budden zai kasance tare da mai ba da waka tare da ɗan fim ɗin Love & Hip Hop Remy Ma A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2018, Joe Budden Podcast ya fara rangadi, tare da wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye ta Amurka. A wannan lokacin, ya sanar a hukumance cewa ya yi ritaya daga yin fyaɗe. A watan Agusta shekara ta 2018, Budden ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya don kawo kwasfan fayiloli zuwa Spotify da faɗaɗa wasan kwaikwayon zuwa jadawalin mako-mako, tare da sababbin abubuwan da ke faruwa kowace Laraba da Asabar. Tun da kasancewa keɓaɓɓe a kan Spotify, The Joe Budden Podcast ya zama mai tafi-da sauraren hip-hop da masu sha'awar al'adun rap. Ba wai kawai yana ɗauke da jadawalin kwatancen fayilolin Spotify ba, amma yana samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa da tsoro. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2020, Budden ya ba da sanarwar barin Spotify a ƙarshen kwantiraginsa kan rashin jituwa ta kuɗi da sabis na gudana. A watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2018, Budden ya koma Love & Hip Hop: New York a kakar tara. Shekarar mai zuwa, ya dawo don lokacin bikin cika shekara goma.
A ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2021, Budden ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana kawo keɓaɓɓun abubuwa daga tallansa zuwa sabis ɗin tarin jama'a Patreon Ya kuma sanar da cewa zai shiga cikin kwamitin Patreon a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan daidaiton Mahalicci tare da burin magance "duk abin da ba daidai ba game da tsarin ba da kudi ga masu kirkira." Budden yana da yara biyu. Babban ɗansa, Joseph Budden III (wanda ake kira Trey), an haife shi ne a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2001, lokacin da Budden ke ɗan shekara 20. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an bayar da sammaci ga Budden daga sonungiyar Hudson, Ofishin Sheriff na New Jersey don tallafin ɗan da ba a biya ba. Sonansa na biyu, Lexington, an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2017 zuwa Budden da samfurin birni da bidiyo vixen Cyn Santana. Ma'auratan sun tsunduma cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, bayan da Budden ya gabatar da shawarwari yayin wani shiri kai tsaye na The Joe Budden Podcast a cikin New York. Ma'auratan tuni suka dakatar da baikon nasu. A watan Maris 30, shekara ta 2012, Budden ya ciyar a dare a gidan yari da kuma rasa wata mayanka concert a garinsu a kan wani 75 parking tikitin. A shekarar 2014, Budden ya mika kansa ga ‘yan sanda sakamakon zarge-zargen da ya yi na cin zarafin budurwar tasa da kuma sace mata wayar salula sannan ya bayyana a Kotun Manyan Manya ta Manyan Laifuffuka kan zargin cin zarafi, babakere da sata. Daga baya wani alkali ya yi watsi da duk tuhumar da ake yi wa Budden. Budden ya yarda da cewa yana da jaraba ga PCP kuma daga baya MDMA, amma ya kasance ba ya shan kwayoyi kuma ya yi magana a bainar jama'a game da amfani da su.
Wakoki Kundin faifai na Studio
Joe Budden (2003)
Yanayin Muzik 3: Album (2008)
Gidan Halfway (2008)
Paƙƙarfan ɗakin (2009)
Hanyar Tserewa (2009)
Babu Loveaunar da Aka (ata (2013)
Duk Loveaunar da Aka Rasa (2015)
Rage & The Machine (2016)
Kundin aiki tare
Mayanka (tare da mayanka (2009)
Maraba da zuwa: Gidanmu (tare da mayanka (2012)
Haskawa
Television
Wasannin Bidiyo
Kyaututtuka da Zaba Kyautar Grammy
2004, Mafi kyawun Malewararrun Rapwararrun Rapwararrun :wararrun :wazo: "Pump It Up" (wanda aka zaɓa)
Sauran kyaututtuka
2003 Vibe Next Award (mai nasara)
United Kingdom, MOBO (Music of Black Origin) Kyauta don "Clubbin" tare da Marques Houston (wanda aka zaɓa)
United Kingdom, MOBO (Music of Black Origin) Award for Best Rap Performance (wanda aka zaba)
Kyautar Kyautar Black Reel ta 2004 don Kyakkyawar Waƙa daga Fim don "Pump It Up" a cikin 2 Fast 2 Fushi (wanda aka zaɓa)
Manazarta
External links Mawakan Amurka
Mawaka maza na Amurka
Mawaka maza na Amurka na karni 21
Mawaka maza na Amurka a karni na 20
Mawaka maza na Amurka a karni na 21
Mawakan Manhattan
'Yan wasan kwaikwayon telabijin America na kai tsaye
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Membobin Slaughterhouse
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26682 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid%20ibn%20al-Walid | Khalid ibn al-Walid | Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (Larabci: romanized: Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin Larabawa a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638.
Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a yakin Uhudu a shekarar 625. Bayan musuluntarsa a shekarar 627 ko shekarar 629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin Sayf Allah (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na Rumawa a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin kwace Makka da yakin Hunayn a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a Yaƙin Buzakha a shekara 632 da Musaylima a Yakin Aqraba a shekarar 633.
Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn (634), Fahl (634), Damascus (634-635) da Yarmouk (636), Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar 637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekarar 642.
Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci.
Asali da farkon aikin soja Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya). Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin "mai izgili" ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani. Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci. Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje, musamman Yemen da Abisiniya (Habasha), kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu. Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah. An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da "ubangijin makka" kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su. Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin "mutum mai matsayi mai girma" a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya.
Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra ("Lubaba Ƙarami", don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal. Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu. Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo).
Adawar farko ga Muhammadu Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, Banu Hashim na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618. Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624. Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari. A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina. A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, "Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti" na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi. Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma. Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya. A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama. Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa. Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu.
A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin aikin hajji a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa. Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka. Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka. An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya a watan Maris.
Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekara ta 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As; masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance "watakila sun fi amintattu". Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka. Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid "ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi", a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy.
Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629. Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli. Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama. Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci. Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa Sayf Allah (Takobin Allah).
A watan Disambar 629/Janairu 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8. A yaƙin Hunayn daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if.
Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta. A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu. A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba. A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima "yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi".
Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina. A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci. Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith.
Kwamanda a yakin Ridda Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina). A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin halifa sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, "kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi".
Yakin Buzakha Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha. A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin. Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham. Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare.
Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid. Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida.
Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna.
Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama, wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya. Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal. A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah. Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid.
Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri. Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi. A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa. Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi.
Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim.
Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa.
Kamfe a Iraki Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633.
Tafiya zuwa Siriya
Siege na Damascus
Yaƙin Yarmuk
Legacy Ana daukar Khalid "daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci" na Donner. A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance "hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba". Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”. A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin "babban jarumin Musulunci" a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid "wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa", Humphreys ya siffanta shi da "watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi]. Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi.
Mausoleum a cikin Homs Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya (1182-1260), Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid. Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman. Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin. Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13. Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266. A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.
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23730 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav%20Koranteng-Addow | Gustav Koranteng-Addow | Gustav Koranteng-Addow, Dr. shi ne Babban Lauyan Kasar Ghana daga ranar 9 ga watan oktoban shekarar 1975 zuwa Janairu shekara ta 1979 a karkashin Majalisar koli ta soja.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Gustav Koranteng-Addow a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1918 a Akropong-Akuapem. An kashe shekarun sa na farko a makarantar Presbyterian Middle Boys 'School, Akropong Akuapem a cikin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1933. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Accra Academy inda ya sami Ilimin sakandare daga 1936 zuwa 1939.
Aiki Gustav ya dauki mukami a matsayin Sakatare ga hukumar 'yan asalin akuapim a 1944 kafin ya yanke shawara a 1949 don ci gaba da neman ilimi mai zurfi don yin karatu don LL.B kuma ya sanya doka ta zama sana'a. A wannan shekarar ya shiga Jami'ar London kuma ya yi rajista a Inns of Court, Middle Temple. A cikin 1956 bayan kammala LL.B mai nasara da samun difloma a cikin Dokar Kasa da Kasa da Kwatancen, da kira ga Barikin Ingilishi, ya koma Ghana don fara aikin kai sa. An tabbatar da nasarar da ya samu a wannan fanni ta hanyar gayyata zuwa Bench wanda ya karɓa. An nada shi a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1964 kuma ya yi aiki a tashoshi da yawa a cikin Ma'aikatar Shari'a. A cikin 1968, ya karɓi tallafi don haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin Shirin Taimakon Fasaha na Burtaniya daga Ma'aikatar Ƙasashen waje don yin bincike kan sasantawa ta al'ada a Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka, London. Ya sami digirin digirgir kuma ya koma Ghana don ci gaba da aiki a kan benci. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1975 aka nada shi Babban Lauyan Ghana. Ya yi wannan aiki har zuwa watan Janairun 1979 lokacin da ya koma kotun a matsayin alkalin kotun daukaka kara. Sai dai bai dade a kan benci ba a wannan zagaye na biyu. A ranar 7 ga Mayu 1979 ya yanke shawarar yin ritaya saboda rashin lafiya.
UNIGOV A tsakiyar hamayyar adawa da gwamnatin SMC da Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ke gudanarwa, an fara tattaunawa kan makomar siyasar kasar. Majalisar koli ta soji ta kafa kwamiti a watan Janairun 1977 don duba shawarar "Gwamnatin Tarayyar". Dakta Gustav Koranteng-Addow ya zagaya tsawon kasar da fadin kasar don tattara ra'ayoyi daga jama'a kan ra'ayin gwamnatin Tarayyar da Acheampong ya gabatar. An gabatar da rahoto a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 1977 kwamiti mai wakilai goma sha bakwai da gwamnati ta nada wanda Dr. Gustav Koranteng-Addow ke jagoranta. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar shugaban zartarwa da zaɓaɓɓen ɗan takara daga jerin waɗanda kwalejin zaɓe ta gabatar. Ta kuma ba da shawarar majalisa mai wakilai 140 na 'yan takarar da za su yi aiki a matsayin masu zaman kansu ba tare da alaƙa da wata jam'iyyar siyasa ba. A cikin rahoton kwamitin ya ce babban burin mutane shi ne kafa gwamnatin kasa a jihar da babu jam’iyya. A ranar 30 ga Maris 1978 aka gudanar da zaben raba gardama kan zabin tsarin gwamnati. Sakamakon zaben raba gardamar ya ga gagarumin goyan baya ga gwamnatin kungiyar yayin da wadanda ke goyon bayan gwamnatin kungiyar suka kai sama da kashi 60% na wadanda suka yi rijista. Koyaya, ci gaba da yajin aiki daga ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da ɗaliban ɗaliban sun haifar da kifar da Ignatius Kutu Acheampong a watan Yuli 1978. Bayan kifar da Ignatius Kutu Acheampong ta hannun wani memba na SMC Fred Akuffo, an cire Dakta Gustav Koranteng-Addow daga mukaminsa na Babban Lauyan Ghana bayan sukar da ya yi kan shirin Majalisar Koli ta Soja mai mulki na mayar da kasar cikin siyasar jam'iyya a waccan shekarar.
Rayuwar mutum Ya auri Cecilia Koranteng-Addow tsohuwar Alkali wanda aka sace ranar 30 ga watan Yunin 1982 tare da wasu alkalai biyu da Manjo mai ritaya a rundunar sojan kasar Ghana.
Mutuwa da haraji Ya rasu a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun 1988. Shugaban Gwamnati na lokacin; Jerry John Rawlings ya biya haraji mai zuwa:
“Don haka, ina so in yi amfani da wannan damar don bayyana a madadin Majalisar da kuma a kaina na godiya da godiya mai yawa a gare ku, saboda sadaukarwar ku, aminci da ƙima da hidima ga Ƙasa na kusan shekaru 15, musamman kan Babban Kotun Shari'a |
43069 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20kwallon%20kafa%20ta%20Seychelles | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Seychelles | Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Seychelles, wadda ake yi wa lakabi da Pirates, tana wakiltar Seychelles a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na duniya kuma Hukumar kula da wasan Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Seychelles (SFF) ce ke tafiyar da ita. SFF ta kasance memba a Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Afirka (CAF) tun a shekarar 1986, kuma memba a FIFA tun a shekarar 1986. Filin wasan gida na ƙungiyar shi ne Stade Linité mai ɗaukar nauyi 10,000 da ke Roche Caiman a bayan Victoria, babban birnin Seychelles.
Tarihi An gabatar da ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa Seychelles a cikin shekarar 1930s. Gasar ta farko a hukumance, gasar ƙalubale, an shirya shi ne a cikin shekarar 1936 sannan, a cikin shekarar 1941, an kafa gasar tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyar da wasannin mintuna 60, an buga babu takalmi. A shekara ta 1969, shugaban hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Seychelles ya so ya kafa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa. An tsunduma cikin aikin sa kai, Adrian Fisher ya isa tsibirin a watan Satumba don sake tsara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Seychelles. Ya baiwa dukkan ‘yan wasan da takalma, ya tsara dabarun horas da ‘yan wasan na zamani da kuma tsawaita lokacin wasan zuwa mintuna 90. Sabbin tawagar kasar sun buga wasanninsu na farko a gasar sada zumunta da aka buga a Kenya a watan Afrilun shekarar 1970. A wasan farko da Seychelles ta buga a filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gaske, sun tashi 2-2 da Feisal FC sannan suka yi rashin nasara 1-2 a hannun Mwengi a filin wasa na Mombasa Municipal Lokacin da Fisher ya bar Seychelles a shekarar 1973, ƙungiyar ta buga wasanni shida da kulake 4.
Seychelles ta buga taronsu na farko da wani zaɓi, a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1974, da Réunion A wannan wasan sada zumunci, "Pirates", sunan laƙabin ƙungiyar, sun sha kashi da ci 0-2. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a wannan lokacin a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, Seychelles ta sake fuskantar Réunion, ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-4. A watan Satumba na shekarar 1977, sun buga wata ƙungiya mai alaƙa da FIFA, Mauritius, yayin gasar da aka buga a Réunion, kuma sun sha kashi 1–2. Ƙungiyar ta ji daɗin nasararta ta farko a shekara mai zuwa ta hanyar yin nasara a gida da ci 1-0 da Réunion.
A cikin shekarar 1979, Seychelles ta buga gasa ta farko, Wasannin Tekun Indiya na shekarar 1979 Sun yi rashin nasara a wasansu na farko da ci 3-0 a hannun Réunion, kuma sun yi nasara a wasansu na biyu da ci 9-0 a Maldives A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, sun doke Mauritius da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti (1-1 bayan mintuna 90).
An fitar da Seychelles daga matakin rukuni a wasannin Tekun Indiya na shekarar 1985 amma, a ranar 31 ga Agusta, shekarar 1986, sun buga wasansu na farko na gasa da FIFA da CAF suka amince da su, sakamakon alaƙar su da ƙungiyoyin biyu, wasan neman cancantar da Mauritius na shekarar 1987 All- Wasannin Afirka, sun yi rashin nasara da ci 1-2. Sun halarci, a karon farko, a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 1988 da Mauritius amma sun sha kashi da ci 1-3 a wasannin biyu.
A wasannin tekun Indiya na shekarar 1990, tawagar ta sha kashi mafi muni a tarihinta da Madagascar a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe, inda ta yi rashin nasara da ci 0-6. A wasan lambar tagulla, sun yi nasara a kan Comoros da ci 3-1. Ƙungiyar ta kasa maimaita wannan wasan a cikin wasanni masu zuwa, ta buga a gida, ta yi rashin nasara a dukkan wasanni huɗu da kammala ƙarshe a gasar.
Bayan da aka cire daga matakin farko na gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 1996 ta Mauritius 2-1 a kan kafafu biyu, an ɗauki Vojo Gardašević don jagorantar tawagar. Bayan haka, yan fashin teku sun sake zama na uku a wasannin tekun Indiya na shekarar 1998, kuma bayan shekaru biyu, sun shiga gasar share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a karon farko. Wasan da Namibia ta yi sun tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a Stade Linité, godiya ga ƙwallo da Philip Zialor ya ci amma ta yi rashin nasara a wasa na biyu da ci 0-3. Ita ma Seychelles ta yi waje da ita a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2000 da Zimbabwe ta yi 0-6 a wasanni biyu. Seychelles ta yi nasara a gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2004 yayin da tawagar, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dominique Bathenay sannan Michael Nees, ta zo ta uku kuma ta yi nasara a gida biyu masu daraja ta hanyar doke Eritrea 1-0 da Zimbabwe 2-1. Bayan sun samu lambar tagulla a gasar wasannin tekun Indiya ta shekarar 2003, sannan Zambiya ta yi waje da su a zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2006 da Zambia da ci 1-5 a wasannin biyu.
Babbar nasara da Seychelles ta samu ta zo ne da Zimbabwe a wasan share fage na gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2004 Ƙwallon da 'yan wasan gaba Alpha Baldé da Philip Zialor suka ci ne suka baiwa Seychelles nasara da ci 2-1 a Stade Linité da Zimbabwe wanda ƙwararren ɗan wasan Peter Ndlovu ya jagoranta. Kocin Jamus Michael Nees ne ke jagorantar tawagar a lokacin. Ƙarƙashin ɗan ƙasar Faransa Dominique Bathenay, Seychelles kuma ta doke Eritrea da ci 1-0 a Stade Linité da ci daya mai ban haushi da tsohon soja Roddy Victor ya ci a wasannin share fage.
A cikin shekarar 2011, Seychelles ta karɓi baƙuncin wasannin tsibirin Tekun Indiya na 2011 kuma ta lashe gasar a karon farko, inda ta doke Mauritius a wasan karshe a bugun fanareti. Sauran wasannin na shekarar 2010 ba su samu nasara ba ga Pirates tare da babban maki a lokacin neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2017 inda suka yi nasarar doke Lesotho da ci 2-0 da kuma kunnen doki 1-1 da Habasha don zama na uku a rukunin kungiyoyin su hudu.
Shirin Goal na FIFA A cikin shekarar 2006, an buɗe sabuwar cibiyar fasaha a Mahé, tare da taimakon shirin FIFA Goal. Aikin yana da jimillar farashi kusan dalar Amurka 750,000. James Michel, shugaban Seychelles, ya halarci bikin rantsar da shi. Cibiyar fasaha tana dauke da hedkwatar SFF, dakin taro, ɗakuna 20, ɗakunan tausa biyu, ɗakunan canji da gidan abinci. Cibiyar tana kusa da filayen turf wanda kuma shirin Goal ya girka a shekarar 2003. Kwallon kafa da kwallaye daidai kamar na 31 Yuli 2022, bayan wasan da Madagascar Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Seychelles a FIFA.com
Seychelles a CAF.com
Hoton kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Seychelles
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
9202 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihar%20Kogi | Jihar Kogi | Jihar Kogi gida ce ga Jami'ar Tarayya (Lokoja),Jami'ar Jihar KogiAnyigba, Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Confluence Osara,Federal Polytechnic Idah,Kogi State Polytechnic(Lokoja),Federal College na Education(Okene),College of Education(Ankpa),College of Agriculture Kabba, Kogi state college of education, technical(Kabba)and the Private Salem UniversityLokoja.Akwai kwalejin koyon aikin jinya da ungozoma a Anyigba da Obangede,makarantar fasahar kiwon lafiya da ke Idah,da kuma makarantar koyon aikin jinya ta ECWA da ke Egbe.
Wasanni Jihar Kogi ta samar da ‘yan gudun hijira irin su Sunday Bada da sauran ’yan wasa, wadanda suka taimaka wajen bunkasar wasanni a duniya.Kogi United da Babanawa FC kungiyoyin kwallon kafa ne da ke jihar.Sauran wasanni, kamar su ninkaya,ƙwallon hannu,da wasan tennis ana haɓaka su sosai a cikin jihar. Majalisar wasanni ta jihar Kogi tana da tarihin Daraktoci da ƙwararrun ma’aikata waɗanda a wani lokaci ko waninsu suka yi aiki tare da hangen nesa na sanya jihar gabaɗaya a taswirar duniya.Daga cikin su akwai mutane kamar Mista Francis Umoru,Mista Mohammed Emeje,Mista Benjamin O.Ameje,Mista A.Ogido,Mista Joel J.Abu da sauransu.
Daga cikin sauran ’yan wasan da jihar ke samarwa akwai Shola Ameobi,wani Ayetoro Gbede haifaffen Ijumu,ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila,a halin yanzu yana buga wa Bolton Wanderers a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba,marigayi Sunday Bada 400 Mita 400 Gwarzon Olympic daga Ogidi a Ijumu Local Govt.na jihar.
Siyasa Gwamnatin jihar na karkashin jagorancin zababben gwamnan da ke aiki kafada da kafada da ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar. Babban birnin jihar shine Lokoja
Tsarin zabe Ana zabar tsarin zaɓen kowace jiha ta amfani da tsarin zagaye biyu da aka gyara. Idan za a zabe shi a zagayen farko, dole ne dan takara ya samu yawan kuri’u da sama da kashi 25% na kuri’u a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na kananan hukumomin Jiha da na kananan hukumomi.Idan babu dan takara da ya tsallake rijiya da baya,za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin wanda ya fi kowanne dan takara da dan takara na gaba wanda ya samu kuri’u masu yawa a mafi yawan kananan hukumomi.
Majalisar Dattawa Sanatoci uku ne ke wakiltar jihar Kogi tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1999 a majalisar dattawa inda Kogi ta gabas da Kogi ta yamma da kuma Kogi ta tsakiya suka samar da guda daya.
Fitattun mutane Ayegba Omaidoko,first Attah Igala.
Prosper Ochimana,mawaƙin bishara.
Danladi Mohammed Zakari,First Military Administrator of Kogi State, Nigeria
Halima Abubakar,Nollywood Actress.
Segun Adaju,dan kasuwa,Shugaba na Consistent Energy Limited kuma shugaban,Renewable Energy Association Nigeria(REAN).
Pius Adesanmi,haifaffen Najeriya, farfesa dan kasar Kanada,marubuci, mai sukar adabi,satirist,kuma marubuci.
Smart Adeyemi,Sanata mai wakiltar mazabar Kogi ta yamma. Nasir Ajanah,masanin shari'a wanda yayi aiki a matsayin babban alkalin jihar Kogi.
SA Ajayi,Dan Jahar Najeriya wanda ya taimaka wajen sasanta Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai.Tsohon ministan gandun daji, ministan ilimi,
Seth Sunday Ajayi, masanin kimiyya, masani, kuma Farfesa na farko na Afirka Emeritus na Dabbobin Dabbobi.
Esther Titilayo Akinlabi,Farfesa a Injiniya Injiniya kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Rayuwa da Kimiyyar Duniya ta Pan African(PAULESI), Najeriya.Ta kasance Shugabar Sashen,Kimiyyar Injiniya Injiniya, Faculty of Engineering da Gina Muhalli,Jami'ar Johannesburg(UJ), Afirka ta Kudu.
Shola Ameobi,tsohon kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba.
Tolulope Arotile(1995–2020), Matukin Jirgin Sama na Sojojin Sama na Najeriya.
Sefi Atta,marubuci,marubuci,ɗan gajeren labari,marubucin wasan kwaikwayo,kuma marubucin allo.
Abubakar Audu,farar hula na farko kuma gwamnan jihar sau biyu (1992-1993 da 1999-2003).
Yahaya Bello,Gwamnan Jihar Kogi (2016 har zuwa yau).
Joseph Benjamin,Actor.
Darey-Darey Art Alade.
Abiodun Faleke,mai ba da shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci da dabaru kuma ɗan siyasa.
Ibrahim Idris,tsohon gwamnan jihar (2003-2011).
Jaywon,Musician.
David Jemibewon,Manjo-Janar mai ritaya wanda ya taba rike mukamin gwamnan soji na rusasshiyar Jihar Yamma a yanzu,sannan kuma ya zama Ministan Harkokin ‘Yan Sanda a majalisar ministocin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo.
Mercy Johnson,Jarumar Nollywood. Joseph Makoju,tsohon GM na NEPA.
Dino Melaye, tsohon Sanata daga Kogi ta Yamma.
Oladele John Nihi, tsohon shugaban majalisar matasan Najeriya 2019 2020. Mataimakin Shugaban Yammacin Afirka, Kungiyar Matasan Afirka ta Pan-African (2021 har zuwa yau).
John Obaro, ɗan kasuwan fasaha, mai magana da jama'a, kuma wanda ya kafa SystemSpecs Nigeria Limited.
Bayo Ojo, tsohon babban lauyan gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya.
Nike Davies-Okundaye, yar Najeriya batik kuma mai zane Adire.
Jide Omokore, fitaccen dan kasuwa ne wanda ke da sha'awar kasuwancin mai bincike, ruwa, sabis na jigilar kaya, karfe, injiniyan bushewa, da haɓaka kadarori.
Edward David Onoja, tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan gwamna Yahaya Bello 2016 2019. Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Kogi (2019 har zuwa yau).
Praiz, marubucin waƙa, Artist. Idris Wada, tsohon gwamnan jihar (2011-2016).
Folashade Yemi-Esan, shugabar ma'aikatan gwamnatin tarayya.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo
Jihohin |
25057 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Other%20Woman%20%28Lost%29 | The Other Woman (Lost) | Wata Matar shine kashi 78 na jerin shirye -shiryen talabijin na wasan kwaikwayo na Lost da kashi na shida na wasan kwaikwayon na kashi na huɗu. An watsa shi a watan Maris 6, 2008 a Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Amurka (ABC) a Amurka da akan CTV a Kanada. Drew Goddard da editan labarin labari Christina M. Kim ne suka rubuta labarin, kuma Eric Laneuville ne ya jagoranci shi. Labarin ya fara ne a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2004, kwanaki 94 bayan faduwar Jirgin Jirgin Sama na Oceanic 815. Masu zuqa tsibirin kwanan nan Daniel Faraday (wanda dan wasan shine Jeremy Davies ya buga da Charlotte Lewis Rebecca Mader sun bar sansanin wadanda suka tsira ba tare da sanarwa ga tashar wutar lantarki ta Dharma Initiative da ake kira Tempest ba. A cikin abubuwan haskakawa wadanda ke nuna abubuwan dake faruwa a tsibirin, Juliet Burke Elizabeth Mitchell ta gano cewa maigidanta Ben Linus Michael Emerson jagoran asalin mazaunan tsibirin da ake kira Sauran, yana kaunarta. Marubutan sun habaka layin labarai da yawa tare da "Wata Matar". Labarin ya kara inganta labarin Juliet da alakar sa, yana bada karin haske kan sabbin haruffan kakar, kuma yana nunabayyanar Harper Stanhope Andrea Roth na farko. Gabatar da Tempest yana kara habbaka jerin 'tatsuniyoyin, musamman' 'tsarkake' A cikin kakar ta uku, an ambaci tsabta ce a cikin labarin Shigar da 77 kuma an gani a cikin Mutumin Bayan Rufin Amurkawa miliyan 15 ne suka kalli "Wata Matar" kuma suka sami bita daban-daban. Masu suka daga Los Angeles Times, Mako -mako na Nishadi, da Buddy TV sun daukw shi mafi munin yanayi na kakar, a wani bangare saboda wani labari na baya-bayan nana wanda da alama an sake sarrafa shi daga wasan na uku, Daya daga cikin mu Wani zargi shine cewa masu sauraro sun koyi Ben sosai fiye da Juliet. Emerson kuma ya sami yabo fiye da Mitchell, wanda ke taka Juliet; duk da haka, Mitchell ta lashe lambar yabo ta Saturn saboda aikinta. Kyakkyawan bita sun yaba da aikin a cikin ƙarshen labarin.
Makirci Labarin ya bude tare da haskaka rayuwar Juliet a tsibirin bayan daukar ta a watan Satumba na 2001 ta Sauran. Juliet tana da alaka da wani mai suna Goodwin Brett Cullen wanda ya auri mai ilomin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali Harper Stanhope. Harper ya gano lamarin, kuma ya gargadi Juliet cewa shugabansu Ben zai ladabtar da Goodwin saboda yana da rauni akan Juliet. Bayan faduwar jirgin 815, Ben ya aike shi ya kutsa cikin rukunin fasinjojin da suka tsira; Ana Lucia Cortez ce ta kashe Goodwin bayan ta fahimci ba shi da rai. A watan Oktoba 2004, Ben ya gayyaci Juliet zuwa abin da ya fara bayyana a matsayin ƙungiya mai cin abincin dare, amma a zahiri kwanan wata ne. Ben ya jagoranci Juliet zuwa gawar Goodwin, inda ta zarge shi da son Goodwin ya mutu. Daga baya Ben ya nuna ƙaunarsa a gare ta.
A daren ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2004 (watanni uku bayan faduwar jirgin 815), membobi biyu na ƙungiyar kimiyya daga Kahana freighter sun kafa bakin teku —Daniel da Charlotte waɗanda suka sauka a tsibirin kwanaki uku da suka gabata tare da ɓoye ajanda, ɓoye don nemo Tempest. Juliet da jagoran wadanda hadarin ya rutsa da su Jack Shephard Matthew Fox sun lura da rashin su daga sansanin bakin teku kuma suna bin su. Bayan jin raɗaɗin, Harper ya kusanci Juliet. Ta gaya mata cewa Daniel da Charlotte suna da niyyar kashe kowa a tsibirin ta hanyar tura gas mai guba a cikin Tempest kuma umarnin Ben na Juliet ne don kashe su. A kan tafiya zuwa rairayin bakin teku da safe, Kate ta haɗu da Daniel da Charlotte kuma ƙarshen ya buge shi a sume. Jack da Juliet sun ci karo da Kate kuma sun rabu: Juliet ta ci gaba da Tempest ita kadai, kamar yadda Jack ke tunanin Kate. A cikin tashar, Juliet ta sami Daniel a cikin rigar hazmat a kwamfuta. Bayan takaddama, Daniel da Charlotte sun shawo kan Juliet cewa ba za su kashe kowa ba; suna yin watsi da iskar gas idan Ben ya yanke shawarar sake amfani da shi, kamar yadda ya yi shekaru goma sha biyu da suka gabata a cikin wani aikin da Dharma ya jagoranta. Jack ya isa Tempest kuma Juliet yayi bayanin cewa waɗanda ke kan jirgin sun zo tsibirin don yin yaƙi da Ben kuma tana tsammanin zai ci nasara. Tana jin tsoron Jack saboda Ben yana tunanin cewa nasa ne, amma Jack bai nuna damuwa ba kuma ya sumbace ta.
A cikin Barikin, Ben ya yi ciniki tare da 815 wanda ya tsira John Locke Terry O'Quinn don 'yanci. Ya bayyana cewa Charles Widmore Alan Dale mahaifin budurwar Desmond Hume Henry Ian Cusick Penny Sonya Walger mallaki mai ɗaukar kaya kuma tana fatan cin moriyar tsibirin. Ben kuma ya gaya wa Locke wanene ɗan leƙen asirinsa a kan jirgin. Ben ya ci gaba da zama a Barikin bayan an sake shi.
Production Lokacin da aka tambaye ta game da abin da ta koya game da halinta ta hanyar “Sauran Matar”, Elizabeth Mitchell ta ɗauka cewa “Kuskuren Juliet abin tambaya ne na ɗabi’a, idan ba daidai ba ne na ɗabi’a. Amma kuna ganin bayan wannan akwai ɗan adam wanda ke gwagwarmayar rayuwa da samun rayuwa mai ma'ana a gare ta. Mitchell bai yi tunanin cewa Juliet ta yi mamakin cewa Ben yana jin daɗin soyayya da ita ba, amma "abin tsoro ne a ƙarƙashin yanayin" saboda ta gano cewa Goodwin ya mutu. Michael Emerson ya yi tunanin cewa halinsa na Ben yaro ne lokacin da ya yi ihu "kai ne nawa!" ga Juliet; Mitchell ya kwatanta shi da "yaro ɗan shekara goma sha biyu da ke zubar da haushi soyayyarsa ta farko Mitchell ya ce "abin haushi ne ya harzuka wannan lamari" saboda Emerson da Matthew Fox sun kware. Abokin haɗin gwiwa kuma marubuci ma'aikaci Adam Horowitz ya bayyana cewa "Yana da ban sha'awa koyaushe a ja da baya wani sashi akan ɗaya daga cikin haruffan mu, da ganin wani babi a cikin labarin Juliet a tsibirin kuma kawo mu inda ta ke yanzu ya yi kyau", yayin da abokin aikin hadin gwiwa kuma marubuci marubuci Edward Kitsis ya yi tunanin cewa "abu mai ban sha'awa game da labarin shine yadda Ben ke kallon Juliet komai yana sanar da shi ta wannan kallon." Horowitz ya kuma ji daɗin juxtaposition na haɓaka halayyar Juliet tare da wahayi akan mutane masu ɗaukar kaya Kitsis ya ɗauki yanayin wasan na ƙarshe inda Hugo "Hurley" Reyes Jorge Garcia da James "Sawyer" Ford Josh Holloway suka gano cewa Ben ya yi shawarwari kan sakinsa kuma zai ci abinci tare da su a wannan maraice a matsayin wanda ya fi so. 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo Rebecca Mader, wacce ke wasa Charlotte, ta ce ta yi matukar farin ciki da shirin da za a watsa saboda ta yi tunanin "ya fi kyau" fiye da abin da ya gabata, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun abubuwan jerin. Charlotte ta buga Kate a sume tare da ganga ta bindiga sannan ta tambaya "menene?" ga Daniyel marar magana a cikin “Wata Matar”. Mader ya sami wannan abin ban dariya kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi ƙimar aikin Andrea Roth ya fara fitowa a matsayin Harper a cikin “Sauran Matar”. A lokacin yin simintin a farkon watan Oktoba, an bayyana Harper a matsayin "mai taurin kai, mara-ma'ana kuma kyakkyawa mai sarrafa kansa da damuwa." Har ila yau, an lura da halin a matsayin rawar maimaitawa; duk da haka, Harper bai sake fitowa ba a kakar. Tuni marubutan suka bayyana cewa daga karshe za ta sake fitowa. An yi fim ɗin yanayin daji tare da Mitchell, Fox da Roth har zuwa 4:00 ina Oktoba 27, 2007 tare da masu yayyafa masana'antu kuma Mitchell ta kira wannan a matsayin “mafi tsananin ƙwarewa akan wasan”. Bayyanar Harper da ɓacewar sa a cikin wannan yanayin ba zato ba tsammani don haka magoya bayan sun yi hasashen cewa wannan haƙiƙa ce ta bayyana ko bayyanar dodo na hayaƙin baƙar fata na tsibirin. Wannan ya karyata ta Lost marubuta. An ba shi suna bayan wasan William Shakespeare na 1610 na wannan sunan, Tempest ya fara bayyana a cikin "Wata Mace" kuma a bayyane yake an yi ishara da shi a kan layin da ba a gani ba na taswirar tashar tashar tashar Dharma "Swan" na kakar wasa ta biyu Marubutan sun so yin bayanin wasu tarihin tsibirin a cikin kakar ta huɗu kuma sun yanke shawarar cewa "Wata Matar" za ta bayyana inda gas ɗin da Ben ya yi amfani da shi ya fito kuma Dharma yana da tashoshin da aka kafa don kariya daga sojojin abokan gaba. Sun kuma ji daɗin samun Goodwin akan wasan kuma suna son dawo da shi. "Sauran Matar" ta fara yin fim a watan Oktoba 11, 2007 kuma an kammala shi a watan Oktoba 30. "Sauran Matar" ta ƙunshi sumba na biyu na Jack da Juliet. Marubutan sun ɗauki Juliet a matsayin mai son soyayya na gaba mai zuwa ga Jack bayan mutuwar halin kaka na biyu Ana Lucia Cortez Michelle Rodriguez Magoya bayan sun ƙi Ana Lucia don haka marubutan ba su bi labarin baƙar fata. Mitchell yayi hasashen cewa halinta ya halicce ta saboda "suna buƙatar gada tsakanin Ben da kowa, kuma suna buƙatar wani ya shigo ya zama ɗan gishiri a cikin kawa Jack da Kate." Ta yi imanin cewa Juliet ta ƙaunaci Jack da gaske, amma rashin sanin ko "jan hankalin ta ga Jack ko son yin wani abu don tashi daga tsibirin" ya fi mata muhimmanci. Juliet ta kirkiro wani abu na murabba'in soyayya tare da Jack, Kate da Sawyer. Mitchell "Feel kamar a sosai girma-up dangantaka. Da alama suna mutunta juna kuma suna son junansu yayin da Sawyer da Kate suna kama da" samari masu ƙima Ma'auratan sun sami fa'idar Intanet kuma an ba su laƙabin portmanteau "Jaket".
Karɓar baki An kalli "Sauran Matar" kai tsaye ko aka yi rikodin kuma ana kallo cikin sa'o'i biyar da watsa ta 13.008 miliyan masu kallo a Amurka, matsayi na bakwai na mako a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin tare da mafi yawan masu kallo da samun 5.4/13 a cikin manyan kwadago masu shekaru goma sha takwas zuwa arba'in da tara. Ciki har da waɗanda suka kalli cikin kwanaki bakwai na watsa shirye -shirye, jimlar 14.933 ta kalli shirin miliyoyin masu kallon Amurka; wannan lambar ta tafi zuwa matsakaicin lokacin. 1.439 miliyoyin mutanen Kanada sun kalle ta, wanda ya sa aka rasa Lokaci na takwas mafi girman darajar mako. A cikin Burtaniya, 1.1 mutane miliyan sun kalli wasan. Labarin ya shigo da masu kallo 691,000 a Ostiraliya, inda ya sanya shi a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na dare na ashirin da biyu. Claima'awar gama gari ta masu sukar Nishaɗin Mako -mako, IGN, SyFy Portal, Squad TV na AOL da BuddyTV shine ƙarin koyo game da goyan bayan ɗan wasa Ben, maimakon Juliet wanda aka mayar da hankali a ciki. Jeff Jensen na Weekly Entertainment ya yaba da aikin Emerson kuma ya bayyana cewa "a ƙarshe, wannan hakika labari ne game da Ben da kuma tsawon lokacin da zai bi don kare kansa da Tsibirin daga abokan gabansa." Dan Compora na SyFy Portal ya ce "Yadda nake ƙin Ben, haka na ƙara gane cewa Michael Emerson ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kawai wanda ke yin aikinsa." Oscar Dahl na BuddyTV ya kira Emerson a matsayin "allah" mai aiki kuma ya ce "Wata Matar" ta kasance "wataƙila wani lamari ne na Juliet, kasancewar Ben ya ba ni babban ra'ayi". Duk da inuwar Emerson, Elizabeth Mitchell ta karɓi lambar yabo don Mafi kyawun 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo a Talabijin a lambar yabo ta Saturn ta 34 a ƙulla da Summer Glau, wanda ke taka Cameron Phillips a Terminator na FOX Sarah Connor Tarihi "The Other Woman" An kawo sunayensu a matsayin mafi raunin episode of Lost 's hudu kakar. Duk da da'awar sa, Patrick Day na Los Angeles Times ya nuna cewa "ko da wannan abin da ya faru na Lost ya tsaya sama da duk wani abin da ake nunawa a gidan talabijin na wannan kakar". Ya lura cewa "abin da ya fi tayar da hankali" shine bayyanar Claire Littleton Emilie de Ravin saboda ya tunatar da shi yadda ɗan wasan ya yi kaɗan don ciyar da makircin kakar. John Kubicek na BuddyTV wanda aka yiwa lakabi da "The Other Woman" "mafi munin lamari na Lost season hudu ya zuwa yanzu" saboda "ya biyo bayan wasan opera wanda shine ƙaƙƙarfan soyayya na manyan 'yan wasa, wanda ba shine dalilin da yasa yawancin mutane ke son Lost ba Jeff Jensen na mako -mako na Nishaɗi ya ba da darasi a matsayin "C-" kuma ya kira shi "kawai dud na gaskiya". Ya yi tunanin cewa "labarinsa ya kasance ko'ina a ko'ina" kuma "duk abin da aka ji ya tilasta". Jensen bai ji daɗin wasan baƙo na Andrea Roth ba saboda yana jin cewa "ta fito da yawa kuma ba gaskiya bane." A bambanci, TV Guide 's Bruce Fretts yaba Roth ta "dace creepy" bayyanar. Sauran masu sukar sun kuma sake duba lamarin a matsayin mara kyau. Maureen Ryan na Chicago Tribune ya ce "Wata Matar" "kamar ba ta da daɗi kuma ana iya hasashenta… abubuwa da yawa… sun ji kamar an sake sarrafa su daga lokutan da suka gabata da arcs na labarin." The Star-Ledger Alan Sepinwall dauke da episode ya zama na biyu mafi raunin na huɗu kakar bayan Eggtown Ya soki labarin Tempest saboda rashin bayani game da manufar tashar ta asali kuma yana tunanin cewa abubuwan da Juliet suka yi ba su da yawa. "Sauran Matar" ita ma ta kasance abin tattaunawa daban -daban. Tim Goodman na San Francisco Chronicle rubuta cewa "Na gaske son wannan episode, amma ina son shi kasa fiye da alama cewa wani ya ɗauki su kafa kashe da gas kawai sulusi da murabba'i da raguwa a gudun kasance sananne. Lokaci 's James Poniewozik da jimami ga flashbacks, amma dadin Ben hali ci gaba. Nikki Stafford na Wizard "ya ji daɗin" labarin "mai ban sha'awa", kodayake "bai yi kusan yawa ba" kamar yadda ya gabata. Ta yi farin ciki a dawo da ita "fi so Sauran" Tom MC Gainey da kuma rubuta cewa "Locke amfani da su zama daya daga fi so haruffa, amma yanzu ya ke a kayan aiki Ben Rawson-Jones na Digital Spy ya bayyana cewa "labarin ya taru da kyau a ƙarshe, tare da jujjuyawar da ake tsammanin da ƙyalli, kodayake ga babban ɓangaren yana kan iyaka akan tedium. Juliet hali ne wanda kawai ba shi da ban sha'awa don ci gaba da kula da mutum akan walƙiya. Ta kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma ba ta da mahimmanci a wannan kakar, kuma yana jin kamar alama ce ta nuna gabanta a ƙarshe. An sami sakamako mai kyau kodayake, tare da dogon jira da ake jira tsakanin ta da Jack. Daniel na TMZ ya ba da darasi a matsayin "C+"; duk da haka, ya rubuta cewa "al'amuran Ben/Locke sun yi kyau kuma Juliet a cikin bikini ba ta yi takaici ba." Erin Martell na TV Squad "bai gamsu da ilmin sunadarai na Jack da Juliet ba" kuma ya ga sumbancinsu "bai gamsu ba". Martell ya yaba da rawar da Emerson ya taka, Ben-line-liners da "gaisuwa ga kalmomi" gaisuwa ta yau da kullun ga Hurley da Sawyer a ƙarshen labarin bayan an sake shi daga zaman talala. Jay Glatfelter na Huffington Post ya yi tunanin cewa "wannan wani babban lamari ne zai iya rayuwa har zuwa satin da ya gabata, amma har yanzu akwai ci gaba mai ɗimbin yawa." Verne Gay na Newsday ya kira labarin a matsayin "duk da haka wani fitaccen fitowar ta mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na TV ke ci gaba da samun ci gaba"; ba ita kaɗai ce mai sukar yin kyakkyawan bita ba. E! Kristin Dos Santos ya yi tunanin cewa fagen yaƙi tsakanin Juliet da Charlotte a cikin Tempest ya kasance "mai ban mamaki" kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Alan Dale ya sami "lambar yabo ta rayuwa don faretin sa na kakannin banza masu ban al'ajabi", kamar Widmore. Chris Carabott na IGN ya ba da kashi takwas cikin goma kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin "kyakkyawan lamari na Lost wanda ke da duk ayyukan, shakku da annashuwa da wannan wasan ke nunawa akai -akai". Carabott ya rubuta cewa "ganin yadda karkatacciyar dangantakar [Ben da Juliet] ta kasance abin burgewa". Dan Compora na SyFy Portal ya rubuta cewa "sashin wannan makon ya ba da gudummawa ga abin da ke shirin zama kyakkyawan yanayi na huɗu. Aiki mai kyau ya ɗauki abin da ya faru duk da wasu ramuka a cikin shirin. Compora ya kuma ji daɗin taken da "kyakkyawan yaƙin cat" a cikin Tempest tsakanin Juliet da Charlotte.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin waje "Sauran Matar" a ABC
"The Other Woman" Pages with unreviewed |
21006 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20kiyaye%20ha%C9%97urra%20ta%20tarayyan%20%28Najeriya%29 | Hukumar kiyaye haɗurra ta tarayyan (Najeriya) | Hukumar Kiyaye Hadurra ta Tarayya Najeriya, ko (Federal Road Safety Corps, Nigeria) a turance. ita ce Hukumar Gwamnati da ke da hakkoki na doka game da kula da lafiyar hanyoyi a Nijeriya. An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1988, Hukumar Kiyaye Haɗurra ta Kasa (F.R.S.C) tana aiki a duk jihohin Najeriya har ma da Babban Birnin Tarayya kuma ita ce babbar hukuma a Najeriya dake kula da lafiyar hanyoyi da kula da su Ayyukan da doka ta tanada sun hada da: Kula da lafiyar tituna ga masu ababen hawa da sauran masu amfani da hanya da kuma duba cancantar ababen hawa, bayar da shawarar ayyuka da kayayyakin more rayuwa don kawar ko rage hadura a manyan tituna da ilmantar da masu ababen hawa da sauran jama'a muhimmancin wannan hukuma shine ladabtar da masu laifukan akan ababen hawa akan hanya. akan manyan hanyoyi.
Hukumar FRSC a yanzu haka Boboye O Oyeyemi ne ke jagorantar, MFR, mni wanda taken sa na (Corps Marshal) shi ne mafi girman daraja a tsarin martabar a hukumar
Tarihi Hukumar daga farkon kafa ta Kafin kafuwar Hukumar Kiyaye Hadurra ta Tarayya a shekarar 1988, babu wani takamaiman matakin ci gaba da za a iya amfani da shi don magance barnar da ake yi a kan titunan Najeriya. Anan kusa-kusa an ɗanyi tsokaci a ƙoƙarin kafata ko a cikin wannan shugabanci ya iyakance ga ƙoƙari na musamman da keɓance daga wasu jihohin tarayyar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane.
Babban abin lura a cikin kokarin da aka yi na kafa babbar hanyar kiyaye haɗurra shine kokarin Kamfanin bunkasa man fetur na Shell na Najeriya (SPDC) tsakanin 1960 da 1965. Kokarin da Sojojin Najeriya suka yi na horar da jami'anta da mazajensu kan kiyaye hanya a farkon shekarun 1970 ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga dabarun kiyaye hanya da wayewar kai a Najeriya: Sojojin Nijeriya sun fara Yakin Kiyaye Hadurran Jama'a na Farko a shekarar 1972 lokacin da ta fara wata shekara da hanya. Makon Tsaro. Manufa ta farko da aka tsara dangane da lafiyar hanya ita ce kirkirar Hukumar kiyaye Hadurra ta Kasa (NRSC) a 1974 wanda gwamnatin soja ta lokacin ta yi. Tasirin Hukumar bai kasance ba. A cikin 1977, Gwamnatin Soja a Jihar Oyo, Najeriya ta kafa Hukumar Kiyaye Hadurra ta Jihar Oyo wanda ya kawo wasu ci gaba na cikin gida kan lafiyar hanya da kuma ladabtar da direbobi hanyoyi a cikin jihar. Hakan ya kasance har zuwa 1983, lokacin da gwamnatin tarayya ta rusa ta.
Tare da ci gaba da hadari na hatsarin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a Najeriya a lokacin, wanda ya sanya shi a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashen da ke fuskantar hadurra mafi hatsari (RTA) a duk duniya (mafi yawan Afirka) a shekarar 2013, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ga bukatar kafa Hukumar Kiyaye Hadurra ta Tarayya ta yanzu a cikin 1988 don magance kisan gilla a kan manyan hanyoyi.
Dokar kafawa Yanayin da ba shi da kyau a tsarin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kasar wanda ya haifar da yawaitar hadurran ababen hawa ya sanya Gwamnatin Tarayya ta fara neman amintaccen kuma ingantaccen martani ga kalubalen.
A watan Fabrairun 1988, Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Hukumar Kare Hadurra ta Tarayya ta hanyar Dokar mai lamba 45 ta 1988 kamar yadda aka gyara ta Dokar 35 ta 1992 wacce aka ambata a cikin littattafan doka a matsayin Dokar FRSC ta sanya Dokoki 141 na Tarayyar Najeriya (LFN), Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta zartar da ita a matsayin dokar kiyaye hadurra ta kasa (kafa) dokar 2007.
Ayyuka na doka Ayyukan Hukumar gaba ɗaya suna da alaƙa da: Mai da babbar hanyar ta zamana akwai aminci ga masu motoci da sauran masu amfani da hanya.
Bayar da shawarar ayyuka da na'urori da aka tsara don kawar ko rage haɗari a kan manyan hanyoyi da kuma ba da shawara ga Gwamnatin Tarayya da ta Jihohi gami da Babban Birnin Tarayya da kuma hukumomin gwamnati da suka dace kan yankunan da ake buƙatar irin waɗannan ayyuka da na'urori, kuma
Ilmantar da masu ababen hawa da sauran jama'a kan mahimmancin ladabtarwa akan babbar hanya.
Musamman, ana cajin Hukumar da nauyi idan aka saɓa doka kamar haka:
Hana ko rage haɗari a kan babbar hanya.
Share abubuwan toshewa akan kowane bangare na manyan hanyoyi.
Ilmantar da direbobi, masu ababen hawa da sauran membobin jama'a gabaɗaya kan amfani da manyan hanyoyi.
Zayyanawa da kuma samar da lasisin tuki wanda nau'ikan masu gudanar da abin hawa daban daban zasu yi amfani dashi.
Tabbatar, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, abubuwan da ake buƙata don gamsar da mai nema don lasisin tuki.
Zayyanawa da kuma samar da lambar motar hawa.
Daidaitawar lambobin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa.
Ilmantar da direbobi, masu ababen hawa da sauran membobin jama'a gabaɗaya kan amfani da manyan hanyoyi.
Bada kulawa da gaggawa ga wadanda hatsari ya rutsa da su.
Gudanar da bincike kan dalilan da ke haifar da hatsarin mota da hanyoyin hana su da kuma amfani da sakamakon irin wannan binciken.
Ƙayyadewa da aiwatar da iyakar gudun abin hawa ga dukkan nau'ikan hanyoyi da ababen hawa da iko da amfani da na'urori masu taƙaita gudu.
Haɗin kai tare da hukumomi ko hukumomi ko ƙungiyoyi a cikin ayyukan kiyaye hanya ko kiyaye afkuwar haɗari a kan manyan hanyoyi.
Yin ƙa'idodi don bin kowane ɗawainiyar da aka sanya wa Corps ta ko ƙarƙashin wannan Dokar.
Daidaita yin amfani da siren, walƙiya da fitilu a kan motoci ban da motocin daukar marasa lafiya da motocin na Sojojin Sama, 'Yan Sandan Najeriya, Hukumar kashe gobara da sauran hukumomin kula da lafiya;
Samar da asibitocin gefen titi da asibitocin tafi-da-gidanka don kula da wadanda suka yi hadari kyauta.
Dokar yadda masu motoci ke amfani da wayoyin hannu.
Dokar yin amfani da bel-bel da sauran na'urorin aminci.
Dokar yadda ake amfani da babura akan manyan hanyoyi.
Kula da ingancin lokacin lasisi na direbobi wanda zaiyi shekaru uku bisa batun sabuntawa a lokacin ƙarewar aikin.
Yayin aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan, membobin Hukumar suna da ikon kamawa tare da hukunta waɗanda ake zargi da aikata wani laifi na zirga-zirga.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje suna hade Tashar Yanar Gizon hukumar kiyaye |
42373 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulaye%20Faye | Abdoulaye Faye | Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye (an haife shi 26 Fabrairun shekarar 1978), wanda aka fi sani da Abdoulaye Faye, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Senegal wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida Faye ya fara taka leda a ASEC Ndiambour da Jeanne d'Arc a ƙasar sa Senegal kafin ya koma ƙungiyar Lens ta Faransa a shekara ta 2002. Bayan shafe lokaci a kan aro a Istres ya ja hankalin Sam Allardyce wanda ya sanya hannu a Bolton Wanderers a watan Yulin 2005. Bayan ya shafe shekaru biyu a Bolton ya bi Allardyce zuwa Newcastle United inda ya shafe kakar wasa daya kafin ya koma Stoke City a watan Agustan 2008 kan fan miliyan 2.25. Faye ya zama sanannen ɗan wasa a filin wasa na Britannia a cikin 2008 2009 yayin da ya ci gwarzon shekara kuma Tony Pulis ya naɗa shi kyaftin na kakar 2009–2010 Ya rasa iya aiki ga Ryan Shawcross na 2010 2011 sannan ya yi aiki na uku tare da Allardyce a West Ham United Faye ya taimaka wa Hammers samun ci gaba zuwa Premier League a cikin 2011-2012 kafin ya koma Hull City inda ya sake shiga cikin kakar cin nasara a 2012-13 kafin a sake shi a karshen kakar 2013-2014 Aiki
Farkon aiki An haifi Faye a Dakar, Senegal kuma ya fara aikinsa a ASEC Ndiambour, kafin ya bar ƙungiyar ta uku zuwa Jeanne d'Arc Daga nan ya ci gaba da shiga Lens a watan Yulin 2002, yana hadewa cikin tawagar da a wancan lokacin ya hada da dan kasar Senegal Papa Bouba Diop.
Bolton Wanderers Faye ya kulla yarjejeniya da Bolton Wanderers ta Ingila a watan Yulin 2005 a matsayin aro. Faye ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Bolton da Newcastle United inda ya ji dadin halarta a karon farko a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a gida, inda ya fitar da Alan Shearer da iska. Ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Radhi Jaïdi wanda ya ji rauni kuma bai taba waiwaya baya ba bayan da ya yi fice. Kocin Wanderers Sam Allardyce ya yaba da salon Faye tun farkon aikinsa na Bolton. A cikin Disambar 2005 Faye ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dindindin tare da Bolton. Bayan haka Faye ya bayyana jin dadin zamansa a Ingila.
A cikin kakar 2006–2007 Faye ya yi aiki kusan na musamman a matsayin mai tsaron baya bayan tafiyar Bruno Ngotty da Jaïdi zuwa Birmingham City A cikin lokacin kakar wasan ya haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwa tare da Ivory Coast Abdoulaye Méïté, yana tabbatar da cewa Bolton yana da rikodin kariyar gida mai ƙarfi kafin sabuwar shekara. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan da suka fado a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa kawai sun tsallake zuwa gasar cin kofin UEFA tare da ƙungiyoyin neman hanyar shiga Faye da Meite. Faye ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Arsenal a kakar wasanni daban-daban inda ya taimaka wa Bolton da ci 2-0 da kuma 3–1 saboda tabbatacciyar kwarewarsa ta iska wadda masu tsaron bayan Arsenal ba su da amsa. An san shi da manyan baje kolinsa a fagen tsaron tsakiya a duk tsawon kakar wasa kuma ya zama wanda aka fi so a tsakanin magoya bayan Bolton.
Newcastle United A ranar 15 Agusta 2007, akwai labaru a cikin jaridu da dama da ke nuna cewa Faye zai koma Newcastle United a kusan 2m don shiga tare da tsohon Manajan Sam Allardyce A ranar 31 ga Agustan 2007, Faye ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a Newcastle United. An gabatar da Faye ga magoya bayan Newcastle a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci yayin wasan gida da Wigan Athletic a ranar 1 ga Satumba. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun 2008, Faye ya zira kwallo daya tilo a ragar Newcastle United yayin shan kashi da ci 5-1 a gida da Manchester United Stoke City A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2008, Faye ya shiga sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Stoke City daga Newcastle United akan fan miliyan 2.25 akan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya fara bugawa Stoke wasa a wasan da suka doke Aston Villa da ci 3–2 a watan Agustan 2008. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a kan tsohuwar kungiyarsa Newcastle, wadda ta zo a cikin minti na 90 na wasan inda Stoke ta samu maki a wasan da suka tashi 2-2. Ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Newcastle daga baya a kakar wasa ta bana a wani canjaras tsakanin kungiyoyin biyu. Faye mai ban sha'awa a kakar wasan farko ba a lura da sauran 'yan wasan Stoke da magoya bayansa ba yayin da ya lashe kyautar 'yan wasa da magoya bayan Stoke City. Haka kuma dukkan kungiyoyin magoya bayan kungiyar ne suka zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon shekara. Bayan kakar wasansa ta farko a Stoke an ba shi lambar yabo ta kyaftin na dindindin na kakar 2009–10. Faye ya sake samun wani yanayi mai kyau a City amma kuma ya samu cikas sakamakon raunin da ya samu kuma sai da ya bar filin kafin mintuna 30 a lokuta da dama. Manajan Tony Pulis ya ba Ryan Shawcross mukamin kyaftin na kakar 2010–11. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tasiri sosai a kakar wasa ta bana kuma an sake shi a ƙarshensa bayan ba a ba shi sabon kwangila ba. Manajan Stoke Tony Pulis da Sentinel sun yaba wa Faye bayan an sake shi a watan Mayu 2011.
West Ham United A watan Yunin 2011, bayan da aka sake shi daga Stoke City, Faye ya rattaba hannu a gasar Championship ta West Ham United a kan musayar kyauta tare da kocin Sam Allardyce a karo na uku kuma ya ce: "Na yi matukar farin ciki da kasancewa a nan West Ham wannan. babban kulob ne, babban kulob kuma ba zan iya jira don farawa a nan ba," Faye ya shaida wa gidan yanar gizon kulob din. Faye ya fara buga wa West Ham wasa a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan 2011 a ci 4-0 a waje da Watford A karshen kakar wasa Faye ya bar West Ham bayan taimaka musu su sami nan take komawa ga Premier League Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye at Soccerbase Senegal's invasion of Stoke City Article on BBC Sport
Premier League profile Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
60890 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulmus%20small%20%27Webbiana%27 | Ulmus small 'Webbiana' | Articles with 'species' microformats
The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus qananan Webbiana', ko Webb's curly-leaf elm, bambanta da sabon sabon ganye wanda ya ninka sama a tsayi, an ce an girma a Lee's Nursery, Hammersmith, London, kusan 1868, kuma shi ne na farko. wanda aka bayyana a waccan shekarar a cikin Tarihin Lambuna da kuma Likitan fure-fure da Pomologist Gidan gandun daji na Späth na Berlin ya tallata shi a ƙarshen 19th da farkon ƙarni na 20 a matsayin U. campestris Webbiana Hort., da Louis van Houtte na Ghent kamar yadda U. campestris crispa (Webbiana) Henry ya yi tunanin 'Webbiana' wani nau'i ne na Cornish Elm, yana ƙarawa (wataƙila tare da bayanin Petzold da Kirchner na 1864 na Loudon 's var. concavaefolia a zuciya cewa "da alama ya kasance daidai da rashin cikakken bayanin U. campestris var. concavaefolia Loudon ra'ayi ya maimaita ta Krüssmann.
Green ya ba da shawarar cewa "Webbiana" "zai yiwu a sanya shi tare da <i id="mwNg">U.</i> <i id="mwNw">hollandica</i> Samfuran ganyen Herbarium, duk da haka (duba 'Haɗin waje'), suna nuna clone tare da dogon petiole da nau'in 'Stricta' nau'in leaf mai murɗa ko nannade a tsayi, akai-akai mai lakabi 'Webbiana' kuma an gano shi azaman nau'in Field Elm Krüssmann ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin ƙwararren ƙwanƙwasa. Kada ku ruɗe tare da wych elm cultivar tare da ganye masu tsayi mai tsayi, <i id="mwQg">U. glabra</i> 'Concavaefolia' Bayani Petzold da Kirchner a cikin Arboretum Muscaviense (1864) sun bayyana ganyen <i id="mwSA">Ulmus campestris concavaefolia</i> (Loudon), a matsayin "gajere kuma mai zagaye, kore mai duhu a sama da farar kore a ƙasa, fiye ko žasa maɗaukaki, wato, karkata zuwa sama a gefuna don haka. kodadde a kasa ya fi shahara fiye da na sama mai duhu" kwatance, kamar yadda Henry ya lura, cewa daidai yayi daidai da 'Webbiana'. 'Webbiana', kamar yadda Henry ya bayyana (1913), "dala ne a al'ada, tare da rassa masu tasowa da ƙananan ganye. Ganyen suna nadewa a tsayi, ta yadda akasarin saman na sama a boye suke, amma “a wasu bangarorin suna kama da na var. <i id="mwTQ">tsananin</i> Kasidar Späth ta 1903 ta ce tana da "kananan ganye mai zagaye". Ellwanger da Barry Nursery na Rochester, New York, sun bayyana shi a matsayin "kyakkyawan iri-iri, tare da ƙananan ganye masu lanƙwasa". Bean (1936) ya bayyana shi a matsayin "columnar in al'ada". Gidan shakatawa na Royal Victoria, Bath, inda akwai samfurin, ya bayyana 'Webbiana' a cikin 1905 a matsayin "itace mai kyau". Tsabar ja tana kan saman samara Etymology Asalin al'adar ba a sani ba ne, amma yana iya tunawa da Philip Barker Webb, masanin ilimin botanist na Ingilishi a farkon karni na 19.
Kwari da cututtuka Ba a san itacen yana da wata mahimmancin juriya ga cutar elm ta Dutch ba.
Noma An dasa 'Webbiana' guda biyu a Kew Gardens a cikin 1871. An dasa itace ɗaya a cikin 1899 azaman U. campestris webbiana a Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Kanada. 'Webbiana' da <i id="mwbQ">Ulmus campestris concavaefolia</i> an jera su daban a Royal Victoria Park, Bath (1905). Itacen ya ci gaba da noma a cikin nahiyar Turai, yana bayyana a cikin jerin Hesse Nursery na Weener, Jamus, zuwa 1930s, da kuma a New Zealand. An gabatar da shi zuwa Amurka a ƙarshen karni na 19, yana bayyana a cikin kasida na Dutsen Hope Nursery (wanda kuma aka sani da Ellwanger da Barry na Rochester, New York Aƙalla samfurori guda biyu an san su don tsira, ɗaya a cikin Amurka da ɗaya a cikin Birtaniya, na biyun da aka bi da shi azaman shinge mai shinge don kauce wa hankalin Scolytus beetles wanda ke aiki a matsayin vectors na Dutch elm Itacen ya kasance a cikin noma a Poland, inda aka yada shi daga samfurori na ƙarshe na rayuwa a cikin ƙasar, a Sanniki, wanda aka yi imanin cewa tsohon gandun daji a Podzamcze, Masovian Voivodeship, wanda ya sayar da 'Webbiana tun daga 1937.
Fitattun bishiyoyi "Kyakkyawan samfurin wannan nau'in iri-iri" ya tsaya a cikin filin Westonbirt House, Gloucestershire, tsayi da a cikin 1920s.
Synonymy U. campestris var. concavaefolia Loudon Henry; Krüssmann U. foliacea Gilib. 'Viscosa': Wageningen Arboretum
Hanyoyin shiga
Amirka ta Arewa Arnold Arboretum, Amurka. Acc. a'a. Turai Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, Birtaniya. Acc. a'a. 1138.
Wurin Lambun Wakehurst Wurin Wakehurst, Burtaniya. Acc. a'a. 1879 21052 (kamar yadda U. carpinifolia f. webbriana [sic])
Makarantun jinya
Amirka ta Arewa Babu wanda aka sani
Turai Szkółki Konieczko Gogolin, Poland.
Szkółka Krzewów Ozdobnych Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
Szkółka Drzew i Krzewów Ozdobnych BÓR Sędziszów, Poland.
Manazarta Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. f. webbiana Rehd. (Arnold Arboretum specimen, 1960)
Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. aff. 'Webbiana', formerly called U. carpinifolia 'Viscosa' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962)
Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. 'Webbiana', formerly called U. foliacea Gilib. 'Viscosa' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962)
Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. 'Webbiana', formerly called U. foliacea Gilib. 'Viscosa' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962)
Sheet (including samara) described as U. carpinifolia Gled. 'Webbiana', formerly called U. foliacea Gilib. 'Viscosa' (Wageningen Arboretum specimen, 1962)
Sheet described as U. carpinifolia Gled. f. 'Webbiana' Rehd. (Amsterdam specimen)
Sauyin yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18303 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asalin%20wasar%20Fulani%20da%20Barebari | Asalin wasar Fulani da Barebari | Akasarin Barebari (Kanurai) da Fulani ba su san tarihin wasan da ke tsakaninsu da junansu in ba, illa dai kawai sun tashi sun ga iyayensu da kakaninsu suna wasan zolayan juna idan an haɗu, awani guri
Wannan ya sa naga dacewar bincikowa 'yan uwana Barebari da Fulani tarihin wasan da ke tsakaninsu. Mun samo wannan bayanin ne daga littafin Kasar barno.
Wasan da ke tsakanin Barebari da Fulani Tarihi ya nuna cewar bunƙasar shahararriyar Daular Borno ta Kanurai ta soma yin ƙasa ne tun bayan rasuwar Sarkin su Mai suna Idris (Aloma) a wuraren ƙarni na 17 zuwa na 18.
Don haka ya zamana daular ta dinga asarar manyan garuruwan da suke ƙarƙashinta sakamakon yadda ƙarfin ikonta ke durƙushewa.
Ana wannan yanayi, sai kuma Fulani suka soma jihadi a shekarar 1804 Miladiyya. Don haka bayanaƙe-yaƙensu ya yi ƙamari, sai ya zamana suna tashi zuwa garuruwa domin cinsu da yaƙi, sai da ta kai har masarautar Borno sun riska da yaƙi.
A shekarar 1808 ne Fulani suka ƙwace cibiyar Masarautar Borno da ke garin Ngazargamu, inda suka ƙone garin tare da korar mayaƙan garin.
A shekarar 1814 kuma sai babban Malami a Daular Borno mai suna Shaihu Muhammadul Amin El-kanemi ya jagoranci kafa sabuwar Daular Barno a wani gari mai suna Kukawa.
Sannan ya haɗa runduna gami da soma taimakon sarkinsu mai suna Mai Dunama Lefiagi.
Daga baya, bayan sarki Mai Dunama ya so hallaka Shaihu Muhammadul Amin El-kanemi saboda hassadar farin jininsa a wurin jama'a, amma bai samu nasara ba, sai Shaihu Muhammadul Amin El-kanemin ya zamo sarkin Borno mai cikakken iko ba tare da zub da jini ba.
Sayyadina Umar ya taba aika sako Daular Borno.
Don haka shi Muhammadul Amin El-kanemi ya shiga ƙalubalantar Fulani da suka hana su sakat ta hanyar yaƙarsu da kuma aike wa da wasiƙun ilimi yana tuhumar Shugaban Fulani, wato Mujaddadi Shehu Usman Dan Fadiyo a kan cewa don me zai shiga yaƙi da Daular Borno, alhali ta fi shekaru 800 da karɓar addinin Musulunci kuma da sunan yaƙin Musulunci.
To, a haka dai aka dinga gwabzawa da yaƙi da kuma rubuce-rubuce na wasiƙu har zuwa rasuwar Mujaddadi Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodio, yayin da ɗansa Muhammadu Bello ya gaje shi a shekarar 1826 inda yaƙi ya ƙara ƙamari a tsakaninsu.
Babu jimawa kuma bayan kowa ya sha wuya a hannun ɗan uwansa sai dai Barebari sunfi shan wuya dalilin shine har kwace daular su Fulani sukayi daga baya, sai aka yanke shawarar yin neman mafita. Anan aka yi sulhu, aka bar Kanurai (Barebari) da birninsu, amma dai sun rasa ikon wasu yankunan da a baya suke hannunsu izuwa hannun Fulani.
A inda wasan ƙabilun biyu ya shigo shi ne, dirkakowar mayaƙin nan daga ƙasar Sudan zuwa yankin Borno, wato Rabeh Zubair Ibn Fadlallah.
A cikin shekarar 1893 Rabeh ya zo daga Sudan da shiri na gaske, ya afka wa Daular Borno da yaƙi, nan da nan ya yi karin kumallo da ita. Rabeh da mutanensa sai abin da suka ga dama suke a Borno.
Wani yaƙi da aka yi a kusa da Farlomi, sojojin Faransa na mulkin mallaka suka kashe Rabeh bayan ya yi mulki a shekaru bakwai da watanni bakwai da kwanaki bakwai a Borno.
Bayan lokaci kaɗan sai Ingilishi suka ci ƙasar da yaƙi, suka mayar da zaman lafiya da salama.
Wuyar da Kanurai suka sha a hannun Rabeh, wanda ya zamo rabinta ba su sha ba a yaƙinsu da Fulani, shi ya sa Fulani suke tsokanarsu idan sun gansu, suke cewa, "Ga Rabeh nan," su kuwa Barebari sai kaga sun hargitsa kamar ɓera ya hango kyanwa.
Daga baya da Barebari suka gane tsokana ce kawai, sai suma suke mayar da martani, har kuma abin ya zamo wasan tsokana tsakanin waɗannan ƙabilu biyun.
Amma dai har izuwa yau, Barebari sun yadda su sanyawa 'ya'yansu sunan Usmanu, amma ba sa sanyawa 'ya'yansu sunan Rabeh ko Rabi'u.
Wannan shi ne tarihin wasan da ke tsakanin Barebari da kuma Fulani. Akwai bayani iya bakin gwargwadona game da tarihin ƙasar Barno, suna da asali, da kuma wasu daga cikin kyawawan halayen Barebari da abin da ya shafe su a cikin littafin "ƘASAR BARNO A JIYA."
Da wannan na zo ƙarshen wannan muƙalar tawa. Ina roƙon Ubangiji Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki ya albarkaci wannan aikin namu, ya sa ya amfani dukkan ɗaliban ilimi.
A ƙarshe ina sake roƙon Ubangiji Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki ya haɗa kanmu, ya ba mu zaman lafiya mai ɗaurewa a yankinmu na Arewa, da Nigeria baki daya
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24676 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Kwamfuyuta%20na%20Kano | Kamfanin Kwamfuyuta na Kano | Kano Computing shine babban kayan aikin komputa na duniya da farawa software wanda ke a London Tarihi Alex Klein, Saul Klein, da Yonatan Raz-Fridman ne suka kafa Kano a cikin watan JanairuN shekara ta 2013. Sunan kamfanin ya samo asali ne daga Kanō Jigorō, mahaliccin judo Haƙƙin ƙirƙirar Kano ya fito ne daga ɗan Klein ɗan shekara 6 Micah, wanda "ya so ya gina kwamfutarsa kuma don ta kasance mai sauƙi da annashuwa kamar Lego a cewar kamfanin.
Kayayyaki A watan Agustan Shekara ta 2013, Kano ta ƙaddamar da akwatunan samfuran Kwamfuta na Kano na farko. Kit ɗin ya ƙunshi ƙaramin kebul na USB, litattafan samfur da yawa, akwati, Raspberry Pi 1, da katin SD da aka ɗora da farkon sigar Raspbian OS. An sayar da duk samfuran guda 200 da aka saki. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Kano ta ƙaddamar da Kit ɗin Kwamfuta na Kano, kayan aikin komputa na ilimi wanda aka ƙera don koyar da haɗa kayan aiki da ƙwarewar shirye -shirye. Yana da aka gina a kan Rasberi PI allon kayan wutan da kamfanin ta al'ada bude-source tsarin aiki, Kano OS. A cikin shekara ta 2018, Kano ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Warner Bros don fitar da wutan lantarki na Harry Potter da nufin ilimantar da yara kan kodin. Manufar samfurin wand ɗin, kamar yadda Kano ta bayyana, shine "koyar da masu son Harry Potter, da matasa masu sha'awar fasahar fasaha, tushen harsuna kamar JavaScript, wanda daga nan za su iya amfani da na zahiri, kamar a cikin aiki na gaba. ko sha'awa. Hakanan a cikin Shekara ta 2018, Kano ta fitar da na'urorin firikwensin motsi tare da jigogin Frozen da Star Wars a cikin haɗin gwiwa na shekaru da yawa tare da Disney An ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da na'urorin biyu don yin daidai da fitowar 2018 na Frozen 2 da Star Wars: Yunƙurin Skywalker Na'urar motsi na USB tana gano motsi a gaban rakodin firikwensin kuma an ba masu amfani ikon yin shirye -shiryen abubuwa dangane da motsi da aka yi amfani da shi sama da na'urar. A cikin shekara ta 2019, kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Microsoft don sakin PC na Kano, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da kwamfutar hannu waɗanda aka riga aka ɗora su da Windows 10 da kayan aikin ilimi na Kano. Daga baya a cikin Shekara ta 2019, Kano ta ƙaddamar da rijistar ilimi na farko, Kano Club, inda masu amfani za su iya samun damar software da shirye -shiryen raye -raye, darussan da darussan kan layi. Har ila yau, sabis ɗin ya haɗa da JAMS, ɓangaren masu wasa da yawa, da Kano World, ɓangaren al'umma. Kano ta ƙaddamar da layin na'urorin kwamfuta a cikin Shekara ta 2020 don dacewa da fitowar PC ɗin ta Kano. Waɗannan sun haɗa da linzamin kwamfuta, belun kunne da kyamaran gidan yanar gizo.
Tallafawa Kano ta kaddamar da kamfen na cinkoson jama'a a dandalin Kickstarter a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2013. Kamfanin ya tara sama da dala miliyan 1.5 daga masu ba da tallafi 13,387, a lokacin ya zama kamfen mafi girma na koyon sabis. Wadanda suka fara tallafawa Kano sun kasance masu amfani daga kasashe sama da guda 80 kuma sun hada da sanannun sunaye kamar wanda ya kafa kamfanin Apple Steve Wozniak da kuma wanda ya kafa Kickstarter Yancey Strickler, wadanda dukkansu sun riga sun yi oda. In 2016, Kano initiated a second Kickstarter campaign to fund a number of different products including a pixel art kit, motion sensor and webcam. The campaign generated $643,030 from 2,399 backers and was promoted by a number of notable figures including Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales.
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2019, Kano ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta karɓi tallafin kuɗi na fan miliyan 14 daga HSBC, don taimakawa ƙaddamar da sabon kayan aikin ta da fadada ƙarin ayyukanta a Amurka da Turai Alex Klein a halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na kamfanin (Shugaba).
Hanyoyi zuwa Kanye West A cikin Janairu 2019, mawaƙin Ba'amurke kuma ɗan kasuwa Kanye West ya saka hannun jarin da ba a bayyana ba a cikin kamfanin bayan gamuwa da dama a wasan fasahar CES a Las Vegas. Tun farkon 2019, an ce kamfanin yana haɗin gwiwa tare da Yamma akan samfuran fasahar da ba a bayyana ba daga baya aka bayyana a watan Agusta 2021 don zama DONDA STEM PLAYER. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, Shugaba Klein ya ba da gudummawar waƙoƙi ga Yesu is King track Water Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
13761 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Augie-Kuta | Aisha Augie-Kuta | ă
Aisha Augie-Kuta (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1980) ta kuma kasance mai daukar hoto ce a Najeriya kuma mai shirya fim mazauniyar Abuja. Ita bahaushiya ce, Hausa daga Argungu karamar hukuma a Jihar Kebbi a arewacin Nijeriya. Ta lashe lambar yabo na Creative Artist of the year a shekarar 2011 The Future Awards. Augie-kut itace har ila yau mai bada shawara ga Special Adviser (Digital Communications Strategy) Federal Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning. Kafin wannan mukamin ita ce Senior Special adviser ga gwamnan jihar Kebbi akan labarai da kafafen sadarwa.
Tarihi An haifi Aisha Adamu Augie a Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, Augie-Kuta ita yarinyar Senator Adamu Baba Augie (politician/broadcaster), da mamanta Justice Amina Augie (JSC). Augie-Kuta ta fara son ɗaukar hoto ne tun sanda babanta ya bata kamera tun tana yarinya..
Augie-Kuta ta samun digiri a fannin Mass Communication daga Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Kuma ta karanta MSc a Media and communication at the Pan African University, Lagos (Now Pan Atlantic University). Ta yi aure tana da yara uku. Augie-Kuta nada certificates a digital filmmaking daga New York Film Academy da kuma gudanar da Chelsea College of Arts, London, UK.
Augie-Kuta ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugaban Kungiyar Hadin Kan Shugabancin Najeriya (NLI) a watan Mayu shekarar 2011. Ita ce kuma mataimakiyar shugabar Mata a Fim da Talabijin a Najeriya (WIFTIN) babi ta Yammacin Afirka na cibiyar sadarwar Amurka. Ta hada gwiwa da Photowagon, wata kungiyar daukar hoto ta Najeriya, a shekara ta 2009. A shekara ta 2010, an hada Augie-Kuta, tare da wasu matan Najeriya 50, a cikin wani littafi da kuma nune-nunen bikin kasa da shekaru 50 50 da goyan bayan Mata suka Canji. A cikin shekarar 2014, Augie-Kuta ta gudanar da bikin bajinta na farko mai daukar hoto, mai suna Alternative Evil Ta ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban yarinya samari da ginin al'umma. Ta kasance wani m gudanarwa a shekara-shekara taro na daukan hoto, Najeriya Photography nuni Conference. wani mai gabatar da kara da mai magana a cikin al'amuran daban-daban; kuma ta yi magana a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na TEDx a Najeriya. An rantsar da Augie-Kuta a matsayin babbar mai ba da shawara ga mata ta UNICEF a fannin Ilimi tare da mai da hankali kan 'yan mata da matasa. A cikin shekara ta 2018, Augie-Kuta ita ce wakilin wakilin sashin zane-zane na Najeriya wanda ta sadu da mai martabarsa ta Royal Highness Charles, Yarima na Wales a majalissar Burtaniya da ke Legas. Augie-Kuta ita ce mace mace ta farko da ta fara takarar kujerar wakilan wakilai a karkashin babbar jam’iyya a zaben Majalisar Tarayya ta Argungu-Augie a jihar Kebbi, Najeriya. Augie-Kuta ita ce mai gabatarwa a kai a kai yayin taron masu daukar hoto na shekara-shekara, Nigeria Expo Expo Conference; mai gabatar da kara da mai magana a taron daban-daban; ya kuma yi magana a taron TEDx a Najeriya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimaki na Musamman ga Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi, Najeriya a Sabuwar Media. A yanzu haka tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga ministar kudi, kasafin kudi da tsare-tsare na kasa, Misis Zainab Shamsuna Ahmed Kyaututtuka 2011: Nasara, Kirkirar Mawakiyar Kyauta na shekarar a kyaututtuka masu zuwa. 2014: Kyautar 'yar uwa ga mai daukar hoto na shekarar. 2014: Winner, British Council 'Ta hanyar-My-Eyes' gasar.
Shekarar 2015: Ambasada, Makon Sati na Legas Shekarar 2016: Kyautar Kyauta, (Jagoranci Bauta ga Al'umma), Junior Chamber International 2016: Manyan Youngan kasuwar Nigerianan Najeriyar bakwai, Shugabanci Shekarar 2016: HiLWA: Babban Mai Taimakawa Mata, (Ilimin Yaran Mace da Karamin Lafiya) Hukumar UNICEF Kebbi State Government 2016: ellowan ellowungiyar, Fungiyar Haɗin Kai na Koriya ta Arewa
Nunin Nunin Shekaru 50 kafin ta gaban matan Najeriya, Legas, (Schlumberger, Ofishin Jakadancin Masarautar Netherlands, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka).
Shekaru 50 A Gabatar Da Idon Matan Najeriya, Abuja, Nigeria; Afrilu 2010 (Transcorp Hilton, Ofishin Jakadancin Masarautar Netherlands, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka).
Anan da Yanzu: Artical na Najeriya da Ghana, New York City, Oktoba 2010 (Iroko Arts Consultants, Ronke Ekwensi). Takaitaccen Tsarin: Ciwon Canjin, Nunin Nazarin, Abuja, Nigeria, Oktoba 2010 (Kayan bincike na Medicaid, Tsarin Pinc, Aisha Aicha) Ni Najeriya; Hotunan Photowagon, Abuja, Nigeria, Disamba 2010 (Hoto na Photowagon, Tsinkayen Pyramid) Ruwa da Tsabta, Gidauniyar Mawakan Afirka, Legas, Nigeria, Satumba 2012.
Nunin Hoton daukar hoto na ƙarni na Najeriya, Yuli 2014 Al'adun kayan tarihi, Hotunan Hoto na Legas, Oktoba-Nuwamba 2014
Muguwar mugunta, Nuna M Shahararriyar Watsa Labarai, IICD Abuja, Nigeria 2014 Miloli marasa yawa, Nunin Jirgin Najeriya, Miliki Legas, Najeriya 2016 Kafin, Kafin Yanzu, Yanzu, Mira Forum, Art Tafeta Porto, Portugal, 2016 Don alamar sabbin abubuwan farawa Afirka Steeze na Los Angeles, Amurka, 2016 Amfani da hasken rana, Tsarin Muhalli na tarin Abuja, Najeriya, 2015 Hotunan Neman hoto, Tsarin Kirkirar zane a Cibiyar Fina-Finan Abuja, Najeriya, 2015
Littattafai data buga 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far Najeriya: Rimson Associates. 2010. pp. 32-35. ISBN 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far 50@50 Nigerian Women: The journey so far List of Nigerian film producers
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41902 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dauda%20Danladi | Dauda Danladi | Dauda Danladi, MNI shi ne tsohon jakadan Najeriya a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan (2012-2015) kuma shi ne mai kula da ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a Islamabad, ICT. A baya ya yi aiki a matsayin babban Darakta sannan daga baya Babban Darakta a Hukumar Haɗin gwiwar Cigaban Arewacin Najeriya (NNDC), da kuma Hukumar Gudanarwa na Kwalejin Ma’aikata ta Najeriya. An nada shi babban kwamishinan Najeriya a Pakistan a shekara ta 2012. An kafa hukumar ta Najeriya ne a shekara ta alif1965 kuma tana ci gaba da aiki don hada kai, ingantawa da kuma kare muradun kasa Najeriya a cikin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan ta hanyoyin da za su taimaka wajen inganta tsaro da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Tun daga kafuwarta, babbar hukumar tana duba batutuwan da suka shafi ofishin jakadanci da jin dadin jama'a, harkokin shige da fice, shari'a da ilimi, harkokin siyasa da na bangarori daban-daban, harkokin kasuwanci da tattalin arziki, yaɗa labarai, da duk wani bincike na gaba daya don taimakawa mazauna Najeriya a cikin addinin Musulunci. Jamhuriyar Pakistan da sauran jama'a.
Gabatarwa Ambasada Dauda Danladi, mni, tsohon babban kwamishinan Najeriya a Pakistan, an haife shi ne a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1957, a garin Biu, cikin jihar Borno. Yana da difloma daga Kwalejin Wimbledon, London, digiri na Ilimin Kasuwanci (BB. ED) daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello Zariya sannan ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Jama’a (MPA) daga Jami’ar Liverpool, UK a 1992. Ya samu Diplomasiyyar Defence daga Jami’ar Kimiyyar Soja ta Cranfield, UK, kuma memba ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabarun Najeriya.
Jerin Makarantun Ilimi da ya halarta sune kamar haka.
LEA PRIMARY SCHOOL U/RIMI KADUNA 1965-1971
Cibiyar Horar da Ma'aikata POTISKUMM 1975-1976
KADUNA POLYTECHNIC 1977-1980
WIMBLEDON COLLEGE, LONDON 1980
JAMI'AR AHMADU BELLO, ZARIA 1984-1987
JAMI'AR LIVERPOOL, UNITED KINGDOM 1990-1991
JAMI'AR CRANFIELD 2001
Cibiyar Nazarin SIYASA DA SIYASA TA KASA 2006
Kwarewar Ilimi A halin yanzu Mista Ambasada yana da wadannan Kwarewar Ilimi a ƙarƙashin sa:
BABBAN CERTIFICATION OF ILIMI (GCE)
DIPLOMA NA TALAKAWA.
PITMAN TEACHERS DIPLOMA, LONDON.
BACHELAR OF BUSINESS EDUCATION DEGREE (BBED. ABU ZARIA.
MARSTER'S IN JAMA'A, JAMI'AR LIVERPOOL.
DEFENCE DIPLOMACY-CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY, UNITED MULKIN.
DAN CIBIYAR KASA. (mni)
H.E DAUDA DANLADI ya rike sarautar Damburan na Biu, kuma ya kasance shugaban kungiyar raya Masarautar Biu, inda ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen ci gaban zamantakewa, ilimi da al’adu na kananan hukumomi hudu (4) na masarautar. Ya kasance majagaba wajen kafa Gidan Talabijin na Najeriya (NTA), mai yaɗa labarai a Biu da Kudancin Jihar Borno.
Kwarewar Aiki A shekarar 1980 ne Mista Ambasada ya fara aikin hidimar ƙasa a ma’aikatan gwamnatin jihar Borno da ke Najeriya inda ya kai matsayin babban sakatare. Ya yi aiki a ma'aikatu daban-daban. An naɗa shi babban mukami a ma’aikatan gwamnati a matsayin sakataren gwamnatin jihar Borno kuma shugaban ma’aikata a shekarar 1998. A cikin 2000, ya canza aikinsa zuwa Ma'aikatar Tarayya kuma ya zama darekta, Joint Services Dept. kuma daga baya Daraktan Gudanarwa a Ma'aikatar Tsaro; Daraktan Shirin Kawar da Talauci na Kasa kuma Darakta mai kula da Cibiyoyin Tallafawa Ci Gaban Gudanarwa da Ofishin Haɗin Kai na Shugaban Ma'aikatan Gwamnatin Tarayya.
Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta sannan kuma ya zama babban darakta a hukumar haɗin gwiwar ci gaban Arewacin Najeriya (NNDC), da kuma Hukumar Gudanarwa na Kwalejin Ma’aikata ta Najeriya. Ya yi murabus a shekara ta 2009 ya shiga siyasa. An naɗa shi babban kwamishinan Najeriya a Pakistan a shekarar 2012.
Ya rike lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ya halarci kwasa-kwasai daban-daban a Amurka da Ingila da Faransa. Ana kuma ba da taimako ga Jamhuriyar Maldives da Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan.
Takaitaccen bayanin kwarewar aikin HE shine kamar haka:
1. An nada shi a ma’aikatan gwamnatin jihar Borno a shekarar 1980 kuma an tura shi ofishin gwamna 1980-1983.
2. Ya yi aiki a matsayin ayyuka na musamman kuma mataimaki na musamman ga Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Borno a lokacin Col. Abdulmumini Aminu, Kaftin Ibrahim Dada Daga 1984-1990.
3. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta (Admin. Ofishin Gwamna, Maiduguri, Jihar Borno 1991-1992.
4. An buga shi a matsayin Darakta Ofishin Sadarwa na Jihar Borno Kaduna/Abuja 1994.
5. Ya yi aiki a matsayin madadin Darakta a Hukumar NNDC-1994-1995.
6. An Nada Babban Sakataren Ma’aikatan Jihar Borno-1996.
7. An nada Sakataren Gwamnati kuma Shugaban Ma'aikata na Jihar Borno -1998-1999.
8. Mai rike da lambar yabo ta kasa 1999 reshen jihar Borno.
9. An canza shi zuwa Ma’aikatan Gwamnatin Tarayya a matsayin Darakta a 2000 kuma An Buga zuwa Ma’aikatar Tsaro.
10. Ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Daraktan Sashen Sabis na Haɗin gwiwa kuma daga baya Daraktan Gudanarwa, Ma'aikatar Tsaro-2004. A tsayin aikin ECOMOG a Laberiya da Saliyo.
11. Wanda aka zaba don halartar babban kwas na 28 (2006) a Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta Kasa, Kuru Jos.
12. An Buga zuwa Shirin Kawar da Talauci na Kasa Fadar Shugaban Kasa, (NAPED) a matsayin Daraktan Tsare-tsare (2007-2008) Ya kasance majagaba na kaddamar da tallafin tsabar kudi ga talakawa da sauran cibiyoyin kare lafiyar al'umma.
13. An Buga a Matsayin Daraktan Ofishin Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Matasa ta Tarayya 2008.
14. An buga a matsayin Daraktan Gudanar da Ci Gaban Cibiyoyin Tallafawa, Tallafawa da Haɗin kai, Ofishin Shugaban Ma'aikata na Tarayya, Fabrairu, 2009.
15. An nada Babban Kwamishina a Najeriya a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan tare da ba da izini ga Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan da Jamhuriyar Maldives 2012 zuwa 2015.
Darussa Taro A lokacin aikinsa, wasu darussa da karatuttukan da ya halarta sun hada da: 1. Mahalarta taron karawa juna sani na Manyan Shugabanni na Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Sojoji akan Yanke Hukunci na Sojoji daga 14-28 ga Janairu 2000.
2. Mahalarta taron karawa juna sani kan tsarin shari'a na soja na kasa da kasa wanda Cibiyar Tsaro ta Amurka ta Nazarin Shari'a ta Duniya ta shirya 18-22 Satumba 2000.
3. Halarci Motsa Jiki na Blue Pelican 2000, (Ƙungiyar Taswirar Ƙasar Ingila, Faransanci da Yammacin Afirka da ke ma'amala da dabarun tallafawa dabaru) 25-27 Oktoba 2000.
4. Ya halarci Kwas kan Gudanar da Tsaro a Tsarin Dimokuradiyya a Jami'ar Canfield Royal Military College Of Science, Stravenham, United Kingdom Daga 4 ga Yuni zuwa 19 ga Yuli 2001.
5. Halartar taron karawa juna sani na Babban Jagora a Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Afirka, Washington Amurka 4-5 Fabrairu 2002.
6. Mahalarta taron karawa juna sani kan dangantakar Soji da farar hula da Cibiyar Hulda da Sojoji ta Monterey California ta shirya, 11 15 ga Satumba 2002.
7. Halartar darussan makonni biyu akan al'amuran yau da kullun, sabbin ra'ayoyi da mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin gudanarwar ci gaba a Hetta International Development Centre, New York, Amurka 2005.
8. Mahalarta Babban Darasin Motsa Jiki Na 28 (2006) Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta Kasa, Kuru Jos
Dauda Danladi yana da yara 5 (Faiza Dauda, Hadiza Dauda, Mohammed Dauda, Sumayyah Dauda, Yusrah Dauda, Nafisat Dauda, and Abdulmajeed Dauda).
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1957
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
2354 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaru | Kamaru | Kamaru wannan suna na Kameru (da Turanci Cameroon, da Faransanci Cameroun) ya samo asali ne daga sunan duwatsu masu tsarki, a shekara ta alif 1302, da hijira Kasar Jamus suka fara rainon kasar, kuma a shekara ta alif 1335, ta hijira sai kasar Biritaniya da faransa suka rabata gida biyu kowa ya raina rabi-rabi amma Kasar faransa tana daukan kashi uku ne na daga cikin kudin arzikin kasar a shekara ta 19 sai yankin da faransa ke iko dashi ya hade da kameru a shekara ta alif 1922, sai sukayi zabe a duk fadin kasar, a wannan lokacin Ahamad ahidajo ya rike shugabancin kasar amma baijima ba sai ya sauka yabawa mataimakin sa.
Kasa fadin Kasar Kamaru zai kai 475,442 km tanada kimanin mutane daza sukai (10,691,000) a kidayar shekara ta alif 1988 Douala itace babban birnin Kasar tanada kimanin rabin miliyan na mutane da suke zaune a cikinta, Kamaru tanada yare biyu da take amfani dasu amatsayin yaren Kasar, sune; Faransanci a gabashin kasar da Turanci a yammacin kasar akwai wasu yaruka masu dinbin yawa.
Kamuru ta Faransa da kuma ta Biritaniya sun hade ne a shekara ta alif 1961, a wannan lokacine ta zama Tarayyar jamhuriyar Kamaru, amma a shekara ta alif 1984, sai suka samata sunan Jamhuriyar Kamaru. Jamhuriyar Kamaru tana tsakiyar afirka ne dai, kuma tana makwabtaka da kasashe kamar:-
1- daga yamma kasar Tarayyar Nijeriya 2- daga arewaci Jamhuriyar chadi 3- daga gabas Jamhuriyar Afirka ta tsakiya 4- daga kudanci Equatorial Guinea, Gabon da Jamhuriyar Kongo
Tarihi A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun, Shekara ta alif 1960, Cameroun na Faransa ya sami 'yaencin kai daga Faransa karkashin Shugaba Ahmadou Ahidjo. A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, Shekara ta alif 1961, tsohuwar Kamaru ta Kudancin Kamaru ta sami 'yanci ta hanyar kuri'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shiga tare da Faransa Cameroun don kafa Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Kamaru, ranar da a yanzu ake kiyaye ta a matsayin Ranar Hadakawa, hutun jama'a. Ahidjo ya yi amfani da yakin da ke gudana tare da UPC don tattara iko a cikin shugaban kasa, ya ci gaba da wannan har bayan an danne UPC a shekara ta alif 1971. Jam’iyyarsa ta siyasa, Kungiyar Kawancen Kamaru (CNU), ta zama ita kadai ce jam’iyyar siyasa ta siyasa a ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1966, kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, Shekara ta alif 1972, aka kada kuri’ar raba gardama don soke tsarin gwamnatin tarayya don goyon bayan Hadaddiyar Jamhuriyar Kamaru, wacce ta fito daga Yaoundé. Wannan rana a yanzu ita ce ranar Kasa ta kasar, hutu ga jama'a. Ahidjo ya bi manufofin tattalin arziki na shirin sassaucin ra'ayi, fifiko amfanin gona da ci gaban man fetur. Gwamnati ta yi amfani da kudin mai wajen kirkirar asusun kasa, da biyan manoma kudi, da kuma daukar nauyin manyan ayyukan ci gaba; sai dai kuma, wasu dabaru da dama sun gaza yayin da Ahidjo ya nada wasu kawayen da ba su cancanta su jagorance su ba. Ahidjo ya sauka daga mulki a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, Shekara ta alif 1982, kuma ya bar mulki ga magajinsa na tsarin mulki, Paul Biya. Koyaya, Ahidjo ya kasance cikin ikon CNU kuma yayi ƙoƙarin tafiyar da ƙasar ta bayan fage har sai Biya da abokan sa sun matsa masa yayi murabus. Biya ya fara mulkinsa ne ta hanyar komawa ga mulkin dimokiradiyya, amma juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba ya shagaltar da shi ga salon shugabancin wanda ya gada. Rikicin tattalin arziki ya fara aiki a tsakiyar 1980s zuwa ƙarshen 1990s sakamakon yanayin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da ƙasa, fari, faɗuwar farashin mai, da cin hanci da rashawa na shekaru da yawa, rashin shugabanci, da nuna ƙarfi. Kasar Kamaru ta koma ga taimakon kasashen waje, ta rage kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa, da kuma masana’antu masu zaman kansu. Tare da sake dawo da siyasar jam'iyyu da yawa a watan Disambar, shekarar alif 1990, tsoffin kungiyoyin matsin lamba na Kudancin Burtaniya da ke matsin lamba sun yi kira da a ba da 'yancin cin gashin kai, kuma Majalisar Koli ta Kudancin Kamaru ta ba da shawarar cikakken ballewa a matsayin Jamhuriyar Ambazonia. Dokar kwadago ta Kamaru ta Shekarar alif 1992, ta bai wa ma’aikata ‘yancin kasancewa cikin kungiyar kwadago ko kuma kada su kasance cikin kowace kungiyar kwadago kwata-kwata. Zabi ne na ma'aikaci ya shiga kowace kungiyar kwadago a cikin aikinsa tunda akwai kungiyar kwadago fiye da daya a kowace sana'a.
Mulki
Arziki
Wasanni
Fannin tsaro
Kimiya
Al'adu hausa
Addinai
Hotuna
Manazarta |
31089 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiku%20Salga | Atiku Salga | Shehu Abubakar Atiku ko Atiku Salga Marigayin ɗan Halliru dan Abubakar dan Musa (Mairisala) an haife shi a shekarar alif dari takwas da casa'in da shida 1896 a garin Katsina.
Asalin sa da Tashin sa
Mahaifinsa Malam Halliru da kakansa malam Abubakar duk haifaffun Katsina ne. Amma kuma mahaifin kakansa Mallam Musa (Mairisala) yazo ne daga kasar Tunis shi da jama’arsa; shi yasa a ke ce musu Rumawa. Dalilin kiransa da Mairisala kuwa shi ne malamin fikhu na farko da ya kawo littafin Risala kasar Hausa lokacin da ya je aikin Hajji ya gamu da ‘yan’uwansa Larabawan kasar Tunis sai ya fansheta daga wajensu ya kuma taho da ita kasar Hausa ya kuma yaɗa ta.
Shehu Abubakar Atiku ya girma a hannun ‘yar’uwar kakarsa mai suna Rahmatu (Yaya Babba) matar malam Abba Dan Fannah a Dandalin Turawa da ke Kano. Ta dalilin kulawarta ne har yay i karatun alkur’ani a hannun mijinta. An shaidi Rahmatu da maca ce mai ibada da tsananin riko da addini. Jajirtacciya mai bin tafarkin darikar Tijjaniya sau da kafa. Sannan mai zartaccen Imani cikin Shehu Ahmadu Tijjani. Ita ce ta tsaya, tsayin daka a tarbiyyarsa har zuwa lokacin da Allah ya yi mata rasuwa a shekarar 1972.
Karatun Addini
Shehu Atiku ya fara da karatun al-kur’ani a hannun mijin kakarsa Malam Abba Dan Fanna haka ya yi ahalari da kurdabi da alburda da Badamasi duk a wajensa. Daga nan sai ya koma da karatu a wajen Shaihu Muhammadu Salga dan Alhaji Umaru inda ya karanci risala da Iziyya da arshada ta ibn Rushidi da Mukhtasarul Khalil har zuwa babin aure, sannan ya kuma karanta littattafan akida kamar Mukaddamatul Burhamiyya ta Imamu Sunusi da Akidatul wusda da sauransu.
Ya karanci littatafan darika kamar su ‘Su’al wal jawab’ na shehu Muhammadu Salga da ‘Yakutul faridah’ na shehu Nazifi. Ya ci gaba da neman ilimi a fannoni da dama kamar tafsiri da Hadisi da harshen Larabci inda ya karanci littattafan Alfiyya ta dan Malik da Ajrumiyya da Mulhatul I’irab da sauransu.
Ilimin Addini mai zurfi
Shehu Atiku ya zurfafa iliminsa da neman ilimi a fannonin fikhun darika da tasawwuf da sauran fannonin harshen Larabci a wajen Shehu Abubakar Mijinyawa Bakin ruwa. Ya karanta littafai kamar haka a gun Shehu Mijinyawa kamar su Jawahirul ma’any da Durratul Kharidah Sarhin Yakutatul Faridah)
da Bugyatul mustafida na shehu Arabi da Alfiyatul tasawwuf ta shehu Mustapha da sauran littattafai da dama Shehu Atuku Sanka ya karbi darikar Tijjaniya a hannun Shehu Muhammadu Sanka a shekarar 1916. Sannan ya yi tarbiyyar Ruhi a hannun Shehu Abubakar mijinyawa. Shehu Atiku na Shehu bai tsaya a karatun littattafai ba, a’a har da harshen Larabci saboda shi ne harshen da malamai kan yi muhawara da shi a tsakaninsu a garin Kano a
wancan lokacin. Ya karanta ilimin hisabi a wajen Muhammadu dan Ajurum da Mulhatul-irab ta Imamu Hariri mai littafin mukamah da sauran littattafan da suka shafi adabi da kuma lugga (Harshe) da kuma ka’idojin Larabci.
Shehu Atiku na daya daga cikin manyan shaihunnan malamai na garin Kano da ma Afrika baki daya wanda tarihi ba zai taba mantawa da sunansa da gudummawarsa musamman a garin Kano da Najeriya da ma Afrika baki daya. Shehi Atiku ya kasance Shaihin darika wadda ya yi mata hidima jini
da tsoka da tunaninda da lokacinsa da ruhinsa.
Shehu Atiku ya wallafa litttattafai da daman gaske wadanda a kiyasi ana da tabbacin sun haura casa’in tun daga na rubutun zube da rubutattun wakoki wanda mafi yawa suna Magana ne a kan al’amuran addini da harshen larabci da kuma sufanci. A takaice rubuce-rubucensa sun kasu gida uku wato Sufanci da Adabi da kuma Fikhu.
Wallafa Littafi da Wakoki
Babu shakka Shehu Atiku ya yi gagarumin kokarin da ba za a raina ba dangane da rubuce-rubucensa na litattafai, da kuma tsara wakoki a harshen Hausa da Larabci a kan abubuwa daban-daban. Misali ya rubuta wakoki na Yabon Annabi S.A.W, Yabon Shehi Tijjani da Shehi Ibrahim Inyass, Wa’azi da gargadi Akida, Ibada. da sauransu. daga cikin wakokinsa akwai;
-Tusamma
-Taimakon Dakiki
-Asma’u zatil jamali
-Matserar mata
-Nasiha ga ‘yan’uwa
-Yabon fiyayyen halitta
-Arzikin masoya
-Tarihin kwaki
-Begen Muhammadu
-Rakada’u
Matsayin sa
Shehu Atiku Sanka yana da madaukakiyar daraja a wajen malaman amaninsa musamman ta bangarorin ilimai daban-daban tare da karfin hujja da kwarewa wajen bincike da gogewa wajen hujja da fasahar zance. Kuma ya nutse aa cikin ilimin sanin darikar Tijjaniyya hakan ta sanya ya himatu da darussan ta da bincike a kanta har sai da ya zamana ba shi da wanda za a kwatanta shi da shi a wannan fanni. Shehi Atiku malami ne da har a karshen rayuwarsa yana neman sani, mai hakuri da rashin gazawa da kyauta da daukar nauyi. Gidansa ya zama sansani na neman sani inda almajirai ke zuwa daga ko’ina a fadin kasar nan har da Nijar. Daga cikin Almajiransa akwai:-
Shehu Balarabe Jega
Shehu Ibrahim Alti Funtua
Shehu Ahmad Abulfathi Maiduguri
Shehu Muhammadu Jibiya
Shehu Yahya Jibiya
Shehu Muhammadu Birnin magaji
Shehu Ibrahim Kaya
Shehu Adamu Katibi
Shehu Imrana Damari
Rasuwar sa
Allah ya yi wa Shehi Atiku rasuwa ranar laraba 9 ga watan rabi-ul thani 1394 Hijiriyya. Yana da shekaru 64 an binne shi a makabartar Gwauron Dutse.
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21232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heike%20Drechsler | Heike Drechsler | Heike Gabriela Drechsler Furuci da yaran Jamus: kə dʁɛkslɐ] née Daute an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1964) ta kasance tsohuwar 'yar wasan dogon tsalle wacce ta wakilci gabashin Jamus da kuma daga baya Jamus. Tana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan dogon tsalle na duniya na musamman na kowane lokaci, ta kasance wacce ta zo na daya a gasar duniya kuma itace ta uku a cikin jerin 'yan wasa na musamman a duniya da wasanta na musamman a tsallen mita 7.48 a shekarar 1988. Tsallenta na musamman mai tsawon mita7.63 a Sestriere, shine tsalle mafi nisa da mace ta taba yi a gasar tsalle a duniya. Ita kadai ce macen da ta taba lashe kyautar zinare a gasar Olympic ta diniya inda ta lashe a shekarun 1992 da 2000.
Har ila yau, Drechsler ta lashe kyauta a gasar Olympic na gudu a mita 100 da mita 200 a shekarar 1988. Ta lashe kyautar azurfa a gudun mita 100 a Gasar Duniya ta 1987, kuma ta ajiye tarihi a gasar tseren mita 200 inda ta kwashe tsawon dakika 21.71 a shekarar 1986.
Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Drechsler a Gera, Bezirk Gera, Gabashin Jamus (yanzu Thuringia, Jamus Tun tana matashiya tana aiki a cikin Free German Youth (FDJ) kuma a shekarar 1984 aka zabe ta a Volkskammer na Gabashin Jamus Da farko ta kuma kasance mai tsalle tsalle mai tsalle sosai a farkon aikinta tun tana saurayi, Drechsler ta canza sheka zuwa cikin duniyar fitattu a cikin shekarar 1986 a lokacin tana da shekaru 21. Ta auri Andreas Drechsler a watan Yulin na shekarar 1984 kuma ta yi takara kamar Heike Drechsler daga nan. Erich Drechsler ne ya horar da ita wato surukinta. Baya ga nasarar da ta samu a gasar Olympics, Drechsler ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya biyu a cikin dogon tsalle a shekarar 1983 da shekara ta 1993), da kuma lambobin zinare a dogon tsalle da kuma tseren mita 200m a Gasar Cikin gida ta Duniya a shekarar 1987. Ta kuma sami nasarori da yawa a gasar Turai da ta Jamus. Babban abokin hamayyar Drechsler a cikin tsalle mai tsayi shine Jackie Joyner-Kersee, wanda ita ma ƙawance sosai.
A shekarar 1986, Drechsler sau biyu ya yi daidai da tseren mita 200 na Marita Koch (sakan 21.71) kuma ya kafa tarihin duniya mai tsalle biyu kuma ya yi daidai da na shekarar 1985 da 1986.
Dangane da labarin da Ron Casey (wani masanin ilimin lissafi na Australiya) ya rubuta, a cikin shekarar 1986 Drechsler ya yi matukar inganta mata 100 m da 200 m sau. A lokaci daya ta tafi daga 11.75-second 100 m zuwa 10.91 sakan. Ta 200 lokaci ya inganta daga sakan 23.19 zuwa dakika 21.71 (daidai yake da rikodin duniya) a cikin shekarar 1986.
Ayyukan ta 21.71 na biyu don 200 m ya afka cikin iska mai karfin −0.8 m s. Idan aka kwatanta, Marita Koch's 21.71 na biyu ya gudana a 1979 da 1984 yana da iska mai wutsiya +0.7 m s da 0.3 m s bi da bi.
200 na Drechsler m yi na dakika 21.71 zuwa iska mai ƙarfi (-0.8 m s) ɗayan mafi sauri ne da mace ta taɓa yi a tarihin tsere da filin wasa.
A watan Oktoba shekarar 1986, an ba ta Tauraruwar Abokantaka ta Jama'a a zinare (aji na biyu) don nasarar da ta samu na wasanni. Da dama Jamus yanar, ciki har da ta mallaka, da'awar cewa Heike Drechsler ya zabi "Athlete na Century" a shekarar 1999 ta IAAF Wannan ba daidai ba ne: an saka ta a cikin "jerin sunayen", amma an ba da kyautar ga Fanny Blankers-Koen Tarihin aiki
Dogon tsalle a shekarar 1983: 7.14 m (23 ft. 5 a cikin) a Bratislava (kananan 'yan wasa)
1985: 7.44 m (24 ft. 5 a) a Gabashin Berlin
1986: a Tallinn 1988: a Neubrandenburg 1992: a Birnin Sestriere
Tsallen Drechsler na 1992 a Sestriere ta yi shi ne da iskar wutsiyar mainmita 2.1 a kowacce dakika, ya kasance mita 0.1 m s sama da matakin da aka amince na 2.0 m s don ajiye sabon tarihi a duniya; an kuma tsallen ya wuce tsawan mita 1000 sama da matakin teku, wanda shine matakin da ya wuce wanda aka keɓe na cimma darajar "at altitude." Tsalle ya tsalle na musamman na duniya na yanzu da 11 cm.
Tseren mita 200 1986: dakika 21.71 a birnin Jena 1986: dakika 21.71 a Stuttgart
Heptathlon 1981: maki 5891 (Junior)
1994: point guda 6741 a Talence
Doping zargin Akwai zargi da yawa game da amfani da ƙwayoyi yayin da take fafatawa da Gabashin Jamus. Ba ta taɓa faɗar gwajin magani ba yayin aikinta; duk da haka, an gwada dukkan 'yan wasan Jamusawan Gabas da ke fafatawa a ƙasashen waje kafin tashi don gujewa kamawa. A shekara ta 2001, BBC ta yi ikirarin cewa ta yarda da shan haramtattun abubuwa a farkon shekarun 1980 a karkashin umarnin likitocin kungiyarta. A cikin 1991, bayan faduwar Gabashin Jamus, Brigitte Berendonk da Werner Franke sun sami rubuce-rubuce da rubuce-rubuce da yawa suna ambaton tsoffin masu binciken kwayoyi na GDR a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Soja Bad Saarow (MMA). Tushen aikin ya sake sake fasalin ayyukan kara kuzari na doping wanda ya kunshi sanannun 'yan wasan GDR, gami da Heike Drechsler. Alamu sun nuna cewa Heike Drechsler yayi amfani da maganin Oral Turinabol mai yawa tare da karin allurar testosterone ester kafin gasar daga 1982 zuwa shekarar 1984. A shekarar 1993, Drechsler ya kalubalanci Brigitte Berendonk, inda ya zarge ta da yin karya a wata kara. A halin da ake ciki, an fitar da cikakken jadawalin sashi na shekara-shekara, da sigogi na ci gaban wasan motsa jiki azaman aiki na adadin sashi, an sake su. Drechsler ya rasa karar. Koyaya, Drechsler ta ci gaba da lashe lambobi bayan lokacin DDR (bayan 1989), lokacin da ta fara don ƙungiyar Jamusawa da ta haɗu kuma ana gwada ta a kai a kai.
Hotunan ta
Duba kuma Jerin abubuwan Jamusanci mafi girma mita 100
Jerin manyan abubuwan Jamusanci mita 200
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Daute-Drechsler rzutyiskoki.pl Shafin farko na Heike Drechsler Hirar 2015
Manazarta Mutanan Stasi
Haifaffun 1964
Mutane daga Gera
Matan Jamus
Matan yan wasan tsalle
Pages with unreviewed |
30826 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniya%20ta%20%C6%B4anci | Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci | Yarjejeniya ta 'Yanci ita ce bayanin ainihin ka'idojin kawance Congress na Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya kunshi jam'iyyar National Congress (ANC) da kawayenta: Majalisar Indiya ta Afirka ta Kudu, Majalisar Wakilan Afirka ta Kudu na Democrats da Majalisar Jama'ar Lauyoyin Yana da alaƙa da buƙatunsa na buɗewa, "Jama'a za su yi mulki!"
Tarihi Bayan kimanin shekaru goma na tsayin daka da bangarori daban-daban ga mulkin 'yan tsiraru farar fata, kuma a sakamakon yakin neman zabe na shekarata 1952, aikin samar da Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci ya kasance wani bangare na mayar da martani ga gwamnatin da ke kara danniya wacce ta himmatu wajen kawar da karin- rashin amincewar majalisa. A cikin shekarar 1955, ANC ta aika da masu aikin sa kai 50,000 zuwa garuruwa da karkara don tattara "buƙatun 'yanci" daga mutanen Afirka ta Kudu. An tsara wannan tsarin ne domin bai wa duk ‘yan Afirka ta Kudu ’yancin daidaitawa. Shugabanin ANC ciki har da ZK Mathews ne suka hada bukatu irin su "Filaye da za a ba wa duk wanda ba shi da kasa", "Ladan rayuwa da karancin sa'o'i na aiki", "Ilimi kyauta kuma na wajibi, Kuma ba tare da la'akari da launi, launin fata ko kasa ba" a cikin takardar karshe., Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, Ethel Drus, Ruth First da Alan Lipman (wanda matarsa, Beata Lipman, da hannu ta rubuta ainihin Yarjejeniya).
An amince da Yarjejeniya a hukumance a ranar Lahadi 26 ga Yuni shekarata 1955 a taron kusan mutane 3,000, wanda aka fi sani da Congress of the People a Kliptown, Soweto ‘Yan sanda sun watse taron ne a rana ta biyu, duk da cewa a lokacin an gama karanta cikakken Yarjejeniyar. Sannan Kuma Jama'a sun yi ihun amincewa da kowane sashe tare da kukan "Africa!" and Maybuye Nelson Mandela ya tsere daga 'yan sanda ta hanyar canza kansa a matsayin mai shayarwa, saboda an takaita motsinsa da mu'amalarsa ta hanyar hana umarni a lokacin. Takardar ta nuna babban hutu tare da al'adun gwagwarmayar da suka gabata; Wannan ba wata fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a ba ce da ke neman a zaunar da ita a cikin tsarin al'umma da ake da su, sannan amma ya yi kira da a sake fasalin kowane bangare na al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu. Takardar ta yi fice ga bukatarta da kuma sadaukar da kai ga Afirka ta Kudu wadda ba ta kabilanci ba, kuma wannan ya ci gaba da kasancewa dandalin ANC. Sakamakon haka, 'yan jam'iyyar ANC da ke da ra'ayin goyon bayan Afirka sun fice daga ANC bayan ta amince da kundin tsarin mulki, inda suka kafa jam'iyyar Pan Africanist Congress Yarjejeniya ta kuma yi kira ga dimokuradiyya da 'yancin ɗan adam, gyara ƙasa, 'yancin ɗan adam, da kuma mayar da ƙasa ƙasa Bayan da aka yi Allah wadai da Majalisar a matsayin cin amanar kasa, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta haramtawa jam’iyyar ANC, tare da kama masu fafutuka 156, ciki har da Mandela, wadanda aka gurfanar da su a gaban shari’a a shari’ar cin amanar kasa a shekarar 1956, inda aka wanke dukkansu. Kuma Yarjejeniya ta ci gaba da yaduwa a cikin karkashin kasa na juyin juya hali kuma ta zaburar da sabbin matasan mayaka a shekarun 1980. Lokacin da ANC a karshe ta hau kan karagar mulki bayan zabukan dimokuradiyya a shekarata 1994, sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu ya hada da da yawa daga cikin bukatun Yarjejeniya Ta ‘Yanci. Ya magance kusan duk buƙatun daidaiton launin fata da harshe.
Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci Mu al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu, mun shelanta cewa duk kasarmu da Kuma duniya su sani cewa: Afirka ta Kudu ta duk wanda ke zaune a cikinta ne, bakar fata da baki, kuma babu wata gwamnati da za ta iya yin adalci idan ba ta dogara da son rai ba. dukan mutane; cewa an kwace wa al’ummarmu ‘yancinsu na haihuwa na kasa, sannan Kuma ’yanci da zaman lafiya ta hanyar tsarin gwamnati da aka kafa bisa zalunci da rashin daidaito; cewa kasarmu ba za ta taba samun ci gaba ko walwala ba har sai dukkan al’ummarmu sun rayu cikin ‘yan’uwantaka, suna cin moriyar hakkoki da dama; cewa kawai wata ƙasa ta dimokuradiyya, Kuma bisa ga nufin dukan mutane, sannan Kuma za ta iya tabbatar da duk haƙƙin ɗan adam ba tare da bambancin launi, launin fata, jinsi ko imani ba; Don haka, mu al’ummar Afirka ta Kudu, bakar fata da baki tare daidaikun mutane, ’yan kasa da ’yan’uwa mun dauki wannan Yarjejeniya Ta ‘Yanci. Kuma mun yi alƙawarin yin ƙoƙari tare, Kuma ba tare da ɓata ƙarfi ko jajircewa ba, har sai an sami nasarar sauye-sauyen dimokuradiyya a nan.
Jama'a za su yi mulki! Kowane namiji da mace suna da hakkin su kada kuri'a kuma su tsaya a matsayin dan takara ga dukkan hukumomin da suka kafa dokoki;</br> Dukkan mutane za su sami damar shiga cikin harkokin mulkin kasar;</br> Haƙƙoƙin mutane su kasance iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da kabila, launi ko jinsi ba;</br> Dukkan hukumomin marasa rinjaye, hukumomin ba da shawara, sannan majalisu da hukumomi za a maye gurbinsu da hukumomin mulkin demokraɗiyya na mulkin kai.
Duk Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa Za Su Sami Daidaitaccen Hakki! Za a samu daidaito a cikin hukumomin gwamnati, a kotuna da makarantu na kowane bangare na kasa da kasa;</br> Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya yi amfani da harsunansu, da kuma inganta al'adunsu da al'adunsu;</br> Doka ta kare dukkan kungiyoyin kasa daga cin mutuncin kabilarsu da kuma girman kasa;</br> Wa'azi da aiwatar da wariyar launin fata da wariya na ƙasa ko kabila ko launi za su zama laifi mai hukumci;</br> Dukkan dokoki da ayyukan wariyar launin fata za a yi watsi da su.
Jama'a Zasu Raba Dukiyar Kasa! Dukiyoyin kasa na kasarmu, gadon dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, za a mayar wa jama'a;</br> Dukiyar ma'adinan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, Kuma bankunan da masana'antar keɓancewa za a mayar da su ga mallakar jama'a gaba ɗaya;</br> Duk DA sauran masana'antu da kasuwanci za a sarrafa su don taimakawa rayuwar jama'a;</br> Duk mutane suna da haƙƙin daidaitawa don yin ciniki a inda suka zaɓa, yin ƙera da kuma shiga kowane irin sana'a, sana'a da sana'o'i.
Za'a Raba Kasa Cikin Masu Aiki! Za a kawo karshen takunkumin mallakar filaye bisa kabilanci, kuma a raba kasar zuwa ga masu aiki da ita, don korar yunwa da yunwa;</br> Gwamnati za ta taimaki manoma da kayan aiki, iri, tarakta da kuma madatsun ruwa domin ceto kasa da taimakawa masu noma;</br> Za a ba da tabbacin 'yancin motsi ga duk wanda ke aiki a ƙasar;</br> Kowa na da hakkin ya mallaki ƙasar duk inda ya ga dama;</br> Ba za a yi wa mutane fashi da shanunsu ba, kuma za a soke aikin tilastawa da gidajen yari.
Duk Zasu Kasance Daidai Gaban Doka! Ba wanda za a ɗaure, kora ko takura shi ba tare da wata shari'a ta gaskiya ba;</br> Ba wanda za a yi Allah wadai da umarnin kowane jami'in Gwamnati;</br> Kotuna za su zama wakilan dukan mutane;</br> Za a daure shi ne kawai don manyan laifuffukan da aka yi wa jama'a, kuma ya kamata a sake neman ilimi, ba daukar fansa ba;</br> Rundunar ‘yan sanda da sojoji za su kasance a bude ga kowa da kowa bisa daidaito, kuma su kasance mataimaka da masu kare al’umma;</br> Duk dokokin da suka nuna wariya bisa dalilin launin fata, launi ko imani za a soke su.
Duk Zasu Ci Gaba Da Haƙƙin Dan Adam Daidaici! Shari’a za ta ba wa duk ’yancinsu na yin magana, shirya, taro, buga littattafai, wa’azi, bauta da tarbiyyar ’ya’yansu;</br> Doka ta kare sirrin gidan daga farmakin 'yan sanda;</br> Kowa ya kasance yana da 'yancin yin balaguro ba tare da hani daga ƙauye zuwa gari, sannan Kuma daga lardi zuwa lardi ba, da kuma daga Afirka ta Kudu a ƙasashen waje;</br> Ƙulla Dokoki, izini da duk wasu dokokin da ke tauye waɗannan ƴancin za a soke su.
Za A Yi Aiki Da Tsaro! Duk wanda ke aiki sai ya sami yancin kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, da kuma zaɓen jami’ansu da kuma yin yarjejeniyar albashi da ma’aikatansu;</br> Jiha za ta amince da haƙƙi da haƙƙin kowa na yin aiki, Kuma da kuma zana cikakken fa'idodin rashin aikin yi;</br> Maza da mata na kowane jinsi za su sami daidaiton ladan aiki ɗaya;</br> Za a yi satin aiki na sa’o’i arba’in, da mafi karancin albashi na kasa, da biyan hutun shekara, da hutun jinya ga dukkan ma’aikata, da hutun haihuwa kan cikakken albashi ga duk uwayen da ke aiki;</br> Ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai, ma'aikatan gida, ma'aikatan gona da ma'aikatan gwamnati za su sami haƙƙoƙi iri ɗaya da sauran waɗanda ke aiki;</br> Za a soke aikin yara, aikin haɗin gwiwa, tsarin tara kuɗi da aikin kwangila.
Za a Bude Kofofin Koyo Da Al'adu! Gwamnati za ta gano, haɓakawa da ƙarfafa hazaka na ƙasa don haɓaka rayuwar al'adunmu;</br> Duk dukiyar al'adun ɗan adam za ta kasance a buɗe ga kowa, ta hanyar musayar littattafai, kuma ra'ayoyi da tuntuɓar wasu ƙasashe kyauta;</br> Manufar ilimi ita ce a koya wa matasa su so mutanensu da al'adunsu, girmama 'yan'uwantaka, 'yanci da zaman lafiya;</br> Ilimi ya zama kyauta, wajibi, duniya baki ɗaya kuma daidai ga dukan yara;</br> Za a bude babban ilimi da horar da fasaha ga kowa ta hanyar alawus-alawus na jihohi da kuma bayar da guraben karatu bisa ga cancanta;</br> Za a kawo karshen jahilcin manya da tsarin ilimi na jiha;</br> Malamai za su sami dukkan hakkokin sauran ƴan ƙasa;</br> Za a kawar da mashaya launi a rayuwar al'adu, wasanni da ilimi.
Za a Sami Gidaje, Tsaro da Ta'aziyya! Duk mutane za su sami yancin zama a inda suka ga dama, a zaunar da su yadda ya kamata, da Kuma renon iyalansu cikin kwanciyar hankali da kwanciyar hankali;</br> Wurin zama da ba a yi amfani da shi ba don samar wa mutane;</br> Za a rage hayar haya da farashi, abinci mai yawa kuma ba wanda zai ji yunwa;</br> Jiha za ta gudanar da tsarin rigakafin rigakafi;</br> Za a ba da kulawar jinya kyauta da asibiti ga kowa, tare da kulawa ta musamman ga iyaye mata da yara ƙanana;</br> Za a ruguza guraren ƙarnuka, a gina sabbin unguwannin bayan gari inda kowa ke da sufuri, hanyoyi, fitilu, filayen wasa, ramuka da wuraren zaman jama'a;</br> Gwamnati za ta kula da tsofaffi da marayu da nakasassu da marasa lafiya;</br> Hutu, nishadi da nishaɗi su zama haƙƙin kowa;</br> Za a soke wuraren da aka katange shinge da lungu da sako, kuma a soke dokokin da suka wargaza iyalai.
Za a Samu Aminci Da Zumunci! Afirka ta Kudu za ta zama kasa mai cikakken 'yancin kai, mai mutunta hakki da 'yancin kan dukkan kasashe;</br> Afirka ta Kudu za ta yi ƙoƙari don wanzar da zaman lafiya a duniya da kuma warware duk da wata takaddama ta kasa da kasa ta hanyar yin shawarwari ba yaki ba;</br> Zaman lafiya da abota a tsakanin dukkan jama'armu za su kasance ta hanyar kiyaye hakki, dama da matsayi na kowa da kowa;</br> Al'ummar yankunan da ke kare-Basutoland, Bechuanaland da Swaziland-za su sami 'yanci su yanke wa kansu shawarar makomarsu;</br> ‘Yancin al’ummomin yankin Afirka na samun ‘yancin kai da kuma gudanar da mulkin kansu za a amince da su kuma su zama ginshikin hadin gwiwa.
Bari duk masu son jama'arsu da kasarsu yanzu su ce, sannan kamar yadda muke cewa:
'WADANNAN 'YANCIN DA ZAMU YI YAK'A DASU, GEFE GEFE, ACIKIN RAYUWARMU, SAI MUN SAMU 'YANCI.'
An karɓe shi a Majalisar Jama'a, Kliptown, Afirka ta Kudu, a ranar 26 ga Yuni shekarata 1955.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yarjejeniya Ta 'Yanci
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23807 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin%20Omoboriowo | Akin Omoboriowo | Akinwole Michael Omoboriowo (An Haife shi ne a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 1932 10 Afrilu 2012 ya kasance lauyan Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Ondo, daga baya ya canza jam’iyyu ya tsaya takarar gwamna a 1983 a Jihar Ondo a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Najeriya Da farko an ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara amma an yi jayayya kuma daga baya kotun daukaka kara ta soke shi kafin ya fara aiki.
An zabi Omoboriowo a matsayin mataimakin gwamna a dandalin Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), tare da Michael Adekunle Ajasin, wanda ya zama gwamna. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata ya zama dan takarar gwamna na UPN, tunda ya sami kuri'u da Ajasin ya samu a zaben fidda gwani, amma shugabannin UPN sun yi magudi a sakamakon. A lokacin da yake mataimakin gwamna, ya yi sabani da Gwamna Ajasin, wanda ya ki rantsar da shi a matsayin mukaddashin gwamna lokacin da Ajasin ba ya jihar.
Omoboriowo ya sauya sheka zuwa Jam’iyyar National Party of Nigeria (NPN) inda ya fafata da tsohon maigidansa a zaben 1983. Wannan ya biyo bayan kin amincewa da ficewa daga takarar kujerar gwamna kamar yadda ake zargin a baya tsakanin Omoboriowo da Ajasin. Omoboriowo da wasu jiga -jigan jam'iyyar da suka hada da Cif SA Akerele na kin jinin jama'a, sun tafi NPN mai mulki a karkashinsa ya yi takarar kujerar gwamna. Lokacin da hukumar zabe ta tarayya ta ayyana Omoboriowo a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 1983, sanarwar ta haifar da tarzoma mai kisa. An bayar da rahoton cewa tarzomar ita ce mafi tashin hankali a tarihin yankin Yarbawa bayan samun 'yancin kai na biyu bayan tarzomar "Wet è". Rikicin, musamman wanda aka yi niyya ga jiga -jigan NPN da masu tausayawa sun yi asarar rayuka da dukiyoyin manyan mutane. An kubutar da Cif Omoboriowo da Akerele duk da cewa masu tayar da kayar baya sun lalata gidan Akerele (Akerele a lokacin ya gudu tare da iyalinsa zuwa jihar Kwara). A cikin wannan tarzomar, an kashe Cif Olaiya Fagbamigbe na masu buga Fagbemigbe da Hon. Kunle Agunbiade. Wani abin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba ya bayyana cewa an fille kan Agunbiade kuma an kai kan sa a faranti ga wasu shugabannin UPN.
A tsakiyar rikicin siyasa, Omoboriowo ya sami goyon bayan majalisar dokokin jihar Ondo. Bayan murabus dinsa daga mukamin mataimakin gwamna, Cif Ajasin sau biyu ya gabatar da sunan Dakta NF Aina ga majalisar don tabbatar da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Omoboriowo- bukatar da gidan ya yi watsi da ita akai-akai bisa ga hadin kai ga Omoboriowo.
An yi jayayya da zabensa, kuma kotun daukaka kara ta soke shi kafin a rantsar da shi, tare da mayar da Ajasin kan mukaminsa. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1983 wanda ya kawo Janar Muhammadu Buhari kan karagar mulki, an daure shi, kamar yadda kusan duk tsoffin gwamnoni da mataimakansu, amma sai aka sake shi ba tare da caji ba a cikin kasa da kwanaki 30. Daga baya zai bayyana cewa Buhari yayi daidai da daure shi da sauran a lokacin.
Omoboriowo ya kasance Awoist. Ya wallafa kuma ya buga littafi kan jigogi akan Awoism wanda ya sha suka mai tsanani daga wasu woan Awoists waɗanda suka ɗauki aikin a matsayin wani yunƙuri na ɗan ƙasa wanda bai yi nasara ba don tsotsar Baba Awo. Har yanzu, Baba Awo (kamar yadda ake kiran Obafemi Awolowo) yana son sa kuma yana ci gaba da duba shi. Tabbas, Omoboriowo ya yi ikirarin a cikin wata hira da Sun cewa Awolowo ya ce a cikin dukkan 'yan takara a zaɓen '79, shi (Omoboriowo) shi ne kawai wanda sha'awar kuɗi ba ta motsa shi ba. Ana tsammanin kodayake, alaƙar sa da Awolowo (aƙalla, a siyasance) ta yi ƙanƙanta bayan ficewar sa daga UPN.
A cikin NPN, Omoboriowo ya sadu kuma ya haɗu da wasu jiga-jigan siyasar Najeriya wanda ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Dim Chukwuemeka Odimegwu-Ojukwu wanda ya kasance abokansa har rasuwar marigayin a ƙarshen 2011.
Cif Omoboriowo ya yi ritaya daga siyasar bangaranci jim kadan bayan jamhuriya ta biyu amma ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawarsa ga fagen siyasar Najeriya. Ya kasance memba na taron tsarin mulki na 1996 kuma memba na Kwamitin Sulhu na Kasa na 1997/98
Daga baya ya zama Pro-chancellor kuma Shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Ado Ekiti, A baya -bayan nan, ya kasance Shugaban Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki, Genesis Electricity da ke Abuja inda ya kasance na tsawon lokaci kafin ya mutu.
A cikin wayewar rayuwarsa Omoboriowo ya sami kwanciyar hankali a cikin addini kuma ya zama mara kunya, mai ikirarin haifuwarsa Kirista. Ya sanya kusan kowane jumla tare da ambaton Allah kuma ya rayu a ƙarƙashin radar yana bautar Allah har ya mutu. A cikin hirar, ya ce "Ni Kirista ne mai tsaurin kai, ina yin ibada a Taron yabo na Christ a Abuja. Ina cikin cocin karshen zamani. A farkon shekarar 2012, Akin Omoboriowo da matarsa sun koma jihar sa ta Ekiti. A watan Afrilun 2012, ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma an kai shi asibitin Legas don kula da lafiyarsa. A can ne ya mutu a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu 2012 duk da cewa labarin mutuwarsa bai ba da labari ba sai da rana mai zuwa. Wasu majiyoyi sun ce ya mutu ne sakamakon zub da jini na cikin gida a matsayin wahalar cutar sankara ta prostate da ya yi fama da ita. Iyalinsa ba su tabbatar da wannan bayanin ba. Ya rasu ya bar mata daya da ‘ya’ya biyar da kuma jikoki da yawa
Bayan mutuwarsa, yawancin encomiums sun zuba daga kowane bangare. Mawallafin mujallar Ovation Magazine, Dele Momodu ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter "giwa ta fado" yayin da shugaban Najeriya, Goodluck Jonathan ya kira shi a matsayin "dan siyasa wanda bai ji tsoron tsayawa tsayin daka kan akidarsa ta siyasa"
Manazarta Yarbawa
Yarbawa yan siyasa
Lauyoyi yan Najeriya
Matattun 2012
Haifaffun 1932
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